open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Larry Sass

**Lawrence (Larry) Sass** bụ onye nrụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye nyocha, na onye nkuzi ihe owuwu ụlọ. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Architecture na onye isi otu Computation Group na Ngalaba Nhazi na MIT . Sass na-eduga Group Fabrication Group ebe nyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na nhazi dijitalụ na usoro imepụta ụlọ.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
N'ime akụkọ 2011 maka akwụkwọ akụkọ MIT *Spectrum*, Sass chetara na a kpọbatara ya na ihe owuwu site n'ịgụ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ na-eleta nwanne nna ya na Harlem, NYC.  Mmasị ya na ihe owuwu gara n'ihu, wee nweta B.Arch site na Pratt Institute na 1990. Ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta SMArchS post-ọkachamara ya (na 1994) wee nweta Ph.D. (na 2000) sitere na MIT.  Emechara akwụkwọ edemede ya  n'okpuru William J. Mitchell, wee rụgharịa nhazigharị nke atụmatụ Andrea Palladio maka ụlọ ime ụlọ abụọ a na-ewubeghị ewu. 

## Ihe oru ngo
N'afọ 2008, ọrụ Sass "Ụlọ a rụpụtara Digital for New Orleans"  gụnyere na ihe ngosi MoMA akpọrọ "Nnyefe Ụlọ: Ịmepụta ebe obibi nke oge a."  

Ọrụ ahụ tụpụtara ụwa nke imepụta dijitalụ ga-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ịtụ akụkụ ụlọ n'ịntanetị nke a ga-ebuga ma gbakọta na saịtị.  Sass chere na oru a dị ka ụzọ isi gbasaa ohere imewe na ihe owuwu, na-ekwu na "Ere ọtụtụ teknụzụ maka pasent 10 nke ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ ... Achọrọ m ịmepụta ụzọ maka pasent 90 nke ọzọ iji sonye na nhazi nhazi ya mere. ụlọ ndị ahụ ga-egosipụta mmasị ha ... Nye m, akụkọ a bụ maka inye ndị mmadụ ike iwu obodo nke ha, achọrọ m ka ndị mmadụ chepụta ma sonye na mmepụta nke ụlọ nke ha, ka ha wee nweta ihe ha chọrọ."  Ojiji nke plywood imewe nwetara ụfọdụ nkatọ  na topography nke saịtị ahụ chọrọ itinye aka na nkeji ikpeazụ. 

Sass gakwara n'ihu wulite ọrụ a wee mechaa "Digital Fabrication of Affordable Housing for Somerville, MA" na 2018. Ihe oru ngo a nwere ihe nlere nha 1/16 nke ejiri laser bee 3D biputere ihe ejikota onu ma cheputara ya dika ihe nlere anya maka ihe owuwu komputa enyere aka. 
 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Sass lụrụ onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ America bụ Theresa Sass, PhD, onye na-eme ihe na nzuzo na Cambridge, Massachusetts. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi nke MacGregor House na MIT. 

## Mbipụta

* Chen, Lujie, na Lawrence Sass, "Ewe na-enyere aka na kọmputa: multi-modality nnukwu-ọnụ ọgụgụ kpọmkwem mmepụta anụ ahụ" *Kọmputa-Aided Design na Ngwa* 14, mba. 1 (2017): 83–94 .
* Chen, Lujie, na Lawrence Sass. "Onye Nlere Ihe Nrụpụta Ọhụrụ: Sistemụ na-emepe emepe maka imepụta ntụkwasị obi dị ala dabere na anụ ahụ." *Kọmputa & Eserese* 54 (2016): 157–165.
* Sass, Lawrence, Lujie Chen, na Woong Ki Sung. "Embodied prototyping: nyocha nke nhazi ihe eji eme ihe maka imepụta ihe nlereanya buru ibu." *Nhazi na ngwa nke Kọmputa nyere Vol.* 13 Iss.1, 2016 124–137.
* Sass. Larry. "A Ụtọ Ụtọ Ụtọ Ụtọ Ụtọ Palladian: Ịmepụta Ntuzigharị na Ụdị Ụtọ Ụtọ na Ntugharị Ọsọ." *Environment and Planning B, Planning & Design* 34, no. 1 (2007): 87 .

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Reginald Tate (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)

**Reginald Tate** (Septemba 14, 1954 - Ọktọba 21, 2019)  bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na onye otu Democratic nke Tennessee Senate maka mpaghara 33rd, nke gụnyere akụkụ Shelby County . 

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
Reginald Tate gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Architectural Engineering na Mahadum Memphis. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ma bụrụ Onye isi ala na onye isi oche nke Accent by Design. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Cocaine, Mmemme Mmata Mmanya. 

### Ụlọ ọrụ ọha
A họpụtara Reginald Tate na mbụ na steeti ahụ na 2006. Ọ bụ onye osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Mmụta Senate na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ahụ Ike, yana onye na-echekwa ma ndị omebe iwu Tennessee na ndị nnọchi anya Shelby County. Ọ bụ onye otu Senate Commerce, Labour and Agriculture Committee; Kọmiti Nlebaanya gbasara mmefu ego ọnụ; Kọmitii Ọrụ Nkwekọrịta Nlebaanya gbasara mmefu ego; Kọmiti ụtụ isi nke azụmahịa; Kọmiti na-ahụ maka Lottery Joint; Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ mkpuchi mkpuchi TN; Kọmiti Nkọkọrịta Pụrụ Iche Ịmụ Ịgba Ịgba Ọkachamara, Ngwakọta Martial Arts, Wrestling, na Sparring; na kọmitii nkwonkwo pụrụ iche iji mụọ njide na mmepe obere azụmaahịa. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na Shelby County Democratic Party Executive Committee. 

Na Julaị 2018, Tate, onye ya na ndị Republican na-eme ntuli aka mgbe niile, ndị Shelby County Democratic Party katọrọ maka ikwu okwu mkparị banyere ndị Democrats na maka ịkọwa onwe ya dị ka onye Republican. 

Tate gbara ọsọ maka ntuli aka ọzọ na 2018 dị ka onye omebe iwu steeti mana ọ tụfuru renomination na Democratic Primary Katrina Robinson, onye onye ndu ntakiri Lee Harris kwadoro. 

## Ntụaka
Pascale Sablan

**Pascale Sablan** (amụrụ 1983) bụ onye omenkà na onye nrụpụta America. Ọ bụ onye isi otu na Adjaye Associates wee bụrụ onye otu nke American Institute of Architects na 2021. Sablan na-akwado n'aha ụmụ nwanyị na ndị BIPOC na ihe owuwu dị ka onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Beyond the Wuilt Environment. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ maka FXFOWLE (ugbu a FXCollaborative ) na S9 Architecture.

Sablan jere ozi dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye isi oche nke National Organisation of Minority Architects . Ọ nwetara ihe nrite Whitney M. Young Jr. site na American Institute of Architects na 2021. Ọrụ ndị o nyere aka gụnyere Ụlọ nna ochie nke African Burial Ground National Monument, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Haiti, na Bronx Point Project nke gụnyere Universal Hip Hop Museum . O nwetara akara ugo mmụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Mahadum Columbia na Pratt Institute School of Architecture .

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Pascale Saint-Louis na 1983 na Queens, nke abụọ kasị okenye n'ime ụmụaka iri.  Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ndị Haitian diaspora ma na-asụ Haitian Creole .  Mgbe ọ na-ese ihe osise maka otu obodo dị na Pomonok, Queens, mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, a gwara ya na ọ ga-eme ezigbo onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ.   Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mary Louis Academy na 2001.

## Ọrụ ihe owuwu
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2007, Sablan rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka FXFOWLE (ugbu a FXCollaborative ) maka afọ 10 dị ka onye so na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa.  N'afọ 2014, e nyere ya ikike dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ma kwalite ka ọ na-akpakọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ 13.  Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii nke 315 dị ndụ nwetara ikikere n'ịrụ ụlọ na United States.  Mgbe ọ nọ na FXFOWLE, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na imewe maka Museum of the Wuilt Environment na Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.  Ọ bụ onye isi otu na S9 Architecture site na 2017 ruo 2021. Egoro Sablan ka ọ bụrụ onye isi otu na Adjaye Associates na 2021. Na Jenụwarị 2023, a kwalitere Sablan ka ọ bụrụ onye isi otu na ụlọ ọrụ Adjaye Associates New York.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ebe obibi, ngwakọta-eji na azụmahịa na Azerbaijan, India, United Arab Emirates na Japan. 

## Ihe nrite
Na 2014, Sablan meriri nturu ugo ọkachamara na-apụta site na AIA New York/Center for Architecture. Akpọrọ ya onye otu afọ nke National Organisation of Minority Architects na 2015. Na 2018, ọ meriri ihe nrite Young Architects nke American Institute of Architects.  Ọ ghọrọ onye otu nke American Institute of Architects na 2021. Ọ natara ihe nrite Whitney M. Young Jr. site na American Institute of Architects na 2021.  Ọ meriri ihe nrite Anthem atọ nke mmemme Webby Awards na 2022. 

## Ntụaka
Ụlọ nna ochie nke African Burial Ground National Monument, ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Haiti, na Bronx Point Project nke gụnyere Universal Hip Hop Museum . O nwetara akara ugo
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Hermine Ricketts

**Hermine E. Ricketts**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Hermine Ricketts-Carroll** (1956–2019), bụ onye Jamaica mụrụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye ndọrọndọrọ na onye na-ese ihe.    Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na South Florida, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwanyị ojii na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na 1992.  Ya na di ya mere akụkọ mba mgbe ha na Council Village nke Miami Shores nwere ọgụ gbasara iwu afọ isii iji debe ubi inine n'ihu ụlọ ha, ikpe nke ọ meriri na Julaị 2019 wee nwụọ n'oge na-adịghị anya. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Ricketts na 1956 na Hermitage, Saint Andrew Parish, Jamaica .  Ọ gara Mahadum Howard na Washington, DC 

Ricketts bụ onye nchoputa onye isi ala na 1986 nke HER Architects, Inc., nke dị na Coral Gables, Florida.   A nabatara ọrụ ụlọ ya na The New York Times, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ebony, bụ ebe akpọrọ ya "ndị inyom kachasị elu" na 1990.  Na 1992, Ricketts bụ naanị nwanyị ojii na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na South Florida.   Ọrụ ya gụnyere nrụzigharị ụlọ ọgwụ Jackson Memorial, na nrụzigharị nke ụlọ ọgwụ Veterans. N'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhaneze Miami-Dade County, o mere n'akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ Broward siri ike Miami Shores Elementary School na Comstock Elementary School ; ma hazie naanị Carol City Elementary School na Jann Mann Opportunity Education. O mekwara African Square Park na Meyga Learning Center na 1466 NW 62nd Street na Miami.  N'afọ 2004, eserese Ricketts gụnyere n'ime ihe ngosi otu "ụmụ nwanyị atọ" na gallery na African Heritage Cultural Arts Center, 6161 NW 22nd Avenue, Miami. 

Ya na di ya Tom Carroll nwere ọgụ gbasara iwu afọ isii na Council Village nke Miami Shores iji gbanwee zoning, ka o wee nwee ike idowe ubi akwukwo nri ya n'ihu ụlọ ha.    Linnekin, Baylen (2016-09-15). ''Biting the Hands that Feed Us: How Fewer, Smarter Laws Would Make Our Food System More Sustainable''. Island Press. p.&nbsp;151. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-61091-675-2</bdi>. Malite na 2013, obodo Miami Shores amachibidoro ịkọ ubi inine n'ihu ụlọ, nke ghọrọ ntaramahụhụ site n'ụra US $ 50 kwa ụbọchị n'ihi na ha "adịghị mma ma mebie koodu zoning".  Ruo afọ 20, Ricketts nọgidere na-enwe ubi akwụkwọ nri n'ihu ụlọ ya.  Ụlọ ọrụ maka ikpe ziri ezi kwadoro okwu ya.  Mgbe agha iwu na-abịa na njedebe ma ha emeriwo ikpe ha, Ricketts nwụrụ na Ọgọst 24, 2019, mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ọrịa.  

## Ọrụ

* Hospitallọ ọgwụ ndị agha agha 
* Mgbanwe ụlọ ọgwụ Jackson Memorial, 1611 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, Florida 
* Miami Shores Elementary School, ya na Broward siri ike, 10351 NE 5th Avenue, Miami Shores, Florida 
* Comstock Elementary School, ya na Broward firm, 2420 NW 18th Avenue, Miami, Florida 
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ Elementary Carol City, Miami Gardens, Florida 
* Phyllis Ruth Miller Elementary School, 840 NE 87th Street, Miami, Florida 
* Jann Mann Opportunity Education, 16101 NW 44th Court, Opa-locka, Florida 
* Ogige Ogige Afrịka dị na Meyga Learning Center, 1466 NW 62nd Street, Miami, Florida 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka
hazie naanị Carol City Elementary School na Jann Mann Opportunity Education. O mekwara African Square Park na Meyga Learning Center na 1466 NW 62nd Street na
Deanna Van Buren

**Deanna van Buren** bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-akwado ọrụ. Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nke California *na-emepụta ikpe ziri ezi + Imepụta oghere* .     

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Van Buren nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Virginia na Mahadum Columbia nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Architecture, Planning, na Nchekwa . 

## Ihe nrite
Ọ bụ 2019-2020 Berkeley-Rupp Prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum California, Berkeley College of Environmental Design .  Ọ bụ 2023 United States Artist Fellow . 

## Ntụaka


Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Harold Varner (onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ)

**Harold Richard Varner**, FAIA, (1935–2013) bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Detroit.   Varner bụ onye ndu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Black architectural Sims-Varner (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka SDG Associates ). 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Harold Richard Varner mụrụ na August 22, 1935 na Detroit, Michigan. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cass Technical High School na Detroit.  Varner gara Lawrence Institute of Technology (ugbu a Mahadum Teknụzụ Lawrence) wee gụchaa nzere BS na injinia ụkpụrụ ụlọ (1965).  

## Ọrụ
Na 1967, Varner ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike na steeti Michigan. 

Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ Howard Sims & Associates na 1973; E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1964 site n'aka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ Black Howard Sims na Detroit.  Ka ọ na-erule 1976, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Sims-Varner iji gosipụta mmekorita Varner ọhụrụ, a kpọkwara Varner ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche onye isi oche.  Ọ haziri (ya na Sims-Varner) ọtụtụ ụlọ na ihe owuwu ndị ama ama gụnyere Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (1985);  Mahadum nke Michigan School of Social Work (1997);  na ọdụ Millender Center (1987), ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Detroit People Mover na akwa igwe. 

Varner bụ akụkụ nke AIA National Housing Committee, site na 1970 ruo 1973.  N'afọ ndị 1970, Varner nwere mmasị ịgbanwe atụmatụ enyemaka ụlọ gọọmentị na-agba ọsọ (dị ka ngalaba HUD 236).  Varner jere ozi na Michigan State Licensing Board for Architects, site na 1978 ruo 1991.   Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị n'ọrụ bọọdụ ikike ikike steeti, ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị banyere nsogbu nwere ike na ndị na-ewu ụlọ na-enweghị ikike na Michigan. 

A kwanyere ya ugwu dịka onye otu nke American Institute of Architects na 1981.  Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye Consul General na-asọpụrụ na Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. 

Varner nwụrụ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge na Disemba 14, 2013 na ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum Harper dị na Detroit. 

## Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu
Varner nwetara ihe nrite ndị a

* Onyinye Lambda lota Tau, Ọkachamara Ọkachamara, 1963
* Ihe nrite mmeri nke Alumni, Mahadum Teknụzụ Lawrence, 1971 
* Nturu ugo nke Black Alumni Excellence, Mahadum Teknụzụ Lawrence, 1980

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị gọọmentị maka ndị mmekọ SDG
Paolo Abbate

Paolo (Paul) Salvatore Abbate (Eprel 9, 1884 – Eprel 1, 1973) bụ onye ọkpụkpụ na onye ozi nke biri na ọrụ na Connecticut mụrụ. .  

## Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ
Paolo Abbate na Villarosa nke dị n'agwaetiti Sicily nke Ịtali.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Domenico Trentacoste, onye akwụkwọ nke Accademia di Belle Arti Firenze .  Na 1902, ọ kwagara United States.  [1] Abbate bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ afọ asaa maka otu American Missionary Association na Pittsfield, Massachusetts [2] tupu ọ kwaga Torrington, Connecticut na 1928 ebe o hiwere Sul Monte Art Association, nke ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ndị nka obodo.  Ndị ihe nkiri ya dabka ebe obu maka ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi.  [3] [4] Ọ gara n'ihu ime Torrington Artists Association na rụpụta otu Torrington Unico National akwụkwọ.. 

## Ọrụ
Abbate bụ onye na-ese ihe n'ezie bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na bronze na marble.  [1] Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke International Fine Arts League wee bụrụ onye otu ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka National Sculpture Society, Kent Art Association na Connecticut Artists & Writers Society. 

## Nchịkọta ndị ama ama

* Mahadum Brown, Providence, Rhode Island
* Obodo Newburgh, Newburgh, New York
* Mattatuck Museum Arts and History Center, Waterbury, Connecticut
* National Arts Club, New York City
* Torrington Historical Society, Torrington, Connecticut

## Ọrụ ahọpụtara

* Bust nke Dante Alighieri, Mahadum Brown (ọla, granite base, c. 1900)
* Bust nke Dante Alighieri, Newburgh Free Library ogige (1921)
* Echiche, Mattatuck Museum, Waterbury (ọla kọpa)
* Nwanyị nọ ọdụ ọtọ, Mattatuck Museum, Waterburg (ọla kọpa)

## Ntụaka

### Ihe ndetu

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Ndị otu ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke America *The American Missionary: Mpịakọta 76.* Albany: American Missionary Association, Congregational Home Missionary Society, 1922.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Paolo S. Abbate akwụkwọ na nchịkọta nke Archives of American Art
Nathan Johnson (onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ)

**Nathan Johnson** (1926–2021), bụ onye omenkà ọgbara ọhụrụ America na Detroit, Michigan.   Ọ haziri ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ ụka kacha mara mma na 1960 na Detroit,  na a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ ụlọ ụka iri anọ. Ọ rụkwara ụlọ ọha, ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe obibi maka ụlọ ụka na ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọrụ obibi nke otu ezinụlọ na ụlọ elu.  Johnson na-arụsi ọrụ ike mgbe enwere ndị oji ojii ole na ole n'ime obodo Detroit, ma nyere aka n'ịkwado obodo ya.  Ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ **Nathan Johnson & Associates, Inc.**, na-arụ ọrụ site na 1956 ruo gburugburu 2000.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Nathan Johnson na Eprel 9, 1926 na Herington, Kansas, n'ime ezinụlọ ndị America America.    Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè.  Johnson gara Mahadum Kansas State, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1950 na nzere na ụkpụrụ ụlọ. 

Johnson nọ na ndị agha mmiri United States afọ 3.5.  Na 1952, ọ lụrụ Ruth Gardenhire; ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ ọnụ. 

## Oge ndụ na ọnwụ
Ụlọ ọrụ Nathan Johnson & Associates, Inc. kwụsịrị ọrụ n'oge na 2000.  Ọ nwụrụ na Nọvemba 5, 2021 na Detroit, Michigan, mgbe ọ dị afọ 96.  

## Ndepụta nke ọrụ ụlọ

### Ụka
 

### Ụlọ ndị ọzọ
 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects
* Black Bottom, Detroit
* AIA Gold Medal, ihe nrite mba

## Ntụaka
Francis E. Griffin

**Francis Eugene Griffin** (1910–1973) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ America. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ ojii na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Detroit wee nye aka na-emetụta ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ụkpụrụ ojii n'oge mbụ n'obodo ahụ. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ **White & Griffin**, 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Francis Eugene Griffin na Septemba 10, 1910, na Battle Creek, Michigan, nye nne na nna Africa America Genevieve Tucker Griffin na William Edward Dunston Griffin. 

Site na 1928 ruo 1931, Griffin gara Mahadum Michigan (UMich); sochiri oge ọmụmụ ihe nke abụọ site na 1933 ruo 1935.  Ụbọchị ngụsị akwụkwọ ya kpọmkwem site na nzere bachelọ sayensị na injinịa ụkpụrụ ụlọ na UMich amabeghị (ma na 1935 ma ọ bụ 1944). 

Na 1936, ọ lụrụ Mallie Hill; ha nwere ụmụ abụọ. 

## Ọrụ
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Washington, DC, maka John Anderson Lankford site na 1936 ruo 1938; sochiri ọrụ maka Howard Hamilton Mackey Sr. site na 1939 ruo 1941.  N'afọ 1939, Griffin ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Washington, DC.  Griffin nwere omume onwe ya n'ụlọ ya na 5325 Ames, NE, na mpaghara Capitol View nke Washington, DC, site na 1941 ruo 1943.  Ọrụ sochiri ya dị ka onye nleba anya ọnụ ahịa maka ọrụ Mayfair Mansions Apartments nke Albert Irvin Cassell (1943–1945). 

Ya na Donald Frank White jikọrọ aka n'etiti 1946 na 1968 iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ White & Griffin Architecture-Engineering Associates na Detroit.   N'etiti 1950s, White & Griffin weere ọrụ na Liberia;  njikọ aka n'etiti gọọmenti United States, ọchịchị Liberia, na Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University iji mepụta Booker T. Washington Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrụ aka nke na-agbaso usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji nke United States.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1950s ruo 1970s, ya na ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Harold Edward Ward na Aubrey Caston Agee jikọrọ aka wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ, Ward, Griffin, & Agee.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1970, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Francis E. Griffin Associates, Architects, & Planners. 

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka Obodo Detroit Housing Commission site na 1962 na 1969.  Griffin bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na BAG (Black Architects Group) na Detroit; na onye otu American Institute of Architects (AIA).  Ọ bụkwa onye ndu n'ime National Technical Association, na-enye ọzụzụ, ohere, na nkwado maka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke America. 

## Ọnwụ
Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa na February 14, 1973, na Detroit.   A kọwapụtara Griffin n'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu *ndị Africa American Architects: A Biographic Dictionary, 1865-1945* (2004).

## Ndepụta ọrụ

* Aịjalon Baptist Church (1950), 6419 Beechwood Street, Detroit, Michigan  
* Ụlọ Nzukọ Considine na Ụlọikpe Ọkpụkpụ (1973), 8904 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka
Leon Quincy Jackson

**Leon Quincy Jackson** (January 9, 1926,  ma ọ bụ 1927–July 21, 1995),  bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na prọfesọ America. A maara ya maka atụmatụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ ya. A na-eche na ọ bụ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ojii na Oklahoma,  n'agbanyeghị na ọ chere ịkpa ókè ma ọ nweghị ike ịga ule ikike steeti. Aha ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ **L. Quincy Jackson & Associates** . 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Leon Quincy Jackson na Jenụwarị 9 na 1926 ma ọ bụ 1927 na Wewoka, Oklahoma .   Nne ya Roxie Ann Jackson zụlitere ya, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na nna nkuchi ya Lonnie Galimore, onye na-ere ọgwụ.   Nne ya bụ Seminole ọkara ma nwee nnukwu ugbo nwere oke mmanụ yana ntakịrị mmanụ derrick na-arụ ọrụ. 

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Wilberforce na Iowa State University .  Jackson nwetara nzere BA na architecture (1950) site na Kansas State University ; wee nweta akara ugo mmụta MS (1954) na nhazi site na Mahadum Oklahoma (OU).    Jackson bụ nwa akwụkwọ Bruce Goff .  Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ojii nke atọ nwetara nzere masta na nhazi n'aka OU. 

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1950, Jackson bụ onye mbụ America-American na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ imepe ụlọ ọrụ na steeti Oklahoma.  O nwere ihe mgbochi n'ịme ule ikikere steeti Oklahoma n'ihi agbụrụ ya. 

Tupu ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, Jackson kuziri injinia ụlọ na Mahadum Prairie View A&amp;amp;M .  Na 1954, Haile Selassie, Emperor nke Etiopia, gara Oklahoma State University–Stillwater na Stillwater, Oklahoma na Jackson gara mmemme ahụ. 

Na 1954, Jackson kwagara Nashville.  Ọ kụziiri na Tennessee State University (TSU) site na 1954 ruo ?.  Jackson guzobela mmemme injinịa ụkpụrụ ụlọ na TSU.  Ọ bụ mmetụta na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Bob Wesley.  

Site na 1966 ruo 1975, Jackson bụ onye otu American Institute of Architects (AIA). 

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Jackson nwụrụ na Julaị 21, 1995, ma e liri ya n'ebe e liri Greenwood dị na Nashville.  Ọkụ ma ọ bụ kwatuo ụfọdụ ụlọ ya mana ndị ọzọ ka guzoro. 

Nwa ya nwoke, Leon Jackson (1969–2016) zụkwara ọzụzụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwalite egwu eletrọnịkị na Nashville, Tennessee . 

## Ndepụta ụlọ

* Ụlọ Jackson, 2026 Northeast Grand Boulevard ( c. 1950s ), Edwards Heights Historic District, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; ụlọ mbụ ya  
* Pagoda of Medicine (1963), onye bụbu ogige ụlọ ọgwụ Riverside Adventist (ugbu a Churchka Seventh-Day Adventist Church), 707 Youngs Lane, Nashville, Tennessee; ugbu a ebibiri  
* First Baptist Church, Capitol Hill (1972 remodel), Nashville, Tennessee

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Golden J. Zenon Jr.

**Golden Joseph Zenon Jr.**, FAIA(1929–2006), bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ.    Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Nebraska ma bụrụ onye isi nke **Zenon – Beringer & Associates** (ZBA), ma mesịa **Zenon Beringer Mabrey Partners** .   

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Golden J. Zenon Jr. A mụrụ na Maachị 13, 1929, na Abbeville, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, nye ezinụlọ ndị America America.  Nna ya bụ onye na-ekesa owu .   Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dịpụrụ adịpụ mana ihe dị ka afọ 10 ọ kwụsịrị n'ihi ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na n'ihi na nna ya chọrọ enyemaka n'ugbo mgbe ụmụnne ya abụọ ndị tọrọ ya jere ozi na ndị agha US.  Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, e zigara Zenon ka ya na nwanne mama ya biri na Houston, Texas, bụ ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Jack Yates (nke bụzi Yates High School) ma gụchaa na 1949.  Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọ gara klas ịse ihe. 

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mbụ na Mahadum Southern (ugbu a Mahadum Southern na A&M College) na Louisiana, na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mana ọ naghị enwe obi ụtọ na ọrụ nkuzi ahụ.  Na 1955, Zenon gụsịrị akwụkwọ na architecture na Mahadum Nebraska-Lincoln . 

N'afọ 1955, Zenon meriri asọmpi imewe nke Lincoln Home Builders Association maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nebraska, na ụlọ ime ụlọ atọ ya ka e wuru na Park Manor na Lincoln, Nebraska.  

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye mmebe na Leo A. Daly Co., wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Dana Larson Roubal na Associates .  N'afọ 1966, ndị ọrụ Leo A. Daly na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Zenon na William Larson mere Ọbá akwụkwọ Alaka Swanson dị na Omaha. Na 1969, a kwalitere Zenon ka ọ bụrụ onye ntụzi ihe na Dana Larson Roubal na Associates. 

Na 1973, Zenon haziri Willis A. na Janet S. Strauss Performing Arts Center maka Mahadum Nebraska Omaha (UNO) School of Music. 

O guzobere Zenon Beringer & Associates (ZBA) na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ David Beringer na 1975.  Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke mmemme mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ maka Mahadum Nebraska na 1982.  Na 1986, a kpọrọ ya onye otu nke American Institute of Architects . 

Zenon lara ezumike nká n'etiti 1990s. 

## Ntụaka
Wesley Henderson

**Wesley Howard Henderson** (amụrụ 1951),  bụ onye omenkà America, onye nkuzi na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme.   Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science na Tuskegee University,  ma bụrụ onye otu American Institute of Architects (AIA), na National Organisation of Minority Architects (NOMA).  Nke kachasị ama bụ akwụkwọ edemede Henderson na Paul Revere Williams, bụ nke a na-eme dị ka nyocha kachasị omimi nke ọrụ Williams, onye a ma ama na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'Africa.  

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Wesley Howard Henderson mụrụ na Septemba 22, 1951 na Troy, Ohio. Henderson nwetara ma nzere bachelọ sayensị ya na Architectural Design na obere obere na History (1974) na Master of Architecture degree (1976) na Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Ọ nwetara Ph.D ya na Architectural History na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1992.  Akwụkwọ edemede ya, "Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ nke African-American Architects' Careers in Los Angeles, 1890-1945" na-akọwa ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ abụọ nke Los-Angeles, Paul Revere Williams na James Garrott, na-ele anya karịa ọrụ ha iji nyochaa ọrụ ha na ọrụ ha. njikọ na obodo African American. N'ime ime nke a, Henderson na-enye elekwasị anya na ọrụ nke njirimara agbụrụ na ụzọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ yana ịga nke ọma na-esote. 

## Ọrụ
Henderson ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ edebanyere aha na Texas na 1981.  Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Prairie View A&amp;amp;M dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ site na 1976 ruo 1978 yana prọfesọ osote site na 1983 ruo 1986. Ọ kụzikwara ihe na Mahadum Texas dị na Austin, Texas A&amp;amp;M University na Florida A&amp;amp;M University . 

Henderson na-akụzi ugbu a na Mahadum Tuskegee, ebe ọ na-eme nchọpụta dị iche iche nke isiokwu ndị sitere na ụlọ Art Deco, World Fairs, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ime obodo South, na ndị ọzọ. 

Henderson abụrụla onye isi na omume nchụpụ aha ya dị na Dallas, Texas kemgbe 2003.

## Mbipụta

* 
* 
* 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
C. Yarnall Abbott

thumb| Ihe mgbochi gbara nke C. Yarnall Abbott, 1908
Charles Yarnall Abbott (Septemba 23, 1870).  – June 24, 1938) bụ onye America na-ese foto na onye na-ese ihe.

## Ndụ mbido
Charles Yarnall Abbott na-ekwu na September 23, 1870, na Philadelphia, nye Sarah (Yarnall) na William Holloway Abbott, onye ọka iwu.  [1] [2] Ọ tolitere na Philadelphia.  Ọ gara mahadum ka akwụkwọ iwu na mbụ.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na University of Pennsylvania Law School na 1892. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu afọ iri tupu ọ ihe onye na-ese ihe..  

## N'etiti ndụ na ọrụ
Abbott nwere ikike na nka mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọkaiwu.  Nke mbụ, o ngwaọrụ na foto, na-esote maka ụzọ.  Ọ ዓላማ ọrụ n'iwu wee sụgharị ihe osise.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, n'okpuru Thomas Anshutz .  Ọ kwagara Paris, France.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Académie Colarossi .  N'ebe ahụ, ọ akwụkwọ azụ n'okpuru Raphael Collin na Gustave Courtois .  O si na Paris lọta ma kwa Rose Valley, Pennsylvania .  Ọ akụkọ Elenore Abbott na 1898. Abbott okwu otu nwa na Elenore, Marjorie (1907-?). 

akụkụ foto Abbott na ọrụ ọrụ.

Di na ahụ ahụ kwagara Philadelphia na 1913. Abbott rụkwara ọrụ na Rockport, Massachusetts .  O mebere otu Rockport Art Association .  Malite na 1916, e ọrụ ya na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts Annual Exhibition, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.. 

## Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ihe nketa
Ọ dị ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Philadelphia Sketch Club na Philadelphia Art Alliance .  Ndị ọrụ na Art Institute of Chicago na Corcoran Gallery .  Ọ dabanri ma dee ekele nka .  Akwụkwọ ọrụ na Encyclopædia Britannica .  [1] Abbott bụkwa onye na-ede egwuregwu.  Ọ nwụrụ na 1938. [2] A na-eme ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke National Media Museum, [3] Art Gallery nke New South Wales [4] na National Gallery nke Canada 

Abbott nwụrụ na June 24, 1938 na Philadelphia. 

## Ntụaka
Ndị African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945

***African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945*** bụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu akụkọ ndụ America nke lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Africa eleghara anya na mbụ, Dreck Spurlock Wilson deziri akwụkwọ ahụ wee bipụta ya na mbipụta mbụ na Jenụwarị 12, 2004, site na ya. Routledge .   

Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere profaịlụ 151, nke 9 bụ ụmụ nwanyị.  Ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ ụlọ mbụ dị n'akwụkwọ a malitere na 1865, agbanyeghị, enwere ike ịnwe ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ America mbụ. 

## Ụmụ nwanyị Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ
 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 

## Ntụaka
nke lekwasịrị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Africa eleghara
Narciso Abeyta

Narciso "Ciso" Platero Abeyta, ma ọ bụ Ha So Deh (1918-1998) bụ onye Navajo na-ese ihe, onye na-akpụ olu na onye na-ekwu okwu koodu Navajo .  A mara ya maka ụzọ ya mara mma nke na-egosi ndụ Navajo.  [1] Ụbọchị ya dị na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka na-adịgide adịgide adịgide Smithsonian National Museum of American Indian . 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A ọnụ Abeyta na 1918. Akpọrọ ya aha nna ya, Narciso.   Nne ya bụ Pablita.   [1] Ọ̀ ịse ihe mgbe ọ dị awụ iri na otu.   [2] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Santa Fe Indian, logo na 1939. Dorothy Dunn bụ onye nkuzi ya.   Abeyta bụ onye ọkpọ ọkpọ ọla edo .   Ọ jere ozi na Agha nke akụkụ na United States Army, [3] dị ka onye na-ekwu okwu .   [4] Mgbe ọ lọtara ozi, ọ na-adịghị ike ọrụ ọrụ afọ iri n'ihi ozi ya na agha.   [5] N'ikpeazụ, ọ gara Mahadum New Mexico .   Ụlọ azụ n'okpuru Raymond Jonson . 

## N'etiti ndụ na ọrụ
Abeyta bụ onye na-ese ihe n'ụzọ bụ isi.  Ihe osise ya na-edekọ ndụ Navajo, na- ike usoro strok nke na-echetara akwa Navajo .  [1] O nwere kọmitii abụọ a ma maka ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe;  ìdí 1934 maka ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nsogbu na eze na Santa Fe, New Mexico na na 1939 maka Maisel's Indian Trading Post na Albuquerque, New Mexico .  [2] O ndu na 1939 San Francisco World's Fair 

Abeyta ọmụmụ Sylvia Ann, onye na-ese ceramik Quaker .  [1] Ha nwere ụmụ asaa, eze ndị na-ese ihe bụ Tony Abeyta na Pablita Abeyta .  Ezinrọ ahụ bi na Gallup, New Mexico . 

## Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ihe nketa
Abeyta nwụrụ na June 22, 1998, site na ịga nke ọma. 

A na-arụ ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke National Gallery of Art, National Museum of American Indian, [1] na Museum of New Mexico . 

Ihe osise Abeyta akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, Southwest Indian Painting: A Changing Art (1957, University of Arizona Press ) nke Clara Lee Tanner dere .

## Nnukwu ngosi

* 1994 – *Ịsụgharị Ụwa Navajo: Art nke Narciso (Ha-So-De) na Tony Abeyta*, Wheelwright Museum nke American Indian, Santa Fe, New Mexico 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe osise Narciso Abetya na Smithsonial National Museum nke American Indian
Fritz Abplanalp

Fritz Abplanalp (1907-1977) bụ onye na-ese osisi Switzerland.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mind na Brienz, Switzerland, mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ọnwụ atọ na ịcha osisi, ọ zara mgbasa ozi iji ọrụ n'ime ime Episcopalian Convent of the Transfiguration na Glendale, Ohio .  O were afọ asaa na-akpụ ime ụlọ ụka.

N'afọ 1935, alaka ụlọ ọrụ Honolulu mara mma nke ụlọ ahịa a ma ama S. na G. Gump na ụlọ ọrụ kpọbatara ya ka ọ bịa na Hawaii wee mepụta ihe eji achọ ụlọ na ihe ndozi.  Site n'ọzụzụ ya nke Europe oge ochie, ihe osise ya gosipụtara akwụkwọ ndụ okpomọkụ na okooko osisi ndị e ji nkà kpụọ n'elu osisi, na-atụnye ụtụ na etiti narị afọ nke "Hawaiian Style."  N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na osisi okpomọkụ dị ka koa, mahogany, mango, kamani na monkeypod, ọ kpụrụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke osisi, ihe mkpuchi ụlọ zuru oke, trays na ọkwá, tebụl na oriọna ala, na ihe osise ihe atụ gụnyere isi ndị Polynesia maka ọrịre n'ụlọ ahịa ahụ.  , ma rụpụtakwara ihe eji arụ osisi na arịa ụlọ dịka tebụl, oche, kọbọd, bọọdụ dị n'akụkụ, na ime ụlọ, maka ụlọ na ime ụlọ azụmahịa.  Na 1939, o meriri ihe nrite ukwu na ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke Honolulu.  Mpempe akwụkwọ nka ya na arịa ndị a pịrị apị ka na-achọsi ike taa.  Ọkpụrụkpụ Monkeypod Abplanalp, The Offering (Dance Hawaii), bụ nke Honolulu Museum of Art nwe ya.

Na 1942, na agha ahụ mere njem nlegharị anya nke Hawaii adịghị adị, ọ sonyeere ngalaba nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Kamehameha iji kuzie osisi, nka, na idepụta ihe.  O tinyere aka nke ukwuu na ndị obodo Hawaii na-achọpụtaghachi omenala ịsa osisi na ichekwa ihe osise ochie.  Ọ lara ezumike nká na ụlọ akwụkwọ Kamehameha na 1968, ruo Carmel, California.

N'afọ ndị 1960 ka e nyere Fritz site n'aka St Anthony of Padua Church na Kailua ka ọ kpụọ obe maka azụ nke ebe ịchụàjà na chọọchị ọhụrụ ahụ.  Na Ista nke 1968 St. Anthony nwere Mass mbụ ya na ụka ọhụrụ nwere obe mara mma na nke pụrụ iche, Jizọs na-ele anya n'eluigwe kama ịnọ n'okpuru ala.  N'afọ 1982, e nwere ọkụ ma gbaa obe ahụ ọkụ.  Mana a gwọchara ya ma chekwaa ya, kwụgidere n'elu mkpụrụedemede Baptizim maka afọ 3 1/2.  N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2019, e ji nlezianya laghachi n'ọnọdụ mbụ ya, n'azụ ebe ịchụàjà.

Ọ nwụrụ na 1977. 

## Ntụaka

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Blackburn, Mark A., *Hawaiiana, Kachasị Mma nke Hawaiian Design*, Atglen, Pennsylvania, Schiffer Pub. , 2001, 227 .
* Papanikolas, Theresa na DeSoto Brown, *Art Deco Hawai'i*, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , p.&nbsp;53–56.
* Severson, Don R., *Ịchọta Paradaịs, Art Island na mkpokọta nzuzo*, Mahadum nke Hawaii Press, 2002, 206-213.

### Ihe ndetu
Israel Abramofsky

Israel Abramofsky (Septemba 10, 1888 - Jenụwarị 16, 1975), nke a makwaara dị ka Irving Aibel, bụ onye omenkà a mụrụ n'Alaeze Ukwu Russia, onye zụrụ azụ na Paris wee biri na United States, nke a ma ama maka ọrụ odida obodo ya, na ọrụ na-egosi ndụ ndị Juu na  Eastern Europe 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Abramofsky na Kiev, Alaeze Ukwu Russia (Ukraine dị ugbu a) wee hapụ Czarist Russia maka Vienna, Austria, bụ ebe mbụ o nwere mmasị na nkà.  O biri obere oge na Paris wee bịa United States na 1909. Toledo, Ohio ghọrọ ebe obibi ya.  Ọ laghachiri France na 1914, 1920 na 1925 ka ya na Jean Paul Laurens na Lucien Simon mụọ ihe na Julian Academy.  Na Paris, ọ hụrụ ọrụ Chirico, Van Dongen, Delauney, Lhote, Leger, Ozenfant, Dufresne, Dufy, Gris, Modigliani, Segonzac, Gromaire na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.  Maka njem mbu ya ịlaghachi na Paris site na Ohio, o ji leta mmeghe sitere n'aka onye isi obodo Toledo amara aha ya bụ Brand Whitlock.

A na- anya ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Luxembourg Museum, Museum na Israel, Brooklyn Museum, na ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe ngosi mgbe ochie na Ohio na ọtụtụ nchịkọta onwe.

N'ime akwụkwọ ndị dị nkenke, o dere, sị, "Enweghị m ike ịkewa onwe m, ma e wezụga na m nwere ike na m bụ nke iche afụ nke iri abụọ. Enwere m ụdị na ụdị ndị Juu m na-nwere  omenala iche nke mere ka ha dị ka ndị mmadụ." 

## Ihe ngosi

* “Ngosipụta nlegharị anya nke eserese na eserese nke Toledo's I. Abramovsky, Maachị 8–19, 1966, Obodo Obodo Juu, Toledo, Ohio
* I. Abramofsky, ngosi na ire ere, Maachị 28 ruo Eprel 4, 1976, Temple Shomer Emunim, Sylvania, Ohio

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ ndụ
Albert Abramovitz

Albert Abramovitz (1879–1963) bụ onye omenkà na-ese osisi America.  [1] Ụbọchị ya dị na mkpokọta na-adịgide nke ndị dike ihe nka nke Obodo ukwu, National Gallery of Art, na Smithsonian American Art Museum.   

## Ntụaka
Sarah Cain

Sarah Cain (amụrụ 1979), [1] bụ onye omenkà nke oge a America.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Ken na 1979 na Albany, New York, wee tolite na Kinderhook dị nso.[1][2]  Ọ kwagara California na 1997 ka ọ mụọ nkà na San Francisco Art Institute, [3] ebe ọ natara BFA ya na 2001. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, na-anata MFA ya na nkà studio wee gaa Skowhegan.  Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ na 2006  

## Ọrụ
Ken na-eji ihe dị iche iche, ndị akwaaji ọdịnala, ihe ndọtị, na agba, yana ihe ndị na-ahụ ahụkebe, akara akara egwu, akwụkwọ na alaka. 

Quinn Latimer kọwara ọrụ Ken: "Ha n'ụlọikpe yiri echiche ọjọọ - na-ese egwuregwu feathers na doiies; nrụnye na-egosipụta akwa na onye nkuzi nkà hippy dị ka ákwà swatches - wee gbanwee ha nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ eserese siri ike nke na ọ ga-ewe nkeji iji ghọta ihe ị na-eme.  'na-ele anya."[1] Na 2011, Cain na George Herms rụkọrọ ọrụ na Orange County Museum of Art, ebe onye nlekọta Sarah Bancroft dere maka katalọgụ so ya nke ndị na-ese ihe abụọ na-ekerịta "mmasị asụsụ na nkụda mmụọ maka ya.  oke n'ịkọwa ọrụ nkịtị"  

O nweela ihe ngosi solo na Institute of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, Aspen Art Museum, San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art, na ndị ọzọ.  E tinyekwala ya na ihe ngosi mkpokọta na Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Imperial Belvedere Palace Museum na Vienna, na Busan Biennale.  N'afọ 2019, ọ rụchara ọrụ ọhaneze izizi ya na-adịgide adịgide na ọdụ ụgbọ elu San Francisco International: windo iko nwere ụkwụ 150 nwere agba 270, nke edobere na zinc rere ere, bụ nke a haziri nke ọma ka ọ ghara ibeji abụọ jikọtara ọnụ bụ otu ndò..   

Onye na-ede uri Bernadette Mayer na uri ya "Ezigbo Sarah", ndị ihe ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe dịka "ọ dị ka ịhụ egwurugwu n'etiti." 

## Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara

* *Sarah Cain: Oge ọkacha mmasị m bụ ọdịda nke Patriarchy*, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, 2021 
* Sarah Cain: Onye mmeghe 33 - Banye Center, Tang Museum na Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 2021 
* Sarah Cain: Na Nature, Oge Oge na Crystal Bridges Art Museum, Bentonville, AR, 2021 
* *Sarah Cain,* Aspen Art Museum na Elk Camp na Snowmass Mountain, CO, 2017 
* *Sarah Cain: Ugbu a, m ga-agwa gị ihe niile.*&nbsp;Institute of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (ICA LA), CA, 2017 
* *Sarah Cain: Ihe owuwu nke ịhụnanya na-eche n'echiche* na Museum Art Contemporary Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 2015 
* *Sarah Cain: acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ime ahụ gị, ọbara ọbara mgbe ọ na-akụ ikuku* na Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 2015 
* *Ihe osise na Ebe*, Los Angeles Nomadic Division, Los Angeles, CA, 2013 
* *Ọlaedo*, Thomas Zaunschirm chepụtara, Imperial Belvedere Palace Museum, Vienna, 2012 
* *Ihe ngosi onyinye nka nka nke SECA*, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA, 2007 
* *Sarah Cain: Ekwenyere m na anyị bụ ndị kwere ekwe*, Anthony Meier Fine Arts, San Francisco, CA, 2006
* *Sarah Cain:* *Osimiri If's*, Queens Nails Annex, San Francisco, CA, 2005

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Joseph Bartholomew (onye na-emepụta oghere golf)

**Joseph M. Bartholomew, Sr.** (August 1, 1885–October 12, 1971), bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye ọrụ enyemaka na onye na-emepụta ihe egwuregwu golf .   

## Ndụ mbido
Bartholomew mụrụ na August 1, 1885 New Orleans, Louisiana .  Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ akwụkwọ nwere afọ ọmụmụ ya dịka 1881, ma ọ bụ 1888.   Ọ gara akwụkwọ ruo na klas nke asatọ.  Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka caddy na Audubon Golf Course; n'oge dimkpa, ọ ghọrọ onye na-elekọta ahịhịa na nkuzi. 

## Ọrụ
Bartholomew bụ nwoke mbụ n'Afrịka America rụrụ ebe a na-egwu gọlfụ ọha, n'agbanyeghị na a na-egbochikarị ya igwu egwuregwu n'ubi ndị a n'ihi ikewa agbụrụ .  Ihe owuwu mbụ ya bụ maka Metairie Golf Club. Mgbe ọ nọrọ oge na New York na-amụ banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ golf, ọ malitere iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ Louisiana na 1922. N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, Bartholomew haziri ma wuo ọtụtụ ọmụmụ n'ofe Louisiana, gụnyere City Park No. 1, City Park No. 2, na Pontchartrain Park na New Orleans.   A kpọgharịrị Pontchartrain aha *Joseph M. Bartholomew Sr. Golf Course*, maka Bartholomew na 1979.  

Bartholomew mekwara ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nke ya ma gbasaa azụmahịa ya ka ọ bụrụ nhazi ala .

Ọ bụ onye America-America izizi kpọbatara na nnukwu egwuregwu egwuregwu New Orleans nke Fame.  Ọ bụ onye nyere aka na Mahadum Dillard na Mahadum Xavier nke Louisiana .  Agụnyere profaịlụ Bartholomew na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu *[[Ndị African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945|ndị Africa American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945]]* (2004).

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka
egbochikarị ya igwu egwuregwu n'ubi ndị a n'ihi ikewa agbụrụ .  Ihe owuwu mbụ ya bụ maka Metairie Golf Club. Mgbe ọ nọrọ oge na New York na-amụ banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ golf,
Sanford Augustus Brookins

**Sanford Augustus Brookins** (1877-1968), makwaara dị ka **Sanford Augustus Brookings**, bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye na-ewu ụlọ, na onye ọchụnta ego.  Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ewu ụlọ abụọ nke Africa-American na Jacksonville, Florida.  O nyere aka n'ịhazi mpaghara isi ole na ole gụnyere Sugar Hill, Durkee Gardens, na Riverside n'ime Jacksonville; na obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri nke American Beach .

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Sanford Augustus Brookins na May 9, 1877 na Macon, Georgia .  Ọ gara Dorchester Academy na Liberty County, Georgia. 

Na 1904, Brookins kwagara Jacksonville, Florida mechara biri na mpaghara Sugar Hill .  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu afọ iri na abụọ, tupu ya amalite azụmahịa ụlọ obibi nke ya na 1916.   Brookins bu ụzọ chebere ma wuo ụlọ na mpaghara Sugar Hill; agbata obi ọhụrụ nke ubi Durkee; na Riverside, agbataobi ọcha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.  A na-ekwupụtakwa ya na ọ rụpụtara ọnụ ụlọ abụọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri na American Beach, ebe ezumike n'oge oké osimiri mepere emepe maka ndị America America na Florida.  Ka ọ na-erule 1925, o chepụtawo ma wuo ihe karịrị ụlọ obibi 150. 

Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1965 ma kwaga Compton, California .  Brookins nwụrụ June 22, 1968, na Compton.  

## Na-arụ ọrụ

* Ebe obibi Brookins, 601 West 8th Street (1924), Sugar Hill, Jacksonville, Florida  
* 2336 Gilmore Street (1925), Riverside, Jacksonville, Florida 
* 2152 Herschel Street (1925), Riverside, Jacksonville, Florida 
* 5485 Waldron Street (1936), Jacksonville, Florida 
* 1187 West 10th Street (1940), Jacksonville, Florida 
* 1197 Durkee Drive North (1941), Jacksonville, Florida 
* 1125 West 8th Avenue (1944), Jacksonville, Florida 
* 1189 Durkee Drive North (1945), Jacksonville, Florida 
* 5475 Gregg Street (1949), American Beach, Florida; akụkụ nke mpaghara akụkọ ihe mere eme edepụtara NRHP  
* Ụlọ Brookins, 5485 Waldon Street, American Beach, Florida 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka
agbata obi ọhụrụ nke ubi Durkee; na Riverside, agbataobi ọcha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.  A na-ekwupụtakwa ya na ọ rụpụtara
Nnụnụ nke Maya

**Maya Bird-Murphy** (amụrụ 1992), bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, na onye nkuzi.   Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Mobile Makers Chicago, anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-elekwasị anya n'ime ka imewe nwee ike ịnweta obodo ndị a na-akọwaghị ya.  Ọ natala ihe nrite na nkwanye ùgwù n'aka ma AIA na AIGA .   

## Agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Maya Bird-Murphy na 1992 na Chicago, wee tolite na Oak Park, obodo dị nso na Chicago, Illinois. Ọ gara Mahadum Ball State na Muncie, Indiana, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2014 na nzere bachelọ sayensị na Architecture.    Ọ gụchara Masters na Architecture na Boston Architectural College (BAC), gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2017.  Ngụsị akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ bụ Mobile Makers, oru ngo gbadoro ụkwụ na inye nkuzi ụlọ ọrụ nka dị ọnụ ala na mmemme nkuzi maka ụmụaka nwere obere ego dị afọ 8–18.  

## Ọrụ
Maya bidoro Mobile Makers Chicago dị ka ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na Septemba 2017 tupu ọ gụchaa.  Ọ rụgharịrị gwongworo UPS ka ọ bụrụ oghere ihe nkiri a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke na-akwado ihe ọmụmụ mkpanaka na-abụkarị n'akụkụ ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chicago.  Ebumnuche nke Mobile Makers bụ iwulite njikọ aka obodo yana inye ndị na-eto eto ngwá ọrụ na nkà ha nwere ike ịchọ n'ọdịnihu ha.  

Na June 2022, Mobile Makers bụ onye nnata nke Bulls NBA 75th Anniversary Legacy Project, nke kwadoro ohere na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị na-eme mkpanaka na mpaghara Chicago's Humboldt Park.   Ndị na-eme mkpanaka Chicago nwetara onyinye Graham Foundation 2022. 

Kemgbe echiche nke Mobile Makers Chicago, Bird-Murphy arụ ọrụ n'otu oge na ụlọ ọrụ na otu ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi mmemme ihe owuwu ihe owuwu na Oak Park Education Foundation (OPEF) ma bụrụ onye nkuzi nwa oge na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago .  

## Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu
Maya enwetala ihe nrite ndị a:

* 2018 - Onyinye mmebe na-apụta site na BAC Alumni Association. 
* 2020 - Alan Madison Award sitere na AIA Illinois. 
* 2021 - Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ iri gara aga (GOLD) onyinye sitere na Mahadum Ball State College of Architecture and Planning . 
* 2022 - Pierre Keller Award sitere na Hublot . 
* 2022 - Dorchester Industries Experimental Design Lab Award from Theaster Gates, Prada Group, and Rebuild Foundation . 

Na 2018, akpọrọ aha ya dị ka AIGA Design + Diversity Conference National Fellow.  N'otu afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ya na American Institute of Architects' (AIA) Emerging Professionals Exhibition 2018 maka ndị na-eme mkpanaka.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri natara 2018 Jason Pettigrew Memorial ARE ( Architect Registration Examination ) Scholarship si AIA . 

Akpọrọ ya aha na *Newcity Magazine's* 2022 ndepụta mmadụ iri ise ndị mebere imewe na Chicago. 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe ndị na-eme mkpanaka
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mark Abramson

Mark Kerner Abramson (March 16, 1934 – Mee 20, 2007) bụ onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ na ihe nkiri America. O mepụtara ndekọ nke Judy Collins, The Paul Butterfield Blues Band, Bob Gibson, Ịhụnanya, Phil Ochs, Tom Rush, Judy Henske, Josh White, The Wackers na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe.  

## Ọrụ
Malite dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ ihe mbụ Elektra Records na 1958, ọ ree injinia ngwaọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na onye akara aha Jac Holzman .  Na Manchester ihe mere eme nke Holzman nke Elektra Soro egwu, ọ na-echeta ọrụ Abramson: "O nwere egwu egwu egwu na-egbochi dị egwu ma na-etinye uche na ụmụ ndị bara uru nke injinia ngwa ngwa. Ọ bụ onye na-  ese ihe n'onwe ya, nke nwere ike iwe ọkụ, nwee ike ịme egwuregwu nke ọma" 

Na mgbakwunye na egwu egwu, Abramson na-eduzi ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi mkpirisi egwu nke egwu na The Doors .  N'ụzọ doro anya, ihe nkiri ndị e mere maka The doors' "Break on through" na "Onye agha a na- ngosi ama" bụ ndị na-ebute ụzọ nke oge vidiyo ma gosi na egwu egwu.. 

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Elektra, Abramson na-etinyekwu aka na ihe osise a na-ahụ anya, na-egosikwa foto ya, ọzụzụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya n'ọtụtụ veranda.  N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ bụ onye ntụzi mmemme maka nke Woodstock na Woodstock, New York .  Mgbe ọ na-ese ihe nkiri ya na ọ dịghị dị ka onye na-ahụ ihe Eserese, Judy Collins weere izu ụbọchị ike, na-eche onye ọmụmụ ọkacha akara ya..

## Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ
Abramson fim na 1967 nye Janet (Janis) Young na obere ụka obodo dị nso na Philadelphia.  Ha nwere nwoke abụọ, Itan na Jared.  Nwunye ya bụ ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nkiri, akara na The Boston Strangler na Tony Curtis- dị ka ikike onye nwere ike ịlanrị, yana n'ịhụnanya, ya na George Segal, dị ka "onye mmekọ ya.  na-akwa iko".  Ọ bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu ncha ncha nke NBC, ụmụ anyị achọ ise na ụwa ọzọ .  Ha kewapụrụ na 1970s, na Young gara n'ihu kuzie na ngalaba ihe nkiri na-abụ Bennington ihe dị ka afọ iri abụọ..

Mark Abramson nwụrụ na Mee 2007.

## Ntụaka