open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ngụkọta nke electron

thumb|Atụmatụ TEC maka kọntinent USA, nke e mere na 11/24/2013.
**Ngụkọta nke electron** (TEC) bụ ihe dị mkpà na-akọwa màkà ionosphere nke ụwa. TEC bụ ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nkè electrons jikọtara n'etiti isi abụọ, n'akụkụ tube nke otu mita square cross section, ya bụ, ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ nké electron. A na-akọkarị ya n'ọtụtụ nkè a na-akpọ TEC unit, akọwapụtara dị ka TECU=1016el/m2≈1.66×10−8 mol⋅m−2.

TEC dị mkpà n'ịkọwapụta scintillation na ìgwè na ógè igbu oge nke ebili mmiri redio site na ónyé na-ahụ màkà ya.  A na-akọwa Ionospheric TEC site n'ịhụ oge igbu oge nke mgbaàmà redio natara site na satellites dị n'elu ionosphere, na-ejikarị satellites Global Positioning System.  Ọrụ anyanwụ na-emetụta TEC nke ukwuu.

## Nkọwa
TEC na-adabere n'ụzọ. Site na nkọwa, enwèrè ike ịgbakọ ya site na ijikọta n'ụzọ *ds* site na ionosphere nà ọnụọgụ electron *<sub>na</sub>*-adabere na ọnọdụ ne(s):

: TEC =\int n_e(s)\,ds 

A na-ekpebi TEC kwụ ọtọ (*VTEC*) site na njikọta nkè njupụta electron na ụzọ kwụ ọtọ n'ala, a na-enweta TEC (*STEC*) site n'ijikọta n'ụzọ ọ bụla *kwụ ọtọ*.

## Ogologo oge mgbasa
Na usoro mbụ, mmetụta mgbasa ozi redio ionospheric kwekọrọ na TEC ma kwekọọ na *f*requency redio f. Ógè ionospheric na-egbu oge mà e jiri ya tụnyere mgbasa na ikuku na-agụ:: eq. (9.41) 

: \tau_p^\mathrm{iono} = -\kappa \frac{\mathrm{TEC}}{f^2} 

ébé igbu ógè nke ìgwè ionospheric nwèrè otu oke ma ihe ịrịba ama dị iche:

: \tau_g^\mathrm{iono} = -\tau_p^\mathrm{iono}

A na-egosipụtakarị igbu ógè ionospheric na nkeji nke ogologo (mita), na-eche na igbu ógè (na sekọnd) mụbara site na ọsọ nké ìhè (na m / s). 
Nkọwa na-adịgide adịgide *κ* na-agụ:: eq.(9.21), (9.20), (9.19), (9.14) 

: \kappa = q^2 / (8 \pi^2 m_e \epsilon_0) = c^2 r_e / (2\pi)


ebe *q*, *m*, re bụ ụgwọ electron, oke, na radius, n'otu n'otu; c bụ ọsọ ọsọ nke ìhè na ε0 bụ ikike ikuku. Uru nke ihe na-adịgide adịgide bụ ihe dịka *κ* ≈ 40.308193 m3·s−2; enwèrè ike igosipụta nkeji ndị ahụ dịka m·m2·Hz2 iji mee ka nkwụsịtụ na-emetụta igbu oge τ na mita pụta ìhè, nyéré *f* na Hz na TEC na m−2. 

A na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ ehihie nke TEC na nha site na efu ruo TEC otu narị. Otú ọ dị, enwèrè ike iwepụta obere ọdịiche nke 0.1-0.5 TEC nkeji n'okpuru echiche nke echiche na-adịgide adịgide. Obere ọdịiche TEC ndị a nwèrè njikọ na nsogbu ionospheric na-agagharị agagharị (MSTIDs).

## Edensibia
Robert Berold

**Robert Berold**  (amụrụ n'afọ 1948) bụ onye na-ede abụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede South Africa

A mụrụ Berold na Johannesburg, mana ọ bi na Eastern Cape ugbu a. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Hilton College mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, wee gaa n'ihu na-amụ kemicals injinirin na mmụta agụmagụ bekee na Mahadum Witwatersrand, ma mesịa na Mahadim Cambridge. Berold rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye na-eme ihe na  NGO dị iche iche n'ime afọ 1970 na 1980, nke gụnyere ọkwa nkuzi na Morris Isaacson High School n'oge nnupụisi Soweto n'afọ 1976 http://sowetouprisings.blogspot.com/2007/07/robert-berolds-story-morris-isaacson.asp. Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ anọ nke abụ The Door to the River (Bateleur Press, 1984), The Fires of the Dead (Carrefour, 1989), Rain Across a Paper Field (Gecko Poetry, 1999) na All the Days (Deep South, 2008) na ọrụ ya apụtala n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ South Africa.

Onye edemede nke South Afrika bụ Denis Hirson dere banyere ọrụ ya:

: "Ọ na-ebelata aha nke ihe ndị dị mkpa gbara ya gburugburu, ọdịdị nke nzukọ dị n'etiti okwu na gburugburu ogigeebe obibi, na-enweghị ọgụgụ isi, yana ịdị mfe ntụgharị uche na-arịwanye elu, nyekotara aka iji nye olu ya ụda pụrụ iche na South Africa taa. "

Otu n'ime ndị na-ede abụ kachasị emetụta na South Africa https://web.archive.org/web/20110727182010/http://southafrica.poetryinternationalweb.org/piw_cms/cms/cms_module/index.php?obj_id=15081, Berold rụrụ ọrụ site n'afọ 1989 na 1999 dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke New Coin, akwụkwọ akụkọ uri nke bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime uri ndị e dere na South Africa na 1990. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na 2002 dị ka" It All Begins: poems from post-liberation South Africa", ma soro ya n'afọ 2003 site na nchịkọta nke ajụjụ ọnụ ya na *ndị* na-ede abụ akpọrọ South African Poets on Poetry .

Berold kụziri Bekee na Mahadum Zhejiang, People's Republic of China, site n'afọ 2005 ruo 2006. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ahazi nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ niile gbasara  Bekee n'oge a. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ahụmịhe ya, Meanwhile Don't Push and Squeeze, n'afọ 2007 nke(Jacana Media).

Berold na-ebi ndụ ya ugbu a dị ka onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ, ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta nke MA na edemede okike na Mahadum Rhodes. Ọ na-elekọta obere ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ uri Deep South, ya na nwunye ya Mindy Stanford bi n'ugbo dị nso na gburugburu Grahamstown, South Africa.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Southern Rain Poetry: Robert Berold, nhọrọ nke uri na bio
* Akụkọ ndụ Berold
* Robert Berold na Poetry International Web

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Vonani Bila

**Vonani Bila** bụ onye edemede na onye na-ede abụ na South Afrika, a mụrụ ya n'afọ 1972 na Obodo Shirley  dị nso na Ụlọ ọgwụ Elim . Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ abụ Timbila ma na-eduzi *Timbila* Poetry Project na Shirley Village, Elim na Limpopo Province. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi nke Limpopo NGO Coalition ma na-edezi akwụkwọ akụkọ Community Gazette. O dere akwụkwọ akụkọ asatọ n'asụsụ Bekee na Tsonga maka ndị okenye na-agụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ. E bipụtara abụ ya na nchịkọta "No Free Sleeping" . N'afọ 2003, Vonani Bila wepụtara CD egwu na abụ mbụ ya, 'Dahl Street, Pietersburg'. Bila sonyere na 'Poetry Africa 2005', emume mba ụwa nke uri nke emere na Durban, South Africa.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Vonani Bila malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Shirley Primary School n'obodo ya bụ Shirley, ọ gara n'igụ  agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Lemana High na  obodo Njhakanjhaka Village dị nso na Elim Hospital. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị Lemana, ọ gara Mahadum Natal. O nwere MA na Creative Writing na Mahadum Rhodes

## Ebensidee

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkọwa akụkọ ndụ, Poetry Africa Festival 2005
* A na-asọpụrụ Volani ma kpọọ ya na 12e Biennale des poètes en Val-de-Marne, FRANCE
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Acropora gemmifera

***Acropora gemmifera*** bụ ụdị coral acroporid a na-ahụ na Ọwara nke Aden, Oké Osimiri Uhie, etiti Indo-Pasifik, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na ugwu Indian Ocean, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Australia, Oké Osimir Ọwụwa Anyanwụ China, Japan, oké osimiri etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ Osimiri Pasifik, na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Hawaiʻi. Ọ na-apụta na elu okpuru ulo na ndagwurugwu, site na omimi nke 1o15 m. Brook kọwara ya na 1892.

## Nkọwa
Ọ na-apụta na mpaghara dijitalụ nke nwere nnukwu alaka ndị na-emebi emebi. Alaka nwere otu axial corallite na njedebe na radial corallites na-ahazi n'ahịrị. Corallites axial na-amalite na-adị n'akụkụ ntọala nke alaka. Ọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-acha nchara nchara, na-eme ka mmiri ma ọ bụ na-acha odo odo na alaka ya nwere isi ọcha ma ọ bụ acha anụnụ anụcha. Corallites na-acha ntụ ntụ na-acha ọcha, a hụwokwa ụdị dị na Oke osimiri India na corallites na'acha odo odo.

## Nkesa
A na-ahazi ya dị ka ụdị na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya na IUCN Ndepụta uhie, mana a na-eche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-ebelata n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na mbelata coral zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na-edekwa ya n'okpuru Ndepụta II nke CITES. A maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi na ya, mana o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-eyi egwu site na mbelata zuru ụwa ọnụ nke coral reefs, mmụba nke okpomọkụ na-akpata coral na-acha ọcha, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọrụ mmadụ, okpueze nke ogwu starfish (*Acanthaster planci*) na ọrịa. Ọ na-eme na Ọwara nke Aden Oké Osimiri Uhie, etiti Indo-Pasifik, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na ugwu Oké Osimiri India, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Australia, Oké Osimari Ọwụwa Anyanwụ China, Japan, oké osimiri etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ Oké Osimiri Pasifik, na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Hawaiʻi.

## Nchịkọta Nchịkọta
Brook kọwara ya na 1892 dị ka *Madrepora gemmifera* .

## Ihe odide
Nnyocha Biosurvey

[thumb|200x200px|Nnyocha ihe ndị dị ndụ na Osimiri North Toe. [Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolinay]]
B**iosurvey**, ma ọ bụ nyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, bụ nyocha sayensị nke ihe ndị e kere eke iji nyochaa ọnọdụ nke ihe onwunwe gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka mmiri.

## Nchịkọta
Ndị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka njikwa ala ọha, atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na/ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-eji biosurvey eme ihe iji nyochaa akụrụngwa gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka osimiri, iyi, ọdọ mmiri na ala mmiri.  Ha na-agụnye nchịkọta na nyocha nke anụmanụ na/ma ọ bụ ihe atụ osisi nke na-eje ozi dị ka bioindicators.  Enwere ike iduzi ọmụmụ ihe site n'aka ndị ọkachamara sayensị ma ọ bụ otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo.  A na-eduzi ha dị ka usoro e bipụtara si dị iji hụ na ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na nchịkọta data na nyocha, na iji tụnyere nchoputa na metrik guzosiri ike..

Nyocha biosurvey na-ejikarị metrik dị ka nhazi ụdị na ịba ụba (dịka ọmụmaatụ ọnụọgụgụ ụdị, oke ụdị mmetọ na-anabata), na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi (ọnụọgụ ndị mmadụ, oke nke ndị na-eri anụ, ọnụnọ nke ọrịa).  Nyocha biosurvey nwere ike ịchọpụta nsogbu mmetọ nke siri ike ma ọ bụ dị oke ọnụ iji chọpụta site na iji usoro nyocha kemịkal..

Enwere ike iji biosurvey mepụta ndepụta nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe (IBI), usoro akara maka ihe onwunwe gburugburu ebe obibi.

## Mmiri na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ
Ndị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị steeti na US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) bipụtara usoro maka ịme nyocha nke ihe onwunwe mmiri. Ụlọ ọrụ na-eji usoro ndị a emejuputa Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo bipụtara usoro ndị yiri ya.

## Hụkwa

* Nnyocha Bio
* Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ
* Nlekọta Biomonitoring
* Ụdị ihe ngosi
* Mmetọ mmiri
* Ịdị mma mmiri

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nnyocha Biological nke Ịdị Mma Mmiri US EPA
* Ntuziaka maka Invertebrates nke Mmiri - WV Save Our Streams Program
* Nchịkwa biomonitoring nke ịdị mma mmiri n'ịntanetị site na ndekọ na-adịgide adịgide nke omume na physiology nke bivalve molluscs (biological rhythms, uto ọnụego, spawning, ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge), 24/7, n'ụwa niile: ''anya'' MolluSCAN E debere  Wayback Machine project
Òtù na-ahụ maka nlekota ihe ndị dị ndụ

Ndị na-ahụ maka **nlekota** ihe ndị dị ndụ (**BMWP**) bụ usoro maka ịlele ogo mmiri site na iji ezinụlọ nke macroinvertebrates dị ka ihe ngosi ihe ndị dị adị.

Usoro a dabere na ụkpụrụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche na-enweghị azụ n'ime mmiri nwere nnagide dị iche iche maka mmetọ. N'ihe banyere BMWP, nke a dabere na mmetụta / nnagide na mmetọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (ya bụ, enrichment nke ihe oriri nke nwere ike imetụta nnweta nke oxygen a gbazere agbaze). Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na ọkwa nke mmetụta / nnagide ga-adịgasị iche maka ụdị mmetọ dị iche iche. N'ihe banyere ọkwa mmetọ BMWP / Organic, ọnụnọ nke mayflies ma ọ bụ stoneflies dịka ọmụmaatụ na-egosi ụzọ mmiri kachasị ọcha ma na-enye ya akara nnagide nke 10. Anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ kachasị ala bụ ikpuru (*Oligochaeta*) nke na-enweta 1. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke macroinvertebrates dị iche iche bụkwa ihe dị mkpa, n'ihi na a na-eche na mmiri dị mma ka mma nwere obere mmetọ nke ga-ewepu ụdị "na-emetụ n'ahụ" - na-akpata ụdị dị iche iche dị elu.

A na-eji ihe nnwale, ebe a na-etinye ụgbụ n'okpuru mmiri site na ihe nnwale ma jiri ụkwụ na-eme ka ala osimiri na-agbagwoju anya maka oge a nyere (ụkpụrụ bụ nkeji 3), rụọ ọrụ. A na-echekwa ma chekwaa macroinvertebrates ọ bụla e jidere na net na ihe ngwọta mmanya, ma mata ya na ọkwa ezinụlọ, nke a nwekwara ike iji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee.

Akara BMWP nhata nhata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nnabata nke ezinụlọ macroinvertebrate niile dị na nlele.  A na-atụle akara BMWP dị elu ka ọ na-egosipụta ogo mmiri ka mma.  N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-agbakọkwa nkezi Score Per Taxon (ASPT) akara.  ASPT ha nhata nkezi nke nnabata nke ezinụlọ macroinvertebrate niile achọtara, yana sitere na 0 ruo 10. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti indices abụọ a bụ na ASPT adabereghị na ụbara ezinụlọ.  Ozugbo a gbakọọ BMWP na ASPT, a na-eji Lincoln Quality Index (LQI) chọpụta ogo mmiri dị na mpaghara Anglian Water Authority.

Indices ndị ọzọ enwere ike iji chọpụta ogo mmiri bụ Chandler Score, Trent Biotic Index na Protocols Bioassessment Rapid Bioassessment..

## Tebụl akara

## Hụkwa

* Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ
* Nnyocha Biosurvey
* Nlekọta Biomonitoring

## Edensibia
Jimi Solanke

**Jimi Solanke**  Listen (amụrụ na Julaị 1942 - 5 Febụwarị 2024) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme egwuregwu, onye na'agụ egwú, onye na - na-ede abụ na onye na-ede egwuregwu.

## Oge ọ malitere
Solanke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo nzere diplọma na ihe nkiri.

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Solanke kwagara na United States, ebe o mepụtara otu ihe nkiri a na-akpọ "The Africa Review", na-elekwasị anya na ọdịbendị Afrịka. Ndị otu a na-eyikarị uwe Africa, ọkachasị uwe Yoruba. Ha rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii Afrika. Solanke guzobere onwe ya na Los Angeles, California, ebe ọrụ ịkọ akụkọ ya malitere. CNN kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ" .

N'afọ 1986, ya na ndị otu Ndị Nyocha Afrịka atọ laghachiri Naịjirịa iji soro ndị Nigerian Television Authority rụọ ọrụ.
Aha ya mere ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Ola Balogun. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu mere *ihe* nkiri nke" Kongi's Harvest" nke onye Nobel Laureate bụ Wole Soyinka.

## Ihe nkiri

* *Ihe Owuwe Ihe ubi nke Kongi (ihe nkiri)*
* Sango (ihe nkiri) (1997)
* Akụkụ onyinyo (2020)

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nkwupụta carbon nke ala

Nzaghachi carbon nke ala na-emetụta ntọhapụ nke carbon site na ala na nzaghachi maka okpomọkụ ụwa. Nzaghachi a n'okpuru mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ nzaghachi ihu igwe dị mma. Enwere ihe dịka okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ karịa carbon n'ime ala ụwa karịa ikuku ụwa, nke na-eme ka nghọta nzaghachi a dị mkpa iji ghọta mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu. Ọnụego iku ume ala na-abawanye bụ isi ihe kpatara nzaghachi a, ebe nha na-egosi na okpomọkụ 4 °C na-abawanye iku ume ala kwa afọ site na 37%..

## Mmetụta na mgbanwe ihu igwe
thumb|Mmetụta nke CO2 dị elu na ebe nchekwa carbon nke ala
Nnyocha dabere na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu, na nzaghachi carbon nke ala, nke e mere kemgbe afọ 1991 na Harvard, na-atụ aro ntọhapụ nke ihe dị ka petagrams otu narị na itoolu nke carbon nke ala ahụ, nke ya na afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na ọkụ ọkụ, ruo 2100 site na mita 1 nke ala ụwa, n'ihi mgbanwe na obodo microbial n'okpuru okpomọkụ dị elu.

Nnyocha nke afọ 2018 kwubiri, "Mfu nke carbon ala na-emetụta ihu igwe na-eme ugbu a n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana ihe a na-achọpụta ma na-aga n'ihu na-apụta na ụwa. "

### Mmiri kpụkọrọ akpụkọ
Nri nke permafrost (ala oyi kpọnwụrụ), nke dị na latitudes dị elu, mpaghara Arctic na sub-Arctic, na-atụ aro dabere na ihe akaebe na-egosi ntọhapụ nke ikuku gas na-adịghị ala ala na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-aga n'ihu site na mgbanwe ikuku carbon ndị a.

### Ihe na-eme ka ọ dị elu
Nnyocha e bipụtara n'afọ 2011 chọpụtara ihe a na-akpọ compost-bomb instability, nke metụtara ebe nkwụsịtụ na ikuku carbon na-agbawa agbawa site na peatlands. Ndị dere ya kwuru na e nwere nkwụsi ike carbon nke ala pụrụ iche maka okpomọkụ ikuku ọ bụla. N'agbanyeghị amụma ahụ na nguzozi carbon nke peatlands ga-esi na sink gaa na isi iyi na narị afọ a, a ka na-ewepụ usoro okike peatland site na ụdị usoro usoro ụwa na ụdị nyocha jikọtara ọnụ.

### Ihe Ndị A Na-ejighị N'aka
Ụdị ihu igwe anaghị atụle mmetụta nke mwepụta okpomọkụ nke biochemical metụtara mbibi microbial. Ihe mgbochi na nghọta anyị banyere cycli] Mbelata na nghọta anyị banyere ịgba ígwè carbon sitere na ezughị ezu incorporation nke ala anụmanụ, gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ na ikpuru, na mmekọrịta ha na microbial obodo n'ime ụwa decomposition ụdị.

## Hụkwa

* Nkwupụta ice na-acha odo odo
* Mgbasawanye nke Polar
* Okirikiri Biogeochemical
* Ọnọdụ ihu igwe
* Mweghachi ala

## Edensibia
Mmanụ (ihe nkiri)

***Mmanụ*** bụ ihe nkiri nke afọ 2009 nke Massimiliano Mazzotta duziri.  Ọ na-enyocha onye na-enye ike n'Ịtali bụ Saras S.p.A., na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ịmepụta mmanụ na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik, nke dị n'àgwàetiti Sardinia, nso Cagliari na mmetụta mmepe mmanụ na ala na ndụ ndị obodo.

## Ihe Onyinye

* Ihe nkiri akụkọ kachasị mma Akụkụ Italian Akụkọ Italian Ememme Ihe nkiri gburugburu ebe obibi Italian, 2009

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọ bụ akwụkwọ mmanụ. Documentario sulla Saras Nchịkọta isiokwu Bekee
Mmanụ ala (ihe nkiri)

***Mmanụ ala*** (Chinese simplified: 采油日记; Chinese traditional: 採油日記; : ) bụ ihe nkiri  nkiri China nke 2008 nke Wang Bing duziri. Emere ya na mpaghara Inner Mongolian nke Ọzara Gobi, ọ na-eso otu ndị ọrụ mmanụ ka ha na-eme ihe ha na-arụ kwa ụbọchị.

Dị ka ihe ngosi mpụta mbụ nke Wang—Tie Xi Qu nke dị awa itoolu: West of the Tracks — Mmanụ crude bụ ihe ama ama maka oke ogologo, na-agba ọsọ ruo nkeji 840 (awa 14).  Atụmatụ mbụ ahụ chọrọ ka e mee ihe nkiri nke awa 70, mana Wang chere na a manyere ya itinyekwu njikwa nchịkọta akụkọ ma belata ọrụ ahụ n'ogologo ya ugbu a. Onye nduzi ahụ n'onwe ya dara na ọrịa dị elu wee hapụ ebe ahụ ụbọchị atọ n'ime otu izu; ndị ọrụ ya mechara ihe fọdụrụ na-enweghị ya.

Crude Oil malitere (n'ime ihe ngosi vidiyo) n'afọ 2008 Ememme Nkiri Mba Nilel Rotterdam, ebe ọ natara NETPAC "Mention pụrụ iche" maka "ikpughe ya na-enweghị mmasị banyere ihe isi ike nke ọrụ *mmadụ* nke bụ ihe ndabere nke ọganihu akụ na ụba". IFFR nyere ọrụ ahụ, yana nkwado ọzọ sitere na Hubert Bals Fund. O nwere ihe ngosi mbụ ya n'Eshia n'afọ 2008 Hong Kong International Film Festival. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya na North America bụ na Los Angeles Film Festival na June 2009, na ngosipụta e mere na Gallery 6 na Hammer Museum.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ihe nkiri kachasị ogologo site na oge ịgba ọsọ

## Edensibia
Koleka Putuma

**Koleka Putuma** (amụrụ ná Port Elizabeth, ná 22 Machị 1993) bụ onye na-ede uri ná onye na-eme ihe nkiri ná South Africa. A họpụtara ya dịka ótù n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị emetụta Okay Africa n'afọ 2019.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Putuma ná Port Elizabeth, South Africa ná 1993. Ọ gụrụ maka BA ná Theatre and Performance na Mahadum Cape Town . N'afọ 2016, e nyere ya ihe nrite édémédé ụmụ akwụkwọ PEN maka uri ya 'Water'. A na-eji uri a eme ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka ihe ncheta na ịnweta mmiri bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụkọ ihe méré émé na agbụrụ.

### ''Collective Amnesia''
Putuma bu ụzọ márá ụwa site nà mbipụta nke nchịkọta uri ya bụ Collective Amnesia, nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ede uri nke South Africa bụ uHlanga bipụtara nà 2017. A tọhapụrụ ya ná foto ndị ọzọ site n'aka ónyé na-ese foto nà Cape Town aha ya bụ Andy Mkosi. N'ime ọnwa atọ a tọhapụrụ ya, akwụkwọ ahụ rere puku abụọ, nwèrè iri na asaá a tọhapụsịrị ná South Africa ma nọrọ nà syllabus nà mahadum abụọ. Mgbe ọnwa asatọ gasịrị, ọ rere ihe karịrị puku ise ma Putuma emeela ya na kọntinent atọ. Lawrence Schimel na Arrate Hidalgo sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Spanish mà bipụta ya na 2019. A ga-ebipụta nsụgharị Danish ya na 2020. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, Putuma bụ onye na-ede uri kacha ere ahịa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa.

Collective Amnesia bụ ihe a ma ámá màkà ojiji ọ na-eji okwu womxn eme ihe ugboro ugboro, nke e bu n'uche ịgụnye ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ndị transgender.

### Nnabata
N'ịtụle Collective Amnesia, Bongani Madondo nke Johannesburg Review of Books toro Putuma dị ka "ónyé nwèrè ọgụgụ isi". Collective Amnesia aghọwo ngwá ngwá ederede dị mkpa iji ghọta postcolonial South Africa, ọkachasị na-elekwasị anya n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na njirimara ndị na-eme ihe ike. Haith na-ekwu na nchịkọta ahụ bụ 'ihe ọdịbendị' nke South Africa nke oge a, dịka ọ bụ ederede. Nkatọ Burger na-etinye ojiji Putuma ji mmiri mee ihe dị kà ihe odide n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ na-ede uri South Africa, dị ka Ronelda S Kamfer. Abụ 'Mmiri' aghọwo ederede dị mkpa màkà nyocha édémédé nke hydrocolonialism. Pieterse mesiri ike ihe Putuma dere banyere nwanyị ojii, ya nà ónyé na-ede uri Sindiswa Busuku-Mathese.

## Ọrụ

### Egwuregwu

* SCOOP: egwuregwu kichin maka ndị na*-*elekọta na ụmụ ọhụrụ (2013) - egwuregwu South Africa mbụ e mere maka ụmụaka ruru ọnwa 12, na Magnet Theatre
* *Ekhaya* - edere maka ndị dị afọ 2-7
* *UHM* (2014)
* *Woza Sarafina* (2016)
* *Mbuzeni* (2018)
* No Easter Sunday for Queers (2019) - ihe nkiri banyere okpukpe na queerness dabere na otu n'ime uri Putuma.

### Abụ uri

* *Imbebwu Yesini* (2016, onye nchịkọta akụkọ)
* Collective Amnesia (2017)

## Ihe nrite

* National Poetry Slame Championship (2014)
* PEN South Africa Student Writing Prize (2016)
* Mbokodo Rising Light Award (2017)
* SCrIBE asọmpi edemede (2018)
* Forbes Africa 30 n'okpuru 30 Honore(2018)
* Ihe nrite Glenna Luschei maka uri Afrịka (2018)
* Distell National Playwright Competition (2019)

## Edensibịa


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Koleka Putuma
* Instagram nke Koleka Putuma
* TedX Koleka Putuma
* Vidio gọọmentị - ''Mmiri'' nke Koleka Putuma
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Echiche nke Iris

Echiche iris bụ **echiche nke** Richard Lindzen et al. chepụtara na 2001 nke tụrụ aro ka okpomọkụ dị elu n'elu oké osimiri na okpomọkụ ga-eme ka igwe ojii cirrus belata ma si otú a nwekwuo radiation radiation na-agbapụta site na ikuku nke ụwa.  Nnyocha ya banyere mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na igwe ojii na mmetụta ndị a na-emepụta na radieshon infrared wepụtara na mbara igwe n'ihi ya kwadoro echiche ahụ.  Nke a na-atụ aro ntanye infrared radieshon bụ echiche na-adịghị mma nke ọkụ mbụ ga-eme ka ọ dị jụụ n'elu.  Echiche nke nkwenye bụ na ụbara okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri ga-eme ka ígwé ojii na-arịwanye elu na mbara igwe na-ebelata radieshon infrared na ya mere nzaghachi dị mma.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ mechara nwalee echiche ahụ.  Ụfọdụ kwubiri na enweghị ihe akaebe na-akwado echiche ahụ. Ndị ọzọ chọtara ihe àmà na-egosi na ụbara okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri na-ebelata n'ezie ígwé ojii cirrus mana ha chọpụtara na mmetụta ahụ bụ nzaghachi dị mma kama nzaghachi na-adịghị mma nke Lindzen chepụtara.

Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2007 nke Roy Spencer et al. mere site na iji data satellite emelitere nwere ike ịkwado echiche iris.  N'afọ 2011, Lindzen bipụtara nzaghachi nye nkatọ ndị bụ isi.  N'afọ 2015, e bipụtara akwụkwọ nke tụgharịrị aro ọzọ na enwere ike inwe "Iris Effect".  Ọ tụkwara aro ihe ọ kpọrọ "usoro anụ ahụ ezi uche dị na ya maka mmetụta iris".  N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara akwụkwọ nke chọpụtara na "igwe ojii anvil cirrus nke okpomọkụ na-eme ka nzaghachi ihu igwe na-adịghị mma na njikọ siri ike na arụmọrụ mmiri ozuzo".  Ọ bụrụ na e kwenyesiri ike mgbe ahụ nchọpụta ahụ ga-akwado ịdị adị nke "Iris Effect".

## Hụkwa

* Echiche nke okpomọkụ anvil
* Mgbasawanye ụwa
* Okpomọkụ ụwa

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta NASA nke Global Warming na Iris Hypothesis (June 2002)
Ọrụ Snow Ọchịchịrị

## Ọrụ ahụ
Ebumnobi mbụ ya bụ inweta ego iji bufee otu ndị nyocha na Greenland.  Mgbasa ego nke igwe mmadụ gara nke ọma.  E mefuru ego ahụ n'ụzọ bụ isi na njem ụgbọ elu azụmahịa na ịgbara helikopta iji bufee ndị otu ahụ na mpempe ice nke Greenland. Otu n'ime ndị otu ya, onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe Jason Box, bụ prọfesọ na Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland ma na-arụ ọrụ na Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center. A kpọrọ Peter Sinclair, onye na-ede blọgụ YouTube si Midland, Michigan nke na-eme vidiyo metụtara okpomọkụ ụwa, ka ọ sonye ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-emepụta ọrụ ahụ.

Bill McKibben ga-esonye na ndị otu egwuregwu Greenland. McKibben n'ikpeazụ enweghị ike ime njem ahụ. Magazin Rolling Stone kwadoro Jeff Goodell onye dere otu magazin na ọrụ Box na Dark Snow Project. A kwalitela ọrụ ha na The Weather Channel. Ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'igosi na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa nyere aka n'ịgbaze ice nke Greenland, mgbe ahụ Box na-ezube ịgba ume nchịkwa ọkụ ọhịa "site na iwu na-apụtaghị ìhè nke mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ. " Ozugbo ha rutere Greenland, "Igbe na-atụ anya ịkwanye n'ime mpempe mmiri dị n'ime ala iji nyochaa carbon ojii na-agbaba n'ígwé nke snow, iji chọpụta ebe ọ na-esi abịa: ọkụ tundra, ikpochapụ ụgbọ mmiri, ma ọ bụ na-emepụta uzuzu sitere na kọntinent, maka  ihe atụ".

## Inye ego
Igbe mbụ rịọrọ maka ego sitere na mmemme itinye ego ngwa ngwa nke National Science Foundation, mana jụrụ arịrịọ ya.  N'ihi ya, oru ngo ahụ emewo ka uche ọhụrụ dị na echiche nke ìgwè mmadụ gbasara ọrụ nyocha.  Dị ka N'èzí si kwuo ya, "Ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-apụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ego nwere ike ịmepụta ikpo okwu maka nyocha ndị ọzọ dị nro, ngwa ngwa nke na-adịghị adabere na ụlọ ọrụ ọchịchị.".

## Nsonaazụ
N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014, Dark Snow Project bipụtara blọọgụ na nchọpụta ụfọdụ, ma kwuo ihe ijuanya gbara ọchịchịrị nke ice Greenland.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
"Soot na-eme ka snow na ice gbaa ọchịchịrị, na-emewanye ike anyanwụ, na-agbakwunye agbaze nke cryosphere. " Soot na-abịa n'otu akụkụ site n'ọkụ ọhịa, nke e nwere ọtụtụ n'ime ya na 2012. Ọzọkwa na 2012, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nile nke Greenland na-agbaze.. Mmụba nke oke ọkụ ọhịa nwere ike ịbụ n'onwe ya n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa. Jason Box anọwo na-amụ Greenland kemgbe afọ 20.

## Hụkwa

* Nkwupụta ice na-acha odo odo

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Flaxman Qoopane

**Moalosi Jacob Qoopane** (1955-2017) bụ ónyé a makwaara dị ka Nna nke akwụkwọ na nka na Bloemfontein. Qoopane bụ ónyé na-ede akwụkwọ na South Africa na ónyé edemede a ma àmà na mba ụwa, ónyé na- ede uri, ónyé nta akụkọ na ónyé na-akọ akụkọ ndụ.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Qoopane nà 1955 nà Mangaung nà Free State. Ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ọ bụ nwata yana ọrụ na Free State. Mmasị ya màkà ide ihe malitere mgbè ọ dị obere.

## Ọrụ
Qoopane gara Tanzania ma biri nà mba ọzọ site na 1977 ruo 1992. Mgbè ọ lọtara, ọ gara n'ihu na-ede édémédé, édémédé, akụkọ ifo na uri. Flaxman Qoopane na Omoseye Bolaji ghọrọ aha ezinụlọ na Mangaung n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ịbụ ónyé a ma ama n'ihi na a na-ebipụta isiokwu ha ugboro ugboro na magazin Next. Qoopane nyekwara aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba a ma ama kwa ụbọchị, Daily Sun na magazin Realtime. Ọrụ Qoopane pụtakwara n'akwụkwọ ndị dị ka Hola, *Sowetan*, *Bona*, Drum, *A nà E*, *Kopanaang* na Free State News . Qoopane guzobere ma dozie Qoopane Literary Gallery ebe a na-egosipụta profaịlụ nke ndị édémédé nà ndị nta akụkọ dị n'ógbè ahụ site ná akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin dịgasị iche iche.  Ọ mepụtara ọbá akwụkwọ ụmụaka na Hillside View na Rocklands .  Ọbá *akwụkwọ* ahụ dị nso nà Mahadum nke Free State Satellite campus na Mangaung ma na-enye nri màkà ihe dị ka ụmụaka 100 bipụtara nà Couranttein. Qoopane wepụtara ógè ya nà mgbalị ya n'ịmepụta ohere na ihe onwunwe màkà ndị edemede nà Bloemfontein. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede a ma àmà nke ọrụ ya gafere oge nke iwepụ ndị isi ojii ka ha bipụta ọrụ ha nà South Africa.

## Njem
Qoopane egosila ọrụ edemede na uri ya na mba ndị dị ka Netherlands, Italy, United Kingdom, Mozambique na Lesotho Ọrụ odeakụkọ ya gara n'ihu na-eto n'oge ọ nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya na Qoopane nwèrè ihe ịga nke ọma karịsịa nà South Afrịka.

## Akwụkwọ
Ọrụ ndị Qoopane dere gụnyere:

* Akara: Omoseye Bolaji a na-asọpụrụ na Naijiria (2008)
* *Macufe 2001* (2002)
* *Obodo Roses na Ihe Nkume Akwụkwọ* (2007)
* *Akụkọ Reneiloe-Mpho* (2002)
* *Onye na-ede uri* na mba ofesi (2000)
* Memoirs of a Cultural Activist (2000)
* Ihe omume na Journalism (2001)

## Ọnwụ
Qoopane nwụrụ nà ụbọchị irí abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba na 2017 mgbe ọ dị afọ 62. A kọrọ na ọ na-arịa ọrịa tupu ọnwụ ya. Qoopane na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé ọrụ nkwukọrịta na ónyé ọrụ metro n'oge ọnwụ ya. 
Ndị otu Bloemfontein dị iche iche weghaara ebe nrụọrụ weebụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta dị iche iche iji kwupụta mwute ha maka ọnwụ Qoopanez.

## Hụkwa

* Anyanwụ Kwa Ụbọchị
* Drum (Magazin South Africa)
* Omoseye Bolaji

## Edensibịa

Òtù:Ọnwụ afọ 2017
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Bolaji Ramos

**Bolaji S. Ramos** bụ onye Naijiria na-ede abụ, onye edemede, onye nyocha na onye bụ ọka iwu.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Nwaafọ Lagos, amụrụ na aịlandị Legos  ma too na Menlandị Lagos. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Ladi-Lak institute, Alagomeji, Yaba, Lagos Naigeria. Ọ gara koleji Lagos City , Sabo, Yaba, Lagos (nke bụzi koleji seniọ nke Lagos City) ruo mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị.

## Ọrụ
Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu site na arụmorụ. Ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor nke Law (LL.B) na Master of Laws (LL.M) nzere na Mahadum Lagos, Naijiria. E gosipụtara abụ ya na mba na mba ụwa, akwụkwọ akụkọ na ịntanetị. E bipụtara abụ ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche na UK site na Forward Poetry na 2005, 2006, 2008 na 2011; site na Poetry Institute of South Africa na Venturing Vista na 2007 na site na Bulkybon Publication, Naijiria na 2016.

N'afọ 2006, edepụtara abụ ya ma bipụta ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ" ŌCamouflage: Best Contemporary Writings In Nigeria". E bipụtara abụ ya ama ama nke akpọrọ" ŌLao n'afọ 2011 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nation , n'otu afọ ahụ, o gosipụtara n'ịntanetị dị ka otu n'ime mmadụ narị asaa na iri anọ na abụọ bụ ndị ode abụ nke United Nations Peace .

Abụ ya nke akpọrọ "Another Verse for Bola", abụ ịhụnanya (ụbọchị ọmụmụ) nke e dere na 2010 ka edepụtara dị ka otu n'ime abụ ịhụnanya kachasị mma ma bipụta ya site na Forward Poetry UK. N'afọ 2016, Ramos dere abụ a ma ama maka uri Prọfesọ Niyi Osundare nke na-akọwa ndị ọka ikpe na ọrụ iwu nke Naijiria nke akpọrọ "Onyenwe m, ebe m kwesịrị idebe ụtụ isi gị". A na-akpọ nzaghachi Ramos "Judicial Response" ma ọ bụ Right of Reply", ma Premium Times bipụtara ya.

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Roy Campbell

thumb|Roy Campbell
 

**Ignatius Royston Dunnachie Campbell**, onye a mara nke ọma dị ka **Roy Campbell** (2 Ọktoba n'afọ 1901 wee rụọ 23 Eprel afọ 1957), bụ onye na-ede uri na obodo South Africa, onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ, onye ntụgharị akwụkwọ, onye na'ede uri agha, na onye na-eme ihe ọchị.

A mụrụ ya na ezinụlọ White South Africa nke sitere na obodo Scotland na Durban, Colony of Natal, e zigara Campbell England ịga Mahadum Oxford. Kama , Campbell banyere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ nke London. Mgbe ọ lụsịrị Mary Garman, Campbell dere uri a nabatara nke ọma The Flaming Terrapin nke mere ka Campbells banye n'ọkwa kachasị elu nke akwụkwọ ndị Britain.

Mgbe ọ kwadoro ịha nhata agbụrụ n'oge ọ nọrọ na South Africa dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ *Voorslag*, Campbell laghachiri England wee sonye na Bloomsbury Group. Campbell mechara kpebie na Bloomsbury Group bụ ndị na-eme mpako, ndị na-adịghị akwụwa aka ọtọ, ndị na'enweghị ihe ọ bụla, na ndị na-emegide Ndị Kraịst. Campbell kwutọrọ ha n'abụ uri a na-akpọ The Georgiad, nke mebiri aha na ọdịmma Campbell n'etiti *ndị* edemede. Mgbanwe Campbell na-esote gaa na Roman Katọlik na Spain na nkwado olu maka Francisco Franco na ndị Nationalists mere ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta dị n'aka ekpe kpọọ ya onye Fascist, na-emebi aha ya dị ka onye na-ede uri. Campbell jere ozi na ndị agha Britain n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ọ gara nzukọ nke The Inklings n'oge a ma bụrụ enyi C. S. Lewis na J. R. R. Tolkien. 

N'oge agha gachara, Campbell gara n'ihu na-ede ma na-asụgharị uri na nkuzi. Ọ sonyekwara ndị edemede na ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na White South Africa, gụnyere Laurens van der Post, Alan Paton, na Uys Krige, na-akatọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. Campbell nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọala na obodo Portugal na Mọnde Ista, n'afọ  1957.

Mana Campbell by onye etinyere n'uche byT. S. Eliot, Dylan Thomas, and Edith Sitwell  e bụ ezigbo onye nde egwu site na first Second World Wars, the accusation that he was a fascist, which was first promulgated during the 1930s, continues to seriously damage his reception, though some critics have attempted to rehabilitate his reputation.
Sipho Burns-Ncamashe

**Sipho Mangindi Burns-Ncamashe** Aa! Zilimbola! (n'afọ 1920 wee rụọ afọ 1996) bụ onye na-ede uri South Africa, onye na-akọ akụkọ mkpirikpi na Xhosa *imbongi* (onye na-ede abụ otuto). Ọ bụkwa onye isi nke AmaGwali Xhosa sub-group na Alice.
Ọ bụkwa onye ndú nke Ciskei National Unionist Party site na afọ 1972 na n'afọ 1978, naanị onye otu ya nwetara oche na Republic of Ciskei Nation Assembly, ruo 1978 mgbe ọ sonyeere otu Ciskei na-emegide ya, Ciskei Nacional Party nke Chief Justice Mabandla duziri. N'afọ 1979, Ciskei ghọrọ steeti otu pati n'okpuru ọchịchị Lennox Sebe na Burns-Ncamashe nọgidere dị ka otu n'ime ndị otu Ciskei National Assembly.

Sipho Burns-Ncamashe bụ onye na-agụ egwú otito na nke Rharhabe Paramaount Chief, Velile Sandile, nna nna nke eze Rharhape Xhosa Eze Maxhob'ayak Canz Sandile Aa! Zanesizwe!. Nwa Burns-Ncamashe bụ Chief Sisanda Sipuxolo Burns- Ncamashe nọchiri ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Nwa ya nwoke nke nta Zolile Burns-Ncamashe bụ ọnụ na-ekwuru ezinụlọ eze AmaRharhabe.

* **Masibaliselane** (n'afọ 1961) nchịkọta akụkọ na uri dị mkpirikpi
* **Izibongo zakwaSesile** (afọ 1979) nchịkọta nke uri
Jan F. E. Celliers

thumb|Jan F. E. Celliers￼
**Jan Francois Elias Celliers**, onye a mara ama n'ụwa niile dị ka Jan F.E. Celliers. mana mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Jan EF Cilliers (na ubochi 12 Jenụwarị n'afọ 1865 wee ruo 1 June afọ 1940) bụ onye na-ede uri, onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nyocha.

Celliers bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri atọ a mara ama n'asụsụ Afrikaans nke dere ozugbo Agha nke Abụọ nke Boer; ya na Totius na C. Louis Leipoldt, Celliers dere uri ndị ntorobịa banyere mbibi nke agha ahụ n'asụsụ ndị ntorobịa nke Afrikaans.  Abụ ya kachasị mma pụtara na nchịkọta n'afọ 1908 *Die Vlakte* en ander gedigte ("The Plains and Other Poems).

A mụrụ Celliers na na akụkụ  W

Wellington, Western Cape Province na Cape Colony South Africa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nso Cape Town, Celliers na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Pretoria, na mba Transvaal n'oge ah afọ ụ na 1874.  Mgbe Agha nke Abụọ nke Boer malitere, Celliers lụrụ ọgụ na Colesberg site na Kimberley ruo mgbe agha ahụ biri.  N'ịgbapụ site na ndị Britain na-eyi uwe nwunye ya, Celliers gara Europe ruo mgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa na 1907.  Sitafọ e na wee 1919afọ  ruo 1940 Celliers bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Stellenbosch . Ọ nwụrụ na Johannesburg, Transvaalńo Gauteng Province.
Lesego Rampolokeng

**Lesego Rampolokeng** (amụrụ nà 7 Julaị 1965) bụ ónyé édémédé South Africa, ónyé na-ede egwuregwu na ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Lesego Rampolokeng nà 1965 nà Orlando West, Soweto, Johannesburg. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu nà Mahadum nke North nà South Africa, mànà ọ gbasoghị ụzọ a.

## Ọrụ
Lesego Rampolokeng ghọrọ ónyé a ma àmà n'afọ ndị 1980, ógè ọgba aghara na South Africa. A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Soweto:"A mụrụ m na Orlando West. A zụlitere ya nke ọma na Soweto niile. Orlando East, White City, Chiawelo, Meadowlands, Diepkloof. Agụrụ m akwụkwọ na Jabavu, Moroka, Jabulani... " (Bird Monk Seding p20) Abụ uri ya na-anọpụ iche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-akatọ (post) ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Akwụkwọ abụọ mbụ ya bụ nke Congress of South African Writers (COSAW) Horns for Hondo (1991) na Talking Rain (1993) bipụtara. Rampolokeng esorowo ndị egwú dị iche iche rụkọọ ọrụ n'elu ikpo okwu na n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mbà yana ndị egwu dịka Julian Bahula, Soulemane Toure, Louis Mhlanga nà Günter Sommer. Ya na ndị Kalahari Surfers rụkọtara ọrụ nà Shifty Records album End Beginnings (vinyl, cassette nà CD:1990) nà ntọhapụ Bandcamp: Bantu Rejex (2017) .

N'otu n'ime uri ya, o kwuru nà ya "na-eji égbè ndị Britain gbaa ndị Bekee égbè". N'ọrụ ọzọ, "Riding the Victim's Train" (na CD / album The H.a.l.f Ranthology), Rampolokeng na-akpọ onwé ya "ónyé ekpenta a tụbara n'ọzara, nà oyi, na-enweghị imi mà ọ bụ ụkwụ n'ime ite ọlaedo".

Ya na ndị na-ede uri n'ógbè na nke mbà ụwa gụnyere Kgafela oa Magogodi, Lefifi Tladi, Lebo Mashile na Natalia Molebatsi. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkatọ jiri Rampolokeng tụnyere ónyé nwụrụ anwụ Dambudzo Marechera n'ihi ederede ya na-adịghị mma na nke na-emegide onwé ya. Rampolokeng pụtara na ihe ngosi Giant Steps (2005), nke Geoff Mphakati na Aryan Kaganof duziri. O sonyere nà 2001 Poetry International Festival na Rotterdam.

### Abụ uri

* *Horns for Hondo (COSAW, 1990)*
* na-ekwu okwu (COSAW, 1993)
* *Rap Master Kasị Elu Okwu Bomber* in the Extreme (1997)
* Mmalite Ọgwụgwụ (Bekee-German) (Marino, 1998)
* Blue V's (English-German; na CD) (Edition Solitude, 1998)
* *Ozizi Bavino* (Gecko Poetry, 1999)
* The h.a.l.f. *ranthology* (CD na ndị egwu dị iche iche, 2002)
* *Isi nke Abụọ* (Pantolea Press, 2003)
* *Isi* na ọkụ Rants/Notes/Poems 2001-2011 (Deepsouth Publishing, 2012)
* *Akụkọ ihe mere eme*
* A Half Century Thing (Black Ghost Books, 2015)

### Egwuregwu

* *Fanon Children*
* *Bantu Ghost- iyi nke (ojii) amaghị ihe*

### Abọm (ya na ndị Kalahari Surfers)

* *End Beginnings*
* *Bantu Rejex*

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Blackheart (Pine Slopes Publications, 2004)
* Whiteheart (Deepsouth publishing, 2005)
* Bird-Monk Seding (Deepsouth Publishing, 2017)

## Edensibịa


## Njikọ mpụga

* Isiokwu na Poetry International Web
* Lesego Rampolokeng na culturebase.net
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Usoro mbupụ nke ajọ ifufe

Usoro mgbawa nké tornado, ma ọ bụ **usoro ụbọchị mgbawa nke** Tornado, mgbé ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya mgbawa nke oké ifufe, bụ ógè na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ oké ifufe na-aga na-aga nkè ọma nke nwéré **usoro** mgbawa nke ajọ ifufe n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị na-enweghị ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole na-enweghị mgbawa Nké tornaado.

Nnukwu ajọ ifufe na-efe efe mèrè e na United States n'ọnwa May 1917, 1930, 1949, 1965, 1974, 2003, na 2011. O doro ányá na usoro ọzọ pụrụ iche nke ntiwapụ ahụ mèrè n'etiti na ngwụcha ọnwa Mee 1896. Ọ bụ ezie na ụbọchị ụfọdụ enweghị ajọ ifufe, ógè site n'etiti ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Eprel 2011 na ngwụchi Mee 2019 bụkwa ógè nke nnukwu ajọ ifufe.

Usoro ntiwapụ nke tornado na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke tornado màkà otu afọ ma na-akpatakarị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Tornado màkà afọ ahụ dum. Ọ bụghị ógè niile nke ihe omume tornado na-arụ ọrụ bụ usoro ntiwapụ, ọ gaghị enwe nkwụsịtụ na ọrụ iji mezuo nkọwa ahụ. Ógè ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-ewere ọnọdụ site n'afọ ọ bụla ruo ọtụtụ afọ ọ bụla ébé ógè ndị na-aga n'ihu na-arụsi ọrụ ike anaghị adịkarị ma nwee ike ịdị ụkọ dabere na parameters etinye iji kọwaa usoro. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2010, amụma dị n'etiti na ogologo ógè gàrà n'ihu nke ọma nke na enwere ike ịkọ ógè ụfọdụ nke nnukwu ọrụ tornado n'ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya ọtụtụ ụbọchị ruo ọtụtụ izu tupu ógè eruo.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke tornadoes na ntiwapụ nke tornado

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Thermo-hygrograph

thumb|Ihe na-eme ka mmadụ na-ekpo ọkụ
A **thermo-hygrograph** ma ọ bụ **hygrothermograph** bụ ihe ndekọ chaatị nké na-atụ ma na-edekọ ma okpomọkụ na iru mmiri (ma ọ bụ ebe igirigi). Ngwaọrụ ndị yiri ya nké na-edekọ naanị otu parameter bụ **thermograph** màkà okpomọkụ na **hygrograph** màkà iru mmiri.

Thermographs ebe edere ọdịiche site na iji foto ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọwara n'afọ 1845, gụnyere Francis Ronalds ónyé bụ Honorary Director nkè Kew Observatory.  E zigara ihe nlereanya emelitere nkè igwe mbụ ahụ gafee netwọk nyocha mba nke ụlọ ọrụ UK Met Office ọhụrụ guzobere n'afọ 1867 ma bụrụ nkè Kew Observatory haziri.    A na-eji ngwá egwú ndị a eme ihe n'ụwa niile.

Ntọala ọzọ nkè thermograph nwèrè mkpịsị akwụkwọ nke na-edekọ okpomọkụ na cylinder na-agbagharị. Pen ahụ dị na njedebe nke mkpịsị aka nkè a na-achịkwa site na eriri ígwè abụọ nke metal na-emetụta okpomọkụ nké na-agbaji ka okpomọkụ na-agbanwe.  Enwèrè ike iji ntutu isi mmadụ mee ihe màkà iru mmiri na igwe ndị dị otú ahụ.

## Edensibia
Thaw (weather)

thumb|Mmiri na-agba n'ala
Thaw bụ ógè snow na ice na-agbaze, na ngwụcha ógè oyi, na ihu igwe oyi.

## Jenụwarị mbuze
**Jenụwarị mbuze** bụ ókwú a na-eji eme ihe màkà  ma ọ bụ ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ n'etiti ógè oyi nké dị n'etiti latitude North America.

Nkọwa Sinusoidal nké okpomọkụ a tụrụ anya ya, màkà mpaghara ugwu, na-etinye okpomọkụ kachasị ala n'ubochi irí abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị na nke kachasị elu n'ubochi irí abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị, ma nye atụmatụ ziri ezi nke atụmanya okpomọkụ. Okpomọkụ nkezi na North America na-adịkarị iche ugboro abụọ n'ime afọ

* Okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ógè mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-adịkarị ọkụ karịa ka ihe nlereanya sinusoidal buru n'amụma, na-emepụta mmetụta nke okpomọkụ oge okpomọkụ a maara dị ka ógè okpomogolo nke India. [citation needed]
* N'ime ụbọchị ise gburu-gburu ụbọchị irí abụọ na ise n'onwa Jenụwarị, okpomọkụ na-adịkarị ọkụ karịa ka atụmatụ sinusoidal buru n'amụma, ya na okpomọkụ karịa okpomọkụ dị nso n'akụkụ abụọ. [citation needed]

N'oge a "thaw", nke na-adịkarị ihe dị ka otu izu, okpomọkụ na-adị n'ozuzu ihe dị ka Celsius isii (10 °F) karịa ka ọ dị. Nké a na-adịgasị iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ, na okpomọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu nke na ịrị elu dị otú ahụ na ngwụcha Jenụwarị agaghị abụ ihe dị ịrịba ama; ihe dị ịrị elu (na nkè a na-akọwaghị) bụ omume nke ịrị elu dị íchè na-emekarị na ngwụchi Jenụwarị karịa n'etiti Jenụwaray ma ọ bụ mbido Febụwarị, nke atụmatụ sinusoidal ga-adịtụ ọkụ.

Ufọdụ ógè (dị ka ugwu Canada) ihe omume a agaghị apụta ìhè dị ka "ụda" n'echiche teknụzụ, ébé ọ bụ na okpomọkụ ga-anọgide na-adị n'okpuru oyi.

A na-ekwere na mbuze nke ọnwa Jenụwarị bụ ihe pụrụ ichè na ihu igwe. E.G. Bowen nyèrè usoro anụ ahụ nwéré ike ime màkà ihe ndị dị otú ahụ n'afọ ndị 1950: ọ tụrụ aro na ụfọdụ "kalenda" (dị ka ọ na-akpọ ha) nwéré ike ịkọwa n'ihe gbásárá ụmụ irighiri meteoric site na orbitary na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ice nuclei na igwe ojii ụwa; echiche ya nwetara nkwado ụfọdụ site n'ọtụtụ isi mmalite. Otú ọ dị, echiche Bowen mechara kwụsị ihu ọma na mmepe nke usoro nhazi ikuku, ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime mmiri ozuzo ya yiri ka ọ kwekọrọ na ụbọchị nke ọnwa Jenụwarị.

Nnyocha data achọtaghị nkwado dị ịrịba ama màkà ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị. Ndị dere nyocha a na-ekwu na "mmetụta nke nnwale na ndekọ ihu igwe zuru oke iji kọwaa ịdị adị nke 'ihe ndị' na-agbaze n'ọnwa Jenụwarị na data okpomọkụ nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ US".

## Hụkwa

* Ifufe Chinook

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* "January Thaw: Winter Cold Relief"
* "January Thaw" The Canadian Encyclopedia
Charl Cilliers (onye edemede)

**Charl Jean Francois Cilliers** (nke a makwaara dị ka *Charles Cilliers*) (amụrụ na ubochi iri abụo na ise n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1941) bụ onye edemede na onye na-ede uri na South Africa. Ọrụ ya bipụtara gụnyere "West-falling Light" (1971), "Has Winter No Wisdom" (1979).

A mụrụ Cilliers na obodo Cape Town, ma too na Free State. Ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche ka ezinụlọ ahụ na-agagharị. Ọ gara Clapham High School na Pretoria, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na afọ 1957.

Cilliers kụziri ihe gbasara nkwukọrịta na Post Office Training Centre na Pretoria ruo n'afo 1968 mgbe ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka Chief Editor nke Hansard Reporting Unit ruo n'afọ 1999.

Mpịakọta ndị o bipụtara bụ:

West-Falling Light, Tafelberg Publishers, 1971; Has Winter No Wisdom, Maskew Miller, 1979; Collected Poems (1960 wee ruo 2008), Malgas Publishers, 2008; Fireflies Facing The Moon (Children's Poems), Malgas Publicers, 2008); The Journey, Malgas Publishors, 2010; A Momentary Stay, Malgas Publicors, 2011; Karoo (Haiku Variations), 2012.

Charl J. F. Cilliers bidoro na-ede uri mgbe ọ dị soso afọ iri na anọ. E bipụtara mpịakọta mbụ ya "West-falling Light" na afọ 1971, "Has Winter No Wisdom" sochiri ya n'afọ 1979. O bipụtara na magazin ndị gụnyere Standpunte, Contrast, Ophir, Poet (India), Purple Renoster, New Nation (nke ọ bụkwa onye nchịkọta uri), De Arte, Chirimo (Rhodesia) na Unisa English Studies.

Ọrụ ya pụtakwara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ gụnyere "Two Roads" (nke Ken Durham chịkọtara na afọ 1969), "Seismograph" (nke Jack Cope chịkọtara n'afọ 1970), "For All Seasons" (nke F. C. H. Rumboll na J. B. Gardener chịkọtara, "Out Of The African Ark" (nke David na Guy Butler dezigharịrị na 1988), "25/25" (nkeDavid Bunyan dezigharụrụ na afọ 1989) na "Somewhere I Have Never Travelled" (nke Terrillolay dezigharịa na afọ 1996).

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Tilted updraft

thumb|RHI sitere na radar nyocha na Colorado na-anwale elu elu a na-ahụ anya
A tilted updraft (nkè a makwaara dị ka a tilted storm) bụ égbè eluigwe nké na-adịghị eguzo ọtọ.  Nké a na-eme n'ihi otu ụzọ ikuku, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ọsọ ifufe na ịdị elu. N'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ, a na-ebugharị elu nkè elu ahụ karịa akụkụ ndị dị  n'ihi ifufe siri ike na-ebupụ elu ahụ, ébé ọ dị elu na ikuku. Oké ifufe nké na-eme na gburu-gburu ébé ikuku na-akpụ akpụ nwèrè ike ịdị njọ.

## Edensibia
Tephigram

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe odide tephigram
**Tephigram** bụ otu n'ime eserese thermodynamic anọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nyocha ihu igwe na amụma. Aha ahụ sitere na aha mbụ "T--gram" iji kọwaa axes nke okpomọkụ (T) na entropy () eji mepụta atụmatụ ahụ.\phi\phi Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-edepụta data okpomọkụ na igirigi site na radiosondes na eserese ndị a iji nyé ohere ngụkọta nkè nkwụsi ike convective ma ọ bụ convective available potential energy (CAPE). A na-ejikarị ụdọ ifufe eme ihe n'akụkụ tephigram iji gosipụta ifufe na ịdị elu dị íchè íchè.

## Nkọwa
Ọ bụ Napier Shaw mepụtara tephigram n'afọ 1915 ma jiri ya mee ihe na United Kingdom na Canada. Mba ndị ọzọ na-eji ihe osise thermodynamic yiri ya màkà otu ebumnuche mànà nkọwa nke owuwu ha dịgasị iche. Na tephigram, isotherms kwụ ọtọ ma nwee degree iri anọ na ise inclination n'aka nri ébé isobars dị larịị ma nwee obere curve. Adiabats ndị kpọrọ nkụ na-adịkwa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ ma nwee ogo irí anọ na ise n'aka ekpe ébé adiabats ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbagọ.

Isi ihe méré British Met Office, Meteorological Service of Canada, na Met Éireann (Irish Meteorological Services) ji tephigrams mee ihe bụ ihe onwunwe na mpaghara ndị dị na curves nwèrè ike hà nhata màkà mpaghara hà nhata, na-eduga na ntụnyere ka mma nke CAPE na ya mèrè usoro convective.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe osise nke thermodynamic
* Skew-T log-P eserese, ọdịiche nke Emagram
* Ihe osise Stüve

## Edensibia


## Akwụkwọ

* M.H.P. Ambaum, Thermal *Physics* of the Atmosphere, nke Wiley-Blackwell bipụtara, Eprel 16, 2010, peeji 240.   ISBN 
* R.R. Rogers na M.K. Yau, *Short Course in Cloud Physics*, Third Edition, nke Butterworth-Heinemann bipụtara, Jenụwarị 1, 1989, peeji 304.  ISBN  ISBN 
* J.V. Iribarne na W.L. Godson, *Atmospheric Thermodynamics*, 2nd Edition, nke D. Reidel Publishing Company bipụtara, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 1981, peeji 278, ISBN ,  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ngalaba nke Meteorology, Mahadum nke Reading peeji banyere tephigrams gụnyere pdfs nke agba na-enweghị ihe na monochrome tephigram.
TEMP (meteorology)

TEMP (elu ikuku) bụ usoro nkè World Meteorological Organization (WMO) koodu alphanumerical eji akọ akụkọ ihe méré eme nke mpaghara elu nke ikuku nke ikuku nke balloons ihu igwe wepụtara site na elu (ma ọ bụ n'ala ma ọ bụ n"oké osimiri). WMO na-ahọpụta koodu ọnụọgụ FM-35 màkà TEMPs elu na koodu ọnọdụ FM-36 màkà TEMP ndị dabeere na ụgbọ mmiri.

Na njikọ na-esote, ị nwere ike ịchọta usoro (Manual on Codes) peeji nke iri asatọ na ise.

https://web.archive.org/web/20230427114124/https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10235
Okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na United States

thumb|247x247px|Map okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke United States site na 1871-1888
thumb|245x245px|Map okpomọkụ kacha nta nke United States site na 1871-1888.
Màkà United States, oke bụ 134⁰F  (56.7 °C) na Death Valley, California n'afọ 1913 na -79.8 °F (-62.1 ) edere na Prospect Creek, Alaska n'afọ  1971.

Mgbanwe okpomọkụ kachasị ukwuu e dekọrọ n'otu ébé n'ime awa irí abụọ na anọ mere n'ubochi irí na ise n'onwa Jenụwarị 1972 na Loma, Montana, mgbè okpomọkụ si na -54 ruo 49 °F (-47.8 ruo 9.4 ). 

Mgbanwe okpomọkụ kachasị dị egwu na-eme na ihu igwe nke North America nke ikuku Chinook nwèrè ike imetụta. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe okpomọkụ kachasị na nkeji abụọ nke 49  (27.2 °C) méré na Spearfish, South Dakota, ịrị elu site na -4 ruo 45 °F (−20.0 ruo 7.2 ).

## Enweghị oke
N'etiti steeti US, Hawaii nwèrè ma steeti kachasị ala nke 98 °F (36.7 °C) na steeti kachasị elu nke 12.0  (−11.1 ). Ébé agwaetiti ndị dị n'oké osimiri dị ka Hawaii na-enwekarị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kachasị ala, mgbè ụfọdụ na ọdịiche dị ka 62 °F (34.4 ). [citation needed]

## Hụkwa

* Okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na steeti US

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na Perth Weather Centre
* Ihe ndekọ okpomọkụ dị elu nke steeti ọ bụla *USA* Today, nke ikpeazụ emelitere n'August 2006.
* Ihe ndekọ okpomọkụ dị ala nke steeti ọ bụla *USA* Today, nke ikpeazụ emelitere n'August 2006.
Klas nkwụsi ike nke Turner

**Klas nkwụsi ike nke Turner** ma ọ bụ akara nkwụsi elu nke Turner bụ nhazi nke nkwụsi Ike ikuku n'ime ógè dabere na nha nke ọsọ ikuku na radieshon anyanwụ.  Klas dị site na otu (nké kachasị sie ike) ruo asaa (nké kachasị kwụsie ike).  D. B. Turner chepụtara usoro klas nkwụsi ike nke Turner dị ka mgbanwe nke usoro klas nkwụsị Pasquill.

A na-eji tebụl na-esonụ chọpụta klas nkwụsi ike Turner màkà ọsọ ifufe enyéré na radieshon anyanwụ:
thumb|Ịchọpụta klas nkwụsi ike nke Turner chọrọ ibu ụzọ gbakọọ net radiation index dịka usoro akọwapụtara na Turner (1961) na Turner (1964).

A na-ekpebi akara radiation site ná ịgbaso usoro (lee eserese) nké na-eburu n'uche mkpuchi igwe ojii, ịdị elu elu elu, na ịdị elu anyanwụ.

## Edensibia