Asụsụ Nukak

**Asụsụ Nukak** ( Nukak Makú:   ) bụ asụsụ nke nhazi ejighị n'aka, ikekwe akụkụ nke macrofamily Puinave-Maku . Ya na Kakwa nwere njikọ chiri anya. 

## fonology

### Udaume
Enwere ụdaume isii na nke imi. 

Udaume  na-aghọ semivowel labial  n'ọtụtụ gburugburu: na ọnọdụ postnuclear (mgbe ọ pụtara ozugbo ụdaume nuklia nke morpheme gasịrị), n'ihu ụdaume ọzọ, na na mmalite nke okwu ma ọ bụ syllable. Ọkara ụdaume  nke arara (akara IPA  ) ọ bụrụ na ụda ebili ma ụdaume na-esonụ bụ , ,  .

Udaume  na-aghọ palatal semivowel  n'ọnọdụ postnuclear.

Nasalization n'asụsụ Nukak bụ ihe onwunwe prosodic nke morpheme na-emetụta akụkụ niile dị n'ime morpheme ọ bụla ma e wezụga nkwụsị ụda olu. Ụdị morpheme ọ bụla bụ imi kpam kpam ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ.

### Consonants
Enwere consonant fọnịm iri na otu:  ;  (ghọtara dị ka [ m ] na ụdaume imi, ma ọ bụghị dị ka  na mmalite nke okwu, na dị ka  na njedebe nke okwu);  ;  (ghọtara dị ka [ n ] na ụdaume imi, ma ọ bụghị dị ka  na mmalite nke okwu, na dị ka  na njedebe nke okwu);  (ghọtara dị ka [ ts ] ma ọ bụ [ tʃ ] na mgbanwe n'efu);  (ghọtara dị ka [ ɲ ] na gburugburu imi);  ;  (ghọtara dị ka [ ŋ ] na gburugburu imi);  (mpụta sonorant, nke ọzọ na nso [ ɹ ], mgbata [ ɾ ], na mpụta nso [ l ] );  ;  (Glottal stop).

Tebụlụ fọnịm consonant ndị a na-egosi fọnịm ọ bụla sochiri mkpụrụedemede kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede Nukak, ebe dị iche.

 is pronounced [t] when followed by  and [d] when preceded by a voiced consonant. If  is preceded by [t] or [ʔ], it is pronounced voiceless [t͡ʃ]. With some infixes or prefixes,  is replaced by  when it is followed by any vowel or  or in nasal [n] suffixes.

A na-ewere ụda olu palatal allophones [ ɟ ] ~ [ ɲ ] dị iche iche nke ụdaume [ i ] mgbe ha na-ebute ụdaume na mmalite nke mgbọrọgwụ ma ọ bụ nke affix, ma ọ bụ mgbe ha dina n'etiti ụdaume abụọ.

### Ụda
Udaume nuklia nke aha, ngwaa, na adjectives nwere ụda olu. Nukak nwere tonemes abụọ (obere ụzọ abụọ dị n'etiti ha): elu (H) na ịrị elu (LH). Na ụda olu elu enwekwara ụda dị ala na ụda dara ada. Ụda na-ebili ma na-ada ada na-esonyere ya na ịgbatị ụdaume, agbanyeghị, enyochala ụda dara ada dị ka n'ezie allomorph nke ụda dị elu na nkeji okwu mechiri emechi na-agwụ na  ma ọ bụ consonant zoro ezo, ewezuga  ma ọ bụ na morpheme ikpeazụ syllable mepere emepe. Mkpụrụokwu ndị na-enweghị isi na-ebu ụda dị ala mgbe niile (enweghị ụda).

Ụda dị elu ma na-arị elu na-eme naanị na monosyllabic, monomorphemic lexemes . Multisyllabic morphemes na-arụsi ọrụ ike na syllable nke mbụ.

## Ụtọ asụsụ

### Ụdị ụdị
Usoro usoro ndabara na ahịrịokwu bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa (SOV). N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, isiokwu ahụ na-ebute ụzọ mgbe niile. A na-ejikọta ngwaa maka mmadụ. Asụsụ ahụ bụ agglutinative . Nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ na nke lexical pụtara site na prepositions n'asụsụ Indo-European bụ nke e ji nkwusioru dị na Nukak egosipụta. Adjectives, nke na-adịghị atụgharị maka ụtọ asụsụ, na-esokarị aha isi ha.

### Aha aha
Akara aha Nukak maka okike, ọnụọgụgụ, na ikpe. Enwere ụdị ụtọasụsụ abụọ . E gosiputara otutu aha animate na suffix - *wɨn* . Ihe nrịbama ikpe gụnyere ihe ndị a:

: ebubo - *na*
: dative - *ré*' ("ka")
: ngwá ọrụ - *hî*' ("ya na")
: ebe - *rí*' ("na", "site")
: genitive - *î *' ("nke", "bụ nke")

Dabere na aha lexeme, a na-egosipụta ikpe olu site na mgbanwe ụda; site na suffix - *a* ; ma ọ bụ site n'imegharị ụdaume nuklia ka ọ gbasịrị mgbọrọgwụ ikpeazụ.

Aha nwere ike were suffixes siri ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, - *hîpî'<nowiki/>*, "nke ahụ [nwoke] nke bịara na mbụ", na suffix ajụjụ, - *má*' . Njikọ njikọ - *tɨ* na-egosipụta nchikota na aha ọzọ, ntụgharị, "nakwa", ma ọ bụ njikọ nkebiokwu, "na".

Suffixes na-ekewapụta aha aha bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị: - *na'<nowiki/>* (ogologo na nke dị gịrịgịrị), - *da*' "obere na okirikiri", - *dub* "obere, nke dị gịrịgịrị, na nke a kapịrị ọnụ", - *nɨi* "flat na mkpa", - *ne* "ogologo ntutu", - *yi* "bara ụba, nke ukwuu".

### Nkpọaha

Nnọchiaha ndị nwere n'efu bụ ụdị efu: *wî'<nowiki/>* "nke m", *mí'<nowiki/>* "nke gị singular", *aî'<nowiki/>* "his", *mi'î* *<nowiki/>' "nke ya", wîi'<nowiki/>* "anyị", *ñí*' "ọtụtụ gị, *i'î* " "nke ha". E ji prefixes " *my*, gị, ya", *wdg* *.* na-eji prefixes na aha nwere ọbụ abụ: *a* "milar" "ya", *hi* "anyị", *ñi* "ọtụtụ gị", *na* "ha". Na njikọ, otu prefixes bụ ihe nrịbama ndị nnọchite (isiokwu). Ha na-enwe ma ọ bụ na-enweghị nnọchiaha nkeonwe.

#### Okwu ajụjụ
*déi* ("gịnị?" "nke" na-ezo aka ihe), *de pàn* "gịnị?" na-ezo aka n'omume, *háu'ka*, *de'e* "onye?", *déimɨnɨ* "mgbe?", *ded* "where?", *jáu'<nowiki/>* why? "Ha na-ejikọta ya na nrịbama ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, suffixes : allative *de' yúkú* "n'ebe ebe? ", ngwá ọrụ *de'e hin* " na onye? ", genitive *de'e î'<nowiki/>* " ònye? ". Ajụjụ ọnụ na-ejikọta ya na ihe nrịbama dị egwu dị ka *jáu' ra*' ("n'ihi gịnị?" + n'oge gara aga).

### Ngwaa
Ejikọtara ngwaa na prefix isiokwu yana suffixes na infixes na-egosipụta akụkụ (na-aga n'ihu, ozugbo); oge (oge gara aga, ugbu a, ọdịnihu) na ọnọdụ (dị mkpa, ọchịchọ, ajụjụ). Ọmụmaatụ:

: Gara aga - *nábé*
: Future - *nátu*'
:: dubitative - *náihitu*'
: Ọnọdụ - 'náno'
: Dị ugbu a
:: ezughị okè - *náka*
:: negative - *kaná*
:: na-aga n'ihu - *né*'
: Ajuju
:: gara aga - *yáa*
:: Future - *pî*'
:: conditional - *no'pî*'
:: ugbu - *ráa*'
::: negative - *ka*
: Ọchịchọ - *ọkụ* - ("ikekwe")
: Planeative - *ɨí*' - ("atụmatụ" ihe omume)
: Nkwughachi - *pî* - ("ugboro ugboro")
: Agentive - *rít* ("n'ihi", "n'ihi")

A na-etolite ọnọdụ dị mkpa site n'ịmegharị ụdaume ikpeazụ nke ngwaa ahụ, na-esote nkwenye ikpeazụ ma ọ bụ ọkara ụdaume. A na-akpọ ụdaume [u] na [i] dị ka ọkara udaume [w], [j] mgbe emegharịrị ya ma emechaa consonant ikpeazụ.

