Paul Richards (onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ)

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[thumb|Paul Richards]
'''Paul Richards''' (amụrụ na 14 Mee 1945) bụ prọfesọ emeritus nke teknụzụ na mmepe ala na Mahadum Wageningen, [Netherlands, na prọfesụ adjunct na Mahadum Njala na etiti Sierra Leone. Ọ bụbu prọfesọ na Ngala Anthropology, Mahadum College London ruo ọtụtụ afọ,  ma kụzie anthropology na geography, na School of Oriental and African Studies, na Mahadum Ibadan, Nigeria.

**Paul Richards** (amụrụ na 14 Mee 1945) bụ prọfesọ emeritus nke teknụzụ na mmepe ala na Mahadum Wageningen, Netherlands, na prọfesụ adjunct na Mahadum Njala na etiti Sierra Leone. Ọ bụbu prọfesọ na Ngala Anthropology, Mahadum College London ruo ọtụtụ afọ,  ma kụzie anthropology na geography, na School of Oriental and African Studies, na Mahadum Ibadan, Nigeria.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Richards bụ onye na-akọwa anthropological na onye nchọpụta na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo na usoro ọrụ ugbo nke Africa. Na mbụ a zụrụ ya na ọdịdị ala mmadụ (BSc Queen Mary University of London, 1963-1966) na African Studies (MA SOAS, 1966-1967), ọ kụziri na Ibadan, Nigeria tupu ọ gụchaa PhD na ọdịdịala na ọkachamara na Sierra Leone (PhD London, 1973-1977). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sierra Leone ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ, na-eduzi ọmụmụ ethnographic nke usoro ugbo osikapa nke obodo Mende na nchekwa ọhịa na ókèala Liberia. Mgbe Agha obodo Sierra Leone (1992-2002)  metụtara mpaghara ahụ, ọ tụgharịrị gaa nyocha nke esemokwu ahụ ma dee ọtụtụ ihe gbasara anthropology nke agha, na nsogbu Ebola.

## Ọrụ ugbo
Richards na-ekwu, na-agbaso Durkheim, na usoro na nkà mmadụ na-akwado omume mmadụ na mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ malitere site n'inyocha ihe omume ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị dị ka ọrụ ugbo. O chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ ugbo dị ka arụmọrụ" dabere na ọtụtụ afọ nke ileba anya na mmeghachi omume nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrịka na mmeghari ha na nrụgide na ihe ize ndụ, yana iji nkà na mmasị ya na egwu na egwu egwu. Okwukwe ya na ndị ọrụ ugbo Afrịka ga-adị ndụ ma nwee ọganihu, n'agbanyeghị oke ihe ize ndụ ha chere ihu, e depụtara ya na Indigenous Agricultural Revolution (1985), akwụkwọ nke kpatara arụmụka siri ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebo ndị ọrụ ugpo na ndị otu mmepe mba ụwa ebubo na ha furu "ihe mgbaru ọsọ" nke ọrụ ugbo na enweghị ike ịhụ otú ihe ọhụrụ si mee n'èzí ala nke sayensị na ụlọ nyocha "usoro". Echiche nke akwụkwọ ahụ megidere nke ndị na-ele anya na-enweghị ihe ọmụma zuru ezu, nke na-ebo otu ndị ọrụ ugbo ahụ ebubo na ha na-Mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Richards atụwo aro okwu "technography" iji kọwaa usoro nyocha zuru ezu nke ndị anthropologist, na ndị ọzọ, chọrọ, iji ghọta otu esi etinye ma jiri teknụzụ mee ihe. Ndị otu gụnyere ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ na Mahadum Wageningen emeela nyocha.

## Ọrụ n'agha
thumb|Paul Richards, na-akụzi ihe na 2014
*Ịlụ ọgụ maka Oké Ọhịa Mmiri* ozuzo (1996) gosipụtara otu ntinye aka nke ndị ntorobịa na òtù nnupụisi nke Sierra Leone nwere obere ihe jikọrọ ya na "barbarism" nke ìgwè ndị nnupụise na mpaghara ndị bara ọgaranya. Agha bụkwa akụkụ nke " arụmọrụ" na mmalite ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme, usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ. Paul Richards hụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọgụ n'oge agha ahụ, na-aga n'ihu na-eleta mba ahụ. Echiche "New Barbarism" nke Robert D. Kaplan na ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro ka ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike, dị ka diamond ọbara Sierra Leone, bụ ihe na-eme ka anyaukwu mmadụ na esemokwu obodo. Kama nke ahụ, Richards ekwuola na itinye aka nke ndị ntorobịa na Revolutionary United Front bụ ụdị nguzogide ọha na eze na ọchịchị matriarchal na Sierra Leone, o yighị ka ọ nwere ebumnuche siri ike nke anyaukwu (maka ego diamond), a na-ewere ya dị ka nzaghachi kama ịbụ mmeghachi omume na-enweghị isi, 'ọgba aghara'. Mkpesa bụ akụkụ nke ime ihe ike nke doro anya na ọ metụtara Sierra Leone n'oge agha obodo ya na nke Revolutionary United Front kpatara. Richards enyewo ndị ọrụ enyemaka na ndị ọrụ ebere ndụmọdụ maka nrụzigharị Africa mgbe agha gasịrị, nnapụta na ọzụzụ nkà.

## Ọrụ e bipụtara

### Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mpaghara Afrịka: Nsogbu na Atụmatụ. London: International African Institute.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Mgbanwe Ọrụ Ugbo nke Ụmụ Amaala. Ecology na Nri na West Africa*. Methuen
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ịnagide agụụ. Ihe ize ndụ na nnwale na usoro ugbo osikapa nke West Africa*. London: UCL Press.
* Nke ikpeazụ, M., P. Richards, C. Fyfe. 1987. *Sierra Leone, 1787-1987: narị afọ abụọ nke ndụ ọgụgụ isi*. Manchester University Press. [*Afrịka* 57 (4) ]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ịlụ ọgụ maka Oké Ọhịa Mmiri. Agha, Ndị Ntorobịa na Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Sierra Leone*. Oxford: James Currey.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  ''Mkpụrụ na Ịdị Ndụ. Ihe onwunwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Agha na Nrụzigharị n'Africa.'' Rome: IPGRI
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Enweghị Udo, Enweghị Agha. Anthropology nke Agha Agha nke Oge A*. Oxford: James Currey.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ebola: Otu Sayensị Ndị Mmadụ si nyere aka ịkwụsị ọrịa na-efe efe*. London: Zed Books.
* Richards, P. na Perri 6. 2017. *Mary Douglas: Ịghọta echiche na esemokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya*. New York: Berghahn Books.
* E. Bulte, P. Richards na M.Voors. 2018. *Ụlọ ọrụ na mmepe ala: Ụzọ Ọhụrụ maka West Africa*. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98500-8

### Isiokwu na isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ (ezughị ezu)

* High, C., & P. Richards. 1972. "Ụdị simulation nke drainage random dị ka mmega ahụ nkuzi", Journal of Geography 71 (1), 41-51.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nnyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụda asụsụ na abụ n'abụ Hausa". *Ọmụmụ Asụsụ Africa* 13, 137-161
* High, C., J. Oguntoyinbo na P. Richards. 1973. "Oké mmiri ozuzo, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na nri na South-Western Nigeria". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Akụkụ ala na map uche nke Kant". *Mmekọrịta nke Institute of British Geographers* 61, 1-16.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "'Alternative' atụmatụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Afrịka: ọdịdị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ihe ndabere maka mmepe ọrụ ugbo na-elekwasị anya na obodo". Na: P. Richards, Editor, African Environment: Problems and Perspectives, IAI, London.
* Filani, M. O. na P. Richards. 1976. "Ụzọ ahịa oge na mmepe ime obodo: ọmụmụ ihe Ibarapa". *Savanna* 5 (2), 149-162.
* Oguntoyinbo, J. S., na P. Richards. 1977. "Ọdịdị na ike nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo 1969-1973 na Naijiria: nyocha nwa oge". Na: D. Dalby, R.J. Harrison Church & F. Bezzaz. *Oké ọkọchị n'Africa*, International African Institute London, peeji nke 114-126.&nbsp;
* Otuntoyinbo, J., na P. Richards. 1978. "Drought na onye ọrụ ugbo Naijiria". Journal of Arid Ihe dị ka 1:165-194.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe owuwu na-akpata nsogbu na mmepe ime obodo Naịjirịa". African Affairs 77 (307), 257-259.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mpaghara, ebe obibi na nguzobe steeti na Naịjirịa tupu ọchịchị ndị ọzọ". Na: Green, D. R., Haselgrove, C., na M. Spriggs (ed.). Social Organisation and Settlement: Onyinye sitere na Anthropology, Archaeology na Geography. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "A Green Revolution in Africa?" African Affairs 78 (311), 269-272.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo na mmepe ime obodo Afrịka". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ọmụmụ Africa". Ọganihu na Human Geography. 4(4), 589–60.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi obodo na mmepe ime obodo Afrịka". Na Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Development, eds D. W. Brokensha, D. M. Warren, na O. Werner, pp. 183-203. &nbsp;Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọdịdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọrụ ugbo-usoro ugbo osikapa nke Sierra Leone". N'ime: G. A. Harrison. *Ike na Mgbalị*. London: Taylor & Francis. 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Usoro ọrụ ugbo na mgbanwe ala na West Africa". Ọganihu na Human Geography 7 (1), 1-39.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Gbanwee gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iji ala Afrịka eme ihe". African Studies Review 26 (2), 1-72.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nhazi ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka isiokwu na ọmụmụ Africa". Ọganihu na Human Geography 8, 551-561.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-anwale: ihe omuma nke a leghaara anya na sayensị Afrịka". Discovery and Innovation 1, peeji nke 19-25.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Politics of hungin - Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya". African Affairs 86, 111-116.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Africa na egwu Samuel Coleridge-Taylor". *Afrịka* 57 (4), 566-571
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ugwu na usoro ọrụ ugbo osikapa na Sierra Leone: mgbanwe evolushọn?" Na: B. L. Turner II na S. B. Brush (ed.). Usoro Ọrụ Ugbo Comparative. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] peeji nke 156-187.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ime ihe na-abịa n'ụzọ okike: ihe okike na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ugbo osikapa n'Africa". Na: R. E. Johannes (ed.). Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi: A Collection of Essays, IUCN, 51-56.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọrụ ugbo dị ka arụmọrụ". Na R. Chambers, A. Pacey na L. Thrupp (ed), Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. London: Intermediate Technology, peeji nke 39-42.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ụzọ ndị dị n'ógbè maka ịnagide agụụ: etiti Sierra Leone na ugwu Nigeria tụnyere". African Affairs 89 (355), 265-275.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ịzọpụta oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo? Ọdịnihu a na-asọ mpi na nchekwa". Na: S. Wallman. *Ọdịnihu nke oge a: Echiche sitere na Social Anthropology*.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọdịdị ala nke ndị na-emegide: Mba Ikale na Ikaje, 1870-1950". Na: J. F. Aye Ayadi na J. D. Y. Peel. *Ndị mmadụ na alaeze ukwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka: Essays in Memory of Michael Crowder*. Longman, London
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Cultivation: knowledge or performance?" Na Hobart, M. (ed). An Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe nnọchianya okike na akụkọ ihe mere eme okike: Chimpanzees, enyí na nnwale na echiche Mende". Na: K. Milton (ed.). *Environmentalism: Echiche sitere na Anthropology*. Njem.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Rebellion in Liberia and Sierra Leone: a crisis of young people?" In: O.W. Furley (ed.). *Esemokwu n'Africa*, I.B. Tauris: London.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọdịiche nke ndị ogbenye: usoro nchịkwa ala mmiri dị na Sierra Leone". *GeoJournal* 35 (2), 197-203.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nnyocha ime obodo na-ekere òkè: nkatọ ngwa ngwa na nke ruru unyi". *Ihe edeturu*. 24, 13–16.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1996. "Nchọpụta nke ụdị dị iche iche: echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na njikwa nke ụdị dịgasị iche iche n'Africa". *Afrịka* 66 (1).
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ obodo na nhọpụta na nlekọta nke osikapa Africa". Na: S. Brush & Doreen Stabinsky, eds, Valuing Local Knowledge: ụmụ amaala na ikike ọgụgụ isi. Island Press, Washington DC
* Richards, P., na G. Ruivenkamp. 1996. "Ngwá ọrụ ọhụrụ maka mkpakọrịta: ịkpụzi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke biotechnology". Na: P. Descola & G. Palsson, eds. Okike na Ọha: echiche anthropological.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Agrarian Creolization: ethnobiology, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke osikapa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka". Na: R. Ellen na K. Fukui, eds. Redefining Nature: Ecology, omenala na domestication, 291-318.
* Ihe ndị e ji mara ihe [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Toward an African Green Revolution?: An Anthropology of Rice Research in Sierra Leone". N'akwụkwọ E. Nyerges, ed., *The Ecology of Practice: Nnyocha nke mmepụta ihe oriri na Sub-Saharan West Africa*. Newark: Gordon & Breach.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. "Ihe mere anyị ji lụọ ọgụ: Olu ndị agha ntorobịa na Sierra Leone". *Afrịka* 68 (2), 183-210.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. "Ndị agha na-eto eto na-ekwu maka agha na udo na Sierra Leone", Cahiers d'Etudes africaines, 150-152, 581-617.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọhụrụ n'Africa: ịrọ òtù na Sierra Leone". *GeoJournal* 47, 433-442.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ịkpụ mkpụrụ na ifufe anọ: obere aro maka njikwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche", na Posey, D. A. (ed.), Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity, Nairobi & London: UNEP & IT Publications.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Chimpanzees dị ka anụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sierra Leone". Na J. Knight, Natural Enemies: People-wildlife Conflicts in Anthropological Perspective. Njem.
* Richards, P. "A Pan-African Composer? Coleridge-Taylor and Africa". *Black Music Research Journal* 21 (),
* Archibald, S., & P. Richards. 2002. "Gbanwee na ikike mmadụ? Arụmụka a ma ama banyere agha na ikpe ziri ezi n'ime ime obodo etiti Sierra Leone". *Afrịka* 72 (3), 339-367.
* Richards, P., na C. Vlassenroot. 2002. "Agha Afrịka nke ụdị osimiri Mano: maka nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya". *ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa* 88, 13-26.
* Ihe ndị e ji mara ihe [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Green Book Millenarians? Agha Sierra Leone site na Perspective of an Anthropology of Religion". Na Niels Kastfelt, ed., Okpukpe na Agha Obodo na Africa, London: C. Hurst.
* Archibald, S., & P. Richards. 2002. "Mkpụrụ na ikike: ụzọ ọhụrụ maka imezigharị ọrụ ugbo mgbe agha gasịrị na Sierra Leone". Ọdachi 26 (4, 356-67.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Militia recruitment na Sierra Leone: recruitement nke ndị agha na-eto eto na agha Africa". Nnyocha Ọha 20, 255-276.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Agha dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ na enyo: Sierra Leone 1991-2, 1994-5, 1995-6". Anthropological Quarterly 78 (2), 377-402.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Otu òtù mberede: Olee otú agha si kwere na Sierra Leone". Nnyocha nke African Political Economy 33 (110), 651 - 663.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnihu nke osikapa Afrịka. Nchebe nri na ndụ na mpaghara agha West Africa". *Afrika Spectrum* 41 (1), 77-93.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ndị na-eto eto na okike n'agha na nrụzigharị mgbe agha gasịrị: ụfọdụ nchọpụta ntụnyere sitere na Liberia na Sierra Leone". Na I. Bannon na Maria Correia, eds, The Other Half of Gender: ụmụ nwoke na mmepe, Washington: World Bank, peeji nke 195-218.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Olee otu itinye aka si arụ ọrụ? Mkparịta ụka na arụmọrụ na nchekwa nri Afrịka". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mmetụta ndị dị n'agha: usoro egwu iji ghọta arụrụala na Sierra Leone". Na Perri 6, S. Radstone, C. Squire & A. Treacher (ed), Mmetụta ọha. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2007. "Ịghọta agha ndị *Afrịka* na-adịbeghị anya", Africa 77 (3), 442-454.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "I nwere ikike teknụzụ bụ ọgwụgwọ maka agha?" Na G. Frerks & B. Goldwijk (ed) New Human Security Challenges: alternative discourses. Wageningen: Wageningen University Press.
* Richards, P., M. Rizzo, M. L. Weiss, C. Steinerd & S. England. 2010. "Ndị ọrụ ugbo chọrọ GM Crops?" (ntụle), Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (3): 559-574
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọganihu emume na enyemaka enyemaka". Ọdachi 34: 138-146
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] A Green Revolution si n'okpuru? Adreesị ezumike nká, Mahadum Wageningen.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2011. "Nupụisi na esemokwu ala na Sierra Leone". Journal of Agrarian Change 11 (3):377-395
* Cramer, C., na P. Richards. 2011. "Ime ihe ike na Agha n'echiche ala". Journal of Agrarian Change 11 (3): 277-297
* Mokuwa E., M. Voors, E. Bulte na P. Richards. 2011. "Mkpesa ndị ọrụ ugbo na nnupụisi na Sierra Leone: Ịgba ohu ikpe dị ka ihe na-akpata esemokwu". African Affairs 110 (440): 339-366.
* Nuijten E., na P. Richards. 2011. "Mkpụrụ osisi na-aga n'ime na n'etiti ubi osikapa na ọka n'ihe gbasara mmepe dị iche iche nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na Gambia". Ihe onwunwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 9:361-374.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwado na Atụmatụ nke Adaptation n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo dị iche iche nke African Rice (Oryza glaberrima) na Asian Rice (Olyza sativa) gafee West Africa. PLoS One 8 (2013) 3.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ònye kwenyere na ndị amoosu? Mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ na Sierra Leone. African Affairs 112/446: 22-47.

## Ihe odide
**Paul Richards** (amụrụ na 14 Mee 1945) bụ prọfesọ emeritus nke teknụzụ na mmepe ala na Mahadum Wageningen, Netherlands, na prọfesụ adjunct na Mahadum Njala na etiti Sierra Leone. Ọ bụbu prọfesọ na Ngala Anthropology, Mahadum College London ruo ọtụtụ afọ,  ma kụzie anthropology na geography, na School of Oriental and African Studies, na Mahadum Ibadan, Nigeria.

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://web.archive.org/web/20180822045802/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/people/honorary/p_richards
* http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Chair-groups/Social-Sciences/KnowledgeTechnology-and-Innovation-Group/People/Emeritus-Staff-1.htm

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