A mụrụ ya n'efu ma bụrụ onye ha nhata

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ndụ akwụkwọ na Manzanar : Ụmụ internee na-eme calisthenics, 1943
Amụrụ n'efu na nha nha: Akụkọ nke Japan na-esosi ike n'ihe bụ akwụkwọ Ansel Adams nwere foto sitere na ike 1943-1944 ya na ụlọ ọrụ wee rụpụta Manzanar War Relocation Center [1] na Owens Valley, Inyo  County, California.  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ a na 1944 site na US Camera na New York .

N'oge mmalite nke 1943, enyi ya Adams, onye ntụziaka a ọhụrụ bụ Ralph Merritt, gosiri ka ọ bụrụ foto ndụ n'ogige ahụ.  Ụbọchị a na akwụkwọ na ihe ngosi na-eso ya na MoMA kere nnukwu, nke sitere na isiokwu ahụ.  A ka na-alụ agha nke ọgụ na iwe megide ndị America sitere na Japan dị elu, ị na West Coast.

Ọ bụghị naanị Adams bụ onye na-ese foto mere foto na Manzanar.  N'ihu ya, Dorothea Lange gara n'ogige ụlọ ọrụ iri na otu ndị Japan na America  mgbe onye ọrụ na-ese foto maka ikike nchekwaga agha .  N'oge nke Lange na 1942, ahụ ahụ bụ steeti ahaziri nke ọma ma chụpụrụ Lange ka ọ ikpe na-ahụ ezi nke ọrụ mbugharị ahụ, na-eduga n'ọhụụ siri ike na nchekwube ndị ọzọ ụfọdụ nke Adams.  Onye na-ese foto nke atọ bụ internee Toyo Miyatake, bụbu onye na-ese foto studio na Los Angeles .  Miyatake na mbụ were mmetụta emezi were were foto nke Akụkọ ọ butere n'ogige ahụ were foto na mbụ.  Achọpụtara ọrụ ya mgbe ụnwayọ nta gachara, ma Merritt akwụkwọ ahụ ma kwe ka ọ na-ebuga ngwá ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ya n'ogige ahụ ma gaa n'ihu na ọrụ ahụ (na mbụ onye nche akwụkwọ mkpa ya ihe ahụ ahụ mgbe Miyatake  debere mmetụta).  Miyatake na Adams wee zutere mee enyi n'ogige ahụ, ebe egwu Lange na Adams agbasaghị.

Ebumnobi Adams n'ọrụ a bụ ụzọ abụọ: imesi ike ịbụ ezigbo nwa amaala America nke internees, dị ka e depụtara na ndepụta okwu nke akwụkwọ ahụ, "Akụkọ nke ndị Japan-America na-eguzosi ike n'ihe"; na igosi ikike ha ịnagide ọnọdụ ahụ:Ebumnuche nke ọrụ m bụ igosi otú ndị a, na-ata ahụhụ n'okpuru nnukwu ikpe na-ezighị ezi, na mfu nke ihe onwunwe, azụmahịa na ọrụ, si merie mmetụta nke mmeri na ịda mbà n'obi [sic] site n'ịrụ onwe ha obodo dị mkpa na ala kpọrọ nkụ (mana). ebube) gburugburu…N'ihe niile, echere m na mkpokọta Manzanar a bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa, enwere m ntụkwasị obi na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe nke ọma. (Ansel Adams, 1965.  ) Adams nyere foto Manzanar ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Congress na 1965. [1] N'afọ 2001, Spotted Dog Press ụdị amulitere n'efu na nha nha na okwu okwu nke Archie Miyatake, nwa nwoke onye na-ese foto  Manzanar Toyo Miyatake.  [2] Ụdị ọhụrụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ nwere n'ihu mgbanwe foto nke Joyce Okazaki (née Nakamura), otu n'ime ụmụ Adams sere foto.

## Ihe odide ala ala peeji

## Ntụaka

* Ansel Adams, *[https://www.amazon.com/Born-Free-Equal-Ansel-Adams/dp/1477432949 Amụrụ n'efu na nha nha]*, New York: Igwefoto US (1944); Mbipụta: CreateSpace (2012). ISBN&nbsp;
* Ansel Adams, *Amụrụ n'efu na nha nha* ; mbipụta emelitere: Spotted Dog Press (2002). ISBN&nbsp;
* Mary Street Alinder, *Ansel Adams: akụkọ ndụ*, Akwụkwọ ikwiikwii (1998). ISBN&nbsp;
* Judith Fryer Davidov, "'Agba nke akpụkpọ m, ọdịdị nke anya m': Foto ndị Japan-American Internment nke Dorothea Lange, Ansel Adams, na Toyo Miyatake", *The Yale Journal of Criticism* 9(2), p.&nbsp;223–244 (1996). <small>mmachi ohere</small>
* Linda Gordon, na Gary Y. Okihiro (eds.), *Akwụsịla: Dorothea Lange na Foto ndị a na-enyocha nke Japanese American Internment*, WW Norton (2206). ISBN&nbsp;
* Gerald H. Robinson, *Eziokwu Elusive: Ndị na-ese foto anọ na Manzanar*, Carl Mautz Publishing (2002). ISBN&nbsp;
* Jonathan Spaulding, *Ansel Adams na American Landscape: a Biography*, University of California Press (1998). ISBN&nbsp;

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe ngosi foto Manzanar n'ọbá akwụkwọ Congress nke US.
* Archived mbipụta ederede zuru oke dijitalụ   na US Library of Congress.