Asbestos

Asbestos (/æsˈbɛstəs, æzˈ-, -tɒs/ ass-BEST-əs, az-, -⁠oss) bụ mineral silicate fibrous na emekarị. Enwere ụdị isii, nke niile mejupụtara kristal fibrous ogologo na nke dị gịrịgịrị, eriri ọ bụla mejupụtara ọtụtụ "fibrils" microscopic nke enwere ike ịhapụ ikuku site na abrasion na usoro ndị ọzọ. iku ume nke eriri asbestos nwere ike ibute ọnọdụ ngụgụ dị egwu dị iche iche, gụnyere mesothelioma, asbestosis, na ọrịa kansa akpa ume. N'ihi mmetụta ahụike ndị a, a na ewere asbestos dị ka nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike na nchekwa.

.Ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie achọpụtala ihe àmà nke asbestos na eji ihe dị ka n'oge Nkume Age iji mee ka ite seramiiki sie ike, ma ngwuputa ihe dị ukwuu malitere na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ndị na emepụta ihe na ndị na ewu ụlọ malitere iji asbestos maka ihe anụ ahụ na achọsi ike. Asbestos bụ ihe mkpuchi ọkụ na ọkụ eletrik mara mma, yana ọkụ na eguzogide ya nke ukwuu, yabụ n'ime narị afọ nke 20, a na ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ụwa niile dị ka ihe eji ewu ụlọ, ruo mgbe a nabatara mmetụta ọjọọ ya na ahụike mmadụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. Afọ 1970. A na eche na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ e wuru tupu afọ 1980 nwere asbestos

Eji asbestos maka ihe owuwu na mkpuchi ọkụ emewo iwu megidere iwu n'ọtụtụ mba. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ dịkarịa ala, a na eche na mmadụ 100,000 na anwụ kwa afọ site na ọrịa ndị metụtara ikpughe asbestos. N'otu akụkụ, nke a bụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụlọ ochie ka nwere asbestos; na mgbakwunye, nsonaazụ nke ikpughe nwere ike were ọtụtụ iri afọ ibili. Ọrịa ndị a na ahụkarị na ejikọta ya na mkpughe asbestos na adịghị ala ala bụ asbestosis (ụfụ nke ngụgụ n'ihi iku ume asbestos) na mesothelioma (ụdị ọrịa kansa)

Ọtụtụ mba ndị ka na emepe emepe ka na akwado iji asbestos dị ka ihe owuwu ụlọ, na ngwuputa asbestos na aga n'ihu, ebe onye na emepụta ihe kacha elu, Russia, nwere atụmatụ mmepụta nke 790,000 tonne na 2020

## Etymology
Okwu ahụ bụ "asbestos", nke mbụ e ji mee ihe na 1600s, n'ikpeazụ na enweta site na Greek oge ochie: ἄσβεστος, nke pụtara "enweghị ike imenyụ" ma ọ bụ "enweghị ike imenyụ emenyụ". Aha ahụ na egosipụta iji ihe ahụ eme ihe maka wicks nke na agaghị ere ọkụ..

A nabatara ya n'asụsụ Bekee site na Old French abestos, nke n'aka nke ya nwetara okwu sitere na Grik site na Latin, ma na Grik mbụ, ọ na ezo aka na ngwa ngwa. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Oxford kwuru na ọ bụ Pliny ji mee ihe n’ụzọ na ezighị ezi maka asbestos, bụ́ onye mere ka echiche na ezighị ezi gbasaa. A na akpọ asbestos n'asụsụ Grik dị ka amiantos, nke pụtara "emerughị ihe", n'ihi na ọ dịghị akara mgbe a tụbara ya n'ime ọkụ. Nke a bụ isi mmalite maka okwu asbestos n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, dị ka Portuguese amianto na French amiante. A na akpọkwa ya "amiant" na Bekee na mmalite narị afọ nke 15, mana "asbestos" nọchiri ojiji a. A na akpọ okwu a /æsˈbɛstəs/ ma ọ bụ /æsˈbɛstɒs

## History
.Ndị mmadụ ejirila asbestos kemgbe ọtụtụ puku afọ mepụta ihe na agbanwe agbanwe nke na eguzogide ọkụ, gụnyere akwa akwa, ma, n'oge a, ụlọ ọrụ malitere ịmepụta ngwa ahịa nke nwere asbestos n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Taa, ndị mmadụ na amata ihe ize ndụ ahụike nke asbestos nwere; Amachibidoro iji asbestos kpam kpam na mba 55 ma na achịkwa nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

### Early references and uses
Asbestos na eji ụbọchị azụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 4,500, mgbe ndị bi na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Juojärvi dị na East Finland wusiri ite ụrọ na arịa esi nri na asbestos mineral anthophyllite (lee Asbestos ceramic). Otu n'ime nkọwa mbụ nke ihe nwere ike ịbụ asbestos dị na Theophrastus, On Stones, site na gburugburu 300 BC, ọ bụ ezie na a jụrụ ajụjụ a njirimara. Na Grik nke oge a na nke oge ochie, aha a na akpọkarị maka ihe a maara n'asụsụ bekee dị ka "asbestos" bụ amiantos ("adịghị emerụ emerụ", "dị ọcha"), nke emegharịrị na French dị ka amiante na n'ime Spanish na Portuguese dị ka amianto. N'asụsụ Grik ọgbara ọhụrụ, okwu a bụ ἀσβεστος ma ọ bụ ασβέστης na eguzo mgbe niile na naanị maka lime

Okwu asbestos bụ nke onye Rom na ahụ maka ihe okike si n'aka Pliny the Elder dere na narị afọ mbụ Natural History na ojiji o ji okwu asbestinon, nke pụtara "enweghị ike imenyụ". Ọ bụ ezie na a na ekwukarị na Pliny ma ọ bụ nwa nwanne ya Pliny nke Nta na amata mmetụta dị njọ nke asbestos na ụmụ mmadụ, nyocha nke isi mmalite na egosi na ọ nweghị nkwado maka nkwupụta ọ bụla

Athanasius na Alexandria, Egypt n'ihe dị ka 318 AD dere, sị, "Akụkụ nke ọkụ ga ere ọkụ. Ya mere, ka e were ya na e nwere ihe dị ka asbestos India bụ nke a na ekwu na ọ bụ, nke na atụghị egwu na a ga ere ya ọkụ, kama kama nke ahụ. gosipụtara enweghị ike nke ọkụ ahụ site n'igosi na ya enweghị ike ire ere. Ọ bụrụ na onye ọ bụla nwere obi abụọ na nke a bụ eziokwu, naanị ihe ọ ga eme bụ itinye onwe ya n'ihe a na ekwu ma metụ ọkụ ahụ aka."

.Ndị Peshia bara ọgaranya tụrụ ndị ọbịa n’anya site n’ihi ákwà ọcha site n’ikpughe ya n’ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka Tabari siri kwuo, otu n'ime ihe na achọsi ike nke Khosrow II Parviz, nnukwu eze Sassanian (r. 590-628), bụ akwa akwa (Persian: منديل) nke ọ na ehichapụ nanị site n'ịtụba ya n'ọkụ. Ekwenyere na ọ bụ asbestos a na ebubata n'okpukpu Hindu Kush mere akwa dị otú ahụ. Dị ka Biruni si kwuo n’akwụkwọ ya bụ́ Gems, a na akpọ ákwà ọ bụla e ji asbestos (Persian: آذرشست, āzarshost) mee shostakeh (Persian: شستكه). Ụfọdụ ndị Peshia kwenyere na eriri ahụ bụ ajị anụ nke a na akpọ samandar (Persian: سمندر), nke bi n'ọkụ wee nwụọ mgbe a kpughepụrụ ya na mmiri; Nke a bụ ebe nkwenye mbụ sitere na salamander nwere ike ịnagide ọkụ.

.Charlemagne, Eze Ukwu Rom Dị Nsọ nke mbụ (800–814), ka ekwuru na o nwere ákwà tebụl e ji asbestos mee.

Marco Polo na akọ na egosila ya, n'ebe ọ na-akpọ Ghinghin talas, "ezigbo akwara nke a na esi na ya mee ákwà nke anyị na akpọ salamander, nke a na apụghị ire ọkụ ma ọ bụrụ na a tụba ya n'ime ọkụ ..."

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie kweere na ndị oge ochie na eji asbestos, bụ́ ebe ha na akpọ ozu ndị eze ha ọkụ iji chekwaa ntụ ha, nakwa ka a ghara ịgwakọta ntụ ya na osisi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na ere ọkụ nke a na ejikarị eme ozu ozu. Ndị ọzọ na ekwu na ndị oge ochie na eji asbestos eme wicks na adịgide adịgide maka ili ma ọ bụ oriọna ndị ọzọ. Ihe atụ ama ama bụ oriọna ọla edo asbestos lychnis, nke onye na ese ihe Callimachus mere maka Erechtheion. Na narị afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, e ji asbestos mee ihe n'ezie

### Industrial era
.Ụlọ ọrụ asbestos buru ibu malitere n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Mgbalị mbụ n'imepụta akwụkwọ asbestos na akwa na Italy malitere n'afọ ndị 1850 mana enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ahịa maka ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ. E gosipụtara ụdị asbestos nke Canada na London na 1862, e hiwere ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na England na Scotland iji jiri akụ a mee ihe. A na eji asbestos eme ihe na mbụ n'ichepụta yarn, onye ọrụ mmepụta ihe German bụ Louis Wertheim nakweere usoro a n'ụlọ ọrụ ya na Germany. Na 1871, e hiwere Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company na Glasgow, na n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, mpaghara Clydebank ghọrọ ebe etiti maka ụlọ ọrụ na amalite
thumb|shọvel ike Canada kacha na ebu ụgbọ oloko ore nwere asbestos na Jeffrey Mine, Johns Manville Co., Asbestos, Quebec, June 1944
Ngwuputa ihe ngwuputa ihe malitere na Thetford hills, Quebec, site na 1870s. Sir William Edmond Logan bụ onye mbụ hụrụ nnukwu ego nke chrysotile n'ugwu n'ike ya dị ka onye isi nyocha Geological Survey nke Canada. E gosipụtara ihe atụ nke mineral ndị si n'ebe ahụ na London ma kpalite mmasị dị ukwuu. Na mmeghe nke Quebec Central Railway na 1876, ndị ọchụnta ego na egwupụta akụ dịka Andrew Stuart Johnson guzobere ụlọ ọrụ asbestos na mpaghara ahụ. Mpụta 50 ton nke ogbunigwe na 1878 ruru ihe karịrị tọn 10,000 na 1890 site na nnabata nke teknụzụ igwe na mmepụta gbasaa. Ruo ogologo oge, ogbunigwe asbestos kasị ukwuu n'ụwa bụ ogbunigwe Jeffrey nke dị n'obodo Asbestos, Quebec
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ngwa nke asbestos mụbara na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 nke a bụ mgbasa ozi maka ígwè uwe nwere akwa asbestos sitere na 1906.
Mmepụta Asbestos malitere na Urals nke Alaeze Ukwu Russia na 1880s, yana mpaghara Alpine nke Northern Italy na nguzobe na Turin nke Italo English Pure Asbestos Company na 1876, n'agbanyeghị na n'oge na adịghị anya nke a swamped site na nnukwu mmepụta ọkwa sitere na Canada. ogbunigwe. Ngwuputa eweputara na South Africa site na 1893 n'okpuru ikike nke onye ọchụnta ego Britain Francis Oates, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ De Beers. Ọ bụ na South Africa ka mmepụta nke amosite malitere na 1910. Ụlọ ọrụ asbestos nke United States malitere mmalite na 1858 mgbe a na egwupụta fibrous anthophyllite maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi asbestos site n'aka Johns Company, onye bu ya ụzọ Johns Manville ugbu a, n'ebe a na agbari agbawa. na Ward's Hill na Staten Island, New York. Mmepụta US malitere nke ọma na 1899 site na nchọpụta nnukwu ego na Belvidere Mountain

Ojiji nke asbestos bịara na agbasawanye na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19 mgbe ngwa ya dị iche iche gụnyere ihe mkpuchi ọkụ, ihe, brik, ọkpọkọ na simenti ọkụ, okpomọkụ, ọkụ, na gaskets na eguzogide acid, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, mkpuchi ụlọ. , mgbidi akọrọ na adịghị ọkụ, ala ala, mkpuchi ụlọ, arịa ụlọ ahịhịa, na ngwakọta nkwonkwo nkụ. Na 2011, a kọrọ na ihe karịrị 50% nke ụlọ UK ka nwere asbestos, n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu nke ngwaahịa asbestos afọ ole na ole gara aga.

Na Japan, karịsịa mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, a na eji asbestos na emepụta ammonium sulfate maka nzube nke mmepụta osikapa, fesa n'elu ụlọ, ọkpụkpụ ígwè, na mgbidi nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na ụlọ (n'oge 1960), ma jiri ya rụọ ọrụ ike. ihe kpatara ya. Mmepụta nke asbestos na Japan ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu na 1974 wee gafere na mgbada ruo ihe dị ka 1990 mgbe mmepụta malitere ibelata nke ukwuu.

### Discovery of toxicity
 
Na 1899, H. Montague Murray kwuru mmetụta na adịghị mma nke asbestos. Ọnwụ mbụ e dekọrọ gbasara asbestos bụ na 1906.

Na mmalite 1900s, ndị nchọpụta malitere ịhụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọnwụ n'oge na nsogbu ngụgụ na obodo asbestos mining. Ọ bụ Murray mere ọmụmụ ihe mbụ dị otú ahụ na Charing Cross Hospital, London, na 1900, bụ́ nke nnyocha e mere n’afọ nwụsịrị, chọpụtara akara asbestos n’akpa ume nke otu nwa okorobịa nwụrụ n’ihi fibrosis akpa ume mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ afọ 14 na akwa asbestos. ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Adelaide Anderson, Onye Na enyocha Ụlọ Ọrụ Na Britain, tinyere asbestos ná ndepụta nke ihe ndị na emerụ ahụ ụlọ ọrụ na 1902. E mere nchọpụta yiri nke ahụ na France na 1906 na Ịtali na 1908.
thumb|Asbestos ákwà
thumb|Rockbestos, asbestos kpuchiri mgbasa ozi waya na Exhibitor's Herald, 1926
"

N'ihi akwụkwọ Cooke, nzuko omeiwu nyere ọrụ nyocha banyere mmetụta nke uzuzu asbestos site n'aka E. R. A. Merewether, Onye nyocha ahụike nke ụlọ ọrụ, na C.W. Price, onye nyocha ụlọ ọrụ na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nlekota na njikwa uzuzu. Akuko ha na esote, Ihe Omume nke Fibrosis Pulmonary & Mmetụta Ndị Ọzọ Pulmonary na Asbestos Workers, ka e gosipụtara n'ụlọ omeiwu na 24 March 1930. O kwubiri na mmepe nke asbestosis bụ ihe na enweghị mgbagha jikọtara ya na ogologo oge inhalation nke asbestos ájá, na gụnyere ọmụmụ ahụike mbụ nke ahụike. Ndị ọrụ asbestos, nke chọpụtara na 66% nke ndị na arụrụ ọrụ ruo afọ 20 ma ọ bụ karịa na ata ahụhụ site na asbestosis. Akụkọ ahụ mere ka e bipụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ asbestos nke mbụ na 1931, bụ nke malitere na 1 Maachị 1932. Iwu ndị a na achịkwa ikuku ikuku ma mee ka asbestosis bụrụ ọrịa na enweghị ngọpụ nke metụtara ọrụ. Okwu ahụ mesothelioma bụ nke mbụ e ji mee ihe na akwụkwọ ahụike na 1931; Nkwekọrịta ya na asbestos bụ nke mbụ achọpụtara oge ụfọdụ na 1940s. Iwu yiri nke ahụ sochiri na U.S. ihe dị ka afọ iri ka e mesịrị.

Ihe dị ka 100,000 ndị mmadụ na United States anwụọla, ma ọ bụ na arịa ọrịa na egbu egbu, site na mkpughe asbestos metụtara iwu ụgbọ mmiri. Na mpaghara okporo ụzọ Hampton, ebe a na ewu ụgbọ mmiri, ihe omume mesothelioma ji okpukpu asaa karịa ọnụego mba. A na eji ọtụtụ puku tọn asbestos mee ihe n'ụgbọ mmiri Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kpuchiri ọkpọkọ, ọkụ ọkụ, injin uzuoku, na turbines. Enwere ihe dị ka nde 4.3 ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na United States n'oge agha; maka ndị ọrụ 1,000 ọ bụla, ihe dị ka mmadụ 14 nwụrụ n'ihi mesothelioma na ọnụ ọgụgụ amaghị ama nwụrụ n'ihi asbestosis

A katọrọ gọọmentị United States na ụlọ ọrụ asbestos maka emeghị ngwa ngwa iji gwa ọha na eze ihe egwu yana ibelata mgbasa ozi ọha. N'ọgwụgwụ 1970s, akwụkwọ ụlọikpe gosipụtara na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ asbestos maara banyere ihe ize ndụ asbestos kemgbe 1930 wee zoo ha n'ihu ọha.

N'Australia, a na eji asbestos eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihe owuwu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'etiti 1946 na 1980. Site na 1970s, e nwere nchegbu na arịwanye elu banyere ihe ize ndụ nke asbestos, e wepụrụ iji ya mee ihe, na egwupụta akụ na akwụsị na 1983. Iji asbestos eme ihe bụ. ewepụrụ na 1989 wee machibido ya kpam kpam na Disemba 2003. Ihe ize ndụ nke asbestos bụzi nke amara nke ọma na Australia, enwerekwa enyemaka na nkwado maka ndị na arịa asbestosis ma ọ bụ mesothelioma..

### Jiri site na ụlọ ọrụ na ụdị ngwaahịa

#### Otu serpentine
thumb|N'ụlọ ọgwụ Guy's Hospital, London, 1941, ndị nọọsụ na ahazi blanketị asbestos n'elu ihe ọkụ ọkụ eletrik iji mepụta mkpuchi n'elu ndị ọrịa iji nyere aka kpoo ha ngwa ngwa.
Mineral serpentine nwere mpempe akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe nhazi. Chrysotile (nke a na akpọkarị asbestos ọcha) bụ naanị ịnweta asbestos n'ime otu agwọ. Na United States, chrysotile bụ ụdị asbestos a na ejikarị eme ihe. Dị ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual si kwuo, chrysotile bụ ihe dịka 95% nke asbestos dị na ụlọ ndị dị na United States. Chrysotile na adịkarị na ngwaahịa na ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere:

* Chlor Alkali diaphragm membranes used to make chlorine (currently in the US)
* Drywall and joint compound (including texture coats)
* Plaster
* Gas mask filters throughout World War II until the 1960s for most countries; Germany and the USSR's Civilian issued filters up until 1988 tested positive for asbestos
* Vinyl floor tiles, sheeting, adhesives
* Roofing tars, felts, siding, and shingles
* "Transite" panels, siding, countertops, and pipes
* Popcorn ceilings, also known as acoustic ceilings
* Fireproofing
* Caulk
* Industrial and marine gaskets
* Brake pads and shoes
* Stage curtains
* Fire blankets
* Interior fire doors
* Fireproof clothing for firefighters
* Thermal pipe insulation
* Filters for removing fine particulates from chemicals, liquids, and wine
* Dental cast linings
* HVAC flexible duct connectors
* Drilling fluid additives

.Na European Union na Australia, amachibidoro ya dị ka ihe ize ndụ ahụike ma anaghịzi eji ya eme ihe

#### Amphibole group
Amphiboles gụnyere amosite (aja aja asbestos) na crocidolite (acha anụnụ anụnụ asbestos) na ejibu na ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ruo mmalite 1980s. Tremolite asbestos mejupụtara ihe na emerụ emerụ nke ọtụtụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ihe niile chrysotile na emekarị. A machibidoro iji ụdị asbestos niile na otu amphibole iwu n'ọtụtụ ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ụwa n'etiti afọ 1980, yana na Japan ka ọ na erule 1995. Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ndị gụnyere amphibole ụdị asbestos gụnyere ihe ndị a:

*

Onye na emepụta sịga Lorillard ( ga nke Kent) jiri crocidolite asbestos na nzacha "Micronite" ya site na 1952 ruo 1956.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na ejikarị eriri asbestos chrysotile eme ihe na breeki ụgbọala, akpụkpọ ụkwụ, na diski clutch, ihe ndị na emerụ emerụ nke amphiboles nọ. Kemgbe ihe dị ka n'etiti 1990s, a na emepụta paịlị breeki, ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ dochie anya kama iji akwa seramiiki, carbon, metallic, na aramid fiber (Twaron ma ọ bụ Kevlar otu ihe a na eji na akwa mkpuchi mgbo).

Ejiri asbestos mee snow ekeresimesi arụrụ arụ, nke a maara dị ka ìgwè atụrụ. A na-eji ya mee ihe dị ka mmetụta na fim gụnyere Ọkachamara nke Oz na ihe ngosi windo ụlọ ahịa, a na erekwa ya maka iji ya n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ n'okpuru aha ndị gụnyere "Ọcha ọcha", "Snow Drift" na "White Magic".

