Martha Tabram

**Martha Tabram** (née White; 10 Mee 1849 – 7 Ọgọst 1888) bụ nwanyị onye England e gburu n’ọtụtụ ogbugbu ime ihe ike na na gburugburu Whitechapel district nke East London n’etiti 1888 na 1891. O nwere ike ịbụ onye mbụ ihe metụtara.  onye na-egbu egbu na-amaghị ama Jack the Ripper.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị Ripper ise a na-ahụkarị bụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme kwetara n'ụzọ sara mbara, a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-esote ya.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Tabram Martha White na Southwark, London, na 10 Mee 1849.  Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ ise Charles Samuel White, onye na-elekọta ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, na nwunye ya, Elisabeth Dowsett mụrụ. N'usoro ọmụmụ, ụmụnne ya anọ tọrọ ya bụ Henry, Stephen, Esther na Mary Ann. Ọ dị 5 feet 3 inches (160 cm) n'ogologo ma nwee ntutu isi ojii.&nbsp;

Na Mee 1865, nne na nna Tabram kewara;  Ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị, nna ya nwụrụ n'ihi ihe ndị sitere n'okike mgbe ọ dị afọ 59. Dị ka ada ya nwanyị bụ Mary Ann si kwuo, nna ya enwebeghị ike ịrụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa tupu ya anwụọ.

## Alụmdi na nwunye
N'ụbọchị ekeresimesi 1869, Martha lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ngwá ụlọ aha ya bụ Henry Samuel Tabram.  Emere mmemme a na Trinity Church dị na St. Mary's Parish, Newington.  N'afọ 1871, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara n'otu ụlọ dị nso n'ebe obibi Mata bụ nwata.  Ya na Henry nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ: Frederick John Tabram (amuru February 1871) na Charles Henry Tabram (amuru Disemba 1872).

N'ihi mmanya Martha, bụ nke dị arọ nke na-eme ka mmanya na-egbu egbu, alụmdi na nwunye Tabram nwere nsogbu.  Ebe Martha hapụrụ ya n’afọ 1875. Ruo ihe dị ka afọ atọ, ọ na-enye ya ego shilling iri na abụọ n’izu, wedata ya shilling abụọ na penti isii mgbe ọ nụrụ na ya na nwoke ọzọ bi.

Tabram biri na Henry Turner, onye ọkwá nkà, site n'ihe dị ka 1876 ruo izu atọ tupu ọnwụ ya. Mmekọrịta a nwekwara nsogbu site na ịṅụ mmanya Martha na mgbe ụfọdụ ịnọ n'èzí abalị niile. E depụtara ya, na ụmụ ya nwoke, dị ka ndị mkpọrọ n'otu abalị na Whitechapel Union workhouse's casual ward na Thomas Street  n'abalị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 1881.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1888, Turner enweghị ọrụ mgbe niile, di na nwunye ahụ na-enweta ego site na ire ihe mkpofu na obere ihe ndị ọzọ n'okporo ámá, mgbe ha na-ebi ihe dị ka ọnwa anọ na 4 Star Place, na Commercial Road na Whitechapel. N'ihe dị ka mmalite ọnwa Julaị, ha hapụrụ na mberede, n'ihi ụgwọ ụlọ, wee kewaa maka oge ikpeazụ n'etiti ọnwa ahụ. Tabram kwagara n'ụlọ obibi dị na 19 George Street, Spitalfields. Ka ọ na-erule oge ọnwụ ya, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba Tabram aghọwo ihe na-enweghị olileanya nke na a manyere ya ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ maka ego n'okporo ámá.

## 6 Ọgọst 1888
áká_èkpè|thumb|210x210px|George Yard A chọtara ozu Martha Tabram n'ebe a na 7 Ọgọst 1888
Na 6 Ọgọst 1888, abalị tupu e gbuo ya, Tabram na nwanyị ọzọ na-aṅụ ale na rum, na nwanyị akwụna oge ụfọdụ, Mary Ann Connelly, nke a maara dị ka "Pearly Poll", na ndị agha abụọ n'ụlọ ọha, Angel na Crown.  , nso George Yard Buildings.[1]  Ha anọ jikọtara ọnụ,hapụrụ ụlọ ọha wee kewapụ n'ihe dịka 11:45 pm, nwanyị ọ bụla nwere onye ahịa nke ya.  Martha na onye ahịa ya gara George Yard, [1] warara dị warara nke dị n'ebe ugwu – ndịda na-ejikọ Wentworth Street na Whitechapel High Street, si na Whitechapel High Street bata n'okporo ụzọ kpuchiri ekpuchi n'akụkụ The White Hart Inn.  George Yard Buildings, ngọngọ nke ụlọ ndị e wuru na 1876, dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụzọ ahụ, na nso nsọtụ ugwu ruo azụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Toynbee.[n 1] Pearly Poll na onye ahịa ya gara na Angel Alley yiri ya. 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|238x238px|Ihe osise nke oge a nke nchọpụta nke ozu Martha Tabram

### Ogbugbu
thumb|230x230px|Ihe osise nke ''Akụkọ Ndị Uwe Ojii'' banyere nchọpụta nke ozu Martha Tabram na George Yard
N'isi ụtụtụ nke ụtụtụ na-esote, otu onye bi na ụlọ ahụ, otu Mrs. Hewitt, ji mkpu "Mgbukpọ!" kpọtee ya, mana ime ihe ike n'ụlọ na mkpu nke ọdịdị ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè ahụ ma ọ leghaara mkpọtụ ahụ anya. N'elekere abụọ nke ụtụtụ, ndị ọzọ bi na ya, di na nwunye ya Joseph na Elizabeth Mahoney, laghachiri n'ụlọ ahụ ma hụghị onye ọ bụla na steepụ. &nbsp;N'otu oge ahụ, onye uwe ojii na-agagharị agagharị, PC Thomas Barrett, jụrụ otu onye na-agba ọsọ grenadier na-agafe agagharị n'ebe dị nso, onye zaghachiri na ọ na-echere enyi. N'elekere 3:30 nke ụtụtụ, onye bi na ya bụ Albert George Crow laghachiri n'ụlọ mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ abalị dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ma hụ ozu Tabram ka ọ na-edina n'elu steepụ mbụ. &nbsp;Ọ na-enwu gbaa n'ebe ahụ nke na o weere ya dị ka onye na-ehi ụra ma ọ bụghị ruo mgbe elekere ise nke ụtụtụ ka onye bi na ya na-agbadata steepụ n'ụzọ ọ na-aga ọrụ, onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri John Saunders Reeves, ghọtara na ọ nwụọla.&nbsp;

Reeves kpọtara Barrett, bụ́ onye zigara Dr. Timothy Robert Killeen ka ọ nyochaa ahụ.  Killeen rutere n'ihe dị ka elekere 5:30 nke ụtụtụ wee mee atụmatụ na Tabram anwụọla ihe dị ka awa 3.[1]  Onye gburu ya amagburu ya ugboro 39 n'ime ahụ na olu, gụnyere akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ ugboro itoolu, n'akpa ume aka ekpe ise, abụọ n'akpa ume aka nri, otu n'ime obi, ise n'imeju, abụọ n'ọkpụkpụ, na isii.  afọ, na-emerụkwa ya ala afọ na akụkụ ahụ.[2]  Ọ dina n'azụ ya, a na-ebulikwa uwe ya n'etiti, na-ekpughe ọkara ala ya, nke na-egosi na ahụ ahụ dina n'ọnọdụ mmekọahụ.  Otú ọ dị, Killeen enweghị ike ịnye ihe àmà ọ bụla nke mmekọahụ.[1]  Akaebe nke ndị bi ebe ahụ na Dr Killeen gosiri na e gburu Tabram n'etiti elekere 2:00 a.m. na elekere 3:30 a.m.[n 2] Ndị bi ebe ahụ ahụla ma nụkwa ihe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma n'etiti oge ndị a.

## Nnyocha
Onye nyocha mpaghara nke Ndị uwe ojii Metropolitan, Edmund Reid nke H Division Whitechapel, bụ onye na-ahụ maka nyocha ahụ. O mere ndokwa ka PC Barrett gaa na Tower of London na 7 August na olile anya na Barrett nwere ike ịmata nwoke ọ hụrụ ka ọ na-eguzo n'okporo ámá. Barrett amataghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ikom ahụ. A haziri ngagharị nke ndị agha niile nọ na ezumike n'abalị ogbugbu ahụ na Tower na 8 Ọgọstụ, na n'oge a PC Barrett họọrọ otu nwoke. Mgbe a gwara ya ka ọ nyochaa nhọrọ ya, Barrett họpụtara nwoke ọzọ, a hapụrụ nke mbụ ka ọ pụọ. Barrett kọwara mgbanwe obi ya site n'ikwu na nwoke ọ hụrụ na George Yard enweghị ihe nrite, ebe nwoke ọ họọrọ na mbụ mere. Nhọrọ nke abụọ nke Barrett, John Leary, kwuru na n'abalị ogbugbu ahụ, ya na enyi ya, Private Law gara na-aṅụ mmanya na Brixton. Dị ka Leary si kwuo, ha tụfuru ibe ha n'oge mmechi ma ọ gara ije tupu ya ezute Law in the Strand n'ihe dị ka elekere 4:30 nke ụtụtụ, mgbe ahụ ha ṅụrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ọzọ na Billingsgate tupu ha alaghachi na Tower. &nbsp;A gbara Law ajụjụ ọnụ, iche na Leary, na nkọwa ya banyere ihe ndị mere n'abalị ahụ kwekọrọ kpọmkwem na nke Leary. N'ihi ike nke nkwupụta ha na-akwado na n'ihi njirimara a na-ejighị n'aka nke Barrett, a chụpụrụ Leary na Law na nyocha ahụ. A chụpụrụ onye agha ọzọ si n'ụlọ elu ahụ, Corporal Benjamin, onye na-anọghị n'enweghị ikike, na nyocha ahụ mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-eleta nna ya na Kingston-upon-Thames.

Connelly esoghị ndị uwe ojii na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ma soro nwa nwanne nne ya zoo nwa oge na nso Drury Lane,  ọ bịaghị n'ihu ruo 9 Ọgọst. Ọ tụfuru ngosi ngosi njirimara ahaziri na Tower maka 10 Ọgọst, mana ọ gara nke emegharịrị na 13th.[1]  Connelly aghọtaghị ndị ahịa ahụ wee kwuo na ndị ikom ahụ n'abalị ahụ yiri eriri okpu ọcha.  Ebe ọ bụ naanị ndị nchekwa Coldstream na-eyi ụdị egwu a, karịa ndị nchekwa Grenadier na Tower, a kpọgara Connelly na ngosi njirimara ọzọ na Wellington Barracks na 15th, ebe ọ kpọpụtara ndị agha abụọ, mana ha abụọ nwere alibis siri ike.[2]  Otu na nwunye ya nọrọ n'ụlọ, ebe onye nke ọzọ nọ n'ogige ahụ.

Di ya kewapụrụ onwe ya mere ka a mata ozu Tabram na 14 Ọgọst.  N'oge ọnwụ ya, o yi uwe mkpuchi ojii, ogologo jaket ojii, uwe mwụda akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị, obere petticoat na-acha aja aja na sọks, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ nwere akụkụ mmiri na-egosi oke iyi.  Ọ dị 5 ụkwụ 3 inch (1.60 m) ogologo ma nwee ntutu gbara ọchịchịrị.[1]  Onye osote onye nyocha maka South-East Middlesex George Collier mechiri ajụjụ gbasara ọnwụ ya na 23 Ọgọst na Working Lad's Institute, Whitechapel Road, jiri mkpebi nke igbu mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị amaghị.  Ọ nweghị onye a na-enyo enyo maka igbu ọchụ Tabram.

## Jack onye na-egbu egbu
Akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke oge a bipụtara na mbido Septemba jikọtara ogbugbu Tabram na nke Emma Elizabeth Smith na 3 Eprel na Mary Ann Nichols na 31 Ọgọst, ọ bụ ezie na tupu ya anwụọ, Smith gwara ndị uwe ojii na otu ndị omempụ wakporo ya. Ogbugbu e mechara nke Annie Chapman na 8 Septemba, nke ma Elizabeth Stride na Catherine Edowes na 30 Septemba na nke Mary Jane Kelly na 9 Nọvemba ejikọtakwara na nke Tabram n'oge ahụ.  A na-akpọ igbu ọchụ ise ikpeazụ a kpọtụrụ aha ugbu a dị ka “canonical ise” nke Jack the Ripper metụtara.  Ha niile bụ ogbugbu mma nke ndị akwụna dara ogbenye na mpaghara Whitechapel na Spitalfields, ndị a na-emekarị n'ọchịchịrị n'ime obere awa nke ụtụtụ, na saịtị zoro ezo nke ọha na eze nwere ike ịnweta, nke mere na ma ọ bụ nso na ngwụsị izu ma ọ bụ ezumike.3]

Ndị uwe ojii ejikọghị ogbugbu ahụ na nke Smith, mana ha jikọtara ọnwụ ya na ogbugbu ise sochirinụ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị mechara gbuo ndị Ripper ewepụla Tabram na ndepụta nke ndị Ripper gburu, ọkachasị n'ihi na egbughị akpịrị ya n'ụzọ ndị e mechara gbuo, ma ọ bụ wepụ ya. Sir Melville Macnaghten, onye na-enyere Chief Constable aka na Ngalaba Nnyocha Mpụ nke Metropolitan Police Service, kwadoro echiche a, onye kwuru na onye agha ma ọ bụ ndị agha a na-amaghị aha ha gburu Tabram na akwụkwọ ncheta nke 1894 banyere igbu ọchụ ahụ. Dr Killeen, onye mere post mortem na Tabram, mere ka nkwenye a sie ike site n'echiche ya na e ji ngwá agha abụọ mee ihe - otu n'ime ọnyá Tabram, nke gafere n'ọkpụkpụ obi, e ji ngwá ọgụ dị ogologo ma sie ike karịa ndị ọzọ, mma ma ọ bụ ma eleghị anya mma, mee ndị ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ akụkọ gbasara mmụọ nke narị afọ nke 20 chere na Mary Ann Nichols bụ onye mbụ Jack the Ripper merụrụ, mana gbakwụnye na igbu ọchụ ya eleghi anya ọ bụ ọgụ mbụ ya.  Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na Ripper nwere ike igbu Tabram tupu ya emechaa usoro nhazi ya nke imeri na igbubi akpịrị ndị ọ tara ahụhụ.  Otú ọ dị, ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ, dị ka Philip Sugden na The Complete History of Jack the Ripper, na Sean Day na Peter Underwood's Jack the Ripper: Otu narị afọ nke Mystery, na-ele Tabram anya dị ka onye nwere ike ịkpata Ripper.

Sir Melville Macnaghten tinyere aka na nyocha igbu ọchụ Whitechapel n'etiti 1889 na 1891; ya mere, ihe odide ya gosipụtara naanị echiche nke ụfọdụ ndị uwe ojii n'oge ahụ ma tinye ọtụtụ njehie eziokwu na ozi e gosipụtara gbasara ndị a na-enyo enyo. A maara ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ ka ha gbanwere ngwá agha ha, mana karịsịa iji zụlite usoro ha na-arụ ọrụ ka oge na-aga, dị ka onye na-egbu ọchụ mere na-arịwanye elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ogbugbu Ripper ise dị n'ebe ugwu, n'ebe ndịda, n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Whitechapel, ogbugbu Tabram mere na nso etiti ha. O kwere omume na ogbugbu ya bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ Ripper mere tupu ya ahọrọ *modus operandi* ya.

N’afọ 1998, otu onye Australia na-eme nchọpụta, bụ́ Ted Linn, wepụtara nchoputa ya n’akwụkwọ nta a na-akpọ The Case of the Redhanded Copycat, bụ́ ebe o depụtara okwu ya na di Martha, bụ́ Henry Samuel Tabram, bụ onye Ripper n’ezie.  Ọ gbadoro ụkwụ na nke a na njiri mara ihe ọ na-ekwu na ọ chọtara n'akwụkwọ ozi Ripper dere na ihe akaebe ndị ọzọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ọnọdụ oyi
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-egbu ọtụtụ mmadụ tupu 1900
* Ogbugbu ndị a na-edozighị na United Kingdom

## Ihe edeturu

## Edensibia

### Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Jack the Ripper: Akụkọ Akụkọ. London: Pearson Education.   ISBN&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Jack the Ripper: Eziokwu*. New York City: Barnes & Noble Books.   ISBN&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates*. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing.   ISBN&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia*. London: Constable na Robinson.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Fido, Martin (1987). *Mpụ, Ọnwụ na Nchọpụta nke Jack the Ripper*. Vermont: Trafalgar Square.   ISBN&nbsp;
* Honeycombe, Gordon (1982). The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870-1970, London: Bloomsbury Books,   
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Jack the Ripper: Nnyocha narị afọ nke 21. London: John Blake.   ISBN&nbsp;

## Njikọ mpụga

* 12 Nọvemba 1888 akụkọ akụkọ Evening Star metụtara ogbugbu Martha Tabram
* 2009 Akụkọ Daily Telegraph na-akọwapụta ndị Jack the Ripper metụtara
* Akwụkwọ ikpe: Jack the Ripper
* Ndị Whitechapel Murder Victims: Martha Tabram na whitechapeljack.com
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations