David Bustill Bowser

**David Bustill Bowser** (January 16, 1820, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - June 30, 1900, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) bụ onye na-ese ihe ịchọ mma na onye na-ede ihe osise na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Dị ka onye na-emepụta ọkọlọtọ agha maka ndị agha Africa America iri na otu n'oge Agha Obodo America na onye na-ese foto nke ndị America a ma ama, gụnyere Onye isi ala US Abraham Lincoln na onye abolitionist John Brown, Bowser bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke "ọrụ ya bụ nke mbụ a na-ele anya, foto dị mma nke ndị Africa America sere, dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission si kwuo. N'ịbụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọtụtụ oge nke ndụ ya, o nyekwara aka mee ka iwu ndị isi na-ahụ maka ikike obodo na Pennsylvania.

## Afọ ndị ọ malitere
A mụrụ ya na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania na Jenụwarị 16, 1820, David Bustill Bowser bụ nwa nwa Cyrus Bustill (1732-1806), onye bụbu ohu nke zụrụ nnwere onwe ya wee gaa n'ihu bụrụ onye guzobere Free African Society nke Philadelphia, na nwa nwoke nke onye nwe ụlọ oyster Jeremiah Bowser (1766-1856), onye otu ndị Philadelphia Quakers zụrụ nnupụisi ya mgbe e jidere ya maka ịbụ ohu na-agba ọsọ.

Onye so n'Ezinụlọ Bustill a ma ama, ọ bụ nwa nwanne nne na nwa akwụkwọ nke onye na-ese ihe Robert Douglass Jr., onye zụrụ na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts ma bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ nke Thomas Sully. David Bustill Bowser gakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye nke nwanne nwanyị Douglass, Sarah Mapps Douglass na-arụ ọrụ.

Ọ lụrụ onye na-akwa akwa Elizabeth Harriet Stevens Gray (June 13, 1831 - November 29, 1908), David Bustill Bowser na nwunye ya bụ nne na nna nke onye na-ese ihe Raphael Bowser na Ida Elizabeth (Bowser) Asbury (1870-1955), onye na-eme violin na onye nkuzi egwu. N'ịbụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka mmekọrịta obodo ha na ọrụ ebere, David B. na Elizabeth Bowser kwadoro ezinụlọ ha site n'ịmepụta ma na-ese ọkọlọtọ, ihe ịrịba ama, okpu ejiji na ihe ndị ọzọ maka òtù ụmụnna, òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ afọ ofufo na Philadelphia na karịa.

## Mid-1800s na Agha Obodo America
N'ime afọ 1840, Bowser sere ọkọlọtọ maka ndị ahịa dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere Know Nothing Party, ma nata ọrụ iji see onyinyo nke onye a ma ama abolitionist na onye na-emepe ụlọ Jacob C. White. Na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mbọ iri afọ ahụ na-agba iji kagbuo okwu ahụ dị na Iwu Pennsylvania nke machibidoro ndị isi ojii ịtụ vootu, Bowser na ezinụlọ ya tinyekwara aka na mmegide nke na ụlọ ha ghọrọ ebe nkwụsị na Underground Railroad. N'afọ 1858, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado jikọtara ya na nka mgbe Bower sere onyinyo nke onye abolitionist John Brown mgbe Brown na-eleta ụlọ Bowser. N'otu oge a, Bowser rụzuru ọrụ na ihe osise ya, The Firebell in the Night . 

Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge a nke ndụ ya na Grand United Order of Odd Fellows. Dị ka Grand Master of the Order na Philadelphia, o kwuru okwu dị mkpa na Kọmitii Na-agagharị Kwa Afọ nke G.U.O. nke O.F. na Toronto, Canada na October 17, 1859, ka ndị otu ya na-eme emume ncheta afọ iri na atọ nke nzukọ ahụ. Dị ka akụkọ akụkọ si kwuo, a "na-ege ya ntị nke ukwuu, a na-akụkwa ya aka ugboro ugboro" ka ọ "na-akọwa n'ụzọ doro anya ọdịdị nke ọrụ nke Odd Fellows - ọkachasị ụkpụrụ ahụ dị ukwuu ma na-eduga, Charity," ma "na-ekwu maka ezi ihe bara uru nke Odd Fellwship, n'ibelata nsogbu ma na-enye ọtụtụ ntụsara ahụ nke ndụ na ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ nke Order, yana inye onyinye nye nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na nwa mgbei" 

## Ndụ mgbe agha biri
Mgbe agha gasịrị, Bowser gara n'ihu na-etinye aka na Grand and United Order of Odd Fellows, n'ikpeazụ ghọọ G.U.O. nke O.F. onye ọrụ,   ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ojii fraternal orders mana, n'ụzọ nka, ihe okike ya na mmepụta ihe nwere njedebe n'ihi enweghị ike inweta nnukwu ọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ya na nwunye ya nọgidere na-echepụta ma na-emepụta ọkọlọtọ na regalia.

Ọ na-etinye aka na obodo ya dị ka onye ndú obodo, ọ ghọkwara onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'afọ 1867, ndị isi nke Pennsylvania Equal Rights League họpụtara ya, ya na William D. Forten na Octavius V. Catto, ka ha nọchite anya Njikọ ahụ n'ịchọpụta "ịgafe iwu site na ndị omeiwu na-amachibido iwepụ ndị mmadụ na njem ọha na eze" n'ebe ọ bụla na Pennsylvania "n'ihi agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ụcha". Ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma.

N'afọ 1870, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke "emume Jubilee" na "nnukwu nzukọ" nke mere na Ụlọ Nzukọ Horticultural nke Philadelphia n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na isii nke ọnwa Eprel. N'etiti ndị bịara bụ "ndị otu Union League na ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ a ma ama, gụnyere Lucretia Mott, Passmore Williamson na Judge Paxson; Rev. James A. Jones, onye "meghere usoro ahụ na ekpere"; Robert Purvis, onye nyere okwu; Jacob C. White, Jr., onye "gụrụ nkwupụta nke nkwenye nke Ndezigharị nke iri na ise"; na Hon. Galusha A. Grow, Frederick Douglass, General Harry White, na Alexander P. Colesberry, onye mechara nye okwu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, otu ahụ kwadoro mkpebi nke "na-amata Anti-Slavery Society, pati Republican na ndị nta akụkọ, Njikọ Ikike Ikike, John Brown, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, Charles Sumner, William Lloyd Garrison, Horace Greeley, Lucretia Mott, na ndị agha niile nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ kwuru ma ọ bụ mee ihe ike n'aha ndị ọzọ a na-emegbu emegbu, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ ha na nkwupụta nke ndị nna anyị nwụrụ; nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ ahụ n'ọdịnihu dị ka nnwere onwe nke mba ọzọ.[d]

Dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Pennsylvania Equal Rights League, Bowser sokwa na ndị kpaliri ndị otu ahụ izute Onye isi ala Grant na White House na Nọvemba 26, 1872 "maka ebumnuche ... nke ịgba ya ume mkpa ọ dị ịtụ aro na ozi ya kwa afọ nye Congress, arịrịọ yiri 'Mgbanwe nke iri na ise,' site na ịtụ aro nke iwu ndị dị otú ahụ ga-achọ ka ụmụ amaala niile nke mba a ga-echebe site na mkparị na iwe na iwe nke mba ahụ, ma chebere anyị niile ga-atụ anyị ga-achọ na-achọ ka anyị ga-enweta n' iji kwanyere anyị niile na-achọ na ndụ anyị niile na nzuzo na-eme ihe niile na-emebi na-eme n' iji chebe anyị kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ zuru oke na-emezu anyị kwesịrị ịnakwere onwe anyị kwesịrị ka anyị kwesịrị ka ha niile na-echebe anyị kwesịrị ka ndị mmadụ niile na-atụ egwu zuru oke na nzuzo na nzuzo na December ahụ.[a][ed]

## Ọnwụ, olili ozu na ihe nketa
Bowser nwụrụ na Philadelphia na June 30, 1900, e lie ya na Eden Cemetery na Collingdale, Pennsylvania.

N'ime afọ 1940, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka e kpuchie akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ihe nketa ya ruo mgbe ebighị ebi mgbe e wepụrụ ọkọlọtọ agha obodo mbụ ọ mepụtara na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị agha na West Point, ebe echekwara ha kemgbe agha ahụ. Mgbe a tụpụrụ ọkọlọtọ ahụ, ihe niile fọdụrụ bụ ihe oyiyi asaa akọwapụtara n'elu (n'okpuru "Agha Obodo America"). 

## Edensibia