open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ Bima

**Asụsụ Bima**, ma ọ bụ **Bimanese** (Bima: , Indonesian :  ), bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Sumbawa, Indonesia, nke ya na ndị na-asụ asụsụ Sumbawa na-ekerịta. Ókèala Bima gụnyere Sanggar Peninsula, ebe a na-asụbu asụsụ Papuan Tambora . *Bima* bụ exonym; aha autochthonous maka mpaghara ahụ bụ *Mbojo* ma a na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ *Nggahi Mbojo* . Enwere ihe karịrị ọkara nde ndị na-asụ Bima. Ma ndị Bima ma ndị Sumbawa enweghị mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nke ha maka na ha na-eji mkpụrụedemede Bugis na asụsụ Malay na-enweghị mmasị. 

## Nhazi
Ogologo oge echere na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Sumba Island nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, Blust (2008) agbaghawo echiche a, nke mere Bima bụrụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ bụ isi n'ime Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. 

## Nkesa
A na-asụkarị Bima na ọkara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Sumbawa dị na Indonesia . A na-asụkwa ya n'agwaetiti Banta, Sangeang, na Komodo . 

## Olumba
Dị ka *Ethnologue* si kwuo, olumba nke asụsụ ahụ gụnyere Kolo, Sangar (Sangar), Toloweri, Bima, na Mbojo.

Donggo, nke a na-asụ na mpaghara ugwu dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Bima Bay, dịka na Doro Ntika nke mpaghara Doro Oromboha, nwere njikọ chiri anya na isi olumba Bima. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 25,000 na-ekwu ya  Ndị Kraịst na animists; ọtụtụ ndị abanyela Islam, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye.

## fonology

### Consonants

### Udaume

Udaume  nwere ike belata allophones dị ka  . 

## Ntụaka
Ndị Kraịst na animists; ọtụtụ ndị abanyela Islam, nke ka ukwuu n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye.

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Paradaịsc nwere nchịkọta ndekọ ohere imeghe nke Bima sitere na klaasị akwụkwọ asụsụ 2005, yana ụfọdụ ndekọ sitere na Robert Blust .
* Kaipuleohone nwekwara mkpokọta oghere oghere nke ihe Robert Blust gụnyere  .
* https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22150-biima-script.pdf
Asụsụ Kamarian

**Kamarian** bụ asụsụ Austronesia ekpochapụla. A na-ekwu ya n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Seram Island na Moluccas nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Indonesia . 

## Ntụaka
ha. Ọkammụta asụsụ Shahsavari rụtụrụ
Asụsụ Kagayanen

A na-asụ **asụsụ Kagayanen** na mpaghara Palawan na Philippines . Ọ bụ nke otu obere Manobo nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian ma bụrụ naanị onye otu n'ime obere otu a na-asụghị n'agwaetiti Mindanao ma ọ bụ nso.

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Kagayanen na mpaghara ndị a: 

* Mpaghara Palawan : Cagayancillo Island n'etiti Negros na Palawan
* Ogbe ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri Palawan
* Ndịda Palawan: Balabac Island
* North Palawan: Busuanga na Coron
* mpaghara ndị ọzọ gburugburu Philippines: Mpaghara Iloilo; Silay, Negros; Manila; Mpaghara Quezon na Rizal

## fonology

 na-apụta naanị na okwu mbinye ego, aha kwesịrị ekwesị, ma ọ bụ n'okwu ndị nwere [h] n'asụsụ ndị agbata obi.[1] Na-abụghị okwu mbinye ego, /d/ na-aghọ [r] n'etiti ụdaume.[2]

Ntụnyere aka na akụkọ ihe mere eme na-egosi na  na  nọ na nkesa nkwado tupu nkewa emee eleghị anya na nrụgide sitere na kọntaktị na Bekee, Spanish, na Tagalog . 

 dị n'etiti [i] na [e], ma e wezụga n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-edochaghị anya (yana n'ihu ụyọkọ consonant) ebe ọ na-agbada ruo [ɪ] ma ọ bụ [ɛ].[1] N'otu aka ahụ, /u/ na-agbada ruo [ʊ] n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-edochaghị anya, tupu consona

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Ọtụtụ mgbọrọgwụ na Kagayanen enweghị akụkụ akọwapụtara nke okwu mana ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na amụma (dị ka ngwaa), na-ezo aka (dị ka aha), ma ọ bụ gbanwee (dị ka adjectives na adverbs). Dịka ọmụmaatụ,  bụ mgbọrọgwụ a na-ejikarị na-ezo aka na "osikapa esiere", ma mgbe a na-atụgharị ya dị ka ngwaa, otu mgbọrọgwụ ahụ nwere ike ịpụta "rie".  A na-emegharị ngwaa maka ọnọdụ, volition, olu (transitive / intransitive in the terminology Pebley), na ma arụmụka zuru oke bụ onye ọrịa na-emetụtakarị (akara ngwa ).  Dịka ọ dị n'asụsụ Austronesia ndị ọzọ, otu arụmụka nke ngwaa ka a na-emeso ya nke ọma site na syntax. Pabley na-ezo aka na nkebi ahịrịokwu a na-enweghị akara (nke na-abụkarị ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile na ọrụ ndidi mgbe arụmụka ọzọ dị) dị ka arụmụka "absolutive". (Van Valin 2005) na-ezo aka na nke a dị ka PSA, "arụmụka syntactic nwere ohere",  mana ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-eji okwu dịgasị iche iche na-ezo aka n'ụdị arụmụka a.

## Ihe ndetu
Ndị Kraịst na animists; ọtụtụ ndị abanyela Islam, nke ka a ibe

## Ntụaka

*  
*  
*
Asụsụ Sumba

The **Sumba languages** are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family, spoken on Sumba, an island in eastern Indonesia. They are closely related to the Hawu-Dhao languages.

## Nhazi
Nhazi nke mbido ime nke Asplund (2010) matara ngalaba atọ nke asụsụ Sumba:  
 

## Ntụaka
ukwuu n'ihi  nwunye.Sorani 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Sumba na *Ethnologue* (edemede 22, 2019).
Asụsụ Uru

**Asụsụ Uru**, nke a na-akpọkwa nke ọma dị ka **Iru-Itu**, na **Uchumataqu**, bụ asụsụ na-apụ n'anya nke ndị Uru na-asụbu. N'afọ 2004, o nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ 2 n'ime otu agbụrụ nke mmadụ 140 nọ na Ngalaba La Paz, Bolivia nke dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Titicaca, ndị ọzọ abanyela na Aymara na Spanish . Asụsụ ahụ dị nso na asụsụ Chipaya ka a na-ewere ya dị ka olumba asụsụ ahụ. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A na-akpọkwa Uru **Ochosuma** ( **Uchuzuma*' ), aha akụkọ ihe mere eme maka agbụrụ ndị Uru. 

N'afọ 2010, e nwere otu onye na-asụ asụsụ obodo fọdụrụ n'asụsụ a. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, asụsụ ahụ enweghị ndị ọkà okwu fọdụrụ.

== Ịmata Uchumataqu ==
Ebe ọ bụ na otu n'ime aha ndị Urus maka asụsụ ha bụ "Pukina", a na-amabubu Uchumataqu na Puquina .  Ọ bụ ezie na nnọchiaha nke onwe na nke nwere nke Puquina na-enweghị njikọ na-enwe oke myirịta na nke asụsụ Arawakan,  Uru dị iche na asụsụ Arawakan na usoro akara mmadụ na ọdịdị ya.  Usoro nnọchiaha nke Uchumataqu yiri nnọọ ka Chipaya nso ya.  Uchumataqu agbaziwokwa grammatical na lexical morphemes site na ikpughe ogologo oge na Aymara,  nke enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ya. N'adịghị ka Aymara, Uru abụghị polysynthetic ma nwee usoro ụdaume ise /aeiou/, ebe Aymara nwere usoro ụdaume atọ /aiu/.  Otu ọdịiche dị n'etiti Uru na Chipaya metụtara ya bụ na Uru anaghị akọwapụta okike n'ụdị ọdịdị dị ka Chipaya si eme. 

== Olumba ==
Enwere aha maka olumba Uru abụọ: Uru nke Ch'imu na Sun Island. Agbanyeghị na amabeghị ma nke mbụ ọ bụ olumba ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke ya. A na-asụ Uru nke Ch'imu n'obodo Ch'imu ma e debere ya na nke mbụ na 1929 ma na-ebipụtaghị ya, e nwere nkọwa zuru ezu nke asụsụ dị adị. A na-ekwu ụdị nke abụọ dị iche iche na *Isla del Sol'' na Ọdọ Titicaca ma kọwapụtara ya na 1960s n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị obere akwụkwọ. 

## fonology

### Consonants

### Udaume

## Ọkpụkpụ
Uru enweghị akwụkwọ ndekọ ahaziri ahazi mana mgbe edere ya, o ji mkpụrụedemede bekee ma ọ bụ IPA .  

## Ihe atụ Ederede

## Ntụaka
nnọọ ka Chipaya nso ya. [1] Uchumataqu agbaziwokwa n'okpuru endekọ ahaziri ahazi be gị aka inwendeknnọọ ka Chipaya nso ya. [1] Uchumataqu agbaziwokwaọ ahaziri ahazi
Asụsụ Lo-Toga

[thumb| Ọkà okwu Lo-Toga, nke e dekọrọ na [Vanuatu .]]
**Lo-Toga** bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 580 na-asụ n'agwaetiti Lo na Toga, n'ime otu Torres nke ugwu Vanuatu .  Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ asụsụ ahụ *Loh* [   ma ọ bụ *Toga*, na-eso nke ọ bụla n'ime olumba ya abụọ.

## Aha
Akpọrọ asụsụ ahụ aha n'agwaetiti abụọ a na-asụ ya: Lo na Toga .

## Ọnọdụ na olumba
Ndị na-ekwu okwu 580 ya na-ebikarị na Lo na Toga, bụ agwaetiti abụọ dị na ndịda ọkara nke otu Torres. Obere ndị bi n'agwaetiti abụọ ọzọ nke Linua na Tegua na-asụkwa otu asụsụ ahụ.

Lo-Toga n'onwe ya kewara ụzọ abụọ dị ezigbo nso, *Lo* (a na-asụ na Lo Island) na *Toga* (a na-asụ na Toga). Ndị bi na ugwu Vanuatu n'ozuzu anaghị ewepụta ihe dị iche n'etiti olumba na asụsụ. 

N'aka nke ọzọ, Lo-Toga bụ asụsụ dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke otu Torres, Hiw .

## fonology
Olumba Lo nke Lo-Toga ji ụda olu dị iche iche consonants 16 na ụdaume iri na atọ. 

### Consonants

### Udaume
Ụdaume 13 nke olu olu Lo gụnyere 8 monophthongs /ie ɛ a ə ɔ o ʉ/, na diphthong ise /i͡e i͡a o͡ə o͡ɔ/.  

Nchegbu nwere ike ịdaba na mkpuruokwu penultimate ma ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ, na-echetara asụsụ Hiw agbata obi.

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Lo-Toga na-enye ụdị dị iche iche nke ngwaa serialization . 

Usoro nke nnochiaha onwe onye na-ama ọdịiche dị iche iche clusivity, ma na-amata ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, dual, plural). 

Ya na onye agbata obi ya Hiw, Lo-Toga emepụtala usoro bara ụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ okwu, nke ụfọdụ ngwaa na-agbanwe mgbọrọgwụ ha dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye isi ha.  Lo-Toga nwere ụdị ngwaa iri na asatọ.

Ntụaka gbasara oghere na Lo-Toga dabere na usoro ntụzịaka geocentric ( zuru oke ), nke dị n'otu akụkụ nke asụsụ Oceanic, ma bụrụ nke ọhụrụ. 

## Ntụaka
nke ọnụ ọgụgụ okwu, nke ụfọdụ ngwaa na-agbanwe mgbọrọgwụ ha dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke onye isi ha. [1] Lo-Toga nwere

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

*  
*  
*  
*  
* 
*  
* .
* 
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Asụsụ Olrat

**Olrat** bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke agwaetiti Gaua, nke dị na ugwu Vanuatu . Ọ kwụsịrị na 2009, na ọnwụ nke ikpeazụ ọkà okwu Maten Womal. 

## Aha
Aha *Olrat* (a asụpe ya n'asụsụ ala dị ka *Ōlrat*  ) bụ njedebe. Robert Codrington kwuru otu ebe ndịda obodo Lakon n'okpuru aha Mota *Ulrata* .  Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Sidney Ray kwuru banyere asụsụ ahụ nkenke na 1926 n'okpuru otu aha Mota - mana ọ dịghị enye ozi asụsụ. 

## Asụsụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|250x250px|
N'afọ 2003, ọ bụ naanị ndị ọkà okwu atọ nke Olrat, bụ ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri Gaua.  Obodo ha ahapụla obodo ime obodo Olrat na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, wee banye n'ime nnukwu obodo Jōlap ebe Lakon na-achị.  

Alexandre François na-akọwapụta Olrat dị ka asụsụ dị iche na onye agbata obi ya Lakon, na ụda ụda,  grammatical,  na lexical  mgbakwasị.

### fonology
Olrat nwere ụdaume ụdaume iri na anọ. Ndị a gụnyere 7 mkpụmkpụ /i ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ u/ na 7 ụdaume ogologo /iː ɪː ɛː aː ɔː ʊː uː/.  

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, phonologization nke ogologo ụdaume na-amalite na nkwụghachi ogologo nke ụdaume dị mkpụmkpụ mgbe a na-akpọ velar fricative  furu efu syllable-ikpeazụ. 

### Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro nke nnochiaha onwe onye dị na Olrat na-akọwapụta ọdịiche clusivity, ma na-amata ọnụọgụ anọ (otu, dual, trial, plural). 

Ntụ aka gbasara oghere na Olrat gbadoro ụkwụ na usoro ntụzịaka geocentric ( zuru oke ), nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Oceanic . 

## Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka

### Ntụaka
ụdaume na-amalite    nkè ikike phonologization nke ogologo ụdaume na-amalite na nkwụghachi ogologo nke ụdaume

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

*  
*  
*  .
*  
* 
*  
* 

### Njikọ mpụga

* Arịrịọ (2008) imepụta koodu ISO maka Olrat
* Maapụ asụsụ nke ugwu Vanuatu, na-egosi oke Olrat na Gaua .
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala, otu asụsụ n'asụsụ Olrat (saịtị ọkà mmụta asụsụ A. François)
* Ịnweta ndekọ ọdịyo n'asụsụ Olrat (ngalaba Pangloss Collection, CNRS )
Asụsụ Mwerlap

**Mwerlap** bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ na ndịda agwaetiti Banks na Vanuatu .

Ndị na-ekwu okwu ya dị 1,100 na-ebikarị na Merelava na Merig, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi abanyela n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Gaua . [ 2 ] E wezụga nke ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu Mwerlap bi n'obodo abụọ nke Vanuatu, Port Vila na Luganville .

Alexandre François amụla asụsụ a, na nso nso a site n'aka Agnès Henri. [ 3 ]

## Aha
Asụsụ a bụ aha *Mwerlap*, aha obodo nke agwaetiti Merelava .

## fonology
Mwerlap nwere ụdaume ụdaume iri na abụọ. Ndị a gụnyere 9 monophthongs ,  na 3 diphthongs  . [ 5 ]

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro nke nnọchiaha onwe onye dị na Mwerlap na-akọwapụta ọdịiche clusivity, ma na-amata ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, abụọ, ọtụtụ). [ 6 ]

Ntụ aka gbasara oghere na Mwerlap dabere na usoro ntụzịaka geocentric ( zuru oke ).  Usoro ahụ bụ nke a na-ahụkarị nke asụsụ Oceanic, ma ọ dị ọhụrụ. [ 9 ]

## Ntụaka
olumba Rade. Đoàn (1998) na-enyekwa ndepụtaolumba Rade. Đoàn (1998) na-enyekwa ndepụta

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Guyanese

**Asụsụ ogbi nke Guyan bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Guyana. Obere ozi dị. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji asụsụ ogbi nke America maka agụmakwụkwọ na Guyana, "Asụsụ ogbi nke Guyanese" nwere ike ịbụ naanị aha mpaghara maka ASL.**

## Ntụaka

# Hammars trom, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020).  "Asụsụ ogbi Guyana". Glottolog  4.3. ewetara site na nke izizi na 2021-06-25. Eweputara 2020-12-01.
Asụsụ na-efe efe

**Volow** (nke a na-akpọbu *Valuwa* ma ọ bụ *Valuga* ) bụ asụsụ dị iche iche nke Oceanic nke a na-asụbu na mpaghara Aplow, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Motalava, Vanuatu .    

## Aha
Aha *Volow*  bụ aha mbụ: ọ dabara na mpaghara a maara taa dị ka Aplow, mana n'asụsụ mbụ Volow karịa na Mwotlap. Ugbu a ka akwụsịla iji olumba Volow, ndị bi n'oge a echefuola aha *Volow* . A maara ebe ahụ naanị site na aha Mwotlap *Aplow* ; n'ihe gbasara asụsụ dị iche iche, a na-akpọkarị ya, n'asụsụ Mwotlap, dịka *na-vap te-Plōw* "asụsụ Aplow".

A na-akpọkwa ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka *na-vap ta Dagmel* “asụsụ Dagmel” (na Mwotlap), n'aha obodo ochie nke agbahapụla ugbu a.

## Sociolinguistics
Volow alaghachila azụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji kwado asụsụ Mwotlap na-achị ugbu a.  A na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọbu Volow.

Myirịta nke Volow na Mwotlap bụ nke na enwere ike were mkparịta ụka abụọ a dị ka olumba nke otu asụsụ.

## fonology
Volow na-eji ụda olu dị iche iche consonants 16 na ụdaume 7. 

### Consonants
.
Ngwakọta ngwa ngwa nke a na-agụnye consonant na-adịghị ahụkebe: a gbara okirikiri, prenasalised nke labial-velar plosive  :  eg  “nwanyị”  (a a sụpere *n-le *'q̄*' evēn* n’asụsụ asụsụ obodo).

N'ime asụsụ 17 Torres–Banks, Volow bụ naanị onye chekwara ụda nke proto-phonemes **ᵑg* > /ᵑɡ/ na **ᵐbʷ* > /ᵑᵐɡ͡bʷ/, bụ nke arụgharịrị maka nna nna ya Proto-Torres-Banks . Ndị agbata obi ya niile (gụnyere Mwotlap) wepụtara ihe ndị a na /k/ na /k ͡pʷ/ n'otu n'otu . 

### Udaume
Udaume asaa nke Volow bụ monophthong dị mkpụmkpụ: 

## Ihe ndetu

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ngosipụta asụsụ Volow, nke ọkà mmụta asụsụ A.nbsp;François . Ịnweta na Volow corpus ( *Pangloss Collection* of CNRS ) .
* . - Akụkọ ọdịnala, ewepụtara n'ụdị asụsụ abụọ (nsụgharị Volow, ntụgharị French). Ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara mmadụ bụ Bernard Vienne dekọrọ akụkọ a na 1969 site n'aka Wanhand onye na-ekwu okwu nke ọma ikpeazụ [†1986]; A. François degharịrị ma tụgharịa ya na 2003, site n'enyemaka nke nwa Wanhand, ma bipụta ya na ntanetị na 2017.

## Ntụaka

* na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọbu Volow. 

*  

*  .
*  
*  
* 
* 
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Asụsụ Malua Bay

**Malua Bay** (a na-akpọkwa **Middle Nambas** ) bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Malekula, Vanuatu . O nwere isi olumba abụọ: otu a na-asụ na Malua Bay na nke ọzọ na-asụ na Espiegles Bay .

## Nhazi
Malua, dị ka asụsụ Oceanic, bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ nke otu Malekula n'ime obere otu Central Vanuatu, yana Nese, Botovro, Vovo, Vao, na ndị ọzọ. 

## Ogbe
A na-asụkarị Malua na Malua na Espigles Bay, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-ekwu okwu na Port Vila . Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ na Bislama, Bekee ma ọ bụ French . 

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Malua nwere ihe dị iche n'etiti ihe nkewa na enweghị ike ịwepụ . A na-edobe amụma okwu maka ma ọ bụ eziokwu ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nke adịchaghị . Ọ na-egosipụtakwa nhazi nhọpụta-ebubo . 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Paradisec nwere ọtụtụ mkpokọta gụnyere ihe asụsụ Malua Bay

## Ntụaka
na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe
Asụsụ Manus

**Asụsụ Manus** bụ obere mkpokọta ihe dị ka asụsụ iri na abụọ nke dị n'agwaetiti Manus na agwaetiti ndị dị nso na mpaghara Manus nke Papua New Guinea . Ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ nke ọma siri ike ịchọpụta n'ihi na ha na-etolite n'olumba continuum (Blust 2007:302). Aha *Manus* (ma ọ bụ *Moanus* ) bu ụzọ kpọọ agbụrụ agbụrụ nke ndị òtù ya na-asụ asụsụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-ewu ụlọ ha n'elu oké osimiri (Bowern 2011: 6).

Ugbu a ndị niile bi na Manus Province nwere ike ịkpọ onwe ha 'Manus' ndị mmadụ, yabụ, a na-amata Manus mbụ dị ka *Manus tru* 'real Manus' (ma ọ bụ 'Manus sensu stricto ').  Asụsụ nke ndị Manus nke ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ na-amụ nke ọma, site na Georg Thilenius na mmalite 1900 site na Margaret Mead n'etiti 1900s, a na-akpọ ugbu a Titan (Bowern 2011).

## Asụsụ
Dịka Lynch, Ross, & Crowley (2002) siri kwuo,  nhazi ezinaụlọ bụ:

* **Manus**
** West Manus: Nyindrou, Sori-Harengan, Hermit (†), Bipi ; Mondropolon, Tulu-Bohuai, Khhek (Drehet, Levei), Likum
** Nke etiti: Loniu – Mokerang, Pak-Tong
** East Manus: Andra-Hus, Elu, Leipon, Papitalai, Ponam, Ere – Kele – Kurti, Koro – Lele – Nali – Titan

Otu njiri mara ụda olu dị iche iche nke asụsụ ndị a bụ ọnụnọ nke trill ndị a na-ebuga tupu oge eruo (Blust 2007). The bibial trill , nke enwere ike ịsụpe *mb* ma ọ bụ *br,* na-apụta naanị tupu , ma dị ka  n'ebe ndị ọzọ. The alveolar trill , spelled *ndr* ma ọ bụ *dr,* enweghị oke oke nkesa (2007:303).

## Ntụaka
nke Papua New Guinea . Ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ nke ọma siri ike ịchọpụta n'ihi na ha na-

* Robert, Robert (2007). Ihe ndị a na-emebu nke Manus. Na *nkọwa asụsụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mmepe: Mmasị asụsụ na ebe nchekwa nke Terry Crowley,* ed. nke Jeff Siegel, John Lynch, na Diana Eades, p.&nbsp;297–311. Ọbá akwụkwọ asụsụ Creole vol. 30. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Bowern, Claire (2011). *Sivisa Titan: Sketch ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ, ederede, okwu dabere na ihe P. Josef Meier na Po Minis anakọtara.* Mbipụta Pụrụ Iche Asụsụ Oceanic Nke 38. Honolulu: Mahadum nke Hawai'i Press.
* Hamel, Patricia J. (1994). *A ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ na lexicon nke Loniu, Papua New Guinea.* Pacific Linguistics C-103. Canberra: Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia. 275 pp.
* Hamel, Patricia J. (1993). Usoro ngwaa na Loniu na okwu amụma na-agbanwe agbanwe. *Ọgụgụ asụsụ Oceanic* 32:111–132 .
* Lynch, John, Malcolm Ross, Terry Crowley (2002). *Asụsụ Oceanic.* Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN&nbsp;, OCLC 48929366.
* Ohnemus, Sylvia (1998). *Usoro ọmụmụ nke ndị Admiralty Island: mkpokọta Alfred Bühler, Museum der Kulturen, Basel.* Honolulu: Mahadum nke Hawai'i Press. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Ross, MD (1988). *Proto Oceanic na asụsụ Austronesian nke Western Melanesia.* Pacific Linguistics C-98. Canberra: Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia. 487 nke.
Asụsụ Anewan

**Anaiwan** (Anēwan) bụ asụsụ Aboriginal Australia nke New South Wales . Kemgbe afọ 2017, a na-eme mmemme ntughari iji weghachi asụsụ ahụ.

## Nhazi
Ozugbo etinyere ya na asụsụ Kuric, Bowern (2011) na-ekewa Nganyaywana dị ka ngalaba **Anēwan** (Anaiwan) dị iche nke asụsụ Pama–Nyungan. 

## Olumba
E wezụga Nganyaywana, Anewan nwere ike ịgụnye **Enneewin**, nke na-eketa ihe dịka 65% nke okwu ya. Crowley (1976) gụrụ ndị a dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, ebe Wafer na Lissarrague (2008) weere ha dị ka olumba. 

## fonology

### Consonants

### Udaume

* A na-anụ ụdaume dị ka /i, a, u/. Nke ọ bụla nwekwara ike ịnwe allophone dị ka [e], [ɛ, ɔ], na [o]. 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Dyangadi

## Ntụaka
agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọbu Volow.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ edemede nke asụsụ Nganyaywana na akụrụngwa ndị mmadụ, na ụlọ akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies.
Ngarla asụsụ

**Ngarla** bụ asụsụ Pama–Nyungan nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Western Australia . O nwere ike ịbụ na Panyjima na Martuthunira nwere nghọta, mana atọ a ka a na-ewere dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche.

Ngarla bụ onye otu alaka Ngayarda nke asụsụ Pama–Nyungan . Dench (1995) kwenyere na enweghi data zuru oke iji mee ka ọ nwee ntụkwasị obi nkewa, mana Bowern & Koch (2004) gụnyere ya na-enweghị proviso.

A na-asụ Ngarla nso Port Hedland . "Ngarla" nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Ashburton bụ olumba nke asụsụ dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike imekọrịta ya, Yinhawangka .

## fonology

### Consonants

### Udaume

Ụdaume ogologo dị ụkọ. 

## Ụtọ asụsụ

### Ihe nrịbama ụjọ
Ihe nrịbama nke Ngarla maka ngwaa: 

## Ntulite asụsụ
, Ngarla bụ otu n'ime asụsụ 20 edobere ụzọ dị ka akụkụ nke Mmemme Nkwado Asụsụ ụzọ, nke Asụsụ Mbụ Australia na-eme yana Ngalaba Nkwu obi na nka na-akwado ya. oru ngo a bu n'obi ichota na idetu asusu di egwu - asusu ndi nke enweghi akwukwo maka ya, ebe enweghi ihe ndekọ nke gara aga.".

Emeela nyocha na asụsụ na Irra Wangga Language Center, bụ ndị mepụtara akụrụngwa na Ngarla, gụnyere Ngarla Numbers na *Jamie's Bush Tucker Trip* . 

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
nke Papua New Guinea . Ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ nke ọma siri ike ịchọpụta n'ihi na ha
Asụsụ Dampelas

**Dampelas** (Dampal) bụ asụsụ Celebiki nke Sulawesi na Indonesia. Ọ bụ isi asụsụ Dampelas District ( *kecamatan* ). 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ

*
Asụsụ Nyulnyul

**Nyulnyul** bụ asụsụ ndị Aboriginal Australia ekpochapụla, nke ndị Nyulnyul nke Western Australia na-asụbu .

## fonology

### Consonants
Nyulnyul nwere consonant fọnịm iri na asaa, nwere ebe ise dị iche iche nke nka. yulnyul bụ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ma prefixing na suffixing. 

### Udaume
Nyulnyul na-eji usoro ụdaume atọ, nwere ogologo ọdịiche maka ụdaume niile. 

## Nhazi
Nyulnyul nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bardi, Jawi, Jabirrjabirr na Nimanburru nwere nghọta . Ndị a niile bụ ndị otu mpaghara Western Nyulnyulan nke Nyulnyulan, ezinụlọ na-abụghị Pama-Nyungan nke ugwu Australia. O kwere omume na Ngumbarl sokwa na otu a, n'agbanyeghị na Bowern na-eme arụmụka sitere na ndekọ Daisy Bates/ Billingee na Ngumbarl bụ asụsụ Nyulnyulan Eastern.  Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ewere ihe ndị a niile dị iche iche.

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Nyulnyul bụ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke nwere ma prefixing na suffixing.  : 43 Asụsụ ahụ nwere usoro nhazi nke na-adịghị mma . Nouns enweghị klaasị, mana ikpe na nkebiokwu ka edobere site na nbido agbatị. A na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụ nke isiokwu ya, ike, ọnọdụ na olu site na prefixes. Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ suffixes nwere nkọwa dị iche iche na nhọrọ.  : 44 A na-ejikwa ngwaa na-arụ ọrụ ngwaa ebe a na-eji preverb na-adịghị emetụta ya na ngwaa emegharịrị. Asụsụ ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ okwu nkwuwa okwu na akụkụ.

Enwere ike ịrụkwa nkebiokwu na-ejighi ngwaa mgbe ọ na-egosi, njirimara ma ọ bụ na-akọwapụta ya. Usoro usoro bụ n'efu.  : 45 

## Ntụaka
na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọbu Volow.

## Akwụkwọ

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*
Asụsụ Nume

**Nume** (a na-akpọkwa *Gog* na *Tarasag* ), bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Gaua dị na Vanuatu . Ndị na-ekwu okwu 700 ya bi na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Gaua. 

Nume bụ asụsụ dị iche site na ndị agbata obi ya na ndịda, Mwerlap na Dorig . 

## Aha
 
Aha *Nume* malitere n'aha obodo a gbahapụrụ ugbu a. *Tarasag* bụ isi obodo ugbu a. Aha ọzọ *Gọg* na-ezo aka n'ebe sara mbara karị, na mgbakwunye, n'àgwàetiti ahụ.

## fonology
Ọnụọgụ nwere ekwentị consonant iri na ise. [ 3 ]

* /β/ nwekwara ike ịnụ ka [ɸ] n'etiti ndị na-ekwu okwu.

Ọnụọgụ nwere ụdaume ụdaume asaa, nke bụ monophthong dị mkpụmkpụ. 

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro nke nnochiaha onwe onye dị na ọnụọgụ na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụọgụ anọ (otu, dual, trial, plural). 

Ntụ aka gbasara oghere na Nume gbadoro ụkwụ na usoro ntụzịaka geocentric ( zuru oke ), nke a na-ahụkarị nke asụsụ Oceanic . 

## Ntụaka
na-echeta ugbu a naanị otu onye na-ekwu okwu na-agafe agafe, onye bi n'ime obodo Aplow - aha ọhụrụ nke ihe a na-akpọbu Volow.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

## Njikọ mpụga

* Maapụ asụsụ nke ugwu Vanuatu, na-egosi ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụgụ na Gaua .
* Ndekọ odiyo n'asụsụ Nume, na ohere mepere emepe, nke A. François dere (isi mmalite: *mkpokọta Pangloss* ) .
* U Li ''n'' e Tatar Ve Vosog Le Ale Gavrund Simplified Anglican Morning and Any Prayer in Nume (c. 1965), nke Richard Mammana mere digitized.
Asụsụ Wailapa

**Wailapa**, ma ọ bụ **Moiso** ma ọ bụ **Ale**, bụ asụsụ Oceanic   ma ọ bụ olumba  a na-asụ n'agwaetiti Espiritu Santo dị na Vanuatu .

Ọ nwere ike nọrọ n'ihe egwu,  na ọkwa ya kọwara dị ka "ịgbanwe".  A na-akọwakwa ya dị ka "kwụsiri ike". 

## Nhazi
A na-akọwakarị Wailapa dị ka asụsụ,   kamakwa dị ka olumba nke a tụrụ anya, asụsụ Southwest Santo akọwapụtara nke ọma yana Araki, Tangoa na Akei .  

## Okwu ahọpụtara
Ndepụta dị n'okpuru bụ ihe atụ nke okwu na Wailapa. 

## Ntụaka
olumba nke a tụrụ anya, asụsụ Southwest Santo akọwapụtara
Asụsụ Anambé

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|132x132px| Ebe asụsụ Tupi (violet), Tupi-Guarini (pink) na ebe ndị nwere ike ịbụ (pink-gray) na South America
**Anambé**, ma ọ bụ karịa kpọmkwem **Anambe nke Cairari**, bụ asụsụ Tupi nke a n' asụ na Pará, na Osimiri Cairari na Brazil. Portuguese nke n'anọchi ya.

## Ndemsibia

# *[[1.0.1.1 Anambe at Ethnologue|1.0.1.1 Anambe]]* at ''Ethnologue'' (18th ed., 2015) subscription required

## Njikọ mpụga
 Asusu Tupian

Nlekota ikeke
Asụsụ Takia

**Takia** bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na Karkar Island, Island Bagabag, na obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Megiar na Serang, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea . Waskia, asụsụ Papuan nke a na-asụ n'agwaetiti ahụ edozizigharịrị ya nke ọma .

A na-akụda ụmụaka ume iji Takia, ma Tok Pisin na Bekee na-anọchi ya. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## fonology

Nkwụsị ụda nwere ike bụrụ nke a ga-ebu ụzọ wepụta okwu na mbụ dị ka  n'asụsụ ụfọdụ.

 is heard as  tupu consonant bu ụzọ /i/. A na-akpọ usoro /ae/ okwu-mbụ na okwu-medially ka [æː].[1]

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta Okwu Takia (sitere na ebe nchekwa okwu ego mba ụwa)
* Kaipuleohone echekwala  dịka akụkụ nke ndetu ubi Robert Blust
Asụsụ Atta

**Atta** bụ ụyọkọ olumba Austronesia nke Aeta (Agta) Negritos nke ugwu Philippines na-asụ.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Enwere ụdị atọ dị ka *Ethnologue* si kwuo.

* **Faire Atta** (Southern Atta): A na-asụ n'akụkụ Faire, Rizal, Cagayan
* **Pamplona Atta** (Northern Cagayan Negrito): a na-asụ na Pamplona, Cagayan ; yiri ugwu Ibanag
* **Pudtol Atta** : a na-asụ na Pudtol, Apayao, na mpaghara osimiri Abulog na ndịda Pamplona.

**Villa Viciosa Atta**, chere na a na-ekwu okwu na Villavicosa, Abra, na-eche na ọ nwere njikọ, ma ọ bụ na-akwadoghị. 

Reid (1994) na-akọkwa ebe ndị a maka Southern Cagayan Agta. 

* Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan
* Conyan, Minanga, Peñablanca, Cagayan
* Sapinit, Maconacon, Isabela
* Makagaw (Dupaninan), Cagayan

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo nke ngwaa ndị
Asụsụ Cèmuhî

**Cèmuhî** (Camuhi, Camuki, Tyamuhi, Wagap) bụ asụsụ Oceanic a na-asụ n'agwaetiti New Caledonia, na mpaghara Poindimié, Koné, na Touho . Asụsụ ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 3,300 ma a na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ mpaghara France .

Ọka mmụta asụsụ French Jean-Claude Rivierre mụrụ Cèmuhî .

## fonology

### Consonants
E gosiri consonants nke Cèmuhî na tebụl n'okpuru. [ 2 ]

Rivierre na-enyocha ọdịiche nke Cèmuhî n'akụkụ atọ emic : imi, ọkara imi (ya bụ prenasalized ), na consonants ọnụ. [ 2 ] Ọ na-eji okwu ahụ guzosie ike bụ " labiovelar " (nke a na-ebipụta na tebụl) maka ihe a pụrụ ịkọwa kpọmkwem dị ka consonants e depụtara .

### Udaume
Chaatị dị n'okpuru na-egosi ụdaume Cèmuhî, ha niile nwere ike ịdị iche n'ogologo. [ 2 ] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejizi ụdaume niile na-amịpụta n'imi ka e nwesịrị consonant imi, nani ụdaume abụọ ka a na-akọ na ha dị iche: /ɛ̃ ~ ã/ na /õ ~ ũ/. [ 3 ]

### LỤda
Dị ka onye agbata obi ya Paicî, Cèmuhî bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Austronesia ole na ole mepụtara ụda dị iche . Agbanyeghị, n'adịghị ka asụsụ ụda olu New Caledonian ndị ọzọ, Cèmuhî nwere ndekọ ụda atọ: elu, etiti na ụda dị ala. [ 4 ] [ 2 ]

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Northern New Caledonian

## Ihe ndetu
ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kolombangara nwere asụsụ nke ha, bụ nke 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Edekọ ọdịyo n'asụsụ Cèmuhî, na ohere mepere emepe, nke Jean-Claude Rivierre (isi iyi: *Pangloss Collection* ) .
Asụsụ Fordata

**Fordata** ( ,  ) bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na agwaetiti Tanimbar nke Moluccas . Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Kei, yana Yamdena dị anya, ha abụọ na-asụkwa na agwaetiti Tanimbar. 

## fonology

### Consonants

* Glottal na-ada ụda  naanị ime intervocalically.
*  a na-anụkarị dị ka [ w ] n'etiti ndị na-eto eto na-ekwu okwu.
*  nwekwara ike ịnụ ya na mgbanwe n'efu na ụda flap [ ɾ ] .

### Udaume

* Ụda  nwere ụda lax nke [ ɪ ɛ ]
*  nwere ike inwe allophone nke [ ə ] mgbe tupu consonant, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ okwu. 

## Ntụaka
kwụsịrị mgbe ebindabere maka akwụkwọ edemede

## Njikọ mpụga

* www.bahasafordata.net
Asụsụ Mori Atas

Mori Atas, nke a dị ka Upper Mori ma ọ bụ West Mori, bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke alaka Celebic.  Obodo ọdịnala Mori Atas bụ elu nke osisi Laa na Central Sulawesi.

## Nchịkọta
A na-hazi Mori Atas dị ka onye otu aha B artum-Tolaki, ma na-ekerịta ya na Asụsụ Padoe.[1]  N'otu, a na-akpọ Mori Atas na Mori Bawah mgbe ụfọdụ n'ozuzu site na okwu mmụta Mori.

## Asụsụ
Mori Atas ụgbọ dị mfe anya nke.  Na-esote Esser, ike iwere olumba ise dị ka isi.[1]

* Molio'a
* Ulu'uwoi
* Tambee
* Molongkuni
* Impo

## Ihe edeturu
Asụsụ Mori Bawah

Mori Bawah, nke a dị ka Lower Mori ma ọ bụ East Mori, bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke alaka Celebic.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ ndị isi nke Morowali Regency na Central Sulawesi.

## Nchịkọta
A na-hazi Mori Bawah dị ka onye otu aha B artum-Tolaki, ma na-ekerịta ya na B artum na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị n'idị n'ihu ọmụmụ nke Sulawesi, dị ka Wawonii na Kulisusu.[1]  N'ozuzu, a na-akpọ Mori Bawah na aha Mori Atas mgbe ụfọdụ site na mgbe okwu Mori.

## Asụsụ
Mori Bawah nwere ọtụtụ olumba. Na-esote Esser, enwere ike iwere olumba ise dị ka isi.

* Tinompo
* Tiu
* Moiki
* Utu
* Karunsi'e

Asụsụ Tinompo bụ nke nkuzi elu na ndi.  Tinompo bụ olumba nke ụmụ amaala na-asụ, na ọkara mbụ nke mbụ adọ nke iri abụọ, ndị na-achị ala ahụ kwalite ya dị ka ọkọlọtọ n'oso Mori dum, akpọ Mori Atas na Padoe.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Mori Bawah nwere ndepụta ụda ndị a: :: 684 

Naanị mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe nke ọdịdị V, CV ka a na-ekwe ka ha. N'ihi ya, Mori Bawah bụ asụsụ ikpeazụ nke ụdaume.

## Asụsụ

### Aha nnọchiaha
Mori Bawah nwere usoro asaa nke nnọchiaha na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla: : 686, 704: 686, 704 

### Nkwekọrịta
 

NA ngwaa na-agafe agafe, A na-akpa ya mgbe niile site na ọnọdụ na-akpọ aha, na O site na ọnọdụ anya zuru oke oke..
 
isi nke otu nke ngwaa intranS na-egosi nhazi nkewa-ergative: S na-edepụta mgbe niile site na na-egosi na-eso n'ama, yana na imperative, negative na ụfọdụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-adabere na nke na-arụ ọrụ.  N'ndị ndị ọzọ niile, a na-edepụta S site na akụkụaha zuru oke.

### Olu
Mori Bawah nwere ụdị olu abụọ na-Mbelata valence, olu na-arụ ọrụ na olu na-ama ya.[1]: 698 

Ọ bụrụ na a na-etinye akara ngwaa na-agafe agafe maka O na- agafe agafe na ebe , ọ na-aghọ ihe na-agagharị agafe, na O ("ihe") na-afọ S-arụmụka.  Enweghị ike mkpa A mbụ.
 
N'olu na-emegide, ngwaa na-ewere prefix *poN-*. Enwere ike ịhapụ ihe ahụ, ma ọ bụ gosipụta ya n'ụzọ doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nke a kapịrị ọnụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị onye nnọchianya na-edepụta ya. I**S** mbụ nke ngwaa na-agafe agafe na-aghọ arụmụka S na ahịrịokwu na-adịghị agafe agafe.
 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Moronene

Moronene bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nke alaka B artum-Tolaki nke obere m Celebic.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Moronene nwere ndepụta nke ụdaume ndị a: 

Mkpụrụedemede ụdaume bụ . A na-akpọ usoro nke ụdaume abụọ dị ka ụdaume dị ogologo, dịka   . 

## Asụsụ

### Usoro okwu
Moronene nwere usoro okwu na-agbanwe agbanwe.  Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ ngwaa ngwá ahịa na "okwu ndị agha ọnụ".[1]  Asụsụ ahụ nwere prepositions.

### Aha nnọchiaha
E nwere ụdị ụdị, ụdịdị nweere onwe ya na clitics absolutive.[1]  E nwere otu ụdị na ọtụtụ ụdị, ụdị ụdị, ma ọ bụ paucal.  E nwere ikike na-agụnye / naanị ya na ụdị mmadụ mbụ.  Enweghị okike, o yikwara ka ọ dịghị mkpa dị n'etiti ekiri nke oge a. 

### Aha nnọchiaha
E nwere ụdị ụdị na Moronene nke ndị na-ekwu okwu ga-, nke iche n'etiti ahia B artum-Tolaki.[1]  E nwere otu ụdị na ọtụtụ ụdị;  ụdị ụdị, ma ọ bụ paucal.  E nwere ikike na-agụnye / naanị ya na ụdị mmadụ mbụ.  Ihe Nlereanya (1) na-egosiaha nke onye mbụ nke klas 1 na-eji aha 'ntutu'.
 

### Ọnụ ọgụgụ

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Mead, David 1998. Proto-B artum-Tolaki: Nrụzigharị ụdaume ya na akụkụ nke morphosyntax ya. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD. Houston: Mahadum Rice.
* Mead, David 1999. *Asụsụ B artum-Tolaki nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Sulawesi, Indonesia*. Usoro D-91. Canberra: Asụsụ Pacific.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1999. Ọnụ ọgụgụ Moronene. Na David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2006. Topicality na olu na-arụ ọrụ na Hibru na Moronene, na itinye aka na ntụgharị.  (Nkwupụta doctoral, Fuller Theological Seminary; 346pp.) 
* Andersen, Suree. 1999. Mgbe ndị Moronene na-ekwu ee e. Na David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
* Muthalib, Abdul na Johannes F. Pattiasina na Adnan Usmar na Rambe, {}. 1983. Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka ọ dị na mba ahụ. Ujung Pandang: PPBSIDSS. vii+136 peeji.
Asụsụ Awera

**Awera** bu asụsụ Lakes Plain nke Papua, Indonesia. A na asu karii ya na ndida anyawu Geelvink Bay, na ime otu obodo Awera na ime Wapoga District, Waropen Regency, Papua. obodo ahu nwere otutu Ansus (Austronesian) speakers.

## Edemsibia
Asụsụ Tolaki

Tolaki (To'olaki) bụ akara bụ isi nke Ndịda Ọwụwa nwoke Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke alaka Celebic.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

 na  na-ahọrọ dị ka ihe na-egosi [ɓ] na [ɗ]. A pụkwara ịnụ  dị ka glide [w].

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ B artum

Bungku bụ akara Austronesian (otu n'ime aha Celebic) nke Ndịda Ọwụwa tọrọ Sulawesi, Indonesia.   Ọ dị nso na Wawonii.   Ọ bụ obodo tupu akwụkwọ onwe.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Mead, David 1998. Proto-B artum-Tolaki: Nrụzigharị ụdaume ya na akụkụ nke morphosyntax ya. Akwụkwọ edemede PhD. Houston: Mahadum Rice.
* Mead, David 1999. *Asụsụ B artum-Tolaki nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Sulawesi, Indonesia*. Usoro D-91. Canberra: Asụsụ Pacific.
Asụsụ Badaic

Asụsụ Bada asị Asụsụ Austronesian atọ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke a na-asụrụ na mpaghara North Lore na South Lore na Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, viz.  Bada (Bada), Behoa (Besoa), na Napu, yana Limola, nke a na'asụ na North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi.[1] Bada, Besoa na Napu bụ 80-91% yiri ibe ha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma bụrụ ndị na-enwe ibe ha n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, mana ndị na-ekwu ha dị iche iche n'ọdịbe..

## Nchịkọta
mkpa nke bdaic abụwo mgbidi.  Ọ bụ na ebe a na-ewere ha dị ka alaka nke Asụsụ Kaili-Pamona, [1] [2] ha na egwuregwu nke alaka Seko nke South Sulawesi [3] nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ ha ma bụrụ ndị a gụchara na àjà na-adị anya dị ka South Sulawes nke kaadi Kaile-Pamona nwere ike siri ike.  [3] 

Zobel (2020) kewara Badaic na Asụsụ Seko dị ka nke otu Seko-Badaic n'ime alaka South Sulawesi.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Kaili-Pamona

Asụsụ Kaili-Pamona bụ alaka nke Celebic subgroup na Ezin na-eyi aha Austronesian nke a na-asụ na mpaghara ahụ, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia..

## Asụsụ
Site na mbipụta nke iri abụọ na atọ nke Ethnologue, asụsụ ndị e debere n'okpuru asụsụ Kaili-Pamona gụnyere ndị a:

* Ebe Ugwu
** **Kaili**: Kaili (Ledo Kaili, Da'a Kaili, Unde Kaili, Baras), Lindu, Moma (Kulawi), Topoiyo, Sedoa
** **Pamona**: Pamona (Bare'e), Tumbalala
* Ndịda
** Rampi
** Uma
** Sarudu
** **[[Bada language|Bada]]_languages" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Badaic languages">Badaic**: Bada, Behoa (Besoa), Napu

 Zobel (2020) depụtara aha Kaili-Pamona, nke ọ na-akpọ Northern Kaili-Wolio, dị ka Common Kaili, Sedoa, Kulawi, Lindu, Topoiyo, Uma, na Pamona.  A na-ewepụ Bada_languages" id="mwQA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Badaic languages">Asụsụ Badaic (Bada, Besoa, na Napu) ma guzo ya na Asụsụ Seko dị ka nke alaka South Sulawesi, ebe a na-ya Rampi dị ka ngalaba dị iche na South Sulawesi na Cele101:–3[2].

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Kaili-Pamona" na Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).
Asụsụ Awbono

**Awbono** ma ọ bụ **Awban** bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ karie na ndịda Ugwu Jayawijaya, ọkachasị na Awban Village, Kolf Brazza District, Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia. Ihe niile a maara banyere Awbono bụ narị okwu ole na ole edere na ọnọdụ kọntaktị mbụ edere na Wilbrink (2004)  na Hischier  na afo (2006). 

E bipụtara ndepụta okwu Awbono site na Jacky Menanti na Wilbrink na afo(2004). 

Densar, nke a na-ejighị n'aka, nwere ike inwe njikọ di nso.

## Edemsibia
Asụsụ Kaili

Kaili bụ ahụmahụ Austronesian nke alaka Celec, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime nhọrọ ndị isi nke Central Sulawesi.  Ebe etiti nke mpaghara Kaili bụ mba Palu_River" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Palu River">Osimiri Palu nke na-agbasa n'ebe ndịda site na isi obodo Central Sulawesi, Palu..

## Asụsụ
N'ile anya nke ọma, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmata ọdịiche dị iche iche iri na isii nke Kaili. N'ịgbaso omume nke ndị Kaili n'onwe ha, a na-akpọ ụdị ọ bụla aha onye na-emegide ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mpaghara Tawaili n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Palu, ndị na-asụ Kaili na-eji *rai* dị ka okwu ha maka 'Mba', ebe ndị na-ekwu okwu na mpaghara Parigi na Gulf of Tomini na-eji *tara*. Enwere ike ịkpọ ụdị abụọ a 'Kaili Rai' na 'Kaili Tara', n'agbanyeghị ma mmadụ bu n'obi ka a were ụdị ndị a dị ka asụsụ, olumba, ma ọ bụ subdialects. A pụkwara ịkpọ ụdị ndị a 'Tawaili' na 'Parigi'.

Tebụl na-esonụ bụ ndepụta nke ụdị Kaili kachasị ala, nke negator na aha ọzọ (s) gosipụtara nke a maara nke ọ bụla.

## Nchịkọta nke ụdị Kaili

### Adriani 1914
Onye ọka iwe nke bụ Nicolaus Adriani akwụkwọ ndekọ aha.[1]  N'ime ọrụ mbụ a, ọtụtụ ụdị Kaili ka na- map onye edemede.

* Tawaili (= Rai) 
* Palu (= Ogwe aka) 
* Lole (= Unde) 
* Ganti (= Ndepuu) 
* Sigi (= Ija) 
* Pakuli (= Ado, Edo) 
* Parigi (= Tara) 
* Sausu (= Ta'a) 

### Esser 1938
Onye ọkà mmụta S. J. Esser kewara Kaili n'ime ihe àmà ahụ, etiti na malite mmalite.  [1] Esser ejighị n'aka ma nkewa ya na- anya anya olumba ma ọ bụ ọrụ, mana Noorduyn kwubiri na ya bu n'obi otu ọrụ nwere olumba atọ..

* West Kaili (= Ende, Tado, India, Da'a, Unde, Ndepuu) 
* Central Kaili (= Ledo, Ado, Edo, Ija, Taa) 
* East Kaili (= Rai, Tara, Ta'a) 

### Kruyt 1938
N'iji anthropological akụkụ ahia, Alb.  [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] C. Kruyt kewara ndị obodo a n'ime 'mgbaaka' ma ọ bụ 'okirikiri' atọ. 

* Mgbaaka Pakawa (= Ende, Tado, India, Da'a) 
* Mgbaaka Kaili (= Unde, Ndepuu, Rai, Tara, Ta'a, Doi, Ledo) 
* Mgbaaka Sigi (= Ado, Edo, Ija, Taa) 

### Barr na Barr 1979
Barr na Barr logo otu ngosi nwere olumba isii (ha gụ Kulawi dị ka olumba nke asaa, mana ha End na Tado n'ihe nchebara echiche ebe ọ bụ na ihe asụ ụdị na Central Sulawesi). 

* Pekava (= India, Da'a) 
* Banava (= Unde, Ndepuu) 
* Tawaili-Sindue (= Rai) 
* Parigi (= Tara, Ta'a) 
* Palu (= Eze, Ogwe aka) 
* Sigi (= Ado, Edo, Ija, Taa) 

### Ethnologue 2009
Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) akara anọ.  N'ime nkewa a, a na-ewere Kaili Ledo nke ọma dị ka ụdị 'ihe niile ọzọ' 'na-echere achọpụta ụzọ ọzọ..'

* Baras (= Ende) 
* Kaili Da'a (= Tado, India, Da'a) 
* Kaili Ledo (= Raio, Rai, Tara, Ta'a, Doi, Ledo, Ado, Edo, Ija, Taa) 
* Kaili Unde (= Unde, Ndepuu) 

## Ihe edeturu
Asụsụ Mbelala

Mbelala (Belala), ma ọ bụ Tumbalala, bụ akara Austronesian nke Central Sulawesi, Indonesia..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Behoa

Behoa (nakwa Besoa) bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na mpaghara North Lore nke Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Yana Napu na Bada, ọ bụ nke obere otu Badaic.[1]  Dabere na myirịta lexical, Behoa na-anọ ozugbo n'ime Badaic n'etiti Napu na Bada;  otu o sila dị ọ dị iche na mpaghara ala, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. 

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Lindu

Lindu ma ọ bụ Tado bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke Central Sulawesi, Indonesia nke ndị Lindu na-asụ.  Ya na Moma nwere njikọ chiri anya.[1].

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Moma

Moma (nke a na-akpọkwa Kulawi) bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụ na Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.  N'ụzọ ihe mere eme, ọ sitere na akara Kaiili, mana ọ dị iche n'ihi siri siri ike sitere na Uma.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
 Adriani na Esser (1939), n'okpuru ndepụta nke Moma n'okpuru ebe a.

Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Sulawesi, Moma nwere naanị mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe.

## Asụsụ
Moma nwere nnọchiaha ndị a: 

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Rampi

Rampi bụ asụsụ Central na South Sulawesi, Indonesia..

## Nchịkọta
Ethnologue 23 kewara Rampi dị ka ahia Kaili-Pamona.  Zobel (2020) kewara Rampi dị ka ngalaba dị iche na South Sulawesi na Celebic. 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Napu

Napu bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na mpaghara North Lore nke Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Yana Bada na Behoa, ọ bụ nke obere ndị Badaic..

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Napu - Sulawesi Language Alliance
Asụsụ Pamona

Pamona (nke a na-akpọkwa Poso ma ọ bụ Bare'e) bụ ụbọchị Austronesian a na-asụ na Central na South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ ndị nke m ugwu nke aha Kaili-Pamona.

## Asụsụ
Ethnologue depụtara ndị a dị ka olumba: Laiwonu (Iba), Pamona (Poso), Rapangkaka (Aria), Taa (Topotaa, Wana), Tobau (Bare'e, Tobalo, Tobao), Tokondindi, Tomoni, na Topada.

Asụsụ Poso bụ nwoke a ma ama, ụdị dị iche iche a na-asụ n'ime Ọdọ Mmiri Poso.  Ụdị Poso dị n'oge oke osimiri (Poso Pesir) - nke ndị obodo na-asụta na ebe azụmahịa Poso - ụdị na ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime (nkịtị, ọ na-eji otu negator bare'e dị ka ụdị dị n'etiti), mana ọ nwere ike ụfọdụ sitere na Buginese na Parigi dialect nke Kaiili.. [3]

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Pamona nwere ndepụta ụda ndị a: [5]

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ
Asụsụ Topoiyo

Asụsụ Topoiyo bụ asụsụ Austronesian nke West Sulawesi, Indonesia nke ndị mmadụ na-asụ na Tabolang Village, Topoyo District, Central Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-asụ Topoiyo na-asụkwa Mamuju na Indonesian.  A na-asụkwa Topoiyo n'ime obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Topoyo District, dị ka obodo Salulebo, Topoyo, na Salupangkang..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Muna-Buton

Asụsụ Muna-Buton bụ otu akwụkwọ a na-asụ n ụmụetiti Muna na Buton n'oké osimiri nke mpaghara South East Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ha so n'òtù Celebic nke mpaghara Austronesian.

## Nchịkọta n'ime
Ethnologue kewara ahia Muna-Buton dị ka ndị a, dabere na van den Berg (2003) na Donohue (2004)):

* **Muna-Buton nuklia**
** **Buton**
*** East Buton: Lasalimu, Kumbewaha
*** **West Buton**: Cia-Cia
** **Munan**
*** Busoa
*** **Munic**
**** Kaimbulawa
**** Western Munic: Liabuku, Muna (Wuna), Pancana, Kioko
* **Tukangbesi-Bonerate**: Tukang Besi, Bonerate

Na nhazi ndị gara aga, Wolio, nke a na-asụ n'obodo Baubau (oche ụlọ ikpe nke Sultanate nke Buton) na gburugburu ya, na Laiyolo, nke a-asụ na mpaghara ndịda nke Selayar Island, sokwa n'òtù Muna-Buton, [1] [2] mana Donohue (2004) egosiwo na ha otu id nkegua hages, "Wotu"_  rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wotu–Wolio languages">Wotu-Wolio, nke ịkpọ Wotu, nke a Na-asụkwa n'ụdị ugwu nke Ọwara Ọwara Ọwara Ọkpụkpụ. 

## Ihe owuwu
 
Van den Berg wu nchekwa Proto-Muna-Buton (2003). 

### Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Okwu
Van den Berg na-atụ aro ihe dị ka ihe ọhụrụ 30 maka Proto-Muna-Buton, dịka, *ɓeka 'nkịta', *kaɓi 'ịtụfu', *kenta 'azụ̀', *kompa 'eel', *potu 'isi', *weŋke 'gburuwa (mkpụrụ) ', *woru 'n'okpuru'. 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Muna-Buton" na Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).
Asụsụ Bonerate

Bonerate bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Taka Bonerate Islands na South Sulawesi, Indonesia..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Busoa

Busoa bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ n'obodo nta Busoa na Lakambau na South Buton Regency na Buton Island, n'afọ oké osimiri ndị mere ọmụmụ nke Sulawesi na Indonesia..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Kaimbulawa

Kaimbulawa bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Siompu Island nke dị n'ebe ndịda ọmụmụ nke Buton Island, nke dị n'elu osimiri ndị mụrụ nke Sulawesi na Indonesia..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Sarudu

Sarudu bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke West Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na (ma na-akọ na ya na Uma nwere nghọta..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Sedoa

Sedoa bụ akara Austronesian nke Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nke alaka Kaili-Pamona nke mkpuru Celebic.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Kumbewaha

Kumbewaha (Umbewaha) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Buton Island n' nsọ osimiri ndị ọzọ ọmụmụ nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Lasalimu

Lasalimu bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Buton Island n'afọ oké osimiri ndị mbụ ọmụmụ nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nke alaka Muna-Buton nke obere m Celebic.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Liabuku

Liabuku bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Buton Island, n'oke osimiri ndị na-eso nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.  A na-ewere ya dị ka olumba nke Muna, ọ dị iche iche olumba ndị ọzọ nke Muna.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Pancana

Pancana bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Buton Island, n'oke osimiri ndị na-eso nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nke alaka Muna-Buton nke obere m Celebic.  Ọ dị na mpaghara Munic nke aha Muna-Buton.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Tukang Besi

Tukang Besi bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-asụ na Tukangbesi Islands na ndị na-eme ememme Sulawesi na Indonesia.  A na-eji Tukang Besi pidgin eme ihe n'ahụ.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Asụsụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke Tukang Besi nwere ike ise iri na ise na ụzọume ise.[1]  Ọ na- egwuregwu nke na- mgbaàmà na ndị nke abụọ nke na nke ikpeazụ.  Asụsụ ahụ nwere ikeume abụọ, nke a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'asụsụ ụwa.  coronal plosives na /s/ nwere ndị yiri ibe ha nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka phonemes dị iche iche.

thumb|Mkpụrụedemede ụdaume nke Tukang Besi
Ihe odide:

*  na-apụta naanị na okwu ndị a gbazitere agbazitere, mana ọ dị iche na 
*  na  abụghị phonemic ma na-apụta naanị dị ka allophones nke , nke na-apụtara naanị na okwu mgbazinye.

## Orthography

### Mkpụrụedemede

* a - 
* e - 
* i - 
* o - [ma ọ bụ]
* u - 

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* b - 
* b̠ - 
* c - 
* d - 
* d̠ - 
* g - [g/ Qatar/ʔ Qatar/ɣ]
* h - [h/h]
* j - 
* k - 
* l - 
* m - 
* mb - 
* mp - 
* n - 
* nd - 
* ns - 
* nt - 
* ng - 
* qill - 
* ngk - 
* nj - 
* p - 
* r - 
* s - 
* t - 
* w - 
* ' - 

## Asụsụ

### Aha
Tukang Besi okike ma ọ bụ nọmba.  Ọ bụ ergative-absolutive.

### Ngwaa
Tukang Besi nwere oge mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu, nke a na-egosi na prefix, mana enweghị oge gara aga.

### Usoro okwu
Tukang Besi na-eji ngwaa-ihe-ihe okwu usoro, nke ndị Fiji na-ike.  ka ọtụtụ nwera Austronesian, ọ prepositions, mana ọ na-etinye adjectives, genitives, nadeterminers n'azụ aha.  Ebe na-egosi nke-ehi saịtị na njedebe nke ahụ. 

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*  
* 
*
Asụsụ Saluan-Banggai

Asụsụ Saluan-Banggai bụ otu nwoke nke ndị yiri ibe ha nke a na-asụrụ n'ebe mmalite mmalite Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ha so n'òtù Celebic nke mpaghara Austronesian. 

## Asụsụ

* Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ: Banggai, Balantak
* Saluanic: Andio, Bobongko, Saluan, Batui

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Saluan-Banggai" na Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).
Asụsụ Andio

Andio (Ando'o), ma ọ bụ Masama, bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụrụ na nstụtu ọmụmụ nke mbụ Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nke alaka Saluan-Banggai nke Celebic subgroup.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Banggai

Asụsụ Banggai bụ aha bụ isi nke ndị bi na Banggai Archipelago na bu Sulawesi na-asụ.  Ọ bụ nke alaka Saluan-Banggai nke Celebic subgroup.

N'ozo ihe mere eme, Banggai bụ akara a na-asả na- kpà ogologo ihe mere eme.  Ihe odide mbụ dị n'asụsụ Banggai sitere na mbụ adọ nke iri na mgbaàmà, mgbaàmà onye ọkụ azụ Banggai nke ndị agha Maguindanaoan rere ka ọ bụrụ ohu n'afọ 1860-70 tupu ọ gbapụ..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* A pụkwara ịnụ /s/ dị ka ụda olu mgbe ụda imi gasịrị.
* A na-anụ ụda ndị ọzọ dị ka [tʃ, dʒ, ɲ] na okwu ndị a gbazitere n'asụsụ ndị agbata obi.

### Mkpụrụedemede

* A pụkwara ịnụ ụdaume /e, o/ dị ka [ɛ, ɔ] na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Batui

Batui bụ akara Austronesian nke obere mịdi ndị na-asụ n'ebe iwu mmalite nke Sulawesi.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Tomini-Tolitoli

Asụsụ Tomini-Tolitoli bụ obere na-ese okwu n' akara Austronesian nke a na-asụ na Gulf of Tomini na mpaghara Tolitoli dị n'ebe ugwu Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, nke nwere alaka abụọ, ya bụ "Tomini" na "Tolitolii".  E gosighi fim n'otu nke a, ọ ịbụ ịbụ na alaka otu ahụ ahụ nso-iche ndị ọzọ nke Sulawesi.

## Asụsụ
Nchịkọta nke asụsụ Tomini-Tolitoli sitere na Himmelmann (2001:20).

* Tolitoli
** Totoli
** Boano
* Tomini
** Ebe Ugwu Tomini
*** Ampibabo
*** Lauje
*** Tialo (Tomini) 
*** Dondo
** Southern Tomini
*** Balaesang
*** Pendau
*** Dampelas
*** Taje (Petapa) 
*** Tajio

Totoli na Boano nwere njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha mana ha dị iche na ahia ndị ọzọ n'ihe gbasara okwu, phonology, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.  Asụsụ abụọ a nwere ike ịbụ na Asụsụ Gorontalic na nso nso a site na aha South Sulawesi dị ka Bugis na Makassar (Himmelmann 2001:20).  Mead (2003) na-ekwu na ihe ụfọdụ nke mere ihe mere eme nke Totoli na Boano na-egosi mmetụta ọgụ abụọ a na mpaghara Celebic..

## Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ
Ndị bi n'okpuru ebe a sitere na Himmelmann (2001:18).

; Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ

* Balaesang: 3,200
* Pendau (Ndau): 3,200
* Dampelas (Dampal): 10,300
* Ebe dị n'ime ala: 13,000
* Totoli (Tolitoli): 25,000

; Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ

* Taje (Petapa): 350
* Ampibabo-Lauje: 6,000
* Tajio (Kasimbar): 12,000
* Lauje (Tinombo): 38,000
* Tialo (Tomini): 30,000
* Boano (Bolano): 2,700

; Ngụkọta
: 145,000

## Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

## Ihe odide

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoli languages: General information and word lists*. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University.

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Tomini-Tolitoli" na Ethnologue (23rd ed, 2020).