Frank Bowling

**Sir Richard Sheridan Patrick Michael Aloysius Franklin Bowling** OBE RA *( né* Richard Sheridan Franklin Bowling; amuru 26 Febrụwarị 1934),  mara dị ka **Frank Bowling**, bụ onye omenkà Britain nke amụrụ na British Guiana . A ma ama ya karịsịa maka nnukwu ihe osise ya bụ “Map” nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, bụ́ ndị metụtara okwu a na-adịghị ahụ anya, eserese agba agba na njiri egwu egwu . A kọwawo Bowling dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe osise kachasị dị ndụ na Britain",  dị ka "otu n'ime ndị omenkà ojii a ma ama pụta n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Britain mgbe agha gasịrị"  na dịka "onye nwe ọgbara ọhụrụ".  Onye nkatọ omenala Britain na onye echiche Stuart Hall nọ na-arụ ọrụ Bowling n'ime ọgbọ mbụ, ma ọ bụ “efegharị” nke agha mgbe agha gasịrị, nka Black-British, nke e ji ndoro-ndoro ochichi mgbe agha gasịrị na mkpochapụ Britain . Ọ bụ onye omenkà ojii mbụ a họpụtara ịbụ onye otu Royal Academy of Arts . 

Na 2019, Bowling bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma na Tate Britain na, na 2022, mepere nnukwu ihe ngosi ọrụ mere site na 1966 ruo 1975 na Museum of Fine Arts Boston .  A na-anọchi anya ya na nchịkọta mba ụwa karịrị iri ise, gụnyere Museum of Modern Art (New York), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York), Tate Britain (London) na Royal Academy of Arts (London).

Bowling gụrụ akwụkwọ na Regent Street Polytechnic, Chelsea School of Art  na, emesia, Obodo na Guilds nke London Art School . Na 1959, e nyere ya akwụkwọ mmụta na Royal College of Art, ebe ọ sonyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya David Hockney, RB Kitaj, Derek Boshier na Patrick Caulfield .

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Bowling na 26 February 1934 na Bartica, British Guiana,   nye Richard Bowling na nwunye ya, Agatha. 

N'afọ 1940, nna Bowling kpọgara ezinụlọ ya na New Amsterdam ka ọ were ọkwa ya dị ka onye na-akwụ ụgwọ ego na onye na-akwụ ụgwọ na ndị uwe ojii mpaghara.  Nne Bowling bụ ezigbo onye na-akwa akwa, onye na-eji ejiji na igwe igwe; ọ mepụtara azụmahịa na-aga nke ọma site na ọkọ wee wuo nnukwu ụlọ nwere okpukpu atọ nke nwere akwụkwọ ozi nwere obi ike nke kpọsara: "Ụlọ ahịa dị iche iche nke Bowling". 

Na May 1953, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, Bowling kwagara Britain,  ebe ya na nwanne nna ya bi na London wee debanye aha na Westminster College of Commerce ka ọ mụọ Bekee.

Mgbe ọrụ mba na Royal Air Force gasịrị, Bowling zutere onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Keith Critchlow n'ọdịnihu. N'ịbụ onye Critchlow nwere mmetụta, Bowling gara n'ihu na-amụ nkà, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchọ mbụ ịbụ onye na-ede uri na onye edemede.  Ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Redcliffe Gardens, Chelsea, bụ ebe Critchlow na-ese ya, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Chelsea School of Art . 

Na 1959, Bowling meriri scholarships na London 's Royal College of Art,  ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya gụnyere ndị nka dịka David Hockney,  Derek Boshier, Allen Jones, RB Kitaj na Peter Phillips . Na mmalite nke ọmụmụ ya n'ebe ahụ, Bowling lekwasịrị anya na eserese - ka-ndụ nke karama, anụmanụ, anụ na ihe osise eserese. Eserese isi atụrụ ya, nke emere n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1960, bụ usoro apịtị, ọrụ siri ike na-echetara Giorgio Morandi na palette agba ya dara ogbi. Usoro eserese ọzọ emepụtara na 1960, akpọrọ Ndị na-eme egwuregwu, bụ agba chromatic doro anya na ihe mejupụtara asymmetrical.

Bowling gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Royal College of Art na 1962. 

## Ọrụ

### Eserese ihe atụ na Art Pop (1950s na 1960s)
thumb|257x257px| Frank Bowling, ''Cover Girl'', 1966
Ọrụ nka nke Bowling malitere site na ihe ngosi azụmahịa mbụ ya, *Image in Revolt*, na Grabowski Gallery na Chelsea, London, na October 1962.

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1963, Bowling amalitela ịkụzi eserese na Camberwell School of Art na London. N'ebe ahụ, site n'enyemaka nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka textiles, ọ chịkọbara mkpọkọ iberibe akwa akwa ndị e ji ihe na-acha uhie uhie ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bipụta ihe oyiyi nke enyo nke nne ya. Ihe osise mbụ nke etinyere ihe onyonyo a bụ *Cover Girl* (1966). Aha aha a na-ezo aka na nwa agbọghọ nwere uwe Mary Quant na ntutu isi Vidal Sassoon, ihe onyonyo ewepụtara na mkpuchi nke *mgbakwunye* agba agba nke March 1966.

Ihe osise mara mma nke akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ Frank Bowling bụ *Mirror* (1964–66), njedebe nke afọ mmepe na London. Na eserese a, Bowling pụtara ugboro abụọ: n'elu steepụ okirikiri sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese Royal College of Art, na n'ụkwụ nke steepụ, ihe atụ maka mgbanwe na mpụta. N'etiti ihe oyiyi Paddy Kitchen dị.

### "Map eserese" (1967-1971)
thumb|175x175px| Frank Bowling, ''Rebecca Polish'', 1971
Site na gburugburu 1967 ruo 1971, obere oge ka ọ bịarutere New York, Bowling mere otu ọrụ nke a maara ugbu a dị ka eserese eserese. Maka Bowling, ihe eserese eserese a rụrụ ma dị ka isiokwu na-akpali akpali yana dị ka ngwaọrụ iji hazie ụgbọ elu foto ọgbara ọhụrụ. Bowling họpụtara ka ọ weta atọ n'ime akwa akwa ndị a nwere oke nha - *Marcia H Travels* (1970), *Texas Louise* (1971), na *Australia ruo* *Africa* (1971) - yana ọrụ abụọ pere mpe, *Polish Rebecca* (1971) na *iso Robert Hughes njem* ( 1969-70), na ihe ngosi ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya, emere na Whitney Museum of American Art site na 4 Nọvemba ruo 6 Disemba 1971. 

### "Ihe osise ndị a wụsara" (1974-1978)
thumb|341x341px| Frank Bowling, ''Grating Rhymes'', 1978
N'afọ 1974, Bowling rụrụ ikpo okwu osisi a na-ebugharị ebugharị, nke a na-atụgharị dị ka seesaw, nke mere na enwere ike ịwụsa agba n'elu akwa akwa a na-agbatịghị agbatị n'elu ala gbadoro ụkwụ. Amara dị ka eserese ndị a wụsara, e ji mara ha bụ usoro ziri ezi, akụkụ akụkụ anọ, linearity of cascading wụsara agba na akụkụ mkpuchi. Nchikota nke ohere na usoro ziri ezi rụpụtara ọrụ ndị na-ebute usoro na-ekekọrịta mmekọrịta na ogologo ahịrị nke eserese nkịtị. Eserese ndị a wụsara bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi na Tate Britain na 2012.  

### Afọ 1980
thumb|300x300px| Frank Bowling, ''Ụta Philoctetes'', 1987
Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1980s, eserese ndị gbara agba, gbachie na ndị na-asọpụta, na-ejikarị nnukwu gel, bụ akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke ihe osise Bowling. Oge mgbanwe rutere n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1984, mgbe ọ bịarutere na Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na Maine maka ebe obibi onye nkuzi-onye na-ese ihe. Ngwa ngwa, ọ malitere itinye ọtụtụ ihe n'ime ihe osise ya dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ, rọba na ụfụfụ. N'afọ 1986, Bowling gosipụtara otu nnukwu eserese ọhụrụ na Serpentine Gallery na London, nke Ronald Alley chepụtara, mgbe ahụ, onye na-elekọta Art Modern na Tate Gallery.  Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a gosipụtara bụ *Wintergreens* (1986), ugbu a na mkpokọta Royal Academy. Otu afọ mgbe ihe ngosi ahụ gasịrị na Serpentine Gallery, isi ọrụ sitere n'otu afọ ahụ, *Spreadout Ron Kitaj* (1986), nwetara site na Tate. Nakwa na 1987, Bowling kere *Philoctete's Bow*, ọrụ e ji mara mgbagwoju anya, ihe ndị a na-edepụta ihe, nke bụ ihe mgbakwunye na ihe nchịkọta dị ka (gụnyere stitching, patching na gluing iberibe n'elu).

Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke 1980s, Bowling mere ihe osise *Great Thames* ya (1989), na-asọpụrụ nnukwu ndị na-ese ihe nkiri odida obodo Bekee JMW Turner na Thomas Gainsborough . Nke a bụkwa oge Bowling malitere ịrụ ọkpụkpụ. Ihe ọkpụkpụ asaa rụpụtara. Maka ihe ngosi 1988 na Royal West of England Academy (RWA) na Bristol, o mere otu ihe ọkpụkpụ ọzọ na galvanized ígwè .

### 2000s ruo ugbu a
thumb|300x300px| Frank Bowling, ''Epps'', 2009
N'afọ 2009, Bowling mepụtara usoro eserese "zippers" kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ, gụnyere *Epps*, *Litchfield* na *Chance Chinese* (niile 2009), na-atụ aro elu igwe ogologo ma ọ bụ ogologo oge. Na 2011, Bowling gosipụtara ọrụ ọhụrụ a maara dị ka *Crossings* na ROLLO Contemporary Art na London.  N'ime ihe osise ndị a, a na-ebufe eriri agba n'etiti akwa akwa ahụ na-emepụta njupụta nke agba dị iche.  *Ịgafe: Snakeheadpassage* (2011) na *Crossing: Liberty* (2011) bụ ihe atụ abụọ a.

## Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara

* *Frank Bowling's America*, New York, 1966–75. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts Boston na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2022–23.
* *Frank Bowling: Penumbral Light* . Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Zurich, 2022.
* *Frank Bowling: Ọkpụkpụ* . Stephen Lawrence Gallery, Mahadum nke Greenwich Gallery, London, 2022.
* *Frank Bowling: ihe nrite Wolfgang Hahn* . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Ludwig, Cologne, Germany, 2022.
* *Mpaghara Slip: Nlele ọhụụ na Abstraction Postwar na America na East Asia*, Dallas Museum of Art, 2021–22.
* *Frank Bowling: Ala nke Ọtụtụ Mmiri* . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Arnolfini, Bristol, 2021.
* *Frank Bowling.* *Obodo Britain* . London, 2019.
* *Mkpụrụ obi nke Mba: Art in the Age of Black Power* . Tate Modern, London, 2018.
* *Frank Bowling: Mappa Mundi* . Haus der Kunst, Munich, 2017–18.
* *Njem: Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya na Akwụkwọ nke Frank Bowling RA* . Royal Academy of Arts, London, 2011.
* *Frank Bowling RA: Ịgafe* . Rollo Contemporary Art, London, 2011.
* *Frank Bowling: Jupụta ìhè - Ihe ngosi nyocha nke na-egosi eserese sitere na 1978 ruo 2004* . GR N'Namdi Gallery, Detroit, Michigan, United States, 2005.
* *Na-ehulata grid: njirimara ojii na nguzogide na nka nke Frank Bowling* . Aljira, Center for Contemporary Art, Newark, New Jersey, United States, 2003.
* *Ahịrị mmejọ: Art Africa dị ugbu a na ọdịdị ala na-agbanwe* . Venice Biennale, 2003.
* *Frank Bowling: Bowling na Site na narị afọ* . Ọtụtụ ebe, 1996–67.
* *Frank Bowling: Ihe osise* . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Serpentine, London, 1986.
* *Frank Bowling* . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, New York, 1971.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

### Ihe ngosi katalọgụ

* Alloway, Lawrence, Hunter, Sam na Bowling, Frank. *5+1* . New York: Mahadum State nke New York na Stony Brook, 1969.
* Alley, Ronald. *Frank Bowling* . London: Ụlọ ihe nkiri Serpentine, 1986.
* Enwezor, Okwuri; with contributes by Frank Bowling, Okwui Enwezor, Rose Jones, Kobena Mercer, Anna Schneider, Zoe Whitley, Lynette Yiadom-Boakye . *Frank Bowling: Mappa Mundi* . Munich, London na New York: Prestel, 2014.
* Crippa, Elena, ed. *Frank Bowling* . London: mbipụta nke Tate, 2009.
* Ihe nkwado, Gemma. *Frank Bowling.* *Ala nke ọtụtụ mmiri* . Bristol: Arnolfini, 2021.

### Akwụkwọ

* Cornish, Sam. *Frank Bowling: Ọkpụkpụ* . London: Ụlọ elu, 2022.
* Daalụ, Mel. *Frank Bowling* . London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2011 (mbipụta nke abụọ, 2015).

### Nchịkọta ọha
Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ Bowling n'ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ ọha mba ụwa 50, gụnyere:

* Tate Britain, London
* Museum of Modern Art, New York
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan, New York
* Eli na Edythe Broad Art Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Fine Arts Boston, Boston
* San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco
* Nchịkọta Pinault, Bourse du Commerce, Paris
* Moderna Museum, Stockholm
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Ludwig, Cologne
* Royal Academy of Arts, London
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Art, Łódź, Poland
* Ụlọ ọrụ Art nke Minneapolis, Minneapolis, Minnesota
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Victoria na Albert, London
* Nchịkọta Menil, Houston
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, New York

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Frank Bowling Archived   na Institute of International Visual Arts
* Miles, AJ, "Frank Bowling Contemporary Abstract Artist" Archived  
* "Onye na-ese ihe bụ Frank Bowling ka ọ na-ese ihe", *Onye na-ekiri*, 20 Septemba 2009
* "Frank Bowling - na-arụ ọrụ site na studio. Curator: Spencer Richards " . New York: Ụlọ ihe nkiri Skoto, 2003
* Excerpt from Frank Bowling's Life and Work, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke Rose Jones duziri  
* Ibe omenkà Frank Bowling, Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth
* Otu esi ese ihe dị ka Frank Bowling, Tate, 2019. eweghachiri 26 Jenụwarị 2023

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* 15 artworks by or after Frank Bowling at the Art UK site
* Portraits of Frank Bowling at the National Portrait Gallery, London 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations