open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
National Forestry and Grassland Administration

**National Forestry and Grassland Administration** (Chinese: 国家林业和草原局) bụ nchịkwa nke Republic of China, na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara oke ọhịa. E hiwere ya na 1949 ka Ministry of Forestry and Farming. Na Nọvemba 5, 1951, ọ gbanwere ịbụ Ministry of Forestry, ma nyefee ngalaba ọrụ ugbo na Ministry of Agriculture. Na Machị 10, 1998, a kpọgharịrị aha ya State Forestry Administration. Na 10 Eprel 2018, na-eso mgbanwe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mba sara mbara, agbanwere aha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nchịkwa oke ọhịa na Grassland steeti. Ọchịchị ahụ nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke Ministry of Natural Resources

## Ndepụta nke ndị nduzi (ndị minista)

* Liang Xi (Ọktoba 19, 1949 - Jun 4, 1956)
* Liu Wenhui (April 28, 1959 - October 6, 1967)
* Wang Yun (Ọktoba 6, 1967 - ?) (onye nduzi nke kọmitii nchịkwa ndị agha nke Ministry of Forestry)
* Luo Yuchuan (Feb. 16, 1979 - Ọg. 30, 1980)
* Yong Wentao (Ọgọst 30, 1980 - Apr 9, 1982)
* Yang Zhong (April 9, 1982 - June 23, 1987)
* Gao Dezhan (Jun. 23, 1987 - March 29, 1993)
* Xu Youfang (Mach 29, 1993 - August 29, 1997)
* Chen Yaobang (Ọgọst 29, 1997 - Apr 5, 1998)
* Wang Zhibao (April 5, 1998 - Dec. 2, 2000)
* Zhou Shengxian (Dec. 2, 2000 - Dec. 2, 2005)
* Jia Zhibang (Dec. 2, 2005 - March 30, 2012)
* Zhao Shucong (March 30, 2012 - July 16, 2015)
* Zhang Jianlong (July 16, 2015 - June 8, 2020)
* Guan Zhiou (June 8, 2020 -)

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke State Forestry and Grassland Administration
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (Colombia)

Ministry of Environment

Ministerio de Ambiente

Agency overview

Formed	22 December 1993

Preceding agency	

National Institute of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment (INDERENA)

Dissolved	27 December 2002

Superseding agency	

Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development

Type	Environment

Jurisdiction	Central government of Colombia

Headquarters	Bogotá, D.C.

Key document	

Ley 99 de 1993

Ministri nke Gọọmentị Colombia bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị Colombia nke a na-ahụkarị iji chọpụta ma dozie ụkpụrụ na ntuziaka maka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, nyochaa ma tinye n'ọrụ iwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka akụkụ nke mgbanwe dị ukwuu na 2002, e nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ụlọ na njikwa ala, na-aghọ Ministri nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ụlọ na Mmepe Ala.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2010, Onye isi ala Juan Manuel Santos kwuru banyere mkpa ọ dị ịkewapụ Ministri ahụ ọzọ iji weta nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado ọzọ dịka mkpa nke mba ahụ na mkpa ya dị na gọọmentị.

## Ndị Minista

## Hụkwa

* Sandra Bessudo ọdụm

## Ihe odide
Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development (Colombia)

Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development

Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial

Ministry overview

Formed	27 December 2002

Preceding Ministry	

Ministry of Environment

Dissolved	4 May 2011

Superseding agency	

Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development

Ministry of Housing, City and Territory

Headquarters	Calle 37 № 8-40

Bogotá, Colombia

Annual budget	COP$1,598,185,978,560 (2009)

COP$1,712,536,013,992 (2010)

COP$1,674,654,635,425 (2011)

Child agencies	

IAVH

IDEAM

IIAP

INVEMAR

INDEREMA

National Natural Parks

SINCHI

CRA

Website	www.minambiente.gov.co

Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development (Spanish: **Ministerio** de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke gọọmentị Colombia nke na-ahụ maka ikpebi na ịhazi ụkpụrụ na ntuziaka maka ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi, imeziwanye na nnweta nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ, yana nlekọta ụlọ, mmepe ala, na ịdị ọcha.

## Ndị Minista

## Ihe odide
Lisa Alexander (onye sayensị ụwa)

**Lisa Victoria Alexander bụ ọkachamara mba ofesi na okpomọkụ.  Ọ natara ihe nrite Dorothy Hill [1] maka nyocha ya banyere oke ihu igwe, ugboro na ike nke oke ọkụ, ma wepụtala ihe akaebe na ọnụọgụ na ike ọkụ ga-emetụta ọnụọgụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ anthropogenic, ọkachasị carbon dioxide.  .  Ọ bụ onye edemede na-enye aka na akụkọ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), gụnyere akụkọ nyocha nke ise.**

N'afọ 2013, e nyere ya Dorothy Hill Medal maka nyocha ya banyere oke ihu igwe, yana ka ndị a si agbanwe n'ofe ụwa na n'ime Australia.  Ihe nrite ya bụ maka nyocha ya bụ nke nyere ihe akaebe na mgbanwe ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na ike na ugboro nke okpomọkụ ga-enwe mmetụta siri ike site na ọnụọgụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ.  Ya na Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick, onye ọzọ n'ime ndị ọkachamara na-ekpo ọkụ nke Australia, na onye nyere onyinye nke Dorothy Hill Medal rụkọọ ọrụ ma bipụta ya..

Alexander anabatala ogbako mba ụwa, maka WMO gafee ọtụtụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe.  Nke a butekwara n'ịkwalite ngwanrọ, nke a na-akpọ 'climpact' software, nke a na-eji nyocha na gbakọọ oke ihu igwe.  National Hydrological and Meteorological Services na-eji ngwanrọ Climpact na mgbakwunye na ndị nyocha ihu igwe ndị ọzọ na mba ụwa, iji nyochaa oke ihu igwe.  Alexander bụ onye so na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Sayensị Nkọkọrịta nke Mmemme Nnyocha ihu igwe nke ụwa.

Dị ka ọ dị na 2022, Alexander nwere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ 170, n'ọtụtụ isiokwu gụnyere oke ihu igwe, okpomọkụ na oke mmiri.[1][2]  Ọ bụ onye edemede nke nyocha IPCC na 2001 na 2007. O nyere aka na 2012 Special Report on Extremes, na Alexander bụkwa onye ndu ode akwụkwọ nke akụkọ nyocha nyocha nke ise nke IPCC.  Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya ahọpụtara, gụnyere nchọpụta ọ kacha akpọtụrụ, gụnyere ndị a:
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nkatọ nke IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

thumb|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Akuko nyocha nke anọ nke IPCC (AR4) bụ akụkọ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe emepụtara site n'enyemaka nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị nyere aka, ma ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị.  Enweela nnukwu esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ntakịrị mperi nke achọpụtara na akụkọ ahụ, enwekwara oku maka nyocha nke usoro eji emepụta akụkọ ahụ.  Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ọkachamara na mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ na a na-edozi njehie, mgbe a chọtara ya, na okwu ndị a chọpụtara adịghị emebi nkwubi okwu nke akụkọ ahụ na usoro ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihi mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ, nke ka ukwuu.  n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ.[1].

.Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ya achọpụtala ihe ndị sayensị nyochara ndị ọgbọ na-atụ aro ihe ga-esi na ya pụta dị njọ karịa ka akụkọ ahụ depụtara, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ekiri ihe na-ekwu na nkwubi okwu ụfọdụ na akụkọ ahụ akwadoghị nke ọma na sayensị ndị ọgbọ nyochara.  Otu Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ekwetala na otu paragraf dị na akụkọ WGII ​​kwuru gbasara ụbọchị agbaze nke glaciers Himalaya ezighi ezi.[1]  Ọkachamara ihu igwe Martin Parry, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mmetụta maka IPCC AR4, kwuru na "Ihe malitere site na otu njehie na-adịghị mma banyere glaciers Himalaya aghọwo mkpọtụ na-enweghị ihe".  Ndị IPCC enyochala mmejọ ndị ọzọ eboro ebubo, bụ ndị "na-enweghị isi na oke na ntule ahụ", ma na-adaberekarị na echiche hiere ụzọ na IPCC enweghị ike iji akwụkwọ isi awọ dịka akụkọ sitere na otu mkpọsa na gọọmentị.

Atụmatụ IPCC AR4 na-ewepụ n'ụzọ doro anya mmetụta nke agbaze nke mpempe akwụkwọ akpụrụ akpụ.[1]  Ibé akwụkwọ ice ndị a gụnyere nke kachasị nke akwụkwọ ice ice Greenland, na ma akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ Antarctic ice, yana ọtụtụ glaciers.  Nke a nwere ike ime ka a na-elelị oke elu maka oke oke osimiri n'ime ogologo oge.  N'ihi na Arctic agbaze na Greenland ice mpempe akwụkwọ bụ nnọọ ngwangwa, na a nnyocha site climatologist James E. Hansen na-ekwu na "anyị enweghị ike ịchịkwa nnukwu mgbanwe on decadal time-scales ozugbo wide-ọnụ ọgụgụ elu gbazee bụ underway."[2] The agbaze agbaze bụ underway."  nke akwụkwọ ice nke Greenland ga-ebute mmụba nke ọkwa oke osimiri nke karịrị 7m.[3]  Agbaze nke ọdịda anyanwụ Antarctic mpempe akwụkwọ ice ga-eme ka ihe yiri ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ubé nta ịrị elu oké osimiri n'ihi na a na-ala n'okpuru oké osimiri, mgbe mmetụta nke agbaze nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Antarctic, ọ bụ ezie na obere ihe ga-ekwe omume ga-abụ usoro nke ukwuu.

In a lecture given at Princeton University, IPCC author Michael Oppenheimer admitted that the IPCC report could have better explained the contribution of melting ice sheets in predictions of sea level rise. Oppenheimer said that the IPCC Working Group II Summary for Policymakers (quoted below) managed this better than the Working Group I Summary for Policymakers:
Peter Shaw Ashton

**Peter Shaw Ashton** (amụrụ na 27 June 1934) bụ onye British botanist. Ọ bụ Charles Bullard Prọfesọ nke Ọhịa na Mahadum Harvard, na onye nduzi nke Arnold Arboretum n'ebe ahụ site na 1978 ruo 1987.

A mụrụ ya na Boscombe, Bournemouth, England, Ashton nwetara B.A. ya na Biology (1956), M.A. na Biology (1960) na Ph.D. Botany (1962) na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ na ọrụ nyocha iji kwalite nchekwa na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ, ọ nyekwara aka na ọrụ nke Center for Tropical Forest Science iji mepụta netwọk nke Forest Dynamic Plots nke a na-enyocha mgbe niile iji nwalee ahụike nke oké ọhịa ahụ; ọ meriri Japan Prize maka nke a na 2007.

N'afọ 1983, a họpụtara Ashton ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nsọpụrụ nke Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation (ATBC) n'oge nzukọ ATBC kwa afọ nke e mere na Kunming, China, na 2006. N'afọ 2015, ATBC mepụtara Peter Ashton Prize iji sọpụrụ ya, nke a na-enye kwa afọ maka isiokwu pụtara ìhè nke otu nwa akwụkwọ bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ *Biotropica*.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
John Stanley Beard

**John Stanley Beard** (15 Febụwarị 1916 - 17 Febụwarụ 2011) bụ onye Britain na-elekọta ọhịa na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke bi na Australia. Beard gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Oxford ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctoral ya na oke ọhịa. 

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ọhịa na Trinidad na Tobago n'oge afọ 1940, Beard mepụtara usoro nkewa ọhịa maka Tropical America ma kọwaa ọhịa nke Trinidad, Tobago, na Lesser Antilles; nkọwa ndị a ka bụ ihe atụ na isiokwu ndị ahụ.

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Trinidad, Beard kwagara South Africa wee gaa Australia, ebe o mepụtara usoro dị ukwuu nke map ahịhịa na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mba ahụ.

Nnyocha ya sara mbara nke Western Australia setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka ịghọta mpaghara okooko osisi na mpaghara biogeographical maka steeti ahụ dum. Ọ bụ onye isi dere ihe odide nkọwa nke 1964-1981 maka ọrụ map nke *Nnyocha ahịhịa nke Western Australia*, nke gụnyere ịga ihe dị ka kilomita 150,000. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi ntọala nke Kings Park na Botanic Garden n'etiti afọ 1961 na 1970. O mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (1970-72) tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na Perth. N'oge ọ bụ onye nduzi, a na-akụ ọtụtụ osisi pụrụ iche nke Western Australia na nke mbụ. Beard dezigharịrị Descriptive Catalogue of Western Australian Plants (1965), nke Society for Growing Australian Plants bipụtara, iji kwalite nghọta nke ihe ndị a chọrọ n'ubi nke osisi ndị dị na Western Australia.

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, o wepụtara akụkọ a ma ama banyere ọmụmụ ihe ya gbasara ahịhịa na Plant Life of Western Australia (1990), na ọmụmụ taxonomic na horticultural ya nke Protea spp. na *Proteas* of Tropical Africa (1992).

Beard nwetara OAM n'afọ 2003. Ọ nwụrụ na Febụwarị 2011 mgbe ọ dị afọ 95.

## Ihe odide

* Beard, J.S. 1990. Ndepụta nke osisi ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke South-West Botanical Province, Western Australia. Kingia, Mpịakọta 1, Nke 3 (1990), peeji nke 255-281

## Ajụjụ ọnụ

* Ajụjụ ọnụ na Alice Smith na 1986 - Emere na Battye Library 3rd Floor Oral History OH1735 A/r 2 sound cassettes.with Transcript (typescript, 22 p.) Onye nduzi nke Kings Park. Nkwurịta okwu banyere nguzobe na ihe ndị dị mkpa nke oge ya n'ebe ahụ 1961-1970. Gụnyere nzụlite onwe onye.  .

## Hụkwa

* Mpaghara Biogeographic nke Oge Maka Australia
* Mpaghara Ecoregions na Australia
Frederick Bailey (onye na-elekọta ọhịa)

**Frederick Bailey** FRSE FRSGS (11 Julaị 1840-1912) bụ onye ọrụ ndị agha Britain na-eje ozi na Royal Engineers bụ onye isi nke Indian Imperial Forestry Service, na-ahụ maka ilekọta ọrụ ugbo na mbupụ osisi na Alaeze Ukwu Britain.

## Ndụ
thumb|300x300px|Drummond Place, Edinburgh
A mụrụ ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 1842 nwa Charles Bailey (1803-1865) na nwunye ya Catherine Irvine. Charles bụ nwa Charles Bailey ugboro abụọ bụ Mayor of Bedford.

E nyere ya ọrụ n'ime Royal Engineers n'afọ 1859. N'afọ 1871, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ ọhịa India wee bụrụ onye isi ọrụ a na onye nyocha ukwu nke ọhịa na India, nọchiri Hugh Cleghorn n'ọrụ a. N'ọrụ a, ọ nọ na Lahore. N'afọ 1878 o guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ nke Indian Forestry na Dehra Dun ma bụrụ onye nduzi mbụ ya. N'afọ 1890, ọ laghachiri na Britain ma kụzie ihe ọmụmụ ọhụrụ gbasara Ọhịa na Mahadum Edinburgh site na 1890 ruo 1907.

N'afọ 1894, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Society of Edinburgh. Ndị na-atụ aro ya bụ James Geikie. Alexander Crum Brown, Sir William Turner na Peter Guthrie Tait

Site na 1895, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ biri na 7 Drummond Place na New Town nke Edinburgh.

Ya na nwunye ya gara leta nwa ya nwoke na Tibet n'ihe dị ka 1902.

Ọ nwụrụ na 21 Disemba 1912.

## Ezinụlọ
Ọ lụrụ Florence Agnes Marshman (b.1847) na Simla na 1879 ma ha bụ nne na nna Frederick Marshman Bailey.

## Ihe odide
Ụlọ Ndị Na-anọghị n'Ụlọ

**Shireen Grace Chambers** MBE FICFor (amụrụ na 21 Febụwarị 1962) bụ onye Britain na-elekọta ọhịa na onye isi nchịkwa nke Institute of Chartered Foresters. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Tree Aid Board of Trustees.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Chambers gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọhịa na sayensị ala na Mahadum Bangor ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1985. Ọ kwagara Bahamas, ebe o nyere aka guzobe ngalaba ọhịa. Ọ laghachiri na United Kingdom na 1991, mgbe ọ sonyeere Central Scotland Forest Trust.

## Ọrụ
A họpụtara Chambers dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Institute of Chartered Foresters n'afọ 2006. E mere ya Fellow nke Institute of Chartered Foresters na 2012. E nyere ya onyinye nsọpụrụ site na Mahadum Bangor n'afọ 2015. Chambers akọwapụtara otu osisi nwere ike isi nyere aka kwado ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide, nke nwere obere carbon. O kwuru banyere mkpa ọ dị ọha na eze ịmara banyere mmebi nke nje na ọrịa ndị si mba ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata n'ọhịa UK.

N'afọ 2017, e mere Chambers onye isi oche nke Board of Trustees of Tree Aid. N'ikike ya dị ka onye isi oche ọ gara Burkina Faso iji ghọta mmetụta osisi na obodo ime obodo. N'ịbụ onye oge ya na Burkina Faso kpaliri, Chambers eguzobewo mmepe ala kpọrọ nkụ na United Kingdom. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu Forestry Strategy Reference Group.

Chambers arụwo ọrụ iji melite nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ọhịa. Ọ malitere mkpọsa Institute of Chartered Foresters "#ILookLikeAForester" na Machị 2019. E nyere ya onye otu Order of the British Empire (MBE) maka ọrụ maka ọhịa na 2019. N'okpuru idu ndú ya, Institute of Chartered Foresters ejirila okpukpu abụọ mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
James Macdonald (onye ọrụ obodo)

**James Macdonald**, CBE, FRSE (3 August 1898 - 28 April 1963) bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị Britain na onye na-elekọta ọhịa.

A mụrụ ya na 3 Ọgọstụ 1898, Macdonald gara Blairgowrie High School site na 1903 ruo 1915, wee jee ozi na Royal Flying Corps n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ, ọ gụrụ maka BSc na ọhịa na Mahadum nke Edinburgh, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1923.

Macdonald banyere na Forestry Commission na 1924 wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nyocha, England na Wales, na 1932 ma n'afọ ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na Imperial Forestry Institute. N'afọ 1936, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba na Forestry Commission mana e debere ya na Ministry of Supply n'oge agha site na 1939 ruo 1945; ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ mbubata osisi maka East Anglia, mgbe ahụ Nottinghamshire na mgbe e mesịrị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Scotland.

Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Forestry Commission, na 1946 a họpụtara Macdonald dị ka Conservator ma rụọ ọrụ na Director of Forestry maka ụlọ ọrụ Scotland. N'afọ 1948, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchọpụta na agụmakwụkwọ nke kọmitii ahụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) maka ọrụ ya na 1953 New Year Honours ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke International Union of Forest Research Organizations site na 1956 ruo 1961, n'akụkụ ọrụ ya na Forestry Commission. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society of Edinburgh na 1957. Site na 1960 ruo 1962, ọ bụ osote onye isi nchịkwa nke kọmitii ahụ n'oge Sir Henry Beresford-Peirse na-aga na UN Food and Agriculture Organization. [1] N'afọ 1962, mgbe Beresford na-Peirre laghachiri wee ghọọ onye isi nchịkịta, a kwalitere Macdonald ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nduzi. Ọ nọgidere na-ahụ maka nyocha na ọrụ a. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 31 Jenụwarị 1963 wee nwụọ na 28 Eprel 1963. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, a haziri nyocha nke kọmitii ahụ; e wepụrụ ọkwa Chief Research Officer ma nye ọrụ maka nyocha na ọkwa Director of Research (nke Andrew Watt nọ na ya), ebe a na-ebufe ngalaba njikwa na isi ụlọ ọrụ kọmitii.

## Ihe odide

### Ihe edeturu

### Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ
Roy Robinson, 1st Baron Robinson

Roy Lister Robinson, Baron Robinson, OBE (8 Machị 1883 - 5 Septemba 1952), nke a maara dị ka **Sir Roy Robinson** n'etiti 1931 na 1947, bụ onye Britain na-elekọta ọhịa na onye ọrụ ọha na eze.

## Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Robinson na Macclesfield, South Australia, nwa William Robinson. O meriri ihe ngosi na Collegiate School of St Peter, Adelaide, na 1896. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ na-egwu cricket maka otu ụlọ akwụkwọ.

Ọ banyere na School of Mines and Industries na 1900 iji mụọ injinia na-egwupụta ihe, ma jikọta ọmụmụ maka diplọma ya (na-agafe ihe iri na otu na ọdịiche n'otu afọ) na ọmụmụ ya na Mahadum Adelaide (BSc, 1905).

E nyere ya Rhodes scholarship na 1905 (nke abụọ sitere na South Australia) na Magdalen College, Oxford, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na 1908. O nwetara nsọpụrụ klas mbụ (1907) na sayensị okike (geology) na diplọma (1908), na ọdịiche, na ọhịa (n'okpuru Sir William Schlich), na-anọchite anya mahadum na cricket, egwuregwu na lacrosse. Ọ gbara bọọlụ iri na abụọ na klas mbụ maka Mahadum ahụ n'afọ 1908 na 1909, merie Blue n'afọ abụọ ahụ yana igwu egwu megide ndị Australia na-eme njem nleta na 1909. N'afọ 1910, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka Gentlemen of England amateur megide mahadum, egwuregwu ikpeazụ ya na klas mbụ. N'ịbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ, o weere wickets 44 nke mbụ.

