Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa - France

Ndị enyi nke Ụwa - France bụ otu maka nchebe nke ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba 76 gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị mebere netwọk Enyi nke ụwa nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi. Edepụtara otu a dịka otu n'okpuru iwu French nke 1901 (Loi de 1901) ma nye ya ikike ime ihe maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na France site n'iwu nke Minista gburugburu. Ndị enyi nke Ụwa - France nọọrọ onwe ya pụọ ​​na mmetụta akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe ọ bụla.

Njikọ a bụ netwọk nke otu obodo iri atọ bụ ndị nweere onwe ha ma na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo ha siri dị. Ha na-etinyekwa aka na mkpọsa nke mba na nke mba ụwa n'ihi nkwekọ ọnụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
David Brower tọrọ ntọala ndị enyi nke ụwa na San Francisco n'afọ 1969 mgbe ọ risịrị arụkwaghịm dịka onyeisi oche nke otu Sierra Club. Ọ chọrọ iguzobe otu ga-enyocha ihe ndị na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi wee buso ha ọgụ. Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọhụrụ nzukọ, Enyi nke Ụwa, na mkpakọrịta gbakọtara nkwado site na ọtụtụ aha ama.

Na France, ndị enyi nke ụwa debanyere aha dị ka mkpakọrịta na Paris na 11th nke July 1970. Ndị isi ntọala bụ Edwin Matthews, onye ọka iwu America bi na Paris, na Alain Hervé, onye na-ede uri na onye nta akụkọ nke echiche mbụ ya bụ ịhụ ndị enyi nke Ụwa ghọrọ mmegharị nke zubere imeziwanye ihe ọmụma ọha na eze banyere okike. Ndị so na kọmitii nkwado ahụ gụnyere: Jean Dorst (onye na-ahụ maka okike, onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke French Museum of Natural History), Pierre Fournier (onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ n'aha Pierre Gascar), ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ Claude Lévi-Strauss, ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndụ Konrad Lorenz, ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ Théodore Monod na ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. Jean Rostand.

Ndị enyi nke Ụwa so na ndị mbụ na-akwado maka ndị na-eme ntuli aka gburugburu ebe obibi na ntuli aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dịka René Dumont onye gbara ọsọ maka onyeisi oche na 1974 dị ka onye mbụ na-aga n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na onye mechara bụrụ onyeisi oche nsọpụrụ nke otu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, otu ahụ dọtakwara ndị na-eme ihe ike dịka Pierre Radanne (onye bụbu onye isi ADEME) na Dominique Voynet (Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na 1997).

Na 1983, Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa kpebiri itinye uche na mmemme mkpakọrịta ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike hapụrụ otu ahụ ka ha sonye na ịmepụta Greens (Les Verts, fr:Europe Écologie Les Verts), dị ka Yves Cochet (onye guzobere otu mpaghara na Rennes). Mgbe e mesịrị, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike hapụrụ ka ha guzobe Génération Écologie, dị ka Brice Lalonde (otu Paris) bụ onye gara n'ihu ịghọ Minista gburugburu ebe obibi na 1988.

Ọpụpụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike mere ka akụ mgbasa ozi gharazie ike, gụnyere ego ego. Ọtụtụ otu, gụnyere ndị nke Pierre Samuel na Guy Aznar [fr], enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'idebe na ịzụlite otu mba maka Enyi nke Ụwa - France. Ihe owuwu nke otu a ka na-edochaghị anya. Ndị otu mpaghara nwere nnwere onwe dị ukwuu, ebe ha na-echekwa ọchịchọ ijikọ ike ha na mkpọsa mba na nke ụwa.

## Ọdịdị ya
Ụlọ ọrụ atọ na-akpụzi nhazi nke nzukọ ndị enyi nke ụwa:

Federal Council (Le Conseil fédéral) gụnyere ndị otu 12 ahọpụtara, ọkachasị ndị otu mpaghara. Ọrụ ya bụ iji hụ na ntinye akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Federal Assembly (Assemblée fédérale) nakweere, na ikpebi isi ihe omume maka otu.

Ọhụrụ Federal Council họpụtara na June 2012:

* Martine Laplante, Onye isi ala (Ndị enyi nke Ụwa Limousin)
* Christian Berdot, osote onye isi ala (Ndị enyi nke Earth Landes)
* Bénédicte Bonzi, odeakwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti (Ndị enyi nke ụwa Vaucluse)
* Gerard ERIPRET, Treasurer (Ndị enyi nke Ụwa Seine-et-Marne)

Ndị otu mpaghara; Ndị enyi nke Ụwa bụ otu mba nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị otu afọ ofufo mejupụtara 30 ndị otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị otu mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ha na-eme ihe dị ka ihe ndị dị mkpa na mpaghara ha si dị ma na-arụ ọrụ maka ọdịnihu ga-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mpaghara, mba na mba ụwa. Otu ọ bụla na-ejikwa onwe ya n'ihe gbasara mkpọsa ya, nhazi mkpebi na ịnakọta ego.

Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Secretariat (Le Secrétariat fédéral) bụ ndị otu ndị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na ndị nkuzi haziri. Ndị odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka imejuputa ụkpụrụ nduzi nke Federal Assembly na Federal Council kwadoro.

## Ihe Ndị E Mere
Ebumnuche bụ isi nke Enyi nke Ụwa bụ ime ihe maka nchekwa nke ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A kọwapụtara ebumnobi a site na akwụkwọ ikike gọọmentị etiti (Charte fédérale) akpọrọ « La Charte des principes fondamentaux des Amis de la Terre France » nke chọrọ imepụta ụwa ebe:

* A na-egbo mkpa ndị mmadụ niile, n'emeghị ka ikike nke ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu gboo mkpa nke ha.
* ịnweta, na ịkekọrịta, ihe onwunwe okike bụ ikpe ziri ezi;
* Ụmụ amaala niile na-ekere òkè n'ịkpụzi ọha mmadụ dabere na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.

## Mgbasa ozi
Akụkụ bụ isi nke otu a bụ mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi; ugbo, ihe di iche iche di iche iche na obodo; ikpe ziri ezi akụ na ụba; ike na Ngwuputa, na ihe ize ndụ na teknụzụ. Isiokwu mkpọsa bụ:

### Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi

* Usoro mmepụta na oriri na-adịgide adịgide

A malitere mgbasa ozi a na 2011 gburugburu mmemme "One Planet Only" ("Une seule planète") na Research and Information Center for Development (CRID - Centre de Recherche et d'Information pour le Développement) iji kwalite mmata na stakes nke njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-ejikọta oke nke oghere gburugburu ebe obibi kọwara. Ndị enyi ụwa esonyela nke ọma na mmemme a.

Dị ka akụkụ nke isiokwu a, akụkọ ahụ bụ "Nribiga oke ókè, iyi egwu mmiri" (Surconsommation, une menace sur l'eau) mere na 2011: ọ na-egosipụta akara ukwu mmiri nke oriri, ya bụ, olu mmiri chọrọ maka mmiri ozuzo. mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị mmadụ na-eri (dịka ọmụmaatụ T-shirt chọrọ 2,700 lita mmiri).

Akụkọ ọzọ “Europe, dabere n'ala ndị ọzọ” (L'Europe, dépendante des terres des autres) lekwasịrị anya n'iji ala eme ihe. Akụkọ ahụ na-egosi, na nke mbụ, na 60% nke ala ejiri na-enye ndị Europe chọrọ maka ọrụ ugbo na nke ọhịa dị na mpụga kọntinent ahụ. A naghị eji ala ndị a naanị maka nri, mmepụta anụ ma ọ bụ eriri dị mkpa maka ngalaba akwa, kamakwa maka mmụba na-arịwanye elu maka mmanụ mmanụ.

* Atụmatụ imebi ihe

Site na akụkọ "Planned Obsolescence" (L'obsolescence programmée) ewepụtara na 2010, Ndị Enyi Ụwa lekwasịrị anya na mbelata oke mkpofu nke ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị na-emepụta. N'ihe gbasara ndị na-emepụta ihe, otu ahụ na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mkpa ire ngwaahịa ndị siri ike karị, na-edozi ma na-adịgide adịgide, na-alụ ọgụ maka ịgbatị oge ikike site na 2 ruo 10 afọ. N'ihe gbasara ndị na-azụ ahịa, otu ahụ chọrọ inye ndị mmadụ echiche nke ọrụ site n'igosi ihe ngosi n'azụ ihe nkiri nke narị afọ nke 21 nke ndị na-azụ ahịa. Ndị enyi nke ụwa esonyekwara na otu ọrụ nke French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie) na ndụ nke ngwaahịa.

* Ọkwa Nitrogen dioxide: N'ịgbaso mkpesa ndị Enyi nke Ụwa gbara na 2021, France Conseil d'État tara steeti ahụ nde euro 10 ($ 11.9) maka ịghara imeziwanye ogo ikuku n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ iji kwekọọ na European Union. ụkpụrụ.

### Ike na ihu igwe

* Ọkwa Nitrogen dioxide: N'ịgbaso mkpesa ndị Enyi nke Ụwa gbara na 2021, France Conseil d'État tara steeti ahụ nde euro 10 ($ 11.9) maka ịghara imeziwanye ogo ikuku n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ iji kwekọọ na European Union. ụkpụrụ.

Njikọ ahụ na-ekwusi ike na kemgbe 1957 ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia eritela uru site na nkwụsị nke ọrụ obodo site n'aka ndị nrụpụta na ndị na-arụ ọrụ, na-enweghị ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị dị njikere ịnakwere ihe ize ndụ ndị ahụ. Achọ banyere ike nuklia bụ mmechi ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia, mwepu nke ike nuklia na France n'ime otu quinquennats ma ọ bụ abụọ (okwu afọ ise nke Onye isi ala France na-eje ozi), kwụsị iji uranium ọ bụla mebiri emebi na ngwa agha na ngwa ahịa ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa na ezi mgbagha na ọrụ ọha na eze na ọ bụghị ntule ego na ọkụ eletrik.

* Òtù a na-ekwusi ike na kemgbe 1957 ike nuklia Tar sands: n'ihe gbasara mbelata nke mmanụ mmanụ, kemgbe 2001 Friends of the Earth na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-etinyekwu ego na isi mmalite hydrocarbon na-adịghị mma, dị ka ájá tar. Ndị enyi ụwa katọrọ ụlọ ọrụ France Total SA, onye isi ọrụ ya dị na mpaghara Alberta na Canada. Total nwekwara mmasị na nrigbu nke nnukwu mmanụ mmanụ na Madagascar, nke ndị enyi nke ụwa nyere akụkọ "Madagascar: Eldorado ọhụrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mining na mmanụ" (Madagascar: nouvel eldorado des compagnies minières et pétrolières) na November 2012
* Gas shale etoola nke ukwuu n'ime afọ iri gara aga na United States na Canada. Na France, ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Schuepbach Energy, GDF Suez, Total na Devon Energy nwetara ikike nchọpụta atọ na March 2010 (ikike a na-akpọ "Montelimar", "Nant" na "Villeneuve de Berg") maka ngụkọta nke 9672 km2. na ngalaba Ardeche, Drôme, Lozère, Hérault, Gard na Vaucluse. A na-enyocha ikike ndị ọzọ ugbu a na Provence na Picardy. Ndị enyi nke ụwa na-ekwusi ike na ụlọ ọrụ na-egosipụtakarị gas shale dị ka akụkụ nke ikuku gas, nke tozuru oke dị ka "mmanụ ọkụ dị ọcha". Otú ọ dị, ọbụna Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi (EPA) na United States ma ọ bụ Directorate General for Energy and Raw Materials (DGEMP - Direction Générale de l'Energie et des Matières Premières, akụkụ nke French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy). akọpụtala mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na "Akụkọ Kwa Afọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas na 2009".

### Ikpe ziri ezi nke akụ na ụba
Ndị enyi nke ụwa mgbasa ozi maka ndị na-eme ego na-eburu n'uche mmetụta ha na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ.

* Ụlọ ọrụ ego mba ụwa: Ndị enyi nke Ụwa agbaala mkpọsa mba ụwa "Hapụ anyị n'aka mmanụ ọkụ!" megide nkwado ego maka ọrụ ike ike sitere na World Bank. Mgbasa otu a maka ego French niile na ike fossil ga-akwụsị, na maka mmemme French ka etinyegharịa ya iji kwado ume ọhụrụ na ike dị mma.

Ndị enyi nke ụwa aga n'ihu na mkpọsa ha megide European Investment Bank (EIB), ụlọ akụ ọha nke European Union, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ngwuputa n'Africa. N'iso nke a, a kwụsịrị inye ego maka ọrụ Mopani Copper Mine, ebe EIB kwuputara na ọ gaghị akwadokwa ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Glencore AG ruo oge dị ka nsonaazụ nyocha nke ime na-emebi ebubo siri ike e wetara megide Switzerland multinational. Ọwa TV nke France France 5 na-agbasa akwụkwọ akụkọ na ikpe ahụ "Zambia: onye na-erite uru na ọla kọpa?" (Zambie: à qui profite le cuivre?).

* Ụlọ akụ nkeonwe: Na mgbasa ozi gbasara ụlọ akụ nzuzo na COFACE, ndị enyi nke ụwa jụrụ itinye ego nke ụlọ akụ na ike nuklia na ntinye aka ha na-apụtaghị ìhè na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Omume ndị e mere bụ nkesa nke akwụkwọ akụkọ parodical "Oge ego nuklia" n'ihu isi ụlọ ọrụ OECD na Paris; mkpọsa ahụ bụ "Nweta ụlọ akụ!" ("À nous les banques!") na mmekorita ya na otu ATTAC, nke otu a na-ajụ ndị isi ụlọ akụ French iri ka ha nyochaa mmetụta ha na-emetụta ọha na eze, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba; mbipụta nke akụkọ "Banks n'okpuru nrụgide ụmụ amaala: oge inye nkọwa" (Les banques sous pression citoyenne: l'heure de rendre des comptes).
* Ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi: Ndị enyi nke ụwa na-ekwu na usoro afọ ofufo CSR adaala, na mkpọsa maka usoro iwu mgbochi gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, karịsịa na Global South ebe ha na-anọkarị ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Otu a na-eme site na mkpọsa CRAD40 na ihe nrite Pinocchio.

CRAD40: Ndị enyi nke ụwa butere mkpọsa “Ka anyị tufuo ihe mkpuchi nke Crad 40” (Faisons tomber les masques du Crad 40) iji chọọ iwu iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke ndị enyemaka ha na mba ofesi. Mgbasa ozi a bu n'obi ịnweta akwụkwọ anamachọihe bịanyere aka na ya na ịkpọku ndị nnọchi anya France ka ha wusie usoro iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa ike.

Ihe nrite Pinocchio: site na 2008 ruo 2013, ihe nrite Pinocchio maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide bụ iji gosipụta na ịkatọ mmetụta ọjọọ nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ France, na mkpokọta megidere echiche nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke ha ji eme ihe.

## "Whale" (The Whale)
La Baleine bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke otu ahụ. O weputara nyocha nke otu banyere ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ma bu n'obi ịkọ banyere ọrụ nke otu na ndị ha na ha jikọrọ aka na mpaghara, mba na mba ụwa.

## Ndị Jikọrọ Aka
A na-eme mkpọsa dị iche iche na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere: CRID (Research and Information Centre for Development), Climate Action Network, Réseau Semences paysannes (Network of Associations for Protection of cultivation biodiversity), Réseau Sortir du Nucléaire (otu maka nuklia). Oge-apụ), Combat Monsanto (otu na-alụ ọgụ maka mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrụ ugbo) na Nature & Progrès (otu na-etinye aka na agro-ecology).

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Europe
* Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa International

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ

* Wapner P. 1996, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics, SUNY Press, 238p.
* Duncan McLaren, 1992, Friends of the Earth, Planning Practice & Research, Mpịakọta nke 7, mbipụta nke 3, 43-47p,
* Brian Doherty, 2006, Friends of the Earth International: Negotiating a transnational identity, Environmental Politics, Vol. 15, Iss. 5.
* Dalton, Russell J., 1994, The green rainbow: Ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi na Western Europe, Yale University Press (New Haven, 305 p.
* Arts, B., 1998, Mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke NGO zuru ụwa ọnụ: ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ihu igwe na mgbakọ dị iche iche, Jan van Arkel (International Books), 1998. 350 pp.