### Enwere ike iji ya na sequestration carbon

### Ihe owuwu

#### Mba ndị mepere emepe
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ulo ụlọ ịchọ mma ochie, nke yiri nke a, nwere ike ịnwe obere asbestos ọcha
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbasa ozi akwụkwọ akụkọ 1929 sitere na Perth, Western Australia, maka mpempe akwụkwọ asbestos maka iwu ụlọ obibi.
Amachibidoro iji asbestos eme ihe owuwu ọhụrụ maka ahụike na nchekwa n'ọtụtụ mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara mepere emepe, gụnyere European Union, United Kingdom, Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, na New Zealand. Ihe dị ịrịba ama bụ United States, ebe a na-aga n'ihu na eji asbestos eme ihe dị ka pipụ simenti asbestos. Ụlọ ikpe Circuit nke ise gbochiri EPA ka ọ machibido asbestos na 1991 n'ihi na nchọpụta EPA gosiri na mmachibido iwu ahụ ga efu n'etiti US $ 450 na 800 nde ebe ọ bụ naanị na azọpụta ndụ 200 n'ime oge 13 afọ, yana na EPA enyeghị ihe akaebe zuru oke maka ya. nchekwa nke ngwaahịa ọzọ. Ruo n'etiti 1980s, a na eji obere asbestos na acha ọcha mee ihe na Artex, ihe eji achọ mma, Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na ebubata ụdị ụdị Artex ka na agbakwunye asbestos ọcha ruo 1999

Tupu mmachibido iwu ahụ, a na eji asbestos eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu n'ọtụtụ puku ihe. A na ewere ụfọdụ dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ karịa ndị ọzọ n'ihi oke asbestos na ọdịdị dị nro nke ihe ahụ. A na eche na mkpuchi fesa, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, na Asbestos Insulating Board (AIB) bụ ihe kachasị dị ize ndụ n'ihi nnukwu ọdịnaya asbestos na ọdịdị na adịghị mma. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ochie ndị e wuru tupu ngwụcha afọ 1990 nwere asbestos. Na United States, enwere opekata mpe maka nyocha asbestos dịka ọkọlọtọ ASTM E 2356 18 kọwara. Na UK, Health and Safety Executive enyela ntụzịaka a na akpọ HSG264 na akọwa etu ekwesịrị isi mechaa nyocha ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike iji ụzọ ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike igosi na ha erutela iwu site n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ. EPA na agụnye ụfọdụ, ma ọ bụghị ihe niile, ụlọ ọrụ asbestos merụrụ na ndepụta Superfund National Priorities List (NPL). Nrụzigharị na ịkwatu ụlọ ndị asbestos merụrụ bụ n'okpuru Iwu EPA NESHAP na OSHA. Asbestos abụghị ihe kpuchiri ekpuchi n'okpuru nchebe onye zụrụ ahịa CERCLA. Na UK, njikwa nke Asbestos Regulations 2006 kpuchiri mwepụ na mkpofu asbestos na ihe ndị nwere ya

U.S. oriri asbestos ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke tọn 804,000 na 1973; Ọchịchọ asbestos ụwa kacha elu na 1977, ebe mba 25 na emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde metric ton 4.8 kwa afọ

N'ụlọ ochie (dịka ndị e wuru tupu 1999 na UK, tupu amachibido asbestos ọcha), asbestos ka nwere ike ịdị na mpaghara ụfọdụ. Ịmara ebe asbestos nọ na ebelata ohere nke ịkpasu asbestos.

Mwepụ ihe ndị na ewu ụlọ asbestos nwekwara ike wepụ ihe nchebe ọkụ ha na enye, ya mere a na achọ ihe nchebe ọkụ maka nchebe ọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke asbestos nyere na mbụ.

#### N'èzí Europe na North America
Mba ụfọdụ, dị ka India, Indonesia, China, Russia, na Brazil, anọgidewo na eji asbestos eme ihe n'ebe nile. Ihe kachasị ewu ewu bụ akwa asbestos ciment ma ọ bụ "A/C sheets" maka mkpuchi ụlọ na akụkụ akụkụ. Ọtụtụ nde ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi, na ebe nchekwa ka na eji asbestos eme ihe. Ịcha mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a ka ha nha na mkpọpu oghere iji nweta bolts 'J' iji nyere aka dobe mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na nhazi ụlọ na eme na saịtị. Enwebeghị nnukwu mgbanwe na mmepụta na ojiji nke akwụkwọ A/C na mba ndị ka na emepe emepe na esochi mmachi zuru ebe niile na mba ndị mepere emepe

#### September 11 ọgụ
Ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Azụmahịa Ụwa nke New York City dara na esochi mwakpo Septemba 11, Lower Manhattan bụ ihe mkpuchi na ngwakọta nke irighiri ihe ụlọ na ihe ndị na ere ọkụ. Ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya a mere ka a na enwe nchegbu na ọtụtụ puku ndị bi na ndị ọrụ nọ n'ógbè ahụ ga enweta ihe ize ndụ ndị a ma ama na ikuku na uzuzu, dị ka asbestos, lead, fibers glass, na kọmpụta a kpụrụ akpụ. A na eche na a tọhapụrụ ihe karịrị tọn 1,000 asbestos n'ikuku ka e bibiri ụlọ ndị ahụ. A na eche na ikuru ngwakọta nke asbestos na ihe ndị ọzọ na egbu egbu na ejikọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ na enweghị atụ sitere na ọrịa kansa nke ndị ọrụ ọrụ mberede kemgbe ọdachi ahụ. A na eche na puku kwuru puku ndị ọzọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịmalite ịrịa ọrịa kansa n'ihi mkpughe a na ndị nwụrụ ugbu a bụ naanị "ọnụ nke iceberg

Na Mee 2002, ka EPA, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti ndị ọzọ, New York City, na steeti New York, na eduzi ọtụtụ mkpocha, nchịkọta uzuzu na nlekota ikuku, n'èzí, New York City rịọrọ enyemaka gọọmenti etiti iji hichaa na nwalee ebe obibi n'ime ụlọ. gburugburu ebe World Trade Center maka ikuku asbestos

### Asbestos na emerụ emerụ na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ

#### Vermiculite
Vermiculite bụ hydrated laminar magnesium aluminom iron silicate nke yiri mica. Enwere ike iji ya maka ọtụtụ ngwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka mkpuchi. A na eji obere asbestos metọọ ụfọdụ nkwụnye ego nke vermiculite.

Otu ogbunigwe vermiculite nke WR Grace na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Libby na arụ, Montana kpugheere ndị ọrụ na ndị bi n'ime obodo n'ihe egwu site n'ịgbapụta vermiculite merutere na asbestos, nke na abụkarị richterite, winchite, actinolite ma ọ bụ tremolite. A na eji Vermiculite emeru asbestos sitere na ogbunigwe Libby dị ka ihe mkpuchi n'ụlọ obibi na nke azụmahịa site na Canada na United States. W.R. Grace na ụlọ ọrụ vermiculite rụrụ arụ na ere ahịa dị ka Zonolite mana ejirikwa ya na ngwaahịa ndị a na efesa dị ka Monokote

Na 1999, EPA malitere mbọ mkpocha na Libby ma ugbu a mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe mkpocha Superfund. EPA ekpebiela na a na ahapụ asbestos na emerụ ahụ site na ogbunigwe ahụ yana site na mmemme ndị ọzọ na akpaghasị ala na mpaghara ahụ.

#### Talc
thumb|Ihe mgbasa ọkụ ụlọ nyocha emere nke asbestos, na njem n'elu ihe ọkụ Teclu
Enwere ike ime Talc mgbe ụfọdụ site na asbestos n'ihi ịdị nso nke asbestos ore (na emekarị tremolite) na nkwụnye ego talc n'okpuru ala. Ka ọ na erule 1973, iwu gọọmenti etiti US chọrọ ka ngwaahịa talc niile ghara asbestos, ma taa enwere njikwa mma na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa talc. Ikewapụta talc ịchọ mma ọkwa (dịka talcum ntụ ntụ) sitere na ọkwa ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe (nke a na ejikarị na ngwaahịa esemokwu) ewepụla okwu a maka ndị na azụ ahịa

N'afọ 2000, ule n'ụlọ nyocha nyocha nke asbestos gbaara agbaze hụrụ ụdị tremolite nke amphibole asbestos nke a na ahụbu n'ụdị atọ n'ime asatọ a ma ama nke crayons ụmụaka bụ nke sitere na talc: Crayola, Prang, na RoseArt. Na Crayola crayons, ule ahụ chọpụtara ọkwa asbestos gburugburu 0.05% na Carnation Pink na 2.86% na Orchid; na Prang crayons, nso nso sitere na 0.3% na Periwinkle ruo 0.54% na Yellow; na Rose Art crayons, o sitere na 0.03% na Brown ruo 1.20% na oroma. N'ozuzu, ụdị crayons 32 dị iche iche sitere na ụdị ndị a nwere ihe karịrị ọnụọgụ asbestos, yana asatọ ndị ọzọ nwere ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Art na Creative Materials Institute, otu ndị na azụ ahịa nke nwalere nchekwa nke crayons n'aha ndị na eme ya, na ekwusi ike na nsonaazụ ule ahụ aghaghị ịbụ na ezighi ezi, n'agbanyeghị na ha mechara kwuo na ha anaghị anwale asbestos. Na May 2000, Crayola kwuru na nyocha nke Richard Lee, onye nyocha akụrụngwa nke anabatala akaebe ya n'aha ụlọ ọrụ asbestos n'ụlọ ikpe ihe karịrị ugboro 250, chọpụtara na crayons nwalere adịghị mma maka asbestos. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, na June 2000 Binney & Smith, onye na emepụta Crayola, na ndị ọzọ na emepụta kwetara ịkwụsị iji talc na ngwaahịa ha, ma gbanwee usoro ngwaahịa ha na United States

Ụlọ ọrụ na egwupụta akụ RT Vanderbilt Co nke Gouverneur, New York, bụ onye nyere ndị na-emepụta crayon talc, na ekwu na "n'ókè anyị maara na nkwenye anyị" ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe ọ bụla ọrịa asbestos metụtara n'etiti ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, akụkọ mgbasa ozi na ekwu na United States Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) achọpụtala asbestos na talc anọ a nwalere na 2000. Onye enyemaka odeakwụkwọ maka nchekwa na ahụike m mechara degara onye nta akụkọ ozi, na ekwu na "N'ezie, abbreviation. ND (anaghị achọpụta) na akụkọ ụlọ nyocha  na egosi na ọ nweghị eriri asbestos achọtara n'ụdị nlele ahụ. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ sitere na ndị na ahụ maka ịnweta mineral, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị na ahụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ na ndị na egbu egbu n'etiti 1970 na 2000 achọpụtaghị ihe atụ nke asbestos na ngwaahịa talc ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà nke ikpughe asbestos n'etiti ndị ọrụ na arụ ọrụ na talc, mana ọrụ ndị na adịbeghị anya ajụla nkwubi okwu ndị a na akwado "otu" asbestos. ihe ize ndụ

Na 12 Julaị 2018, ndị juri Missouri nyere Johnson & Johnson iwu ka ha kwụọ nde $ 4.69 ijeri nye ụmụ nwanyị 22 boro ebubo ngwaahịa talc nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, gụnyere ntụ ntụ nwa ya, nwere asbestos wee mee ka ha nwee ọrịa kansa ovarian.

## Ụdị na eriri jikọtara ya
.EPA kọwapụtara ụdị ịnweta isii dị ka "asbestos" gụnyere ndị nọ na klas agwọ na ndị nọ na klaasị amphibole. A maara ụdị ịnweta asbestos isii dị ka carcinogens mmadụ. Ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya bụ nke ọ bụla mejupụtara ọtụtụ nde "fibrils" microscopic nke enwere ike ịhapụ site na abrasion na usoro ndị ọzọ. 

### Serpentine
thumb|Ogo nke eriri asbestos atụnyere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ (USEPA, Maachị 1978)
.Eriri klas serpentine na akpụ akpụ. Chrysotile, CAS No. 12001 29 5, bụ naanị asbestos nke a na ekewa dị ka eriri serpentine. A na enweta ya site na nkume serpentinite nke na emekarị n'ụwa nile. Usoro kemịkalụ ya nke ọma bụ Mg3(Si2O5)(OH)4. Chrysotile na apụta n'okpuru microscope dị ka eriri ọcha

A na eji Chrysotile eme ihe karịa ụdị ọ bụla ọzọ yana ihe dị ka pasent 95 nke asbestos dị na ụlọ dị na America. Chrysotile na agbanwe agbanwe karịa ụdị asbestos nke amphibole ma nwee ike ịgbanye ma kpaa ya ka ọ bụrụ akwa ákwà. Ihe a na ejikarị eme ihe bụ nchara simenti nke asbestos bụ isi maka ụlọ, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, na ebe a na adọba ụgbọala. A pụkwara ịhụ ya na mpempe akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ihe e ji ekpuchi elu ụlọ na mgbe ụfọdụ maka mgbidi na ala. Chrysotile abụrụla ihe na emekọ ihe ọnụ na ụfọdụ plasta. Emeela ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere chrysotile gụnyere breeki lining, ihe mgbochi ọkụ n'ime igbe fuse, mkpuchi ọkpọkọ, taịlị ala, shingle obibi, na gaskets maka akụrụngwa okpomọkụ dị elu

### Amphibole
Amphibole klaasị eriri dị ka agịga. Amosite, crocidolite, tremolite, anthophyllite na actinolite bụ ndị otu amphibole.

#### Amosite
Amosite, CAS No. 12172 73 5, nke a na akpọkarị asbestos agba aja aja, bụ aha ahia maka amphiboles nke sitere na usoro ngwọta siri ike nke cummingtonite grunerite, nke sitere na South Africa, nke a na akpọkarị acronym maka "Asbestos Mines of South Africa". Otu usoro e nyere maka amosite bụ . A na ahụ Amosite n'okpuru microscope dị ka eriri vitreous isi awọ na acha ọcha. A na achọta ya ugboro ugboro dị ka ihe na egbochi ọkụ na ngwaahịa mkpuchi ọkụ, bọọdụ mkpuchi asbestos na taịlị uko ụlọ.

#### Crocidolite
.Crocidolite, CAS No. 12001-28-4, nke a na akpọkarị asbestos na acha anụnụ anụnụ, bụ ụdị fibrous nke amphibole riebeckite, nke a na achọta na ndịda Africa, kamakwa na Australia na Bolivia. Otu usoro e nyere maka crocidolite bụ  . A na ahụ Crocidolite n'okpuru microscope dị ka eriri na acha anụnụ anụnụ

Crocidolite na emekarị dị ka eriri friable dị nro. Asbestiform amphibole nwekwara ike ime dị ka eriri friable dị nro mana ụfọdụ ụdị dị ka amosite na adịkarị ogologo. Ụdị asbestos niile bụ fibrillar n'ihi na ha nwere eriri nwere obosara na erughị 1 micrometer na ùkwù nke nnukwu obosara. A na akpọkwa asbestos nwere eriri mara mma dị ka "amianthus

#### Ihe ndị ọzọ
mineral asbestos, dị ka tremolite asbestos, CAS No. 77536-68-6 , ; actinolite asbestos, CAS Nke 77536-66-4, ; na anthophyllite asbestos, CAS Nke 77536-67-5 , ; a na ejikarị eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe mana a ka nwere ike ịhụ ya n'ụdị ihe owuwu na ihe mkpuchi ma jiri ya mee ihe na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa ole na ole.

Ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike nke asbestiform, dị ka Richterite, na winchite,   agbanyeghị na ahazibeghị ya, ụfọdụ na ekwu na ha adịghị emerụ ahụ karịa tremolite, amosite, ma ọ bụ crocidolite. A na akpọ ha "asbestiform" kama asbestos. Ọ bụ ezie na US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) etinyeghị ha na ọkọlọtọ asbestos, NIOSH na American Thoracic Society akwadoro ha maka ntinye dị ka ihe edoziziri n'ihi na ha nwekwara ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ahụike

Akpụkpọ anụ ugwu" bụ okwu oge ochie maka mgbanwe, mpempe akwụkwọ dị ka usoro okike nke asbestiform mineral nke yiri akpụkpọ anụ. mineral ndị nwere asbestos mara na etolite akpụkpọ anụ ugwu gụnyere: actinolite, sepiolite, na tremolite.

## Production
thumb|Mmepụta asbestos ụwa (metric ton) site na 1900 ruo 2017 nwere ahịrị na ewu ewu.
Na 2017, a na egwupụta asbestos nde 1.3 n'ụwa niile. Russia bụ ndị kasị emepụta ihe nwere 53% nke ngụkọta ụwa, Kazakhstan (16%) sochiri, China (15%) na Brazil (11.5%). Eshia na eri ihe dị ka 70% nke asbestos emepụtara n'ụwa yana China, India na Indonesia bụ ndị kacha azụ ahịa.

N'afọ 2009, a na egwupụta ihe dị ka 9% nke asbestos nke ụwa na Canada. N'ọgwụgwụ 2011, ogbunigwe asbestos abụọ fọdụrụ na Canada, nke dị na Quebec, kwụsịrị ọrụ. N’ọnwa Septemba afọ 2012, gọọmenti Quebec kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ asbestos.

## Mmetụta ahụike
 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mesothelioma n'akụkụ aka ekpe (a na ahụ n'aka nri nke onyonyo): CT obi
Ọrịa ndị a na ahụkarị na ejikọta na mkpughe asbestos na adịghị ala ala bụ asbestosis (ụfụ nke ngụgụ n'ihi inhalation asbestos) na mesothelioma (cancer jikọtara asbestos).[2]. Mesothelioma bụ ụdị ọrịa kansa na eme ihe ike ma na edugakarị na ndụ nke na erughị ọnwa 12 mgbe nyochachara ya.[21].

Amara ụdị asbestos ọ bụla na akpata nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na anụmanụ. A na ewere Amosite na crocidolite dị ka ụdị eriri asbestos dị ize ndụ; Otú ọ dị, chrysotile asbestos emewokwa ka etuto ahụ dị n'ime anụmanụ ma bụrụ ihe a ma ama na akpata asbestosis na mesothelioma na adịghị mma na ụmụ mmadụ, na mesothelioma achọpụtala na ndị mmadụ na arụ ọrụ na chrysotile, ndị òtù ezinụlọ nke ndị ọrụ ekpughere, na ndị bi nso bi nso. ụlọ ọrụ asbestos na mines.

N'ime afọ 1980 na ọzọ na 1990s, ụlọ ọrụ asbestos tụrụ aro mgbe ụfọdụ na usoro ịme ciment asbestos nwere ike "na ewepụ" asbestos, ma ọ bụ site na usoro kemịkal ma ọ bụ site n'ime ka simenti tinye aka na eriri ma gbanwee nha anụ ahụ; Nnyocha ndị sochirinụ gosiri na nke a abụghị eziokwu na simenti asbestos dịlarị ọtụtụ iri afọ, mgbe agbajiri agbaji, na ewepụta eriri asbestos yiri nke a na ahụ n'okike, na enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla enwere ike ịchọpụta.

A na ewere ikpughe na asbestos n'ụdị eriri dị ize ndụ mgbe niile. A na ewere iji, ma ọ bụ ikpughe na ihe ndị a na emegharị emegharị, ma ọ bụ ihe ma ọ bụ ọrụ nwere ike ime ka mwepụta nke eriri asbestos rụrụ arụ, bụ nnukwu ihe ize ndụ. N'ozuzu, ndị mmadụ na arịa ọrịa site na iku ume asbestos na ekpughere mgbe niile n'ọrụ ebe ha na arụ ọrụ ozugbo na ihe ahụ

Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na ahụike US (OSHA) nwere ụkpụrụ iji chebe ndị ọrụ pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ikpughe na asbestos n'ebe ọrụ. Oke mkpughe maka asbestos bụ 0.1 fiber kwa cubic centimita nke ikuku dị ka nkezi oge awa asatọ, yana oke njem nlegharị anya nke 1.0 asbestos fibers kwa cubic centimita n'ime oge nkeji iri atọ.

## Iwu
 

### Mmachibido iwu asbestos zuru oke
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akara ịdọ aka ná ntị Asbestos n'okpuru ntuziaka EU nke 1983
Gburugburu ụwa, mba na ókèala 66 (gụnyere ndị niile nọ na European Union) amachibidola iji asbestos. Akwụpụrụ maka obere ojiji na ụfọdụ obodo edepụtara; Agbanyeghị, obodo niile edepụtara ga abụrịrị machibidola iji ụdị asbestos niile.

#### Ọstrelia
thumb|Asbestos Products Ltd (Sydney) asbestos ciment corrugated roofing maka mbupụ
A machibidoro iji crocidolite (acha anụnụ anụnụ asbestos) na 1967, ebe ojiji nke amosite (aja aja asbestos) gara n'ihu na ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Emechara machibido ya iwu iwu ụlọ na 1989, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị na gaskets na breeki lining ruo 31 Disemba 2003, na enweghị ike ibubata, jiri, ma ọ bụ megharịa ya.

Asbestos ka na abụ nsogbu n'Australia. Abụọ n'ime ụlọ atọ dị n'Australia wuru n'etiti Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mmalite 1980 ka nwere asbestos.

Ndị otu na anọchite anya ndị ọrụ e nyere ọrụ imegharị igbe igwe eletrik n'ụlọ kwuru na ndị ọrụ kwesịrị ịjụ ịrụ ọrụ a ruo mgbe enyochala igbe ndị ahụ maka asbestos, onye isi otu Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) kpọkuola gọọmentị ka ha mee ya. chebe ụmụ amaala ya site n'iwepụ obodo asbestos site na 2030.

Ndị na-ejikwa ihe asbestos ga enwerịrị ikikere B Klas maka asbestos jikọtara ọnụ yana ikikere A klas maka asbestos friable.

E wuru obodo Wittenoom, nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Australia, gburugburu ebe a na egwupụta akụ asbestos (acha anụnụ anụnụ). Obodo ahụ dum ka na emerụ emerụ ma mebiekwa ya, na enye ndị ọchịchị obodo ohere iwepu ntụnyere aka na Wittenoom na maapụ na akara okporo ụzọ

#### Canada
Dịka nke Disemba 31st 2018, ọ bụ iwu na akwadoghị ibubata, rụpụta, ree, ịzụ ahịa, ma ọ bụ jiri ngwaahịa emere na asbestos. Enwere mwepu maka iji ya na ụlọ ọrụ chloralkali, ndị agha, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia, yana maka mmịpụta magnesium site na nsị nsị asbestos.

#### Japan
Nkpughe na ọtụtụ narị ndị ọrụ nwụrụ na Japan n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga n'ihi ọrịa ndị metụtara asbestos kpalitere asịrị n'etiti afọ 2005. Tokyo nwere, na 1971, nyere iwu ka ụlọ ọrụ na ahụ maka asbestos iwu ka ha wụnye ikuku ventilashị na ịlele ahụike mgbe niile; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọchịchị Japan amachibidoghị crocidolite na amosite ruo 1995, na mmachibido iwu zuru oke na nke dị ole na ole na asbestos ka etinyere na 2006, na ewepụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na March 2012 maka mmachibido iwu zuru oke.

#### New Zealand
N'afọ 1984, amachibidoro ibubata asbestos raw (acha anụnụ anụnụ na aja aja) na New Zealand. N'afọ 2002 ka amachibidokwara ibubata chrysotile (ọcha) asbestos. N'afọ 2015, gọọmentị kwupụtara na a ga amachibido mbubata asbestos kpamkpam na oke oke (nke a na atụ anya na a ga etinye ya na akụkụ ndị na anọchi maka igwe ochie) nke a ga enyocha ya n'otu n'otu.

N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Nelson, na Ndagwurugwu Takaka Upper, bụ naanị m asbestos na egbute na New Zealand. A na egwupụta Chrysotile dị obere ebe a site na 1908 ruo 1917 mana ọ bụ naanị 100 tọn ka a na asacha wee wepụ ya. Atụmatụ ike ọhụrụ nyere ọrụ aka imeghari ma n'etiti 1940 na 1949, ụlọ ọrụ Hume na egwupụta tọn 40 kwa ọnwa. Nke a gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 1964, mgbe, n'ihi ogologo ogologo nke eriri ya, njedebe azụmahịa dị ntakịrị manyere ngwungwu ahụ kwụsị.

#### South Korea
Na Mee 1997, amachibidoro imepụta na iji crocidolite na amosite, nke a na akpọkarị asbestos na acha anụnụ anụnụ na aja aja, na South Korea. Na Jenụwarị 2009, mmachibido iwu zuru oke na ụdị asbestos niile mere mgbe gọọmentị machibidoro nrụpụta, mbubata, ire ere, nchekwa, mbufe ma ọ bụ iji asbestos ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị 0.1% nke asbestos. N'afọ 2011, Saụt Koria ghọrọ mba nke isii n'ụwa nyere iwu iwu enyemaka mmerụaka nke asbestos, bụ́ nke nyere nwa amaala Korea ọ bụla ikike nlekọta ahụike n'efu oge ndụ yana ego gọọmentị na enweta kwa ọnwa ma ọ bụrụ na a chọpụta ya na ọ nwere ọrịa asbestos

#### United Kingdom
Na United Kingdom, amachibidoro ihe asbestos na acha anụnụ anụnụ na agba aja aja na 1985 ka amachibidoro mbubata, ire, na ijigharị asbestos ọcha na 1999. Njikwa 2012 nke Asbestos Regulations, na emelite na dochie iwu 2006 gara aga, kwuru na ndị nwe ya. nke ụlọ ndị na abụghị nke ụlọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ) nwere "ọrụ ijikwa" asbestos n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'ime ka onwe ha mara ọnụnọ ya na ijide n'aka na ihe ahụ adịghị njọ, wepụ ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. Ndị na ewe ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na ewu ụlọ, ndị ndị ọrụ ha nwere ike ịbanye na asbestos ga enyerịrị ndị ọrụ ha ọzụzụ asbestos kwa afọ

### Mba ebe asbestos kwadoro iwu

#### United States
thumb|Onye na eme nchọpụta na eji nhazi ọkwa ogologo eriri iji mepụta eriri asbestos ahọpụtara ogologo maka ọmụmụ nsi
United States ka bụ otu n'ime mba ole na ole mepere emepe na amachibidoghị asbestos kpamkpam. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ America na osisi chlorine na abịakarị na kọntaktị ahụ, OSHA na ewepụkwa osisi ndị a na nyocha nke enweghị usoro site na Mmemme Nchekwa afọ ofufo.

Na 1989 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) nyere Asbestos Ban and Phase out Rule mana na 1991, ndị na akwado ụlọ ọrụ asbestos gbara aka ma kwatuo mmachibido iwu ahụ n'okwu ikpe dị ịrịba ama: Corrosion Proof Fittings v. the Environmental Protection Agency. Ọ bụ ezie na ikpe ahụ butere ọtụtụ mmeri dị nta maka iwu asbestos, EPA emechabeghị akwụsị iji asbestos. Mkpebi ahụ hapụrụ ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ahịa ka nwere ike ịnwe ọnụọgụ asbestos n'ụzọ iwu. Agbanyeghị, amachibidoro ụdị isii nke ngwaahịa asbestos nwere: akwụkwọ corrugated, rollboard, akwụkwọ azụmahịa, akwụkwọ ọpụrụiche, mmetụta ala ala na ojiji asbestos ọhụrụ ọ bụla. Iwu nke ikuku dị ọcha machibidokwara mkpuchi mkpuchi asbestos na mkpuchi asbestos na ihe ndị dị ka igwe ọkụ na tankị mmiri ọkụ, yana ihe ndị nwere asbestos nwere ihe na efesa. Iwu nchekwa ngwaahịa ndị ahịa machibidoro asbestos n'ime ọkụ ọkụ arụrụ arụ na ogige mgbochi mgbidi. Nlekọta nri na ọgwụ amachibidoro ihe nzacha nwere asbestos n'ichepụta, nhazi, na mbukota ọgwụ

#### Mexico
Ebe ọ bụ na 1970, n'ihi ụbara iwu asbestos na Europe na na United States, e nwere nnukwu nnyefe nke ụlọ ọrụ na emepụta asbestos na Mexico. A na eji asbestos n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa mkpuchi ụlọ, igwe ọkụ ọkụ, ọkpọkọ, breeki, na waya, nke ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ Mexico 2,000 mepụtara, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị enyemaka ma ọ bụ ndị na arụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ US, na erekwa na America dum. Na 2000, 58% nke Mexico asbestos nwere mbupụ gara United States, na 40% na mba Central America na Cuba

#### Vietnam
thumb|Elu ụlọ asbestos corrugated (ya na ciment fiber)

Otú ọ dị, master plan (maka ihe owuwu ihe mmepe na 2020 na nghazi ka 2030 nke Ministry of Construction na Gọọmenti na January 2014) ka na atụ aro na aga n'ihu na eji chrysotile ruo ogologo oge.

## Ndị nnọchi maka asbestos na ewu ụlọ
Emepụtara ihe mkpuchi fiberglass na 1938 ma ugbu a bụ ụdị ihe mkpuchi a na ejikarị eme ihe. A na akpọkwa nchekwa nke ihe a ajụjụ n'ihi myirịta na nhazi ihe. Otú ọ dị, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mba Nile Maka Nnyocha Ọrịa Cancer wepụrụ fiberglass site na ndepụta nke ọrịa cancer mmadụ nwere ike ime na 2001. Otu akwụkwọ nyocha sayensị sitere na 2011 kwuru na data ọrịa na efe efe adịghị ekwekọ ma kwubie na mkpebi IARC iji weda ikike carcinogenic nke fiberglass dị irè, ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ eziokwu. Nkwekọrịta nyocha kwadoro ọmụmụ ihe site na Association North America Insulation Manufacturer's Association

N'afọ 1978, Bal Dixit chepụtara akwa fiberglass nke ukwuu, nke a na akpọ Zetex. Uwe a dị ọkụ karịa asbestos mana ọ na enye otu nnukwu, ọkpụrụkpụ, aka, mmetụta, na nguzogide abrasion dị ka asbestos. A na edobe fiberglass ahụ iji kpochapụ ụfọdụ nsogbu ndị na enwe na fiberglass na ebute, dị ka nkwụsị nke na adịghị mma na ike adịghị ike

Na Europe, ajị ịnweta na ajị iko bụ isi ihe mkpuchi n'ime ụlọ.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na emepụta ngwaahịa asbestos ciment bụ ndị e ji eriri asbestos gbasie ike emepụtala ngwaahịa na ejikọta eriri organic. A maara otu ngwaahịa dị otú ahụ dị ka "Eternit" na "Everite" ọzọ na ejizi eriri "Nutec" nke nwere eriri organic, simenti portland na silica. Eriri osisi nke jikọtara ciment bụ ihe ọzọ dochie ya. A na eji eriri nkume eme ihe na gaskets na ihe esemokwu

Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ polybenzimidazole ma ọ bụ eriri PBI. Fibre Polybenzimidazole bụ eriri sịntetik nwere ebe mgbaze dị elu nke 760 °C (1,400 °F) na-adịghịkwa ere ọkụ. N'ihi nkwụsi ike ọkụ ya na kemịkalụ pụrụiche, ngalaba mgbanyụ ọkụ na ụlọ ọrụ oghere na ejikarị ya

## Imegharị na mkpofu
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Wailuku, Hawaii post office emechiela maka iwepụ asbestos
N'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe, a na ekpochapụ asbestos dị ka ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ n'ebe a na ekpofu ahịhịa.

Nwutu nke ụlọ nwere nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na asbestos na ebute nsogbu pụrụ iche nye ndị na ewu ụlọ na ndị na emepụta ihe onwunwe a na arụkarị ụlọ ndị dị otú ahụ n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu, ma ọ bụ na ejisi ike wepụ asbestos tupu e nwee ike iji ígwè ma ọ bụ ihe mgbawa mebie ihe owuwu ahụ. pụtara. Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ Red Road Flats dị na Glasgow, Scotland bụ ndị ji ọtụtụ bọọdụ ciment asbestos mee ihe maka mgbidi mgbidi  ụkpụrụ ahụike na nchekwa nke Britain kwuru na a ga ewepụ ihe asbestos n'ụgbọ ala ndị a na emegharị emegharị ma buru ya gaa ebe a na ekpofu ihe na nke kwesịrị ekwesị. ikike ịnakwere asbestos, site n'ụzọ akwadoro, n'oge ụfọdụ nke ụbọchị

Na United States, EPA na achịkwa mwepụ na mkpofu asbestos nke ọma. Ụlọ ọrụ na ewepụ asbestos ga agbasorịrị ikikere EPA. A na akpọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta asbestos nwere ikikere EPA. Oge ọ bụla otu n'ime ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta asbestos a na arụ ọrụ, onye na ahụ maka ule ga eme nyocha siri ike iji hụ na e wepụrụ asbestos kpamkpam.

Enwere ike ibibi asbestos site na ọkụ ọkụ dị oke ọkụ yana usoro ịgbaze plasma. Usoro nke ire ere ọkụ na 1,000–1,250 °C (1,800–2,300 °F) na emepụta ngwakọta nke mkpofu silicon na adịghị ize ndụ, yana na okpomọkụ karịrị 1,250 °C (2,300 °F) ọ na emepụta enyo silicate. Enwere ike iji ọgwụgwọ ikuku microwave mee ihe n'usoro nrụpụta ụlọ ọrụ iji gbanwee asbestos na asbestos nwere ihe mkpofu ka ọ bụrụ taịlị nkume poselin, taịlị mgbidi nwere otu ọkụ, na brik seramiiki.

Nchikota oxalic acid na ultrasound zuru oke na emebi eriri asbestos chrysotile.

## Mbiri nke metụtara asbestos

## Hụkwa

*

## References

* 
* George B. Guthrie and Brooke T. Mossman, editors, *Health Effects of Mineral Dusts*, Mineralogical Society of America *Reviews in Mineralogy* v. 28, 584 pages (1993)  .
* Asbestos: an introduction by JW Cherrie
* 

* Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization
* The Asbestos Information Centre Independent site with information about asbestos and its use in buildings
* U.S. EPA Asbestos Home Page
* ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Asbestos Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
* Deaths and major morbidity from asbestos-related diseases in Asia likely to surge in next 20 years
* British Government Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: Asbestos
* World Health Organization&nbsp;– Asbestos page
* Asbestos general article and chrysotile specifically: comprehensive coverage of all aspects of chemistry, biological interactions, destruction, and social/clinical scientific knowledge related to Asbestos, on the Toxicology Data Network, with a full library of cites on many aspects and sub-topics].
* Parachrysotile (asbestos) at the webmineral.com Mineral Database
* Univ. of Minn.: Asbestos
* White Gold Pioneers: Asbestos Mining Archived 3 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine – The origins of asbestos mining, illustrated with many early photographs
* How to Identify Asbestos – Independent site citing how to identify the early signs of Asbestos and actions to take