Pauline Smith (onye na-ese ihe)

**Pauline Elizabeth Smith** (5 Septemba 1933 - 19 Maachị 2017) bụ onye iwe iwe na onye na-ese ihe na Britain bụ ọkachamara na nka ozi . N'ime ndụ mgbe e mesịrị, ịgụ kpakpando na "mmasị mmasị" nke Adolf Hitler masịrị ya.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Smith na Kenya na 5 Septemba 1933. Nna ya bụ injinia nzikọrịta ozi. Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Uganda na Egypt tupu ha erute na United Kingdom na 1945. Smith gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn na St. Albans nke ọ hapụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 16 megide ọchịchọ nne ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese fulawa, onye na-akwa windo na maka BBC dịka odeakwụkwọ. 

N'agbata 1962 na 1966, ọ gara klaasị mgbede na St Martin's School of Art ebe Anthony Caro na Elisabeth Frink kuziri ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Chelsea School of Art na 1966–67 n'okpuru Jeremy Moon, Robyn Denny na Anthony Hill . Ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ site na 1970 mana ọ hapụrụ n'ihi nkụda mmụọ maka ọnọdụ nkuzi Britain. 

## Ọrụ nka

Smith's first solo exhibition was in 1969 and her photographs and paintings were also shown in London and New York. In the early 1970s she began to create mail art after she met Opal L. Nations and was invited to join the Global Infantilism group. She knew Anna Banana, founder of *Vile* magazine, and Bill Gaglione.

Ọrụ ya nwere isiokwu mgbochi siri ike yana ozi ọ na-ezi mgbe niile gụnyere *Lost Marbles Dump*, nke kwuru banyere ndị na-emepụta ihe onwunwe na Chelsea, na *A Present From Belfast* banyere esemokwu na Northern Ireland . Na 1974  ọ tọrọ ntọala Adolf Hitler Fan Club, nke ọ nwere ike ịbụ naanị onye otu, na n'otu oge ahụ kere Adolf Hitler Memorial Fund na-anakọta tin, iji nwalee oke nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, kpasuo mmeghachi omume, ma kwuo okwu mkparị na nke satirical maka ndụ na pre-Thatcher Britain.   Na 1977 o nyere mail art aka " H Himmler ".  Mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi metụtara ụlọ ọgbakọ fan Hitler butere ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ ya. E bu n'obi ADOLF HITLER FAN CLUB ka ọ bụrụ ihe atụ maka izu-ikpere [ *sic* ] Ọchịchị Britain kemgbe 1945 ma kpalie ya site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Chelsea obodo gbasara ndị nwe ụlọ / ndị nwe ụlọ / mmepe / njem nlegharị anya, nke m nwere mmasị na mmalite iri asaa. N'ezie, nke a abụghị nanị ihe metụtara ya kama ọ bụ ihe kasị dị mkpa. Obodo a bụ ọgba aghara na ọ nweghị ihe na-akawanye mma. Ihe m na-eche banyere ọnọdụ dị ugbu a ga-ewe ọtụtụ afọ karịa ikwupụta site na nka m. Maka ugbu a, etinyere m uche n'ihe Adolf Hitler na-etinye na mgbaasị, ọdịdị nke okwu ihu ọha ya na ihe omimi nke mmasị ya na-amasị igwe mmadụ ... Adolf Hitler nọgidere bụrụ isiokwu nke eserese m dị ka ọ na-abụ nke Mailart m na m na-anọgide na-ese banyere ya n'ihi na ihe niile mere na obodo a kemgbe ọnwụ ya bụ mmeghachi omume megide ya. Ọ bụ ya kacha emetụta obodo a na narị afọ a. Na 2006, o kesara *Tomb of the Last (Species)* n'aka ndị otu nzuko omeiwu niile nke *SPECIES TOMBS* ekesara na ndị omeiwu niile na 2008.  N'afọ 2013, o wepụtara *Sun na Ọnwa* dị ka nkọwa banyere ọrụ agha na Middle East nke gosipụtara Sun na Ọnwa, ịnyịnya carousel, na tank megide mgbawa nkewa na akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Arabic na ọkara elu na ọkọlọtọ American e wuru n'okpuru ebe a. . 

O ji ese foto oji na ocha ochie wepụta akwụkwọ ozi ya, ruo mgbe ejiri igwefoto agba ọgbara dochie ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ na 1998,  na foto agba ghọrọ onye isi ya ruo nwa oge.  O sere foto nke o kwuru na "ihe ncheta oge ochie, omenala, akụkọ ifo na flint simulacra gbakọtara n'akụkụ osimiri Brighton nke nwekwara ike inwe mmasị na ndị nna ochie anyị."  *Mwepu* bụ usoro nke 14 agba Xerox mbipụta nke foto edere nke sitere na mmasị ya na okike na ike anụmanụ.  O mepụtara eserese mmanụ sitere na foto Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ wee kpụọ ụfọdụ ihe atụ ọdụ́ iji mebie ọchịchọ a na-achọ ihe. 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Ịgụ kpakpando kere òkè dị mkpa na ndụ ya na nka ya site na mmalite 1980s.  Akwụkwọ Richard Houck metụtara ya nke ukwuu *The Astrology of Death* (1994)  ma mesịa mepụta chaatị gbasara ịgụ kpakpando na-enyocha ọnwụ Alexander Litvinenko na 2006  na nsogbu ego nke 2007-2008 . 

Ọ na-enwekarị ahụ ike na n'afọ 1990, a chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa encephalomyelitis myalgic mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọrịa oge kemgbe 1960.   Ndị maara ya kọwara ya dị ka onye echekwabara nke ukwuu. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ lụrụ. 

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Smith nwụrụ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge na 19 Maachị 2017. Ụlọ ihe nkiri Tate nwere ihe dị ka igbe 30 nke nka na akwụkwọ ozi  gụnyere ego ncheta Adolf Hitler ya na-anakọta tin. 

## Edensibia

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* ejidere, John Jr. (2015) *Ntughari obere nha: nka akwụkwọ ozi & artistamps* . Breda: Mbipụta TAM. ISBN&nbsp;

## Njikọ mpụga

* Pauline Smith na-ezigara Anna Banana na Bill Gaglione ụtụ nka nka, 1978.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations