open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lingua Malabar Tamul

**Lingua Malabar Tamul** ma ọ bụ nanị **Malabar Tamil** bụ ụdị asụsụ Tamil dị iche  ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Yuropu kwalitere ya na mpaghara ndịda nke steeti Kerala dịka mpaghara Kollam na Thiruvananthapuram tupu ha amalite ịkwalite asụsụ Malayalam n'etiti ndị Kraịst ọhụrụ ghọrọ Ndị Kraịst Malabar Tamil dị iche iche na ọkọlọtọ Tamil na nhọrọ okwu ya. Na mbụ, e bipụtara Malabar Tamil site na iji edemede Roman. Ka oge na-aga, ibipụta ihe site na iji edemede Tamil ghọrọ ihe a ma ama.

## Okwu mmalite
Okwu Mala sitere n'okwu "mala-bar".  na Tamil pụtara "ugwu". Bar na Persian / Arabic pụtara "mba" ma ọ bụ "mba".  

## Ihe ngosi
 

## Hụkwa

* Thambiran Vanakkam
* Mbipụta n'asụsụ Tamil
* Henry Henry

## Edensibia
Madurai Tamil

**Madurai [[Tamil language|Tamil]]**, nke a maara dị ka **Madurai Bashai**,bụ olu asụsụ Tamil a na-asụ na mpaghara Madurai nakwa na nnukwu mpaghara ala nke South Tamil Nadu, mpaghara ndị eze Pandiya chịrịbu. Ọ dị iche nke ukwuu na Nellai Tamil, mpaghara nke bụkwa akụkụ nke mpaghara Pandiya 

## Ógbè Madurai Tamil

* Madurai
* Theni
* Virudunagar
* Dindigul
* Ramanathapuram
* Sivagangai

Asụsụ a na-ahụkarị emeela ka okwu Madurai na-ezo aka n'ógbè buru ibu karịa ka ọ bụ n'ezie. Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị si n'obodo ọ bụla dị n'elu iji gosipụta onwe ha dị ka ndị Madurai.

## Okwu nke Madurai Tamil

* Marutha = Madurai
* varainga = Ha na-abịa
* porainga = Ha na-aga
* angittu = N'ebe ahụ
* ingittu = N'ebe a
* embuttu = Olee otú?
* Rọvan = Ọ na-agwụ ike
* vyekyanama pesu = Na-ekwu okwu nke ọma
* kundaka mandaka = Ihe na-abaghị uru
* mundakalapa = Plough
* patraya podu = Nọdụ ala ma zuo ike
* kokka makka = Okwu mkpokọta maka nwa nwanne nne
* kolara poitu va (ыр) = Kpachara anya
* posaketta paya = Onye na-abaghị uru
* O yiri ka ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-eme ihe nkiri
* imbutukandi (Ụzọ ezumike) = Obere ihe
* roota kodukatha = Akwaghị ụgha
* vaiya porainga = Ha ga-abara mba
* Paelatha = Atụghị egwu
* athukaandithaan = Naanị maka nke ahụ
* ithukaandithaan = Naanị maka nke a
* kudikaramattai (Yinye n'ime afọ) = Drunkard
* jaari = Nwanyị mara mma
* aataya podu = Steal, thieve
* yenney = Nwanne Ukwu
* yekkah = Nwanne nwanyị Ukwu
* podangoiyala = Wepụ n'ụzọ m
* dubuku = Onye nzuzu (nke sitere na kanniyakumari) 
* manda kanam = Isi arọ
* soliya paaru (Контрой) = Bụlee azụmahịa nke gị
* lanthu = Kidding
* kaapraa = Ọdịdị ejiji
* alaparai = Fashionable
* alumbu = Ọ na-egosi, na-egosi mpako
* yelraya kootadha = Amụla ihe nkiri
* aatum = Ọ dị mma
* soodhanama iru = Kpachara anya
* konga paya = Ignorant (nkwutọ maka Kongu) 
* Kaavali = Onye mkpofu
* Kalavaanee = Onye ohi
* Vellaney = N'isi ụtụtụ
* Paiyya = Slow
* Osakka = Up
* Seanthi = Loft
* Yeni maram = Ladder

## Edensibia
Clobbering

thumb|Efere ndị eze Qing, ihe ịchọ mma agbakwunyere ma eleghị anya na narị afọ nke Iri na iteghete
Na kọmpụta, **clobbering** bụ ihe eji edegharị resource dị ka faịlụ, processor ndekọ ma ọ bụ mpaghara nke ebe ncheta, nke mere na ya na-efu. N'ebe ometutara ọtụtụ ihe, a na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ihe gbasara ọnwụ ozi na-enweghị isi, mana enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka idegharị ya n'amaghị ama. Jargon File na-akọwa clobbering dị ka
 
Okwu a sitere na akpụrụakpu, ebe clobbering bụ okwu ọdịnala maka aghụghọ na nke mgbakwunye ịchọ mma na mpempe akwụkwọ mbụ. A na-eme nke a karịsịa na Arịa ndị China, ya na kwa na ngwaahịa ndị Europe.

## Iji ma atụ

### Ntughari faịlụ
N'ọtụtụ shells, onye ọrụ ntụgharị nke faịlụ na-agbanye ma ọ bụrụ na ụzọ mmepụta na-ezo aka na faịlụ dị ugbu a. Enwere ike igbochi nke a na bash na ksh site na iwu setịpụrụ -o noclobber na csh na tcsh site na `set noclobber`. N'ikpeazụ, ịnwa imebi site na ntụgharị na-ada na ozi njehie. Dịka ọmụmaatụ:
```bash
$ echo "Hello, world" >file.txt
$ cat file.txt
Hello, world
$ echo "This will overwrite the first greeting." >file.txt
$ cat file.txt
This will overwrite the first greeting.
$ set -o noclobber
$ echo "Can we overwrite it again?" >file.txt
-bash: file.txt: cannot overwrite existing file
$ echo "But we can use the >| operator to ignore the noclobber." >|file.txt
$ cat file.txt # Successfully overwrote the contents of file.txt using the >| operator
But we can use the >| operator to ignore the noclobber.
$ set +o noclobber # Changes setting back
```


### Failu mv na cp
Akparamagwa ndabara nke iwu mv na cp bụ igbochi faịlụ ebe dị adị. Enwere ike ịgbanwe omume a site na nhọrọ -i nke na-eme ka onye ọrụ kwenye na ọ na-emechi faịlụ. 

### Ihe eji eme ihe
Ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe, nke akpọrọ **clobber**, na-eme ka faịlụ na ndekọ zuru oke *dị ọcha* site na ịkpọ oku gara aga nke iwu maka otu `make`. Ọ bụ ọrụ nhicha zuru oke karịa nhicha ma a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji wepụ ngwanrọ. Ụfọdụ iwu ndị metụtara imepụta na-akpọ oku ime clobber n'oge ogbugbu ha. Ha na-enyocha mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi CLOBBER. Ọ bụrụ na a setịpụrụ ya na OFF mgbe ahụ anaghị eme clobbering.

### Mgbakọta
Na mmemme mgbakọta (gụnyere GCC inline assembly ) **ndekọ clobbered** na-egosi ndekọ nke enwere ike idefu uru ya n'oge ịme ntụziaka.

## Edensibia
Tamil nke Malaysia

Malaysian Tamil (Tamil), nke a makwaara dị ka **Malaya Tamil**, bụ ụdị Asụsụ Tamil a na-asụ na Malaysia. Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ agụmakwụkwọ na Malaysia, tinyere Bekee, Malay na Mandarin.  E nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị n'okwu dị n'etiti Malaysian Tamil na Indian Tamil. [Nkọwa dị mkpa (lee okwu) ] &#x5B;*&#x20;(see talk)*&#x5D;

## Mmetụta
 Ihe dị mkpa iji mee azụmahịa azụmaahịa bụ asụsụ a na-aghọtakarị nke ndị niile metụtara azụmaahịa mbụ. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka J.V. Sebastian, K.T. Thirunavukkarasu, na A.W. Hamilton dere na Tamil bụ asụsụ azụmaahịa a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Malaysia na Indonesia n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme. Azụmahịa Tamil dị n'oké osimiri na Sumatran na Malay Peninsula gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ịgbaziri ego na Malay site na Tamil mụbara n'etiti narị afọ nke 15 na nke 19 n'ihi ọrụ azụmahịa ha. Na narị afọ nke 17, ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India nwere iwu iji Tamil dịka akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ozi ya. Na Malacca na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ ruo narị afọ nke 19, okwu Malay metụtara idebe akwụkwọ na akaụntụ ka bụ Tamil.&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Ịgbaziri n'asụsụ Malay site na Tamil (mgbe ụfọdụ Sanskritized) gụnyere okwu ndị a na-ekwu kwa ụbọchị dị ka:

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Negombo Tamil

**Asụsụ Negombo [[Tamil language|Tamil]]** ma ọ bụ Negombo Fishermen's Tamil bụ asụsụ Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka Tamil nke **Ndị ọkụ azụ nke Negombo**, Sri Lanka na-eji. Nke a bụ naanị otu n'ime ọtụtụ olumba ndị fọdụrụnụ na-Asụsụ Tamil n'oge gara aga na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Puttalam na Gampaha nke Sri Lanka. A na-akpọ ndị ka na-akọwa ha dị ka ndị agbụrụ Tamil Negombo Tamils ma ọ bụ Puttalam Tamil. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị bi na mpaghara ndị a na-akọwa ha dị ka agbụrụ Sinhalese ụfọdụ na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'asụsụ abụọ ahụ.

## Ọdịdị
Asụsụ a kapịrị ọnụ a maara dị ka Negombo Fisherman's Tamil (NFT) nke ndị Karava ma ọ bụ Karaiyar na-egbu azụ nke Negombo na-asụ. NFT nwere ọtụtụ àgwà pụrụ iche, Ọnọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ibilite n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na Sinhala. A na-atụkwa aro na ọ nwere ike ịnwe nnukwu njikọta morphosyntactic na okwu Sinhala (CS), dịka nsonaazụ nke mmekọrịta ya.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, NFT efuolakarị ụdị nkwekọrịta ngwaa Tamil maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ. Asụsụ Sinhala (n'adịghị ka Sinhala Akwụkwọ) nwere otu ụdị ngwaa maka mmadụ niile, otu na ọtụtụ. Ọtụtụ asụsụ Tamil, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-ejigide usoro nkwekọrịta ngwaa nke mmadụ na ọnụọgụgụ n'asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na ndị e dere ede nke ọma. Ya mere na NFT anyị nwere, ya na olu Jaffna Tamil (JT) nke bụ olumba bụ isi nke agbụrụ Tamil Sri Lanka maka ntụnyere:

* a. naan kolumbu-kki poo-ra (NFT) 

 I Colombo go (M na-aga Colombo) 

* b. naan kolumbu-kku poo-r-een (JT) 

 M na-aga Colombo (M na-agaColombo) 

* c. mamə kolambara-Tə yanəwa (CS) 

 I Colombo go (M na-aga Colombo) 
NFT emepụtakwala ọtụtụ àgwà ụtọasụsụ ndị ọzọ n'okpuru mmetụta nke Sinhala, gụnyere isiokwu a na-anaghị akọwapụta, –sari postclitic nke na-anaghị akọwapụta ihe (nke a na-egosi na ọ bụ Sinhala –hari ka e ji mee ya), na nhazi ikpe maka ngwaa ndị nwere nkwarụ nke na-eso usoro nkwekọrịta Sinhala, kama Tamil,.

## Asụsụ pụrụ iche
NFT nwere ike ịmalite na India, mana o mechara nabata, ma ka na-anabata, àgwà Sri Lankan Tamil. Asụsụ ahụ na-asụ ma eleghị anya ihe ruru mmadụ 50,000, ya mere ọ bụ asụsụ dị iche. Na Karnataka dabeere Saraswat Konkani (Nadkarni 1975), Tamil Nadu dabeere Saurashtri (Smith 1978), Sri Lankan Creole Portuguese na Urdu, Marathi, na Kannada dialects nke Kupwar (Gumperz na Wilson 1971), NFT grammar bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbanwe nhazi zuru oke dị ka nsonaazụ nkwụsi ike nke Asụsụ Abụọ.

Negombo Tamil bụ eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị Karava kwagara Sri Lanka ogologo oge ka ndị Tamil kwagara Jaffna. Nke a ga-egosi na asụsụ Negombo nọgidere na-agbanwe na Coromandel Coast tupu ọ rute Sri Lanka ma malite inwe mmetụta Sinhala. Ya mere, n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, olumba ahụ dị nso na ndị a na-asụ na Tamil Nadu karịa Jaffna Tamil.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Steven Bonta Negombo Fishermen's Tamil (NFT): Asụsụ Sinhala sitere na asụsụ abụọ Sri Lankan Community INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRAVIDIAN LINGUISTICS XXXVII (2) pp133-140.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Lekwasị anya na usoro ịkụ azụ ọdịnala site na Bernard Sri Kantha (Sinhalese)
Budapuranam

**Budapuranam** bụ akwụkwọ ụtọasụsụ n'asụsụ Tamil, nke sochiri ya mgbe oge Sangam nke abụọ gasịrị.  

## Edensibia
Enna kodumai Saravanan idhu?

**Enna kodumai Saravanan idhu?**  (transl. Gịnị bụ arrocity nke a, Saravanan?; abbreviated to **EKSI**) bụ ihe e kwuru site na ihe nkiri asụsụ Tamil nke India nke afọ 2005 bụ *Chandramukhi* nke onye Senthilnathan kwuru, nke Prabhu mere. Ahịrị ahụ enwetawo ewu ewu  dị ka ngosipụta nke irony ma ọ bụ ihe ijuanya. 

## Mmalite
"Chandramukhi". &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>.    

"Enna Kodumai Saravanan Idhu" pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "Kedu ihe arụ a bụ, Saravanan?" Saravanan, aha chi Hindu Murugan, bụkwa aha a na-ejikarị eme ihe na Tamil." <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Ojiji ndị ọzọ
Usoro ahụ nwetara nlebara anya na ewu ewu mgbe e dezigharịrị ya ntakịrị ka ọ bụrụ "Enna Kodumai, Sir", nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị Premji Amaran ji mee ihe na *Chennai 600028* (2007). Premji na-eji ahịrị ahụ eme ihe ọzọ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ya niile na ihe nkiri ọ na-eme, na-aghọ okwu ya. Na ihe nkiri 2007 Sivaji: The Boss, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Livingston na-eji ụdị "Enna Kodumai Saravanan Sir". E jikwa mkparịta ụka ahụ mee ihe na ihe nkiri 2019 *Thambi* nke Karthi. Enna Kodumai Saravanan Ithu bụkwa nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "EKSI" na mkparịta ụka na Asụsụ SMS.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ nkata
* Ozi ederede

## Edensibia
International Institute of Tamil Studies

The **International Institute of Tamil Studies** (IITS) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha asụsụ nke dị na Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. E guzobere ya iji kwalite ihe kpatara Asụsụ Tamil.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere International Institute of Tamil Studies na 1970 maka nyocha Tamil. Na 2014, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Vijayaraghavan na Manavazhagan tụrụ aro ka e guzobe ebe omenala nwere ihe ngosi na-adịgide adịgide iji mepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Tamil nke nyocha iri afọ ole na ole gasịrị, gọọmentị kwadoro ya na Septemba n'otu afọ ahụ. E meghere ebe ahụ nye ọha na eze n'ụlọ ọhụrụ na Maachị 2016.. 

## Ihe owuwu
Ebe etiti ahụ nwere ụlọ ihe nkiri, nke na-egosi obere ihe nkiri nkeji asatọ ruo itoolu nke na-egosi foto, ihe nkiri dị egwu, vidiyo, ihe nkiri e sere na foto nke ihe oyiyi/ihe osise sitere na ụlọ nsọ. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka a dabere kpamkpam na akwụkwọ Tamil. Ọ na-egosi eserese na akwụkwọ Sangam, ihe osise osisi na simenti nke ihe ndị a hụrụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke steeti ahụ, foto nke nchịkọta n'ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị yiri ngwa agha na ngwa, na ihe ndị yiri obodo na ụlọ nsọ oge ochie. E nwekwara ihe ngosi dioramic nke na-ekwu maka otu ndị eze si edebe iwu agha, mesoo ndị mmadụ ihe n'ikpe ziri ezi, ma hụ na e ji ezi omume na ọmịiko nye ihe niile e kere eke.

A na-ahazi ihe ngosi ahụ n'ụlọ ngosi ise:

* "Tholkappiar Arangam" na-egosi ụdị nka;
* "Thiruvalluvar Arangam" na ihe ngosi nke metalcraft / ugbo, agụmakwụkwọ, ọgwụ na ngwá agha;
* "Kapilar Arangam" na nchịkọta nke ngwá ọrụ ụlọ / grinders na ihe ngosi na ụlọ nsọ na chi;
* "Avvaiyar Arangam" na ihe ngosi nke ihe omume ndị a ma ama na ndụ ndị eze oge ochie;
* "Ilango Adigal gallery" nke nwere ihe ngosi banyere iwu ụgbọ mmiri na ịkpa ákwà ifufe, nke a maara ndị Tamil oge ochie nke ọma.

E nwekwara ihe nlereanya nke obodo Madurai na Thiruvarangam, na-eme ka atụmatụ obodo na ụlọ nsọ dị nro pụta ìhè n'obodo ndị a.

## Hụkwa
 

* Central Institute of Classical Tamil

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai
Isai Nunukkam

**Isai Nunukkam bụ akwụkwọ ụtọasụsụ maka asụsụ Tamil. Sikandi dere ya, tupu oge Sangam nke abụọ.** 

## Edensibia
Jana Sakthi

**Jana Sakthi** bụ akụkụ nke Kọmunist Party of India Tamil Nadu State Council.  Onye nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ bụ P. Jeevanandham, ọ malitere na 1938. K. Subbarayan bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke *Jana Sakthi* ugbua.  

## Edensibia
Kaṇita Tīpikai

**Kaṇita Tīpikai** (**Gaṇita Dīpika**) bụ akwụkwọ Tamil nke Paṇṭala Ramasvāmi Nāykkar dere ma bipụta ya na 1825 na-ekwu maka mgbakọ na mwepụ. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ Tamil mbụ na mgbakọ na mwepụ a na-ebipụta ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ Tamil nke mbụ na-ewebata akara maka efu yana ikwurịta akara ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ ma ọ bụ akara ọnụọụọgụ site na iji nọmba Tamil. Iravatham Mahadevan, onye India a ma ama, na M. V. Bhaskar kwuru n'otu edemede e bipụtara na The Hindu na Disemba 2011: "Nkwekọrịta nke iji akara maka 10, 100, na 1000 na-egosipụta nọmba ndị dị elu dị ugbu a na Tamil Nadu ruo mgbe obibi akwụkwọ na nnabata nke ụdị mba ụwa nke nọmba India na usoro uru. "  Senthi Babu D, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nchọpụta nke dị na French Institute of Pondicherry, kwuru:

: "Pantulu Ramasamy Naicker dere akwụkwọ ọgụgụ mgbakọ na mwepụ nke oge a mbụ n'asụsụ Tamil, nke a kpọrọ "Kanita Teepikai", nke steeti ụlọ ọrụ kwadoro, n'afọ 1825. N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, n'akwụkwọ 'payiram' ya, o kwuru na e ji 'asụsụ Aryan' na "ntụpọ kotuntamil" mee ihe iji "ghọta ihe niile". Ramasamy, onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịhụ, gbalịsiri ike iwebata akara maka efu na Tamil dị ka "0", nke mere ka ọ bịa n'okwu nke ịkọwa echiche nke uru ebe na ọnụọgụgụ. Mgbe ọ ga-ewebata echiche ahụ bụ na uru nke ọnụọgụgụ na-abawanye site na ihe iri n'aka ekpe, mana ọ na-ebelata mgbe ọ na-aga n'aka nri, arịrịọ ya nye onye na-agụ akwụkwọ bụ ịgbaso iwu ahụ ebe ọ bụ 'mkpebi nke Chineke".

## Ihe odide zuru ezu
Ihe odide zuru ezu nke akwụkwọ ahụ dị maka nbudata n'efu na Internet Archive:  Pantala Ramasvami Naykkar. Madras: Vepery Mission Press. E nwetara ya na 27 June 2024.

## Hụkwa

* Asthana Kolahalam
* Kaṇakkatikāram
* Kanakkusaram

## Edensibia
Asthana Kolahalam

**Asthana Kolahalam** bụ aha akwụkwọ Tamil abụọ dị iche iche na-ekwu maka mgbakọ na mwepụ elementrị mana ha nwere ọdịnaya dị iche iche. Otu n'ime ha ka Government Oriental Manuscripts Library (GOML), Madras (nke bụzi Chennai) bipụtara na 1951 na peeji 167 na nke ọzọ nke Saraswathi Mahal Library (SML), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, bipụtara na 2004 na peeji 306. Akwụkwọ abụọ a dabeere na ihe odide nkwụ ochie nwere otu aha e dere n'ụdị amaokwu ma ha abụọ nwere nkọwa na ihe atụ.

Enwere ike ịsụgharị aha "Asthana Kolahalam" n'ụzọ nkịtị dị ka "ọnụ ụlọ nzukọ (ebe ndị na-ege ntị n'obí eze) mkpọtụ" na okwu "mgbaasị" na-atụ aro ime ka ndị na-ekiri nwee obi ụtọ, obi ụtọ na obi ụtọ.

## "Asthana Kolahalam" nke GOML
thumb|375x375px|Ihe si na peeji nke 55 nke "Asthana Kolahalam" nke GOML na-egosi uru Saṅgamagrāma Mādhava nke pi
Akwụkwọ GOML "Asthana Kolahalam" dabeere na otu akwụkwọ nkwụ e nyere GOML na 1921 site n'aka otu Sankaravenkataramayyangar nke Periyakulam. Ọrụ ahụ nwere ahịrịokwu 57 nke mita dị iche iche gụnyere ahịrịokwu ịkpọku. Akụkụ ndị a na-akọwapụta iwu maka ịrụ ọrụ arithmetic elementary.

Otu ihe na-adọrọ mmasị n'ọrụ a bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ahụ ka e tinyere n'ịkọwa isiokwu dị na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke na-adịghị na stanza dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ edemede mbụ ahụ. Mgbe o dechara nkọwa nke stanza 46 na peeji nke 52, onye nchịkọta akụkọ ahụ malitere nnukwu ntụgharị nke isiokwu dị iche iche na mgbakọ na mwepụ wee laghachi na stanza 47 naanị na peeji nke 140. Ihe dị mkpa maka ntụgharị a bụ uru nke pi mgbakọ na mwepụ na-adịgide adịgide. Isiokwu ndị a kpuchiri na ntụgharị a gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mgbakọ na mwepụ nke uru pi (n'ụzọ ụfọdụ, o kwuru maka uru Sangamagrama Madhava nke pi, ya bụ uru 2827433388233/(9 x 1011)), ọrụ trigonometric dị iche iche, usoro maka mpaghara okirikiri, usoro maka mpaghara elu na olu nke cones, cylinders, wdg., usoro maka gburugburu na mpaghara nke ellipses, ozizi Pythagorean na ọtụtụ nsogbu geometric metụtara ya.

## SML "Asthana Kolahalam"
"Asthana Kolahalam" nke SML bụ akwụkwọ e si n'akwụkwọ nta atọ dị iche iche nke e debere na SML chịkọta, ha niile nwere otu aha. E nwere amaokwu iri itoolu na abụọ n'ọrụ ahụ. Dịka otu n'ime amaokwu ndị dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ si kwuo, onye dere akwụkwọ a bụ Naviliperumal, nwa Nagan. A chọpụtabeghị ụbọchị e dere akwụkwọ nta ndị ahụ. Akwụkwọ a nwere nkọwa zuru ezu banyere amaokwu dị iche iche nke K. Sathyabhama dere.

## Hụkwa

* Kanakkusaram
* Kaṇita Tīpikai
* Kaṇakkatikāram

## Edensibia
Athichudi

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|338x338px|Athichudi Venpa
Athichudi (Tamil: ஆத்திசூடி, nke e dere na roman: Āthichūdi) bụ nchịkọta nke okwu ndị Avvaiyar dere ma hazie ha n'usoro mkpụrụedemede. E nwere ahịrị nsọ 109 ndị a nke gụnyere okwu ndị nwere nghọta nke e ji okwu dị mfe kọwaa. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụnye àgwà ọma, ịdọ aka ná ntị na ime ihe ọma.

## Nsụgharị
Nsụgharị Bekee nke ndị na-eto eto

Ntụgharị Bekee nke N'ebe ndị a na-ahụ

(n'otu n'otu) Nsụgharị Bekee nke GNP

Indra na-asụgharị n'asụsụ Bekee

N'asụsụ Bekee, ndị a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Belen

N'ihi ya, a sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Bekee

N'oge na-adịghị anya, a sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Bekee

N'ihi ya, a sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Bekee

N'asụsụ Bekee, anyị enweghị ike ịpụta n'asụsụ Bishọn.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* A na-ekwu na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya ka a na - a na-ekwu maka ya.
* Asụsụ si n'asụsụ Spanish
* Athichudi niile
* __ibo__ Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe
* Asụsụ a na-akpọ "Gravity"
Daniel McCarthy (politician)

**Daniel McCarthy** ((22 Jenụwarị 1883 - 2 Maachị 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ireland.

Ọ bụ onye otu Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ofufo Irish ma sonye na 1916 Easter Rising na South Dublin Union, ebe ọ merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ Sinn Féin so na Dublin Corporation. Gọọmentị Britain kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Septemba 1918 wee ziga ya na Durham Prison, ebe ọ gbapụrụ.

A họpụtara McCarthy na-enweghị mmegide na Dáil Éireann ka Sinn Féin Teachta Dála (TD) na Ntuli aka 1921 maka Mpaghara Dublin South. O mechara gaa n'ihu kwado Agreement Anglo-Irish, wee bụrụ onye otu Cumann na nGaedheal mgbe e guzobere otu ahụ.

McCarthy sonyeere gọọmentị nke W. T. Cosgrave dị ka Odeakwụkwọ omeiwu nke Onyeisiala (Onyeisi Whip) na 1922, ịbụ onye mbụ jidere ọkwa ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo afọ 1924. 

Na 18 Maachị 1924, ndị ikom iri anọ ji ngwa ọgụ zukọrọ na Devlin's Hotel dị na Parnell Street, Dublin. E zigara ọtụtụ ndị agha gwongworo abụọ ka ha gbaa ogige ahụ gburugburu, e wee nwee esemokwu n'etiti ndị nnupụisi. Ekwere ka McCarthy na Joseph McGrath bụrụ ha dịka ndị ogbugbo.  He resigned from the Dáil on 30 October 1924 and subsequently retired from politics.

Ọ bụ Onyeisi oche nke Gaelic Athletic Association site na 1921 ruo 1924. Ọ bụkwa onye otu [Conradh na Gaeilge]]. O mechara bụrụ osote gọvanọ [Kilmainham Gaol]].

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Mary Marquis

**Mary Elizabeth Marquis** MBE (amụrụ na 11 Machị 1934), amụrụ dị ka Mary Elizabeth Caughie, bụ onye bụbu onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ na onye na-eme ihe ngosi na BBC Scotland site n'etiti afọ 1960, wee bụrụ ihu nke mmemme akụkọ mgbede nke netwọk ahụ Reporting Scotland ruo 1988, gụnyere oge niile nke 1970s Nationwide mgbe ntinye sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi BBC nke dị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ UK nyere aka na mmemme mba.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Marquis na Glasgow. O nwetara ọzụzụ na Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama dị na Glasgow . 

## Ọrụ
Marquis sonyeere Border TV dị ka onye na-ama ọ́kwà na onye na-akọ akụkọ ụwa na 1961. Ọ bụ onye mbụ a hụrụ na ihuenyo, na-emeghe mgbasa ozi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Septemba 1961.

Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ọ gafere na BBC Scotland. Ọ gara Scotland niile iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ajụjụ ọnụ maka ihe omume A Quick Look Round (ma mesịa maka usoro nke ya First Person Singular site na 1970 ruo 75). Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi atọ na-eweta akụkọ Reporting Scotland na mmalite ya na 1968, ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi ihe omume ahụ maka ọtụtụ afọ n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ. Mgbe ihe omume Nationwide malitere na 1969, ọ ghọrọ ihu a na-ahụkarị na telivishọn n'ófè UK dum.

Marquis hapụrụ Reporting Scotland ịghọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eweta ihe omume*Good Morning Scotland* na onye na-anọchite anya dị ka onye na-eme ihe omume 'Today' na BBC Radio 4. O mechara laghachi na akụkọ telivishọn na BBC Scotland na Septemba 1975, na-aga n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka emume Reporting Scotland ruo mgbe ọ hapụrụ BBC na 1988.

O mechara tinye aka na nkà, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị iche iche. O mekwara ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ dịka ọ na-akpọtụ na Edinburgh Festival.

A họpụtara Marquis ka ọ bụrụ Onye òtù Order of the British Empire na ndepụta ndị a ga-asọpụrụ n'afọ ọhụrụ 1983,  ma nye ya onyinye pụrụ iche maka 'Ihe Ntinye Ya pụrụ iche na Mgbasa ozi Scotland' na 2007 Scottish BAFTA awards. 

RCS na-enye onyinye Mary Marquis kwa afọ maka arụmọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na telivishọn, na-echeta oge ọ nọrọ n'ebe ahụ.

## Ndụ onwe onye
N'afọ 1962, Marquis lụrụ Jack Anderson, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye nkuzi mahadum biri na Glasgow (nke mechara biri na Canada na London), ha mụkwara nwa nwoke David afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-atụ anya ka a chụpụ ya, ọ nọgidere na-apụta na ihuenyo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ruo mgbe ọ mụrụ nwa (gụnyere otu ajụjụ ọnụ ọ gbara mmadụ n'elu ụlọ), ma laghachi na studio mgbe izu isii gasịrị.

## Edensibịa

## Njikọ mpụga

** TV ark.  Including a 1985 version, segueing to Mary Marquis at the news desk
** Mary Marquis attempting to feed the penguins at Edinburgh Zoo (film clip), BBC News Scotland website
** Reported Scotland: 50 Years of BBC TV News, 60-minute BBC Scotland film, shown 30 September 2007. YouTube copy.

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Róis

**Rose Connolly** (amụrụ na 1999/2000), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka *Róis*', nke a na-akpọkarị *RÓIS*') bụ onye na-ede egwu, onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-akpọ ọtụtụ ngwa egwu sitere na County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. A maara ya maka ịbụ abụ n'ụdị keening (), nke ọdịnala Irish lament.

## Mbido ndụ
A zụlitere Róis na Newtownbutler, obodo dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke County Fermanagh. O tolitere n'ezinụlọ ya gburugburu egwu ọdịnala Irish; nna nna ya na-akpọ bagpipes ebe nna ya na-akpọ accordion. Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke tọrọ ya mere ka ọ mụta egwu eletrọniki na egwu ndị ọzọ mgbe ọ bụ nwata, gụnyere Daft Punk na Nirvana. O mechara mụọ egwu na Royal Irish Academy of Music na Ụlọ Nchebe Eze nke Hague.

## Ọrụ
Ndekọ mbụ Róis bụ  (Mmiri na nwanyị), ewepụtara na 2023. O kwuru na Meredith Monk, Marina Herlop, Daniela Lalita na Hatis Noit bụ ihe mkpali ya.

Abọm nke abụọ ya nke akpọrọ ** (My sorrow) ka ewepụtara na 2024 ma họpụta ya maka Choice Music Prize. *[[The Guardian]]* nyere ya anọ kpakpando n'ime ise, na-ekwu na "Connolly na-ejupụta [ntụgharị uche] na ndụ ọhụrụ, nke na-eju anya, na-agwakọta ihe ochie na njikọ, mgbawa na ndị drone."

## Ndụ nkeonwe
Róis etoghị n'ịsụ Irish, ọ malitere ịmụ asụsụ ahụ mgbe ọ na-amụ akwụkwọ na Hague Conservatory. Mgbe ọ lọtara Ireland, ọ mụsiri ọmụmụ asụsụ Irish ike, ma jiri ya mee ihe ná ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị. N'afọ 2024, o kwuru sị "Otu ụbọchị m ga-achọ ibi ndụ m kpamkpam site na Irish, ọkachasị mgbe m na-emepụta ihe nká m."

Rose bị na Belfast.

## Ihe nkiri egwu
### EPs
*  (2023)
*  (2024)

### Ndị otu
* "" (2024)
* "Feel Love" (2024)

## Ihe nrite na nhọpụta

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
*
Ellen Axson Wilson

**Ellen Louise Axson Wilson** (Mee 15, 1860 – Ọgọst 6, 1914) bụ First Lady nke United States site na 1913 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1914, dịka nwunye mbụ nke President Woodrow Wilson.

## Akụkọ ndụ ya
Ellen Louise Axson, onye a mụrụ na Savannah, Georgia, bụ ada nke pasto. Ellen ghọrọ nwanyị nwere mmasị dị mma nke nwere mmasị na nka, egwu, na akwụkwọ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, ọ malitere ịmụ ịse ihe eserese. 

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1883, ọ zutere Woodrow Wilson mgbe ọ gara ileta nwanne nna ya bụ́ Jesse Woodrow Wilson na Georgia, maka azụmahịa ezinụlọ. N'oge ahụ, ọ nọ na-elekọta ụlọ nna ya di ya nwụrụ anwụ. Nna Ellen gburu onwe ya mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ maka ịda mbà n'obi.

Wilson, onye dị afọ iri abụọ na asatọ, lụrụ Ellen, dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, na June 24, 1885, n'ụlọ nne na nna nna ya na Savannah, Georgia.

N'otu afọ ahụ, Bryn Mawr College dị na Pennsylvania nyere Dr. Wilson ọkwa nkuzi nke na-akwụ ụgwọ ọnwa kwa afọ nke $1,500. Ya na nwunye ya bi nso n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ha na nwanne ya nwoke bụ́ Eddie nọnyeere ha. Ha abụọ nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ.

A họpụtara Wilson ka ọ bụrụ onyeisiala na 1912, nke wetara Ellen ọrụ ọhụrụ maka ọha mmadụ. Ọ gbapụrụ n'ihe ndị a ọ chọrọ n'ọrụ nka ya. Dịka Onyeisiala Nwanyị, ọ na-ese ihe osise ma na-ese ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpukpu nke atọ nke White House. N'oge ọ nọ na White House, ọ nọgidere na-ese ihe osise, mana o gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'aha e chere na ọ bụ ya. O nyere ọtụtụ ọrụ ya nye ọrụ ebere. Ọ haziri agbamakwụkwọ ụmụ ya nwanyị abụọ n'ime White House.

Ọ nwụrụ site na ọrịa na White House n'abalị isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst, afọ 1914. 

Na Disemba 1915, Onyeisiala Woodrow Wilson lụrụ ọzọ, ya na Edith Bolling Galt.

## Ntụaka
Margaret Woodrow Wilson

**Margaret Woodrow Wilson** (Eprel 16, 1886 - Febụwarị 12, 1944) bụ ada mbụ nke onye isi ala US bụ Woodrow Wilson na Ellen Louise Axson. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ dịka First Lady nke mba Amerịka site n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1914 ruo Disemba afọ 1915, n'oge dị n'etiti ọnwụ nne ya na nna ya lụrụ Edith Bolling Galt ọzọ.

## Akụkọ ndụ ya
A mụrụ Wilson na Georgia, ọ nọrọ afọ mbụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi ọrụ nna ya dịka prọfesọ, o mechara gaa Goucher College ma mụọ olu na piano na Peabody Institute.  O nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'egwu, ọrụ ọha na eze, na agụmakwụkwọ, wee bụrụ onye na-abụ abụ soprano a ma ama, na-eme ọtụtụ ndekọ ma na-eme ihe nkiri maka ndị agha ndị Allies n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ.  
Wilson bụrụ abụ, o dekọkwara ọtụtụ ihe na ndekọ.

Wilson bụkwa onye na-akwado ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị iwu nna ya kwadoro nkewa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji melite ọnọdụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Afrịka Amerịka na Washington, DC.

Mgbe e mesịrị ná ndụ ya, ọ malitere inwe mmasị miri emi n'ihe gbasara ime mmụọ. Na 1938, ọ kwagara na  India, ebe e nyere ya aha *Nishtha.* Ọ nọgidere n'India ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Febụwarị 12, 1944, mgbe ọ dị afọ 57. E liri ya na Pondicherry, India, na-alụbeghị di, na-enweghịkwa ụmụ ọhụrụ.

## Ntụaka
Edith Wilson

**Edith Wilson** (amụrụ **Bolling**, onye bụbu **Galt** ; Ọktoba 15, 1872 - Disemba 28, 1961) bụ First Lady nke United States site na 1915 ruo 1921 dịka nwunye nke abụọ nke President Woodrow Wilson. Ọ lụrụ Wilson, nwunye ya nwụrụ anwụ, na Disemba 1915, n'oge ọchịchị mbụ ya dịka onyeisiala.

## Mbido ndụ ya
A mụrụ Edith Bolling Ọktoba 15, 1872, na Virginia, nye onye ọka ikpe ụlọikpe. Edith bụ nke asaa n'ime ụmụaka iri na otu, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata.

Edith ikesikpepke n̄kpọ. Mgbe ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị na-edebanye aha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ, nne nne ya kụziiri ya otú e si agụ na otú e si ede ihe n'ụlọ. Agbanyeghị, nna ya debara aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obere oge.

## Agbamakwụkwọ izizi ya
Mgbe ọ na-eleta nwanne ya nwanyị lụrụ di na Washington, D.C. Edith zutere Norman Galt, onye na-ere ọla a ma ama . Di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ na Eprel 30, 1896, wee biri n'isi obodo maka afọ 12 sochirinụ. Na 1903, ọ mụrụ nwa nwoke nke dịrị ndụ nanị ụbọchị ole na ole. Ọmụmụ ihe siri ike mere ka ọ ghara ịmụ ụmụ karịa. Na Jenụwarị 1908, Norman Galt nwụrụ na mberede mgbe ọ dị afọ 43.

## Agbamakwụkwọ abụọ ya na nwunye mbụ
Na Maachị 1915, a kpọtaara nwanyị di ya nwụrụ Galt na Onyeisi ala US Woodrow Wilson nwụrụ na nso nso a na  nke Helen Woodrow Bones dere. Ọkpụkpụ bụ nwa nwanne mbụ onye isi ala wee jee ozi dị ka onye nnabata White House mgbe nwunye Wilson nwụsịrị, Ellen Wilson.

Wilson lụrụ Galt na Disemba 18, 1915, n'ụlọ ya na Washington, D.C.

Edith Wilson rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nchịkwa President Wilson na-esochi ọrịa strok siri ike ọ tara na October 1919. Maka oge fọdụrụ nke onyeisi oche di ya, ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ nke onyeisi oche, ọrụ nke o mesịrị kọwaa dị ka "ọrụ nlekọta ụlọ", ma kpebisie ike nke nkwukọrịta na ihe gbasara steeti dị mkpa iji mee ka uche onye isi ala dina ụra. 

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa na nkwupụta agha United States na Japan.

## Ọnwụ ya
Mgbe Edith na Woodrow Wilson hapụrụ White House na March 1921, ọ kwagara n'otu ụlọ dị na Washington, D.C. N'ebe ahụ, ọ lekọtara onyeisi oche mbụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na February 3, 1924.

Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Disemba 28, 1961, mgbe ọ dị afọ 89.

## Ntụaka
Muthollaayiram

**Muthollaayiram** (Tamil) bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme Tamil oge ochie, nke e dere n'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke ise. Ọrụ a nwere usoro atọ nke amaokwu 900 nke ọ bụla, nke mejupụtara ngụkọta amaokwu 2,700, nke a bụrụ iji too ndị ọchịchị Tamil atọ nke Cheras, Cholas, na Pandyas. Nke a kwekọrọ na omenala Tamil oge ochie nke ide amaokwu 900 iji mezue ọrụ, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dịka Vaccha Thollaayiram na Arumbai Thollaayiram. Ọ na-akọ banyere njirimara dị iche iche nke ndị ọchịchị oge ochie a, ya bụ, ala, ebe e wusiri ike, ndị agha, mmụọ ịlụ ọgụ, obi ike, mmesapụ aka, na ihe ndị ọzọ. A maghị onye dere ọrụ ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ya efuola, naanị obere akụkụ dị. N'ime amaokwu 2,700 ahụ, naanị amaokwu 109 ka achọtara.

## Mbipụta nke ọrụ ahụ
M. Raghava Iyengar buru ụzọ ebipụta amaokwu Muthollaayiram na 1905 na magazin Senthamil.  Na 1938, S. Vaiyapuri Pillai, onye isi ngalaba nyocha Tamil na Mahadum Madras, bipụtara akwụkwọ nwere mkpokọta amaokwu nke Muthollaayiram.

N'afọ 1943, S. Vaiyaapuri Pillai dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ekwu na enwere ike inwe naanị abụ 300 na onye ọchịchị ọ bụla, na-eme naanị abụ 900 n'ozuzu.

## Nkwupụta
T. K. Chidhambaranadhar dere nkọwa dị mfe gbasara amaokwu nke Muthollaayiram. N'okwu nkọwa ahụ, o gosiri na ihe amaokwu itoolu pụtara ka dị omimi ma tinye amaokwu ndị ahụ n'enweghị nkọwa ọ bụla dị ka mgbakwunye na nkọwa ya.

## Hụkwa

* Akwụkwọ Sangam

## Edensibia
Florence Harding

**Florence Mabel Harding** ( née **Kling** ; Ọgọst 15, 1860 &#x2013; Nọvemba 21, 1924) bụ Nwunye Mbụ nke United States site na 1921 ruo mgbe di ya nwụrụ na 1923 dịka nwunye Onyeisiala Warren G. Harding.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ya
A mụrụ Florence Mabel Kling na August 15, 1860 na Ohio. Ọ bụ ya bụ ada nke onye na gu-ego.

Florence gara ụlọ akwụkwọ malite na 1866 wee mụọ oge ochie. Florence malitere inwe mmasị n'ịnyịnya n'oge ndụ ya wee sonye n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ ịnyịnya. Nna ya nwere ọganihu dị ka onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ ma zụọ ya n'ọtụtụ nkà azụmahịa dị ka ụlọ akụ, ezigbo ala na ụlọ ọrụ ugbo.

Florence nwere mmasị n'ịkpọ piano ma malite klaasị piano mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ na-egwuri egwu ruo ọtụtụ awa kwa ụbọchị na nke a kpatara esemokwu ya na nna ya ga-eti ya ihe.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ya na Henry Atherton de Wolfe lụrụ na Columbus, Ohio, na January 22, 1880. 

Florence mụrụ naanị nwa ya, Marshall Eugene, na Septemba 22, 1880. Di ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe mana ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè mere ka ọ gbahapụ ezinụlọ ya na Disemba 31, 1882. Florence na enyi ya Carrie Wallace batara ebe nne ya, Louisa, na-akwado nne na nwa ya n'ụzọ ego. Florence ghọrọ onye nkụzi piano iji nyekwuo ego, ọ na-enwekwa mmasị n'ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'abalị. Di ya gbara alụkwaghịm nwara ịpụnara ụgbọ oloko na 1885, ha abụọ gbara alụkwaghịm na 1886.

Nna ya kwere nkwa ịmụta Marshall mana ọ gaghị enye nwa ya nwanyị ihe. N'ihi ya, Marshall nakweere aha Kling, ma ọ nwụrụ na 1915, nke ụkwara nta. Nkuchi nwa ya nwoke tọhapụrụ Florence maka ndị egwuregwu ịhụnanya ndị ọzọ, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya ọ zutere Warren Gamaliel Harding. Ọ dị afọ ise tọrọ ya, Harding na Florence ghọrọ di na nwunye n'oge okpomọkụ nke 1886 na ha lụrụ na July 8, 1891.

## Oru ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ya na dịka nwanyị mbụ
Ha enweghị ụmụ nke ha, mana nwa Florence Marshall binyere ha n'otu oge ma nata agbamume sitere n'aka Warren ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na nta akụkọ.

Florence gbara di ya ume n'ọsọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ ya maka ndị omebe iwu steeti na 1899. Florence na-enyekarị di ya ndụmọdụ banyere ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na-akụda mmụọ ịgba ọsọ maka gọvanọ na 1912. Kama nke ahụ, o mere ka anya ya lekwasị Washington, D.C., Warren mekwara ka aha obodo ya gbasaa..

Mgbe US banyere Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Florence ji onwe ya rụọ ọrụ iji nweta mmeri.

Na Maachị 4, 1921, Warren G. Harding ka ewepụtara dị ka onyeisi oche na Florence Harding ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ, na-arụ ọrụ ozugbo na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba. Florence nwedịrị mmetụta siri ike na nhọpụta di ya nke ndị òtù ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ haziri nnukwu oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ihu ya bụ ndị ọha na-amata.

## Ọnwụ
Harding nwere nsogbu akụrụ. Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1923 ọrịa ya laghachiri, ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa akụrụ na November 21, 1924, ọ dị afọ 64.

## Ntụaka
Akwụkwọ ozi Ondaatje

**Akwụkwọ ozi Ondaatje** (1729-1737), bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke akwụkwọ ozi onwe onye na asụsụ Tamil na ma eleghị anya n'asụsụ ọ bụla nke South Asia. A na-echekwa ya na Cape Town Archive Repositories, South Africa. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ dị n'etiti otu Nicolaas Ondaatje (na Tamil, Ukantācci), onye *Chettiyar* si Colombo, Sri Lanka onye e zigara na Cape of Good Hope ruo afọ iri dị ka ntaramahụhụ site na Dutch East India Company (VOC). E nwere ihe ruru akwụkwọ ozi iri ise nke ndị ezinụlọ ya na ndị enyi ya si Sri Lanka degaara Nicolaas ọ bụ ezie na echebeghị nzaghachi ya. Maka mbipụta na nsụgharị Bekee Annotated nke akwụkwọ ozi, lee Herman Tieken, Between Colombo and the Cape. Akwụkwọ ozi na Tamil, Dutch na Sinhala, E zigara Nicolaas Ondaatje site na Ceylon, Exile na Cape of Good Hope (1728-1737), Dutch Sources on South Asia, c. 1600-1825, Delhi: Manohar, 2015.

Akwụkwọ ozi ndị a gụnyere ihe gbasara ezinụlọ dịka ọmụmụ na ọnwụ, iwu agbụrụ, echiche gbasara mgbake iji laghachi Sri Lanka. A maara akwụkwọ ozi ndị a maka nhazi ha na-enweghị usoro ụtọasụsụ, enweghị akara edemede na ọtụtụ okwu agbaziri agbaziri sitere na Sanskrit, Persian, Portuguese na Dutch. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Ndị otu ezinụlọ Ondaatje, bụ́ ndị si Tamil Nadu, India, bi na ndịda Sri Lanka ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ha arụọla ọrụ dị ka ndị ogbugbo n'etiti ndị ọchịchị na ndị obodo ahụ. Nicolaas, onye a ma ama n'òtù azụmaahịa a na-akpọkarị Chettys na ndịda India na Sri Lanka, biri dị ka onye nweere onwe ya na Cape n'oge ọ nọ ebe ahụ. Ọ maara asụsụ Tamil, Dutch na Sinhalese nke ọma. Ọ bụ onye ahịa, onye na-ahụ maka akaụntụ, dọkịta, onye ntụgharị okwu na onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nicolaas nwụrụ obere oge tupu njem ya agwụ. A na-ewere ya dị ka nna ochie nke ndị edemede Michael Ondaatje na Christopher Ondaatje.

## Edensibia
Grace Coolidge

**Grace Anna Coolidge** (amụrụ **Goodhue** ; Jenụwarị 3, 1879 - Julaị 8, 1957) bụ nwunye onyeisiala mba Amerịka site na 1923 ruo 1929 dịka nwunye onyeisiala nke iri atọ nke mba Amerịka, Calvin Coolidge . Ọ bụbu nwanyị nke abụọ nke mba Amerịka site na 1921 ruo 1923, bụrụkwa nwunye onyeisiala Massachusetts site na 1919 ruo 1921.

## Akụkọ ndụ ya
A mụrụ Coolidge na Vermont, wee gaa  ebe o mebere isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Pi Beta Phi. Ọ kwagara Massachusetts, ka ọ kụzie ihe na Clarke School for the Deaf. 

Ọ zutere Calvin Coolidge na Northampton, ha lụrụ na 1905, ha ga-amụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Ọ nọrọ na Northampton ịzụlite ụmụ ha mgbe ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị di ya gara n'ihu na Boston. 

Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Washington, D.C. mgbe a họpụtara di ya osote onye isi ala na 1921, na banye na White House mgbe Warren G. Harding nwụsịrị mere ya onyeisi oche na 1923.

Coolidge na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka nwanyị mbụ, na-anabata ọtụtụ puku ndị ọbịa kwa afọ, ọ na-emekwa ngosi ọha mgbe niile n'ọnọdụ Onye isi ala. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a ma ama nke ukwuu ma bụrụkwa onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka ikike ya ime ndị ọbịa mara mma. 

Nhọrọ ejiji ya nwere mmetụta n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị America ka ọ na-eyi ụdị okpu dị iche iche wee họrọ ụdị dị mma nke ụdị oge a. Coolidge kewapụrụ onwe ya n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ ndị bu ya ụzọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ jiri nwayọọ na-enwe mmasị n'inyere otu ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ogbi aka. O chere na a kpachibidoro ya maka ọrụ nke nwanyị mbụ; o kweere na ọ na-ebute ụzọ karịa ọdịmma nke ya, ọ na-edebekwa ọtụtụ iwu di ya nyere ya. 

Ọnwụ nwa ya nwoke nke obere metụtara ya karịsịa na 1924, n'agbanyeghị na ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya dị ka onye nnabata White House naanị izu ole na ole. N'afọ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya, Coolidge nwere ọrịa akụrụ nke mere ka ike gwụ ya nwa oge.

## Ọnwụ ya
Ha laghachiri na Northampton na 1929, ebe Coolidge malitere ibipụta uri na edemede akụkọ ndụ. Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1933, ọ bịara nwee onwe ya ma malite ime njem. 

Coolidge bụ onye na-akwado itinye aka na America na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ gbazinyekwara ha ụlọ ya mgbe US banyere agha ahụ. 

Ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na bọọdụ Clarke School na mmemme maka ndị ntị chiri ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na July 8, 1957 n'ihi ọrịa obi.

## Ntụaka
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Ihe odide Tamil dị mfe

alt=A list of simplified Tamil syllables, 7 rows by 2 columns.|thumb|300x300px|Kọlụm aka ekpe na-egosi ụdị tupu oge a na kọlụm aka nri nwere nnọchiteanya mgbanwe kwekọrọ
**Ihe odide Tamil dị mfe** ma ọ bụ ihe odide Tamil Reformed na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ mgbanwe gọọmentị na ihe odide Tamil.

N'afọ 1978, Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu gbanwere mkpụrụedemede ụfọdụ nke edemede Tamil nke o a iji mee ka edemede ahụ dị mfe. Ọ chọrọ ịhazi ligatures na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ nke ஆ ā, ஒ o, ஓ ō na ஐ ai syllables.

Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ naanị 13 n'ime 15 n'ime simplifications ndị a tụrụ aro ka ha gara n'ihu na-eji ya eme ihe kama iji ya mee ihe kama iji ọ bụ n'ụzọ a tụrụ aro ya.*ai*_Tamil-language_text" id="mwKQ" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>

Kuthusi Gurusamy bu ụzọ tụọ aro mgbanwe ederede ma o yiri ka enyeghị ya otuto. E guzobere Kọmitii Mgbanwe Akwụkwọ Nsọ na 1947 n'okpuru Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, ebe na 1951 Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu nabatara aro ya, ọ naghị eme ka ha dị irè. Ọ gbara ya ume n'ihi na a na-ekwu na ọ na-eme ka ederede dị mfe dịka Periyar n'onwe ya bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'oge mbụ. Onye ọzọ nyere Periyar aka bụ Kuthusi Gurusamy https://ta.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/குத்தூசி_குருசாமி

E nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe tupu nke a n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 20, nke ndị otu Tamil purist na-edu, bụ́ ndị wepụrụ ọtụtụ mkpụrụokwu Grantha na mkpụrụokwu Tamil-Grantha (ma e wezụga ஜ ja, ஷ sha, ஸ sa, ஹ ha) ma hazie mkpụrụokwu Tamil nke oge a.

## Edensibia
Rajamohan

**Rajamohan R.** (A mụrụ ya na Disemba 3) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri India, onye na-ede ihe nkiri, onye na-ede abụ, onye na-ede uri, onye na-ede akụkọ mkparịta ụka nke na-arụ ọrụ na sinima Tamil. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe nkiri mbụ ya bụ Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puraavum (2009). Ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ o duziri gụnyere Vanavarayan Vallavaraya (2014).

## Ọrụ
Rajamohan mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye nduzi na *Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum* (2009), nke gosipụtara ndụ ime obodo, ma gosipụta egwu Yuvan Shankar Raja. &#x5B;**&#x5D; Ihe nkiri ndị a na-eme ka ịhụnanya na mmetụta uche dị n'etiti ha site n'ịkọ akụkọ, na-eme ka obi dị ọcha na esemokwu nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ ike ịkọ akụkọ ahụ. Ụzọ o si mee ihe nke ọma maka ihe ngosi okike ya na ụdị anya dị mfe ya, nke mere ka ihe nkiri ahụ dị n'ime ime obodo..   

Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ duziri *Vanavarayan Vallavarayan* (2014), nke gosipụtara ndụ ime obodo ma lekwasị anya na mmetụta nwanne. 

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ihe nkiri Address - nke Esakki Bharath na-eme ma na-egosi Atharvaa na cameo dị ogologo.
## Ihe nkiri

### Dị ka onye nduzi

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

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Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Lou Hoover

**Lou Henry Hoover** (Machị 29, 1874 - Jenụwarị 7, 1944) bụ onye America na-eme ihe ọma, ọkà mmụta ala, na nwanyị mbụ nke United States site na 1929 ruo 1933 dịka nwunye nke Onyeisiala Herbert Hoover. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù obodo na otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo n'oge ndụ ya niile, gụnyere Girl Scouts nke USA, nke o duru site na 1922 ruo 1925 na site na 1935 ruo 1937.

## Ndụ mbido ya
A mụrụ Lou Henry na Iowa, na Maachị 29, 1874 nye onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ ọkpara ụmụ nwaanyị abụọ. Ọ malitere egwuregwu, gụnyere baseball, basketball, na ịgba ụta ma mụta nkà ndị ọzọ bara uru.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1893, Henry nwetara ọrụ na ụlọ akụ nna ya. O debara aha na  ka o nweta akara ugo mmụta na geology. Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, Herbert Hoover, onye bụ agadi na ọbụbụenyi ha malitere ịghọ enyi. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmasị na egwuregwu mgbe ọ nọ na Stanford, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Stanford Women's Athletic Club n'afọ ikpeazụ ya. Na 1898, Hoover ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nzere bachelọ na geology site na Stanford.

## Alụmdi na nwunye na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Ha lụrụ na 1899 ma biri na mbụ na China; nnupụisi dara n’afọ ahụ, ha wee hụ onwe ha n’etiti agha.

Na 1901, ha kwagara London, bụ ebe Hoover zụlitere ụmụ ha nwoke abụọ wee bụrụ onye ọbịa na-ewu ewu n'etiti njem mba ụwa. 

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị Hoovers duziri mgbalị ndị mmadụ iji nyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ agha aka. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Washington, D.C. na 1917, mgbe a họpụtara Herbert onye isi na , na Lou ghọrọ onye na-akwado nchekwa nri na-akwado ọrụ ya.

Lou nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ ise karịsịa ka o biri na China na Europe.

## Dịka Nwanyị Mbụ
Hoover ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nke United States mgbe e chiri di ya dị ka onye isi ala na 1929. Ọkpọ oku Jessie De Priest na White House maka tii bụ arụmụka maka nkwado ọ na-ekwu maka njikọta agbụrụ na ikike obodo.

Ọ jụrụ ịjụ ndị nta akụkọ ajụjụ ọnụ, ma ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-enye mgbasa ozi redio mgbe niile. Hoover bụ onye na-ahụ maka imezigharị White House n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ, wee hụ na owuwu nke onye isi ala na Rapidan Camp. O wedara ọrụ ọhaneze ya dị ka onye nnabata White House, na-ewepụta oge ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ n'ọrụ afọ ofufo ya.

Aha Hoover dara n'akụkụ nke di ya n'oge . Ma ọha na eze ma ndị nọ ya nso amaghị maka ọrụ ebere ọ rụrụ nke ukwuu iji na-akwado ndị ogbenye mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka nwanyị mbụ, n'ihi na o kwenyere na mgbasa ozi mmesapụ aka adịghị mma.

Mgbe Herbert kwụsịrị mkpọsa nhọpụta ọzọ ya na 1932, ha laghachiri na California, ma kwaga New York City na 1940. Hoover nwere obi ilu banyere ọnwụ di ya, na-ebo ebubo na-emeghị ihe n'eziokwu na ụzọ aghụghọ iji kpọsaa ya, o megidekwara ọchịchị Roosevelt ike

## Ọnwụ ya
Mgbe ha hapụrụ White House, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji nye di ya nkwado mmadụ n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Hoover nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Jenụwarị 7, 1944, mgbe ọ nọ na New York. Di ya hụrụ ya mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ọnụ ụlọ ha.

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ
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Akwụkwọ Ndị ìsì Tamil

Mkpụrụ **Akwụkwọ Ndị ìsì Tamil** bụ nke kacha nta n'ime mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ndị ìsụ ụzọ Bharati.  (N'ihi usoro n'ozuzu na akara edemede, lee isiokwu ahụ.) 

## Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ
A na-eji mkpụrụedemede ụdaume mee ihe karịa diacritics, ha na-apụta mgbe ụdaume gasịrị n'usoro ha na-ekwu.

A na-ekerịta mkpụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ ikpeazụ, ⠰ ṉ na ⠷ ḻ, na Malayalam, mana ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-eji ⠰ ṉ eme ihe maka anusvara (ịsa imi) na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Bharati ndị ọzọ, ebe a na-ejikwa ⠷ ḻ na Urdu Braille mana maka mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ʻayn na-enweghị njikọ.

### Codes

## Hụkwa

* Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Tamil

## Edensibia
Eleanor Roosevelt

**Anna Eleanor Roosevelt**   (Ọnwa Iri 11, 1884 Nọvemba 7, 1962) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Amerịka, onye nnọchi anya mba ofesi, na onye na-akwado ọchịchị. Ọ bụ nwunye onyeisiala nke kachasị ogologo oge n'ọchịchị na mba Amerịka, n'oge di ya bụ́ Franklin D. Roosevelt nọrọ n'ọkwa onyeisiala ugboro anọ site na 1933 ruo 1945. Onyeisiala Harry S. Truman kpọrọ ya "Nwanyị Mbụ nke Ụwa" iji kwanyere ihe ndị o rụzuru n'ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ ùgwù.

## Mbido ndụ ya
Amụrụ Anna Eleanor Roosevelt na Ọktọba 11, 1884 na New York City, nye ndị na-elekọta mmadụ Anna Rebecca Hall na Elliott Roosevelt. Site na nna ya, ọ bụ nwa nwanne onye isi ala Theodore Roosevelt. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ ndị tọrọ.

Roosevelt bụ onye a ma ama na ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere obi ụtọ na nwata, na-ata ahụhụ ọnwụ nke nne na nna na otu n'ime ụmụnne ya mgbe ọ dị obere. Na 15, ọ gara Allenswood Boarding Academy na London ma onye nchoputa ya na onye isi Marie Souvestre nwere mmetụta miri emi.

Mgbe ọ laghachiri na U.S., ọ lụrụ nwa nwanne nna ya nke ise, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, na 1905. N'agbata 1906 na 1916 ọ mụrụ ụmụ isii, otu n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Agbamakwụkwọ nke Roosevelts bịara gbagwojuru anya mgbe Eleanor chọpụtachara ihe omume di ya na onye odeakwụkwọ mmekọrịta ya, Lucy Mercer, na 1918. N'ihi ogbugbo nke nne di ya, Sara, njikọ ahụ kwụsịrị n'ihu ọha. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị mmekọ abụọ ahụ malitere idebe atụmatụ onwe ha.

## Oru ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na dị ka First Lady
Roosevelt nyere aka mee ka di ya kwenye ka ọ nọgide na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ọrịa kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ dara ya na 1921.

Na-esochi nhọpụta Franklin dịka gọvanọ New York na 1928, na n'ime oge fọdụrụ n'ọrụ ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Franklin, Roosevelt na-eme ngosipụta ọha na eze mgbe nile n'aha ya; na dị ka nwanyị mbụ, mgbe di ya jere ozi dị ka onye isi ala, ọ metụtakwara nnukwu ọrụ ugbu a na ọdịnihu nke ọrụ ahụ.

Roosevelt bụ, n'oge ya, otu n'ime ndị inyom ụwa niile nwere mmasị na ike. Ka o sina dị, n'oge ọ bụ nwata na  ọ na-ese okwu maka nkwuwa okwu ya, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ịkwalite ikike obodo maka ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka.

Ọ bụ nwunye onye isi ala mbụ na-enwe nnọkọ mgbasa ozi oge niile, dee kọlụm akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, dee kọlụm magazin kwa ọnwa, na-eme ihe ngosi redio kwa izu, ma kwuo okwu na mgbakọ pati mba. Ugboro ole na ole, o kwenyeghị n'iwu di ya n'ihu ọha. Ọ kwadoro ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ, ikike obodo nke ndị America na Asia America, na ikike nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. 

Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1945, Roosevelt rụgidere United States ịbanye na ịkwado United Nations wee bụrụ onye nnọchi anya mbụ ya na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche mbụ nke UN Commission on Human Rights wee lekọta nhazi nke .  Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ chịkwara onyeisi oche nke onyeisi oche nke ọchịchị John F. Kennedy na ọnọdụ maka ụmụ nwanyị.

## Ọnwụ ya na ihe nketa ya
Eleanor nwụrụ na November 7, 1962 na New York n'ihi nkụda mmụọ.

Ka ọ na-erule oge ọnwụ ya, a na-ewere Roosevelt dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a kacha asọpụrụ n'ụwa. Ahọpụtala ya ma kwado ya nke ukwuu dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a ma ama na nnukwu nwanyị mbụ America. 

## Ntụaka