Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina

**Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina** ( Arabic ; Amụrụ na M'sila na 1934 wee nwụọ na 23 Mee, 2025) bụ onye ntụzi ihe nkiri na onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke Algeria. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe nkiri 1975 ya *bụ Chronicle of the Years of Fire*, nke meriri na 1975 Cannes Film Festival wee bụrụ ihe nkiri Arab na Africa mbụ nwetara ihe nrite ahụ.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ama ama na sinima Arab nke oge a.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ na 1934 na M'Sila, Algeria, Lakhdar malitere ọmụmụ ya na obodo ya. O buru ụzọ nwee mmasị na ụwa nke sinima na Lycée Carnot na Cannes, France . Mgbe ọ malitesịrị ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo na iwu na mahadum French, ọ gbahapụrụ ndị agha France na 1958 wee sonye na mgbochi French Algerian Resistance na Tunisia, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka gọọmentị Algeria nwa oge na mba ọzọ. Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya malitere ka ọ sonyeere ndị Algerian Maquis ( guerrillas ).

Na 1959, ndị Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) zigara ya Prague, ebe ọ na-agbaso ọmụmụ ihe nkiri sinima ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ cinema, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ihe nkiri na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ TV nke Academy of Performing Arts na Prague, Czech Academy for cinema na telivishọn. Otú ọ dị, ọ kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Barrandov Studios . N'afọ 1960, ọ sonyere na Cinema Service, nke gọọmentị Algeria kere na mba ọzọ. Na 1959, ozi nke ozi nke Algeria na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nyere Lakhdar-Hamina, ya na Djamel Chanderli na Pierre Chaulet ọrụ, imepụta ihe nkiri banyere nsogbu Algeria n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị France . Ihe nkiri a na-eme ihe nkiri, nke aha ya bụ *Djazzaïrouna (Our Algeria)*, bụ iji gosipụta ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke òtù ndị agha obodo Algeria, bụ Maquis, na-achụso.

Na 1961, Lakhdar-Hamina rụkọrọ ọrụ na Chanderli na ihe nkiri Yasmina, nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ gbara ọsọ ndụ nke ga-agbapụ n'obodo ya mgbe mbibi ya gasịrị. Lakhdar-Hamina rụkọrọ ọrụ ọzọ na Chanderli na 1962 *olu ndị mmadụ* na 1961 *egbe nke nnwere onwe* . Mgbe nnwere onwe nke Algeria na 1962, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya ebe, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya si na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Tunisia, ọ tọrọ ntọala *Office des actualités algériennes*, nke ọ bụ onye nduzi site na 1963 ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 1974.

Site na 1981 ruo 1984 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Office National pour le Commerce et l'Industrie Cinématographique, ụlọ ọrụ kachasị mkpa maka ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri French . Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya kachasị ọhụrụ, *Foto ikpeazụ*, bụ akụkụ nke Nhọrọ Ọchịchị na Cannes Film Festival na 1986 ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara maka Golden Palm.

Nwa Lakhdar-Hamina, Malik Lakhdar-Hamina, bịara mara amara mgbe ahapụchara ihe nkiri ogologo oge mbụ ya, *Mgbụsị akwụkwọ: October na Algiers* (1992), ihe nkiri nke na-enyocha ọgba aghara nke October 1988 site na microcosm nke ezinụlọ Algeria kewara site na a. Echiche Westernized megide Alakụba nke Algeria dị ugbu a. Nwa ya nwoke ọzọ, Tariq Lakhdar-Hamina, bụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri.

## Mmetụta na ntinye aka
Site na mmalite ya, cinema Algeria jikọtara ya na arụmụka echiche na ịdị adị nke gbara agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria na ọkwa iwu obodo mgbe ọchịchị gachara.

N'okwu a, ọrụ cinematographic nke Lakhdar-Hamina enyela aka na mmepe nke asụsụ ihe nkiri ọhụrụ nke ihe nkiri sinima Maghrebi nke oge a na nke kachasị nke Algeria, nke dị iche na ahụmahụ nkiri nke mba Arab ndị ọzọ na nke kachasị nke ụlọ ọrụ cinematic Egypt. .

Mgbe Algeria nwesịrị nnwere onwe, sinima Algeria lekwasịrị anya n'ụdị nka ọhụrụ metụtara ịchọ njirimara mba, mana nsogbu ego na enweghị ụlọ ọrụ Algeria mere ka ọrụ a sie ike karị.

Ndị na-ege ntị North America anọgidewo na-amataghị ahụmịhe cinematographic nke Algeria . N'ịgbaso mba nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Algeria na June 1969, American Motion Pictures Export Association of America ( MPEA ) kpọrọ oku ka ha kwụsị mmepụta ihe niile nke Algeria.

Kemgbe mmalite ya, sinima Algeria mepụtara nguzo doro anya na-emegide ọchịchị. N'akụkụ a, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Algerian n'ozuzu na Lakhdar-Hamina anọgidewo na-agbasi mbọ ike na ụkpụrụ echiche nke òtù na-enweghị isi na nke atọ nke ụwa . Na Disemba 1973, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Africa, Latin America na Eshia gbakọtara na Algiers maka nzukọ mbụ nke kọmitii Cinema nke ụwa nke atọ, bụ nke ghọrọ mbọ iji wuo otu sinima ụwa nke atọ nwere onwe.

Ihe nkiri mbụ nke Lakhdar-Hamina na-enyocha okwu gbasara njirimara mba yana ịchọ Onwe ya n'ọnọdụ nke nnwere onwe mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị. Na 1963, o dere edemede na mkparịta ụka maka ihe nkiri n'okpuru akara Neptune . Na 1965 o wepụtara ihe nkiri ogologo ya nke mbụ, *The Winds of the Aures* . Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara akụkọ otu nwanyị Algeria na-achọ ụmụ ya ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'oge agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria.

*The Wind of the Aures* nwetara onyinye ọrụ mbụ kacha mma na 1966 Cannes Film Festival wee họrọ ya maka nkwụ ọla edo . A họpụtara ya maka Grand Prix na 5th Moscow International Film Festival na 1967.  Enwere ike were ya n'onwe ya dị ka nkume ntọala nke sinima Algeria nke oge a. Na The Winds of the Aures, Lakhdar-Hamina na-akọwa n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ụzọ zuru ezu ndakpọ nke obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo mebiri site na ime ihe ike arụrụ arụ nke ndị ọchịchị. Ihe nkiri a na-emetụta n'ụzọ doro anya na sinima Soviet na ihe ịchọ mma, karịsịa nke onye nduzi Soviet Ukraine bụ Alexander Dovzhenko . Onye nduzi tụgharịrị mmetụta a nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ Algeria.

*Ifufe nke Aure* doro ihe nkiri Algerie nsọ na mpaghara mba ụwa. Ihe nkiri Lakhdar-Hamina na-esote, Hassan Terro, nyochara n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị banyere ọdachi nke agha nnwere onwe nke Algeria site n'igosi ihe ọjọọ nke isi agwa ya, àgwà bourgeois tọrọ atọ n'etiti mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Algeria.

Ihe nkiri ya nke atọ *[[December (1972 film)|na Disemba]]*, nke ewepụtara na 1972, na-enyocha ihe gbasara ịta ahụhụ . Ihe nkiri ahụ kọrọ banyere otu onye uwe ojii France nwere nsogbu n'ihi mmekpa ahụ ndị agha France na-akpa megide ndị òtù FLN .

*Chronicle of the Years of Fire* (1975), Otú ọ dị, bụ Lakhdar-Hamina ọrụ kasị mkpa. N'afọ 1975, ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù zuru ụwa ọnụ mgbe e nyere ihe nkiri ahụ  na Cannes. Ihe nkiri ahụ, nke na-enye ọhụụ onwe onye nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Algeria, na-eme ka evolushọn nke mgbanwe mgbanwe site na 1939 ruo na mmalite nke nnupụisi 1954 megide French.

Ruo taa, *Chronicle of the Years of Fire* ka bụ naanị ihe nkiri Africa na Arab nke enyerela na Cannes.  A na-ekewa ihe nkiri ahụ na ngalaba isii: "Afọ nke Ashes," "Afọ nke Embers", "Afọ nke ọkụ", "Afọ nke ụgbọ ibu", "Afọ nke ogbugbu" na "1 November 1954", ụbọchị nke na-egosi mmalite nke mgbanwe Algeria na nke agha nnwere onwe.

Ọ na-akọ akụkọ banyere onye ọrụ ugbo Algeria, Ahmad, onye gbapụrụ n'obodo ya ka ọ gbanarị ụnwụ nri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi ime ihe ike dị ka ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na esemokwu n'etiti ndị na-achị ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị; n'akụkụ a, Lakhdar-Hamina họọrọ ilekwasị anya na nsogbu nke obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo Algeria ma mesie ọdịiche dị na nke kewara ndị ọrụ ugbo ala Algeria na ndị ọgaranya French na-achị. Otu n'ime isi ozi ihe nkiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ na, dị ka ime ihe ike na-ebute ime ihe ike, otú ahụ ka a ga-esi lụso ọchịchị colonial ọgụ naanị site na ọgba aghara. Mgbanwe nke Ahmad site na onye ọrụ ugbo na-amaghị akwụkwọ gaa na onye ndu mgbanwe na-egosi maturation nke nsụhọ nke mba nweere onwe ya iji nweta nnwere onwe mba.

Site n'echiche sinima, *Chronicle* na-eji usoro igwefoto na-emesi mmetụta nke mwepu, mwepu, na nhụjuanya nke usoro nrigbu nke colonial kpatara. N'ụzọ doro anya, Lakhdar-Hamina ahọrọla igosi arụmụka echiche gbara gburugburu owuwu nke njirimara mba n'etiti ọgụ ime ihe ike megide ọchịchị colonial site na nnọchite anya mkpokọta mba nke otu ndị dike dị ka Ahmad nọchiri anya ya, ma ọ bụ ndị dike dị ka Hassan. Terro. N'otu aka ahụ, ama ama nke ụwa ndị ọrụ ugbo na ihe nkiri Lakhdar-Hamina yiri ka ọ na-edobe ndụ ime obodo dịka otu n'ime ihe ngosi kachasị mkpa n'ịwube njirimara mba. Akụkọ ifo a nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Algeria dị ka ebe nchekwa nke nganga na nguzogide mba ga-emesị gbanwee n'ime 1980s, mgbe sinima Algeria bịara nwee nchegbu karị na agwa ndị obodo mepere emepe ma lekwasị anya na nsogbu nke esemokwu postcolonial.

## Ihe nkiri ewepụtara na Cannes

## Ihe nrite

* 1975:  *Ihe ndekọ nke afọ nke ọkụ*, ogologo oge 
* 1967: Prix de la premiere oeuvre *The Wind of the Aures*, Long métrage 

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Boudjedra, Rachid. Naissance du Cinéma Algérien – 1971
* Ọmụmụ ihe nkiri Algeria: Onye na-emegide dike. " Alif: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Comparative Poetics, ọ dịghị. 15 (1995): 260–266 .
* Hafez, Sabri. "Ngbanwe njirimara na Maghrebi Cinema: Paradigm nke Algeria." Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, no. 15 (1995): 39–80 .
* Pearson, Lyle. "Afọ anọ nke ihe nkiri North Africa." Ihe nkiri nkeji iri abụọ na isii, mba. 4 (Oge ọkọchị, 1973): 18–26 .

## Njikọ mpụga

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Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations