open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Hrê

Hré bụ asụsụ North Bahnaric nke etiti Vietnam. Na ngụkọ mmadụ nke afọ 2009, e nwere ndị agbụrụ Hrê dị puku iri abụọ na asaa na asaa (127,000). .

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Jeh

**Jeh** (a na-akpọkwa ya Die, Gie, Yaeh) bụ asụsụ ihe karịrị puku mmadụ iri na ise na-asụ na Vietnam. E nwekwara ọtụtụ puku ndị na-asụ asụsụ na mpaghara Laotian nke Xekong na Attapu.

## Ihe Nlereanya
E nwere ole na ole ederede ederede nke asụsụ Jeh dị n'ịntanetị, mana n'afọ 2023, ọrụ Jọn 3:16 zigara ndị nchọpụta na Jeh ma sụgharịa Jọn 3:16 n'asụsụ Jeh.

N'ihi ya, n'oge ụfọdụ, n'etiti ndị mmadụ, n'otu n'otu, n'ime ha, n'ihi ya.

## Edensibia
Alak

Alak bụ asụsụ mmadụ ruru puku anọ na ndịda Laos na-asụ, ọkachasị na ógbè Salavan na Sekong (ebe ndị Alak mejupụtara otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ndị bi na ya). Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị Bahnars nke Vietnam na-asụ. Ọ gụnyere olumba abụọ, Alak na Harak. 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
*  Alak na RWAAI Digital Archive
Bahnar

**Asụsụ Bahnar** ma ọ bụ asụsụ Ba-Na (   ) bụ asụsụ Central Bahnaric. O nwere ụdaume itoolu na ogologo ụdaume ụdaume.

## Nkewa dị iche iche
Đào (1998)  depụtara obere ìgwè ndị na-esonụ nke Bahnar na ebe ha dị.

* **Bahnar Kon Tum**: Ebe Kon Tum
* **Bahnar Jơlong**: n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Kon Tum ProvinceÓgbè Kon Tum
* **Bahnar Golar**: ugwu Pleiku (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Bahnar Tosung**: Mang Yang District (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Bahnar Konkođe**: Ógbè Khê (Ógbè Gia Lai) 
* **Bahnar Alatang**: Ógbè An Khê (Ógbè Gia Lai) 
* **Bahnar Alakông**: K'Bang District (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Bahnar Tolo**: Kông Chro District na ndịda An Khê District (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Bahnar Bơnâm**: ọwụwa anyanwụ An Khê District (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Bahnar Roh**: ebe ndị gbasasịrị na An Khê District na K'Bang District (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Bahnar Krem**: Vĩnh Thạnh District na An Lão District (Bình Định Province) 
* **Bahnar Chăm**: Ógbè Vân Canh (Ógbè Bình Định) 
* Bahnar But: mpaghara ọhịa; obere nkwurịta okwu na ndị si n'èzí

Bùi (2011:5-6)  depụtara obere ìgwè ndị na-esonụ nke Bahnar na ebe ha dị.

* Tơ Lô: na Sơ Ró, Đắc Song, Chơ Loong, Yang Nam, na Đắc Tơ obodo, nke dị na Kông Chro District na akụkụ nke An Khê District (Gia Lai Province) 
* **Krem**: na Vĩnh Thạnh District, yana ụfọdụ na An Lão District, Hoài Ân District, na Tây Sơn District na Bình Định Province; ụfọdụ na Sơn Lang Commune, K'Bang District, Gia Lai Province
* **Vân Canh**: ọtụtụ n'ime obodo Canh Liên, Canh Thuận, na Canh Hòa nke Vân Canhi District, Bình Định Province
* **Thồ Lồ**: nke ka ukwuu n'akụkụ elu nke Đồng Xuân District, Phú Yên Province. E kewara ya na obodo 9 n'ime Mpaghara Đồng Xuân, Sơn Hòa, na Sông Hinh. Ọ sitere na ndị Tơ Lô bụ ndị agha Tây Sơn na-agba ọsọ n'Ọchịchị Nguyễn afọ 200 gara aga. Ha gbagara n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa Thồ Lồ, Phú Yên Province. Ihe ndị a na-akpọ
* **Gơ Lar**: ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na Mang Yang District, Đắk Đoa District, na Chư Sê District nke Gia Lai Province, na ụfọdụ bi gburugburu obodo Kon Tum. E nwekwara obere ìgwè a na-akpọ **Bahnar Châng H'drung** ndị bi na ala Ugwu Hàm Rồng.
* **Kon Tum**: na mpaghara 4 na obodo 9 nke obodo Kon Tum
* **Jơ Lơng**: n'obodo Kon Tum, na Đắc Tơ Re, Đắc Ruồng, na ĐAC Pne obodo nke Kon Rɑy District, Kon Tum Province
* **Rơ Ngao** (Rengao): n'ime obodo nta iri abụọ na itoolu. Ha na ndị Kon Tum bi na obodo 5 nke Kon Tum; na ndị Bahnar na Sedang bi na obodo 2 nke Đắk Hà District; na Ndị Sedang bi n'obodo Pô Cô Commune, Đắk Tô District, Kon Tum Province

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

Ihe odide:

# Na usoro ikpeazụ /jh/, /h/ anaghị akpọpụta ma /j/ na-akpọpụta phonetically dị ka ụdaume dị mkpirikpi /i/ .

### Mkpụrụedemede

## A na-ejikwa ya na Vietnam
Otu obere ndị ọzọ gụnyere Kon Kđe, Bơ Nơm, na A Roh subgroups na Kông Chro District na K'Bang District nke Gia Lai Province (Bùi 2011: 6).

Ethnologue depụtara asụsụ ndị a nke Bahnar.

* Tolo
* Golar
* Alakong (A-La Cong) 
* Jolong (Gio-Lang, Y-Lang) 
* Bahnar Bonom (Bomam) 
* Ndị na-esote
* Krem

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Database nke ihe ndekọ ọdịyo na Bahnar - ekpere ndị Katọlik bụ isi
Anjoaty dialect

**Anjoaty**, nke a makwaara dịka **Sakalava Anjoaty**,  bụ asụsụ Malagasy nke ndị Anjoaty na-asụ n'obodo Vohémar na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Madagascar .

## Nhazi ọkwa
**Anjoaty** bụ ụdị asụsụ Austronesian nke sitere na alaka Malagasy nke Northern Malagasic.

## Nkesa ala
A na-asụ asụsụ Anjoaty n'obodo Vohémar na gburugburu ya,  na Mpaghara Sava nke dị na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Madagascar . 

## Àgwà
**Anjoaty** na asụsụ Malagasy nke ugwu dịka Antakarana na Northern Betsimisaraka yiri ibe ha, mana o nwere àgwà dị iche iche nke okwu na ụda olu.

## Edensibia
Africitas

***Africitas*** bụ olu asụsụ Afrịka nke Latin. Erasmus ji okwu a mee ihe na mbụ dị ka okwu mkparị iji kọwaa ụfọdụ ihe dị na ọrụ Latin Afrịka.[1] Na narị afọ nke 20, echiche nke Africitas bụ ndị ọkà mmụta tụlere, bụ́ ndị na-enyochakarị ndị edemede Afrịka dịka Saint Augustine, onye Fada Chọọchị, na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ́ Marcus Cornelius Fronto gbasara olumba a e chepụtara echepụta. ndị ọkà mmụta tụlere, bụ́ ndị na-enyochakarị ndị edemede Afrịka dịka Saint Augustine, onye Fada Chọọchị, na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ bụ́ Marcus Cornelius Fronto gbasara asụsụ echiche a. Mgbe 1945 gasịrị, aAfrica (2014), nke lere anya n'echiche nke Africitas ọzọ, nke oge a karịsịa gbasara onye dere akụkọ Apuleius.

Ndị na-arụ ụka maka *Africitas* na-ekwu na a na-eji "ihe pụrụ iche nke okwu, usoro okwu, nhazi ahịrịokwu, na ụdị" kewaa olumba ahụ.  GN Olcott na-arụkwa ụka na Latin Afrịka "kachasị nwee nnwere onwe n'ịhazi okwu."  Mgbe o lebachara anya n'isiokwu ahụ ogologo oge, JN Adams na-arụ ụka na "enwere [ụdị asụsụ anyị na-akpọ *Africitas*, mana] na, ebe akụkụ Afrịka dị anya, enwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ụdị Latin kama otu 'Latin Afrịka'."  Catherine Conybeare nke Bryn Mawr na-arụ ụka na a pụrụ ile ịkpọ *Africitas* iche dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.  Banyere nke a, Vincent Hunink nke Mahadum Radboud Nijmegen kwuru na, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị agbagha na ụdị asụsụ Latin dị iche iche dị na mpaghara dị, "enweghị mkparịta ụka arụmụka ndị ọkà mmụta yiri nke ahụ" gbasara okwu, usoro okwu, nhazi ahịrịokwu, na ụdị "'Germanitas' ma ọ bụ 'Brittanitas'" apụtabeghị, na-egosi na itinye aka na *Africitas* bụ nsogbu. 

## Leekwa

* Asụsụ ndị Afrịka na-asụ Romance sitere na Latin nke mpaghara North Africa.

## Edensibia
Antemanambondro

**Antemanambondro** bụ ụdị Malagasy dị iche iche    nke ndị Antemanambondro na-asụ, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na olumba Antesaka . 

## Nhazi ọkwa
**Antemanambondro** bụ olumba nke Malagasy, nke bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian . A na-ekewa ya n'ime ngalaba Central-Eastern, n'okpuru otu Sahafatra - Antesaka .

## Nkesa ala
A na-asụ olumba a na mpaghara Atsimo-Atsinanana, ọkachasị site na obodo Manambọndro ruo Manantenina, nke bụ mmalite nke mpaghara olumba Tanosy .

## Àgwà
Antemanambondro bụ olumba Malagasy mgbanwe na-ejikọ Antesaka na Tanosy . Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ otu n'ime Antesaka ma eleghị anya ọ bụ olumba ya, Antemanambondro na-egosipụta ihe ndị pụrụ iche a na-ahụghị na Antesaka, dị ka *fia* maka "azụ" na *ampela* maka "nwanyị" (ebe Antesaka na-eji *laokandrano* ma ọ bụ *vily* na *viavy*, n'otu n'otu). 

## Edensibia
Khom script

thumb|Ihe nlele nke akara sitere na edemede Khom, na-egosi otu o si mepụta mkpụrụedemede
**Ihe odide Khom** bụ usoro ide ihe e jibu eme ihe na Laos. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "Khom" akọwa mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Khmer oge ochie nke e ji eme ihe n'ụlọ nsọ ndị Buddha nke Thailand iji dee mantras na ekpere ndị Buddha dị nsọ, mana nke ahụ bụ mkpụrụ akwụkwọ dị iche kpamkpam.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
.

Ndị agadi, ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'ime ụlọ kpughere ndị si n'èzí edemede ahụ ugboro abụọ (Sidwell 2008:18). Ọ bụ ezie na okwu *Khom* na mbụ na-ezo aka na Khmer, e mesịrị tinye ya na ndị Austroasiatic yiri ya dị ka Lao Theung, ọtụtụ n'ime ha kwadoro Ong Kammandam.

## Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
Ihe odide *Khom* a dị iche n'ụzọ ọ na-ekewa mkpụrụedemede. O nwere otu akara iji gosipụta ụdaume mbụ. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-eji akara ọzọ na-anọchite anya ụdaume ikpeazụ na ụdaume. Nke ahụ bụ, n'adịghị ka syllabary (nke nwere akara otu maka ụdaume na-esote ụdaume (CV), na ikekwe ụdaume na'enweghị ụdaume na - so), Khom script na-ekewa ụdaume dị ka C-VC, kama CV-C (Sidwell 2008). A naghị anabata nkewa mmalite a n'ụzọ dị mfe na ụdị edemede ọ bụla dị ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na Zhuyin Fuhao na-ekerịta ya.

Ụfọdụ n'ime akara ndị ahụ yiri ndị sitere na edemede ndị dị nso, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị mbụ. Ihe odide ahụ nwere ihe karịrị mkpụrụedemede 300, iji kpuchie ọdịdị dị mma nke Asụsụ Bahnaric. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịdị nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ yiri ọtụtụ usoro ederede n'ógbè ahụ, ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na nke ọ bụla n'ime ha.

Enwere ike iji edemede ahụ dee Asụsụ Bahnaric dị iche iche, gụnyere asụsụ Laven, ọkachasị Jru', na asụsụ dị ka Alak, asụsụ obodo Ong Kommadam.

## Ihe edeturu
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## Ihe odide

* Jacq, Pascale. 2001. Nkọwa nke Jruq (Loven): asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke Lao PDR. Akwụkwọ edemede MA a na-ebipụtaghị ebipụta, Mahadum Mba Australia.  (Ihe odide akọwapụtara na Ndepụta nke Abụọ, peeji nke 521-525) &nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2008. Ihe odide Khom nke Kommodam Rebellion. *International Journal of the Sociology of Language* 192.
Kayong

**Kayong** (Ca Giong) bụ asụsụ Austro-Asia nke Vietnam. Gọọmentị Vietnam na-akpọ ndị na-ekwu okwu Ndị Sedang.

A na-asụ Kayong (Ca-dong) na mpaghara Sa Thầy na Kon Plông District nke Kon Tum Province (Lê et al. 2014:175) 

## Edensibia

## Akwụkwọ

* Lê Bá Thảo, Hoàng Ma, et al.; na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ na ọ bụ ie na ọ bụ. 2014. *N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ na-enweta mmasị na Vietnam:* ị na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'otu n'otu. Ha Noi: N'ime ndị otu ahụ, ha na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'ime ha. ISBN  &nbsp;
Juk

**Juk** .

Ọ bụ onye ọkachamara asụsụ Thai bụ Therapan L-Thongkum chọpụtara asụsụ Juk. Ndị na-asụ Juk bi n'obodo nta Ban Nyôkthông (Gnôkthông), nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri na abụọ n'ebe ugwu Ban Kafe. Ọ dị n'etiti oboo Tateng na Sekong..

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *[https://www.academia.edu/1540081/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric_Vol._1_West_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric]*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
Laven

Laven bụ otu ìgwè olumba Mon-Khmer nke ndịda Laos. Laven bụ aha njirimara nke gọọmentị Laotian nyere, ebe aha njirimara nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-asụ ya bụ Jru' [ɟruʔ]. Ụdị dị iche iche bụ

* Jru' (nke a na-akpọkwa *Jruq) * 
* Juk
* Su' (nke a na-akpọkwa *Suq) * 

Therapan L-Thongkum na Paul Sidwell (2003) kọwara ụdị Laven n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2019. Iweghachi mmekọrịta asụsụ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Boloven Plateau, Laos. E gosipụtara ya na ALMSEA (The Anthropology of Language in Mainland Southeast Asia), Mahadum Sydney, Ọgọst 19-20.  (Ihe ngosi) 

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *[https://www.academia.edu/1540081/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric_Vol._1_West_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric]*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
Monom

Monom (Monam), nke a na-agaghị aghọtahie na Bonam (otu obere asụsụ Bahnar), bụ asụsụ Austro-Asiatic nke Vietnam. Gọọmentị Vietnam na-akpọ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a ndị Sedang.

A na-asụkarị Monom n'ógbè Kon Plòng, na mpaghara Kon Tum (Le et al. 2014:175) 

## Edensibia
Nyaheun

**Nya***Heun***** (aha njirimara: Heun /hɐɐɲ/) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke alaka Bahnaric a na-asụ na ndịda Laos. Chazée (1999:95) na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị 4,200, ebe ọnụọgụgụ ndị Laotian nke afọ 1995 mere ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Nyaheun dị 5,152. Dịka Ethnologue si kwuo, asụsụ ahụ "siri ike," nke pụtara na ndị mmadụ nọ n'afọ ndụ dị iche iche na-asụ ya.

## Aha ndị ọzọ
A maara Nyaheun site n'ọtụtụ aha ndị ọzọ gụnyere Nhaheun, Nhahem, Nya Hoen, Nia-Heun, Nyah Heuny, Gya Hon, Nahoen, Hoen, Honh, Hun, Hin, Iahoun, Nya Hön, Nyahheuny, Nha Heun, Yaheun, na Nyahon.

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2019. Iweghachi mmekọrịta asụsụ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Boloven Plateau, Laos. E gosipụtara ya na ALMSEA (The Anthropology of Language in Mainland Southeast Asia), Mahadum Sydney, Ọgọst 19-20.  (Ihe ngosi) 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *[https://www.academia.edu/1540081/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric_Vol._1_West_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric]*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2003. Ìgwè agbụrụ nke Laos. ụgbọelu. 2 Profaịlụ nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Austro-Asia. White Lotus Bangkok (Ọtụtụ n'ime aha ndị ọzọ maka Nyaheun sitere na isi iyi a lee p. 62-67).&nbsp;
*  Nyaheun na RWAAI Digital Archive
Asụsụ Mel-Khaonh

Mel na Khaonh bụ asụsụ Bahnaric nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Cambodia.

Kraol, Thmon, Khaonh, na Mel niile nwere ihe dịka 70% nke myirịta okwu na Stieng, asụsụ Southern Bahnaric (Barr & Pawley 2013:32)

A na-asụ Mel n'obodo nta ndị a nke Kratié Province, Cambodia (Barr & Pawley 2013).

* Srae Tahaen, obodo Sambok, Kratié DistrictÓgbè Kratié
* Ma ọ bụ Krieng, Ma ọ bụ Obodo Krieng, Ógbè Sambour

A na-asụ Khaonh n'obodo nta ndị a nke Kratié Province, Cambodia (Barr & Pawley 2013).

* Chhok, obodo Thmei, Kratié DistrictÓgbè Kratié
* Khnach, obodo Thmei, Kratié DistrictÓgbè Kratié
* Kosang, obodo Changkrang, Kratié DistrictÓgbè Kratié

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* Barr, Julie na Eric Pawley. 2013. *[http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52517 Nnyocha asụsụ Bahnaric nke Mondul Kiri na Kratie Provinces, Cambodia]*. SIL International.
Asụsụ Ra’ong

Raʼong bụ asụsụ Bahnaric nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Cambodia. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ụdị Stieng dị iche iche, asụsụ Austroasiatic ọzọ a na-asụ na Vietnam na Cambodia (Barr & Pawley 2013).

A na-asụ Raʼ n'obodo Ou Am, obodo Srae Khtum, Kaev Seima District, Mondulkiri Province, Cambodia.

## Edensibia

* *[http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52517 ke Mondul Kiri na Kratie Provinces, Cambodia]*. SIL International.
Asụsụ Oi

Oi (Oy, Oey.  nke a makwaara dịka The, Thang Ong, Sok) bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Attapeu Province, ndịda Laos. Ụdị olu kachasị bụ Oy, nwere ndị na-asụ 11,000 bụ ndị 80% na-asụ otu asụsụ. Ndị Jeng (Cheng) na-asụ otu asụsụ mana ha dị iche na agbụrụ ha (Sidwell 2003). Ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-agbaso okpukperechi ọdịnala.

## Nbudata
Ụfọdụ ebe a na-asụ Oi gụnyere (Sidwell 2003:26):

* Ban Sok, 40 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke Attapeu&nbsp;Atụmatụ
* Ban Lagnao, 10 kilomita n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Attapeu&nbsp;Atụmatụ
* Ban Inthi, 25 kilomita n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Attapeu; ndị na-ekwu okwu na ha si na Bolaven Plateau kwapụ ihe dị ka afọ 80 gara aga, n'oge Nnupụisi Ong Kommandam.&nbsp;
* Ban Mai, na ndagwurugwu ndịda nke Bolaven Plateau
* Ban Champao, na ndagwurugwu ndịda nke Bolaven Plateau
* Oké ọhịa Sepian, ruo Osimiri Khampo

Ndị Jeng na-ebikarị n'akụkụ osimiri Sekaman, na gburugburu Ban Fandeng (Phandear).

Dabere na Daniell (2020), enwere ihe dị ka obodo 20 oy na mpaghara Attapeu, Laos. A na-enye iwu obodo ndị a site na ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ma dị n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Sekong, na mpaghara Attapeu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Attapeu..
 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210611234412/https://www.academia.edu/1546654/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric] E debere  Wayback Machine*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
*  Oi na RWAAI Digital Archive
*  Sapuar na RWAAI Digital Archive
Asụsụ Rengao

**Rengao** bụ asụsụ North Bahnaric. A na-asụ ya n'akụkụ ndịda na etiti Vietnam.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Edensibia
Sapuan

**Sapuan** (aha njirimara: səpuar) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke a na-asụ n'otu obodo Ban Sapuan, nke dị ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ n'ebe ugwu Attapeu. Jacq na Sidwell (1999) na-enye obere ụtọasụsụ. Sidwell (2003) kọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ihe na-erughị 1,000. Chazée (1999:93) na-enye atụmatụ dị ala nke 480

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *[https://www.academia.edu/1546654/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric] E debere  Wayback Machine*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University
* Jacq, Pascale na Paul Sidwell (1999). "Sapuan (Səpuar)." Lincom Europa. München
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
*  Sapuar na RWAAI Digital Archive
Sedang

.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

### Mkpụrụedemede
Sedang n'onwe ya nwere ụdaume 24 dị ọcha: àgwà ụdaume 7, ha niile nwere ike ịbụ nke dị mfe nghọta ([a]), nke nwere imi ([ã]), na nke na-eme ka ọ dị nkọ ([a̰]) na atọ n'ime ha /i a o/ nwere ike ịbụ ma imi ma nke na-eme ka ọ dị nkọ ([ã̰]). Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị ọdịiche ogologo nke asụsụ North Bahnaric ndị ọzọ, o nwere ọtụtụ diphthong, n'etiti ụdaume 33 na 55 niile. (Nhazi dị n'elu na-enye 50.) Ya mere, a na-ekwu na Sedang nwere ndepụta ụdaume kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Agbanyeghị, asụsụ Bahnaric ndị ọzọ nwere ọtụtụ ụdaume (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Bahnar nwere 9) na mgbakwunye na ogologo ụdaume phonemic ya mere asụsụ nwere ndekọ ahụ dabere nke ọma n'otú e si kọwaa asụsụ ndị ahụ na nkọwa ụdaume dị iche iche..

#### Diphthongs

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Sedang Dictionary na Bekee, Vietnamese, na French glossaries
* Ihe ọmụma asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke Paul Sidwell na Mahadum Mba Australia.
* Ihe nlele ụda na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume doro anya na ụdaume, site na njikọ dị n'elu.
* Akwụkwọ edemede Smith
Stieng

**Stieng (   , Vietnamese: Xtiêng, Khmer: ស្ទៀង) bụ asụsụ ndị Stieng nke ndịda Vietnam na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ Cambodia. Tinyere Chrau na Mnong, Stieng bụ nkewa dị ka asụsụ nke otu South Bahnaric nke asụsụ Mon-Khmer n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. N'ime atụmatụ Austroasiatic, a na-akpọkarị asụsụ Bahnaric dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ Khmer.**

.E nwere olumba Stieng a ma ama, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ọ gaghị aghọta nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi enweghị nnyocha dị ukwuu, isiokwu a ga-akọwakarị olumba a maara dị ka Bulo Stieng nke a na-asụ na ógbè Bình Phước, Lâm Đồng, Tây Ninh na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Vietnam na Kratié (Mpaghara Snuol) na ógbè Mondulkiri na mpaghara ndị dị nso na ọwụwa anyanwụ Cambodia.[1][2] A na-asụ Bulo Stieng n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ karịa n'ugwu na oke ọhịa yana onye ikwu ya, Mnong. A na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Bu Dek na Bu Biek, n'ala dị larịị ma na-egosipụta mmetụta karịa site na Vietnamese

N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mon-Khmer, Stieng anaghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti àgwà olu, ọ bụghịkwa asụsụ ụda dị ka Vietnamese. Okwu nwere ike ịbụ monosyllabic ma ọ bụ Sesquisyllabic.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu
Haupers (1969) na-enyocha Stieng dị ka onye nwere ụdaume ụdaume iri abụọ na ise nwere ọdịiche atọ nke ụdaume, nke a na-ekwughị okwu ya na nke a na'ihu ya na ọchịchọ a kọwara dị ka ụyọkọ ụdaume nke na-agụnye ihe dị mfe (ya bụ, ọ bụghị nke a na na-ebu ụzọ ya) na-akwụsị gbakwunyere  . Nnyocha nke gụnyere usoro aspirated dị ka phonemes onwe ha na-ewepụta ụdaume 33 na ọdịiche ụzọ ise.

A na-ewepụta ụdaume ndị na-apụta na coda syllable ma ghara ịpụta. Maka ọnụọgụ alveolar, a na-ahụ  n'efu na . Nkwupụta na-enweghị olu  na-apụta naanị na syllable coda dị ka allophone na-agbakwunye nke .

### Mkpụrụedemede
The Stieng vowel system consists of fifteen monophthongs and two diphthongs.  In addition to vowel quality, quantitative length (duration) is also phonemic for vowels other than  in closed syllables. The vowel  is short before  and long elsewhere.  This lack of minimal pairs for  and  suggests that , ,  and  are all allophones.

Ihe nnọchianya ndị dị n'ime oghere na-anọchite anya ọdịiche dị iche iche.

## Edensibia
Su'

**Su**' (aha njirimara: ɟruʔ; ma ọ bụ Suq) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke alaka Bahnaric a na-asụ na Attapeu Province, Laos. Ngụkọta ndị mmadụ na Attapeu nke afọ 1995 dekọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 124 na-asụ asụsụ na Sanamsay District. Aha njirimara Su' yiri nke Jru' (ndị Lao maara dị ka Laven), mana ha na-ewere onwe ha dị ka otu agbụrụ dị iche (Sidwell 2003:19). Enwere ike ịnwe ndị na-asụ asụsụ na Stung Treng Province, Cambodia.

Ndị na-ekwu okwu Su' bi n'obodo nta dị n'akụkụ abụọ nke Route 18, site na Ban Chanto ruo ihe dị ka kilomita 10 tupu Ban Mai.&nbsp;

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
Lavi

Lavi (Lawi; aha njirimara: Swoeng ma ọ bụ səlwəŋ) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke alaka Bahnaric a na-asụ na Sekong Province, Laos. Chazée (1999:95) na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị 500, ebe ọnụọgụgụ ndị Laotian nke afọ 2015 mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị Lavi dị 1,215..

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Asụsụ nke Mainland South-East Asia. N'asụsụ ndị na-apụ n'anya nke Pacific Rim. Oxford University Press. Oxford na New York. peeji nke 317.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *[https://www.academia.edu/1540081/A_handbook_of_comparative_Bahnaric_Vol._1_West_Bahnaric A Handbook of comparative Bahnaric, Vol. 1: West Bahnaric]*. Pacific Linguistics, 551. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
* L-Thongkum, Theraphan. (1997). Ebe Lawi, Harak na Tariang dị n'ime Bahnaric. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] peeji nke 109-117.&nbsp;
* L-Thongkum, Theraphan. (2001). Asụsụ nke agbụrụ dị na Xekong Province Southern Laos. The Thailand Research Fund.  (N'asụsụ Thai, lee peeji nke 399-400 maka ozi gbasara usoro ụda Lavi).
Thmon

**Thmon** bụ asụsụ Bahnaric nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Cambodia.

Kraol, Thmon, Khaonh, na Mel niile nwere ihe dị ka 70% yiri okwu na Stieng, asụsụ Southern Bahnaric (Barr & Pawley 2013:32).

Ndị Thmon bi n'obodo Memom, Kaoh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province. Ha si n'obodo Benam, Kotol commune, Sambour District, Kratie Province kwaga obodo Memom n'afọ 1973 n'ihi agha (Barr & Pawley 2013:28).

## Edensibia

* Barr, Julie na Eric Pawley. 2013. *[http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/52517 Nnyocha asụsụ Bahnaric nke Mondul Kiri na Kratie Provinces, Cambodia]*. SIL International.
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Chile

**Chilean Sign Language** (Spanish: Lengua de señas chilena, **LSCh**) bụ asụsụ ogbi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ asaa ndị ntị chiri na Chile. Ndị mmadụ na Chile niile na-eji ya, ọ bụkwa asụsụ mbụ ndị mmadụ ji eme ihe obodo ndị ogbi, a na-eji ha eme nkọwa telivishọn. E nwere mgbanwe dị iche iche n'asụsụ ahụ dabere na ihe ndị dị ka ebe obodo, afọ, na ebe agụmakwụkwọ.

## Nkesa Ala
A na-asụkarị ya na Chile niile

### Mpaghara

* Santiago
* Iquique
* Puerto Montt
* Punta Arenas

### Atụmatụ Ojiji Ọnụọgụgụ Mmadụ
Na 2004, a chọpụtara na ihe dị ka mmadụ 292,700 (1.8%) nke ndị Chile nwere ụdị nsogbu ntị. Ihe dị ka ọkara nke ndị nwere nsogbu ntị karịrị afọ 65. Nke a na-eme ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eji LSCh dị naanị ihe dị ka mmadụ 21,000. 

## Ịghọta na Ọnọdụ

### Ọrụ na Iwu Gọọmentị

### Agụmakwụkwọ
E nwere ihe dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ iri abụọ gbasaara na Chile maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri. Enweghị otu usoro ime ya ebe obodo dị iche iche na-eme ya n'ụzọ dị iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na isi obodo mba ahụ, Santiago, a na-amata ụmụ akwụkwọ naanị dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ ndị na-akatọ naanị ma na-amụta ihe n'ebe dị iche iche. A na-amata ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ihe e tinyere n'ime ha dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu naanị. E nwere mahadum anọ e mepụtara maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri dabere na akara ule a na-ahazi. Ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi na n'ime mmadụ iri na asaa, ihe dị ka mmadụ iri ka a kụziiri LSCh site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe mmadụ asaa ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ezinụlọ ha kụziiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-anọghị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. 

### Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu
LSCh nwere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ole na ole a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ Spanish site na LSCh, dịka *Diccionario Bilingüe Lengua de Señas Chilena-Español* .  Na 2008, ndị nnọchiteanya iri atọ si n'akụkụ Chile niile zukọrọ ọnụ iji mepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọkọlọtọ. 

## Mkpisi mkpịsị aka
Mkpụrụedemede aka nke LSCh gụnyere mkpụrụedemede Spanish iri abụọ na asaa, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ogbi, a na-ejikwa ya ede aha na okwu ndị na-enweghị akara ọkọlọtọ. A na-akọwa mkpụpụta mkpịsị aka dị ka ụdị anya nke na-egosipụta grapheme ndị mejupụtara okwu, na-enye ụzọ isi nweta ozi nkewa nke okwu.  E tinyela ya n'ime obodo ndị ntị chiri maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya nke gụnyere "mgbe echiche enweghị akara kpọmkwem, maka aha kwesịrị ekwesị, maka akara mgbazinye, ma ọ bụ mgbe akara ndị na-edoghị anya." 
center|thumb|480x480px|MmMkpụrụedemede mkpịsị aka Chile (lee onye na-ege ntị)

## Leekwa

* Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Chile
* Asụsụ ndị ogbi

## Edensibia
Takua

**Takua** bụ asụsụ ndị Austroasiatic nke Vietnam nke ndị Takua bi n'ógbè ugwu nke Quảng Nam na Quảng Ngãi na-asụ.

## Edensibia
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language

**Proto-Malayo-Polynesian** ( **PMP** ) bụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian e wughachiri emegharị, nke bụ alaka kachasị ukwuu (site n'aka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Austronesian ugbu a). Proto-Malayo-Polynesian bụ nna ochie nke asụsụ Austronesian niile a na-asụ n'èzí Taiwan, yana asụsụ Yami na Agwaetiti Orchid nke Taiwan. Nrụgharị mbụ nke Proto-Austronesian (" *Uraustronesisch* ") nke Otto Dempwolff dere dabere na ihe akaebe sitere na asụsụ ndị dị n'èzí Taiwan, ya mere ọ bụ n'ezie nrụgharị mbụ nke ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. 

## Ngụkọta ụdaolu

### Kọnsonant
Enwere ike iji mkpụrụedemede ndị a mee ihe ọzọ maka Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): 

Uru ụda olu nke ụda ndị e megharịrị emegharị *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h bụ dịka mkpụrụokwu si gosi. Akara ndị a *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R bụ nkwekọrịta orthographic nke Dyen (1947) webatara na mbụ.  E nyere uru ụda olu ndị a chere na ha dị na tebụl.

Usoro a yiri nnọọ usoro Proto-Austronesian ( **PAN** ) nke nna ochie, mana ejiri njikọta atọ mara ya:

* PAN *t/*C > PMP *t
* PAN *l/*N > PMP *l
* PAN *h/*S > PMP *h

### Ụdaume
Ụdaume Proto-Austronesia *a, *i, *u, *e (*e na-anọchite anya /ə/) na diphthong ikpeazụ *ay, *aw, *uy, *iw agbanwebeghị. 

## Echiche ndị ọzọ
N'ime nnyocha nke afọ 2016, Roger Blench  emeela ka e nwee obi abụọ na e nwere otu asụsụ Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Kama nke ahụ, mgbasa Malayo-Polynesian gafee Luzon Strait gụnyere ndị ọrụ agbụrụ dị iche iche na-ebi ngwa ngwa n'ebe dị iche iche na mmiri dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, dịka ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie na asụsụ si kwuo. E nwekwara njem Malayo-Polynesian gaa Hainan ; Blench (2016) kwuru na ma ndị Hlai na ndị Austronesian na-ejikwa eriri azụ azụ nke nwere eriri ụkwụ.

## Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu
N'okpuru ebe a bụ aha anụmanụ na osisi ahọpụtara na Proto-Malayo-Polynesian site na *Austronesian Comparative Dictionary* . 

### Aha anụmanụ

### Aha osisi

## Leekwa

* Asụsụ Proto-Austronesia
* Asụsụ Proto-Philippine
* Asụsụ Proto-Oceanic
* Asụsụ Proto-Polynesian

## Ihe ndetu

## Edensibia

## Ịgụkwu ihe
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* ABVD: Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
* Ntụnyere nke asụsụ Austronesian-Nsonaazụ ajụjụ WebCite
Bhutanese Sign Language

**Asụsụ ogbi nke Bhutanese** ( **BhSL** ; Drukgi Lagdai Khakay na Dzongkha  ) bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Bhutan, nke a na-eji eme ihe karịsịa na Wangsel Institute for the Deaf, Paro, Bhutan .

Bhutan hiwere mmemme maka ndị ntị chiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ntị na Thimphu dị ihe dị ka afọ 2000, e wee kwado ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ raara onwe ya nye, na Paro, na 2013.  Akụkụ nke ego gọọmentị na-enye maka agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri gụnyere ịmepụta **Asụsụ Ogbi Bhutanese** dị ka asụsụ nkuzi. Mmepe gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ịmepụta okwu maka isiokwu teknụzụ,  na ikpebi akara mpaghara ị ga-eji ebe ha dị iche. 

Amaghị ma asụsụ ndị ogbi dị na Bhutan, ma ọ bụ naanị ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị obodo. Amaghị ma asụsụ ndị ogbi Bhutanese ọ metụtara asụsụ ndị ogbi nke India ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Nepal . 

## Edensibia

## Akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa

* Hofer, Theresia (na-abịa) 'Asụsụ Ndị E Ji Aka Mee Ihe n'Asụsụ Himalaya na Tibet Ka Ukwuu' Na: Hildebrandt, K.; Modi, Yankee; Peterson, David na Hi. Suzuki (Ndị Edemede) *Nduzi Oxford maka Asụsụ Tibet na Burman.* Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Phuong

.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (2005). *Asụsụ Katuic: nkewa, nrụzigharị na ntụnyere okwu echekwara  Wayback Machine*. LINCOM ọmụmụ na asụsụ Eshia, 58. Muenchen: Lincom Europa.
Asụsụ Ainbai

**Ainbai** bụ Asụsụ Papua nke Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. A na-asụ ya n'obodo Ainbai (3°05′26′′S 141°08′48′′E / 3.090493°S 141.146645°E / -3.090493; 141.14645 (Ainbai)), Bewani/Wutung Onei Rural , Sandaun Province.

Ma ewezuga obodo Ainbai (3°05′26′′S 141°08′48′′E / 3.090493°S 141.146645°E / -3.090493; 141.14645 (Ainbai)), a na-asụkwa ya n'obodo Elis (3°03′25′′S 141 °05′23′′E / 3.056925°S 141.587°E / .
Todrah

Todrah bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Vietnam. Asụsụ abụọ ahụ, Sodrah na Xodrah, dị nnọọ iche. Gọọmentị Vietnam na-akpọ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a ndị Sedang dịka ndị obodo Sedang..

Todrah na-emegide ụdaume doro anya, nke na-iku ume na nke akpịrị. 

## Nbudata
A na-asụ Todrah (Sơ-Drá, Xơtrá, SơRá) na Đắk Glei District, Kon Tum town, na Kon Plông District nke Kon Tum Province (Le et al. 2014:175) 

Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, a na-asụ ya n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Kon Tum, site na Kon Hring ruo Kon Braih.

## Edensibia
Tandroy dialect

**Tandroy** (a na-akpọkwa ya **Antandroy** ma ọ bụ **Ntandroy** ) bụ asụsụ nke asụsụ Malagasy  nke ndị Antandroy na mpaghara Androy nke ndịda Madagascar na-asụkarị. Ọ dị nso na Mahafaly na Karimbola, a na-ewere nke ikpeazụ dị ka olu Tandroy.

## Nhazi ọkwa
Tandroy bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian, n'ime ngalaba asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian . Ọ dị n'okpuru otu asụsụ Barito ma a na-ekewa ya kpọmkwem dị ka otu n'ime obere asụsụ Malagasic ndịda nke asụsụ Malagasy, yana Karimbola, Vezo, Masikoro, Southern Sakalava na Mahafaly . 

## Nkesa ala
A na-asụ asụsụ Tandroy karịsịa na mpaghara Androy, akụkụ ndịda Madagascar, site na ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,442,000 (dịka ọ dị na 2025). Ndị bi na Antandroy na Bongolava na mpaghara ugwu Madagascar na-asụkwa ya. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Tandroy so n'asụsụ Malagasy e dekọrọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 18. Ọ bụ olumba Robert Drury (onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri), onye Bekee na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, mụtara mgbe ụgbọ mmiri kpuru ya na mpaghara Androy na 1702, ebe o bi dị ka ohu ruo mgbe ọ gbapụrụ. Drury gbapụrụ gaa n'ebe ugwu site na Fiherenana wee rute Menabe, ebe o mechara jiri ụgbọ mmiri laghachi England na 1717. Mpaghara ndị a niile na-asụ asụsụ ndị metụtara Tandroy nke ọma, nke nyeere ya aka ikwurịta okwu n'oge njem ya niile. Ihe ncheta ya gụnyere ndepụta bara uru nke ihe karịrị okwu Malagasy 500, nke a kwenyere na ha na-egosipụta olu Tandroy na ụdị ndị ọzọ dị na ndịda. 

## Okwu

## Ụfọdụ ilu Tandroy

## Edensibia
Lyngngam

Lyngngam bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Khasic. A na-ede Lyngngam dị ka asụsụ Khasi, n'akwụkwọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-ahazi ya dị ka asụsụ pụrụ iche ma kwenyere na ọ bụ ndị bụbu ndị na-asụ Garo. Ndị na-asụ Lyngngam nwere nri na uwe yiri ndị Garo agbata obi, bụ ndị na-ewere nna nna nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Lyngngam dị ka ndị agbụrụ Garo Megam. Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Lyngngam ka na-eji aha nna nke sitere na asụsụ Garo.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Nchịkọta ụdaume
Tebụl na-esonụ depụtara ụdaume ndị a kwadoro na Lyngngam.

Isi ihe dị iche na asụsụ Khasi bụ na Lyngngam enweghị usoro ụda olu. Ọzọkwa, Lyngngam enweghị foneme . Okwu ndị nwere  na Khasi na-enwekarị  ma ọ bụ  na Lyngngam,  dịka na ụzọ abụọ ndị a:

### Ndepụta ụdaume
Tebụl na-esonụ depụtara ndepụta ụdaume nke asụsụ ahụ. Nanị ụdaume na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'ogologo bụ  na , n'ụzọ megidere Khasi, ebe ogologo dị iche maka ụdaume niile.

Okwu ndị nwere diphthongs na Khasi nwere monophthongs n'asụsụ Lyngngam,  dịka na abụọ ndị a:

## Edensibia

*
Maharam

**Maram**,ma ọ bụ Maharam, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Meghalaya, India. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Khasi, a na-ewerekwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba nke asụsụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ka ọ dị iche karịa ka Khasi si dị na Pnar .

## Edensibia
Pnar

**Pnar** (), nke a makwaara dị ka **Jaiñtia**  bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụ na India na Bangladesh.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
Dịka asụsụ Khasic, Pnar bụ nke otu asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke gụnyere ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-arụrịta ụka banyere ya. Maapụ asụsụ Meghalaya nke Anna Daladier mere na-egosi ebe abụọ bụ isi na-asụ Pnar nke e kewara site na obere mpaghara Khasi na mpaghara ndị na-asụ Agha. N'otu aka ahụ, mpaghara Pnar abụọ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ mpaghara East Jaintia Hills, West Jaintia Hills na West Khasi Hills..

Map nke Hiram Ring mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka akwụkwọ ntuziaka asụsụ Khasic nke Paul Sidwell dabere na nhazi dị iche. N'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ naanị mpaghara abụọ mbụ ka a na-akpọ Pnar, ebe ụdị dị iche iche a na-asụ na West Khasi Hills bụ nke Maharam, asụsụ yiri ya ma dị iche. Map abụọ ahụ na-egosikwa obere akpa nke ndị na-asụ Pnar na steeti Assam dị nso, Na map mbụ, ha na-ejedebe na mpaghara dị nso na Meghalaya, ebe map nke ikpeazụ na-egosipụtakwa otu ìgwè obodo nta ndị na-ekwu Pnar gburugburu Haflong.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Pnar nwere ụdaume iri atọ: ụdaume asaa na ụdaume iri abụọ na atọ. Ụda ndị ọzọ edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a bụ mmezu phonetic. Ụda ndị dị na brackets bụ mmezu phonetic na ụda ndị dị na slashes bụ phonemes.

### Mkpụrụedemede

E nwekwara otu diphthong: .

### Mkpụrụ okwu

## Ọdịdị nke ụdaume
Mkpụrụ okwu na Pnar nwere ike ịnwe otu ụdaume nucleic. N'ụzọ zuru oke, ha nwere ike ịgụnye mmalite dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdaume abụọ, isi okwu diphthong, na ụdaume coda. Ụdị nke abụọ nke mkpụrụedemede nwere mkpụrụedemede imi / trill / n'akụkụ ozugbo na-esote ụdaume mmalite. Mkpụrụ okwu a na-akpa àgwà dị ka rhyme.  (Mgbaaka, 2012: 141-2) 

## Asụsụ
Pnar nwere usoro ụtọ asụsụ nwoke na nwanyị, usoro okwu ya bụ ngwaa mbụ, ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ezinụlọ ya, na mpaghara a na-ekwu ya.

## Edensibia

*  
*  

## Njikọ mpụga

* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
*  Pnar na RWAAI Digital Archive
* Pnar DoReCo corpus nke Hiram Ring chịkọtara. Ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke ederede akụkọ na transcriptions oge-dabere na ọkwa ekwentị, nsụgharị, na oge-dabara morphological annotations.
Western Khmer dialect

Western Khmer, A makwaara ya dị ka Cardamom Khmer ma ọ bụ Chanthaburi Khmer, bụ olu asụsụ Khmer nke ndị Khmer na-asụ n'Ugwu Cardamom n'akụkụ abụọ nke ókèala dị n'etiti ọdịda anyanwụ Cambodia (Pailin Province) na ọwụwa anyanwụ Central Thailand (Chanthaburi Province). N'ịbụ nke e guzobere n'ógbè dịpụrụ adịpụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Western Khmer bụ naanị olu Khmer nke oge a iji chekwaa ọdịiche ụda olu nke Middle Khmer nke olu iku ume na olu modal nke furu efu na olu ndị ọzọ..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

### Mkpụrụedemede

## Edensibia
Barang (okwu Khmer)

**Barang** (Khmer) bụ okwu Khmer nke pụtara France" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="France">French,  nsụgharị Cambodia nke okwu France. 

Dị ka ihe fọdụrụ n'Ọchịchị ndị France na Cambodia na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị France na Cambodge, n'ógbè ụfọdụ nke Cambodia, ndị obodo ahụ ga-ewere na ndị nna nna Europe bụ ndị France ma kpọọ ha *barang*.

## Okwu mmalite
Ebe ọ bụ na usoro ụda olu Khmer enweghị f nke a na-akpọghị aha, a na-akpọ ya na plosive b. N'ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye ego nke Khmer, an n na-agbanwekarị gaa na an ng, dịka ọ dị na okwu Allœmáng (អាល្លឺម៉ង់, "Germany" ma ọ bụ "German") nke sitere na okwu French Allemand. Okwu Khmer a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ Barăngsês (បារាំងសែស) na-egosikwa njikọ ya na okwu Français. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ojiji
A na-ejikwa Barang dị ka nkwụsịtụ n'okwu ụfọdụ Khmer dị ka moan barang (មាន់បារាំង, "ọkụkọ French") nke na-ezo aka na toki yana khtuem barang (ខ្ាទឹមបប, All)  nke na-ezo aka na yabasị.

## Hụkwa

* Farang

## Edensibia
Khmer Khe dialect

**Khmer Khe** (maọbụ Hakka Khmer; Khmer: ខ្មែរខិ) bụ asụsụ Khmer a na-asụ na Stung Treng Province, Cambodia. O nwere ihe dị ka 95 na 96% nke okwu ya na Central Khmer.

## Aha

## Nbudata
A na-asụ Khmer Khe n'obodo nta ndị a nke Siem Pang District, Stung Treng Province, Cambodia (Herington & Ryan 2013:8).

* *Srae Ụbọ akwara*
** Peam Khes
** Kanhchanh Kouk / Kanhchanchkok
** Srae Ruessei / Srae Ruessy
** Kanhchanghterk / Kanhchanh Tuek / Kanhchangterk
** Ket Mooeng / Ket Moeung
* *Nri a na-eri eri*
** Khes Kraom
** Khes Svay
** Pong Kriel / Pongkriel
** Tuol Kruos (akụkụ nke Pong Kriel) 
** Kham Pouk
* *Obodo Thma Keo*
** Nhang Sum / Nheang Sum
** Mak Phoeung (akụkụ nke Nhang Sum) 
* Obodo Khe Thom (ebe a na-amaghị) 

A na-asụ Asụsụ Bahnaric n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara Khmer Khe, a na-asakwa Kuy, asụsụ Katuic, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

### Mkpụrụedemede

## References

* Herington, Jennifer na Amy Ryan (2013). Nnyocha asụsụ nke Khmer Khe na Cambodia. Chiang Mai: Linguistics Institute, Payap University.
Asụsụ Auwe-Daonda

**Auwe-Daonda** bụ Asụsụ Papua nke Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea. A na-asụ Auwe na Simog (Smock) (3°18′55′′S 141°14′45′′E / 3.315248°S 141.245782°E / -3.315248; 141.247782 (Smocks)) na Watape (3°17′53′′S 141 °17′43′′E / 3.298019°S 141.5°E / / -3.298019; 141.295335 (Watape 1)) obodo nke wọọdụ Smock, Walsa Rural LLG. A na-asụ Daonda n'ebe didewere Imonda na Daondai ward (3°17′45′′S 141°12′07′′E / 3.295883°S 141.201842°E / -3.295883; 141.2018 42 (Daunda)), Walsa Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.

## Edensibia
Proto-Khmeric

**Asụsụ Proto-Khmeric** bụ asụsụ mbụ e wughachiri n'asụsụ Khmer. Sidwell & Rau (2015) arụgharịrị ya, nke iwu ndị dị mma e nyere na Ferlus (1992) dabere na ya. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwetara na asụsụ a kwụsịrị n'afọ 300 O.A.

## Ụdị ndị e wughachiri
Ụdị Proto-Khmeric e wughachiri n'okpuru ebe a sitere na Sidwell & Rau (2015: 273, 340-363).

## Ihe ọhụrụ e ji emepụta okwu
Nhọrọ ahọpụtara na okwu Khmeric: 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Proto-Austroasiatic

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1992. Nnyocha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Khmer (Site n'etiti puku afọ mbụ nke Oge Anyị ruo n'oge a) . Mon-Khmer Studies 21: 57-89.
* Sidwell, Paul na Felix Rau (2015). "Austroasiatic Comparative-Historical Reconstruction: An Overview. " Na Jenny, Mathias na Paul Sidwell, eds (2015). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke asụsụ Austroasiatic. Leiden: Ọmarịcha
Asụsụ Khmuic

**Asụsụ [[Asụsụ Khmu|Khmu]]** /kəˈmuːɪk/ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụkarị na ugwu Laos, yana na ugwu Vietnam dị nso na ndịda Yunnan, China. Khmu bụ naanị asụsụ a na-asụkarị n'ìgwè ahụ.

## Obodo
Paul Sidwell (2015)  na-egosi na Khmuic Urheimat (ala nna) dị n'ebe a na-akpọzi Oudomxay Province ugbu a, ugwu Laos.

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Khmuic bụ:

* Mlabri (Yumbri) 
* Kniang (Phong 3, Tay Phong) 
* Ksingmul (Puok, Pou Hok, Khsing-Mul) 
* Khmu"
* Khuen
* O"du
* Eziokwu
* Ihe Ọjọọ (Thin) 
* Theen (Kha Sam Liam) 

N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ekewa Phuoc (Xinh Mul) na Kháng mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Mangic, na Diffloth na-ekewaa Kháng dị ka Palaungic.

Bumang, nke a na-akpọbu Khmuic, bụ asụsụ Palaungic nke Paul Sidwell dere. Jerold A. Edmondson weere ya dị ka asụsụ kacha nwee njikọ na Kháng. Ọzọkwa, Quang Lam bụ asụsụ a na-anaghị agbaso nke ọma na Vietnam nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Kháng ma ọ bụ Bit. (Lee asụsụ Bit-Khang) 

Nathaniel Hiroz na-eme nchọpụta ugbu a banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịiche dị iche iche.

## Nchịkọta
Mmekọrịta nke asụsụ ndị a ejighị n'aka. Ethnologue 19 kewara ha dị ka ndị a:
 
Nchịkọta nwa oge na SEALang  na-edebe Mal-Phrai, mana ọ na-ejikọ Khao na Khang kama na Bit, na-emeso Khuen dị ka olumba nke Khmu':
 

### Diffloth & Proschan (1989)
Chazée (1999), na-ekwu maka Diffloth & Proschan (1989), nwere ihe ndị a:
 
Otú ọ dị, Gérard Diffloth ugbu a na-ewere Pramic (ya bụ, asụsụ Khmu niile ma e wezụga Khmu) dị ka alaka Austroasiatic dị iche nke nọ n'okpuru mmetụta siri ike site na Khmu.

### Peiros (2004)
Ilia Peiros (Peiros 2004:39) na-enye nkewa ndị a:
 

### Sidwell (2014)
Dabere na mmepe nke Proto-Khmuic *aː1, Paul Sidwell (2014) kewara asụsụ Khmuic dị ka ndị a:
 
Mmepe nke Proto-Khmuic *aː1 dị ka Sidwell (2014) si kwuo bụ:
 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Khmu
* Ndị Khmu

## Edensibia


## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Chazée, Laurent 1999. *Ndị Laos: Ime obodo na agbụrụ dị iche iche*. Bangkok: White Lotus.
* Cheeseman, Nathaniel; Paul Sidwell na Anne Osborne. 2017. Khmuic Linguistic Bibliography na Nhọrọ Nhọrọ. JSEALS vol. 10 mbipụta 1. peeji nke i-xlvi.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1978. T"in: ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Usoro asụsụ nke Pacifijic B-49. Canberra: Mahadum Mba Australia. [Gụnyere nrụzigharị nke Proto-T"inic]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Geneticeskaja klassifikacija aystroaziatskix通* pagkov. Moskva: Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj gumanitarnyj universitet (doktorskaja dissertacija).
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2014. "Khmuic classification and homeland Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine". Mon-Khmer Studies 43.1:47-56

## Njikọ mpụga

* RWAAI (Nchekwa na Ebe Ọrụ maka Ihe Nketa Na-adịghị Ahụ anya nke Austroasiatic) 
** The Kammu Project (Lund University) E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
*  Asụsụ Khmuic na RWAAI Digital Archive
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nyash

**Nyash** bụ okwu Naijiria nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'Afrịka na n'èzí iji kọwaa nnukwu ike, ọkachasị n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ. A gbakwunyere okwu ahụ na Oxford Dictionary na 2026.

## Okwu mmalite na ojiji
A na-ejikarị okwu a, nke sitere na Pidgin nke Naijiria eme ihe n'okwu kwa ụbọchị, egwu, na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, na-egosipụta àgwà dị egwu na nke na-egosiputa okwu Naijiria. Ọ gbasara n'ime Naijiria na obodo ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, na-egosi na egwu Afrobeats na memes n'ịntanetị, ma na-anọchite anya ihe dị mma na ọchị na omenala a ma ama.

## Edensibia
Phong

**Phong**,  A makwaara ya dịka Kha Phong[1] na Kniang, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke ezinụlọ Mon-Khmer, nke a na-asụ na Laos. Ndị ikwu ya kacha nso bụ asụsụ Xinh Mul ibe ha, asụsụ Khang na asụsụ Puoc, ha abụọ na-asụ na Vietnam. A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-asụ Phong-Kniang dị 30,700..

Phong Kaneng [] na Ph Kniang bụ olumba. A na-asụ Phong n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Laos, dịka na Hua Muong, Sam Neua Province.

## Aha
N'ihe odide ndị France na-achị, a na-akpọkwa ya **Kha Phong**, **Pou Kanieng**, na **K"nieng**.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
*  Phong Laan na RWAAI Digital Archive
Kháng

**Kháng** ( Asụsụ Chaịna: 抗语), nke a makwaara dịka Mang U’, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke Vietnam.[1] Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Bumang nke ndịda Yunnan, China.

## Nchịkọta
aul Sidwell (2014)  kewara Khang dị ka Palaungic, ọ bụ ezie na Jerold Edmondson (2010) na-atụ aro na ọ bụ Khmuic.

Kháng nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bumang (Edmondson 2010).

## Nbudata
Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Kháng bụ agbụrụ a ma ama na Vietnam,  ma bụrụ 10,272 na 1999.

 

Tạ (2021) nwere phonology na ndepụta okwu nke olumba Kháng nke obodo Nolu Mu, obodo Phình Sáng, Tuần Pha district, Dien Biên province.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike ịchọta diphthongs ndị a: /iɤ/, /ɯɤ/,/uɤ/.

. Ụda ọ bụla na-ejikwa ya na ndekọ a kapịrị ọnụ na-emetụta ụda nke mkpụrụedemede ahụ.

Ụda ụdaume dị ndụ dị ka ndị a:

* [[[[[[]]] - olu dị elu, ọkwa, olu modal
* [[[[[[[] - ala, dị larịị, na-agwụ na nkwụsị glottal
* [Xi] - elu, na-agwụ na nkwụsị nke akpịrị
* [[[[[[[[] - ọdịda dị ala, na-ejedebe na nkwụsịtụ glottal
* [[[[[[[]]] - n'etiti-dipping, olu modal
* [Xi] - olu na-adaba n'ala, na-eme mkpọtụ

Ụda ụdaume nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị a:

* [Xi] - ọdịda dị elu
* [Xi] - ala-ebili

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Dao, Jie 刀洁. 2007. Bumang yu yanjiu Nnyocha nke Bumang. Beijing: Mahadum Minzu.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1996. Asụsụ na ndị mmadụ viet-muong e
Ksingmul

Ksingmul (Ksing Mul, Puoc, Vietnamese: Xinh Mun, Chinese: 欣门语) bụ asụsụ Mon–Khmer nke ndị Ksingmul nke Vietnam na Laos na-asụ.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Jerold Edmondson (2010: 144), na-ezo aka na Đặng Nghiêm Vạn, et al. (1972: 254 ff.), depụtara ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke Ksingmul. Ksingmul Nghệt bụ ụdị kachasị agbaso omenala.

* **Ksingmul Nghệt:** Obodo Nà Nghệt, Xiêng Khọ District, S домаш Nưa Province (Houaphan Province), Laos
* **Ksingmul Dạ:** Chiều On Village, Yên Châu District, Sơn La Province, Vietnam
* **Ksingmul Đồng**

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ebe e si nweta ya: 

Monophthongs niile nwere ike ịdị ogologo ma ọ bụ dị mkpụmkpụ, ma e wezụga /ɔː/ nke nwere ike ịdị naanị ogologo.

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Asụsụ Kháng nke Vietnam ma e jiri ya tụnyere Ksingmul (Xinh-mun)." Na Kenneth A. McElhanon na Ger Reesink, A Mosaic of languages and cultures: studies celebring the work of Karl J. Franklin, 138-154. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Dallas]: SIL International. http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9267

## Njikọ mpụga

* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 
*  Ksingmul na RWAAI Digital Archive
Omenala Urnfield nke South Germany

Omenala South-German Urnfield e mepụtara na mpaghara Ndịda Germany n'oge ọla (Bronze Age). Ọdịbendị ahụ dịwara kemgbe 1000 B.C.E. Ọdịbendụ ahụ mere ite Late Bronze Age, nke gụnyere ite nchekwa nwere "ahụ na-agba agba, ihe na-agba gburugburu, na olu siri ike". Ọ bụ omenala juputara n'ebe ọ dị ukwuu ndị agha ụmụnwoke.

## Edensibia
Ọdịbendị nke Middle-Danube Urnfield

Ọdịbendị Middle-Danube Urnfield (ihe dị ka otu puku na narị atọ tupu a mụọ Kraịst - nari asatọ tupu a mụọ Kraịst) bụ ọdịbendị Oge Ọcha nchara nke mpaghara etiti Danube.

## Hụkwa

* Ọdịbendị Urnfield

## Akwụkwọ
Ọdịbendị Piliny

thumb|Ihe ịchọ mma ọla nchara, Slovakia, narị afọ nke 13 BC.
Omenaala Piliny bụ omenaala nke Oge Ọla (Bronze Age) n'ebe ugwu Hungary na Slovakia, nke dị site n’ihe dị ka afọ otu puku na nari atọ ruo nari asaa Tupu Amụma Kraịst (B.C.). O sị na Ọdịbendị Urnfield.

## Edensibia
Ọdịbendị Mirave

**Ọdịbendị Mirave** bụ ọdịbendị Oge Ọla (Bronze Age) nke so na Ọdịbendị Urnfield. Ebe atụ ya bụ Milavče dị na Czech Republic . 

## Edensibia
Joy Nwanyelimaka Nsolo

**Joy Nwanyelimaka Nsolo** (1932–1988) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Naijiria. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ ruru eru dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ  na Naijiria na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka sara mbara.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Nsolo nwetara nzere ya n'afo 1962 ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology na Mahadum Birmingham.  Ọ bụ onye mmekọ nke Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ Chief Architect na ọrụ obodo nke Mid-Western Nigeria wee nye ya onye otu Federal Republic (MFR) n'afo 1981. Ọrụ ya ndị a ma ama gụnyere  Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Secretariat na Benin City na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Benin, nke ikpeazụ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe atụ maka ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke steeti na Naijiria.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ 

## Ntụaka