Jack White (onye na-ese ihe)

**John "Jack" H. White** (July 6, 1940 - 2017) bụ onye omenkà America mara maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese fresco na onye na-ese foto.  

Burgess na-ekwu, sị, "Jack White bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọrụ ya karịrị afọ iri anọ. Ọ bụ ezie na e gosipụtara ya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka onye na-ese ihe, nnwale ya na plasta, agba na usoro omenala nke fresco enyekwara ya akara mbinye aka nke onye na-ese ihe. . Isiokwu ya metụtara bụ ụwa niile: mmụọ, ume, okwu, physics, na geometry dị nsọ."  

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Nzụlite mbụ
A mụrụ Jack White na Kings County Hospital Center na Brooklyn, New York . Ndị mụrụ ya, Rosa Brown na Oscar Cornelius White, sitere na Jamestown na McClellanville, South Carolina, n'otu n'otu. Rosa na Oscar si na South Carolina kwaga n'ógbè Bedford Stuyvesant dị na Brooklyn, bụ́ ebe ha zụlitere ụmụ ise: Jack, ụmụnne ya nwanyị atọ, na otu nwanne. Rosa bụ nwunye ụlọ na Oscar bụ onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta n'ozuzu. White gara PS 70, PS 83 na Junior High 35, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Wingate High School na 1958.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, White malitere ịse ndị mmadụ n'okporo ámá nke agbata obi ya na iṅomi ndị na-atọ ọchị . Ọ na-anọ n'ehihie mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na na ngwụsị izu na-anọdụ ala na stop ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike ịmepụta ihe osise nke ya. White zụtara "ka esi ise" akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ahịa na-enye ihe osise . Ihe osise ya masịrị ndị enyi ya na ndị ezinụlọ ya.

N'ịhụ mmasị ya n'ise ihe, nwanne nwanyị White zụtara ya ihe osise agba. White nwetara nkwado nke okike ya site n'aka nna ya, ebe nne ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akwado ya, na-atụ anya na ọ ga-achụso 'ezigbo ọrụ' na ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Nne White chere na ebe ọ bụ na nna ya bụ onye na-ewu ụlọ, ma eleghị anya na ya nwere ike ịmepụta ụlọ ndị nna ya ga-ewu. Ndị ọzọ karịa obere oge na-ekere òkè na egwu na dash 100-yard, White enweghị mmasị na egwuregwu. O nwere mmasị na mgbakọ na mwepụ, idepụta na geometry .

Na 1956, abalị abụọ kwa izu, White bụ nwata akwụkwọ kacha nta na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Cartoons na Illustrators, taa, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Visual Arts na New York City. A gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ wee nwalee na ọkwa nkà ya. White sere ihe osise, isi, ndụ ndụ na ọnọdụ ime ma nabata ya.

### Ọrụ agha
Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gasịrị, White debanyere aha na United States Army na 1959. White hụrụ nke a dị ka ụzọ isi gaa na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka nke Europe. Ndị na-ewe ọrụ agha kwere nkwa na a ga-edobe ya na Europe ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-esonye n'òtù agha - 28th Infantry, nke e debere na Neu Ulm, obodo dị na Bavaria, (Germany), ebe Wiley barracks. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e zigara White na Augsburg na n'ikpeazụ Munich, Germany. N'ihi na ọrụ agha White mere n'etiti agha Korea na Vietnam, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ hụrụ ọgụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ma a zụrụ ya dị ka onye na-agba ụta, onye agha na-eje ozi ma na-agba egbe egbe. Mgbe ọ nọ na Augsburg, White tozuru oke maka otu ndị agha US Army.

White nwere mmasị na enyi nke ọrụ agha nyere. "Ndị nwere echiche dị otú ahụ mepụtara clique, ya mere ndị enyi m bụ ndị na-egwu jazz na ndị na-ese ihe." Mgbe White ga-anọ 'na-ahapụ', enyi ga-esonyere ya n'ịgbazite ụlọ na Schwabing, ngalaba bohemian nke Munich, Germany. White na enyi ya gbaziri ụlọ ka ha chọrọ imikpu onwe ha n'ime ọha mmadụ, na-eyighị uwe ndị agha ha. Ọzọkwa, White maara na ịkọwa ọnọdụ ndị agha ha nwere ike ịdọta ndị Germany ndị na-ejighị obiọma gaa ndị agha. White mepụtara ọbụbụenyi na ndị India, ụmụ akwụkwọ German, ndị Spen. Ọ nọrọ ogologo oge na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Paris, Amsterdam na Germany.

White zutere ọnọdụ agbụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na Germany, "Otu onye uwe ojii, bụ onye si n'ebe ndịda America na-akpọkarị m 'nwoke' kama ịbụ 'Private'. Na otu oge mgbe mụ na otu nwanyị German na-aga n'okporo ámá, enwere m nnukwu obi mgbawa. ndị agha ọcha". Ahụmahụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke White na ndị agha ejedebeghị na Europe. "N'afọ 1959, mgbe m nọ na ọzụzụ bụ isi na Fort Jaffey, Arkansas, mụ na enyi m, mgbe anyị na-eyi uwe anyị, gara n'ebe a na-ere ice cream n'èzí. A gwara anyị na a gaghị enye anyị ozi. Enyi m si Chicago na m bụ onye si New York enweghị ya mgbe a gbanwere okwu, a chụrụ anyị n'ebe ahụ."

## Ahụmahụ nka
E mechara chụpụ White na ndị agha na Munich, Germany na 1962. Kama ịlaghachi America, ọ gara Ibiza, Spain n'ihi na, "N'agbanyeghị na m zọpụtara ego ụfọdụ, mgbe m nọ na agha, anụrụ m na ọ bụ ebe ị ga-aga ma ọ bụrụ na ị nweghị nnukwu ego. Plus n'ihi na m chọrọ ịbanyekwu na nka m, ọ bụ ebe a ga-anọ maka ihe ngosi nka." Mgbe m bi na Ibiza, m na-agakarị Barcelona na Madrid . Ibiza, meghere ndụ m na nka. Tupu m akwaga ebe ahụ, anụtụbeghị m ndị omenkà ojii ọzọ, ya bụ, ruo mgbe Bob Thompson rutere. " Ụdị àgwà Thompson na-apụ apụ juru White. Thompson were White n'okpuru nku ya ma kesaa ihe ọmụma ya banyere nka na akwụkwọ ya na nka Africa . Mgbe e mesịrị, Marzette Watts na Bill Barrel bịarutere. Ha atọ ghọrọ ndị ndụmọdụ wee tụọ White n'ụzọ nka dị mma.

Godfrey, onye England Canadian woodcarver, na mmalite 20s nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu, ka ọ na-akụziri White ka esi akpụ osisi. "Ọ dị ka ịdaba n'ịhụnanya". Ịkpụ osisi ghọrọ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ọgwụgwọ. Amalitere m 'ịkpụ ihe kpọmkwem' nke pụtara na ị nweghị atụmatụ, mana naanị chọta fọm n'ihe ị na-arụ ọrụ."

E rere ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ nke White maka $25.00 na mmalite ọdịda nke 1962. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ resịrị iberibe anọ ọzọ nye jetsetters ndị na-eleta Ibiza ugboro ugboro. E gosikwara iberibe iberibe ya ma ree ya na mbupụ n'ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi mpaghara. Mgbe ego White kwụsịrị, Bob Thompson na-akpọkarị ya nri abalị n'ụlọ ya, ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ nri.

N'ikpeazụ, a chụpụrụ White na Ibiza n'ihi ịda mbà n'obi ya. N'ihi ọgwụ ọjọọ, ndị uwe ojii jidere White n'ihi na ọ dara ụda n'ọnụ ụzọ katidral nke "Alte Villa", (obodo ochie), n'ụtụtụ Krismas n'ihi na akpọchiri ya. E bugara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka . "Echere m na m nwere ike ịgụ uche." N'ikpeazụ, ndị consulate America kpọtụụrụ ndị mụrụ m ma tinye m n'ụgbọ mmiri ma bugaghachi na New York. Ma mụ na onye nọọsụ ụgbọ mmiri batara na ya, mgbe m jụrụ ịsa ahụ, na-agwa ya na m ka nwere otu n'ụlọ ọgwụ. Ndị nche tụbara m ozugbo n'otu ọnụ ụlọ mkpọrọ nwere padded. Enweghị m ike ịgwa gị ogologo oge m nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ; Ahụtụbeghị m oké osimiri. Iwe were m nke ukwuu; Adọwara m mgbidi ndị ahụ padded".

Mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri New York City, a kpọgara White n'ụlọ ọgwụ nchịkwa Staten Island Veterans. Mgbe otu izu gachara, nne ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị kwuru na ọ na-eme ihe nke ọma wee buga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ.

White gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ịzụlite nka ya wee debanye aha na Arts Student League na New York City, na-amụta ọtụtụ ọzụzụ nka. John Hovannes, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi ya, bụ onye nwere ọgụgụ isi na teknụzụ. "Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ gbalịrị iduga ụmụ akwụkwọ ya n'ụdị ọ bụla; naanị igosi anyị otu esi enweta ihe ị chọrọ site na ihe ọ bụla ị họọrọ ịrụ ọrụ na ", White kwuru.

## Ọrụ a ma ama
Usoro Deodate, (1969); Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Wing (1988-95); Usoro Galactic Nascence (1997), Usoro ụyọkọ Galaxy, (2001–2002), Ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na Entropy, (2006).

## Ihe nrite

* Mmekọrịta, MacDowell Colony, Peterborough, NH 1967 
* Allan B. Tucker Scholarship Memorial, Art Student League, New York 1964

## Ihe ngosi Solo

* Peg Alston FIne Arts, New York City 
* 2009 Renaissance Fine Art, New York City  "Ihe gbara ọchịchịrị na entropy"
* 2002 Sumei Multidisciplinary Arts Center, Newark, NJ  "Laghachi azụ 1994 ruo 2001
* 2001–02 Peg Alston Fine Arts, New York City  "Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya"
* *Ememme* 1997–1998 (ọrụ ndị pere mpe), Judith Klein Gallery New York, NY 
* 1997 Cosmogenesis, Wilmer Jennings Gallery New York, NY  
* 1996 Mkparịta ụka, Wilmer Jennings Gallery New York, NY  

* 1997 *Nkà sitere na Africa Diaspora*, Northern Westchester Center for Arts Mount Kisco, NY 
* 1996 *Kindred Spirits*, Katidral nke St. John the Divine New York, NY 
* 1978 *Nhọrọ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Afrika-American*, Cinque Gallery New York, NY 
* 1978 Snug Harbor Museum, Staten Island, NY  "Ndị na-ese ihe n'akụkụ oke osimiri"
* Ihe ngosi otu 1971, Ivan Spence Gallery Ibiza, Spain 
* 1968–1970 *30 Ndị omenkà ojii nke oge a*, San Francisco Museum of Art San Francisco, CA, Ngosi njem njem, Ụlọ Ọrụ Minneapolis Institute of Art, High Museum of Art, Flint Institute of Art, Everson  
* 1970 *Afro-American Artists: New York na Boston*, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, MA  
* 1969 *1969: Ndị nka Afro-American iri na abụọ*, Lee Nordness Galleries New York, NY 
* 1968 *Martin Luther King Memorial Show*, Museum of Modern Art New York, NY  
* 1968 *olu ọhụrụ: 15 New York Artists*, American Greetings Gallery New York, NY 
* 1966 *Manhattan Counterpoints*, Lever House Gallery New York, NY 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

# Mmegharị, “ Rhythm Of Structure, Math Art in the African Diaspora”, Nlebanya Mba Nile nke Art African American, Hampton, Univ., Vol. 19, Nke 3
# Cherilyn “Liv” Wright, ”Mgbawa Anya na Harlem”, Nlebanya Mba Nile nke Art African American, Hampton, VA, Mpịakọta 18 # 4, 2004
# Billops, Camille "Jack White: Ọkpụkpụ", Onye na-ese ihe na mmetụta. Hatch-Billops mkpokọta, Inc. NY, 1997.
# Jaime, Jonell, "Ihe osise ọhụrụ! Ihe ngosi New York", Nlebanya Mba Nile nke Art African American. Hampton, VA, Mpịakọta 13 #4 1997
# Macon, Katherine, "Ọnọdụ iji na-abawanye". Sentinel & Enterprise. Fitchburg, MA. Ọgọst 23, 1991,
# Thomison, Dennis, Onye Okike Oji na America: Ndekọ maka Mmegharị. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Metuchen, NJ 1991
# Mmegharị, "Ngosipụta ihe ọkpụkpụ 24-ibe na Keene", Onye isi otu Manchester. NH Septemba 10, 1981
# Igoe, Lynn Moody, Afọ 250 nke Art Afro-American. Ụlọ ọrụ RR Bowker, NY 1981
# Moore, Anne Renee, "Nkà ojii", Magazin Essence. Ọnwa Nke Asatọ 1970
# Kramer, Hilton, "Ndị nka nka ojii na-egosi na nlele na Boston, New York Times June 21, 1970
# Meilach, Dona Z.,” Ọkpụrụkpụ Nkume nke oge a”, Crown Publishers, Inc. NY 1970
# Feldman, Anita, "Ndị nka Afro-American iri na abụọ", Magazin Arts. Ọnwa Atọ 1969
# Kramer, Hilton, "Nkà: Ntinye nke otu agbụrụ agbụrụ", New York Times. Ọnwa Mbụ 25, 1969

## Edensibia

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations