Abdelwahab Meddeb

**Abdelwahab Meddeb** (; 17 January 1946 – 5 November 2014) was a French-language writer and cultural critic, and a professor of comparative literature at the University of Paris X-Nanterre.

## Akụkọ ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Meddeb na Tunis, French Tunisia, na 1946, n'ime onye mmụta na patrician milieu. Ezinụlọ ya sitere na Tripoli na Yemen n'akụkụ nne ya, ruo Spain na Morocco n'akụkụ nna ya. N'ịbụ onye a zụlitere na ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba Maghrebi, Meddeb malitere ịmụ Qur'an mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ site n'aka nna ya, Sheik Mustapha Meddeb, ọkà mmụta iwu Islam na Zitouna, nnukwu ụlọ alakụba na mahadum nke Tunis. Mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, ọ malitere mmụta asụsụ abụọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Franco-Arabic bụ akụkụ nke Collège Sadiki a ma ama. Otu a ka usoro ọgụgụ isi malitere, n'oge uto, site na oge gboo nke ma akwụkwọ Arabic na French na Europe.

Na 1967, Meddeb kwagara Paris ka ọ gaa n'ihu na mahadum ya na Sorbonne na akụkọ ihe mere eme nka. Na 1970-72, o jikọrọ aka na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Petit Robert: Des Noms Propres, na-arụ ọrụ na ndenye gbasara Islam na akụkọ ihe mere eme nka. Site na 1974-1987 ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ gbasara agụmagụ na akwụkwọ Sindbad, na-enyere aka iwebata ọha na eze na-agụ French na oge ochie nke akwụkwọ Arabic na Persian yana nnukwu ndị ode akwụkwọ Sufi. Onye prọfesọ na-eleta na Mahadum Yale na Mahadum Geneva, Meddeb na-akụzi akwụkwọ ntụnyere kemgbe 1995 na Mahadum Paris X-Nanterre. N'agbata 1992 na 1994 ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Intersignes, na 1995 ọ malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ Dédale. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Talismano na Paris na 1979 wee bụrụ ngwa ngwa ederede ntọala nke akụkọ ifo postcolonial avant-garde na French. N'oge ahụ, a na-ewere ya na France dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede na-eto eto kacha mma si North Africa.

Mgbe 9/11 gasịrị, ọrụ Meddeb, nke ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "usoro ọmụmụ abụọ", ma nke ọdịda anyanwụ na nke Alakụba, French na Arabic, gụnyere akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ngwa. Onye na-akatọ nkwenye nke Islam, ọ kwara arịrị maka ịrị elu nke fascism Islam, nke o kwuru na ọ na-erigbu ụkpụrụ ọdịnala Islam ma nye ya otuto nke ndị ọchịchị aka ike nke chọrọ "ịchịkwa akụkụ ikpeazụ nke ndụ onwe onye ọ bụla...na nrọ nke ikpochapụ akụkụ niile nke ndị mmadụ" (na-emegide ndị ọchịchị aka ochie nke ebumnuche bụ ichekwa ike nke ha.)  Meddeb, mgbe ahụ, bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke secularism ("la laïcité") na ọdịnala French Enlightenment, dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ga-ejikọta Islam na ọgbara ọhụrụ. Echiche nke ịmụrụ anya ya sitere n'ihe ọ kpọrọ "n'etiti" oghere ("l'entre deux") nke o ji dị ka onye edemede North Africa nke dabeere na France, na site na ọrụ nke ịbụ onye ọgụgụ isi ọha. Ntụle akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala ya nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ihe omume ụwa mere ka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, ajụjụ ọnụ na nkọwa redio. Nyocha ya nke ọma na nke ọma na 2002, La Maladie de l'Islam (a sụgharịrị ma bipụta ya na Bekee dị ka Malady nke Islam) na-achọpụta akụ na ụba akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala nke mmepeanya Islam mgbe ochie na ọdịda ya na-esote. N'ihi ọnọdụ, "inconsolable na ya n'ịda ogbenye", na-ede, Meddeb, nyere mgbọrọgwụ nke oge a Islam fundamentalism, a eziokwu agụnyere n'oge Arab steeti 'mgbakwunye na archaic, Manichaean iwu nke "official Islam." Akwụkwọ a na-enyochakwa ihe jọgburu onwe ya sitere na nchụpụ nke West na Islam.

Site na nchịkọta akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ French Le Monde banyere mwakpo Israel nke Gaza (ya bụ, 13 Jan. '09),  na "Okwu Cairo" nke Obama (4 June 2009), na mmemme redio ya abụọ kwa izu, "Cultures d'islam" na Redio France Culture na "Point de Vue" na Médi 1 (nke sitere na Tangiers, Morocco), na ngosi telivishọn ya. na ajụjụ ọnụ ya n'ịntanetị, Meddeb na-eji mgbasa ozi dịka nnọkọ maka nyocha na arụmụka. Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Abdennour Bidar na-eduzi mmemme redio "Cultures d'islam". Ọrụ ya na-ejikọta ndị edemede na ndị ọkà mmụta si East na West, na-etinye aka na isiokwu ndị bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, omenala, okpukpe, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma si otú ahụ na-agbagha echiche ndị Alakụba na ndị Europe na-eche banyere ibe ha. Olu Islam nwere ndidi, Meddeb abụghị onye ọhụrụ na esemokwu sitere na akụkụ ndị Alakụba na-alụ ọgụ na ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ na-ekpe aka ekpe, ndị na-ebo ya ebubo enweghị afọ ojuju maka ọchịchị Ben Ali.

## Nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ
Site na edemede mbụ ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ, uri na ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ n'etiti afọ 1970 gaa n'ihu, ihe odide Meddeb abụwo ọtụtụ ma dịgasị iche iche, na-emepụta ọrụ edemede na-aga n'ihu nke na-agwakọta ma na-agafe ụdị. Ihe odide ya bụ nke polymath.

Ntugharị na ụda nke ahịrịokwu French ya dabara na ntụgharị uche nke onye na-agụ akụkọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ, onye na-eje ije n'obodo, na onye na-ede uri na-enweghị oke. Onyonyo mmekọrịta na-enye ohere ka ederede na-agagharị na mbara igwe na oge, ka ya na ndị edemede dịka Dante na Ibn Arabi kparịta ụka, ndị na-ede uri Sufi na Stéphane Mallarmé, Spinoza, Aristotle na Averroes (Ibn Rushd), tinyere ndị na-ede uri nke China na Japan oge gboo. N'ezie, Meddeb na-eme ihe ọ kpọrọ "esthetics of heterogeneous," na-eji ụdị edemede dị iche iche na-egwuri egwu site na ọtụtụ omenala, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ European modernist, uri Arabic tupu Islam, ndị na-ede uri ihe omimi nke Islam, Japanese Haiku, na ndị ọzọ.  Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ede naanị na French, ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụgharị nke ndị na-agụ uri Arab nke oge ochie "ịtọhapụ onye Alakụba na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ ya siri ike ka ọ na ederede French" na-egosi ederede ya dị mgbagwoju anya. Ihe ùgwù ya nke ndị edemede Arabic na Persian ndị a na-enyocha ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị ochie n'ụdị postmodern, na-emesi akụkụ mara mma, nke ime mmụọ na nke omume nke Islam ike. Ọrụ ya, nke a sụgharịrị n'ihe karịrị asụsụ iri na abụọ, na-emeghe ma na-eme ka mkparịta ụka ya na akwụkwọ ụwa nke oge a baa ọgaranya.

Ọ sụgharịrị ọrụ Ndị Sufis dịka, ọkachasị, Suhrawardi ma ọ bụ Abû Yazid al-Bistami.

## Ihe nrite ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ
2002 - Prix François Mauriac, La Maladie de l'Islam2002 - Prix Max Jacob, Matière des oiseaux2007 - Prix international de littérature francophone Benjamin Fondane - Contre-prêches*Nkwusa Ndị Na-emegide*

## Akwụkwọ
***A na-enweta ya na French***

* *Talismano 1979; 1987*
* *Ọhụụ 1986*
* *Ili nke Ibn 'Arabi 1987*
* *Okwu Bistami 1989*
* *Nnụnụ Gazelle na Nwatakịrị 1992*
* *Akụkọ banyere ịgba ọsọ ndụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ site na Sohrawardi 1993*
* *Ụlọ Ọrụ 99 nke Yale 1995*
* *Re Soupault Tunisia 1936-1940. 1996*
* *Ihe ndị na-acha ọcha n'oge gara aga 1997*
* *Na Tunisia mụ na Jellal Gasteli na Albert Memmi 1998*
* *Aya n'obodo ukwu 1999*
* *Ihe nnụnụ 2002*
* *Ọrịa Alakụba 2002*
* *Ihu Islam Ajụjụ ọnụ na Philippe Petit 2003*
* *Saigyô N'elu ala na Hiromi Tsukui 2004*
* *Ịgba ọsọ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ 2005*
* *Chechnya na Maryvonne Arnaud na-ekpughe onwe ha n'ụzọ gabigara ókè 2005*
* *Nkwusa na-emegide Ihe ndekọ 2006*
* *Nzukọ Ratisbonne, esemokwu na esemokwu na Jean Bollack na Christian Jambet 2007*
* *Ịpụ n'ọbụ ọnụ. Islam n'etiti mmepeanya na omume obi ọjọọ 2008*
* *Egwuregwu mmepeanya 2009*
* *Oge opupu ihe ubi nke Tunis 2011*
* *Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Juu na ndị Alakụba site na mmalite ruo n'oge anyị*, nke ya na Benjamin Stora duziri 2013

### Akwụkwọ ndị a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee

* *Ọrịa nke Islam.* New York: Basic Books, 2003. Trans. Pierre Joris na Ann Reid   
* *Islam na enweghị afọ ojuju ya.* London: Heinemann, 2004. (Mbipụta nke Britain) 
* *Ili nke Ibn'Arabi na White Traverses.* Site na okwu ikpeazụ nke Jean-Luc Nancy. Trans. Charlotte Mandell New York: Fordham University Press. 2009.
* *Talismano* A sụgharịrị ya na Okwu Mmalite ya site n'aka Jane Kuntz. Dalkey Archive Press, Champaign, Ill: Mahadum nke Illinois Press, 2011
* *Islam na ihe ịma aka nke mmepeanya.*Nke Jane Kuntz sụgharịrị, New York, Fordham University Press, 2013
* A History of Jewish-Muslim Relations - From the Origins to the Present Day, nke ya na Benjamin Stora duziri, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2013

### Abụ na ajụjụ ọnụ
*** (n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, n'ịntanetị, na n'ime nchịkọta) ***

* Abdelwahab Meddeb "Islam na enweghị afọ ojuju ya: Ajụjụ ọnụ na Frank Berberich ," na October 99, Winter 2002, peeji nke 3-20, Cambridge: MIT, trans. &nbsp;Pierre Joris

*** (Nsụgharị niile dị n'okpuru site na Charlotte Mandell) ***

* Abdelwahab Meddeb, "The Stranger Across", na Cerise Press, Summer 2009, online: 
* Abdelwahab Meddeb, "Na Ili nke Hafiz," na The Modern Review, Winter 2006, Vol. II, Mbipụta 2, peeji nke 15-16.&nbsp;
* Maram al-Massri, "N'abalị ọ bụla nnụnụ na-ehi ụra n'ịnọ naanị ha" na Abdelwahab Meddeb, "Wandering" na The Cúirt Annual 2006, nke Cúirt International Festival of Literature bipụtara, Galway, Eprel 2006, peeji nke 78-80.&nbsp;
* Abdelwahab Meddeb, "California apple with no apple taste" (abụ), na Two Lines: A Journal of Translation, XIII, nke Center for the Art of Translation bipụtara, 2006, peeji nke 188-191.73-80.&nbsp;
* Abdelwahab Meddeb, nhọrọ sitere na "Ili nke Ibn Arabi," na *The Yale Anthology of Twentieth-Century Poetry*, ed. Mary Ann Caws, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2004, peeji nke 418-419.&nbsp;

## Nsụgharị

* N'afọ 1983, Abdelwahab Medded sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ Season of Migration to the North nke Tayeb Salih sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French 

## Ihe nkiri

* "Mirror of Tunis", Raul Ruiz, dir. 1993.

## Hụkwa

* Ọdịdị Ọgbara Ọhụrụ nke Alakụba

## Ihe odide

* Andrea Flores Khalil, *The Arab Avant-Garde: Nnyocha na nka na akwụkwọ edemede nke North Africa.* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Naceureddine Elafrite, "Tunisia. Abdelwahab Meddeb: 'Islamism bụ nkọwa dara ogbenye, nke nzuzu na nke jọgburu onwe ya nke Islam'", Le Courrier de l'Atlas, 11 December 2012.
* Ronnie Scharfman, Nomadism and Transcultural Writing in the Works of Abdelwahab Meddeb, in L'Esprit créateur, Lexington, Ky.: Vol. XLI, Nke 3, Fall 2001, peeji nke 105-113.&nbsp;

## Njikọ mpụga

* Signandsight.com Abdelwahab Meddeb: Ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke Egwu
* Michael Mönninger, Abdelwahab Meddeb: Ihe nketa nke ime ihe ike nke Islam
* The English Pen Online World Atlas - Abdelwahab Meddeb
* Ihichapụ Ụlọ Nzukọ Anyị: UNESCO
* Abdelwahab Meddeb - Islam na Enlightenment
* Ihe nchekwa data nke onye na-ese ihe nke mba ụwa E debere ya na  Wayback Machine