A na-etolite ezughị okè gara aga site na suffixing na azuokokoosisi nke oyiri nke ụdaume ikpeazụ na stem gbakwunyere [p]: (-VC-Vp). Nchikota nke suffix ezughị okè gara aga na ihe nrịbama - *tí* ' na-akara akara nrịanrịa gara aga: *jɨm* "ịbụ"; *jɨmɨ* "nwere ike ịbụ",; gara aga *jɨmɨp* ezughị okè "bụ"; subjunctive preterite *jɨmɨptí* ′ "ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ".

A na-egosipụta nkwubi okwu ọnụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche: ya na suffix - *ka*, nke na-abịa n'etiti mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa na mgbagwoju anya, ọnọdụ, na ihe nrịbama akụkụ; na ụfọdụ prefixes na ngwaa azuokokoosisi; n'okwu ndị *a yab'<nowiki/>*, "mba", *dɨi'<nowiki/>*, "jụ", *îí*', "enweghị mmetụta" . Iwu na-adịghị mma nwere akara a kapịrị ọnụ, - *kê* ′ .

Enwere ọtụtụ ngwaa ngwaa. Ihe ndị ahụ nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịbụ mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa gbakwunyere aha, adjective, ma ọ bụ adverb. Ihe nrịbama - *a* na-atụgharị mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa intransitive ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa transitive.

A na-ahapụta ngwaa na suffixes - *hat*, echiche nkịtị nke ihe omume, - *pe'<nowiki/>*, ihe emetụtara, akụkụ. Egosiputara onye na-eme ihe ahụ na nganiihu onye ọrụ (“actance”) yana suffix na-egosipụta mmadụ na nọmba. Mkpebi ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ - *ni'<nowiki/>* maka onye mbụ, onye nke abụọ, na onye nke atọ nke otu nwanyị; - *ni* maka onye nke atọ otu nwoke; na - *nit* maka mmadụ nke atọ ọtụtụ. Na ndị a nwere ike ịgbakwunye akara maka ịdị nso, na-aga n'ihu ugbu a, ma ọ bụ mesie ike, - *yé*' .

Mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa niile na-ejedebe na consonant ma ọ bụ ọkara ụdaume. Enwere ike ịkọwapụta "ịbụ" n'ụzọ abụọ: n'ụzọ doro anya na ngwaa *jɨm* ma ọ bụ n'ezoghị ọnụ site na akara ajụjụ dị iche iche yana nnọchiaha onwe onye, na mgbe ụfọdụ na ngwaa ọzọ, *yit*, nke nwere ụdị okwu ike *yittí*', "Abụ m".

### Okwu okwu
Asụsụ Nukak nwere ọtụtụ ụdị adverb. Nkọwa okwu dị iche iche dị mkpa n'ịwube ahịrịokwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ha na-ejikarị *hébáká* "n'ezie", na ọbụna nkwụsi ike ka ukwuu, - *yé'<nowiki/>* bụ suffixed. Njikọ ọnụ *tɨtíma'hî* "mgbe" nwere ike ime n'etiti isiokwu na ihe na ngwaa. N'ihe gbasara mmụọ, ụfọdụ adverbs bụ okwu nwere onwe; ndị a nwere ike iso aha, dị ka *hattí'<nowiki/>* "nakwa", "ma", "ma". Enwere ụfọdụ suffixes adverbial, dịka ọmụmaatụ, - *hê*' "naanị", "kpọmkwem".

### Ntinye aka
*Kútu'<nowiki/>* "Hey!", "Ntị!" bụ iti mkpu iji malite ikwu okwu. Okwu ma ọ bụ akpaokwu ndị ọzọ na-akpali akpali bụ *hâré* "Kpachara anya!" m'ọ bụ *dɨpí hə́ré* "Kwanụ kị́éꞌdo!"; *waá'yé'<nowiki/>* "Eezuru!; *be'bét yé* " ngwa ngwa! "; *ni'kábá'í*' "Nkea! ".

## Ntụaka

## Isi mmalite
 
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations