Nino Frank

**Nino Frank** (amụrụ 27 June 1904 na Barletta, Italy - Paris, 17 Ọgọst 1988) bụ onye nkatọ ihe nkiri French na onye ode akwụkwọ nke kacha arụ ọrụ na 1930s na 40s. A maara Frank nke ọma maka ịbụ onye nkatọ ihe nkiri mbụ jiri okwu ahụ bụ " noir film " na-ezo aka na 1940s ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mpụ US dịka *The Maltese Falcon .*

## Ọrụ
A mụrụ Nino Frank na Barletta, na mpaghara ndịda Apulia, obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ekwo ekwo n'ụsọ oké osimiri Adriatic nke Ịtali.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1920s, Frank bụ onye na-akwado onye edemede Irish bụ James Joyce, ya na gburugburu nke gụnyere Moune Gilbert, Stuart Gilbert (onye nyere aka mee nsụgharị French nke *Ulysses* na 1929), Paul na Lucie Léon, Louis Gillet, na Samuel Beckett . Na 1937, Frank nyere Joyce nnukwu ihe gbasara nsụgharị Italian nke Joyce's *Anna Livia Plurabelle* . 

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ndị Nazi na-arụ na France, Frank dere maka mmekorita ya kwa izu *Les Nouveaux Temps*, ma a maara ya dị ka onye nkatọ nke mmekorita nke Vichy ọchịchị censorship amụma. O dekwara akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri French *L'Écran français*, akwụkwọ akụkọ socialist-leaning nke Resistance guzobere n'oge agha, nke gara n'ihu mgbe ọ gasịrị. Magazin ahụ nwere nkwado nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri French dị ka Jacques Becker, Marcel Carné, Jean Grémillon, na Jean Painlevé ; Onye edemede / ndị na-eme nchọpụta bụ Pierre Bost na Jacques Prévert ; ndị nkatọ Georges Sadoul na Léon Moussinac; nakwa Albert Camus, Henri Langlois, André Malraux, Pablo Picasso na Jean-Paul Sartre . *L'Écran français* bụ "akwụkwọ siri ike"; N'adịghị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ nwere foto "cheesecake" ha na asịrị kpakpando, e bipụtara *L'Écran français* na akwụkwọ edo edo ma buru akụkọ gbasara ọtụtụ okwu nkatọ ihe nkiri nke ndị nkatọ na ndị ama ama sitere na sinima French dere.  Frank mechara rute n'ọkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke *L'Écran français* .

Dị ka Internet Movie Database (IMDb) si kwuo, Frank nwere ọtụtụ kredit ederede maka mmepụta ihe nkiri na telivishọn. Na 1944, o dere mkparịta ụka maka *Service de nuit* wee gbanwee akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ihuenyo ahụ. Na 1945, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mmegharị ihe nkiri nke *La Vie de bohème* . Na 1947, a na-akwụ ya ụgwọ maka *La Taverne du poisson couronné* ("Confessions of a Rogue"), na 1952, a kwadoro ya na *Red Shirts* ( *Les chemises rouges* na France ma ọ bụ *Camicie rose* na Italy). N'afọ 1974, ekwuru Frank ka ọ gbanwee akwụkwọ akụkọ *Stefano* maka mmepụta TV. Frank rụkwara ọrụ ide na ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ịsụgharị akwụkwọ Leonardo Sciascia nke 1979 *Nero su nero* ("Black on Black") site na Italian mbụ ya na Corinne Lucas.

## Okwu a bu "film noir"
A na-enyekarị Frank otuto maka ịmepụta okwu ahụ bụ " ihe nkiri noir " iji kọwaa otu ihe nkiri ihe nkiri America nke e gosiri na ihe nkiri French n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1946: John Huston's *The Maltese Falcon ,* Otto Preminger's *Laura ,* Edward Dmytryk's *Murder, My Sweet*, *Indemnity okpukpu abụọ* nke Billy Wilder na Fritz Lang's *Nwanyị nọ na mpio* . N'oge ndị Nazi na-achị France, a naghị anabata ihe nkiri US na France, ya mere oge okpomọkụ nke 1946 bụ ohere mbụ maka ndị France na-ege ntị ịhụ ihe nkiri US ndị a nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ .

Na 1946, Frank na onye nkatọ ibe ya Jean-Pierre Chartier dere akụkọ ihe nkiri abụọ nke kọwara ihe nkiri mpụ Hollywood sitere na 1940 dị ka "ihe nkiri noir". E bipụtara akụkọ Frank, "Un nouveau genre 'policier': L'aventure criminelle" ("Ụdị uwe ojii ọhụrụ: njem mpụ") na magazin ihe nkiri socialist-leaning *L'écran français* na August 1946. Edepụtara akụkọ Frank "… njụta nke sentimental humanism, na-elekọta mmadụ fantastic, na dynamism nke ime ihe ike ọnwụ" dị ka ndị na-erigbu French noir themes na kpọrọ anya na American proclivity maka "mpụ akparamaagwa na misogyny".  Akụkọ Frank kwuru na "ihe nkiri 'ọchịchịrị' ndị a, ihe nkiri ndị a na-eme mkpọtụ, enwekwaghị ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ya na ihe nkiri ndị nkịtị na-eme nchọpụta", na isiokwu ahụ "na-egosipụta ihe isi ike nke ịchọta akara kwesịrị ekwesị maka fim ndị a gbara ọchịchịrị." 

Edemede Frank na-ekwu na ihe nkiri noir "bụ nke a na-akpọ ụdị ihe nkiri nchọpụta nchọpụta, mana nke a ga-akacha mma ịkpọ mpụ, ma ọ bụ, ọbụna nke ka mma, "ihe nkiri akparamàgwà mpụ" Jean-Pierre Chartier dere, si Nọvemba 1946, pụtara na conservative-leaning *Revue du cinema*, nke akpọrọ "Les Américains aussi font des films 'noirs'" ("ndị America na-emekwa ihe nkiri 'oji'"), ma katọọ ihe ọ lere anya na eri nkịtị nke ihe nkiri noir. "Enweghị obi ọjọọ na  *mmadụ* ". Ọrụ nke ndị odee America na akwụkwọ nke ndị odee French dere bụ ndị e debere n'ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụ nke US bụ Thomas Narcejac na Pierre Boileau, bụ ndị dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-emegharị na fim, nwekwara ike nweta otuto maka ịmepụta okwu ahụ bụ "noir film. ". Emegharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ Narcejac na Boileau *D'entre les mort* ka ọ bụrụ Alfred Hitchcock 's *Vertigo*, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha *Celle qui n'était gbakwunyere* ka emegharịrị na Henri-Georges Clouzot 's *Diabolique* .

### Ojiji mbụ
Nnyocha Charles O'Brien na-egosi na e jiri okwu ahụ bụ "film noir" mee ihe na nyocha ihe nkiri French na akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1938 na 1939, iji zoo aka na ihe nkiri French dị ka *Le Quai des brumes* (1937) nke Marcel Carné na *La Bête humaine* dere (1938). ) nke Jean Renoir dere .  O'Brien na-ekwu na ọ chọtara "ozi iri na abụọ doro anya nke ihe nkiri noir" na njedebe 1930, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ *L'Intransigeant*, nke a na-akpọ *Quai des brumes* "noir film" na akwụkwọ akụkọ *Action française*, bụ nke January 1938. Nlebanya ihe nkiri nke Francois Vinneuil kpọrọ *Le Puritain* "un sujet classique: le film noir, plongeant dans la débauche et le mpụ" ("isiokwu mara mma: *ihe nkiri ahụ* na-adaba n'omume rụrụ arụ na mpụ").  O'Brien na-ekwu na okwu ahụ bụ "film noir" yiri ka ọ bụ ndị aka nri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chepụtara ya na nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ - ma ọ bụghị ihe niile - nke ihe nkiri ahụ sitere na uri eziokwu nke e jikọtara ya na ya. aka ekpe Popular Front . 

## Ntụaka