Thornton Dial, Sr.

**Thornton Dial** (28 Septemba 1928 - 25 Jenụwarị 2016) bụ onye omenkà America na-asụ ụzọ bịara bụrụ onye ama ama na ngwụcha 1980s. Otu ọrụ ọkpụkpọ oku na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche site na nkwuwapụta, nchikota nke ihe achọtara mejuputara, nke a na-egbukarị n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị egwu. Ụdị isiokwu ya gụnyere ọtụtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, site na ikike mmadụ ruo ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha na ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a. A na-arụ ọrụ Dial na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie America; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo ukwu nwetara iri n'ime ọrụ Dial na 2014. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Thornton Dial na 1928 nye nne dị afọ iri na ụma, Mattie Bell, n'ebe a na-akụ owu na Emelle, Alabama, ebe ndị ikwu na ezinụlọ ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eketa ihe. Ya na nne ya biri ruo mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ atọ mgbe Dial na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Arthur kwagara na nwa nwanne ha nke abụọ, Buddy Jake Dial, onye bụ onye ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe Thornton so Buddy Jake batara, ọ na-akọ ugbo ma mụta banyere ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Buddy Jake mere site na ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ ụlọ, ahụmahụ nke metụtara ya.  Dial tolitere na ịda ogbenye na enweghị ọnụnọ nna ya. 

Na 1940, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, Dial kwagara Bessemer, Alabama . Mgbe ọ bịarutere Bessemer, ọ hụrụ nkà ka a na-eme n'okporo ámá ndị mmadụ, ọ tụrụ ya n'anya ịhụ ọkwa nkà a na-egosi.  Ọ lụrụ Clara Mae Murrow na 1951. Ha nwere ụmụ ise, otu n'ime ha nwụrụ n'ihi ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. Onye na-ese ihe nkiri Ronald Lockett bụ nwa nwanne nna ya. 

Isi ebe ọrụ ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ igwe na Pullman Standard Plant na Bessemer, Alabama, nke mere ụgbọ ala ụgbọ oloko. Osisi ahụ mechiri ụzọ ya na 1981.  Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ Pullman kwụsịrị, Dial malitere ịrara onwe ya nye nka ya maka obi ụtọ ya.

Na 1987 Thornton Dial zutere Lonnie Holley, onye omenkà gosipụtara Dial na onye na-anakọta Atlanta na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme William Arnett . Arnett, onye mmasị akụkọ ihe mere eme nkà ya lekwasịrị anya ugbu a na nka asụsụ obodo na ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa-America, wetara ọrụ Dial n'isi obodo. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka ewebatakwala Lonnie Holley, Gee's Bend Quilters na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ n'uche nke United States .  Arnett, ya na Jane Fonda nyekwara aka ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, na 1996, ya na ụmụ ya nwoke Paul na Matt. Ọ bụkwa onye nchoputa na Onye isi oche Emeritus nke Souls Grown Deep Foundation, otu nzukọ raara onwe ya nye na nchekwa na akwụkwọ nke American American art.

A na-akpọsa ọrụ Dial n'ụlọ ọrụ omenala mba ụwa na nnukwu ihe ngosi nyocha, dị ka 2000 Whitney Biennial .  Ka oge na-aga, ihe gbasara ọrụ Dial agbasawanyela iji gosipụta nzaghachi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke ihe osise ya, na-ekwupụta "echiche banyere akụkọ ntolite ojii, ịgba ohu, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịda ogbenye obodo na ime obodo, ọdịda ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, na nzọpụta ime mmụọ".  Kemgbe afọ 2011 asụsụ gbara ihe nka na omume Dial gburugburu agbanweela.  Mgbanwe nghọta a sitere na njem nlegharị anya mbụ nlegharị anya ọrụ Dial nke onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na onye nkatọ omenala Joanne Cubbs mere maka ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Indianapolis nke Art.  Na nyocha nke ihe ngosi a, Dial nwetara nnabata a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba, nke, na nke mbụ, debere ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'oge a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Karen Wilkin nke *akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street Journal*  *ọrụ* Dial "ọnụego mbụ, Art dị ike - nke nwere isi obodo 'A." N'akụkụ ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ahụ maka nka ụwa dị ka Degas, Picasso, Kandinsky na Willem de Kooning. 

Na nyocha ọzọ nke 2011 nke ihe ngosi *Hard Truths*, onye nkatọ nka na ihe owuwu Richard Lacayo bipụtara akụkọ nwere peeji anọ na Dial in *Time Magazine ,* na-arụ ụka na ọrụ Dial ekwesịghị ịbụ nduru-nduru n'ime ụdị nke “nkà mpụga” akọwapụtara nke ọma:A kọwawo ọrụ Dial mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka " nka nke ndị ọzọ ", okwu nke na-anwa ikpuchi ngwaahịa nke onye ọ bụla sitere na ndị na-ese ihe na-enweghị uche dị ka nne nne Moses iji mee ka mkpụrụ obi furu efu dị ka Martín Ramírez na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi dị ka Henry Darger, onye nlekọta Chicago ... Mana ọ bụrụ na enwere otu nkuzi ị ga-ewepụ na "Eziokwu siri ike: Art of Thornton Dial," nlegharị anya ọhụụ na-emeri na Indianapolis Museum of Art, ọ bụ Dial, 82, esoghị n'ime akụkụ sara mbara nke otu ahụ. ... Enwere ike ịkọwa ihe ọ na-eme dị ka nka, nka nka, enweghị oke echiche nke mpụ chọrọ…. Ma ọ bụghị naanị nke ahụ, mana ụfọdụ n'ime nka kacha nwee obi ike, na-atọ ụtọ ma dị ike gburugburu. Na nzaghachi ọzọ na ngosi ihe ngosi *Hard Truths*, onye nta akụkọ New York Times Carol Kino kọwara Dial "anya ọrụ, ebumnuche, na ikike ọgụgụ isi pụtara ìhè na nke ọtụtụ ndị isi ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke oge a, sitere na Jackson Pollock na Robert Rauschenberg ruo Jean-Michel Basquiat ."  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Alex Greenberger nke ARTnews kwuru n'otu aka ahụ, sị: "A na-akpọ Thornton Dial onye na-ese ihe n'èzí, onye na-ese asụsụ obodo, na onye na-ese ihe - mana nke ọ bụla n'ime aha ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-ezighị ezi, ebe ọ bụ na onye na-ese ihe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-arụ ọrụ. na-abanye n'ime echiche ụwa nka nke bụ isi n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga." 

## Ọrụ
Ọrụ Thornton Dial na-eleba anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America dị ka agha, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, oke iwe na enweghị ebe obibi . Ọ na-adọta uche gaa na isiokwu ndị a site n'iji ihe arịa ndị a na-eleghara anya na ndị a na-atụghị anya ya na ndụ ndị America kwa ụbọchị. Na-ejikọta agba na ihe ndị a chọtara, Ịkpọ oku na-arụ nnukwu mgbakọ na ihe awụpụ site na eriri ruo ọkpụkpụ ruo na bọket.  Ọrụ ndị dị ka *Black Walk* na *The Blood of Hard Times,* dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eji tin corrugated na mpempe ígwè ndị ọzọ mebiri emebi na-ezo aka n'ahụ ndị dara ogbenye na ụlọ ọrụ obodo nke ime obodo South .  Ịkpọ oku na-akpọku akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime obodo America n'ime ọtụtụ ọrụ ya. 

Akara nke agụ bụkwa trope a na-ahụ anya na Thornton Dial's oeuvre. Onye na-ese ihe na onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ David C. Driskell kọwara ka Dial ji agụ mee ihe atụ maka nlanarị yana ntụaka doro anya maka mgba maka ikike obodo na United States. 

Na 1993, ọrụ Dial bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu ihe ngosi nke e gosipụtara n'otu oge na New Museum of Contemporary Art na American Folk Art Museum na New York. N'afọ 2000, a gụnyere ọrụ onye na-ese ihe na Whitney Biennial, na 2005–06, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ngosi akpọrọ "Thornton Dial in the 21st Century," bụ nke sochiri na 2011-13 site n'aka ndị ọrụ ahụ nnukwu njem nlegharị anya azụ azụ "Eziokwu siri ike: The Art of Thornton Dial." Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ Dial n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ọha na nke nzuzo, gụnyere nke, n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka High Museum ; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts, Houston; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ndị America, New York; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia ; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington DC; Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington DC; na Indianapolis Museum of Art .

N'ime ọrụ ndị emere afọ ole na ole tupu ọnwụ onye omenkà, Thornton Dial kere akwa akwa, nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe achọtara, dị ka ash, fencing waya na metal scrap. N'ịbụ ndị a kpụrụ n'elu akwa akwa ndị ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị a na-apụghị ịmata nke ọma - akwa nhicha ahụ dị ka coral gbawara agbawa, ígwè a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ afụkọta ọnụ na-adị ka ákwà. 

Na Nọvemba 24, 2014, The Metropolitan Museum of Art kwupụtara na ọrụ 57 sitere n'aka ndị omenkà Africa America nke oge a sitere na Southern United States —gụnyere ọrụ iri nke Dial—bụ ndị Souls Grown Deep Foundation nyere ihe ngosi nka site na mkpokọta William S. Arnett ya. . Ihe ngosi ewepụtara maka onyinye ahụ mepere na Metropolitan Museum na Mee 22, 2018, wee were ruo Septemba nke afọ ahụ. 

Dị ka Sheena Wagstaff, Leonard A. Lauder onyeisi oche nke Department of Modern na Contemporary Art na Metropolitan Museum, kọwara onyinye ahụ, "Site na Thornton Dial's magisterial constructions ka ihe nnọchianya nke Gee's Bend quilters site na 1930s gaa n'ihu, ìgwè a pụrụ iche. Ọrụ na-atụnye ụtụ nke ukwuu na ihe ngosi ngosi nka nke ụlọ ngosi nka nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri America n'oge a yana mmụba n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya nwere nkà nke oge a." 

Abụọ n'ime isi ọrụ Dial gụnyere na onyinye March 2016 nyere Virginia Museum of Fine Arts site n'aka onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ya, William A. Royall, na nwunye ya, Pam. Ọrụ ndị ahụ bụ akara ngosi, "Old Uncle Buck (The Negro Got Chọpụta Ihe Na-eme na United States)," site na 2002; na nnukwu ihe oyiyi 2005, "Freedom Cloth."

Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka dị elu dị n'Atlanta nwere ihe ngosi ncheta, na nlele nke February 13 ruo Mee 1, 2016, nke gosipụtara nhọrọ nke eserese dị egwu nke Dial na ihe osise bara ụba nke ihe ngosi nka nke ụlọ ngosi nka chịkọtara n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga. N'April 2016 Marianne Boesky Gallery gosipụtara "Anyị niile bi n'okpuru otu ọkọlọtọ ochie", ihe ngosi a raara nye Dial kemgbe ọ nwụrụ.  Artsy, mbipụta ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ịntanetị, nyere ihe ngosi Dial na Marianne, "Anyị niile na-ebi n'okpuru otu ọkọlọtọ ochie", ụgwọ ịgba ụgwọ n'etiti 15 "blockbuster", "ga-ahụ" ihe ngosi ngosi ngosi n'oge ọnwa Mee. 

2019

* *Epic Abstraction: Pollock to Herrera*, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Obodo ukwu, New York, NY

2018

* *Akụkọ ihe mere eme jụrụ ịnwụ: Isi ihe sitere na onyinye mkpụrụ obi toro Deep Foundation*, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY

2017

* *Mkpughe: Art sitere na South American South,* De Young Museum, San Francisco, CA
* *Onye nkuzi onwe ya*, nke American Folk Art Museum haziri, New York, NY, gara Tampa Museum of Art, Tampa, FL; New Orleans
* *Oghere nke atọ/ Mkparịta ụka na-agbanwe agbanwe gbasara nka nke oge a*, Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, AL
* *N'ime n'èzí: Ndị na-ese ihe ise a kụziiri onwe ha site na William Louis Dreyfus Foundation*, Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, NY; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Baker
* *Amara / Amaghị: Mmasị nkeonwe na Ọchịchọ zoro ezo na Art Outsider*, Museum of Sex, New York, NY

* *Ahụrụ m onwe m n'ime gị: Nhọrọ sitere na mkpokọta*, Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY
* *Akụkọ gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze: Ntụgharị Oghere na Ebe*, nke Leisa Rundquist kwadoro, Asheville Museum of Art, Asheville, NC

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Sarah Cascone, "Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Acquire 62 Works by African American Artists Including Purvis Young, Thornton Dial Highlights include nine pieces by Thornton Dial." Artnet, February 7, 2017.
* Corral, Alexis, "''15 Blockbuster Gallery Shows You Need to See in New York This May." Artsy'', April 29, 2016
* Reid, Zachary, "''VMFA adds 18 works, including nine from African-American artists", Richmond Times-Dispatch'', March 21, 2016
* Bernard Herman, "Thornton Dial (1928-2016)." Artforum, February 18, 2016.
* Valentine, Victoria, "''After His Work Enters Met Museum Collection, Thornton Dial Joins New York Gallery", Culture Type'', November 24, 2015
* Artspace Editors, "''10 Artists to Watch This November", Artspace'', October 30, 2015
* Kennedy, Randy, "''Boesky Gallery to Represent Thornton Dial", ArtsBeat, The New York Times'', October 20, 2015
* Gomez, Edward, "''From the Deep South, an Overlooked Chapter in Art History", Hyperalleric'', January 24, 2015
* Sellman, James, "''Truly Transformative: Souls Grown Deep Foundation Gifts 57 Works of Art to the Metropolitan Museum of Art", Folk Art Messenger'', Winter 2015
* Williams, Paige, "''The Met Embraces Neglected Southern Artists", The New Yorker'', December 4, 2014
* Williams, Paige, "''Composition in Black and White", The New Yorker'', August 12, 2013
* McCash, Doug, "''Hard Truths: The Art of Thornton Dial a must-see at NOMA", The Times-Picayune'', March 1, 2012
* Wilkin, Karen, "''The Best of 2011", The Wall Street Journal'', December 23, 2011
* Sellman, James "''Truth and Consequences: the 25-Year Friendship of Thornton Dial and Bill Arnett", Folk Art Messenger'', Summer 2011
* Kuspit, Donald, Review, *Art Forum*, Summer 2011
* Wilkin, Karen, "''Biography, History, Self-Evident Beauty", The Wall Street Journal'', April 21, 2011
* Doran, Anne, Review, *Time Out New York*, April 14–20, 2011
* Review, *The New Yorker*, April 11, 2011
* Lacayo, Richard, "''Outside the Lines", Time'', March 14, 2011
* Kino, Carol, "''Letting His Life’s Work Do the Talking", The New York Times'', February 17, 2011
* Gómez, Edward M., "On the Border", Art & Antiques Magazine, February 2011
* Jones, Phillip March, "Thornton Dial, Sr.", *Whitehot Magazine*, February 2010
* Giovanni, Nikki; Chassman, Gary Miles; Leonard, Walter, "In the Spirit of Martin", *Tinwood Books* 2002
* Smith, Dinitia, "Bits, Pieces and a Drive To Turn Them Into Art," *New York Times*, February 5, 1997
* Smith, Roberta, "A Young Style for an Old Story," *New York Times*, December 19, 1993
* Scott, Sue, "Thornton Dial [exhibition review]," *ARTnews 92*, April 1993
* Lloyd, Ann Wilson, "Thornton Dial at Luise Ross," *Art in America*, May 1993
* Kuspit, Donald, "The Appropriation of Marginal Art in the 1980s," *American Art*, Winter/Spring 1991
* Kroll, Jack, "The Outsiders Are In: American Folk Artists Move into the World of Money and Fame," *Newsweek*, December 2, 1987

## Ntụaka
akpọrọ "Thornton Dial in the 21st Century," bụ nke sochiri na 2011-13 site n'aka ndị ọrụ ahụ nnukwu njem nlegharị anya azụ azụ "Eziokwu siri ike: The Art of Thornton Dial." Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ Dial n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ọha na nke nzuzo, gụnyere nke, n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka High Museum ; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts njem nlegharị anya azụ azụ "Eziokwu siri ike: The Art of Thornton Dial." Enwere ike ịchọta ọrụ Dial n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ọha na nke nzuzo, gụnyere nke, n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ,
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations