Joe Ray (onye na-ese ihe)

**Joe Ray** (amụrụ 1944) bụ onye omenkà America dabere na Los Angeles.   Ọrụ ya kwagara n'etiti abstraction na nnọchite anya na ndị na-ajụ ase gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, nka ọrụ na foto.    Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na mmalite 1960s wee so na ọtụtụ obodo nka ama ama na Los Angeles, gụnyere Light na Space ije;   Ndị na-ese ihe nkedo nke mbụ, gụnyere Larry Bell ;   na 1970 na-enwe mmetụta nke African-American mkpokọta, Studio Z, nke ọ bụ onye ntọala ya na ndị na-ese ihe dịka David Hammons, Senga Nengudi na Houston Conwill .    Onye nkatọ Catherine Wagley kọwara Ray dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na-agbasi mbọ ike ịghọta ụdị ọkụ na ohere niile (igwe, mmụọ, ime mmụọ na mpaghara) karịa ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ọ bụla." - ọchịchọ nke ya na ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro dugara ya. a na-aghọtaghị.   

Ray egosila na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA), Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA), Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Museum of African-American Art na Los Angeles, na ebe ndị ọzọ.      Ihe osise ya bụ nke mkpokọta ọha nke LACMA na Nora Eccles Harrison Museum of Art .   

## Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ
Amụrụ Ray na Beaumont, Texas na 1944 wee tolite na Alexandria, Louisiana .  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, nkà na egwu, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà na nkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Southwestern Louisiana, otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole na kọleji dịpụrụ adịpụ na mbụ.   N'afọ 1963, o jiri ụgbọ ala gaa Los Angeles ma n'oge na-adịghị anya sonye na ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche nke na-akọwapụtabeghị.    Edebanyere ya na US Army wee ziga ya ije ozi na Vietnam na 1965, izu abụọ ka nnupụisi Watts gasịrị.   Mgbe o si Vietnam lọta na 1967, Ray biri na mpaghara Leimert Park nke Los Angeles, bụ ebe na-eto eto nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na omenala ndị Africa na America, wee malite ịnwale ihe ọkpụkpụ resin na ndị ọzọ dị ka Larry Bell, Doug Edge na Terry. O'Shea.   

Ray mbụ gosipụtara ihe osise ya na 1969 4th Annual Watts Summer Festival Art ngosi, ma mesịa nweta nkwanye ùgwù site na ihe ngosi otu na SFMOMA, Oakland Museum of California, Long Beach Museum of Art, na LACMA ("24 Young Los Angeles Artists," 1971; "Afọ 10 nke Nnweta Council Art Contemporary," 1973).   Mgbe ọ natachara onyinye nturu ugo na-eto eto sitere na LACMA na 1970,   o debanyere aha na klas mbụ na California Institute of Arts ọhụrụ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na John Baldessari, Allan Kaprow na Nam June Paik .   Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ nwalere arụmọrụ, foto na nka vidiyo wee gụchaa ya na BFA na klas mmalite nke 1973.    N'agbata 1978 na 1980, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu izizi iri na ise nke MOCA Los Angeles Artists Advisory Council, yana Vija Celmins, Robert Irwin na ndị ọzọ. 
N'ime ọrụ ya mechara, Ray gụnyere na ihe ngosi LACMA, "Emere na California: Art, Image and Identity (1900-2000),"  nyocha ihe ngosi nka "LA Object & David Hammons Body Prints" (2007, Tilton Gallery, New York; Roberts & Tilton, Los Angeles),   "The Artist's Museum" (MOCA LA, 2010),  na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Na 2017, nyocha nke afọ 50 nke ọrụ ya, "Constellation Complexion," mere na Diane Rosenstein Gallery na Los Angeles.  

## Ọrụ na nnabata
Ọrụ Ray na 1960s na 1970s sitere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo-resin na-adịghị ahụkebe ruo na foto ndị yiri akwụkwọ na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ. Ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na ụdị ọrụ abụọ ikpeazụ a na-ekwu maka ihe njirimara nke mebiela omume ya na-abụghị nke ihe atụ ma kewapụ ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkedo-resin na Light na Space.     Malite na ngwụcha 1970s, o lekwasịrị anya karịa na eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta ihe atụ nke na-enyocha oghere ime na mpụta yana okwu metụtara njirimara agbụrụ na ahaghị nhata.   Onye nkatọ Shana Nys Dambrot edewo na ihe ngosi pụtara ìhè nke omume Ray "n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-edepụta eriri nke echiche na ọmarịcha gestalt nke jikọtara ọrụ ya niile na-aga n'ihu nke ìhè, agba, ngwa anya / ihe mgbagwoju anya, na ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka nghọta, eserese, arụmọrụ, na abstraction. " 

### Ihe ọkpụkpụ nkedo resin
N'etiti 1960s, Ray malitere inyocha ihe nkedo na resin, ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị na-ese ihe na-tinyere ìhè-bịara iji kọwaa Light na Space ije.    Ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, gụnyere Ray, nabatara ma sayensị, akụkụ teknụzụ nke ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esoteric, echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị ka ikike nke inwe ụdị siri ike ma mee ka ọkụ na-agafe agafe na gburugburu ya.    Ọkpụkpụ resin mbụ nke Ray na-atụgharị ma were ọdịdị bụ isi: spheres pristine, ọkara okirikiri, arcs na mgbanaka.    Ọ gbakwunyere ha pigmenti-n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ agba swiiti ( *Two Arcs and Half-Sphere*, 1969) na ndị ọzọ ụkpụrụ ojii na ọcha, dị ka na *New Eye* (1969).   Ọrụ nke ikpeazụ jikọtara ya na ndị na-ese ihe na Light na Space na-ya na tubes ojii na nke ọcha na-akọwa okwu agbụrụ-na ụzọ ọzọ, ụwa nkà nke Africa-American n'ebe ndịda nke Freeway 10, gbadoro ụkwụ na Leimert Park, Alonzo Davis 's Brockman Gallery, na Osisi 32.    

Ọrụ resin Ray na-egosipụta mmasị ya na sayensị na mmụọ, echiche euphoric, ahụ mmadụ n'otu n'otu na sistemu ya, na cosmos.   *Ihe mgbanaka* ya na-esote (1980–3) ka akọwara dị ka ọrụ nka nka na-egbu mgbu nke mgbanaka mgbanaka asaa dị omimi, mgbanaka na okirikiri etinyere n'akụkụ n'akụkụ conjure ọtụtụ ihe atụ.   Curator Ed Schad dere, ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ "na-adọta ahịrị ụmụ mmadụ site na ụwa na-enweghị njedebe nke oghere atomiki site na nhazi nke obi mmadụ na usoro nke kpakpando na usoro mbara igwe," ya na njikọ asaa ya na-ejikọta na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ "ihe omimi na ọnụọgụgụ pụtara., na-agbakwunye ihu nzuzo." 

### Foto na ọrụ metụtara arụmọrụ
Ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-esetịpụ foto Ray's 1970s n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ndekọ ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị yana mmekọrịta na-adịghị ahụkebe mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ha.  Na 1970, ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya Louisiana wee sere ụmụaka, ndị okenye, ụlọ egbe egbe na okporo ámá ebe ahụ. Ihe onyonyo a na-akwụwa aka ọtọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ-dị ka ihe osise-31 ojii na-acha ọcha, mbipụta gelatin-ọlaọcha-gụnyere usoro “Untitled” (1970–2), nke gosipụtara mmetụta ya gbasara agbataobi na ndụ ya, ebe ọ na-akọwapụta oke nke ya. trajectory n'oge na ebe.   
Ndị dịkọrọ ndụ n'usoro isiokwu ahụ bụ ọrụ nka ọnụ ọnụ nke Ray—ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na ihe omume ndị a na-eme ndụ ndị a na-edekarị na foto na vidiyo. Ndị a gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịsacha ụgbọ ala mmadụ, nke ya na ndị enyi ya na-eji ejiji dị ka nnukwu, brushes floppy ma kpuchie onwe ha na ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha, na mgbada na-agbadata na eriri site na ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ elu n'oge egwu egwu.   N'afọ 1971, Ray, Terry O'Shea na Doug Edge gosipụtara na ngosi mmeghe nke Market Street Programme (1971-3), ọrụ mmalite, nka na nke ọha mmadụ na-akwado nke Walter Hopps na Robert Irwin.    Kama igosi ihe osise resin nke onwe ha, ha họọrọ ịnwale dị ka atọ na echiche echiche na foto na-enyocha clichés ndị a ma ama banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a-dị ka dandy, onye ọzọ, libertine ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya-na-edepụta nsonaazụ, "The Fantasy Show."    Onyonyo ha gụnyere oriri na-atọ ụtọ, Buñuel - dị ka black-tie oriri maka atọ; ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị uwe mwụda biker scenario spoofing machismo; na egwuregwu poker na Ray na ụmụ nwanyị atọ, na-ezo aka na foto Duchamp 1963 a ma ama nke onwe ya na-egwu chess na Pasadena Art Museum .    

### Ihe osise
N'afọ ndị 1990, Ray kere ihe osise nke na-enyocha ihe gbasara njirimara, ikpe ziri ezi nke agbụrụ na nsonye site na iji ihe oyiyi eme ihe - dị ka akara na ihe ndị nkịtị - nke mebiri echiche ọjọọ na agbụrụ agbụrụ.   Otu afọ mgbe ọgba aghara Los Angeles kpalitere site na ikpe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii Rodney King na ntọhapụ, ọ dechara usoro gụnyere ọrụ *US* na *Blue Spade* (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha."   Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi yiri ka ọ na-esi na kọmpat na-eto; mkpọsa nke agba ojii na-atụ aro n'akụkụ ụzọ obodo mepere emepe nwere ntụpọ, iwe ma ọ bụ Nkwuwapụta Abstract; ụtarị na-acha ọcha, obe na-acha ọbara ọbara, na ụdị spade na-eme ka agbụrụ agbụrụ, egwuregwu kaadị na ngwá ọrụ.   

Na 2014, e gosipụtara usoro ahụ na Prospect.3 na New Orleans, na-esote Michael Brown agbapụ ; Na nyocha *New Orleans Times-Picayune*, Doug McCash dere, sị, "Ịhụta ihe osise Ray na ịgụ akụkọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2014 bụ ahụmahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mesiri ike nkà nwere akara oge ... ma ọ bụ oge." 

## Ntụaka
Blue Spade (ma 1993); aha mbụ ọrụ na-ezo aka ma United States na nemegide nke nnọchiaha nke "anyị," nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ gụnyere ma ọ bụ nkewa, dị ka na "anyị vs. ha."   Usoro ahụ jikọtara akara nke nnwere onwe na nha anya na mmegide na mkpesa: ihe mkpuchi gazelle na-anọchi anya mpaghara Africa; akwa kente, akwa Ghana nke nwere ihe ọ pụtara nye ndị si n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nke o jiri nọrọ n'ọnọdụ ebe ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ America na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; okooko osisi

## Njikọ mpụga

* Joe Ray, Diane Rosenstein Gallery
* Joe Ray, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, mkpokọta
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations