open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Cloud Appreciation Society

The Cloud Appreciation Society bụ **òtù** nke Gavin Pretor-Pinney si United Kingdom guzobere n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2005. Ebumnuche nké otu ahụ bụ ịkwalite nghọta na ekele màkà igwe ojii, ma nwee ihe karịrị ndị otu puku iri ise sitere na mba otu narị na iri abụọ, ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Machị 2020.

Yahoo! kpọrọ ébé nrụọrụ weebụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka "ihe kachasị egwu na ihe ịtụnanya a chọtara na ịntanetị màkà afọ 2005". Otu ahụ na ónyé guzobere ya bụ ihe lekwasịrị ányá na ihe ngosi BBC Cloudspotting, dabere na *akwụkwọ* Pretor-Pinney The Cloudspotter's Guide . N'oge otu ihe omume nke Taskmaster, ónyé na-eme ihe ọchị Hugh Dennis kpughere na ọ bụ  otu ahụ.

N'afọ 2017, e nyèrè Cloud Appreciation Society otuto site na ịgbakwunye Asperitas nkè igwe ojii na World Meteorological Organization's International Cloud Atlas.

## Hụkwa

* "Akụkụ abụọ ahụ, Ugbu a"
* Cloudscape (ihe osise)
* Foto igwe ojii

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Isiokwu sitere na Times Online
* *The New York Times*: "The Amateur Cloud Society That (Sort Of) Rattled the Scientific Community," May 8, 2016
Akụkụ igwe ojii

**Akụkụ igwe ojii** bụ pasent nke pixel ọ bụla na ihe oyiyi satellite ma ọ bụ gridbox ọ bụla na ihu igwe ma ọ bụ ihu igwe nke igwe ojii kpuchiri. Akụkụ igwe ojii nkè otu pụtara na igwe ojii kpuchiri pixel ahụ kpamkpam, ébé akụkụ igwe ojii nke efu na-anọchite ányá pixel igwe ojii na-enweghị igwe ojii. Akụkụ igwe ojii dị mkpa màkà imepụta radieshon na-agbadata.

## Edensibia
Elu igwe ojii

thumb|Obosara igwe ojii, n'etiti ala ya na elu ya, gosipụtara na ndabere n'oge dị iche iche nke ndụ ya
Elu igwe ojii, nkè a maara nkè ọma dị ka ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ **omimi**, bụ anya dị n'etiti ala igwe ojii na elu igwe ojii. A na-egosipụta ya ma ọ bụ na mita ma ọ bụ dị ka ọdịiche nrụgide na hectopascal (hPa, ya na millibar). Mgbé ụfọdụ, a na-eji okwu *ịdị elu igwe ojii* mee ihe kama isi igwe ojii, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ihe gbárá ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ ga-eme ka o doo anya ma ebumnuche ahụ bụ ịkọwa ịdị elu nke isi igwe ojii ma ọ bụ nha ya.

## Ịtụle
A naghị atụle ịdị elu igwe ojii n'onwe ya mana a na-enweta ya site na nha dị ichè íchè nkè isi igwe ojii na *elu igwe ojii*.

## Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe
A na-ejikọkarị ịdị elu igwe ojii na ike nkè mmiri ozuzo nkè igwe ojii na-emepụta: igwe ojii miri emi na-emepụta mmiri ozuzo siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, igwe ojii cumulonimbus nwèrè ike ịmalite n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'akụkụ dị ukwuu nke troposphere ma na-akpatakarị égbè eluigwe na égbè eluigwe nke na-enwu ọkụ na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo. N'ụzọ dị iche, igwe ojii dị ezigbo arọ (dị ka igwe ojii cirrus) anaghị emepụta mmiri ozuzo ọ bụla n'elu ụwa.

Màkà mkparịta ụka jikọtara ọnụ banyéré mmetụta igwe ojii na usoro ihu igwe, lee IPCC Third Assessment Report, ọkachasị isi nkè 7.2.

## Hụkwa

* Ebe igwe ojii dị
* Igwe ojii kpuchiri
* Mmiri ozuzo

## Edensibia
Okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ

**Okpomọkụ loop** bụ mmegharị nké ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebili n'otu nsọtụ nké loop, na ikuku dị jụụ na-agbadata ná nsọtụ nke ọzọ, na-emepụta ikuku na-agagharị mgbè niile. Okpomọkụ na-emekwa ná mmiri.

Okpomọkụ na-adabere ná nha; yá bụ, ha nwèrè ike ịpụta na oghere dị ka obere ụlọ ma ọ bụ buru ibu dị ka ụwa. Mkpụrụ ndụ Hadley bụ ihe atụ nke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.
Cloud iridescence

thumb|Igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke n'etiti elu
thumb|Igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke na-eguzogide n'elu Aberdeen, Scotland
[thumb|Igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke, nke a hụrụ n'elu anyanwụ kpuchiri igwe ojii na-acha ntụ ntụ, Pondicherry, [Ndia|India]]
alt=cloud iridescence|thumb|Igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke n'elu County Kildare, Ireland
Igwe ojii iridescence ma ọ bụ **irisation** bụ ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nké na-eme na **igwe ojii** ma na-apụta na nso anyanwụ ma ọ bụ ọnwa. Agba ndị ahụ yiri ndị a na-ahụ na ncha ncha na mmanụ n'elu mmiri. Ọ bụ ụdị photometeor. A na-ahụkarị ihe a na-ahụkebe na igwe ojii altocumulus, cirrocumulus, lenticular, na cirrus. Mgbé ụfọdụ, ha na-apụta dị ka eriri ndị dị n'akụkụ igwe ojii. A na-ahụkwa iridescence na igwe ojii stratospheric nkè na-adịghị ahụkebe, nkè a na-akpọkwa igwe ojii nacreous.

Agba ndị ahụ na-abụkarị pastel, mana ha nwèrè ike ịdị nkọ ma ọ bụ jikọta ọnụ, mgbé ụfọdụ yiri nne pearl. Mgbè ọ na-apụta n'akụkụ Anyanwụ, mmetụta ahụ nwere ike isi ike ịhụ ka ọ na-ekpuchi ya na ìhè Anyanwụ. Enwèrè ike imeri nke a site na iji aka gị kpuchie ìhè anyanwụ ma ọ bụ zoo ya n'azụ osisi ma ọ bụ ụlọ. Ihe enyemaka ndị ọzọ bụ enyo ojii, ma ọ bụ na-ele anya n'eluigwe na-egosipụta na enyo ma ọ bụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri.

## Okwu mmalite
A na-akpọ Irisations áhà chi nwanyị ndị Gris bụ Iris, chi nwanyị nke ụta na ónyé ozi nkè Zeus na Hera nye ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'okpuru.

## Usoro
Igwe ojii iridescent bụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị íchè íchè nkè obere mmiri ma ọ bụ obere ice crystals na-agbasa ìhè n'otu n'otu. Nnukwu ice crystals anaghị emepụta iridescence, mànà ọ nwèrè ike ịkpata halo, ihe dị iche.

Irisation na-esite na otu mmiri mmiri na-eme ka ìhè dị íchè íchè (n'ime ogo irí site na Anyanwụ) na mmetụta mgbochi nke mbụ (karịa ihe dị ka ogo iri site n'Anyanwụ). Ọ nwèrè ike ịgbasa ruo ogo iri anọ site na Anyanwụ.

Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ igwe ojii nwèrè obere mmiri ma ọ bụ ice crystals nke nha yiri ya, a na-ahụ mmetụta ha na-agbakọta dị ka agba. Igwe ojii ahụ ga-abụrịrị nke dị gịrịgịrị, nke méré na ọtụtụ ụzarị na-ezute naanị otu droplet. N'ihi ya, a na-ahụkarị iridescence n'akụkụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ n'ígwé ojii na-apụta ìhè, ébé igwe ojii ọhụrụ na-emepụta iridescencia na-egbuke egbuke na nke kachasị mmá. Mgbè ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ime igwe ojii dị nro yiri nnọọ n'ogo n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, iridescence na-ewere ọdịdị a haziri ahazi nke corona, diski okirikiri na-egbuke egbuke gbụrụ-gbúrụ Anyanwụ ma ọ bụ Ọnwa nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa mgbanaka gbara gburugburu.

## Hụkwa

* Igwe ojii dị n'ebe ugwu
* Ogidi gbara ya gburugburu
* Igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Igwe igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Atmospheric Optics
* On the Cause of Iridescence in Clouds - Scientific American Supplement
Ụdị igwe ojii

**Ụdị igwe ojii** bụ usoro ókwú iri na anọ eji akọwa ọdịdị na nhazi igwe ojii. Ónyé ọ bụla nwèrè aha ya dị mkpirikpi na mkpụrụedemede atọ.  
thumb|Igwe ojii '''Cumulus congestus''' n'ihu.

## Edensibia

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ụdị igwe ojii
Ihe mkpofu na-adịghị ndụ

Ihe mkpofu inorganic bụ ụdị ihe mkpofu na-enweghị ihe mejupụtara ya.  Ihe mkpofu a na-esikarị ike ire ere site na microorganisms. Glass, aluminum pot, uzuzu, na ígwè bụ ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke ihe mkpofu inorganic. Ihe mkpofu na-adịghị emebi emebi na-anọgide na-enweghị ire ure, na ihe karịrị afọ narị ise chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ire ure dị irè, ya mere, iwepụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ihe ịma aka. Mbelata oriri, ijigharị, na imegharị ihe bụ ihe ngwọta nwere ike ime maka ịnagide ụdị mkpofu a..

## Edensibia
Ịgbapụta

N'ime mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mkpofu bụ mfu nke mmepụta mmepụta n'ihi mmepụta nke usoro ihe ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-adịghị anabata nke a ghaghị ịjụ.  Ntupu bụ ihe omume na-efukarị ọnụ nke na-eme n'ichepụta mgbe mmebi ma ọ bụ ọdịda a na-eme nke a na-achọpụtaghị ozugbo ma mezie ya, na nke a na-emepụta ntụpọ ma ọ bụ jụ ngwaahịa ruo ogologo oge.

Mwụfu na-ebute ọnụ ahịa n'ihi oke mmepụta furu efu, mkpofu oke, nnyefe ngwaahịa na-egbu oge, na mfusị akụrụngwa mmadụ na isi obodo.Mbelata nke ihe na-eme na oge nke nrụpụta na-emepụta ihe na-achọ ka a na-ejikọta njikwa mechiri emechi na usoro nlekota na ọrụ metrology metụtara ya n'ime usoro dị oke mkpa nke usoro nrụpụta n'ozuzu. Ruo n'ókè njikwa usoro zuru ezu na metrology bụ mkpebi dị elu ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke na-ekpebi ókè a ga-egbochi nsị.
Foto igwe ojii

thumb|Igwe ojii mara mma
Foto ígwé ojii bụ **foto igwe ojii** ma ọ bụ igwe.  

Ónyé na-ese foto igwe ojii mbụ, ónyé na-ese ihe na Belgium Léonard Misonne (1870-1943), bụ ónyé ama ama màkà foto ojii na ọcha ya nke igwe ojii na igwe ojii gbárá ọchịchịrị.

Na mbido ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, onye America na-ese foto bụ Alfred Stieglitz (afọ 1864 ruo 1946) mepụtara usoro foto igwe ojii, nke a na-akpọ "ndị ha nhata" (afọ 1925 ruo 1931). Dị ka édémédé na usoro ahụ dị na ébé nrụọrụ weebụ Phillips Collection si kwuo, "Ihe nnọchianya márá mmá na-eme ka ihe oyiyi ndị a dị, nke ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ahụmịhe ya, echiche ya, na mmetụta uche ya". N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a maara ndị na-ese foto dịka Ralph Steiner, Robert Davies na Tzeli Hadjidimitriou màkà ịmepụta ihe oyiyi dị otú ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe osise ala elu
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Obi Ụtọ
* Cloudscape (ihe osise)
* Ala mara mma

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya na ihe ndị ọ gụrụ

* Davies, Robert; Christopher Bucklow; "Cloudscapes"; Lisbon (Portugal). Ebe ndebe foto nke obodo.  (Lisboa, Portugal: Câmara Municipal, Cultura: Arquivo fotográfico, 1997)   [Isi isiokwu Worldcat gụnyere "Davies, Robert" na "Photography of clouds"]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Smith College. "Na ịchụ igwe ojii : ihe oyiyi na ihe atụ"; Museum of Art. (Albuquerque, N.M.: Nke Mahadum nke New Mexico Press kesara, ©1985)   [Foto nke ígwé ojii]
* Hadjidimitriou, Tzeli Oge na-apụ n'anya n'ime igwe ojii na oge O chronos na-achịkwa ihe na-eme ka ọ dị n'etiti. Ihe odide sitere na: N. Vatopoulos, N. Chronas, Tz. Hadjidimitriou, Metaichmio, 2003,  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Home Page nke Cloud Appreciation Society
Ihe na-akpata ihe na-akpali akpali

Spent caustic bụ ihe ngwọta na-akpata ihe mkpofu nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta **ihe** nke agwụla ma gharazi aba uru (ma ọ bụ meefu). A na-eji sodium hydroxide ma ọ bụ potassium hydroxides, mmiri, na mmetọ eme ihe na-emefu ihe.  Ndị na-emerụ emerụ erichapụla ọtụtụ sodium (ma ọ bụ potassium) hydroxide ma si otú a na-emefu mmanya na-egbu egbu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'otu ngwa H2S (gas) na-ehichapụ na NaOH (mmiri) iji mepụta NaHS (aq) na H2O (  l), si otú ahụ na-eri caustic.

## Ụdị n'ụdị

* **Ethylene spent caustic** comes from the caustic scrubbing of cracked gas from an ethylene cracker.  This liquor is produced by a caustic scrubbing tower.  Ethylene product gas is contaminated with (g) and (g), and those contaminants are removed by absorption in the caustic scrubbing tower to produce (aq) and (aq). The sodium hydroxide is consumed and the resulting wastewater (ethylene spent caustic) is contaminated with the sulfides and carbonates and a small fraction of organic compounds.
* **Refinery spent caustic** comes from multiple sources: the Merox processing of gasoline; the Merox processing of kerosene/jet fuel; and the caustic scrubbing/Merox processing of LPG. In these streams sulfides and organic acids are removed from the product streams into the caustic phase. The sodium hydroxide is consumed and the resulting wastewaters (cresylic for gasoline; naphthenic for kerosene/jet fuel; sulfidic for LPG -spent caustics) are often mixed and called **refinery spent caustic**. This spent caustic is contaminated with sulfides, carbonates, and in many cases a high fraction of organic acids.

## Nkà na ụzụ ọgwụgwọ
Ihe na-emebi emebi bụ mmiri na-adịghị mma nke siri ike ịgwọ na usoro mmiri na-enweghị isi. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-ewepụ ihe ahụ site na mgbawa dị elu na biotreatment, injection miri emi, incineration, mmiri ikuku oxidation, Humid Peroxide Oxidation ma ọ bụ usoro ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche. A na-ewepụ ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe ndị na-akpata ethylene a na-emefu site na ikuku ikuku ikuku.

## Edensibia

* Suarez, F. "Pluses and Minuses of Caustic Treating", Hydrocarbon Processing, peeji nke 117123, Ọktoba 1996.
* Maugans, C.; Ellis, C. "Age Old Solution for Today's SO2 and NOx", Pollution Engineering, Eprel 2004.
* Carlos T.; Maugans, C. "Oké Mmiri Mmiri Oxidation nke Refinery Spent Caustic: A Refinery Case Study", NPRA Conference, San Antonio, TX, September 2000. WAO maka Refinery Spent Caustic
* Kumfer, B.; Felch, C.; Maugans, C. "Oké Mmiri Oxidation nke Spent Caustic na Petroleum Refineries", NPRA, March 2010, San Antonio, TX. WAO maka mmefu ego na mmanụ ala Refineries
Coalescence (physics)

thumb|200x200px|Nkọwa nke njikọta nke mmiri abụọ, ụfụfụ, ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe iji mepụta otu ihe.
Coalescence bụ usoro nkè mmiri abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa, ụfụfụ, ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agwakọta n'oge kọntaktị iji mepụta otu nwa nwanyị, ụfị, ma ọ dị. Coalescence na-egosipụta onwé ya site na microscopic scale na meteorology ruo na macroscopic scale in astrophysics. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ahụ ya na mmepụta nkè mmiri ozuzo ya na mmepụta mbara ala na kpakpando.

Na meteorology, ọrụ ya dị oké mkpa n'ịmepụta mmiri ozuzo.  Ka mmiri na-ebu mmiri na mmiri na-agbadata n'ime igwe ojii, ha na-agbakọta ma na-agwakọta iji mepụta mmiri buru ibu.  Mgbè mmiri na-aghọ nnukwu nke na ikuku na-aga n'ihu, ha na-amalite ịda dị ka mmiri ozuzo.  Na mgbakwunye na usoro a, enwèrè ike ịgha ice na igwe ojii site na elu dị elu, ma ọ bụ site na elu igwe ojii ruru mbelata ogo Celsius iri anọ (-40 ), ma ọ bụ sitere na igwe ojii nke ice si na igwe ojii cirrus.

Ultrasound dị elu na ọgwụ na-etinye obere ikuku màkà foto na ọgwụgwọ. A na-amụ coalescence nke microbubbles nkè ihe na-emegide ultrasound iji gbochie embolies ma ọ bụ iji gbochie arịa tumor.

Na physics igwe ojii, usoro isi nkè mgbagwoju anya bụ ọsọ ọsọ dị íchè íchè n'etiti mmiri. Ọsọ ọsọ bụ ọrụ nké nha droplet. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-ekpebi ọnụego mgbagwoju ányà bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ droplet na turbulence.

## Hụkwa

* Accretion (astrophysics)
* Accretion (meteorology)
* Usoro Bergeron
* Ihe na-eme ka obi sie ya ike

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology: Coalescence
* Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary E debere  Wayback Machine
* Usoro Bergeron
* The Coalescence of Bubbles - A Numerical Study - E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
Cloudscape (ihe osise)

thumb|Ihe osise igwe ojii nke Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruisdael sere
Na nka, igwe ojii bụ ihe ngosi nke **igwe ojii** ma ọ bụ eluigwe. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, dịka n'ihe atụ ndị a hụrụ ebe a, a na-egosi igwe ojii dị ka a na-ele ya anya site n'ụwa, mgbé mgbè na-agụnye naanị ihe zuru ezu nke ala iji tụọ aro ọnụ ọgụgụ, ntụziaka, ọnọdụ ihu igwe, na ányá (site na itinye usoro nke anya elu). A na-eji okwu cloudscape na skyscape eme ihe mgbé ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na skysscape anaghị achọ ọhụụ nke *igwe ojii*.

Ihe osise igwe ojii dị mgbagwoju anya n'ime ọrụ ụfọdụ nke J. M. W. Turner, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ime ihe osise ala, nwéré ike iyi mgbé ụfọdụ ihe osise na-enweghị atụ-n'ime ihe eserese, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ ọnọdụ dị adị na nnukwu ngosipụta nke ike mmegharị ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ ekwuola n'ụzọ doro ányà na igwe ojii na mmiri nkè narị afọ nké iri na itoolu dị ka ndị na-ebu ụzọ n'ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe na-enweghị atụ dịka Helen Frankenthaler.

Ya mèrè, na-ekwu màkà ihe ngosi Turner nke afọ 1999, ónyé na-enyocha nka nke New York Times Roberta Smith dere na, n'afọ 1966, "Museum of Modern Art guzobere ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe ... dị ka ndị na-ebute ụzọ nke Impressionism na abstraction nke ógè a. Ihe ngosi nke ugbu a bụ oriri nke Frankenthaleresque feather nke agba...."https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E0DD103DF933A05757C0A96F958260&sec=&pagewanted=2. Smith gàrà n'ihu na-ekwu na ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ "na-agbagwoju oke osimiri na mbara igwe anya na oke nke eserese, na-egosi ma nwee ihe ndị a na-apụghị ịghọta na ndị a na'amaghị ama". [1]

E nwèrè ụfọdụ ihe osise igwe ojii - dịka ọmụmaatụ, igwe ojii a ma ama nke Georgia O'Keeffe - ébé a na-ahụ igwe ojii site n'elu, dị ka a ga-asị na a na-ele ya ányà site na ụgbọelu.

Dị ka édémédé dị na ébé nrụọrụ weebụ nke Metropolitan Museum of Art si kwuo, "N'etiti ihe osise kachasị egwu na nke a maara nkè ọma nkè afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke O'Keeffe bụ igwe ojii ya nke ébé afọ 1960s na '70s. Ka ọ na-agagharị n'ụwa, ọ nwèrè obi ụtọ site na ọhụụ a hụrụ site na windo ụgbọelu. " http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/geok/geok_2.htm N'okpuru ebe a, na ngalaba "njikọ mpụga", bụ njikọ na onyinyo agba nke nnukwu igwe ojii O'Keeffe nke akpọrọ Sky Above Clouds IV ( 1965; mmanụ na ákwà; 8 x 24 ft.; Art Institute of Chicago). Ụdị igwe ojii "nke ikuku na-ahụ" dị n'echiche nke ala elu, ma e wezụga na ọ dịghị anya ala ọ bụla: naanị igwe ojii na-acha ọcha, kwụ n'ime (na ọbụna n'okpuru) igwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

## Ebe a na-ese foto

File:John Constable - Weymouth Bay, c. 1816.jpg|*Weymouth Bay* by John Constable, c. 1816
File:Ary_Pleysier_(1809-1879)_-_Beach_View_With_Boats.jpg|*Beach View With Boats* by Ary Pleysier
File:JMWTurner_Sunrise_with_Sea_Monsters.jpg|*[[Sunrise with Sea Monsters]]* by J. M. W. Turner (1845)


## Hụkwa

* Ihe osise ala elu
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Obi Ụtọ
* Ihe osise ala
* Seascape
* Cloudscape (foto)

## Njikọ mpụga

* COLOR IMAGE nke igwe ojii site na Georgia O'Keeffe
* Usoro mbara ala (Terrestrial Cloud Globe)
Vaskning

Vaskning (n'ụzọ nkịtị. 'Sinking') bụ omume nke ịwụfu champagne n'ime sink. O yikarịrị ka ịṅụ mmiri malitere na Sweden dị ka "mmetụta maka mmachibido iwu nke ịgbasa champagne n'ọtụtụ ụlọ mmanya" na onye na-atụ ọda karama abụọ nke champagne ma rịọ onye na-ere mmanya ka ọ wụpụ (ịṅụ) otu n'ime ha. Okwu ahụ bụ "sinking" bụ nsụgharị nke okwu Swedish, "vaskning," ewepụtara na "vask," nke pụtara "sink"..

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
N'afọ 2007 n'afọ 2010 n'otu n'otu, ụlọ mmanya dị n'obodo Båstad na Visby nke Sweden, ebe a ma ama maka ndị ntorobịa bara ọgaranya, machibidoro ịwụsa champagne. Mmachibido iwu ahụ na-ezo aka na ịwụsa champagne nke nwere ike imebi iwu a chọrọ na sava mmanya na-aba n'anya iji debe ezi usoro. Mmachibido iwu ahụ mere ka ụfọdụ ndị na-aṅụ champagne kama, ebe ndị ọzọ họọrọ ịzụta champagne dị oke ọnụ.

Dị ka Marie Söderqvist si kwuo, onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha United Minds*Ọnọdụ bụ ụzọ* na-eduga n'obi ụtọ), ọ bụghị naanị mkpesa megide mmachibido iwu nke ịwụsa champagne: "Onye na-enye mkpịsị aka maka mmachibido Iwu niile, ikpe ziri ezi zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-azọpụta mbara ala na nha nhata. "

## Mgbasa na nlebara anya mgbasa ozi
Mmiri abụrụla isiokwu nke *akwụkwọ* akụkọ mba dị ka Aftonbladet na *Dagens Nyheter*, mana ọ bụghị ihe doro anya etu mmiri si eme n'ezie. mana amabeghị ole imikpu na-eme n'ezie.  N'ime nnyocha e mere n'etiti ndị na-ere mmanya na Båstad, Stockholm, na Visby, otu n'ime ha kwuru na ha na-enweta "ihe dị ka otu nnukwu arịrịọ kwa abalị," ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na imi mmiri bụ akụkọ ifo..

Sinking abụwokwa isiokwu nke vidiyo egwu nke Kakan och Julia gosipụtara na ya Swedish Public Television.

A kọwo na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ahụ mere, dị ka mkpofu hamburger (ịzụta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke hamburgers n'ụlọ nri ngwa ngwa, na ịtụba ihe niile ma otu n'ime ahịhịa).

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ

* Nri a na-ahụ anya

## Edensibia
Ụlọ elu ngosi ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụsọ oké osimiri

**Ụlọ elu ngosi ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụsọ oké osimiri**, nke a makwaara dị ka **ụlọ elu ịdọ** akaebe màkà oké ifufe, bụ ụdị ụlọ ọrụ mgbaàmà n'ụdị ụlọ elu ọkpụkpụ e mèrè iji nye ịdọ áká na ntị banyéré ọnọdụ ikuku dị ize ndụ n'akụkụ osimiri.  E mepụtara ụlọ elu ahụ n'afọ 1898 na iwu nkè Ónyé isi ala William McKinley. Site na usoro ọkọlọtọ, ụlọ elu ahụ nwèrè íke igosi ọ bụghị naanị ịdọ áká ná ntị metụtara ifufe, kamakwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa nke amụma ihu igwe kwa ụbọchị.
áká_èkpè|thumb|100x100px|Ihe mgbaàmà ịdọ aka ná ntị
thumb|100x100px|Flag na-adọ aka ná ntị
E gosipụtara otu ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbárá ọbàrà site n'elu ụlọ elu ahụ dị ka obere ndụmọdụ ọrụ; màkà ịdọ aka ná ntị nke oké ifufe, e ji ọkọlọtọ abụọ dị otú ahụ mee ihe.  Flag abụọ square, red na square ojii n'etiti, na-egosi ajọ ifufe ma ọ bụ ifufe na-abịanụ >73 MPH. Otu ọkọlọtọ dị otú ahụ na-adọ aka ná ntị banyéré oké ifufe ma ọ bụ oké ifufe na-abịanụ.

Ìhè atọ, abụọ na-acha ọbárá ọbàrà na otu na-acha ọcha, na-ebu mgbaàmà n'abalị.  Red n'elu ọcha na-egosi obere ndụmọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ọchá n'elu ọbárá ọbàrà na-egosi ịdọ áká ná ntị nkè oké ifufe, red n'elu red na-egosi Ịdọ aka ná ná ntị nkè ajọ ifufe.  Ìhè atọ ahụ niile, na-acha ọbara ọbàrà na-acha uhie uhie, na-adọ aka ná ntị banyéré ajọ ifufe ma ọ bụ ihe omume ifufe ọzọ.

Enwèrè ike iji ọkọlọtọ ndị ọzọ mee ihe iji gosipụta ntụziaka nke ifufe n'oge oké ifufe ma ọ bụ ịdọ aka ná ntị nke oké ifufe, iji gosipụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụbọchị gara-aga, iji dọọ aka ná ntị banyéré ihu oyi na-abịanụ, na iji gosipụta amụma nkè mmiri ozuzo (ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma, mmiri ozuzo gbasasịrị agbasa, ma ọ bụ mmiri ozuzo zuru oke).

A na-ewére usoro ụlọ elu ahụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mkpa taa n'ihi mmụba nkè NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards, na ụlọ élú ole na ole mbụ na-adịgide. Otú ọ dị, usoro nke iji ọkọlọtọ egosi ịdọ áká ná ntị metụtara ifufe siri ike n'ógbè ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ka na-eji ndị US Coast Guard, na-eji ọkọlọtọ nkịtị dochie ányá ụlọ elu buru ibu, dị oke ọnụ, na nké dị mgbagwoju ányà. Ọ dịkarịa ala otu ụlọ elu CWD zuru oke, ya na ngwá ọrụ mbụ ya niile, ka na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke n'obodo Manteo, North Carolina.

## Ụlọ elu ndị fọdụrụnụ

* Manteo, North Carolina, nkè North Carolina Maritime Museum na-arụ ọrụ
* Portsmouth, New Hampshire
* Providence, Rhode Island
* New Haven, Connecticut
* Southport, North Carolina
* Hammond, Oregon
* Oswego, New York, na Fort Ontario State Historic Site
* Washington, North Carolina, nkè Obodo Washington na-arụ ọrụ

## Hụkwa

* Ihe na-egosi ihu igwe

## Njikọ mpụga

*  
* Ntinye nke National Weather Service
Network Automated nke Ụsọ Oké Osimiri

Coastal-Marine Automated **Network** (**C-MAN**) bụ netwọk na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe n'akụkụ osimiri United States.  N'ịbụ nke nwéré ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ iri isii arụnyere na ụlọ ọkụ, na caps na osimiri, n'àgwàetiti ndị dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na n'elu ikpo okwu ndị dị n'ụsara oké osimiri, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-edekọ nrụgide ikuku, ntụziaka ifufe, ọsọ na ụfụfụ, na okpomọkụ ikuku; Otú ọ dị, a haziri ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ C-MAN iji tụọ okpomọkụ elu oké osimiri, ọkwa mmiri, ebili mmiri, ezuzo, mmiri ozuzo, na ọhụụ.  

National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) nke National Weather Service (NWS) na-elekọta netwọk ahụ, nké bụ akụkụ nkè National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a na-etinyekwa data n'ime ụdị kọmputa amụma ihu igwe.  E kèrè ya na mmalite afọ 1980 iji nọgide na-ahụ ihe ndị mmemme ndị ọzọ ga-akwụsị.  A na-ahazi data ma na-ebufe ya n'ụzọ yiri nke usoro buoy a kwụsịrị.

N'afọ 2002, agbakwunyere C-MAN nà NOAA Observing System Architecture (NOSA).

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ebe ndị a na-ahụ anya na eriri
* Ntụle Mbupu

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ National Data Buoy Center C-MAN
* C-MAN na NOSA
Coefficient nke alụlụ

**Coefficient nke alụlụ** (nkè a makwaara dị ka **onyinyo anwụrụ ọkụ**) bụ ihe atụ nké mgbochi ányá na ikuku.

Otu ụzọ iji tụọ nke a bụ ịdọrọ ihe dị ka otu puku cubic feet nkè sampul ikuku site na nzacha ikuku ma nweta ike radiation site na nzachaa. A na-agbakọzi coefficient ahụ dabere na usoro absorbance

: COH = -100 \log_{10} \left ( \frac{I_1}{I_0} \right )

ébé radiation (400 nm ìhè) ike a na-ebute site na nzacha a na-anwale, ọ bụkwa íke radiation a na-eziga site ná nzachaa dị ọcha (nchịkwa).I_1I_0

## Edensibia




## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*  
*
Bọl ndị dị n'oké osimiri

thumb|Bọl mmiri n'ụsọ osimiri ájá
**Bọl ndị dị n'oké osimiri** (nke a makwaara dị ka **Aegagropila** ma ọ bụ **Pillae marinae**) bụ bọl ndị e ji ihe ndị dị n n'oké mmiri mee, nke edere site n'ikpere mmiri. Ha dịgasị iche iche n'ibu mana ha na-eru 7 sentimita (2.8 in) n'ibu. Na Edgartown, Massachusetts, achọtala bọl oké osimiri dị ogologo nke dị  dị ka sentimita 45 (18 in) n'obosara. [citation needed] A kọọrọ ndị ọzọ na Dingle Bay na Ireland  Valencia, Spain. Ha nwere ike ime na narị otu narị ma mejupụtara ihe ọkụkụ, n'ọtụtụ n'ime ahịrị ahịhịa rhizome nke mmegharị mmiri dọpụrụ.

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, egosila na ha nwere ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu mmiri plastik na ọbụna microplastics.

## Ihe ngosi

## Edensibia
Community Earth System Model

The Community Earth System Model (**CESM**) bụ **ihe** ngosi ọnụọgụ zuru oke nke usoro ụwa nke nwéré ikuku, oké osimiri, ice, ala, okirikiri carbon, na ihe ndị ọzọ. CESM na-agụnye ihe nlereanya ihu igwe na-enye ihe ngosi nkè ógè gara-aga, ugbu a, na ọdịnihu nke ụwa. Ọ bụ ónyé nọchiri Community Climate System Model (CCSM), ọkachasị mbipute 4 (CCSMv4), nke nyéré akụkụ ikuku mbụ màkà CESM. E mepụtara ikike ịkọ ọdịnihu siri ike, CESM-LE (CESM-Large Ensemble), na mbido iji chịkwaa njehie na ajọ mbunobi gafee ụdị dị íchè íchè (mmepụta). A na-emepụta simulations site n'elu ụwa site na thermosphere site na iji Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). A tọhapụrụ CESM1 n'afọ 2010 na mmepe mbụ site na Climate and Global Dynamics Division (CGD) nke National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), na nnukwu ego site na National Science Foundation (NSF) na Ngalaba Energy (DoE).

## Hụkwa

* Ihe Nlereanya maka Amụma n'Oké Scale (MPAS)

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi CESM
* CESM/CCSM Nchịkọta pụrụ iche nke Journal of Climate
Composite reflectivity

thumb|# 1 mpaghara na-acha fuchsia, nke a na-ahụ anya na onyinyo ahụ, na-efu na ntụgharị ntụgharị # 2 na # 3, na-egosi mmiri ozuzo ka ukwuu nke na-akwado elu ike.<br /><br /><br /><br />
**Composite reflectivity** bụ **ihe** mgbagwoju ike dBZ kachasị site na akụkụ ọ bụla nke radar ihu igwe NEXRAD. Ntụgharị na akụkụ PPI ọ bụla na-egosi ike mmiri ozuzo na akụkụ ahụ kpọmkwem n'elu horizon. Ụfọdụ n'ime akụkụ ndị a bụ .5, 1.45, 2.4, na 3.35 degrees na Doppler radar nwere ihe rúrú akụkụ iri na anọ mgbè ọ nọ na Severe Mode. Na Composite, a ga-egosipụta ike kachasị elu n'etiti ndị dị na akụkụ dị íchè íchè n'elu ébé ọ bụla nke onyinyo ahụ. Na netwọk radar ihu igwe nke Canada, a na-akpọ nke a **MAXR**, màkà Maximum reflectivity na kọlụm ahụ.

Màkà radar WSR-88D, nkè National Weather Service na-eji, ngwaahịa radar nke na-egosipụta ihe na-egbuke egbuke na-achịkọta data site na akụkụ niile dị elu nke ihe a nyèrè iji gosipụta nkezi nke ihe ahụ. Ngwongwo radar kacha elu na-egosipụta ihe na-ejikọta data site na akụkụ niile dị elu nke **ihe** a nyèrè iji gosipụta ihe kacha elu nke ihe ahụ.

## Ojiji
Mgbè e jiri ya tụnyere ntụgharị ntụgharị ntụziaka, ntụgharị ntụrụndụ kachasị ala nke ịdị elu, ntụgharị ihe mejupụtara, gụnyere ozi nyocha elu dị elu, nwere ike iyi ka ọ na-egosi mmiri ozuzo zuru ébé niile. Nke a nwèrè ike igosi otu n'ime ihe abụọ:

* Virga: mmiri ozuzo (mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ snow) nwèrè ike ọ gaghị eru n'ala kama ọ na-apụ n'anya ka ọ na-ada site na elu na ikuku. Nke a bụ ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị n'oge oyi dịka snowflakes nwere ike ịdị n'ụzọ dị mfe na ikuku kpọrọ nkụ n'akụkụ ala.
* Nnukwu elu: ikuku na-ebili n'oké mmiri ozuzo ga-ejupụta na ọkwa dị elu karịa igwe ojii ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mpaghara dị elu. Ọ bụrụ na e nwèrè ike ịrị elu nke ukwuu, mpaghara na-adịghị ike (BWER) ga-emepụta ma na-eduga na ohere nke ihu igwe siri ike.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Oklahoma Climatological Survey Training Materials - Composite Reflectivity

## Edensibia
Ihe mkpofu akpa

Awụba n'akpa bụ ihe, gụnyere ndetu ndị e dekọrọ n'iberibe akwụkwọ, na-agbakọba n'akpa mmadụ.  Ọ nwere ike ịgụnye kaadị njirimara, tiketi ụgbọ njem, foto nkeonwe, faịlụ kọmputa na ihe ndị yiri ya.

Ndị na-enyocha ndị na-emegide iyi ọha egwu na-akọ na nyocha nke ihe mkpofu akpa nwere ike ịbụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịkwado ma ọ bụ ịgbagha akụkọ ndị a na-enyo enyo banyere onwe ha.

E ji okwu ahụ mee ihe na mbido afọ 1973, site n'aka onye na-agba izu Watergate bụ E. Howard Hunt.

The Combatting Terrorism Center mere emume ncheta mbụ nke ogbugbu Osama bin Laden site na ịtọhapụ akwụkwọ ndị e weghaara n'ụlọ Osama bin bin Laden bụ Abbottabad.
Associated Press kọrọ na a zụrụ SEAL Team 6 a zụrụ ya nke ọma ịchọ akwụkwọ na akpa akpa "nke nwere ike ibute ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ndị ọzọ."

Na Operation Mincemeat nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a kụrụ ihe mkpofu akpa ụgha (foto nke enyi nwanyị a na-eche na ọ bụ, akwụkwọ mpịakọta adịgboroja, na ihe ndị ọzọ) n'ozu iji ghọgbuo ndị Germany ikwere na ọ bụ n'ezie nke otu "Major William Martin" nke Royal Marines (onye na-adịghị adị n'ezie), ya mere na akwụkwọ nzuzo ụgha nke "Martin" buuru bụ eziokwu.

## Edensibia
Colorado ala

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ụzọ a na-ahụkarị na Colorado dị ala
**Colorado ala** bụ ebe nrụgide dị ala nke na-emepụta na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Colorado ma ọ bụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ New Mexico, nke a na-ahụkarị n'oge oyi. Mgbè e guzobere ya, usoro ahụ na-agafe Great Plains. Colorado Low nwèrè ike ịmepụta nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, ma nwee ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ, na-emetụta mpaghara dị anya n'ébé ndị dị anya n"ébé ugwu dị ka Winnipeg na n'akụkụ ọwụwa a dị ányá n-eru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Atlantic. Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ dị n'elu dị mma, mmiri jet nwere ike ịkwaga ala n'ébé ndịda, na-eweta mmiri ozuzo na-ezo ruo Texas. Mgbè a na-akwagharị ya n'ébé ndịda, a na-akpọkarị usoro ahụ "acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ébé ugwu". [ntụgharị dị mkpa] N'okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ, ala Colorado nwèrè ike ịdị ka Alberta clipper. N'oge oyi, Colorado lows na-akpata ọtụtụ snow nke Midwest na-enweta; Otú ọ dị, usoro ógè okpomọkụ nwere ike ịkpata usoro convective na-adịte aka, gụnyere ihu igwe siri ike. Ógè opupu ihe ubi na mmalite ógè okpomọkụ Colorado low cyclogenesis nwèrè ike ịkpata nnukwu ajọ ifufe na Great Plains na Midwest.

## Hụkwa

* Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone (DCVZ)
* Ebe dị ala nke Gulf
* Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
* Nku Panhandle

## Edensibia
Ogige Ahụ Ike

alt=AIRPLANE|thumb|Ụgbọelu e ji ihe mkpofu mee
**Ogige** Sanitary ma ọ bụ ***Kala Sagar*** (n'ụzọ nkịtị. 'oké osimiri nke nka') bụ ihe ngosi nka na Chandigarh, India nke nwere ihe ọkpụkpụ e ji ụlọ mposi na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ọcha mee.

Ogige ahụ bụ ebe ngosi nka gọọmentị pụrụ iche ebe a na-egosipụta nchịkọta nka kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke sitere na ihe ndị mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ tụfuru. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe bụ Vijay Pal Goel, onye guzobere ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 1998. Ogige ahụ dị na mpaghara 36-D, Chandigarh UT, India.

Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ọrụ a bụ ime ka ọha mmadụ mara maka iji ihe mkpofu eme ihe maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi yana iguzobe ebe nlegharị anya maka ndị nwere nkwarụ dịka ndị isi mgbaka, ndị na-ahụ anya na ndị nwere nkwarụ.

Gọvanọ nke Punjab kwanyeere onye na-ese ihe ùgwù na prestigious State Award na Indian Independence Day n'afọ 1998 maka enyemaka ya na ngalaba nka.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Ogbako Asilomar Mba ụwa na ntinye onu na teknụzụ Ihu igwe

**Ogbako Asilomar  Mba ụwa na ntinye onu na teknụzụ  Ihu igwe** bụ nzukọ nke Margaret Leinen nke Climate Response Fund mepụtara ma bụrụ nke Michael MacCracken nke Climate Institute duziri. Nzukọ ahụ mere na Machị 2010 ma bipụta aro ndị ahụ na Nọvemba n'afọ 2010. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịchọpụta ma belata ihe ize ndụ metụtara injinia ihu igwe (geoinjinia, ma ọ bụ ntinye aka ihu igwe), ma dabere n'afọ 1975 Asilomar Conference na Recombinant DNA nke tụlere ihe ndị nwere ike imebi ihe na nhazi nke biotechnology. Otu ìgwè nke ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia 150 gbakọtara na ndị ọka iwu, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị ọrụ enyemaka ọdachi na nzukọ ihu ọha iji zere ebubo nke nkata aghụghọ n'oge mkparịta ụka a. Nzukọ Asilomar a lekwasịrị anya naanị na mmepe nke ntuziaka mbelata ihe ize ndụ maka nnwale itinye aka na ihu igwe.

## Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Nzukọ ahụ

* Chọpụta ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ịpụta na nnwale itinye aka na ihu igwe
* Tinye aro usoro iji nyochaa atụmatụ nnwale maka ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ime [nkọwa dị mkpa] ma tụọ aro nlezianya iji hụ na ha nwere nchekwa.
* Na-atụ aro ụkpụrụ afọ ofufo maka nyocha nke itinye aka na ihu igwe maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mba ụwa

## Ntuziaka

* Isi ihe kpatara ịchụso nyocha injinia ihu igwe bụ ịkwalite ọdịmma ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi.
* A na-eme atụmatụ ma na-ahazi nyocha injinia ihu igwe na mba ụwa.
* Nlekọta gọọmentị kwesịrị ekwesị, itinye aka ọha na eze, na ime mkpebi na-ewere ọnọdụ n'oge a na-atụle ma na-eme ihe omume ndị a haziri ahazi.
* Ikpughe ihe na mgbanwe nke atụmatụ nyocha, data, na nchọpụta na-ebelata mkpa maka nnwale na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka mmụta sitere na nnwale ndị a na-eme; na
* A na-eme nyocha na nyocha nke onwe ya mgbe niile maka oke nghọta na ejighị n'aka iji nye ozi kachasị mma na obi ike maka ọha na eze na ndị na-eme iwu 

## Kọmitii Na-eduzi

* Michael C. MacCracken (oche), Climate Institute, USA
* Scott Barren, Mahadum Columbia, USA
* Roger Barry, World Data Center for Glaciology na Mahadum Colorado, USA
* Paul Crutzen (onye nnọchi anya), Max Planck Institute, Germany, na Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA
* Steven Hamburg, Chief Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund, USA
* Richard Lampitt, National Oceanography Centre na Mahadum Southampton, UK
* Diana Liverman, Mahadum Arizona, US, na Mahadum Oxford, UK
* Thomas Lovejoy, H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, USA
* Gordon McBean, Mahadum nke Western Ontario, Canada
* John Shepherd, National Oceanography Centre, Mahadum Southampton, na Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, UK
* Stephen Seidel, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, USA
* Richard Somerville, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Mahadum California, San Diego, USA
* Tom M. L. Wigley, Mahadum Adelaide, Australia 

## Edensib''ịa''

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies, 2010, Climate Response Fund
* Ntuziaka Nzukọ Asilomar na Ụkpụrụ maka Nnyocha n'ime Usoro Injinia ihu igwe. Akụkọ Nzukọ
Osimiri bụ isi

**Osimiri ndị bụ isi** (Welsh) bụ ụdị mmiri iwu kwadoro na England na Wales, na-abụkarị iyi na osimiri buru ibu, kamakwa ụfọdụ obere mmiri. A na-ahọpụta isi osimiri site na akara dị ka nke a na maapụ isi osimiri, ma nwee ike ịgụnye nhazi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ngwa maka ịchịkwa ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa mmiri na-asọba na, banye ma ọ bụ na-esi na isi osimiri.  A na-ekpebi ụzọ mmiri ọ bụla mepere emepe na England na Wales site n'ụkpụrụ dị ka 'ụzọ mmiri nkịtị'.

## England
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na-arụ ọrụ mmezi, mmezi ma ọ bụ iwu ihe n'osimiri ndị bụ isi iji jikwaa ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na ike ya dị ka akọwapụtara site na Iwu Nchịkwa Mmiri na Mmiri nke afọ 2010. Ike nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi iji rụọ ọrụ nchebe idei mmiri na-emetụta osimiri ndị bụ isi na oké osimiri naanị; ha anaghị emetụta mmiri ndị nkịtị. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi anaghị elekọta ma ọ bụ wuo ọrụ ọhụrụ n'osimiri ma ọ bụ n'oké osimiri ma o yighị ka ọ ga-echekwa mmiri iji melite ntụsara ahụ ma ọ bụ kwụsị mbuze nke na-adịghị eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri dịkwuo elu. Ndị isi osimiri dị na England bụ ndị Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi họpụtara; Defra iwu nduzi, nke e nyere n'okpuru ngalaba 193E nke Iwu Ihe Ndị Dị n'Oké Mmiri nke afọ 1991, na-adụ ọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na Na-ahụ maka Gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ịhazi mmiri dị ka nnukwu osimiri ma ọ bụrụ na o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-enwe mmetụta idei mmiri maka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe, ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ ga-enye aka na nnukwu idei mmiri gafee mmiri ahụ.

## Wales
Akụrụngwa eke reke Wales na-ekpebi osimiri ndị a na-ahazi dị ka osimiri ndị bụ isi, ma na-arụ ọrụ iji jikwaa ihe ize ndụ nke idei mmiri na isi osimiri.

## Map
Map ndị isi osimiri maka England na Wales dị maka ọha na eze maka ikiri.

## Edensibia
Ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala

[thumb|392x392px|Ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri n'ime Cross Cave na [Slovenia, otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri 22 dị otú ahụ]]
**Ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala** ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri dị n"okpuru ala bụ ọdọ mmiri n'okpuru elu ụwa. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala n'ebe ndị dị na Karst, ebe e kpochapuru nkume limestone ma ọ bụ nkume ndị ọzọ na-agbaze mmiri, na-ahapụ n'ọgba ebe mmiri nwere ike ịgbakọta. 

Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe hydrogeological.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, mmiri dị n'ime ala na-agbakọta n'ụdị dị ka aquifers ma ọ bụ isi iyi.

Ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'okpuru ala n'ụwa dị na Dragon's Breath Cave na Namibia, nke nwere mpaghara nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ hekta 2 (5 acres); nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu bụ The Lost Sea, nke dị n'ime Craighead Caverns na Tennessee, United States, nke nwere ebe 1.8 hekta (4.4 acres) 

## Njirimara
Ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala bụ mmiri ọ bụla nke yiri oke ọdọ nke dị n'ime ala ma ọ bụ kpamkpam;  Otú ọ dị, nkọwa sayensị ziri ezi nke ihe a pụrụ iwere dị ka "ọdọ mmiri" amalitebeghị nke ọma. Enwere ike ịkewa ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala dị ka ma ọ bụ "ọdọ mmiri", dabere na njirimara nke nha, dị ka ebe a na-ekpughe na / ma ọ bụ omimi. 

Enwere ike ịkọwa ụkọ ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala na-eme n'ụzọ mmiri si akpa àgwà n'okpuru ụwa. N'okpuru elu ụwa, nrụgide na-apụta na mmiri na-abawanye, na-eme ka ọ banye n'ime ala. A na-akpọ ókèala nke nwere nrụgide zuru oke n'okpuru ala iji mee ka ala jupụta na mmiri kpamkpam. A na-akpọ mpaghara dị n'elu tebụl mmiri ahụ mpaghara a na-ejighị n'aka, ebe a na-akpọ ebe dị n'okpuru ya mpaghara a na'okpuru ya. Na mpaghara juru eju, nrụgide bụ ike bụ isi na-ebufe mmiri.  Ọdọ mmiri na-etolite n'ụzọ bụ isi n'okpuru ike ike ndọda - a na-akwatu mmiri ruo ebe kachasị ala na mpaghara, na-agbakọta n'ime ọdọ mmiri.  Mmiri ọ bụla dị n'okpuru mmiri mmiri ga-enwe nrụgide, ya mere ọ naghị etolite ọdọ mmiri;  kama, ọ na-etolite aquifer.

Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala na-emekarị nwere ike ịmalite na mpaghara Karst, ebe ihu igwe nke nkume na-agbaze na-ahapụ n'ọgba na oghere ndị ọzọ n'ụwa.. Mmiri dị n'elu nwere ike ịchọta ụzọ ya n'okpuru ala site na oghere ndị a ma gbakọta n'ime ọgba ndị buru ibu iji mepụta ọdọ mmiri.

Enwere ike ịmepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala site na usoro mmadụ, dị ka iju mmiri nke ogbunigwe. Ihe atụ abụọ nke ndị a bụ ọdọ mmiri ndị a hụrụ na ebe a na-egwupụta slate na Blaenau Ffestiniog, dị ka ebe a na'ebe a na-egwu egwu Croesor, na ọdọ mmiri dị na Hallein Salt Mine na Austria.

## Ihe ọmụmaatụ

* Ọgba Craighead, na Tennessee, United States
* Ọgba Mmiri Dragọn, na Namibia
* Kow Ata, na Turkmenistan
* Olulu mmiri Moqua, na Nauru
* Ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala nke Saint-Léonard, na Switzerland
* Cross Cave, na Slovenia

## Ihe ngosi
 

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ
 

* Subglacial lake – Lake under a glacier
* Subterranean river – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface
* Subterranean waterfall – Waterfall located underground

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Media related to Underground lakes at Wikimedia Commons
Ubi mmiri

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ubi mmiri dị nso na Hohenau an der March
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Otu ala ahịhịa ahụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi
Ubi mmiri (ma ọ bụ **ala mmiri**) bụ mpaghara ahịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri, nke na-emetụta idei mmiri oge. Iju mmiri-ala ahịhịa dị iche na mmiri-ala ahịhịa n'ihi na a na-emepụta nke ikpeazụ ma na-edozi ya, na-achịkwa idei mmiri.

## Ihe Nlereanya
[thumb|Ubi mmiri Kasari na mbido oge opupu ihe ubi. Ogige Ntụrụndụ Matsalu, [Estoniya|Estonia]]
Austria:

* Hohenau an der March

Bosnia na Herzegovina:

* Ndepụta nke karst polje na Bosnia na Herzegovina

Estonia:

* Ubi mmiri Emajõe
* Kasari, Ogige Ntụrụndụ Matsalu

Finland:

* Mattholmsfladan, Pargas
* Levänluhta, Isokyrö

Ireland:

* Shannon Callows

United Kingdom:

* Angel &amp;amp; Greyhound Meadow, Oxford
* Christchurch Meadows, Ịgụ
* Christ Church Meadow, Oxford
* Mill Meadows, Henley-on-Thames
* Port Meadow, Oxford
* Mottey Meadows, Staffordshire
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Riverside, St Neots, Cambridgeshire

## Edensibia

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ
 

* Ala Dị larịị n'ụsọ oké osimiri
* Ubi
* Ala ahịhịa na ala ahịhịhịa jupụtara na mmiri
* Ala Dị larịị
* Ala ahịhịa
* Ógbè ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri
* Ubi ahịhịa mmiri
* Ala Mmiri Na-eju Mmiri
* Berm
Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Colombia)

The Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Spanish: Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales), nke a makwaara site na aha ya na Spanish, IDEAM, bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia. Ọ na-ahụ maka imepụta na ijikwa ozi sayensị na teknụzụ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke Colombia, na ihe ndị dị na ya. IDEAM na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Colombian nke meteorology ma na-amụ banyere ihu igwe nke Colombia. Onye isi nchịkwa, onye injinia ọhịa Yolanda González Hernandez na-eduzi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ugbu a. González Hernández bụ ọkachamara na Geographic Information Systems nwere Masters na Meteorology Sciences si National University of Colombia, ma bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na-edu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ..

## Okike
Emepụtara ya na Disemba 22, 1993, mgbe Congress gafere Iwu 99 nke 1993, nọchiri ụlọ ọrụ Colombian Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, na Land Management (Instituto Colombiano de Hidrología, Meteorología y Adecuación de Tierras - HIMAT). ọ malitekwara ịrụ ọrụ na Machị 1, 1995.

## Ọrụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|IDEAM Pluviometer, nke dị na ogige ntụrụndụ Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.
IDEAM na-ahụ maka ịchịkọta na ijikwa ozi pụrụiche gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche achọtara na Colombia;  ọ na-eguzobekwa teknuzu paramita iji kwalite ojiji nke ala na nhazi zuru oke atụmatụ

A na-ebo ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebubo inweta, nyochaa, nhazi na ikesa ozi gbasara hydrology, hydrogeology, meteorology, na ọdịdị ala nke akụkụ biophysical, geomorphological, na ahịhịa na ala iji melite ojiji na nlekọta nke ihe onwunwe biophysial ma ọ bụ mba ahụ.

IDEAM na-ejikwa ọrụ na ọnọdụ nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mmiri n'ime mba ahụ, iji chịkọta ozi, amụma, ịdọ aka ná ntị na ndụmọdụ gbasara omume ihu igwe nye ndị mmadụ. Ọ na-ahụ maka ileba anya akụrụngwa biophysical nke mba ahụ n'ihe metụtara mmetọ na mmebi ha, nke dị oke mkpa maka mkpebi ndị ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi mere.  Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ nke Institute of Meteorology maka ọmụmụ banyere ihu igwe.

## Edensibia
Coral Reefs

Coral Reefs bụ akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha kwa nkeji iri na ise nke a raara nye ọmụmụ nke ***coral reefs***. E guzobere ya n'afọ 1982 ma Springer Science + Business Media bipụtara ya n'aha International Society for Reef Studies, nke ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gọọmentị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka International Coral Reef Society. Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ bụ Morgan Pratchett (Mahadum James Cook). Ha ebipụtala ọtụtụ isiokwu miri emi na-ekpuchi isiokwu coral reef dị ka nchekwa nke azụ coral reif na ụzọ dị iche iche nke na-ejide mgbagwoju anya nke coral refs mgbe ha na-enyocha ihe ndị na-emepụta okpokoro. Dị ka Journal Citation Reports si kwuo, *akwụkwọ* akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta nke afọ 2017 nke 3.095. Dị ka Springer si kwuo, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta mmetụta nke afọ 2020 nke 3.902, mmetụta mmetụta nke 3.880, na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2021 nwere nbudata narị anọ na iri ise na anọ, narị asaa na iri anọ .

Mpịakọta iri anọ na otu, mbipụta nke abuo, Eprel 2022 nwere isiokwu 20 na-ekpuchi isiokwu dịgasị iche iche ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịnweta na-enweghị akaụntụ mgbe ha ka nwere ọtụtụ ozi zuru ezu. Mbipụta a na-ekpuchi isiokwu gụnyere ọmụmụ nke coral na Oké Osimiri Uhie na ọnụ ụzọ okpomọkụ ya nke enwere ike nyochaa iji tụọ anya nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Isiokwu ọzọ n'ime mbipụta a gụnyere nyocha nke coral reefs dị mgbagwoju anya na otu nke a si emetụta kpakpando mmiri corallivorous na Maldives. Okwu a nwere ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị ọzọ niile na-egosi ọkwa omimi na nghọta nke isiokwu ndị a na-atụle.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* International Coral Reef Society
Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi

**Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi** na-ezo aka n'ọrụ ndị na-etinye usoro nnwale na ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi yana usoro ndị dị n'okpuru. Ebumnuche ozugbo nke nyocha a bụ ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha.

## Edensibia
Ecotropism

**Ecotropism ma ọ bụ ecotropic (site na eco - hearth na tropics - ịtụgharị uche) na-ezo aka na nkà ihe ọmụma na maka ọdịbendị mmadụ ka ọ dị mma, ọ ga-adịrịrị dị ka niche gburugburu ebe obibi ma si otú a na-ejikọta ya na mpaghara niile nke ike nke okike, organic na  inorganic**. A na-eji ụdị okwu a eme ihe kemgbe afọ 1990 na mbipụta nke "Toward an Ecotropic Poetry", nke John Campion na John Herndon.

Ecotropism nwekwara ike igosi na pathogen, dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria, nwere ebe dị warara ma nwee ike ibute otu ma ọ bụ obere ìgwè nke ụdị ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ.

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ

* Tropism, ndepụta nke tropisms
* Amphotropism, na-egosi ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa
* (http://worldatuningfork.com/ecotropic-works/), njikọ na edemede ecotropic mbụ na echiche ecotropic

## Edensibia
Microbial Ecology nke Mmiri

Aquatic Microbial Ecology bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na-enyocha kwa ọnwa nke ndị ọgbọ na-ekpuchi akụkụ niile nke mgbanwe microbial mmiri, ọkachasị nje, prokaryotes na eukaryotes n'ime mmiri, limnetic, na ebe obibi brackish. P. Bougis na F. Rassoulzadegan guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka Marine Microbial Food Webs n'afọ 1985, wee nweta aha ya ugbu a n'afọ 1995. Ọ bụ Inter Research na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ugbu a.

## Nchịkọta na ndepụta
A na-edepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma wepụ ya na:
 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Dalton dị Obere

thumb|Dalton kacha nta na akụkọ ihe mere eme 400 nke ọnụọgụ sunspot
Dalton Minimum bụ ógè nkè ọnụ ọgụgụ nké gbadara àlà ébé anyanwụ, na-anọchite anya ọrụ dị ala nke anwụ, nke akpọrọ aha ónyé England na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe John **Dalton**, nke na-adị site n'afo 1790 ruo afọ 1830 ma ọ bụ afọ 1796 ruo 1820, nke kwekọrọ na ógè okirikiri anyanwụ 4 ruo okirikiri nke anyanwụ 7.
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị Dalton Minimum tụnyere Maunder Minimum, ọnụ ọgụgụ sunspot ya dịtụ elu ma kọọrọ sunspots na-ekesa na hemispheres anyanwụ abụọ n'adịghị ka Maunder Minimal. A na-egosipụta ihe ndị na-acha uhie uhie na Ezra Ames na José Joaquin de Ferrerz na ihe osise eclipse n'afọ 1806 ma gosipụta ọdịdị nke magnetik ya ọ bụghị nke Maunder Minimum kama na nke okirikiri anyanwụ nke ógé a.

## Okpomọkụ
Dị ka Maunder Minimum na Spörer Minimum, Dalton Minimum dakọtara na ógé okpomọkụ ụwa dị ala karịa nkezi. N'oge ahụ, enwèrè mgbanwe nké okpomọkụ nkè ihe dịka otu Celsius na Germany.

A ghọtachaghị ihe kpatara okpomọkụ dị ala karịa nkezi na njikọ ha nwèrè ike inwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke anyanwụ. Akwụkwọ ndị na-adịbeghị ányá atụwo aro na ịrị elu nkè mgbawa ugwu bụ ihe kpatara usoro oyi.

Ọ bụ ezie na Afọ Na-enweghị Oge Ọchịchị, n'afọ 1816, mèrè n'oge Dalton Minimum, isi ihe kpatara okpomọkụ dị jụụ nke afọ ahụ bụ mgbawa ugwu nke ukwuu n'afọ gara aga nke Ugwu Tambora na Indonesia, nke bụ otu n'ime mgbawa abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ime afọ 2000 gara-aga. Otu ónyé ga-echekwa na ịrị elu nke mgbawa ugwu nwèrè ike ịbụ site na ọkwa dị ala nke mmepụta anyanwụ n'ihi na enwèrè njikọ na-adịghị ike ma dị ịrịba ama n'etiti mbelata nke mmepụta nke anyanwụ na mmụba nke mgbawa ọkụ.

## Hụkwa

* Okirikiri anyanwụ

## Ihe edeturu

## Edensibia

* Hayakawa, Hisashi et al. (2020a) "Thaddäus Derfflinger's Sunspot Observations during 1802X1824: A Primary Reference to Understand the Dalton Minimum", na The Astrophysical Journal, 890, 98.
* Hayakawa, Hisashi et al. (2020b) ""The Solar Corona n'oge Total Eclipse na 1806 June 16: Ihe akaebe nke Coronal Structure n'oge Dalton Minimum", na The Astrophysical Journal, 900, 114.
* Komitov, Boris na Vladimir Kaftan (2004) "The Sunspot Activity in the Last Two Millennias on the Basis of Indirect and Instrumental Indexes: Time Series Models and Their Extrapolations for the 21st Century", na Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, 2004, pp. 113化114.
* Wagner, Sebastian and Eduardo Zorita (2005) "Mmetụta nke *mgbawa* ugwu, anyanwụ na CO2 na-amanye okpomọkụ na Dalton Minimum (17901830): a model study", Climate Dynamics v. 25, pp. 205218, doi 10.1007/s00382-005-0029-0.
* Wilson, Robert M. (nd) "Volcanism, Cold Temperature, and Paucity of Sunspot Observing Days (18181858): Njikọ?", The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System, nwetara na Febụwarị 2009.
Decoupling (meteorology)

Na amụma ihu igwe, decoupling bụ decoupling nké okpokoro ikuku n'elu ala n'abalị.  N'ehihie mgbè anyanwụ na-enwu gbaa ma na-ekpo ọkụ n'ala, ikuku dị n'elu ụwa na-ekwo ọkụ ma na-ebili.  Ikuku a na-arị elu na-agwakọta ikuku dị nso n'ụwa.   N'abalị, usoro a na-akwụsị ma ikuku dị nso n'elu na-ajụ oyi ka ala na-efunahụ okpomọkụ site nà radiating na infrared.  Ọ bụrụ na ifufe dị mfe, ikuku dị nso n'elu ala nwèrè ike ịghọ oyi karịa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikuku dị n'elu ya, karịa ma ọ bụrụ na ngwakọta nkè ikuku na-eme.
Usoro Satellite Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe

The Defense Weather Satellite System (**DWSS**) bụ **usoro satellite** ihu igwe nke Ngalaba Nchebe nke United States nke Northrop Grumman Corporation wuru màkà ịmalite n'afọ 2018.
Nonwa Jenụwarị  afọ 2012, US Air Force kagburu mmemme ahụ. E ji usoro ihu igwe na-esote Microwave (WSF-M) dochie ya.

DWSS bụ ihe na-esote màkà ọrụ Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). DWSS, tinyere ọrụ Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) ka na-aga n'ihu, ga-anọchi ọrụ National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite Systems (NPOESS) nke a kagburu n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2010.

## Edensibia