Asụsụ Moro

**Moro** bụ asụsụ Kordofania a na-asụ n'Ugwu Nuba nke South Kordofan, Sudan .  Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Western otu West Central Heiban Kordofonia asụsụ ma bụrụ nke Niger-Congo phylum.  N'afọ 1982, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu Moro dị 30,000. Nke a bụ tupu agha obodo Sudan nke abụọ ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na nso nso a nwere ike ịdị iche. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta nke Arabic na a na-enyo enyo na taa ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke okwu Moro nwere njikọ ma ọ bụ malite na asụsụ Arabic. 

## fonology
Enwere ụda olu dị iche iche n'asụsụ Moro. Na-emekarị ụdaume "e", "a" na "o" nwere ụda dị ala, ebe ụdaume "i", "u" na "ʌ" nwere ụda dị elu. Udaume “ə” bụ ụdaume Schwa ya mere na-anọpụ iche.

Mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ nkwekọ n'ụdaume, nkwụsị eze, iguzogide ihichapụ na mkpebi vowel hiatus na itinye ụkpụrụ ụda nke nwere ike dochie anya n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na abụọ nke ikpeazụ pụrụ iche na ihe kpatara na Moro (9;2,11). 

### Ndepụta Ngwaahịa
Moro nwere akara ụdaume asaa,     ahaziri ya na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [ə] nwere ike ịbụ epenthetic ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ụdaume mpụta /ieou/; ọ na-apụtakwa na mgbọrọgwụ na-enweghị isi iyi nke mbelata.  Àgwà nke schwa [ə] na nkwekọ n'ụdaume Moro ka e weere dị ka ihe mere e ji debe ụdaume abụọ [ə] na Moro - nke dị elu nke na-ebuli ụdaume, na nke dị ala nke na-adịghị. 

Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakwa mgba ọkụ diphthongs dị ka [iə], [eə], [oa], na [uʌ].  Ọkụ diphthong na-agụ dị ka otu nkeji na-ebu ụda. Ogologo ụdaume abụghị ihe dị iche, mana a na-ahụkarị ịgbatị ogologo oge n'ụda olu mepere emepe ma ọ bụ nke mmalite. 

A na-enye ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Moro n'okpuru. 

Enwere ike ịwepụta consonants, ewezuga [ɾ,ɽ,j]. Nkwụsị ụda na /v/ na-achọpụta dị ka enweghị olu mgbe mkpụrụ osisi. 

### Udaume Harmony
 
Moro nwere usoro nkwekọ ụdaume dị elu 'otu nzọụkwụ', nke a na-ebuli ụdaume ala / eao/ nke affixes na ndị ibe ha dị elu [i ʌ u] ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ dị elu.  Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta na-achịkwa mgbọrọgwụ- ma ọ bụ stem, Moro na-egosipụtakwa ụkpụrụ nkwekọ na-achị achị nke ụfọdụ mgbakwunye ndọtị na-akpalite iwelite prefixes bu ụzọ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ, yana suffix na-esote; suffixes nkwekọ na-akpalite ndị a bụ ihe na-akpata *-i*, ngwa- *ət̪,* na passive *-ən* . 

#### Schwa na Moro Vowel Harmony
Ụfọdụ mgbọrọgwụ Moro nwere [ə] na-ebute nkwekọ ụdaume, ebe ndị ọzọ adịghị; N'otu aka ahụ, ebe suffix nke ngwa na nke na-agafe agafe nwere [ə] ma na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, Moro na-egosipụta suffixes ndị ọzọ nwere [ə], dị ka antipassive - *əđ*, nke na-adịghị. Ihe omumu ihe omumu gosiputara na schwas nke na-ebute nkwekorita nke udaume na Moro gosiputara usoro F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi na-adighi, na schwas na onodu udaume ewelitere na Moro gosiputara ihe F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi no na onodu eweliteghi.  Dị ka nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na Moro na-agụnye ụdaume schwa abụọ: schwa dị elu, nke na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, na schwa dị ala, nke na-adịghị. 

### Ụda
 

## Ụtọ asụsụ

### Aha aha na nkebiokwu aha

#### Klas aha
Enwere ike ekewa Moro n'ime klaasị aha iri na asatọ: 8 isi, 5 obere na 5 enweghị ọnụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime klaasị ndị a nwere prefix klaasị ha n'otu n'otu, otu prefix na concord yana otutu prefix na concord. 

Enwere ụfọdụ iwu amapụtara maka owuwu nke ọtụtụ dịka klaasị aha ya si dị:

### Syntax

#### Usoro ihe mejupụtara
Nkejiokwu Moro dị mfe nwere Isiokwu - Ngwaa - Ihe:
 
Usoro nke akpaokwu aha dị n'usoro nke: Noun - ngosi - ọnụọgụ - Adjective. Klaasị aha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Bantu dịka Kikuyu ma ọ bụ Swahili. 

### Mkpesa ọmụmụ
N'ime asụsụ Moro, e meela ọtụtụ nrịbama dị ka okwu ọnụ si dị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a ka akọwara morphemes ndị a:

# Ihe kpatara: tinye "-i"
# Mgbanwe/ntụgharị uche: “-ən-“ + mgbanwe nke ụdaume ikpeazụ
#: *Ọmụmaatụ: “raico” = ịwụsa; "raicenu" = a ga-awụsa*
# Ngwa: suffix “ət”
# Antipassive: “əđ” 
# Nkwugharị: tinye prefix "ka-"
#: *Ọmụmaatụ: “arənđo” = ikewa; “akarənđo” = ikewa ọtụtụ ugboro*
# N'otu oge: tinye "ta-" na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta
# Akụkọ/usoro: tinye “nə-“ na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (2.1; 3)
# Adjective: ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere "-nano" na ụfọdụ adjectives, ha nwere ike ịghọ ngwaa
#: *Ọmụmaatụ: "gaicia" (= ọjọọ) + "nano" = gaicianano* 
# Ebe: jiri suffix "e-" ma ọ bụ "i-" n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ụdaume ndị a
#: *Ọmụmaatụ: *'é** -lógopájá = **n'ime** iko; **í** -lútí = **na*' ikwiikwii* 

## Usoro edemede
Tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ bịarutere na 1936, e ji mkpụrụedemede Arabic dee Moro, ya mere ndị na-asụ Moro amaghị mkpụrụedemede ukwu Latịn.  Ndị mgbasa ozi-ọma kere usoro ọkpụkpụ nke gụnyere mkpụrụedemede ukwu ma tụgharịkwara Agba Ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ Moro n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Taa Moro nwere consonants 22 na ụdaume 7 nke otu n'ime ha bụ Schwa. 

A na-ejikarị *Đ* eme ihe n'ụdị a kụrụ ihe n'efere ya, ihe dịka ⟨ d̶ ⟩

## Olumba
Enwere olumba 7 nke Moro (Onye ọbịa 1997a).  Enyere aha *ethnologue* n'ime mbo. 

* Laiyənia ma ọ bụ Layenia  (Laiyen)
* Tobəɽelda ma ọ bụ Thetogovela  (Toberelda, Umm Gabralla)
* Ọlụba (Ulba)
* Nnụbụ (Nubwa)
* Nḏərria or Ndërria  (Nderre)
* Ləmwarəŋ (Dhimorong; = Werria)
* Ləŋorəban (Longorban, Umm Dorein)

Olumba ọ bụla dabara na ebo dị iche, ma ewezuga Ləmwarəŋ na Ləŋorəban, bụ́ ndị ejikọtala n'otu ezinụlọ a maara dị ka Wërria. Ya mere, enwere mkpokọta 6 dị iche iche ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị na labial: "t" na "d" ma ọ bụ "ɽ" na "t". N'okwu ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụta "b" nke olumba Ləŋorəban dị ka "f, v, w," na olumba ndị ọzọ.

: *Ọmụmatụ: “vomit” n’olumba* Ləŋorəban *bụ: “bi* ɗ *u”, ebe n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ: “fiđu” ma ọ bụ “wiđu”.*

Enwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche ntụgharị asụsụ na olumba.

: *Ọmụmaatụ: “majen” na* Ləŋorəban *pụtara “ugbu a” mana na olumba ọzọ na-ezo aka na “ogologo oge gara aga”.*

Nke a na-eduga ọbụna na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị na-asụ olumba Tobəɽelda enweghị ike ịghọta nsụgharị nke Agba Ọhụrụ nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban.  Nkọwa maka nke a nwere ike ịbụ, na ndị na-asụ olumba Ləŋorəban yiri ka ha nọpụrụ iche na mpaghara na ndị na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ ma na-enweta mmetụta site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ ha na-agba gburugburu dị ka Katcha ma ọ bụ Utundi. 

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Blench, Roger. 2005. ''A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan''. m.s.
* Black, K. & K. Black 1971. ''The Moro language: grammar and dictionary''. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit. MacDiarmid, P.A. and D.N.
* Edwards, G. 1941. *Moro Dictionary*. (handwritten m.s.)
* Gibbard, George, Hannah Rohde & Sharon Rose. (2009). Moro Noun Class Morphology. In M. Matondo, F. McLaughlin & E. Potsdam (eds.) *Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics*. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 106-117.
*   m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997b. ''Moro Noun Classes''.  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997c. ''Moro Verbs''.  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997d. ''Moro Verbs Lexicon''.  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997e. ''History of the Moro NT''.  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1998. ''Miscellaneous Moro Grammar''.  m.s.
* Jenks, Peter. (to appear) Noun phrases in Moro. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) *Languages of the Nuba Mountains*.
* Jenks, Peter & Sharon Rose (2011). High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains. *Natural Language and Linguistic Theory* 29, 211-250.
* Jenks, Peter and Sharon Rose. (to appear) Syllable Weight and High Tone in Moro. *Papers from the 45th Chicago Linguistic Society*.
* Rose, Sharon. The morphological structure of the Moro verb. In R. Blench & T. Schadeberg (eds.) *Languages of the Nuba Mountains*.
* MacDiarmid. 1931. The languages of the Nuba Mountains. Sudan Notes and Records 14:149-162.
* Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. *A Survey of Kordofanian*. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
* Stevenson, Roland C. 1956-57. "A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structures of the Nuba Mountain languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang". *Afrika und Übersee* 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-153, 171-196.
* Strabone, Andrew & Sharon Rose. (2012). ''Morpho-phonological properties of the Moro causative''. *Selected Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on African Linguistics*. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
* Moro Marriage notes
* Notes on Language Use in the Moro Community in Khartoum

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọrụ Asụsụ Moro (UCSD)
* Moro Story Corpus (UC Berkeley)
* Ngwa Moro (Roger Blench na Elizabeth Guest)
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations