open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ Kalašma

**Asụsụ Kalašma**, ma ọ bụ **Kalasmaic**, bụ asụsụ Anatolian ekpochapụla asụ na ọchịchị Kalašma ikpeazụ nke Bronze Age, nke dị na nsọtụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Het, ma eleghị anya na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ebe bụ ugbu a ógbè Turkey nke Bolu . 

## Nchọpụta
Achọpụtara ederede Kalasmaic nke mbụ (ma ruo ugbu a naanị) na 2023, ndị nyocha na Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg . Edere ya na mbadamba ụrọ (nke e depụtara KBo 71.145  ), ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa Bogazköy nke e gwupụtara na Hattusa, isi obodo ndị Het.  Mbadamba ụrọ ahụ, nke e dere na cuneiform Hettite nke narị afọ nke 13 TOA,  bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ n'ime emume ndekọ ndekọ nke ndị ọchịchị na ndị agbata obi.  Okwu mmeghe ya nke asụsụ Het na-akọwa isi ihe odide ya dị ka "asụsụ nke ala Kalašma"  (   ).

Asụsụ ahụ bụ Prof. Daniel Schwemer depụtara ya, n'ọrụ ya "Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (Cuneiform Texts from Boghazköi)"   ma bụrụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Anatolian nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Indo-European dịka Prọfesọ Elisabeth Rieken kwadoro na Philipps-Universität . Ọnọdụ ya n'ime asụsụ ndị Anatolian ejighị n'aka, mana a na-eche na ọ bụ akụkụ nke obere ndị Luwic .   

E bipụtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke ederede na Nọvemba 2024 site n'aka Elisabeth Rieken, Ilya Yakubovich na Daniel Schwemer. 

## Ntụaka
Karakhanid, mana asụsụ ahụ n'onwe ya ka amatakwara na ọ yitere asụsụ Uyghur ochie. E ji m

## Njikọ mpụga

* *Thesaurus Linguarum Hethaeorum digitalis* Chọọ maka "KBo 71.145" maka ntụgharị asụsụ nke mbadamba (na gloss nke mmeghe Hit)
Asụsụ Fergana Kipchak

**Fergana Kipchak**, bụkwa **Kipchak Uzbek**, **Qomania**, **Fergana Valley Kirghiz** bụ asụsụ Kipchak Turkic na-ekpochapụ nke alaka Kipchak-Nogai nke a na-asụbu na Ndagwurugwu Fergana nke Central Asia .  N'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mpaghara Fergana, a na-ahụ njirimara asụsụ Fergana Kipchak, ọkachasị na ụda olu. Mpaghara ndị a bụ Bag'dod, Buvayda, Uchko'prik na akụkụ mpaghara gbara agbata obi. Ọtụtụ akpaala okwu ndị a na-asụ na Uzbekistan bụ́ ndị a na-ewere ugbu a dị ka akụkụ nke asụsụ Kyrgyz bụ Fergana Kipchak. Dị ka ED Polivanov si kwuo, asụsụ Fergana Kipchak dị dị ka akpaala okwu dị iche na njedebe dị ka n'afọ 1920.  Dị ka Yevgeny Polivanov si kwuo, ọ dị nso na Kyrgyz.  Dị ka AN Samoilovich si kwuo, ụfọdụ ụmụ Fergana Kipchak-ndị na-asụ asụsụ na-akọwa dị ka ndị dị iche na Uzbek, Kazakhs ma ọ bụ Kyrgyz, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na nke ikpeazụ. Ụfọdụ olumba Fergana Kipchak yiri ka ha na asụsụ Kipchak–Nogay nwere njikọ chiri anya.

## Hụkwa

* Kipchaks
* Asụsụ Kipchak
* Ndị Kuman
* Asụsụ Cuman

## Ntụaka
na Uzbekistan bụ́ ndị a na-ewere ugbu a dị ka akụkụ nke asụsụ Kyrgyz bụ Fergana Kipchak

## Njikọ mpụga

* Особенности взаимного притяжения народов Archived   (na Russian)
* Archived Кыргыzы   (na Russian)
* Mpempe akwụkwọ Archived   (na Russian)
* К вопросу о кыргызах и Фергане Archived   (na Russian)
* Саяно-Алтай na Тянь-Шань Archived   (na Russian)
* Кожом-Шукур (na Russian)
* Историографический обзор проблемы происхождения киргизов (na Russian)
Asụsụ Khitan

**Khitan** ma ọ bụ **Kitan** (35x35px na nnukwu edemede ma ọ bụ35x35px na obere, *Khitai* ;  Chinese , *Qìdānyǔ* ), nke a makwaara dị ka **Liao**, bụ asụsụ na-apụ n'anya nke ndị Khitan na-asụbu na Northeast Asia (narị afọ 4 ruo 13 OA). Ọ bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Liao Empire (907–1125) na Qara Khitai (1124–1218). N'ihi mkpụrụokwu dị warara nke ama ama na edemede na-akọwapụtabeghị ya, a ka wughachibeghị asụsụ ahụ kpamkpam. 

## Nhazi
Ọ dị ka Khitan nwere njikọ na asụsụ Mongol ;  Juha Janhunen na-ekwu, sị: "Taa, Otú ọ dị, echiche a na-enweta nkwado na Khitan bụ asụsụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ dị nnọọ iche na asụsụ Mongolik a maara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ bụrụ na echiche a gosi na ọ bụ eziokwu, Khitan bụ n'ezie, nke kacha mma dị ka asụsụ Para-Mongolic ." [ 1 ]

Alexander Vovin (2017) na-arụ ụka na Khitan nwere ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego Korean . [ 5 ] Ebe ọ bụ na ndị eze Korea Goryeo na ndị eze Khitan Liao kwuru na ha bụ ndị ga-anọchi Goguryeo, ọ ga-ekwe omume na okwu Korean na Khitan sitere n'asụsụ Goguryeo . [ 5 ]

## Ederede
Edere Khitan site na iji usoro edemede abụọ na-ekewapụ onwe ha nke a maara dị ka nnukwu script Khitan na obere script Khitan . [ 1 ] A na-eji obere edemede ahụ, nke bụ syllabary, ruo mgbe usoro ndị eze Jurchen na-asụ Jin (1115-1234) dochie ya na edemede Jurchen na 1191. [ 6 ]. Edemede buru ibu bụ logographic dị ka Chinese.

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ
 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
 na Uzbekistan bụ́ ndị a na-ewere ugbu a dị ka akụkụ nke asụsụ Kyrgyz bụ Fergana Kipchak

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mmepe ọhụrụ nke ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Asụsụ Khitai na Ederede Khitai Archived
Asụsụ Kerek

**Kerek** ( Russian:     ) bụ asụsụ na-apụ n'anya na Russia nke ngalaba ugwu nke asụsụ Chukotko-Kamchatkan . Tupu e bibie ya, ndị Kerek nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Russia kwuru ya. Ọ kwụsịrị na 2005 na ọnwụ Ekaterina Khatkana.

## Nhazi
N'ihe gbasara asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na Koryak nwere njikọ chiri anya (asụsụ abụọ ahụ nwere njikọ nke ekwentị ekwentị Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan /*ð/ na /*r/ ya na /*j/). Onye ikwu kacha nso bụ Chukchi (/*ð/ na /*r/ jikọtara, ma ọ bụghị /*j/).

## Olumba
Enwere olumba abụọ, Maino-Pilgin na Khatyr. 

## Ọnọdụ
N'afọ 1997, a ka nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, ma na 2005, asụsụ ahụ kwụsịrị, na ọnwụ Ekaterina Khatkana.   Dika ngụkọ 2010 siri dị,  nwere mmadụ iri na-ekwu na Kerek dị ka asụsụ ala nna ha, kwenyere na ọ bụ naanị ndị na-ekwu okwu n'eleghị anya na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ekwu na asụsụ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ihe nketa agbụrụ ha. N'afọ 2020, ọnụọgụ ahụ agbadala ruo 4. N'ime narị afọ nke 20, ọtụtụ ndị agbụrụ Kerek gbanwere na Chukchi, asụsụ nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ na mpaghara ahụ, ma ugbu a, ọtụtụ Chukchis na Kerek na-asụ Russian.

## fonology

### Udaume

Ụdaume nwere ike ịdị ogologo .

### Consonants

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Kerek bụ asụsụ agglutinative, nke pụtara na morphemes na-ewulite ibe ha inwe ihe dị iche iche. 

## Ntụaka
naanị ndị na-ekwu okwu n'eleghị anya na ndị na-abụghị ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ akụkọ
Asụsụ Pecheneg

**Pecheneg** bụ asụsụ Turkic ekpochapụla asụ nke ndị Pechenegs na Eastern Europe (akụkụ ndịda Ukraine, Southern Russia, Moldova, Romania na Hungary ) na-asụ na narị afọ nke asaa-12. Agbanyeghị, aha ndị dị n'asụsụ a (Beke, Wochun, Lechk, wdg) sitere na Hatvan ruo 1290. 

## Nhazi
N'ihi akwụkwọ na-adịghị mma na enweghị asụsụ ọ bụla sitere na agbụrụ, egbochila ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ịme nhazi nke ọma. Edebere ya dị ka enweghị nkewa n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Kipchak na Glottolog yana n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Kipchak–Cuman na Ndepụta Linguist .

Adaeze Byzantine Anna Komnene na-ekwusi ike na ndị Pechenegs na ndị Cuman na-asụ otu asụsụ,  mgbe Mahmud al-Kashgari lere asụsụ ha anya dị ka ụdị Turkic mebiri emebi. Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta nke oge a kwubiri na ha na-asụ asụsụ Turkic nkịtị . 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Sakhalin Ainu

**Sakhalin Ainu** bụ asụsụ Ainu ekpochapụla, ma ọ bụ ikekwe ọtụtụ asụsụ Ainu, nke bụ ma ọ bụ asụ n'agwaetiti Sakhalin, akụkụ Russia ugbu a.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a
Ainu nke Sakhalin dị ka ọ nọ na Sakhalin n'oge. Ihe akaebe asụsụ na-egosi na a na-asụ proto-Ainu na ndịda Sakhalin na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Hokkaido wee gbasaa site na mpaghara a banye na Hokkaido ndị ọzọ, Kuril na akụkụ ugwu Honshu. Mgbe e mesịrị, Sakhalin Ainu gbasaa site na ndịda Sakhalin ruo n'ebe ugwu Sakhalin na ikekwe mpaghara Amur . Nnyocha nke Lee na Hasegawa sitere na Mahadum Waseda na-eji ihe gbasara asụsụ, nkà mmụta ihe ochie na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, chọpụtara na Ainu nwere njikọ chiri anya na omenala Okhotsk nke ugwu Hokkaido. 

Akụkọ ihe mere eme ọnụ na-edekọ nchụpụ Ainu nke ndị nọ n'etiti Sakhalin nke ha kpọrọ *Tonchi,* ndị dabere na ihe akaebe toponymic, bụ Nivkh . 

## Olumba

## phonology na orthography
Sakhalin Ainu dị iche na Hokkaido Ainu n'inwe ụdaume ogologo . N'okwu ndị nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme (na na Hokkaido Ainu ka nwere) syllable-ikpeazụ , , , , consonants ndị a gbakọtara wee jikọta na  . Mgbe otu  Nke a  a na-akpọ  .

Na Japan, ikpeazụ  e dere dị ka obere katakana *h* nwere ụdaume echo, wee sụgharịa ya ka *h* . Ya mere アㇵ *ah*, イㇶ *ih*, ウㇷ *uh*, エㇸ *eh*, オㇹ *oh* .

## Ntụaka
asụsụ ịme nhazi nke ọma. Edebere ya dị ka enweghị nkewa n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Kipchak na
Asụsụ Yangchun Pai Yao

**Yangchun Pai Yao** bụ asụsụ Mienic na-ekpochapụ nke Yangchun, Guangdong, China . Ọ bụ enweghị nkewa n'ime Mienic, ma eleghị anya ọ bụ ngalaba nwanne Dzao Min . 

## Akwụkwọ
*Gazetteer Yangchun County* nke 1996 (阳春县志) nwere ihe karịrị okwu Yangchun Pai Yao iri na abuo ndị edegharịrị n'asụsụ Chinese. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, e nwere ndị ọkà okwu 13 fọdụrụ na 1990s.  Hsiu (2023) kọrọ na asụsụ a agwụla n'afọ 2019, ebe ọ bụ naanị otu onye ncheta agadi nwere ike ịnye okwu iri na abuo ole na ole. 

## Ntụaka
asụsụ ịme nhazi nke ọma. Edebere ya dị ka enweghị nkewa n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ Kipchak na
Asụsụ Khazar

**Khazar**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Khazaric**, bụ otu olumba Turkic nke ndị Khazars na-asụ, otu ndị Turkic na- anọkarịghị nkịtị sitere na Central Asia . Enwere ndekọ ederede ole na ole nke asụsụ ahụ na njirimara na njirimara ya amabeghị. It is believed to have gradually become extinct by the 13th century AD as its speakers assimilated into neighboring Turkic-speaking populations. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Enwere esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Turkic na ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme gbasara ngalaba ezinụlọ asụsụ Turkic ọ bụ. Otu nleba anya kwenyere na ọ bụ ngalaba Oghur ("lir") nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Turkic, ebe echiche ọzọ bụ na ọ bụ nke alaka Turkic nkịtị . Dị ka corpus nke Khazar dị oke oke, nke nwere aha abụọ, ngwaa jikọtara ọnụ, na aha ole na ole kwesịrị ekwesị, kpọmkwem ọnọdụ usoro ọmụmụ ya n'ime Turkic phylum ka edozibeghị.

== Okwu okwu ==
Data asụsụ na Khazar nwere ọtụtụ aha kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka utu aha ( Beg, Bolušči, Ishad, Il-teber/El-teber, Qağan, Kündü Qağan, Jâwšîġr, Tarxan, Tudun, Yabgu, Yilig/Yelig), anthroponyms ( Sarkel / Itponyms ) Sarığšın/Sarığčın ), nke ka ukwuu sitere na Turkic. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Nkọwa ndị a egosighi ma ndị a bụ Turkic nkịtị ma ọ bụ Oghuric. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]

Khazar kwuru site na 1986 ''Guinness Book of Records'' (na-esote nkwupụta nke Great Soviet Encyclopedia ) nwere "akwụkwọ kacha nta" nke asụsụ ọ bụla, nke a na-ebo ebubo na ọ nwere naanị otu okwu akaebe, ''oqurüm'', "Agụwo m" (site na Kievan Letter ). 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ederede Alsószentmihály

== Ihe ndetu ==
kacha mma ka a na-ewere dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ma echekwala arụmụka Kenaboi**Isi mmalite'''

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Khazaria.com

Otú:All articles with unsourced statements
Asụsụ Luilang

**Luilang**, ma ọ bụ **Ketagalan** na-enweghị mgbagha (Ketangalan, Tangalan; Chinese    ), bụ asụsụ Formosan nke otu n’ime ọtụtụ ndị a na-akpọ *Ketagalan* na-asụ na ndịda Taipei nke oge a. Ma eleghị anya, asụsụ ahụ lara n'iyi n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, a gbapụtaghịkwa ya nke ọma.

## Ebe
Dị ka ọdịnala si kwuo, ndị Luilang bi na mbụ obodo anọ dị nso na Taipei: Luili (雷里, Leili), Siulang (秀朗, Xiulang), Bulisiat (務裡薛, Wulixue) na Liau-a (了阿, Liao'a). Ndị a jikọtara n'okpuru aha jikọtara Luilang (雷朗, Leilang), ma mesịa kwaga ebe ha dị ugbu a na Outer Oat-a (外挖仔庄, Waiwazizhuang) na narị afọ nke 18. 

## Aha
Ethnologue na Glottolog na-eji aha 'Ketagalan' maka asụsụ Luilang. Agbanyeghị, aha ahụ enweghị mgbagwoju anya, na-ezo aka na ebo niile dị larịị nke ugwu Taiwan. E nwewo arụmụka n’akwụkwọ ndị ahụ ma ọ̀ ka mma itinye aka na Luilang, n’ebe ndịda na n’ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Taipei, ma ọ bụ Basay, n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ. 'Luilang' bụ aha obodo nna ochie, na enweghị mgbagha maka asụsụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Taipei, ebe 'Basay' bụ njedebe nke asụsụ ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana enweghị mgbagha. 

## Ọnụọgụ
Ọnụọgụ Luilang dị nnọọ iche. Iji maa atụ, asụsụ Basay nwere ọnụọgụgụ 5 &#x2013; 10 nke jikọrọ ya na Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, nke Luilang enweghị. Ụdị ndị Guérin dekọrọ (na-eji nsụgharị French), Ino (na-eji nsụgharị Japanese) na Ogawa bụ:  

## Ntụaka
 n'okpuru aha jikọtara Luilang (雷朗, Leilang), ma mesịa kwaga ebe ha dị ugbu a na Outer Oat-a (外挖
Asụsụ Omok

**Omok** bụ asụsụ Yukaghir nke Saịberịa ekpochapụla, akụkụ nke olumba continuum nwere asụsụ abụọ dị ndụ, nke a na-akpọkwa ya dị ka olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Tundra Yukaghir .  E kwuru ya n’ikpeazụ eleghị anya n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. &#x5B; *nbsp;isi iyinbsp;Achọrọ* &#x5D; Ndepụta okwu nke Omok, yana asụsụ nwanne ya nwanyị Chuvan, ka Fyodor Matyushkin dekọrọ na 1821. 

## Ntụaka
anya n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18
Asụsụ Pazeh

**Pazeh** (a na-asụkwa **Pazih**, **Pazéh** ) na **Kaxabu** bụ asụsụ ndị Pazeh na Kaxabu, ndị Taiwanese gbara agbata obi . Asụsụ a bụ Formosan, nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ fọdụrụ n'asụsụ Pazeh nwụrụ n'afọ 2010, mana ndị na-asụ Kaxabu iri na abụọ ka dị.

## Nhazi
Ahaziri Pazeh na Kaxabu dị ka asụsụ Formosan nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia .

### Mgbanwe ụda
Asụsụ Pazih jikọtara fọnịm Proto-Austronesia ndị a (Li 2001:7).

# *C,*S > s
# *D, *Z > d
# *k, *g >k
# *j,*s > z
#  2, *H > h
# * N, *ñ > l
# *r,*R > x

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'ihi ajọ mbunobi nke ndị Pazeh chere ihu, tinyere ndị obodo Taiwan ndị ọzọ, Hoklo Taiwanese bịara ịchụpụ Pazeh.  

### Ọnụọgụ
Pazeh na Saisiyat bụ naanị asụsụ Formosan na-enweghị usoro ọnụọgụgụ bipartite nwere ma ọnụọgụ mmadụ na nke na-abụghị nke mmadụ (Li 2006).  Pazeh bụkwa naanị asụsụ nke mejupụtara ọnụọgụgụ 6 ruo 9 site na mgbakwunye (Otú ọ dị, Saisiyat, nke ya na Pazeh nwere njikọ chiri anya, na-akọwa nọmba 7 dị ka 6 + 1, na 9 dị ka 10 - 1.)

* 1 = 
* 2 = uwa
* 3 = turu
* 4 = zuru oke
* 5 = ikpe
* 6 = 5 + 1 = xaseb-uza
* 7 = 5 + 2 = xaseb-i-dusa
* 8 = 5 + 3 = xaseb-i-turu
* 9 = 5 + 4 = xaseb-i-supat

Nọmba "ise" na Pazeh, *xasep*, yiri Saisiyat *Laseb*, Taokas *hasap*, Babuza *nahup*, na Hoanya *hasip* (Li 2006). Li (2006) kwenyere na myirịta yiri ka ọ bụ n'ihi ịgbazinye ego karịa ka a na-esikarị. Laurent Sagart na-ewere ọnụọgụgụ ndị a dị ka ndogide ochie sitere na Proto-Austronesia, mana Paul Jen-kuei Li na-ewere ha dị ka ihe ọhụrụ ime obodo. N’adịghị ka Pazeh, asụsụ ụmụ amaala Plains ndị a nakwa asụsụ Atayalic na-eji 2 × 4 akọwa nọmba 8. ( Asụsụ Atayalic nakwa Thao na-ejikwa 2 × 3 gosi nọmba 6.) Saisiyat, Thao, Taokas, na Babuza na-eji 10 − 1 akọwa 9, ebe Saisiyat na-eji 5 + 1 akọwa 6 dị ka Pazeh si eme.  Asụsụ Ilongot nke Philippines na-enwetakwa ọnụọgụgụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ Pazeh si eme (Blust 2009: 273). 

Ọzọkwa, ọnụọgụgụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ma aha na ngwaa n'asụsụ Formosan niile, gụnyere Pazeh.

## Ntụaka

### Ihe ndetu
 anya n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. [ ka mma  asụsụ nke mejupụtara ọnụọgụgụ 6 ruo 9 site na mgbakwunye (Otú ọ dị, Saisiyat, nke ya na Pazeh 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ
  

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ihe nzuzo nke asụsụ Formosan (nchịkọta ajụjụ ọnụ gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ pụrụ iche nke Pan Jin-yu nwere) (in Chinese)
Asụsụ Pumpokolic

**Asụsụ Pumpokolic** (nke a makwaara dị ka **Arin-Pumpokol**,  dabere na nhazi ọkwa ma ọ bụ asụsụ **Pumpolic** ) na-etolite otu n'ime obere obere ndị isi nke asụsụ Yeniseian . Asụsụ niile mejupụtara agwụla.

## Nhazi
A na-arụrịta ụka gbasara nhazi nke otu a. Ọtụtụ na-ekewa Arin na Pumpokol (na n'ikpeazụ Jie ) na mpaghara ndịda Yeniseian,  mana ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na nso nso a etinyela Arin na ngalaba Arinic ya dị iche iche (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-etinye ya dị ka otu subgroup nke Southern Yeniseian), ma kewaa Pumpokol (ic) dị ka ngalaba dị iche iche nke Yeniseian.

### Arin-Pumpokol nlereanya
  

## Ntụaka
anya n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. [ ka mma 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Asụsụ Papora-Hoanya

**Papora-Hoanya**, makwaara dị ka **Bupuran**, **Hinapavosa**, **Papola**, **Papora-Hoanya**, **Hoanya** na **Vupuran**, bụ asụsụ Formosan nke Taiwan na-ekpochapụ. Ọ bụ olumba Papora na Hoanya nke a na-asụ n'ofe etiti ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ, na gburugburu Lishui, Chingshui, Shalu, na ime obodo ruo Taichung .  Akụkọ izizi achọtara maka mkpochapụ ya sitere na 2009. 

## fonology
Papora-Hoanya nwere consonant fọnịm p, t, k, θ, s, b, d, l, m, na n na ndị ọzọ n'agbanyeghị na o nweghị consonants q na h . 

## Okwu okwu

## Ntụaka
anya n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. [ ka mma
Asụsụ Rusenu

**Rusenu** bụ asụsụ Papuan fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ achọpụtara na 2007. E                                                                    zite n’ebe zanyawa ebe a b ugbu a East Timor .

Achọpụtara Rusenu na mberede site n'aka onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Dutch-Timorese Aone van Engelenhoven, bụ onye na-amụ asụsụ a na-akpọ Makuva, chere kemgbe 1950 ka ọ ga-apụ n'anya.  Dị nnọọ ka ọ na-achọ ịla Netherlands, a gwara ya banyere ịdị adị nke asụsụ a na-akpọ Rusenu. E kwuru na ọ bụ naanị otu agadi nwanyị “onye maara ihe banyere ya.”  O nyere onye na-agwa ya ihe ndekọ teepu ya, onye mechaa gbaa nwanyị ahụ na nwa ya nwoke ajụjụ ọnụ. O chetara otu ukwe ụmụaka, nke ọ na-enweghị ike ịkọwa (dị ka ebo ya niile). Nwa ya nwoke nwere ike ịgụta asụsụ iri. Mgbe Van Engelenhoven nyochachara ma degharịa ndekọ ahụ, o kwubiri na Rusenu, "n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere njikọ na Fataluku, bụ asụsụ dị iche."  Ndị na-ekwu okwu nke Rusenu kwukwara na ọ bụ ha kpatara ihe osise nkume dị ọtụtụ puku afọ na East Timor,  n'ime ọgba ndị Ile Kére Kére . 

## Ntụaka
anya n’oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18. [ ka mma
Asụsụ Tupari

**Asụsụ Tuparí** nke Brazil bụ alaka ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Tupian .

## Nhazi nke ime
Asụsụ Tupari bụ:  
 
Ọ dịghị nke ihe karịrị narị mmadụ ole na ole na-asụ ya.

Enyere nhazi ime ime nso nso a site na Nikulin & Andrade (2020) n'okpuru: 
 

## Ụdị dị iche iche
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke asụsụ Tupari dị iche iche nke Loukotka (1968) depụtara, gụnyere aha ụdị na-akwadoghị. 
 
N'asụsụ Tuparian niile, nkebiokwu ndị bụ isi na-agbaso usoro nhọpụta nke asụsụ na-adịghị ahụkebe - ụkpụrụ zuru oke . Prefixes mmadụ na ngwaa ahụ bụ ihe zuru oke, ya bụ, ha na-atụpụta arụmụka naanị nke ngwa ngwa intransitive (S) na arụmụka ndidi ('ihe kpọmkwem') nke ngwaa transitive (P). Nnọchiaha mmadụ, nke na-eso ngwaa ahụ (ma ọ na-akpọ ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị) bụ nhọpụta : ha nwere ike itinye naanị arụmụka nke ngwaa intransitive (S) ma ọ bụ arụmụka nnọchite nke ngwaa transitive (A), mana ọ bụghị onye ọrịa nke ngwaa transitive (P). Ihe atụ dị n'okpuru ebe a sitere na Wayoró .  : 99 
Eamõjãn

/e-amõc-at

2 -agba egwu- TH - NFUT

s- V

(en).

(ebet)/

( 2 . NOM )

( S )
 Eamõjãn (en).

/e-amõc-at (ẽt)/

2-agba egwu- TH - NFUT (2. NOM )

sV (S)

 'Ị gbara egwu.'
Etokwap

/e-top-kʷ-ap

2 -hụ- PL - TH -p

p- V

nã

nã

FUT


na.

õt/

1 . NOM

A
 Etokwap nã on.

/e-top-kʷ-ap nã õt/

2-hụ- PL - TH -p FUT 1. NOM

pV {} A

 'M 'ga-ahụ gị kwa ụbọchị.'

## Ntụaka
akpọpụtara. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe nrịbama ikpena-eso ngwaa ahụ (ma ọ na-akpọ ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asụsụ Amazonian nke Rondônia na Bolivia
Asụsụ Samalian

**Samalian** bụ asụsụ Semitic a na-asụ ma buru ụzọ gbaa akaebe na Samʼal .

A maara Samalian nke ọma site na ihe odide atọ, ihe oyiyi Hadad na ihe odide Panamuwa II ( KAI 214-215), bụ nke e gwupụtara na njedebe narị afọ nke 19, na nke atọ a maara dị ka Kuttamuwa stele, nke e gwupụtara na 2008. [ 1 ].

## Nhazi
N'ime asụsụ ndị Semitic, Samalian na-egosi ọtụtụ myirịta na Aramaic . A na-elekarị ya anya dị ka olumba mbụ nke Aramaic, ikekwe ndị Kenan na-emetụta ya. Ihe akaebe siri ike adịghị, na Samalian kacha mma ka a na-ewere dị ka onye nọọrọ onwe ya na otu Northwest Semitic, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ma ọ bụ, yana Deir Alla Inscription, nwanne nwanyị dị iche iche nke Aramaic na otu "Aramoid" ma ọ bụ "Syrian". [ 2 ] [ 4 ]

## Njirimara asụsụ
Atụmatụ na-ejikọta Samalian na Aramaic gụnyere:

* mgbanwe * n > *r* n'okwu *br* 'nwa', n'agbanyeghị na akwadoro nke a naanị dịka akụkụ nke aha onwe onye ma eleghị anya ọ bụghị okwu obodo. Otu ihe a na-apụtakwa n'edemede ndị Finishia sitere na Sam'al ( Kilamuwa Stela ). [ 5 ] [ 6 ]
* mfu nke *ʔ na okwu *ḥd* ( *q*, eg *ʔrq* 'ụwa', nke a maara dị ka ngwaọrụ orthographic dịkwa na Old Aramaic [ 5 ] (n'ikpeazụ Aramaic, Proto-Semitic *ɬ' na-atụgharị kama gaa  ).
* ọdịdị nke *n* maka ikpeazụ *m* . [ 5 ]

Pat-El & Wilson-Wright atụ aro ka ndị ọzọ n'ozuzu e ji mara Samalian mmepe nke imi ụdaume, dị ka a na-atụ anya okwu-ikpeazụ *n* mgbe ogologo ụdaume bụ n'usoro anọghị na Panamuwa e dere; [ 7 ] nakwa ihe nrịbama ihe *wt*, cognate with Aram *ləwāt* 'na'. [ 8 ]

## Hụkwa

* Olumba continuum

## Ihe ndetu


## Ntụaka
ikekwe ndị Kenan na-emetụta ya. Ihe akaebe siri ike adịghị, na Samalian kacha mma ka a na-

*  
*  
*  

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
Asụsụ Xipaya

**Xipaya** (ma ọ bụ **Shipaja** ma ọ bụ **Xipaia** ) bụ asụsụ dị ize ndụ a na-asụ na mpaghara Pará nke Brazil . Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe dịka asụsụ 70 Tupian nke South America. N'ikpeazụ, Xipaya bụ naanị ndị inyom abụọ merela agadi na-asụ na Altamira, Pará .

## fonology

## Ntụaka
asụsụ nke mejupụtara ọnụọgụgụ 6 ruo 9 site na mgbakwunye

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Akwụkwọ ndekọ ELAR nke asụsụ Tupian nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ngwa ngwa (gụnyere Xipaya)
Asụsụ Rouran

**Rouran** ( Chinese ), nke a na-akpọkwa **Ruanruan**, **Ruan-ruan** ma ọ bụ **Juan-juan** ( Chinese ), bụ asụsụ ekpochapụghị nkewa nke Mongolia na ugwu China, nke a na-asụ na Rouran Khaganate site na narị afọ nke anọ ruo na nke isii AD, a na-ewere dị ka ọ ga-abụ mmalite nke Mongol . 

Peter A. Boodberg kwuru na 1935 na asụsụ Rouran bụ Mongolic site n'ịtụle ndegharị aha ndị China nke aha Rouran.  Atwood (2013) kwuru na Rourans kpọpụtara okwu Sogdian *pūr* "nwa" n'asụsụ ha dịka * *k ʻ obun* ( ntụgharị asụsụ China: 去汾MC * *kʰɨʌ <sup>H</sup> -bɨun* > Mandarin *qùfén* ); nke, dị ka Atwood, bụ cognate na Middle Mongol *kö'ün* "nwa nwoke".  Alexander Vovin kwuru na Old Turkic agbaziri ụfọdụ okwu site n'asụsụ amaghi ama ọ bụghị akụkụ nke Altaic sprachbund nke nwere ike ịbụ Rouran,  na-arụ ụka na ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, asụsụ ahụ agaghị abụ nke Altaic, na ikekwe asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ọ bụ ezie na ihe akaebe dị ntakịrị.  Na 2019, na nputa nke ihe akaebe ọhụrụ site na nyocha nke *Brāhmī Bugut* na *Khüis Tolgoi*, Vovin gbanwere echiche ya, na-atụ aro na Rouran bụ, n'ezie, asụsụ Mongol, nso ma ọ bụghị otu na Middle Mongolian . 

## Ntụaka
mgbakwunye (Otú ọ dị, Saisiyat, nke ya na Pazehmgbakwunye (Otú ọ dị, Saisiyat, nke ya na Pazeh
Cochin Portuguese Creole

**Cochin Indo-Portuguese**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Vypin Indo-Portuguese** sitere na mpaghara ala ya, bụ creole Indo-Portuguese nke a na-asụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Malabar nke India, ọkachasị na Fort Cochin, na steeti Kerala . Onye ikpeazụ na-asụ ya dị ka asụsụ mbụ, William Rozario, nwụrụ na 2010. Ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst na-asụzi ya ugbu a n'akụkụ Vypeen Island (Agwaetiti Vypin) na mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na Kochi mepere emepe .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Cochin Indo-Portuguese, nke a maara na mpaghara dị ka "Portuguese" ma ọ bụ "Cochin Portuguese", etolite site na kọntaktị n'etiti Portuguese, Malayalam na asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-asụ na Cochin ochie.  Cochin Portuguese bụ otu n'ime asụsụ kọntaktị mbụ malitere site na kọntaktị ndị Europe na Eshia, ọ ghọkwara asụsụ obodo nke akụkụ obodo Katọlik na narị afọ nke 15 ruo 19. O sitere na ezinụlọ Indo-Portuguese Katọlik na Malabar, wee guzobe nke ọma na ọ gara n'ihu n'okpuru ọrụ Dutch na narị afọ nke 17. Ndị na-ekwu okwu malitere ịpụ n'asụsụ ahụ n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 19. Ọkà okwu nwa afọ ikpeazụ, William Rozario, nwụrụ na 20 Ọgọst 2010 na Vypeen.  Ụfọdụ ndị nọ na Cochin ka na-aghọta ya ruo n'ókè.

## Ihe atụ

### Mmetụta Portuguese na Malayalam
Ma Portuguese na Malayalam enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na Malabar Indo-Portuguese. Ngwaa *tæ*, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-enweta ihe gbasara ntụgharị uche ya site na ngwaa Portuguese ndị ọzọ, ya bụ site na ngwaa *ter* (nwere) na *estar* (be). N'aka nke ọzọ, Malayalam nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na morphosyntactic ngwaa na ihe nrụpụta. 

## Ntụaka
ukwuu na Malabar Indo Portuguese ndị ọzọ, ya bụ site na ngwaa ter (nwere)
Asụsụ Caucasian Albanian

**Caucasian Albanian** (a na-akpọkwa **Old Udi**, **Aluan** ma ọ bụ **Aghwan** )  bụ onye ekpochapụla n'asụsụ Northeast Caucasian . A na-asụ ya n'asụsụ Caucasian Albania, nke sitere na ndịda Dagestan ugbu a ruo Azerbaijan . Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ kwenyere na ọ bụ onye bu ụzọ mụọ asụsụ mbụ n'asụsụ Udi Northeast Caucasian dị n'ihe egwu.  Mkpụrụedemede Albania Caucasian dị iche jiri mkpụrụedemede 52 mee ihe.

Caucasian Albanian nwere ike dabara na asụsụ "Gargaria" nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Armenia mere mgbe ochie mara. N'agbanyeghị aha ya, Caucasian Albania enweghị mmekọrịta asụsụ ọ bụla na asụsụ Albania a na-asụ na Albania, nke sitere na ezinụlọ Indo-European .

## Nchọpụta na decipherment
Ịdị adị nke akwụkwọ Albania Caucasian ka amara naanị n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè tupu njedebe narị afọ nke 20. Ndụ Koryun *nke Mashtots*, nke e dere na narị afọ nke ise, ma ọ bụ naanị na-adị ndụ n'ime ihe odide ndị mebiri emebi, na Movses Kaghankatvatsi 's *History of the Caucasian Albania*, nke e dere na narị afọ nke 10, na-ekwu na ntụgharị nke ndị Albania Caucasian bụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst sitere na ndị ozi ala ọzọ abụọ, Enoch na Albanian nke Dana, na ndị Caucasi nke Armenia, na ndị Caucasian. ọkà mmụta Mesrop Mashtots . Otu Bishọp Jeremaya sụgharịrị Baịbụl Ndị Kraịst n’asụsụ ha. Dị ka n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka 1977, Bruce Metzger nwere ike dee na "ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla nke ụdị [a] dị ndụ". 

### Udaume

## Syntax
Udi ochie bụ asụsụ na-enweghị isi . [ 16 ]

## Ntụaka
narị afọ nke 10, na-ekwu na ntụgharị nke ndị Albania Caucasian bụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 
*
Asụsụ Chuukese

Chuukese (/ tʃuːˈkiːz/), sụgharịkwara Trukese (/trʌˈkiːz/), [1] bụ asụsụ Chuukic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Chuuk na agwaetiti Caroline na Micronesia.  Enwere obodo ndị na-ekwu okwu na Pohnpei, na Guam.  Atụmatụ ndị e mere na-egosi na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 45,900 na Micronesia.

## Nchịkọta
Chuukese bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Micronesia subbranch.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime olumba ndị ọgbọ Chuukic subgroup nke akara Micronesia, na ndị ikwu ya dị nso dị ka Woleaian, na Carolinian..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Chuukese nwere ihe iche nke na-enye ọhọre okwu ọhụrụ geminate (abụọ) consonants.  E ta na nna nna nke ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda, Micronesia nwere ihe a, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ ya nke oge a efunahụla ya..

 and  are different in orthography, and both older  and current  transcribe the sound .

A na-eji egwuume okpukpu eme ihe na Chuuk mgbe ha nwere ike na-anya olu.  A na-abụ ụfọdụ ndị na-egosi ime ihe n'etiti ụkwụ mgbe a na-eji okpukpu abụọ eme ihe.  

 nwere ike ịnụ dị ka etiti [ɨ] ma ọ bụ azụ [ɯ].

## Orthography
Chuukese bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ole na ole na-enye ohere maka ụdaume abụọ mbụ: 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta okwu Chuukese na Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database (Archive) 
* Howard, Jocelyne. "CHUUKESE TRANSLATIONS." () Mahadum nke Hawaii.
* Kaipuleohone nwere ihe ncheta maka Chuukese gụnyere Ihe edere edere, ndekọ ọdịyo, na ndekọ ọdịyo ndị ọzọ sitere na thesis MA nke Brian Diettrich.
* Mahadum Portland State Multicultural Isiokwu na Sayensị na Nsogbu na Chuukese Archived 2020-05-19 at the Wayback Machine
Costanza / Costanzo

**Costanza / Costanzo** bụ akụkọ ifo nke Giovanni Francesco Straparola dere na The Facetious Nights of Straparole (nke e dere n'etiti 1550 na 1555). 

## Nkọwa
Eze lụrụ di ma nwee ndị nketa, nwunye ya mụkwara ụmụ nwanyị atọ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ ghọtara na nwunye ya eruola afọ ebe ọ na-agaghị enwe ụmụ ọzọ, ụmụ ya nwanyị atọ dịkwa njikere ịlụ di. Ọ lụrụ ha ma kewaa alaeze ya n'etiti ha, na-edebe naanị ala zuru ezu iji kwado ụlọ ikpe ya. 

Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, eze nwanyị ahụ mụrụ nwa nwanyị nke anọ, Costanza.  A zụlitere Costanza nke ọma wee bụrụ nwa-nwanyị nwere amara, gụrụ akwụkwọ na nke zuru oke.  Mgbe o toruru ịlụ di na nwunye, ha tụrụ aro ka ọ lụọ nwa agbịrịgba, n’ihi na ego ọ na-azụ agaghị ezuru otu egwuregwu hà ka ọmụmụ ya.  Costanza jụrụ ịlụ di n'okpuru ọdụ ya, yi uwe dị ka nwoke, wee pụọ, na-akpọ onwe ya Costanzo.

Ọ banyere n'ọrụ eze, ebe eze nwanyị chọrọ ya dị ka onye na-ahụ n'anya, mana "Costanzo" jụrụ ya. Eze ahụ anọwo na-achọ ka e jide otu n'ime ndị satyr nke mebiri ala ya nke ukwuu; eze nwanyị tụụrụ ya aro na ezigbo ohu dị ka Costanzo nwere ike ijide otu. Eze ahụ gwara Costanzo, onye kwetara ime ya obi ụtọ. Ọ rịọrọ ka e nye ya nnukwu ite, mmanya na achịcha.  N’ime ọhịa, o were mmanya na achịcha gbajuo ite ahụ ma rịgoro n’elu osisi.  Ndị satịr ahụ nụrụ ísì ya, rie achịcha ahụ, ma hie ụra.  Costanza kechie otu wee buru ya pụọ.  Na-alaghachi azụ, satyr ahụ tetara wee malite ịchị ọchị: na olili ozu nke nwatakịrị, na nkwudo, na ìgwè mmadụ ndị na-eto ya dị ka "Costanzo", na mgbe a na-enye ya eze. 

Eze ahụ gbalịrị ime ka satyr kwuo okwu. Eze nwanyị ahụ kwuru na Costanzo nwere ike ime ka ọ kwuo okwu. Costanzo gbalịrị inye ya ihe oriri, wee yie ya egwu agụụ, ma mesịa kwe nkwa ịtọhapụ ya. Ọ riri ma kwuo okwu. Ọ gwara na n'ememe olili ozu, nna ahụ abụghị nna ahụ, kama ọ bụ ụkọchukwu ahụ; n'oge a kwụgburu ya, ìgwè mmadụ ahụ jupụtara na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-ezu ego karịa onye ohi ahụ ka a kwụgbukwara ya; nakwa na ọ ga-akọwa ndị ọzọ n'echi ya. N'echi ya, ọ kọwara na ha ji aha ọjọọ na-eto ya, na eze ghọgburu ikwere na ụmụ agbọghọ nwunye ya bụ ndị inyom, mgbe ha bụ ndị ikom na-agbagharị agbagharị.  Eze mere ka ọkụ gbaa nwunye ya na ndị hụrụ ya n'anya ọkụ, ma lụọ  Costanza.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
A na-ahụkwa nwanyị ahụ nke na-eme onwe ya ka nwoke na Giambattista Basile's The Three Crowns.  Ụdị French mechara, Belle-Belle ou Le Chevalier Fortuné nke Madame d'Aulnoy, na-egosi mmetụta karịa site na Straparol.

A na-ahụkwa nwanyị ahụ na-eme ka nwoke n'akụkọ ọdịnala, dị ka Vasilisa The Priest's Daughter.

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Huon

**Asụsụ Huon** bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ, nke a na-asụ na Huon Peninsula nke Papua New Guinea, nke ekesara n'ime atụmatụ Trans  New Guinea (TNG) mbụ, na William A. Foley chere na a ga-ewepụta njirimara TNG ha. Ha na-ekerịta asụsụ Finisterre obere klaasị ngwaa mechiri emechi na-ewere prefixes pronominal ihe ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ cognate n'ofe ezinaụlọ abụọ ahụ (Suter 2012), ihe na-egosi na ha nwere njikọ.

## Ọdịdị dị n'ime
Huon na Finisterre, na njikọ dị n'etiti ha bụ Kenneth McElhanon (1967, 1970) mara ya. O doro anya na ha bụ ezinaụlọ na-asụ asụsụ. Huon nwere alaka abụọ doro anya, Eastern na Western. Asụsụ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-enye ohere ka ndị na-agụkọ ọnụ n'okwukwe-ikpeazụ (p, t, k, m, n, ŋ), ebe asụsụ ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ ewepụla ọdịiche ndị ahụ ka ha bụrụ abụọ, glottal stop (dere *c* ) na imi velar (McElhanon 1974: 17). E wezụga nke ahụ, nhazi ọkwa dabere na lexicostatistics, nke na-enye nsonaazụ nhazi ọkwa dị obere.

* Ezinụlọ **Huon**
** Alaka Eastern Huon
*** Huon Atụmatụ
**** Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Huon: Kâte, Mape
**** Sene
**** Osimiri Masaweng : Migabac, Momare
*** Kovai
*** Tobo-Kube
*** Dedua
** Alaka Western Huon
*** Burum (Mindik), Borong (Kosorong)
*** Kinalakna, Kumokio
*** Mese, Nabak
*** Komba, Selepet - Timbe
*** Nomu
*** Ono
*** Sialum

Kâte bụ asụsụ obodo .

## Ntụaka
anya na ha bụ ezinaụlọ na-asụ asụsụ. Huon nwere alaka abụọ doro anya, Eastern na Western. Asụsụ ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-enye ohere ka ndị
Asụsụ Isaurian

**Isaurian** bụ asụsụ na-apụ n'anya a na-asụ na mpaghara Isauria, Asia Minor . Achọtala ihe akaebe epigraphic, gụnyere ihe odide olili ozu, n'ime narị afọ nke isii AD.   Aha onwe nke ndị na-asụ ya yiri ka esi na Luwian wee si otú a nweta Indo-European .  Aha Isaurian nwere mgbọrọgwụ Anatoli doro anya gụnyere Οαδας *Oadas*, Τροκονδας *Trokondas* (cf. Luwian *Tarḫunt ,* Lycian 𐊗𐊕𐊌𐊌𐊑𐊌𐊌𐊑 *t* ), υqοTrqοTrqο *Koudeis* (cf. Lycian *Kuwata* ), na Μοασις *Moasis* (cf. Hittite *muwa* "ike"). 

Aha onwe nke Isaurian Τουατρις *Touatris* nwere ike igosi okwu Indo-European maka 'ada' ( tulee Hieroglyphic Luwian *<sup>FILIA</sup> tú-wa/i-tara/i-na* ). 

## Ntụaka
otú a nweta Indo-European . [1] Aha Isaurian nwere
Asụsụ Favorlang

**Favorlang** bụ asụsụ Formosan ekpochapụla nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Babuza . Ọ bụ ezie na Favorlang onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Taiwanese Paul Jen-kuei Li na-ewere dị ka asụsụ dị iche, n'agbanyeghị ya na Babuza nwere njikọ chiri anya. N'ezie, aha *Favorlang* sitere na *Babuza* . [ 1 ] N'aka nke ọzọ, Favorlang nwekwara ike nọchite anya olumba Babuza n'oge mbụ, ebe ọ bụ na e debere Favorlang n'etiti narị afọ nke 17, ebe Babuza bụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ Japan debere ya naanị n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke 20. [ 2 ]

## fonology
Favorlang agabigala mgbanwe ụda ndị a. Ewezuga *t, *s, *Z>  Njikọta, mgbanwe ụda ndị a niile bụ asụsụ Taokas, Babuza, Papora, Hoanya, na Thao na-ekekọrịta. [ 3 ]

# Njikọta nke PAn *n na *ŋ dị ka 
# Njikọ nke *t, *s, *Z dị ka 
# Njikọ nke * N na * S 1 dị ka 
# Mfu zuru oke nke *k, *q, *H
# Mfu akụkụ nke *R, *j, gụnyere mfu nke ikpeazụ *-y na *-w
#  (n'ọnọdụ mbụ na etiti) > 

## Isi mmalite
Ebe data dị mma bụ: [ 4 ]

*  Later translated into English:
** 
* 5 sermons and various prayers, questions, and answers on Christianity by Jacobus Vertrecht [Wikidata] (1647–1651), a Dutch pastor
* Word lists collected by Naoyoshi Ogawa in the early 1900s (unpublished manuscripts dated 1900, 1901, and 1930; others are undated)
** Notebooks 1, 2, 3, and 5, now kept by ILCAA (Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa) and TUFS (Tokyo University of Foreign Studies) – call number "OA052"
** Notebook 4, now kept at the Anthropological Institute, Nanzan University – call number "v. 1-2-1"

## Ihe atụ

; Ekpere Onyenwe Anyị 

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ
ikekwe ndị Kenan na-emetụta ya. Ihe akaebe siri ike adịghị, na Samalian kacha mma ka a na-
Asụsụ Hpon

**Hpon** ( Burmese   ; a kpọkwara **Hpun** ) bụ asụsụ Burmish na-akpa ike nke ndị okenye na-asụ n'ime olulu mmiri Irrawaddy nke elu nke Burma, n'ebe ugwu Bhamo . E nwere olumba abụọ, ugwu na ndịda. Asụsụ a na-eji ụda olu nwere nchekwa karịa karịa asụsụ Burmish ndị ọzọ 'Kachinized'. 

## Ntụaka
otú a nweta Indo-European . [1] Aha Isaurian nwereotú a nweta Indo-European . 

* Henderson, Eugénie JA (1986). "Ụfọdụ ihe ebipụtabeghị na Northern (Megyaw) Hpun." John McCoy na Timothy Light, ed. Ntụnye aka na ọmụmụ nke Sino-Tibet: 101-134.
* Yabu Shirō藪 司郎 (2003). *Asụsụ Hpun nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na Mianmaa.* Osaka: Mahadum Osaka nke Ọmụmụ Mba Ọzọ.
* Tun Aung Kyaw ထွန်းအောင်ကျော် Thwanʺ Oṅ Kyo' (2007). ဖွန်းဒေသိယစကားလေ့လာချက် Phwanʺ desiyacakāʺ leʹlā khyak [Ihe ọmụmụ na asụsụ Hpun]. PhD tesis, မြန်မာဌာန ရန်ကုန်တက္ကသိုလ် Burmese Department, Rangoon mahadum.
Guniyandi Asụsụ

**Gooniyandi** bụ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australia nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 200 na-asụ ugbu a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na ma ọ bụ nso Fitzroy Crossing na Western Australia .  Gooniyandi bụ asụsụ dị ize ndụ n'ihi na a naghị enyefe ya ụmụaka,  bụ ndị kama na-etolite na-asụ Kriol .

## Nhazi
Gooniyandi nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bunuba, ruo ihe dị ka otu ogo ka Bekee na-emetụta Dutch. Ha abụọ bụ naanị ndị otu ezinụlọ asụsụ Bunuban . N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị Aborigine Australia, Gooniyandi na Bunuba abụghị ndị Pama–Nyungan .

## fonology
Gooniyandi nwere ụda ụdaume atọ: /a, i, u/. /a/ nwere ogologo ụdaume dị iche. [ 5 ]

## Ọkpụkpụ
Ndị obodo nakweere mkpụrụedemede Gooniyandi dabere na mkpụrụedemede Latịn na 1984, wee degharịa ya na 1990 na ọzọ na 1999.  Ọ bụghị ụda ụda, n'ihi na ọ na-ewepụ ụfọdụ ndịiche emere na okwu. 

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Gooniyandi enweghị nwoke na nwanyị, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ikpe ; ọ na-eji usoro ikpe na-ezighị ezi . Ọ bụ asụsụ ngwaa-ikpeazụ, mana enweghị usoro dị n'etiti isiokwu na ihe ahụ.

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
ogo ka Bekee na-emetụta Dutch. Ha abụọ bụ naanị ndị otu ezinụlọ asụsụ Bunuban . N'adịghị

*  
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Gooniyandi na webụsaịtị Omniglot
* Ọrụ Rosetta: Ndepụta Gooniyandi Swadesh
* Ụlọ ọrụ ndị Aboriginal Gooniyandi Archived
Asụsụ Khoton

**Khoton** bụ olumba na-apụ apụ nke asụsụ Uyghur na otu Karluk nke asụsụ Turkic . Khotons na-eji olumba Oirat nke asụsụ Mongolic na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. 

## Nhazi
Ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche kewara Khoton dị ka Uyghur ( Boris Vladimirtsov [ fr ], Alexander Samoylovich, Nikolay Baskakov ),  olumba Uzbek nke Ármin Vámbéry,  asụsụ Kyrgyz nke Grigory Potanin na Sergey Malov . 

^ 1: Archaic usage.

## Ngwakọta agwakọta
Dị ka Nikolay Baskakov si kwuo, asụsụ Khoton nwere *q* dị ka ọ dị na **' ('firepit') nke nwere njirimara Uyghur ochie, **' ('kamel') nke nwere njirimara Kyrgyz dị ka ọ dị na **' ; **' ('ọnụ') nke nwere njirimara Southern Altai na *q* : ** ('ogwe aka') sitere na Turkmen.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* 
* 

## Ntụaka
ogo ka Bekee na-emetụta Dutch. Ha abụọ bụ naanị ndị otu ezinụlọ asụsụ
Asụsụ Gutian

**Gutian** ( / ˈɡ uː tiən / ) bụ asụsụ ekpochapụghị nkewa nke ndị Gutian na-asụ, bụ ndị chịrị obere oge na Sumer dị ka usoro ndị eze Gutian na narị afọ nke 22 TOA. Ndị Gut bi n’agbata ugwu Zagros na Taịgris . Ọ dịghị ihe a maara banyere asụsụ ahụ ma e wezụga ịdị adị ya na ndepụta aha ndị ọchịchị Gutian na *Sumerian King List*, nke nwere ike igosi akụkụ nke asụsụ ahụ.

## Ihe akaebe
Asụsụ Gutian enweghị ihe odide ederede na isi mmalite ndị dị ugbu a na-enye nkọwa ole na ole banyere asụsụ ahụ, na-enye naanị ndepụta aha ndị ọchịchị site na ọchịchị Gutian na Mesopotemia na Ndepụta Eze Sumerian na otu aha onye ọchịchị Sharlag n'otu afọ nke onye ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu Akkadian Shar-kali-sharri .   Ihe odide Sumerian King List dị iche iche dekọtara ndị eze Gutian dị iche iche n'usoro dị iche iche. Aha ụfọdụ nwere ike ịbụ site na otu ndị ọzọ, na nnyefe nke aha enweghị ntụkwasị obi. 

### Okwu ndị ọzọ
Gutian gụnyere n'ime ndepụta asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na mpaghara ahụ dị na mbadamba nkume *Sag* B, ederede nkuzi sitere na oge etiti Babilọn nke nwere ike sitere n'obodo Emar . Ederede a depụtakwara Akkadian, Amorite, Sutean, " Subarean " ( Hurrian ) na Elamite .  Enwekwara aha maka "onye ntụgharị asụsụ Gutean" na mbadamba nkume si Adab . 

## Ntụaka
ogo ka Bekee na-emetụta Dutch. Ha abụọ bụ naanị ndị otu ezinụlọ asụsụ Bunuban . N'adịghị
Asụsụ Gorgani

**Gorgani** ma ọ bụ **Gurgani** bụ asụsụ obodo Gorgan dị na mgbago ugwu Iran, Mazanderani gbara agbata obi. Edere ya site na narị afọ nke 14 na 15, site na ihe odide nke mmegharị Horufi . 

## Ntụaka
mgbago ugwu Iran,
Asụsụ Mapia

Mapia bụ Asụsụ Micronesia na-adịghị adị, naanị nke a na-asụ n'Indonesia.  A na-asụ ya na Mapia Atoll, kilomita 180 n'ebe ugwu nke mmiri oké osimiri nke New Guinea, nke nke Supiori Regency.   Ndị bi ebe ahụ kwagara na ụfọdụ ndị awụ nke 20, [1] nna onye na-ekwu okwu ka ọ na-erule afọ 2000 bụ agadi nwoke ihe n'arịrịetiti ahụ.    Ndị ọzọ bi na Mapia bụzi ndị mbịarambịa na-asộgụ Biak.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Namonuito

Namonuito bụ Asụsụ Micronesia nke Federated States of Micronesia.  A na-asụ ya na Namonuito Atoll.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Tambora

**Tambora** bụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesian ( Papuan ) nke omenala Tambora nke etiti Sumbawa, nke dị ugbu a bụ Indonesia, nke mgbawa ugwu Tambora 1815 kpochapụrụ . Ọ bụ asụsụ Papuan nke a kacha mara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ  ma bụrụkwa ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti asụsụ ndị dị otú ahụ ịbụ asụsụ obodo azụmaahịa ụgbọ mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na a chọtakwara steeti azụmaahịa Papuan dị ugbu a na Halmahera na Ternate na Tidore . 

## Okwu okwu
A chịkọtara otu ndepụta okwu tupu mgbawa ahụ, nke e bipụtara dị ka Raffles (1817, 1830). O doro anya na nke a na asụsụ abụghị Austronesia ; N'ezie, enwere naanị ego mgbazinye ego nke Austronesia ole na ole. 

N'ime ndepụta dị n'okpuru,  a na-eche na ⟨ ng' ⟩ na-edegharị [ ŋ ] na ⟨ dj ⟩ [ dʒ ] . Akara akara bụ ike na-akwụsị glottal [ ʔ ] . Okwu abụọ, *búlu* na *màkan*, bụ n'ụzọ doro anya mbinye ego Malay . Zollinger (1850) choputara otutu mbinye ego enwere ike site na asusu Austronesia ndi ozo; Tambora bụ ikike azụmaahịa mpaghara, yabụ enwere ike ịtụ anya ọtụtụ mgbazinye ego. Njikọ *taintu* na Papuan Timor–Alor–Pantar *tan (a), ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ndaba, ga-abụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọ bụghị mbinye ego.  Otú ọ dị, Harald Hammarström weere ya dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ . 

Donohue deturu otu okwu, *taintu* 'aka', nke ejikọrọ na asụsụ Papuan ndị ọzọ, nke Timor na Alor n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ: Abui *taŋ*, Oirata *tana*, Kui *tan* . Nke a na-ahapụ *-tu* ka ọ ga-abụ suffix, na ọdịdị yiri nke *maimpo* 'ụkwụ' na-atụ aro Donohue na ihe ndị a nwere ike nweta site na *tayn* na *maym* gbakwunyere suffix *-ho* ma ọ bụ *-hu* nke dabara na consonant bu ụzọ. 

Otutu okwu na-ejedebe na *-(k)ong* na *-ore*, na ndị nke mbụ yiri usoro ọmụmụ ( *ingkong* 'sun', *kóngkong* 'day', *mang'ong* 'moon', *kingkong* 'star'), na-atụ aro enwere ike ime suffixes, n'agbanyeghị na ha nwere ike ịbụ naanị ndaba. 

## Hụkwa

* Omenala Tambora

## Ntụaka
tan . Nke a na-ahapụ -tu ka ọ ga-abụ suffix, na ọdịdị yiri nkeazụmaahịa mpaghara, yabụ enwere ike ịtụ anya ọtụtụ

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Stamford Raffles, 1817, 1830. *Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Java,* vol. 2, ngwa. F, 198–199.
Asụsụ Pááfang

Pááfang bụ asụsụ Micronesia nke steeti Federated nke Micronesia.  A na-asụ ya na Hall Islands nke Fananu, Murilo, Nomwin, na Ruo na steeti Chuuk..

## Ihe odide
Babuza Asụsụ

**Babuza** bụ asụsụ Formosan nke Babuza na Taokas, ụmụ amaala Taiwan . Ọ metụtara ma ọ bụ ikekwe sitere na Favorlang, nke agbapụtara site na narị afọ nke 17.

A na-asụ Babuza n'otu oge n'akụkụ ka ukwuu nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Taiwan. Asụsụ ya abụọ dị iche iche, Poavosa na Taokas, bụ ndị Papora na Pazeh kewapụrụ.

Akwụkwọ azụmahịa mbụ a ga-ede na Taokas bụ akwụkwọ foto *Osubalaki, Balalong Ramut*, nke e bipụtara na 2020. 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ mara mma

## Ntụaka
osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ abụọ dị iche iche

## Akụrụngwa
Bengali Portuguese Creole

**Bengali Portuguese Creole**  ( Portuguese   ) bụ creole Indo-Portuguese a na-asụ n'obodo dị iche iche na Bengal : Calcutta, Balasore, Pipli, Chandernagore, Chittagong, Midnapore, Hugli na Dacca .  Emebere asụsụ a site na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti asụsụ Portuguese na Bengali .  Ugbu a, o bibiri.

Na Bengal, a na-asụ Portuguese ruo 1911. A ka na-asụ otu Creole Portuguese na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. A na-asụ creales Portuguese na Bengal, dị ka Calcutta, Dacca, Balasore, Pipli, Chandannagar, Chittagong, Firingi Bunder, Midnapore na Hugli-Chuchura .

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Creole dabere na Portuguese
* Indo-Portuguese creoles

## Ntụaka
abụọ dị iche icheosimiri ọdịda anyanwụ
Asụsụ ndị Itelmen nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ

**Eastern Kamchadal**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Eastern Itelmen** (ma ọ bụ **Northern**, **North Eastern** nke otu) bụ asụsụ Kamchatkan nke Russia na-ekpochapụ.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Basay

**Basay** bụ asụsụ Formosan nke ndị Basay, Qauqaut na Trobiawan na-asụ gburugburu Taipei nke oge a na ugwu Taiwan . Trobiawan, Linaw, na Qauqaut bụ olumba ndị ọzọ ( *lee asụsụ East Formosan* ).

A na-enwetakarị data Basay site na ndetu ubi Erin Asai nke 1936, nke anakọtara site n'aka onye agadi Basay ọkà okwu na Shinshe, Taipei, yana nke ọzọ dị na Yilan onye na-asụ olumba Trobiawan (Li 1999). Otú ọ dị, ndị Taiwanese nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'okwu onye Shinshe, na onye ozi Trobiawan, aha ya bụ Ipai, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu Kavalan n'okwu ya.

Li (1992) kpọbatara asụsụ Basaic anọ: Basay, Luilang, Nankan, Puting.  Nankan na Puting dị nso na Kavalan, ebe Luilang dị iche. 

## Syntax
Enwere ihe nrịbama nhọrọ anọ na Basay (Li 1999:646).

* a - nominative, ligature (olumba Shinshe)
* ta – nominative (olumba Trobiawan)
* li – mpaghara (olumba Shinshe)
* u – oblique (olumba Trobiawan)

Ụfọdụ okwu ọrụ gụnyere (Li 1999):

* pai 'ọdịnihu'

Ndị mmegide Trobiawan gụnyere (Li 1999):

* mia 'not' (olumba Shinshe: mayu 'ọbụghị (ma)')
* asi 'emela' (olumba Shinshe: manai 'don't')
* (m) oke 'achọghị'
* (asụsụ Shinshe: kualau 'adịghị adị')

Ee – onweghị ajụjụ ka akara *u ~ nu* (Li 1999:657).

## Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
Ngwaa Basay, dị ka ngwaa Kavalan, mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe nnọchi anya nnọchite anya (AF) na nleba anya ndidi (PF) ngwaa (Li 1999:650). prefixes zuru oke na- na ni- bụ allomorphs .

## Nkpọaha
Mkpọaha Basay n'okpuru si na Li (1999:639).

## Ntụaka

### Ihe ndetu
Basay ọkà okwu na Shinshe, Taipei, yana nke ọzọ dị na Yilan onye na-asụ olumba Trobiawan

### Ntụaka n'ozuzu

* 
* 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

*  

* ABVD: Basai/Laurent Sagart
* ABVD: Basay/Paul Jen-kuei Li (李壬癸)
Asụsụ cuman

**Cuman** ma ọ bụ **Kuman** (nke a na-akpọ **Kipchak**, **Qypchaq** ma ọ bụ **Polovtsian**, nke a na-akpọ onwe ya **Tatar** (  ) na Codex Cumanicus )  bụ asụsụ Turkic West Kipchak nke ndị Cuman (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) na Kipchaks na-asụ; asụsụ ahụ yiri asụsụ dị iche iche nke alaka West Kipchak taa. Edere Cuman na ọrụ ochie, gụnyere Codex Cumanicus, na n'ihe odide ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka akwụkwọ ndetu onye mọnk Benedictine Johannes ex Grafing.  Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-asụ n’Ebe Etiti na Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe bụ́ nke hapụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nketa akwụkwọ. Asụsụ ahụ ghọrọ isi asụsụ ( linga franca ) nke Golden Horde . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị Cuman bụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị bi na steepụ nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe, n'ebe ugwu nke Oké Osimiri Ojii, tupu Golden Horde . Ọtụtụ ndị Turkic gụnyere Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kumyks, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks na Balkars, Manavs sitere na ndị Cuman. Taa, ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a dị iche iche nke alaka Kipchak na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche metụtara asụsụ Cuman.    

Ndị Cuman-Kipchaks nwere ọrụ dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Anatolia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Hungary, Romania (lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro ndị eze Basarab ), Moldavia, Bessarabia na Bulgaria .    

Radlov kwenyere na n'etiti asụsụ ndị a na-asụ ugbu a, Cuman kacha nso n'asụsụ Mishar nke asụsụ Tatar . 

## Ihe atụ
Site n'akwụkwọ a maara dị ka *Codex Cumanicus*, Cuman Kipchak Turkic Pater Noster (nke e degharịrị na mkpụrụedemede Turkic nkịtị ):
 

## Hụkwa

* Mamluk-Kipchak
* Armeno-Kipchak

## Ntụaka
ugwu nke Oké Osimiri Ojii, tupu Golden Horde . Ọtụtụ ndị Turkic gụnyere Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kumyks, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks

## Isi mmalite

* Güner, Galip (2013), Kıpçak Türkçesi Grameri, Kesit Press, Istanbul.
* Mustafa Argunşah, Galip Güner (2015), Codex Cumanicus, Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ederede na Ukrainian Cuman
* Ekpere Onye-nwe na Hungarian Cuman
* Akwụkwọ edemede Kipchak Middle Age
Asụsụ Khwarezmian

**Khwārezmian** (Khwarezmian:   ;  sụgharịkwara **Khwarazmian**, **Chorasmian**, **Khorezmian** bụ asụsụ Iranian ọwụwa anyanwụ ekpochapụla     nwere njikọ chiri anya na Sogdian . A na-asụ asụsụ ahụ na mpaghara Khwarezm (Chorasmia), nke gbadoro ụkwụ na ala Amu Darya na ndịda nke Oké Osimiri Aral (akụkụ ugwu nke Republic of Uzbekistan nke oge a na mpaghara ndị dị n'akụkụ Kazakhstan na Turkmenistan ).

Ihe omuma nke Khwarezmian nwere oke na ogbo nke Middle Iran na, dị ka ọ dị na Sogdian, a maghị nke ọma maka ụdị ochie ya. Dabere na ihe odide nke ndị ọkà mmụta Khwarezmian Al-Biruni na Zamakhshari, a na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo narị afọ nke 13, mgbe ndị Persia jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ya, yana ọtụtụ olumba nke Turkic. 

Isi mmalite nke Khwarezmian gụnyere okwu mbara igwe nke al-Biruni ji mee ihe, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Arabic – Persian –Khwarezmian nke Zamakhshari na ọtụtụ ederede iwu na-eji okwu Khwarezmian na nhota okwu iji kọwaa ụfọdụ echiche iwu, ọkachasị Qunyat al-Munya nke Mukhtār al-Zāhidī al-Ghazmīn (Ghazm.  

Mgbe Islam gachara, e dere Khwarezmian site na iji ụdị mkpụrụedemede Perso-Arabic nwere akara ole na ole iji gosipụta ụda Khwarezmian kpọmkwem, dị ka mkpụrụedemede **څ** nke na-anọchite anya /ts/ na /dz/, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Pashto ọdịnala. 

### Unicode
Agbakwunyere script Khwarezmian na Unicode Standard na Maachị, 2020 na mwepụta nke ụdị 13.0.

Ihe mgbochi Unicode maka Khwarezmian, nke a na-akpọ Chorasmian, bụ U+10FB0–U+10FDF:Iran na, dị ka ọ dị na Sogdian, a maghị nke ọma maka ụdị ochie ya. Dabere na ihe odide nke ndị ọkà mmụta Khwarezmian Al-Biruni na Zamakhshari, a na-eji asụsụ

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Afrịghachị
* al-Khwārizmi
* Ndị Iran oge ochie
* Al-Biruni
* Central Asia
* Ndị Iran
* Asụsụ ndị Iran
* Khwarezm
* Zoroastrianism
* Zamakhshari

## Ihe ndetu
Asụsụ Lewu

**Lewu 乐舞**bụ asụsụ Loloish ekpochapụghị nkewa nke Jingdong Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan, China. Ndị gọọmentị China kewapụrụ ndị Lewu dị ka ndị agbụrụ Yao .

## Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ
Dị ka *akwụkwọ akụkọ Jingdong County Gazetteer* (1994:519) si kwuo, agbụrụ Yao ruru mmadụ 3,889 na 1990, ma biri na Chaqing 岔箐 na Dasongshu 大松树 Obodo nta nke Taizhong Township 太忠乡. Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Yao, nke a maara dị ka Lewu Yao 乐舞瑶族, dị na Puya Village 普牙村, Chaqing Township 岔箐乡 ( *Jingdong County Ethnic Gazetteer* 2012:144).   

## Nhazi
O nwere ike ịbụ na Lewu nwere njikọ na asụsụ Lawu nke Xinping County, Yunnan, mana nhazi ọkwa ka na-ejighị n'aka n'ihi ụkọ data. 

## Okwu okwu
Edegharịrị ndepụta okwu nke asụsụ Lewu Yao site na iji pinyin na *Jingdong County Ethnic Gazetteer* (2012:144-145). Asụsụ ahụ adịlarị, e dekwara ya na 1985 site n'aka Zhu Zhaojin dị afọ 85 祝兆金 nke Puya Village 普牙村, onye nwere ike icheta naanị okwu ụfọdụ.

## Ntụaka
narị ise. A na-asụ ya n'ime obodoarụ ụka na myirịta nke myirịta dị n'etiti Kaman na Zakhring bụ ịgbazinye ego, na

## Isi mmalite

* Hụ, Andrew. 2017. *[https://zenodo.org/record/1249178/files/Lawu_languages.pdf Asụsụ Lawu: akara ukwu n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ ndagwurugwu Red River]* .