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1909, a họpụtara Robinson ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nyocha maka ọhịa na Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, ma tọọ ntọala nke ihe ga-aghọ ihe ọmụma na-enweghị atụ banyere ọhịa na ọhịa nke Britain. Ọ bụ ya kpatara akụkọ ahụ nke dugara n'ịmepụta Kọmitii Ọhịa na 1919 na nhọpụta ya dị ka onye isi ya. Ọ ghọrọ osote onyeisi oche nke kọmitii ahụ na 1929, na onyeisi oche na 1932, na-ejide ọfịs ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.

A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Order of the British Empire (OBE) n'afọ 1918, bụrụ knight n'afọ 1931 ma bulie ya n'ọkwa dị ka **Baron Robinson**, nke Kielder Forest na County of Northumberland na Adelaide na Commonwealth of Australia, n'afọ 1947.

Robinson bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Society of Foresters of Great Britain na onye isi oche mbụ na onye mbụ natara ihe nrite ya (1947) maka ọrụ ndị a ma ama na British forestry. Ọ bụ onye otu nsọpụrụ (1940) nke Society of American Foresters na Institute of Foresters of Australia; onye otu (1947) nke Académie d'Agriculture de France; na LL nsọpụrụ.D. nke Mahadum Aberdeen.

## Ezinụlọ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Robinson (n'aka nri) na nwa ya nwoke Michael n'oge WW2
Lord Robinson lụrụ Charlotte Marion, nwa nwanyị nke Henry Cust Bradshaw, na 26 Nọvemba 1910 na St James' Church, Marylebone, London. Ha nwere otu nwa nwoke, Michael Lister Robinson, onye e gburu n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na 1942, na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.

## Ọnwụ
Lord Robinson nwụrụ n'ọrịa oyi bara ya n'ahụ mgbe ọ na-aga British Commonwealth Forestry Conference na Ottawa na 5 Septemba 1952, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. Dị ka naanị nwa ya nwoke nwụrụ tupu ya, barony ahụ sooro ya nwụọ.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Roy Robinson bio, Australian Dictionary of Biography, ANU.edu.au
* 1950 foto nke Roy Robinson, Forestry-memories.org.uk
* Ndị ndú n'ọhịa ha, Adelaide.edu.au
Bertram Beresford Osmaston

**Bertram Beresford Osmaston** CIE (3 Jenụwarị 1868 - 1961) bụ onye ọrụ na Imperial Forestry Service na India. A maara ya dị ka "BB" a mụrụ ya na Yeldersley Hall, Derbyshire. A mụrụ ya dị ka onye nke itoolu n'ime ezinụlọ nke mmadụ iri na ise, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Cheltenham na Royal Indian Engineering College na Cooper's Hill. Ọ sonyeere Forest Service na India na 1888 wee rụọ ọrụ na United Provinces, Bengal, Andamans, Burma ma laa ezumike nká dị ka Chief Conservator nke Central Provinces. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị e kere eke ma dee ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara n'oge ọ na-eziga akwụkwọ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke India, mechaa bipụta ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 50. Na 15 Septemba 1892 ọ lụrụ Catherine Mary Hutchinson na Port Blair na Andamans.

A na-akpọ otu ụdị ahịhịa (*[[Cymbopogon osmastonii]]*) na ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ (*Pelargopsis capensis* *osmastoni*, *Pericrocotus cinnamomeus* osmastoni) aha ya.

## Ihe odide
Tim Rollinson (onye ọrụ obodo)

**Timothy John Denis Rollinson**, CBE, FICFor, FIAgrE (amụrụ n'afọ 1953) bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị Britain na onye na-elekọta ọhịa.

A mụrụ Rollinson na 1953, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Edinburgh, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nzere na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na njikwa akụ. Ọ banyere na ndị ọrụ nke Forestry Commission na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ distrikti. Site na 1981 ruo 1993, ọ bụ onye isi nke uto na ọmụmụ ihe, onye isi nke atụmatụ iji ala eme ihe na onye isi nke ngalaba ndị omeiwu na iwu.

Rollinson bụ odeakwụkwọ nke kọmitii ahụ site na 1994 ruo 1997, Chief Conservator maka England n'etiti 1997 na 2000, na onye isi nke Policy and Practice Division site na 2000 ruo 2003. Mgbe otu afọ dị ka onye nduzi nke Forestry Group, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkwa na osote onye isi oche nke Forestry Commission na 2004. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2013. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, e wepụrụ ọfịs ndị ahụ. N'ịghọta ọrụ ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) na 2012 Birthday Honours. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Institute of Chartered Foresters site na 2000 ruo 2002, ebe a họpụtara ya dịka onye otu na 1995. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Institution of Agricultural Engineers.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Henry William Studholme

Sir Henry "Harry" William Studholme, 3rd Baronet, DL bụ onye Britain na-elekọta ọhịa, onye ọchụnta ego na onye nwe ala. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke U.K. Forestry Commission, nke na-elekọta oké ọhịa nke UK ma bụrụ onye njikwa ala kachasị ukwuu na mba ahụ. Ọ chịrị ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mpaghara nke gọọmentị UK 2009 - 2012.

N'afọ 2012, Bishọp nke Liverpool James Jones na Studholme, dị ka Onye isi oche na Onye isi oche n'otu n'otu, duziri akụkọ Independent Forestry Panel banyere ọdịnihu nke oké ọhịa nke UK mgbe gọọmentị kwupụtara atụmatụ ire oké ọhịa nke British.

N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya dị ka prọfesọ nsọpụrụ nke College of Social Sciences and International Studies na Mahadum Exeter na-eme nchọpụta banyere ọhịa na British Isles, na mmetụta nke ọrịa osisi.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ ya na Exeter, Devon na 1958 dị ka nwa Capt. Sir Paul Henry William Studholme, 2nd Bart. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Eton College ma mesịa Trinity Hall, Cambridge na MA na Injinia. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka ego (FCA) na London tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ ego ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ n'ịmepụta ihe na North England.

## Ọrụ
Ọ chịrị United Kingdom's South West Regional Development Agency (South West RDA) site na 2009 ruo 2012. N'oge a, South West RDA nyere aka weta ọrụ gụnyere Wave Hub, Eden Project na Osprey Quay. Site na RDA, ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ Airbus 'Integrated Wing', nke mepụtara ihe karịrị ọrụ 850 nwere nkà dị elu na £ 40 nde gbakwunyere na akụ na ụba, na ọrụ Combined Universities na Cornwall. Ọ lekọtara mgbasa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mpaghara UK site na 2012 ruo 2013.

Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Finding Sanctuary project, na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke UK na aro maka nchekwa mmiri site na 2007 ruo 2011. Ọ ghọrọ onye kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Great Britain n'afọ 2007.

N'oge gara aga, ọ na-elekọta nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke ọha na eze nke nwere ma na-elekọta ọhịa n'ụwa niile

## Ndụ onwe onye
Ya na nwunye ya Lucy bi na Perridge House. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ. Nwanne ya nwoke James Studholme bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Blink ma na-egwu na otu Police Dog Hogan.

A họpụtara Studholme ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi nke Devon

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Leigh Rayment's list of baronets  
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Balanites pedicellaris

***Balanites pedicellaris***, bù  **obere ogwu na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ** maọbụ obere torchwood bụ **obere osisi** maọbụ osisi si Sub-Saharan Afrika. Ọ bụkwazi onye otu ezinaụlọ nke caltrop Zygophyllaceae.

## Nkọwaputa
*Balanites pedicellaris* bụ obere osisi nwere ọtụtụ ogwe osisi maọbụ obere osisi, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụdị nwere ike ịnwe otu ogwe osisi. Alaka ya na-acha odo odo maọbụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na-enwe ogwu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri. Akwụkwọ ya na-agbanwe agbanwe maọbụ na-etolite na ogwu, bifoliolate; akwụkwọ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-ekpuchi ya na obere peciole. Okooko osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nwere okooko osisi isii ma na-agbakọta na obere ụyọkọ axillary, ihe dịka 1.4 sentimita n'obosara. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ drupe, nke dị gburugburu maọbụ ellipsoid ma na-adịkarị larịị n'akụkụ ọ bụla, ọ na-atụle 1·2-2·5 × 1·5-2 cm., a na-ekpuchikarị mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-eto eto ma ndị a na-efu na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ tozuru etozu nke na-acha oroma. Ọ na-etolite ruo mita nke isii n'ogologo.

## Nhazi
*Balanites pedicellaris* na-esite na obodo Etiopia na Somalia n'ebe ndịda site n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Afrịka ruo KwaZulu Natal na South Afrika.

## Ebe obibi
A na-ahụ *Balanites pedicellaris* n'ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ na ahịhịa na ala alluvial na ala mmiri, ebe e nwere osisi ndị gbasasịrị agbasa.

## Ojiji
A na-eri mkpụrụ osisi ahụ mana a naghị achọ ya. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọhụrụ na-egbu egbu ma nwee ụtọ dị ilu, iri ya na-akpata akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, isi ọwụwa na ịgbọ agbọ. A na-eji mmiri e ji mgbọrọgwụ mee iji gwọọ ahụ ọkụ na afọ ọsịsa, a na-agbakwunye mmiri mgbọrọgwụ a na-esi esi ugboro ugboro na mmiri ara ehi e nyere ụmụaka. Ndị Turkana na-eji mgbọrọgwụ eme ihe dịka emetic. A na-esi mkpụrụ ya esi ma bụrụ ihe oriri dị mkpa n'ebe ugwu Kenya, ọkachasị na Turkana. A na-eji akwụkwọ ya eme ihe dịka ihe mkpuchi maka anụ ụlọ ebe a na-eji osisi ahụ eme ihe maka ihe ọkpụkpụ na ime ọkụ.

## Edensibia
Gass Forest Museam

Gass Forest Museum bụ ụlọ ngosi nka nke gọọmentị na-ahụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke dị na Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, nke obodo India.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
alt=|thumb|Foto nke onye guzobere ya, Horace Arichibald Gass, na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie
Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, J. A. Gamble, onye na-elekọta ọhịa maka ndi Madras Presidency, mere mgbalị a kwụsịrị iji guzobe ebe ngosi nka ọhịa na mpaghara ahụ. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị n’afo 1902, onye nọchiri Gamble dịka Conservator of Forests Horace Arichibald Gass nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịtọlite ebe ngosi nka maka ọhịa. Baron Ampthill, Gọvanọ Madras n'oge ahụ, meghere ya maka ọha na eze na 15 Eprel 1902, n'oge a na-akpọ ya Forest Museum na Coimbatore. Mgbe Gass, onye nlekọta mbụ, lara ezumike nká n’afo 1905, onye nọchiri anya ya bù F. A. Lodge gbanwere aha ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie iji sọpụrụ ya. A gbasaa ya n’afo 1905 na afo 1915. N'afọ 1912, e guzobere Madras Forestry Koleeji (nke bụ Tamil Nadu Forest Academy ugbu a) n'ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie iji zụọ ndị na-azụ ọhịa. N'oge afo 1942-47, e mechiri ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ma jiri ụlọ ndị ahụ mee ihe dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ndị si Malta na Gris gbapụ na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Mgbe India nweere onwe ya na 1947, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu. Ọ bụ Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) na-achịkwa ya ugbu a, nke dị n'otu ogige ahụ. E meghere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ maka ọha na eze na 1 Mee 2015 mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ nrụzigharị. A gbakwunyere diorama 3D na-egosi anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi nke ya.

## Ebe
Ebe ngosi nka ahụ dị na Forest Koleeji Kampus, nke dị na Cowley Brown Road n'etiti obodo Coimbatore. Ogige ahụ nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dịka Tamil Nadu Forest Academy (TNFA), Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Central Academy for State Forest Service (CASFoS) ya na ulo oru ndị ọzọ nke Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu.

## Ihe ngosi
Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe atụ ndị e debere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie a gunyere:

## Edensibia
Sierra (ụgbọ mmiri nwere injin)

***Sierra*** bụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na-eji ebu osisi. E wuru ya n’afo 1916, a gbakwunyere ya na National Register of Historic Places n’afo 1978.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E wuru *Sierra* na Matthews shipyard na Hoquiam maka E. K. Wood Lumber Company ma bụrụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ e wuru na Grays Harbor. Bolinder rụrụ injin ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na obodo Sweden, nke zigara onye nnọchi anya ka ọ lekọta nrụnye ha. Senator Miles Poindexter gara mgbe a malitere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n’ Ogust 30, n’afo 1916.

Njem mbụ ya dịSkiwa ogologo bụ Valparaíso, nke obodo Chile. *Sierra* nwere ike mezue njem na-agagharị na-enweghị mmanụ.

A na-eji *Sierra* ebugharị osisi n'etiti Bellingham, Washington na Hoquiam, Washington. N'ime otu ọnwa n’afo 1920, *Sierra* buuru mbupu nke 1,200,000 ụkwụ osisi site na Bellingham.

Na Febụwarị 7, n’afo 1923, *Sierra* mebiri nke ukwuu mgbe ya na ụgbọ mmiri *Wilhemina* kụrụ n'oké alụlụ dị nso na San Francisco; e mere atụmatụ na mmebi buzikwa $ 135,000.

Mgbe afo 1926, *Sierra* gbara ọkụ na Berth 77 na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke obodo Los Angeles, ọkụ mbụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ọkụ Los Angeles City No. 2 lụsoro.

E rere *Sierra* n’afo 1927 ma tinye ya na ihe eji eme friji iji buru anụ reindeer site na Alaska maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ njem Arctic. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị agha US na-arụ ọrụ *Sierra* dịka ụgbọ ọzụzụ. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, e kenyere *Sierra* na Maritime Commission na Olympia, Washington, ma mesịa ree ya ma nyefee ya ndi otu Lake Union.

Mgbe afọ 1964, onye nwe ụlọ ọhụrụ ahụ malitere iweghachi *Sierra* na nhazi mbụ ya, nke bu ibu osisi.

## Edensibia
Ozoroa paniculosa

***Ozoroa paniculosa*** (nke a na-akpọbu *Heeria paniculosa*), nke a na-ahụkarị dịka **bushveld ozoroa** maọbụ **osisi resin** nkịtị, bụ obere osisi sitere na ezinaụlọ nke mango maọbụ nke Anacardiaceae. A mụrụ ya na ndịda Afrịka, ebe ọ na-apụta na Zimbabwe, South Afrika, Mozambique, Botswana ya na Namibia. Ọ na-eto ruo ihe dịka mita isii n'ebe dị elu, mana ọ nwere ike iru mita iri na ise n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe dị ala. Ụdị a nwere ihe dịka ụdị iri abuo na asato ugbu a ma na-apụta site na ndịda Afrịka ruo Arabian Peninsula.

Osisi dioecious a na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maọbụ whorled, dị mfe, na-enweghị ụcha na-egosi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke abụọ, ma bụrụ silky-tomentose n'okpuru ala. A na-emepụta okooko osisi na-esi ísì ụtọ na-acha ọcha na njedebe nke osisi ọhụrụ. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mbụ ma na-ebute na peduncles salmon-pink, na-acha uhie uhie ma mesịa ghọọ oji ma na-agbaji. Osisi ndị gbajiri agbaji nwere ike ịpụta mmiri ara ehi. Akpụkpọ ahụ bụ granular na-acha ntụ ntụ na oji. Ụdị ahụ nwere ike imebi ọkụ wee bụrụ ndị ụmụ ahụhụ dịka ndị na-agba ọsọ, ebe ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi mkpụrụ ndị na-eto eto.

## Ihe ngosiputa
 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Ọkụ Martin

Martin Fire bụ ọkụ na-agba ọkụ na ugwu Nevada, United States, nke malitere na Mọnde, Julaị 05, 2018. Ọkụ ahụ gbara mkpokọta 439,230 acres. Ọ bụ ọkụ kasị ukwuu na akụkọ ihe mere eme Nevada, na otu n'ime nke kasị ukwuu na U.S. Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ebe a na-azụ anụ isii, ala ịta ahịhịa, na ebe obibi anụmanụ.

## Mmalite
Ọkụ ahụ gbara maịl asaa n'ebe ugwu nke Ndagwurugwu Paradaịs dị na Humboldt County wee gbaa n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ banye Elko County. E chere na isi ọkụ ahụ sitere na mmadụ. Ọnọdụ akọrọ, ọkụ na ikuku jikọtara ya na nnukwu mmanụ ọkụ mere ka ọkụ gbasaa.

## Nkọwa
thumb|Satellite Suomi NPP nke NASA weghaara onyinyo a nke ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ na-esi na ya na July 08, 2018 na ngwá ọrụ Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). Ebe ndị na-ere ọkụ (ebe ọkụ), nke a na-achọpụta site na bands thermal, na-acha uhie uhie.
A kọwapụtara ọkụ ahụ n’ihe dị ka elekere 12:25 nke ụtụtụ na Julaị 5, na site n’elekere 5:00 nke ehihie, ọkụ ahụ agbasawo ihe karịrị acres 22,000. Na Julaị 8, ọkụ ahụ dị naanị pasenti 8, na acres 330,000 gbara ọkụ. A hụrụ njide ọkụ 35% na Julaị 9, na ihe dị ka acres 425,000 gbara ọkụ. Ka ọ na-erule njedebe ya, acres 439,230 mebiri emebi. N'ihi oke na mgbagwoju anya nke ọkụ ahụ, ma ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ma ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta nkeonwe ka etinyere iji nweta njikwa ọkụ. Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 12, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ 572 iji lụso ogologo ọkụ ahụ dị kilomita 680 ọgụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ Bureau of Land Management (BLM) ekwupụtala ụgwọ ọrụ nke $28,000 maka onye ọ bụla ga-enye ozi gbasara onye gbara ọkụ. Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 21, ejirila ọkụ ahụ zuru oke.

### Ojiji nke UAS
Dị ka nkwekọrịta 'Kpọọ Mgbe Ọ dị Mkpa' na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Ime Obodo nke United States si kwuo, Bridger Aerospace, onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta onwe onye, zigara otu ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu na usoro ụgbọelu anọ na-enweghị onye na-anya (UAS) na 11 Julaị. E ji UAS mee map 425,000 acres nke ọkụ ọhịa iji chịkọta data banyere oke mmebi na ịchọta ebe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ site na iji ihe mmetụta infrared.

## Nsonaazụ ya
Ọkụ ahụ bibiri ebe ịta nri na obere ụlọ. O bibiri usoro okike maka sage grouse na ebe obibi nke mule deer. Ọtụtụ isi iyi na iyi metụtakwara.

## Mmechi
Na Julaị 10, e mechiri ọdọ mmiri Wilson na ogige ntụrụndụ (HWY 226) maka nchekwa ọha na eze n'ihi ọrụ mgbochi ọkụ. Emeghere ya ọzọ na July 13.

## Ihe odide
Henry Marshall Steven

**Henry Marshall Steven** CBE FRSE (June 24, 1893 - February 19, 1969) bụ onye Scotland na-ahụ maka ọhịa na agụmakwụkwọ na narị afọ nke 20. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin "Forestry" site na 1926 ruo 1946.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Steven na West Lothian, nwa Mary na Robert Steven. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Bathgate. Ọ gụrụ sayensị na Mahadum nke Edinburgh na-agụsị akwụkwọ na BSc na 1915. N'afọ 1917, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ maka Ngalaba Nkwado osisi maka ihe fọdụrụ n'Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ maliteghachiri ọmụmụ ihe wee nweta nzere doctorate (PhD) na Mahadum Edinburgh na 1921. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha maka Kọmitii Ọhịa e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'afọ 1930 ọ ghọrọ Onye isi nke ngalaba East England na n'afọ 1933 Onye isi nke East Scotland.

N'afọ 1938 ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Ọhịa na Mahadum Aberdeen. Ọ nọgidere n'ọrụ a ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1963.

N'afọ 1937, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Society of Edinburgh. Ndị na-atụ aro ya bụ Sir William Wright Smith, Sir John Donald Sutherland, John Macqueen Cowan na Matthew Young Orr. N'afọ 1959, e mere ya ka ọ bụrụ Commander of the Order of the British Empire. N'afọ 1964, Mahadum Aberdeen nyere ya nzere doctorate (LLD).

Ọ nwụrụ na Aberdeen mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge.

## Ezinụlọ
N'afọ 1922, ọ lụrụ Clementina Macdonald Findlay ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* Forestry (1931) mpịakọta isii
* *Oké ọhịa na Ọhịa nke Scotland* (1951)
* The Native Pinewoods of Scotland (1959, ya na A. Carlisle)

## Ihe odide
Three Brothers(ụgbọ mmiri)

Three Brothers bụ obere ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu osisi na Great Lakes nke Milwaukee Shipyard Company nke Milwaikee, Wisconsin rụrụ n’afo 1888 maka ụlọ ọrụ John Spry Lumber Company nke dị na obodo  Chicago. Na mbụ, a na-akpọ ya ***May Durr*** ma na-ebu nọmba gọọmentị 91998. E kwuru na ụgbọ miri ahụ dị tọn 582, tọn 444, a tụọ feet otu nari iri isii na abuo ( mita iri ano na iteghete ) n'ogologo, nwere ogwe 31.4-foot (9.6 m) na draught nke 11.8 feet (3.6 m). Ọ nwere ike iburu 530,000 board feet (1,300 m3) nke osisi.

Ngwá ọrụ ahụ bụ Steeple Compound steam engine nke Frontier Engine Works nke Buffalo, New York rụrụ n’afo 1888. A adoro injin ahụ na 280 horsepower ( kW nari abuo na iri) ya na revolutions iri iteghete na isii kwa nkeji. Ọ bụ R. Davis nke Milwaukee mepụtara igbe ọkụ ahụ ma tinye ya na 100 pound kwa square inch (690 ).

N'afọ 1892, a gbanwere aha *May Durr* ka ọ bụrụkwa *John Spry*. N'etiti afo 1905 ya na 1910 e rere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na William H. White & Co. nke Boyne City, Michigan, ebe a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Three Brothers n'aha *ụmụnne* White William, James ya na Thomas nke Charlevoix, obodo  Michigan. Mgbe ahụ, a na-agbanye ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ọrụ osisi siri ike n'etiti Lake Charlevoix ya na Tonawanda nke obodo New York.

N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Septemba nke afọ 1911, *ụmụnne atọ* na-ebu ibu osisi siri ike nke ruru $ 4,200 site na Boyne City gaa Chicago. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Boyne City, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga n'ụgbọ mmiri n'oge ihu igwe siri ike, na mkpuchi ahụ malitere ịgbapụta karịa ka ọ na-emebu. N'oge na-adịghị anya, miri jupụtara na mgbapụta ahụ, na-arịgo ngwa ngwa karịa feet asato (2.4 m) n'elu keel. Mmiri ahụ jupụtakwara n'ebe a na-echekwa coal, na-amanye ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ iji kerosene kama iji coal mee ka nrụgide anwụrụ ọkụ dịgide.

Iji wee zọpụta ụgbọ miri ahụ, onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ahù bù Sam Christopher họọrọ ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'ikpere mmiri na South Manitou Island, ebe ọ dara naanị yard nari abuo (mita otu nari Na iri asato) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdụ nchekwa ndụ. Mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kụrụ n'ikpere mmiri, ụta ahụ meghere ma kụtuo ụlọ onye na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ya. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ahụ dị ihe dị ka mita 4.6 nke mmiri, na azụ ya dị mita 15 nke mmiri. Ndị ọrụ nchekwa ndụ napụtara onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri na ndị ọrụ 13 niile.

Mgbe ihu igwe kwụsịrị, onye ọkacha mmasị ahụ mere mgbalị na-enweghị isi ịtọhapụ *ụmụnne atọ*, a kwupụtakwara na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ karịrị uru nzọpụta. Ka ọ na-erule afọ nke 1912, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ekpuola mmiri kpamkpam.

## Edensibia
Nkume

Pedro Martínez González, onye a kacha mara amara dị ka Pedrés (11 Febrụwarị 1932 – 6 September 2021) bụ onye na-agba ehi Spanish.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Pedrés mere m mbụ mbụ dị ka novillada [ es ] ya na picadors na Albacete na 16 September 1942. Na 8 June 1952, o sonyeere Juan Montero na ogụ ehi.  Ọ dị na alternativa na 12 October 1952 ma bụrụ nke mbụ na escalafón [ F ] na 1953.

## Ntụaka
Ebe A Na ahụ Maka Ihe Ọhịa

Ọbá akwụkwọ Forestry nke Ngalaba Forestry nke FAO, nke dị na isi ụlọ ọrụ FAO na Rom ma bụrụ akwụkwọ nke David Lubin Memorial Library, bụ ọbá akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iche nke nwere ihe dịka akwụkwọ 6,000 na ihe ọmụmụ 600 ugbu a, akwụkwọ afọ na aha ndị ọzọ gbasara mpaghara na mpaghara mgbasa ya. O ndepụta nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ ndị na-acha ntụ ntụ - akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ozi nke FAO na akwụkwọ na ndị sitere na ozi dị iche iche nke data FAO - ọtụtụ n'ime ha ngwaọrụ adị n'ebe ọ ALA ọzọ.

## Isiokwu
Isiokwu ndị a gụnyere: 
 njikwa ọhịa na-adigide
njikwa ọkụ

oke ohia mpaghara

ahuike ohia

akụrụ oke ọhịa

mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

ike osisi

owuwe ihe ubi

ụlọ ọrụ

ahia na ohia

ngwaahịa ọhịa na-abụghị osisi

biodiversity

mgbanwe ihu igwe

ọzara

gburugburu ebe obibi

itinye n'ọrụ ọbịa ọbịa ụdị

oke ohia na mmiri

usoro ntinye aka

oke ohia na mbelata ịda ogbenye

okike

obere ụlọ ọrụ

njikwa esemokwu

nnabata iwu ọhịa na ọchịchị

mmemme oke ohia obodo

nleba anya oke ohia zuru ụwa ọnụ

na isiokwu ndị ọzọ metụtara ya

## Hụkwa

* Nzukọ Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Ụwa
* Unasylva: Akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa nke FAO nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa na ọhịa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe mbido FAO
* Ebe obibi nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa nke FAO
* FAO Library Catalogue Online
African Conservation Foundation

African Conservation Foundation

Founded	2001

(First activities in 1999)

Founder	Terry Harnwell, John Parkin, Arend de Haas

Type	Charity

Focus	Wildlife Conservation

Location	

United Kingdom, Kenya, Cameroon

Area served	African continent

Method	field projects, research, consultancy

Website	africanconservation.org

 

**African Conservation Foundation** (**ACF**) bụ òtù mba ụwa na-abụghị nke gọọmentị guzobere na 1999 ma debanye aha na 2001. Ọ na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi n'ime na n'èzí ebe echedoro, na-anakwere usoro jikọtara ọnụ nke gụnyere mmepe obodo na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-edebanye aha nzukọ ahụ dị ka ọrụ ebere, na-akwado ma na-eduzi ọrụ nchekwa ubi gburugburu Africa. Ọ na-enwekwa netwọk zuru oke n'Africa maka mgbanwe ozi na iwulite ikike nke mbọ nchekwa na mpaghara ahụ.

## Ọrụ
Ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ bụ "ịgbanwe ụzọ nke njikwa na ojiji nke ihe onwunwe okike gaa na nke mkpa nke mmepe mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ na-eme ka ọ dị n'otu na nchekwa dị iche iche dị iche iche".

## Ụzọ nchedo
ACF na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmekọ dị iche iche iji mezuo ebumnuche ya, gụnyere ndị NGO ndị ọzọ, òtù gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ, ndị nchọpụta na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè. Ọ na-eduzi ọrụ ubi na mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị mmekọ mpaghara, na-ewulite ikike n'ime obodo site n'inye nkwado teknụzụ na nchịkọta ego. Nzukọ ahụ na-etinye aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa, nchekwa nnukwu apụl (Cross River gorilla, Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee), ebe obibi na nchekwa ọhịa okpomọkụ. Ọ na-ejikwa mmemme ịkụ osisi na ime ka osisi dịghachi ọhụrụ na Kenya na Cameroon, ọ bụkwa onye mmekọ World Elephant Day.

## Mmụta
Site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya, nzukọ ahụ na-enye akụkọ nchedo na ịdọ aka ná ntị, ozi gbasara ọrụ na ohere ọrụ afọ ofufo, ma na-achọ ịkụziri ndị mmadụ ihe gbasara nchedo n'Africa. ACF na-agụnye ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ ya, n'ịntanetị na n'ọhịa.

## Mgbasa ozi

* Zọpụta Cross River Gorillas

## Ihe osise nke anụ ọhịa
African Conservation Foundation na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na onye Canada na-ese ihe Daniel Taylor na ọrụ a na-akpọ ArtSavingWildlife nke na-ezube ịkwalite mmata na ego maka nchekwa nke ụdị ndị kachasị n'ihe ize ndụ n'Africa.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị

## Ihe odide
Ihe Omume Ndị Dị n'Oké Ọhịa

Forest Peoples Programme (FPP) na-akwado ọhụụ ọzọ nke otu esi elekọta ma chịkwaa ọhịa, dabere na nkwanye ùgwù maka ikike nke ndị maara ha nke ọma. FPP na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị ọhịa na South America, Africa, na Eshia, iji nyere ha aka inweta ikike ha, wuo òtù nke ha ma soro gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ kwurịta okwu banyere otu esi eme ka mmepe akụ na ụba na nchekwa dị mma n'ala ha.

Oké kpuchiri 31% nke ala niile nke mbara ala. N'ime nke ahụ, a nchọpụta 12% maka nchekwa nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ, ndị bi na ha ma nwee ikike omenala n'okike ha, emeela ka ụzọ ndụ na ihe ọdịnala kwekọọ na gburugburu mgbochi ha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu iwu na-emekarị dị ka ala efu nke steeti na-achịkwa ma dị maka 'mmepe' - colonization, igbutu osisi, ubi, ihe mmiri mmiri, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, olulu, gas pipeline na agribusiness. Mwakpo ndị a na-emekarị ka ndị bi n'oké ike si n'iche ha dị n'oké osimiri . Ọtụtụ , Great iji guzobe nchekwa ebe na- Maazị na-akpakwa ikike ndị.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E akara Forest Peoples Program (FPP) na 1990 iji meghachi omume na ike, iji kwado ogụ ndị obodo na-alụ iji chebe ala ha na ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ. Ọ debanyere aha ya dị ka Dutch Stichting na- orí nke 1997, ma ike, na 2000, dị ka ọrụ ebere UK, No. 1082158 na ụlọ ọrụ na-ejedebe na nkwa (England & Wales) Reg. No. 3868836, nwere ikike edebanyere aha na UK.

Ihe FPP lekwasịrị anya, na ngwaọrụ, sitere na nka nke obere ndị otu ntọala ahụ nwere na obodo ụfọdụ, anyị na Guyana na South na South East Asia. Forest Peoples Program etolitela n'ime obodo a na- ihe nkiri ma na-aga ọma nke na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a gburugburu ebe ọ na-eje ozi iji dozie dị n'etiti ndị na-eme iwu na ndị isi . Site na Nkwado, ọrụ bara uru na iwulite ikike, FPP na-akwado ndị Harris ka ha na ike ndị ọzọ na-eme egwuregwu ihe, na mpaghara, na mba ụwa nke na-akpụzi ndụ ha na ihe ha. Ihe omume ndị Forest Peoples nyere aka, ma na-aga n'ihu na-akwado, mgbanwe nke ndị obodo na-eto eto nke olu ha na-enweta na nlebara anya n'ụwa niile.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
Forest Peoples Programme na-emepụta akwụkwọ dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere akụkọ, mkparịta ụka, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọzụzụ, akwụkwọ, ntinye aka na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, nkwupụta, akwụkwọ ozi, arịrịọ ngwa ngwa, yana akụkọ akụkọ.

## Hụkwa

* FERN
* Mgbanwe Oké Ọhịa Mmiri nke Ụwa
* Ikike ụmụ amaala
* UNFCCC
* Nkwupụta Banyere Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Ihe omume ndị Ọhịa na UK Central Register of Charities
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmepe nke Ụmụ nwanyị

Women's Environment & Development Organization (**WEDO**) bụ **òtù** mba ụwa na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke dị na New York City, U.S. nke na-akwado ịha nhata ụmụ nwanyị na iwu ụwa.  Ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ ya gụnyere inweta nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na akwụkwọ ikpeazụ nke Agenda 21 na Rio Declaration. N'afọ 2006, a kpọrọ nzukọ ahụ onye mmeri mba ụwa nke ụwa site na United Nations Environment Programme.

WEDO guzobere na 1990 site n'aka onye omeiwu abụọ bụbu onye United States Bella Abzug na Mim Kelber, onye bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ọtụtụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ enyekwara aka na mmepe nke nzukọ a dịka Thais Corral, Jocelyn Dow, Wangari Maathai, Brownie Ledbetter, Chief Bisi Ogunleye, na Vandana Shiva. Nzukọ ahụ na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mba ụwa site na usoro nzukọ na omume zuru ụwa ọnụ.

WEDO na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite ikpe ziri ezi site n'ịkwado usoro nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ, onye ọka iwu, onye nhazi na onye nhazi, onye na-enye ọzụzụ, onye nhazi, na onye okike ihe ọmụma. Ọrụ ndị a niile na-enyere aka n'ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị site n'inye ndụmọdụ, nyochaa, na iduzi usoro ọtụtụ ihe iji mee ka gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ United Nations ghọta mkpa itinye iwu mmepe maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ụwa niile.

Nzukọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara isii dị mkpa; Iwu ihu igwe, Obodo na Transport, Mbelata Ihe ize ndụ ọdachi, Biodiversity, Udo, Esemokwu, & Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, na International Finance & Trade.

Nzukọ ahụ emeela Gender Climate Tracker App. Ngwa ahụ na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ịnweta ozi ọ bụla, iwu, na iwu gọọmentị si gburugburu ụwa guzobere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. E mepụtara ngwa ahụ na-esote nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris na mmekorita ya na gọọmentị nke Finland na Switzerland, yana Global Gender and Climate Alliance (GGCA). Nzukọ ahụ nwere olile anya na ndị ọrụ ga-eji ngwa ahụ mee ihe site na iji ya mee ka gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ na-aza ajụjụ maka ịgbaso nkwa ọ bụla e mere.

WEDO malitekwara "Feminist Agenda for a Green New Deal" na ndị mmekọ 13 ndị ọzọ. Njikọ ahụ na-enyocha otú ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị si agbasa na mgbanwe ihu igwe iji gbalịa iguzobe mbara ala dị mma n'ọdịnihu. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ahụ na-ekwu na ụkpụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi na ịza ajụjụ ga-eduzi Green New Deal, yana idepụta ụkpụrụ maka ime ihe.

WEDO na Center for Women's Global Leadership malitere Gender Equality Architecture Reform (GEAR) Campaign na Febụwarị 2008 iji mee ka ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na ndị enyi ha gbakọọ aka iji kwalite nnabata nke ụlọ ọrụ UN ọhụrụ maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike.

Ọrụ ndị kachasị mkpa gụnyere MisFortune500.org, nkwado mgbanwe ihu igwe, na UN Reform.

## Hụkwa

* Wangari Maathai
* Vandana Shiva

## Ihe odide

* Nchịkọta nke 2006 Ndị mmeri nke ụwa, United Nations Environment Programme

## Njikọ mpụga

* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mmepe nke Ụmụ nwanyị