open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Eveline Annie Jenkins

**Eveline Annie Jenkins** (July 1893-1976) bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe na onye na-ese onyinyo.

## Akụkọ ndụ
 mụrụ Jenkins na Monmouthshire, otu n'ime ụmụ atọ nke onye ọrụ gọọmentị William Herbert Jenkins Na Eveline Jenkins. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Newport Girls High School ma gụọ maka B.Sc.  Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, mgbe ọ na-amụ nka n'oge ya. Jenkins gara nkuzi  Aberystwyth Art School n'oge 1912 na 1913 ma, na 1916, nọrọ izu isii na ụlọ akwụkwọ Stanhope Forbes na Newlyn. 'afọ 1913, ọ nwetara ihe nrite mbụ na National Eisteddfod maka imewe ya maka isi iyi ọha. Mgbe  gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Jenkins rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ruo afọ isii, nke mbụ na Cornwall na Wales.

'afọ 1927, Jenkins were ọkwa onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ na National Museum of Wales, ọ nọkwa n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'afọ 1959.  N'oge ahụ, ihe osise ya gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie bipụtara, yana akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ndị  gụnyere akwụkwọ Welsh Timber Trees nke H. A. Hyde na A. E. Wade dere na 1961, na ọtụtụ ọrụ gbasara fungi.  [2] Ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu na-apụta na mbipụta nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, dịka ọmụmaatụ 2001 Catalogue of Botanical Plants and Drawings of the National Museum of Wales .  Jenkins  onye otu South Wales Art Society na ọrụ ya gosipụtara na ngosi njem nke 1955 nke ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ Welsh nke oge a nke Kansụl nka nke Wales haziri. Ihe atụ nke ọrụ  bụ nke Contemporary Art Society of Wales na National Museum Cardiff.

## Ihe odide
Nature Red in Tooth and Claw (akwụkwọ)

Nature Red in Tooth and Claw: Theism and the Problem of Animal Suffering bụ akwụkwọ 2008 nke Michael J. Murray, nke na-enyocha ahụhụ anụmanụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Ihe ọjọọ sitere n'okike, n'ime nsogbu nke ihe ọjọọ. Aha akwụkwọ ahụ na-ezo aka n'okwu a ma ama na nke a na-ekwukarị site na uri "In Memoriam A.H.H." nke Alfred, Lord Tennyson.

## Nnakwere
Onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Mylan Engel Jr. kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka ederede bara uru maka nkà ihe ọmụma nke nkuzi okpukpe, ọkachasị ndị na-ekwu maka nsogbu nke ihe ọjọọ.  na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ bara uru n'ihi na ọ "na-egosi etu atụmanya nke onye na-ekpere arụsị si bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka ijikwa ihe ịma aka a na-adịgide adịgide na ezi uche nke nkwenkwe ndị na-ekwere na Chineke", mana ọ na-akpali nchegbu na Murray "na-ebelata mkpa nke ahụhụ anụmanụ", nke nwere ike ime ka ụfọdụ ndị na-agụ ya ghara ime ihe iji belata ahụhụ anụmanụ nke ha n'onwe ha na-enye aka.  J. Lynch na-ekwukwa na "Causa Dei" na-agbachitere ịdị adị Chineke nke a kwadoro n'akwụkwọ ahụ "nwere ike belata ihe dị mkpa nke nhụjuanya anụmanụ ma ọ bụ kọwaa ya", mana ọ na-akpọ akwụkwọ ahụ zuru oke ma chee na ọ ga-akpali mkparịta ụka banyere isiokwu ahụ, ọbụlagodi na ọ "dozi nsogbu nke Chineke na ihe mgbu anụmanụ".

. J. Mawson na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ahụ kama inye Theodicy, bụ ihe na-agbachitere ikpere arụsị n'ìhè nke ihe akaebe dịnụ ma na-atụ aro na n'ozuzu, akwụkwọ ahụ na-akwado mkpebi ikpe nke "okwu a na-egosighị", mgbe ọ bịara na nsogbu nke ahụhụ anụmanụ.

. R. Dodsworth na-eto akwụkwọ ahụ, na-akpọ ya "nke e ji nlezianya arụmụka, nke akụkọ ihe mere eme kwadoro ma nwee nghọta".  Gary Chartier dịkwa mma, na-akpọ akwụkwọ ahụ "naanị akwụkwọ ogologo na Bekee nke theodicy na ahụhụ anụmanụ na nkà ihe ọmụma nke okpukpe", na-ekwusi ike na ọ na-enye ìhè ma na-enyocha otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị nsogbu nke nsogbu nke ihe ọjọọ maka ndị na-ekweghị na Chineke, nke a na-ewere ugboro ugboro dị ka ihe a na-apụghị idozi edozi na "Murray setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka mkparịta ụka banyere ihe mgbu anụmanụ dị ka nsogbu na theodicy".

. Robert Mesle na-akatọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ na-elekwasị anya na "otu nkọwa ọdịnala nke Chineke" dị oke mkpụmkpụ nakwa na ya na ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere Chineke, na-ekwukwa na akwụkwọ ahụ na-egosipụta "ụkpụrụ dị ala nke ezi uche", nke "na-eme ka anyị pụọ n'ọchịchọ ka ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma na ndị ọkà ihe ọmụmụ okpukpe dị ukwuu".

## Hụkwa

* Ozizi evolushọn
* Nsogbu nke anụ oriri
* Ahụhụ anụ ọhịa

## Ihe odide
Helena Christina van de Pavord Smits

**Helena Christina van de Pavord Smits** (1867-1941) bụ onye Dutch na-ese ihe osise. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Pavord Smits na 21 Ọktoba 1867 na Leiden, Netherlands .   gara Academie van Beeldende Kunsten, Den Haag (Royal Academy of Art, The Hague. Ọ mụụrụ Jan Philip Koelman, Willem van der Nat [nl], Timotheus Wilhelmus Ouwerkerk [nl), na Mathilde Frederika Wilhelmina Tonnet . [1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe maka akwụkwọ akụkọ "Flora Batava" na *Rijksherbarium te Leiden* (National Herbarium of the Netherlands).

Pavord Smits nwụrụ na 27 Jenụwarị 1941, na Leiden . 

## Ihe ngosi

Usòrò:Helena_Christina_van_de_Pavord_Smits_–_Tulipa_linifolia_Regel.jpg|*Tulipa linifolia Regel*
Usòrò:Paddenstoelen_in_het_bos_door_Helena_Christina_van_de_Pavord_Smits.jpg|alt=Mushrooms in the Woods|*Mushrooms n'ime Ọhịa*


## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mgbasa ozi metụtaraHelena Christina van de Pavord Smitsna Wikimedia Commons
Deep Blue (nnukwu shark na-acha ọcha)

Deep Blue bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa shark na-acha ọcha nke a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị 6.1 m (20 ft) n'ogologo ma ọ bụ karịa ma ugbu a ọ dị afọ iri isii. &nbsp;&nbsp;E kwenyere na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu e dekọrọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Onye nchọpụta Mauricio Hoyos Padilla hụrụ shark ahụ na Mexico. E gosipụtara Deep Blue na Discovery Channel's Shark Week. Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri hụrụ Sharks agụ na-amụ banyere tiger sharks na nso agwaetiti Oahu, Hawaii.   iche iche na-egosi shark dị ka onye dị jụụ na onye na-adịghị eme ihe ike gburugburu ụmụ mmadụ na ọbụna dolphin.

## Nchọpụta
A chọpụtara Deep Blue na mbụ na 2014 mgbe e mere ya ihe nkiri dị ka akụkụ nke Shark Week n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Guadalupe Island, Mexico, n'ụgbọ mmiri MV Horizon. Ịbụ onye a ma ama nke Deep Blue mụbara mgbe Padilla biputere vidiyo ya na Facebook na 2015. Ikpughe Deep Blue mụbara mgbe a hụrụ ya ka ọ na-eri nri site na ozu sperm whale na Hawaii site n'aka ndị na-eme nchọpụta nọ n'ógbè ahụ iji nyochaa tiger sharks. 'ihi oke mmasị, e mepụtara akaụntụ Twitter banyere ya.

## Nkọwa

## Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ mmadụ
'agbanyeghị nnukwu nha nke Deep Blue, e meela ya na fim ọ bụghị n'ụzọ na-eme ihe ike na-abịaru otu onye na-egwu mmiri nso ọbụnakwa na-anabata ọnụnọ nke ndị ọzọ na-egwu egwu na nso, ọbụnadị ikwe ka ndị na-egwu ala n'efu na ihe nlereanya Ocean Ramsey, ijide otu n'ime nku ya mgbe ha na-egwu ya.  Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ isi mmalite na-arụ ụka na shark ahụ Ramsey zutere bụ Deep Blue ma o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ Haole Girl. Tupu mmekọrịta a, a na-ekwu na shark ahụ eriworị ụfọdụ ozu whale, nke nwere ike inye aka n'omume ya dị jụụ gburugburu ndị na-abanye n'ime mmiri. Mgbe e mere Deep Blue na Mexico afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ, a hụrụ ya ka ọ na-egwu mmiri n'ụzọ dị jụụ gburugburu ụlọ shark ma na-ata naanị ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ụlọ ahụ; ọ wakporo Padillo, onye nọ n'elu ụlọ ahụ ma kpughee ya.  -abanye n'ime mmiri ahụ nwedịrị ike imetụ fin ya aka, na-ekwu na ọ na-anwa ịkwapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.

Vidio Ramsey nke imetụ ya aka ma jide shark ahụ emeela ka ndị na-eme nchọpụta shark katọọ ya. David Shiffman, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri katọrọ omume Ramsey ma kwuo na ekwesighi igbochi shark, na-ekwu na ọ bụ nnukwu anụ ọhịa na mmetụ mmadụ ugboro ugboro nwere ike ime ka anụmanụ ahụ nwee nrụgide. Michael Domeier, onye ọzọ na-eme nchọpụta banyere shark, katọkwara omume Ramsey. Domeier kwuru na iwu nke mbụ nke ịdakwasị shark abụghị imetụ shark aka. Ndị nchọpụta abụọ ahụ weere omume Ramsey dị ka ihe na-enye anụmanụ ahụ nsogbu.

 mgbakwunye na nkatọ ya banyere Ramsey, Domeier kwenyere na shark ahụ Ramsey zutere abụghị Deep Blue ma o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ Haole Girl, nnukwu shark ọcha a chọtara ọhụrụ nke Domeier kwetara na ọ dị ime.

## Ihe odide
Killian Mullarney

**Killian Mullarney** bụ onye Irish na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ, onye na-ese nnụnụ  na onye ndu njem nnụnụ.   mepụtara usoro stampụ Irish maka An Post na-egosi nnụnụ Irish [1] nke e wepụtara n'etiti afọ 1997 na 2004.

Amụrụ ya na Dublin n'afọ n'afọ 1958, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ na afọ ọla ma ọla nke si n'aka nne ya, Máire Mullarney.  Ọ were emaisi na ụmụ nnụnụ Sita na oge ọ bụ nweta,, including bird art, and began to make a name for himself in the late 1970s. Due to his keen interest in bird identification, he served as a member of the Irish Rare Birds Committeefrom 1980 to 2008, and serves as an identification consultant to many birding journals, including *Birding World* and *Alula*. He also wrote an influential series of articles with Peter J. Grant for *Birding World* which were later produced independently as 'The 'New Approach to Identification'.

Ya na Dan Zetterström jikọrọ aka mee ihe osise nke Collins Bird Guide, nke Lars Svensson na Peter J. Grant dere  ma Birding World kọwara ya dị ka "n'enweghị obi abụọ ọ bụ nduzi kachasị mma e mepụtara", na "akwụkwọ nnụnụ ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20". 

Ya na nwunye ya, Cornelia na ụmụ ya, Helena, Sophia na Anna bi na Ireland ugbu a. Ha nwekwara nkịta abụọ.

## Edemsibe

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Cora Helena Sarle

**Cora Helena Sarle** (1867-1956) bụ onye America na-ese ihe. A maara ya site na aha nke abụọ ya dị ka **Helena Sarle** .

Sarle bụ nwa afọ North Scituate, Massachusetts. Ọ ghọrọ Shaker mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, na 1882, sonyeere New Hampshire">Canterbury_Shaker_Village" id="mwCw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Canterbury Shaker Village">obodo dị na Canterbury, New Hampshire, mgbe ahụ Elder Henry Clay Blinn na Eldress Dorothy A. Durgin duziri ya;  ọ bịanyere aka na Shaker Covenant na 1888.   na-arịa ọrịa; n'ihi ya, iji nye ya ọrụ ụfọdụ, Blinn gwara ya ka ọ gosipụta osisi ndị a mụrụ n'ala maka ịmepụta akwụkwọ nkuzi a ga-eji mee ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo, ọrụ nke mere ka ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ oge n'èzí n'ógbè ahụ gbara obodo ahụ gburugburu. n'ikpeazụ, o mepụtara ihe karịrị ihe osise 180. O nweghị ọzụzụ nka, mana a sụgharịrị ihe osise ya nke ọma. 'okpuru nduzi Blinn, o mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ botanical abụọ na 1886 na 1887, nke o gosipụtara osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ na mmiri.

Sarle gara 'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nka, nke o ji mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ego maka obodo Canterbury. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya ndị dị ndụ bụ ihe ngosi postcard nke ụlọ nzukọ Canterbury, nke a na-ere na ụlọ ahịa obodo. O mepụtara ihe buru ibu, nke nwere oké ọchịchọ, nke a na-ezube mgbe niile dị ka onyinye. Ihe onwunwe  dịgasị iche iche; o sere ihe osise na ákwà, Masonite, akwụkwọ, bọọdụ, na obere ihe ọ bụla ọ nwere ike ịchọta, gụnyere igbe Band-Aid [1] na igbe ochie nke eriri typewriter.  Ka ọ na-erule n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1920, iwu Shaker omenala na ihe ịchọ mma amalitela izu ike; n'ihi ya, ọ malitere ịchọ ihe ndị ọzọ bara uru maka iji ya mee ihe n'ime obodo, gụnyere ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke n'elu ụlọ, ihe nche anwụ, na igbe dịgasị iche iche. 'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya, ọ nọgidere na-eme ihe nkiri ya na Ụlọ Ahịa Sisters n'ime obodo ahụ. Sarle nwekwara ikike egwu, na-abụ abụ na ndị otu egwu Canterbury bụ Shaker Quartet na Qui Vive Trio  ma na-akpọ cornet na ndị otu obodo.  Iri 'ime ihe osise ya ka dị na nchịkọta nke Shaker Museum and Library.

E bipụtara ihe osise Sarle, ya na ederede Blinn, dị ka A Shaker Sister's Drawings: Wild Plants Illustrated by Cora Helena Sarle na 1997.  ahụ nwekwara edemede nke June Sprigg Tooley na Scott T. Swank.

## Hụkwa

* Hannah Cohoon, onye ọzọ na-ese ihe na mmiri

## Ihe odide
Nnụnụ Dutch

Dutch Birding

Dutch Birding, nke a na-akpọ Journal of the Dutch Birding Association,  ma na-akpọkwa ugbu an International journal on Palaearctic birds, bụ magazin, ornithological nke Dutch Birding nke dị na Amsterdam bipụtara.  guzobere ya na afọ 1979  na Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ ya bụ Arnoud van den Berg .

Magazin ahụ nwere mbipụta asụsụ Bekee  Dutch  ma na-ekpuchi ọdịdị, usoro, ihe omume, na nkesa nke nnụnụ na Benelux, Europe, na ebe ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Palaearctic. Ọ na-ebipụtakwa onyinye gbasara nnụnụ na mpaghara Asia-Pacific na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.

## Hụkwa

* *Ardea* - akwụkwọ gọọmentị nke Netherlands Ornithologists' UnionÒtù Ndị Na-amụ Nnụnụ na Netherlands
* Ndepụta nnụnụ nke Netherlands
* Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin ndị metụtara nnụnụ na nnụnụ

## Edemsibe
Ịchụ Anụ Anụ

thumb|350x350px
The Wild Boar Hunt  ihe osise mmanụ 1618-1620 nke Peter Paul Rubens sere, nke dị ugbu a na Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister na Dresden.

## Isiokwu ndị metụtara ya site na Rubens

Usòrò:Peter_Paul_Rubens_083.jpg|alt=The Hippopotamus and Crocodile Hunt|*Ịchụ Anụ Hippopotamus na Ịchụ Agụ*
Usòrò:La_Chasse_au_loup_et_au_renard_-_Rubens.jpg|alt=The Wolf and Fox Hunt|*Ịchụ Anụ ọhịa wolf na Fox*
Usòrò:Rubens_Peter_Paul_Lion_Hunt_APMuenchen.jpg|alt=The Lion Hunt|*Ịchụ Ọdụm*
Usòrò:Peter_Paul_Rubens_110.jpg|alt=The Tiger Hunt|*Ịchụ Agụ*


## Ihe odide
Shimada Mitsufusa

thumb|
Shimada Mitsufusa (島田 充房) bụ onye na-ese ihe gbasara osisi Japan na narị afọ nke 18 kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya, Ka-i 花彙, na-egosi osisi Japanese nke nwere efere osisi 200 na mpịakọta 8. Mpịakọta nke mbụ bụ E bipụtara ya na edo na 1759  

Planta 

## Ihe odide
Guillaume Silvestre Delahaye

thumb|
**Guillaume-Silvestre Delahaye** (1734 Rouen - 1802/3 Saint-Domingue) bụ onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ, onye na-ese ihe osise, na onye ụkọchukwu Roman Katọlik ma ọ bụ onye ụkọp nke sonyere na Nnupụisi ohu nke 1791 na Saint-Domingo n'àgwàetiti Hispaniola . 

Ọ bụ nwa afọ Rouen ma n'otu oge ọ bụ dikọn na parish nke Church of St Joan of Arc, ma mụọ iwu na Caen. Ọrụ ya n'ozi nke Chọọchị ahụ adaala mgbe ndị uwe ojii Paris hụrụ ya n'àkwà ya na otu Marguerite Desmarais na 1757 ma boo ya ebubo 'ịkwa iko'.   dị, ọ dịghị ikpe ọ bụla, a tọhapụrụ ya n'enweghị nsogbu ọ bụla ọzọ.

Ọ bịarutere na Saint-Domingue na 1765, na mbụ na-eje ozi dị ka 'onye enyemaka pastọ' na le Cap na Quartier-Morin, ma mesịa bụrụ curé nke Dondon, ebe ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eme nchọpụta banyere ojiji nke osisi ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ, na-ese ma na-akọwa ha. Ọ matara onye ọzọ French botanist, Palisot nke Beauvois, onye rutere n'àgwàetiti ahụ na 1788, ha abụọ zigara André Thouin ma ọ dịkarịa ala mkpụrụ isii. O bipụtara akwụkwọ botanical abụọ na Cap-Francais, otu na 1781 na nke ọzọ na 1789. Cercle des Philadelphes kpebiri na Machị 1788 ibipụta ọrụ Delahaye 'Florindie , ou Histoire physico-économique des végétaux de la Torride' site na ndenye aha ma bipụta Akwụkwọ mpịakọta peeji anọ, nke tụrụ aro mpịakọ abụọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Saint-Domingue na 66 livres kwa mpịakọrọ. E zigara ihe odide ahụ na France ka e dee efere ndị ahụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. Otú ọ dị, Mgbanwe France batara ma arụzughị ọrụ ahụ.  sị na e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, ọ gaara abụ otu n'ime onyinye kachasị mkpa na nke kachasị mkpa maka nkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ nke ndị ọchịchị.

N'afọ 1791, nnupụisi ndị ohu malitere, Delahaye ghọkwara onye na-akatọ usoro ahụ, na-ebipụta echiche ya na 'Feuille du Jour'. N'otu oge, o kwupụtara iwepụ ịgba ohu na Saint-Domingue, na-akpata nkụda mmụọ n'etiti ndị nwe ohu. N'agbanyeghị na Jeannot Bullet, otu n'ime ndị isi nnupụisi, jidere ya, e mesoro Delahaye ihe n'ụzọ dị mma ma chọọ ndụmọdụ ya. Delahaye n'onwe ya nwere ụfọdụ ndị ohu, ọ ghọkwara ihe doro anya na ihe kpatara nnupụisi abụghị naanị maka mwepụ, kama ọ na-egosipụta mkpesa dịgasị iche iche.

E nwere akụkọ na-emegiderịta onwe ya banyere ọnwụ Delahaye - otu nsụgharị na-ekwu na mmiri riri ya ma ọ bụ mmiri riri ya na le Cap na 1803, ebe Adolphe Cabon (1873-1961), ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Haiti, chere na ndị nnupụisi gburu ya na 1802 n'ihi egwu na ọ nwere ike ịrara ha nye. Echiche nke atọ bụ na ndị isi ojii na-eme ngagharị iwe gburu ya n'oge ogbugbu nke ndị ọcha France na July 1793.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe a na-edebe stampụ
* Ihe ngosi
* Ihe ngosi
* Akpụkpọ anụ na-agbanwe agbanwe: Ọrụ Abbé de Lahaye na njedebe nke ọchịchị Saint-Domingue, 1787-1791 - akụkọ ifo na ndụ
* Agha Transatlantic nke uwe: Ndị ụkọchukwu France na Mgbanwe Haiti
Christian Gottlieb Geissler

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**Christian Gottlieb Geissler** (1729 Augsburg - 2 Nọvemba 1814 Geneva) bụ onye Germany-Switzerland na-ese ọla kọpa, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ, ọkachamara na akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye kwagara Geneva n'ihe dị ka 1771 ebe ọ ghọrọ nwa amaala Switzerland.   bụ nwa Adam Geissler, onye na-emepụta ubi. O yikarịrị ka a maara Geissler nke ọma maka ihe osise ya nke *Tabulae Phytographicae*, ọrụ encyclopedic nke onye Zurich naturalist Johannes Gessner (1709-1790), onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme Geissler gosipụtara.'agbata afọ 1744 na afọ 1749, Geissler bụ onye mmụta nke onye na-ese obere ihe na Augsburg, Samuel Baumeister . [1] O mechara gaa Nurnberg ebe o nyere aka gosipụta ọrụ Franz Michael Regenfuss Choix de Coquillages et de Crustacés. N'afọ 1753 ọ gara Zurich iji sonyere Gessner na mmepụta nke *Tabulae Phytographicae* nke nwere akụkụ iri abụọ na anọ, nke pụtara na mbụ n'afọ 1795. Mgbe nke  gasịrị, ọ kwagara Geneva ebe ya na onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo Süß rụkọtara ọrụ, wee guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ese foto ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede ọla kọpa.

## Ihe odide
Sarah Elizabeth Hay-Williams

thumb|Ihe osise nke Sarah Elizabeth Hay-Williams
**Lady Sarah Elizabeth Hay-Williams** (née **Amherst**; 9 July 1801 - 8 August 1876) bụ onye England na-ese ihe na onye na-ese onyinyo ihe ọkụkụ .   mụrụ ya na 9 Julaị 1801 na Sarah Amherst na William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst . [1]  na ndị mụrụ ya gara India ma mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ mezue ọtụtụ ihe osise mmiri na-acha ugbu a na nchịkọta nke British Library. [1] [2] [3] O mechara lụọ Sir John Hay-Williams na 1842. 'afọ 1846, Hay-Williams nyere aka na mmiri na Edwards's Botanical Register. Mgbe  laghachiri na United Kingdom, ọ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ gụnyere Margaret Verney. [1]  nwụrụ na 1876 na Chateau Rhianfa na 8 August 1876. [1]

 leguminous *Amherstia nobilis* bụ nke onye Danish botanist Nathaniel Wallich kpọrọ aha iji sọpụrụ ya na nne ya Sarah Amherst.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
 

*
Ọdụm na-eri mmadụ na Mfuwe

ọdụm na-Iri mmadụ nke Mfuwe bụ otu n'ime ọdụm na-er mmadụ kachasị ukwuu na ndekọ, ma eleghị anya nke kachasị ukwuu,    n'ihe karịrị ụkwụ 10 (3.0  n'ogologo na pound 500 (230  n'ibu. Onye America, Wayne Hosek gburu ya na 1991 na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Luangwa, Zambia.  riri mmadụ isii gburugburu Mfuwe, isi obodo nke ndagwurugwu ahụ.  na-egosipụta ozu nwamba ahụ na Field Museum na Chicago kemgbe afọ 1998, ihe atụ ya na-esonyere ọdụm abụọ a ma ama na-eri mmadụ nke a na-akpọ Ọdụm Tsavo.

## Ihe odide
Alanorarius

**alanorarius**, na omenala, Ndị na Europe oge ochie, ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ma bụrụ onye njikwa nke spaniels, ma ọ bụ nkịta na-etinye, maka egwuregwu nke ịchụ nta na falconry.

Okwu a sitere na Gothic *Alan*, a greyhound.

## Edemsibe
Sir John Charles Patrick Langham, Baronet nke iri na anọ

Sir John Charles Patrick Langham, 14th Baronet (30 June 1894 - 1972) bụ onye Irish nwere ala na onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ John Charles Patrick Langham na 30 June 1894 na Tempo Manor, County Fermanagh. Nne na nna ya bụ Sir Charles Langham, 13th Baronet na Ethel Sarah "Jennie" Tennant. Nna nna  bụ Sir William Emerson Tennent, 2nd Baronet of Tempo Manor . [1]  gara Rugby na Royal Military College, Sandhurst, wee gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ala maka ọtụtụ nnukwu ala Irish gụnyere Coolattin, County Wicklow . [1]  lụrụ Rosamond Christabel Rashleigh na 1 Ọktoba 1930. [1] Langham nọchiri nna  dị ka Baronet mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1951.

Langham  onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ, onye e chekwara ọrụ ya n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya, gụnyere mpịakọta asatọ nke ọmụmụ mmiri. 

Langham nwụrụ  1972 ma nwa ya nwoke, Captain Sir James Michael Langham, Baronet nke iri na ise nọchiri ya.

## Ihe odide
Corona Australis

Corona Australis bụ igwe mmadụ na nrida Celestial Hemisphere .  Aha Latin ya ere "okpueze ndida", ọ bụkwa okpueze ndịda Corona Borealis, okpueze ugwu.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime mfọn iri anọ na-enwe nke onye na-egosi mbara igwe nke ike nke afọ nke abụọ Ptolemy depụtara, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ike ike iri na-enwe nke oge a.  Ndị Gris oge ochie ochie Corona Australis dị ka okpueze kama okpueze ma akụkụ ya na Sagittarius ma ọ bụ Centaurus .  Omenala ndị ọzọ ejiri ejiri aka mee ihe ngosi ahụ nduru, mu enyí ihie, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụlọ nke nkume hyrax nwere.

Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na ọ na-ada mba ọzọ ibe ya nke ugwu, bu oval ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke ndị na-akpa na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè.  Alfa na Beta Coronae Australis bụ nke abụọ na- posipụ nke nwere oke ihe dị ka 4.1.  Epsilon Coronae Australis bụ ihe atụ ngosi mma nke mgbidi W Ursae Majoris na mbara igwe ndịda.  N'ịna n'ụdị Milky Way, Corona Australis nwere otu n'ime mpaghara mpaghara kacha nso na Sistemụ Igwe Igwe - nebula gbara nke a na-akpọ Corona Australis Molecular Cloud, dina ihe dị ka afọ 430. N'ime ya,  Ty dị n'oge mbụ nke ndụ ha.  Kpakpando ndị na- agbanwe agbanwe R na TY Coronae Australis na-amụnye nke nebula, nke iche na nchapụta ya.

. [4]A-ahụ aha mmị ahụ dị ka "Corona Australis" mgbe International Astronomical Union (IAU) njikere ike 88 ọgbara ọhụrụ na 1922. [1] [2] N'afọ 1932, e dekọrọ aha ahụ dị ka "Corona Austrina" mgbe  ndị ọrụ IAU na-edepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndepụta mbiri nke ihe anọ maka mpịazi.  [3] A kagburu ndebiri nke anọ na 1955. [4] Ndị IAU na-eji "Corona Australis" ikike.  [4]
Édouard Maubert

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**Louis Joseph Édouard Maubert** (30 Jenụwarị 1806 Calais - 30 Eprel 1879 Paris) bụ onye France na-ese ihe osise nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, onye nyere aka na akwụkwọ botanical na akwụkwọ akụkọ horticultural, na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ dị ka Jean-Louis-Auguste Loiseleur-Deslongchamps, Charles Antoine Lemaire, Charles Henry Dessalines d'Orbigny, Hippolyte François Jaubert na Jean Jules Linden. 

Maubert zụrụ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe na mmiri Louis France, wee biri na Paris n'ihe dị ka 1836. Ọ meziwanyere nkà ya na Pierre Joseph Redouté na Museum of Natural History. Ọzụzụ ya na nkà ya mere ka ọ banye n'òtù sayensị n'ime Museum of Natural History.  na-ese okooko osisi ruo ụbọchị tupu ọnwụ ya n'ụlọ ya dị na Paris na 15 rue de Buffon na 5th arrondissement.

Maubert bikwa na rue du Marche aux Chevaux, nso Jardin des plantes . 

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

* Flore médicale na nke ụlọ ọrụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu 3 vols.
* *Osisi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Granville* (1867) 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Otu Facebook
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraÉdouard Maubertna Wikimedia Commons
Lois Long (onye na-amụ banyere ihe ndị mere n'oge ochie)

**Lois Long** (1918 - 2005) bụ onye America na-amụ banyere mycology, nke a maara nke ọma maka ihe osise ya na ihe osise akwa nke gosipụtara mushrooms na ụdị okike ndị ọzọ.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Mmasị Long nwere maka mushrooms na sayensị nke mycology malitere mgbe ọ kwagara Rockland County, New York na 1950s, otu enyi kọwakwara ya John Cage, onye a ma ama na-ede uri, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-amụ banyere mycology. Ha abụọ malitere site na inyocha fungi na New York Botanical Gardens, na izute onye ọzọ na-amụ banyere mycology Guy Nearing. 'ikpeazụ, Cage na Nearing nyere aka guzobe New York Mycological Society na Long dị ka otu n'ime ndị otu 26 mbụ. 

### Ọrụ
A na-ere ọrụ nka Long na ire ere; Christie's New York rere ihe mbụ ya na 2009.   gosipụtakwara ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ ndị gụnyere *The Guardian na* ArtDaily (February 2020) na-akọwa ihe ngosi na Somerset House na London, na-enyocha "ụwa na-adọrọ mmasị nke mushrooms".

Akwụkwọ abụọ a na-ekwukarị dịka ihe atụ nke ọrụ ya bụ akwụkwọ abụọ a kpaara ókè (Mushroom Book na Mud Book), nke Cage dere ma Long so dee ma gosipụta ihe osise ya.  , enwere ike ịchọta akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na nnukwu ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, ọbá akwụkwọ na nchịkọta onwe onye, gụnyere British Museum na London na MOMA na New York. Otu onye -egosi ihe ngosi nke Mud Book kọwara ya n'ụzọ dị mma, na-ekwu, "Mbipụta ahụ bụ ihe atụ dị ịrịba ama nke ibipụta silkscreen. E mezuru àgwà ya pụrụ iche site na iji ihe ngosi iri isii na itoolu (69) maka otu peeji, na-enweta ìhè dị egwu nke agba na ọdịiche nke akara na ọdịdị. "

Iji nyochaa mushrooms gburugburu ụwa, a maara Long ka ọ gaa mba ofesi na Mexico, China, Japan, Madagascar na India. 

 na-eto ihe osise ya maka igosi ụdị ala a hụrụ fungus. Obituary  kwuru, "N'ụzọ ziri ezi na agba na nkọwa zuru ezu, ha ziri ezi iji mee ihe maka nyocha ma ihe osise ahụ bụkwa ihe ịga nke ọma mara mma, gosipụtara na ịdị mfe nke akara na ihe mejupụtara ma sụgharịa ya n'ụzọ pụrụ iche na watercolor na graphite. "

N'ihe ngosi ikpeazụ ya na Cavin-Morris Gallery na 2003, Long gosipụtara "ihe osise mushroom dị ka ndụ na watercolor na graphite na ihe ọkpụkpụ na akwụkwọ mache" 

### Ụtụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị
N'afọ 2015, ihe osise ya bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi na Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation na Mahadum Carnegie Mellon na Pittsburgh. Dị ka akwụkwọ ngosi ahụ si kwuo,"Ihe atụ ahụ gosipụtara gụnyere mpụga nke folda 10 na ihe osise okwu Cage na-ekpuchi nkọwa zuru ezu nke ihe onwunwe onye na-ese ihe Lois Long ebe ha na-achụ nta maka morels; mkpuchi anụ ahụ nke ederede, nke ya na ndị ọzọ, n'elu lithograph nke mushrooms nke Lois Long. Cage chọrọ ọchụchọ maka okwu na ihe ọ pụtara iji mepụta ahụmịhe nke ịnya n'ime osisi maka mushrooms. "

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

* Cage, John, na ndị ọzọ. *Atlas eclipticalis*. 1962.
* Cage, John, Lois Long, na Alexander H. Smith. *Akwụkwọ Mushroom*. New York: Hollanders Workshop, 1972.
* Cage, John, na Lois Long. *Mud Book: Otu esi eme Pies na Cakes.* Hudson, New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2017.

## Ihe odide
Otu ihe na-enyocha mbara igwe

. akụkụ nke igwe (akara: au, [1] [2] [3] [4] ma ọ bụ AU ma ọ bụ AU ) bụ ogologo ogologo, dị anya site na mbara ụwa ruo na ihe dịka 150 nde kilomita (93 nde).  kilomita) ma ọ bụ 8.3 nkeji ntụ.  Ebe dị anya site na ruo ụwa nke na-adịgasị iche site na 3% ka ụwa na-agba gburugburu, site na nke mmalite ( aphelion ) ruo na kacha nta ( perihelion ) na azụ ọzọ otu ugboro n'afọ.  The astronomical unit e mbụ tụụrụ ime dị ka nkezi nke mmetụta aphelion na perihelion;  Otú ọ dị, ụdị 2012 a kọwapụtara ya dị ka 149597 870 700. m

A na-eji akara akara dị iche iche na ndebiri maka nkịta mbara igwe.  Na akara 1976, International Astronomical Union (IAU) ejirila akara A gosi ogologo ya na nkịta mbara igwe.  [1] N'ime akwụkwọ gbasara mbara igwe, akara AU bụ (ma ka dị) mkpa.  Na 2006, International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) akwadoro ua ka akara maka unit, site na French "unité astronomique".  [2] Na mgbakwunye na-enweta normative C ruo ISO 80000-3 : 2006 (wepụrụ ugbu a), akara nke ngalaba mbara igwe bụkwa ua.

mmetụta na-agba gburugburu bụ ellipse .  Akọwapụtara ọkara isi axis nke elliptik orbit a ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ụgwọ ahịrị kwụpụta nke akwụkwọ perihelion na aphelion .  Ebe etiti dabere na mpaghara ahịrị kwụpụta, mana ọ bụghị n'ebe etiti ya.  N'ihi na ellipses bụ ụdị egwuregwu nke ọma, na-atụ isi ihe dị n'ókè ya na-ahụpụta kpọmkwem ụfọdụ ya na ngwaọrụ, ma mee ka egwú ike ịgbakọ maka gburugburu orbit dum yana ọgwụ dabere na nleba anya.  Na mgbakwunye, ọ depụtara kpọmkwem ogologo ahịrị kwụpụta mfe nke ụwa na-agafe n'ime otu afọ, na-ahụ oge na ebe maka ịhụ parallax kasị ukwuu (nke agbanwe agbanwe nke ọnọdụ) na-ahụ dị nso.  Ịmara ikike ụwa na mgbochi mere ka a gbakọọ ogologo ahụ.  Mana nha niile na-edobe n'ókè ụfọdụ nke m ma ọ bụ ejighị n'aka, na eji n'aka na ogologo nke mbara igwe na-amụbawanye ejighị n'aka n'ebe dị anya.  Ọganihu na nkenke bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ike nke mbara igwe ka mma.  N'ime afọ nke iri abụọ, nha bịara bụrụ nke ziri ezi na ọkaibe, ma na nleba anya ziri ezi nke ezi nke Einstein echiche n'echiche dabere relativity na ngwa dabere na nke ọ na-eji.

Nnyocha ndị na-esote nke Sistemụ Anyanwụ site na nyocha mbara igwe mere ka o kwe omume ịnweta nha kpọmkwem nke ọnọdụ nke mbara ala dị n'ime na ihe ndị ọzọ site na radar na telemetry . Dị ka ọ dị na nha radar niile, ndị a na-adabere n'ịle oge ewepụtara maka foton iji gosipụta site na ihe. N'ihi na foton niile na-aga n'ike n'ike n'ike n'ike, bụ isi ihe na-adịgide adịgide nke eluigwe na ụwa, a na-agbakọ anya nke ihe site na nyocha dị ka ngwaahịa nke ọsọ ọkụ na oge a tụrụ atụ. Agbanyeghị, maka nkenke, mgbako ahụ chọrọ mgbanwe maka ihe ndị dị ka mmegharị nke nyocha na ihe mgbe foton na-ebugharị. Na mgbakwunye, a ga-atụgharịrịrị nha nke oge n'onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ nke na-eme ka oge ngbanwe oge. Tụnyere ọnọdụ ephemeris na nha oge egosipụtara na Barycentric Dynamical Time&nbsp;(TDB) na-eduga na uru maka ọsọ nke ìhè na nkeji mbara igwe kwa ụbọchị (nke 86400) . s ). Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009, IAU emelitere usoro ọkọlọtọ ya iji gosipụta mmelite, wee gbakọọ ọsọ nke ọkụ na 173.144632 6847 (69) au/d (TDB).
Ara (ìgwè kpakpando)

thumb|Ara (kpakpando igwe)
 

Ara ( Latīn maka "ebe àjààjà") bụ mfọn ndị dị n'etiti Scorpius, Telescopium, Triangulum Australe, na Norma .  Ọ bụ (dị ka Βωμός  ) otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị Gris (ya bụ 48) nke onye na-egosi mbara igwe nke mbụ afụ nke abụọ Ptolemy ndị agha, ọ ka bụkwa otu n'ime ọrụ 88 ọgbara ọhụrụ  nke International Astronomical Union mgbaàmà.

The oroma supergiant Beta Arae, nye anyị ozi ya kacha na - ndapụta nhọrọ ya na elele ya nso na-adị 2.85, na-Maka misalin Alfa Arae na-acha ụzọ.  A maara usoro asaa na-anabata mbara ala.  Dị ka anwụ anwụ Mu Arae na-akwado mbara ala anɔ ama ama.  Gliese 676 bụ sistemu dwarf na-acha ụda ọnụọgụ abụọ (gravity-paired) nwere mbara ala a anọ ama ama.

N'ọta ifo ndị Gris oge ochie, a matara Ara dị ka ebe eleàjà ebe chi bu ụzọ iso àjà ma guzobe tupu ha emerie Titans .  [1] Otu n'ime igwe ndị mmadụ nke Ptolemy mkpa, [1] Aratus dekọrọ ya na 270 BC dị ka ọ dị nso na mbara igwe, na Almagest na-egosi ngagharị ruo ndịda ruo Gamma Arae .  Prọfesọ Bradley Schaefer na-atụ aro na ndị oge ochie dị ga-eke ike ịhụ ebe otú dị ka Zeta Arae, maka echiche nke yiri ebe àjà.  [2]
Ịchụ nta ụgbala

Ịchụ nta nke ụgbụgbọ mmiri na-agụnye ịchụ nta ọ bụla nke ụgbụrụ ọ bụla.

 mụrụ squirrels na Florida ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama dị ka anụ ụlọ.  nwere azụmahịa anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị na squirrels na-efe efe. 'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2020, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa azụ na anụ ọhịa nke Florida mebiri nnukwu ịchụ nta na-efe efe na ọrụ mbubata.

Caucasian squirrel  onye a na-achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na Gris.

Ịchụ  n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na-emetụta omume squirrel nke ikesa mkpụrụ n'oké ọhịa na Panama.

  n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị so n'ime nsogbu ndị Grizzled giant squirrel na-eche ihu na Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary na South India.

Nnukwu squirrel nke India na-eche ịchụ nta ihu na Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary na Jharkhand, India.

## Ihe odide
Ajay Desai

**Ajay Adrushyappa Desai**, onye a makwaara dị ka Elephant Man,  (24 Julaị 1957 - 20 Nọvemba 2020) bụ onye India na-echekwa ihe na Field Biologist, onye nchọpụta, ọkachamara n'omume nke enyí ọhịa na-elekwasị anya na esemokwu anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi mmadụ.

## Oge ọ malitere
Ezinụlọ Desai si Konnur, Mpaghara Bagalkot, na Karnataka, ma biri na Belgaum.  gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Belgaum wee gaa n'ihu mezue ọmụmụ post-gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Marine biology na Mahadum Karnatak . 

## Ọrụ
Desai malitere ọrụ ya na Bombay Natural History Society site na 1982  dị ka onye nchọpụta ma gaa n'ihu na-etinye ọtụtụ afọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịmụ ọzụzụ anụ enyí na nhazi ụzọ gafee ebe nchekwa India nke Mudumalai na Sri Lanka.   bụ onye na-echekwa anụ ọhịa na ọkachamara n'omume enyí nke Eshia na-elekwasị anya n'ịmụ esemokwu anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi mmadụ.
thumb|Desai, redio na-agbaso enyí na mpaghara Hassan, Karnataka, 2014.
Nnyocha ya wuru na akara redio nke enyí iji soro mmegharị  ma lekwasị anya na ntụgharị enyí ọhịa n'ime ebe obibi mmadụ gụnyere ala ugbo na mmebi na-esi na ya apụta. O kwuru site na akụkọ ya na omume ụmụ mmadụ gụnyere igbu osisi dị nso n'ebe obibi anụ ọhịa bụ ihe kpatara ngagharị enyí n'ime obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.  bụ onye na-akwado ịmepụta ụzọ ndị na-agagharị agagharị anụmanụ dị ka ụzọ isi chekwaa okike na anụ ọhịa.

Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke India họpụtara ya dị ka akụkụ nke kọmitii iji mụọ ụzọ enyí Sigur na Tamil Nadu.  gwụchara nyocha ahụ n'etiti 7 na 9 Nọvemba 2020, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya.  Kasị Elu nke India  Chief Justice nke India tụkwara aro aha ya maka kọmitii iji mụọ mmetụta nke igwupụta coal na gburugburu ebe obibi dị nso na ebe ndị a na-egwupụta coals, na ihe ịma aka ụlọ ikpe nke gọọmentị Jharkhand steeti megide ire ere nke etiti nke blọk coal na steeti ahụ, na 2020.

Ọ bụbu onye otu Srisailam Tiger Reserve Committee na 2009, yana onye otu Nagarhole Tiger Reserve Committee nke na-elekwasị anya na ịkwaga anụ ọhịa n'etiti Nagarhole na Karnataka, na Mudumalai na Tamil Nadu.  lekwasịrị anya n'ịmụ omume anụmanụ na-ekwusi ike n'ịmụta esemokwu anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi mmadụ.

Ọ bụ onye otu na onye isi oche nke otu Asian Elephant Specialist na International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) n'etiti afọ 2005 na 2015,  onye otu ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Karnataka guzobere ìgwè ọrụ enyí.  bụkwa onye otu nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ọhịa na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke India na-ewu atụmatụ National Elephant Action Plan, na-akọwa ihe ndị Ngalaba ahụ nwere ike ime iji belata esemokwu dị n'etiti enyí ọhịa na ụmụ mmadụ.

 bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ na World Wide Fund for Nature na India, Wildlife Institute of India, yana mmemme dị iche iche nke Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit's iji belata esemokwu enyí na steeti India nke Karnataka, West Bengal, na Uttarakhand . 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Desai lụrụ  ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Nọvemba 2020, site na nkwụsị obi, n'ụlọ ya na Belgaum, na Karnataka.  dị afọ iri isii na atọ.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

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* 
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## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchekwa Elephant na Mmetụta nke NjemnaYouTube
* Ìgwè Enyí Pụrụ Iche
Astrobiology

thumb| . Nucleic acid nwere ike ọ na-abụ abụ naanị biomolecules dị na mbara igwe nwere ike ịkwọ koodu maka usoro ndụ
. Astrobiology bụ mpaghara mpaghara n'ime ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-amụ akwụkwọ, ngosi, nkesa na ihe nke n'ife na ala site na ọnọdụ deterministic na ihe omume na-adịgide adịgide.  [1] egwuregwu aka ná ntì, astrobiology kpara ntọala na echiche na nwere ike ikike nke mmetụta

na ọrịa igwe igwe atɔ bụ isi: nsogbu nke gburugburu ebe obibi na Sistemu element na nke ọzọ, akara biosignatures nke mbara ala nke ndụ ndụ gara aga ma ọ bụ ogbu a, na ọkụ , na nwunye nke ndụ n'  ụwa.

Ngalaba n'ọnụ ndị na-eso ụzọ nke 20 site na akụkụ nke mkpa mbara igwe na ndị nke exoplanets .  Nchọpụta nke ịgụ akwụkwọ n’oge gboo lekwasịrị anya n’ọchịchọ maka ndụ ndị ọzọ na igbu ihe nwere ike ndị ndụ na mbara ala ndị ọzọ.  [1] N'afọ ndị 1960 na 1970, NASA mmetụta nteso astrobiology n'ime Viking, nke bụ ozi mbụ US rutere na Mars na mmemme ihe omume ama nke ndụ .  [2] nkeji a, yana ọrụ n'ihi mbara igwe ndị ọzọ, ntọala maka mgba nke mbọ ike dị ka nri.

Banyere gburugburu ebe, astrobiology na- , ማሳያ n'elu ike ụwa nke nwere ike ịdị ndụ, dị ka Mars, Europa, na exoplanets, site na nyọcha n'ime extremophiles na-e mgbidi gburugburu ụwa, dị ka ugwu mgbawa na gburugburu oke.  osimiri.  A na-eme nsogbu n'ime isiokwu a site na iji usoro nke geosciences,-geobiology, maka ngwa astrobiological.
Ogige Anụ Ọhịa na Al Wusta

Ogige Anụ Ọhịa dị na Al Wusta, nke bụ Ogige Oryx nke Arabian, bụ ogige okike dị na Ọzara Central nke Omani na Ugwu Coastal. A gụnyere ya na ndepụta UNESCO World Heritage, ma na ọ ghọrọ ebe mbụ e wepụrụ na ndepụta World Heritage na afọ 2007. 

Ụdị ndị  n'ebe nchekwa ahụ gụnyere Mountain Gazelle, Nubian ibex, Arabian wolf, honey badger na Caracal.

Na ọnwa June 28, n'afọ 2007, e wepụrụ ebe nchekwa ahụ na ndekọ World Heritage Site. UNESCO kwuru mkpebi Oman iji belata ebe ahụ site na 90% mgbe achọtara mmanụ na ebe ahụ, ya na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ oryx Arabian site na 450 na afọ 1996 ruo 65 na afọ 2007 n'ihi ịchụ nta na mbibi ebe obibi. 'oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ụzọ anọ fọdụrụ.

## Edemsibe
Enooyaq Sudlovenick

**Enooyaq Sudlovenick** (amụrụ n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1992) bụ onye Inuk Canadian marine biologist. Ọ bụ onye natara 2021 Weston Family Awards na Northern Research maka nyocha ya banyere ahụike nke anụmanụ mmiri nke Arctic.

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Oge ọ malitere
 mụrụ Sudlovenick na Iqaluit c. 1992. Nna nna ya n'akụkụ nne ya bụ onye Germany na-egbu whale ebe ndị nna nna ya ndị ọzọ bụ North Baffin Inuit na mpaghara sitere na Pond Inlet nke oge a ruo Somerset Island na ruo Taloyoak na isi ala. Ndị nna nna  bụ ndị Inuit si Inukjuaq na Nunavik . [1]

 tolitere na Iqaluit na Pond Inlet na Baffin Island, ma dị ka nwatakịrị ya na ndị mụrụ ya gara n'ime mmiri eels="mw:WikiLink" title="Nunavut">Nunavut iji nyochaa ndụ mmiri gụnyere ndị mmụọ ozi mmiri, krill ugwu, na eel.

### Mmụta
Sudlove rụrụ ọrụ n'oge ọkọchị na Canadian Wildlife Service na Prince Leopold Island, ọ bụkwa otu ìgwè narwhals kpaliri ya ịchụso gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri karịa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa.

 ọ na-erule 2021, Sudlovenick anọwo na-arụ ọrụ na PhD na Mahadum Manitoba, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke ArcticNet Student Association.

### Nnyocha
Sudlovenick -amụ banyere gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na Oké Osimiri Beaufort, akụkụ nke Inuit Settlement Region, na ọdịda anyanwụ Hudson Bay.  na-eji usoro sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ gụnyere serology na ọmụmụ nke mmetọ n'akụkụ Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit gbasara akụkụ ndị dị ka ụtọ whale, ọmụmụ na ọnụego ịkwaga, na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ndị ọzọ. kọwaala iji ụzọ abụọ ahụ mee ihe dị ka "ịrụ ọrụ ka mma n'ozuzu ya". [1] O dekwara banyere ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị. [2]  kpọtụrụ ya aha na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Canada gụnyere CBC News na isiokwu gụnyere anụmanụ mmiri Arctic na nchọpụta Mgbanwe ihu igwe.  bụ onye otu Canadian Climate Institute . [1]

### Onyinye
  onye natara 2021 Weston Family Awards na Northern Research, ihe nrite a ma ama, nke Weston Family Foundation nyere, maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nọ n'ihu nyocha Arctic.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụkpụrụ nke anthropic

. The anthropic, nke a dị ka "nleba anya nhọrọ nhọrọ", [1] bụ hypothesis, nke mbụ mbụ na site na 1957 Robert Dicke, na nso nke o kwere omume nlebanya nwere ike ọrụ na ala na-ejede ihe site n  ' eziokwu na nleba anya nwere ike.  na-eme naanị na mbara igwe nwere ike ihie ndụ nwelite isi.  [2] Ndị na-akwado iwu mmadụ na-arụ ụka na ọ na-ahụ ihe mere ndụ na ụwa ji nwee afọ na isi ihe na agbanwe nke anụ ahụ dị mkpa iji nabata ndị maara ihe, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụrụ na  ọ dị iche, ọ dịghị onye ga-anọ nso iji mee ike.  A na- echiche ndị mmadụ eme ihe iji kwado echiche bụ na-akpa na ụwa yiri ka hà na-edozi nke ọma maka LED nke ndụ .  [3]

Enwere usoro dị iche iche nke echiche anthropic.  Onye ọkà ihe enyemaka Nick Bostrom n'anya ha na iri atọ, mana ike ike kewaa ebumnuche ndị dị n'okpuru n'ụdị "amara ike" na "ike", dabere n'Ị metal mbara igwe nke ha.  anthropic na-enweghị ike ( WAP ), dị ka Brandon Carter si akpa, na-ekwu na nlegharị anya nke ọma nke na ụwa bụ n'ihi nhọrọ nhọrọ (kpọmkwem nhụsianya ịlanarrị ).  Ụtụtụ akụkọ ndị dị otú ahụ na-adabere na ụfọdụ echiche nke multiverse n'ihi na e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmadụ na ala nke a ga- fama na ha.  Otú ọ dị, otu nnukwu mbara igwe zuru ezu maka ọtụtụ ụdị WAP ndị na-adịghị emetụta n'iji ya gee ntī.  Carter mere ka WAP dị iche iche site na ebu anthropic siri ike ( SAP ), nke na-ewere na mmadụ na ụwa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-amanye ka emesị mee ka ndụ mara mma na nke sapient pụta n'ime ya.  [1] [2] Ụdị nke ikpeazụ a maara dị ka iwu anthropic participatory anthropic, nke John Archibald Wheeler kwuru, na-atụ aro na ndabere nke quantum mechanics na ndụ na ụwa, dị ka ọnọdụ nke adị ya, ga-ahụ ike,  si otú a na-egosi otu ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ya.  Nke siri ike ma bụ ebu anthropic ikpeazụ ( FAP ), nke John D. Barrow na Frank Tipler akwụkwọ, nke na-ele usoro nke mmadụ na ala anya dị ka nke a na- akụkọ site na ozi n'ụzọ na nhazi ozi bụ  ihe a na-akpata ezere na mbụ ebi.

Edere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka nzaghachi nye usoro na iwu nke okike na parampat nke ọnụnọ na ala nwere ikike ndị na-egosi na ọnọdụ maka dị ka maara ya akụkụ ndị na-akpa ekwe na ndụ n'ụwa .  The anthropic bu na-ekwu na nke a bụ a posteriori mkpa, n'ihi na ọ bụrụ na ndụ ekwe omume, ọ dịghị ihe dị ndụ ga-anọ ebe ahụ na-edebe ya, ya mere na ọ nwata ama.  Ya bụ, ọ ga- mmekọrịta na ọ ga-ekwe omume ịhụ ụwa ụfọdụ, n'ihi ya, iwu na ihe na-adịgide adịgide nke njigide na ala ọ chọkọkọ nchọpụta ahụ.

 ụzọ mmadụ ebutela ụfọdụ ndị anya anya na ndị, otu n'ihi na etinyere nkebiokwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ echiche dị iche iche.  E boro ụdịdị akwụkwọ ahụ niile ebubo na ha na-akụda , , , , edemede, anụ ahụ miri emi nke ese na ala.  A na-akatọ ụkpụrụ anthropic maka akara akara na ya mere ndị nkatọ ya nwere ike na ikike anthropic bụ echiche na-azụ nke mgba, ọ bụ ebe na ngwaọrụ anthropic na-enweghị ike, "pò ndị a na-ahụ na mbara igwe.  ga-ekwe ka onye na-ekiri ya dị adị", [1] dị "dị mfe" ndị ahụ na ngwaọrụ na nkà ihe (ya bụ, ọ bụ tautology ma ọ bụ eziokwu ).  , iwu, iwulite gbara dabere na ntọala tautological bụ nsogbu.  Ọdịiche dị iche iche siri ike nke echiche mmadụ nkatọ ma si otú a na-eme njem ụfọdụ na-ewere dị ka ụdị yana dabere na siri ike
Sundari (agbọgwụ)

**Sundari** (Hindi maka "ịma mma"; aha koodu: **T-17** c. 2006 - 2013) bụ agụ si Ranthambore National Park, India.  bụ nwa nwanyị Machali ma a na-ewere ya dịka onye isi na-adọrọ mmasị nke Ranthambore.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Sundari n'ihe dị ka afọ 2006 n'ime ụmụ atọ na Machli, nke ọ bụ ya kachasị. N'agbata afọ otu na afọ abụọ, ọ ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya ma kewapụ onwe ya na nne ya ma guzobe ókèala nke ya.

N'afọ 2008, e tinyere ihe olu n'olu Sundari mana ewepụrụ ya afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị na 24 Nọvemba 2011. Sundari nwere naanị otu nwa, n'agbanyeghị na ya na agụ ndị dị ka T-24, T-25 na T-28 na-akpachi anya mgbe niile. Ụmụ ya nwere ụmụ atọ; otu nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke abụọ.

N'agbata Machị na Eprel nke afọ 2013, Sundari furu efu ma gbahapụ ụmụ ya atọ na-azụlite. Nke  mere ka ihe karịrị ndị nche ọhịa 110 chọọ ya mana ha ka enweghị ike ịchọta ya. Enweghị ihe  bụla a hụrụ n'agbanyeghị na e nwere ọtụtụ ọnyà igwefoto ma kwupụta na ọ nwụọla.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Nkà mmụta kpakpando oge ochie

thumb|  onye na-arrị elu na-amụnye ọnụ ụlọ dị n'ime Newgrange, Ireland, ikike n'oge oyi solstice
. Archaeoastronomy (nke a na-akpọkwa archeoastronomy ) bụ ọkụ ihe na-eme mmetụta ihe [1] ma ọ bụ multidisciplinary [2] otú ndị mmadụ n'oge gara aga si "ihe ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe, ka ha si jiri ihe.  ndị a na-eme ihe na ọrụ dị na mbara igwe na-ekere na omenala ha ".  [3] Clive Ruggles na-arụ ụka na ọ bụ ihe na-eduhie eduhie onye archaeoastronomy dị ka mkpa nke mbara igwe oge ochie, dị ka astronomy nke oge a bụ àgwà, ebe archaeoastronomy na- .  na mbara igwe site na omenala ndị ọzọ.  [4] [5] A na-akpa ya na ethnoastronomy, igbu ihe gbasara mmadụ nke skywatching na mmadụ nke oge a.  Archeoastronomy na-eke njikọ chiri anya na mbara igwe ndị ihe mere eme, iji ihe ndị na-eme ihe mere eme nke ihe omume zaa nsogbu nke mbara igwe na-eme ihe mere eme nke mbara igwe.  gara aga.

.  Archaeoastronomy na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche ndị na-eme nke omume ndị gara aga nkà ihe ochie, nkà ihe ọkụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ihe omume omume, na ihe mere eme.  [1] N'ihi na ụzọ ndị dị iche iche ma na-eji data sitere na isi ozi dị iche iche, ijikọta ha na ike na-pụtara ọnụ bụ ihe isi ike dị ogologo oge maka ndị na-ewere ihe ochie.  [2] Archaeoastronomy na-e ihe niches mmekọ na nkà-eji ochie na mbara ala na nkà ihe ochie .  Ihe ọmụma nke ihe nwere ike na-ejikọta na mbara igwe ike i ike otú a ga-esi emepụta mbara ala sara mbara n'ime ike usoro nke okike, dị ka mbara igwe Mayan na-enyere na ọrụ ugbo.  [3]                                                                         akpa nkata gbasara usoro mbara igwe gbanyere n’okporo ụzọ obodo.
Mary Ann Jackson (onye na-ese ihe)

**Mary Ann Jackson** (1819-1915) bụ onye Bekee na-ese ihe osise, nke a maara naanị maka mbipụta abụọ, nke dị ụkọ ugbu a, nke dị na nchịkọta dị iche iche.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Jackson na 1819 na Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England, nye Ellen Sarah, onye bụbu Benson na Rev. Stephen Jackson, onye bụ onye na-ahụ maka St Giles' Church, Sheldon, Warwickshire (nke bụ Birmingham ugbu a).  Nna  nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, o mechara nọrọ oge n'ụlọ Birmingham nke nwanne nne ya, Edward White Benson (1802-1843), onye otu Botanical Society nke Edinburgh, na ezinụlọ ya, gụnyere nwa ya nwoke na aha ya, Edward Blanc Benson (1829-1896), onye mechara bụrụ Achịbishọp nke Canterbury.

## Ọrụ
thumb|Ihe osise 229, 330, 332 na 333 site na New York Public Library's copy of Jackson's The Pictorial Flora, na-egosi ụdị nke ụdị ''Campanula''. Enwere ike itinye aka na-acha mgbe e bipụtara ya; mbipụta dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ anaghị agba agba.
bipụtara "Catalogue of some of the Rarer Species of Plants found in the Neighbourhood of Lichfield" nke Jackson na akwụkwọ ozi mmeghe sitere n'aka Edward Benson, na The Analyst na 1837.   dere, sị: [1]
 
'afọ 1840, na-eto ya naanị dị ka "Miss Jackson"", Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, na Longmans bipụtara The Pictorial Flora; ma ọ bụ British Botany Delineated, akwụkwọ nwere efere 131 nwere ihe karịrị 1,500 ihe osise nke osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko na Britain.  Jackson mepụtara lithographs n'onwe ya.  okwu mbido nke o dere "Lichfield, March 1, 1839" ọ kọwara na ọrụ ahụ bu n'uche ka ọ bụrụ ihe osise maka okooko osisi site n'aka James Edward Smith, William Jackson Hooker, John Lindley na William Withering, nakwa na e mere ka peeji nke ọrụ ya dị ka e wee nwee ike ịkpụ ha ma kee ha n'ime ọrụ ndị ahụ. Okwu mmalite ahụ kwukwara  enwere ike "ịga n'ihu na usoro ahụ site na Cryptogamia", [1] mana nke a emeghị nke ọma.

 6 Disemba 1842 ọ lụrụ na St Mary's Church, Lichfield, dọkịta na-awa ahụ Charles Allen Chavasse (1799-1863), onye di ya nwụrụ.  nwere otu nwa, Charles Herbert Chavasse, na 1846.  nyere adreesị ya dị ka The Close, Lichfield . [1]
thumb|Mgbasa ozi maka The Specimen Flora, kwuru dị ka "e bipụtara n'ụbọchị a", site na ''Morning Herald'', 15 Febụwarị 1847
Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, na Longmans bipụtara akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya *The Specimen Flora: ma ọ bụ, British Botany Exemplified by Plants from a Collector's Cabinet* na mpịakọta atọ na 1847. N'oge a, a na-eto ya dị ka "onye dere The Pictorial Flora".  Ọrụ ahụ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'inwe ihe atụ nke ihe ọkụkụ a na-agbanye n'ime ya. 

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Jackson nọrọ afọ ikpeazụ 
n'ebe obibi na Bristol.  nwụrụ na 1915, ebe ọ hapụrụ di ya na nwa ya nwoke.

Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Ọha na Eze nke New York nwere akwụkwọ Jackson's The Pictorial Flora, na akwụkwọ abụọ nke The Specimen Flora, nke ha kọwara dị ka "ihe dị oke ụkọ", ebe akwụkwọ na-enweghị ụcha nke mbụ dịkwa na New York Botanical Garden .   'ime ọrụ abụọ ahụ dị na Natural History Museum, London, nke natara The Specimen Flora dị ka onyinye na 1932 [1] .

## Ihe odide
Winifred Walker

**Winifred Ethel Walker** (1882-1965) bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe nke a maara maka ihe osise ya.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Walker na Hampstead na ugwu London, nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ si Bath, Somerset .   gara Camden School of Art ebe ọ meriri King's Prize for Modelled Design wee nweta asambodo Art Masters ma nọrọ oge na-amụ ihe na Ghent. Walker ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe ọkụkụ, na-ese onyinyo na mmanụ na mmiri. Site  1929 ruo 1939 ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na Royal Horticultural Society ebe a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Society na 1912 ma n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya meriri ihe karịrị iri atọ na Society.  nyere ihe osise okooko osisi ya ihe nrite ọla edo na Philadelphia ma nata onyinye na ngosi na London na Paris.  họpụtara Walker ka ọ bụrụ onye Òtù Linnean Society . [1] Site  1943, ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum California . [1]

 gosipụtara ọrụ  Royal Academy, na Society of Women Artists, Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, Fine Art Society, na Paris Salon na Chelsea Flower Show. O gosipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ botanical na jardinage, gụnyere Hardy Perennials (1922) nke Albert Macself, The Low Road: hardy heathers and the heather garden (1927) nke D Fyfe Maxwell na mbipụta nke The Gardener's Assistant. Walker dere ma gosipụta All the Plants of the Bible (1957). Walker nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ya na London ma nwụọ na Bognor Regis na Sussex na 1965. 

## Ihe odide