open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ntọala Ụbọchị Arbor

Arbor Day Foundation bụ ụlọ ọrụ 501 (c) (3) nke America na-akwadoghị maka ịkụ osisi. Arbor Day Foundation nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị otu ma kụọ ihe karịrị nde osisi 500 na mpaghara, obodo, obodo na oke ọhịa n'ụwa nile. Ebumnuche nke Foundation ahụ kwuru bụ "ịkpali ndị mmadụ ka ha kụọ, zụlite na ịme ememe osisi." Nzukọ a nwere ọkwa Charity Navigator nke 3 n'ime kpakpando anọ ma dabere na Nebraska.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 
E hiwere Arbor Day Foundation na 1969, otu narị afọ nke ememe Arbor Day mbụ.

## Ihe omume
Site na mmemme mkpogharị oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, Arbor Day Foundation na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa agbaghachila ihe karịrị nde osisi 108 furu efu n'ọkụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, ọrịa, na ihu igwe n'ime oke ohia na United States na gburugburu ụwa. Ohia ndị a emegharịrị na-enyere aka ichekwa mmiri mmiri, mee ka ala guzosie ike, weghachite ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, melite ogo ikuku na ịmepụta ọrụ.

### Obodo Osisi USA
Tọrọ ntọala na 1976 yana ndị otu National Association of State Foresters na United States Forest Service na-akwado, ihe omume Tree City USA na-enye usoro maka obodo iji jikwaa na gbasaa osisi ọha ha. Ihe karịrị obodo 3,900 enwetala ọkwa Tree City USA site na imezu ụkpụrụ anọ bụ isi nke njikwa oke ọhịa nke obodo mepere emepe: idobe osisi osisi ma ọ bụ ngalaba, inwe iwu osisi obodo, na-emefu opekata mpe $2 kwa onye ọ bụla na oke ọhịa mepere emepe na ime ememe ụbọchị Arbor. Taa, na steeti iri ise niile, Washington, D.C., na Puerto Rico ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde ndị America 155 bi na obodo na obodo Tree City USA.

### Oge Osisi Na-aga
N'afọ 2018, Arbor Day Foundation malitere atụmatụ Time for Trees iji kụọ 100 nde osisi n'oké ọhịa na obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa ma tinye ndị ọrụ osisi nde 5 site na 50th Anniversary nke Foundation na 2022.

### Osisi Ndị E Kpakọrịta
N'afọ 2019, e hiwere Otu Osisi mgbe ndị okike YouTube, MrBeast na Mark Rober sonyeere na Arbor Day Foundation iji kpalite $20 nde iji kụọ osisi nde 20. Mgbasa ozi ahụ gbakọtara $20 nde n'ime ụbọchị 56. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 800,000 sitere na mba na ókèala 200 nyere onyinye. Mgbasa ozi ahụ debere ndekọ maka nnukwu mmekorita na ntinye ego YouTube na akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị nyere onyinye dị ka Elon Musk na Tobias Lütke, ndị onye ọ bụla nyere ihe karịrị otu nde dollar. Ebumnuche iru osisi 20,000,000 ruru na Disemba 19, 2019. na dịka nke Septemba 2021 #TeamTrees ewelitere $23 nde.

## Ihe onwunwe osisi
Arborday.org nwere usoro nduzi zuru oke na ozi dị ukwuu banyere ụdị osisi, nhọrọ, ịkụ, na nlekọta, gụnyere ngwá ọrụ nyocha koodu zip iji chọta mpaghara ike gị. 
Ụbọchị ARBOR FARM Arbor Day Farm bụ ebe Lied Lodge & Conference Center, ụlọ nkwari akụ na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọbịa 136 na ebe nzukọ zuru oke nke a raara nye ịkwado ịkụ osisi, nchekwa, na nlekọta gburugburu ụwa. Tree Adventure, ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-enweta ihe nrite, na Arbor Lodge State Historical Park bụkwa akụkụ nke Arbor Day Farm.

## Hụkwa
 

* Britain Na-agbawa
* Mmekọrịta Flora
* Ndepụta nke Obodo Osisi USA
* Ịrụghachi Ọhịa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Nzukọ Ndị Ojiji nke Mmụta Esri

Amalitere na 2000, Esri's Education User Conference (EdUC), bụ ndị Esri's Educational Programme na-ahazi ma na-akwado ya na ngwụcha izu tupu ọgbakọ ndị ọrụ Esri International User (Esri UC) kwa afọ.  Emere na San Diego, California, n'ime ọnwa Julaị, ebumnuche EdUC bụ ịkwado na ịkwalite ojiji sistemụ ozi mpaghara (GIS) na nyocha mmụta, nkuzi, nchịkwa, na amụma.  N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ọ tolitela bụrụ nnukwu ihe omume na-ewu ewu maka ndị na-etinye aka na iji na nkuzi GIS na mpaghara agụmakwụkwọ ka ukwuu.  Nke a gụnyere ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ndị isi mmemme ntorobịa, ndị nkuzi kọleji na mahadum, ndị isi obodo, ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ, ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ihe ngosi nka, na ndị nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.  Nzukọ a na-agụnye oge ngosi onye ọrụ, nkuzi aka-na ọzụzụ nkuzi, ihe ngosi, nzukọ otu mmasị pụrụ iche, na nnọkọ nnọkọ gụnyere ihe ngosi isi.￼

## akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ihe omume na-agbanwe agbanwe, Esri's Education User Conference ewepụtala mmemme dị iche iche n'ime afọ ndị gụnyere 4H Club na-ekere òkè na 2006 na mmemme GeoMentor na 2009. A na-ahọrọ ndị na-ekwu okwu isi okwu kwa afọ maka mmasị na itinye aka na okwu ndị dị ugbu a metụtara ọdịdị ala ma ọ bụ echiche obodo.
UNIGIS

alt=|thumb|Logo of the UNIGIS Network
.UNIGIS bụ netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mahadum na-arụkọ ọrụ kemgbe 1992 na nhazi, mmepe na nnyefe mmụta mmụta anya na Geographical Information Science and Systems (GIS).  Ndị otu UNIGIS netwọk na-enye Postgraduate Asambodo, Diploma na Masters ọmụmụ na GIS site na oghe na anya mmụta, na-eso ozi nke Ịkụzi GIS ọkachamara n'ụwa nile.

Members of the UNIGIS network also work together in research and curriculum development activities related to GIS education. Programmes and courses are under continuous development and are currently being offered in English, German, Hungarian, Portuguese, Spanish and Polish languages. UNIGIS each year enrolls more than 600 new students worldwide.

## UNIGIS courses
UNIGIS courses are modular and flexible study programmes. The content varies to meet local student needs. Optional courses give the opportunity to tailor the programme to meet individual student needs, and residential workshops are offered to support areas of the courses. Topics covered in the UNIGIS courses include:

Students use digital and printed study materials including specially developed study notes, guided readings, and practical exercises. Professional GIS software to support practical work is provided at no cost to students. Students are encouraged to use their work experience in the course, and to apply their new knowledge from their study to their work situations.

* UNIGIS International Association
* UNIGIS Amsterdam at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
* UNIGIS Central Asia at  ACA*GIScience
* UNIGIS Girona at the University of Girona
* UNIGIS Hungary at the Óbuda University (Alba Regia Technical Faculty, Institute of Geoinformatics)
* UNIGIS India
* UNIGIS Kathmandu, jointly provided by the University of Salzburg and Kathmandu Forestry College
* UNIGIS Latin America at Universidad San Francisco de Quito and the University of Belgrano
* UNIGIS Lisbon at Universidade Nova de Lisboa
* UNIGIS Poland at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków
* UNIGIS Salzburg (German and English language) at the University of Salzburg
* UNIGIS Zagreb at the University of Salzburg, delivered through Oikon
Obodo ndị dị na Bloom

Obodo dị na Bloom bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke Canada na-akwalite asọmpi enyi n'etiti obodo Canada iji chọọ oghere obodo ha mma. E hiwere ya n'afọ 1995 ka asọmpi mba dị n'etiti obodo iri abụọ na itoolu, ma gbasaala ya wee tinye asọmpi n'ụdị dị iche iche, ma nke mba ma na mpaghara. A na-akpọkwa asọmpi a Communities in Bloom.

Iji sonye na asọmpi a, otu obodo ga-edebanye aha na Communities in Bloom, ma nyefee ugwo dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo. Ụgwọ a na-adaberekwa ma ndị obodo so na asọmpi mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba.

A na-ekewa asọmpi ahụ ụzọ isii:

* Ịgba aghara,
* Ịmata gburugburu ebe obibi,
* Nchekwa Ihe Nketa,
* Ọhịa Obodo,
* Mpaghara ndị mara mma, na
* Ihe ngosi okooko osisi.

A na-ekpebi obodo ọ bụla n'ikike ha nwere imeziwanye obodo n'ụdị ndị a. A na-enye ndị obodo nzere ntozu oge ntolite dabere na ihe ha rụzuru site na otu ruo ise. A na-amatakwa obodo ọ bụla maka imezu ya n'otu mpaghara ma ọ bụ site na otu atụmatụ.

A na-enyekwa onyinye maka obodo ndị na-egosi ike dị ukwuu n'otu ụdị.

## Ihe nrite mba
Obodo dị iche iche na-akwado onyinye mba nke Communities in Bloom na Canada.

## Hụkwa

* America na-agbasa
* Ogige ihu na-agbawa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Obodo dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Bloom
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-ese Njem na Canada

.Canadian Cartographic Association (CCA; French: Association cartographique canadienne - ACC), bụ ọha mmụta na-etinye aka na eserese na Canada.[1]  Ejikọtara ya na International Cartographic Association.  CCA na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Cartographica
Kansụl Ọhịa Europe

European Arboricultural Council (EAC) nke hiwere isi na Bad Honnef, Germany bụ ọgbakọ ebe ndị nnọchi anya ọgbakọ dị iche iche na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na Europe na-ezukọ. Ebumnobi nke EAC bụ ibuli ọkwa na ibuli ọkwa ọkachamara n'ime arboriculture. Ebumnobi a na-eme site na imekọ ihe n'okwu sitere na nyocha na mmụta ruo n'ịhazi osisi na-aga nke ọma na imelite usoro ọrụ dị mma.

## Ihe Ndị E Mere
EAC na-ahazi ma na-anọchite anya ọdịmma nke ubi ubi Europe n'ebe ndị otu na-achị isi kwesịrị ekwesị na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu iji nweta nkwalite n'akụkụ nke:

* Ọrụ nke Ịzụ Osisi
* Nnyocha banyere osisi ndị dị n'obodo ukwu
* ịkụ osisi n'ọnọdụ obodo ukwu
* Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ na Arboriculture
* Omume ịrụ ọrụ n'enweghị nsogbu
* Nlekọta osisi
* Ọrịa na nchịkwa ahụhụ
* Nkwekọrịta na usoro nlekọta osisi na Europe

## Ìgwè ndị na-arụ ọrụ
EAC kewara n'ime ìgwè ndị na-esonụ:

* Agụmakwụkwọ na asambodo na iwu ule WG, asambodo WG na njikwa mma na WG Ajụjụ Bank
* Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara na WG EAC Planting Guide, EAC Safety Guide, E AC Pruning Guide na EAC European Tree Worker Handbook
* Mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Ahịa na WG ECOT-Award (European City of Trees)

## Ndị otu
Mba ndị a bụ ndị otu European Arboriculture Council:

* Austria

	ISA-Austria

* Belgium

	Òtù Ndị Arborist nke Belgium (BAAs)

* Bulgaria

Òtù Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Osisi na Bulgaria

* Croatia

	Kansụl Ọdịdị Arboricultural nke Croatia / Hrvatska udruga za Arborikulturu (HUA)

* Czech Republic

	Czech Tree Care Society

* Denmark

	Nhazi okporo ụzọ Dansk

* Finland

	Òtù Nlekọta Osisi nke Finland

* Germany

Interessenvertretung Deutsche Baumpflege - Germany

* Gris

Òtù Hellenic maka Ịzụ Osisi - Gris

* Ịtali

	ISA Italiano

* Latvia

	Latvijas Kokkopju-Arboristu Biedriba

* Lithuania

Ebe a na-azụ osisi na Lithuania (LAC)

Lithuanian Arborists Association (LARA)

* Netherlands

	VHG Vakgroep Boomverzorging

* Norway

	Nzukọ nke Norsk Trepleie

* Poland

	Kansụl Ọdịdị Arboricultural nke Poland na Miedzynarodowe Towarzystwo Uprawy i Ochrony Drzew (MTUiOD)

* Portugal

	Sociedade de Ciencias Agrarias de Portugal (SCAP)

* Rọshịa

	Guild of Professionals in Landscape Industry (GPLI) na ZDOROVY LES NPSA       

* Serbia

Society of Landscape Horticulture nke Serbia

* Slovakia

	ISA Slovensko

* Spain

	Òtù Spanish nke Arboriculture (AEA)

* Sweden

	Svenska Trädföreningen

* Switzerland

	Bund Schweizer Baumpflege

* United Kingdom

	Òtù A Na-ahụ Maka Osisi

## Njikọ mpụga

* ISA-Austria
* Interessenvertretung Deutsche Baumpflege (IDB) c/ma ọ bụ BGL
* ISA Italiano
* VHG Vakgroep Boomverzorging
* Nzukọ nke Norsk Trepleie
* Bund Schweizer Baumpflege
* Asociación Española de Arboricultura (AEA) E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Osisi
* Svenska Trädföreningen (ST)

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ọfịs steeti Bavaria maka Nnyocha na Geoinformation

Ụlọ ọrụ Bavarian State maka Digitizing, Broadband na Survey (German: Landesamt für Digitalisierung, Breitband und Vermessung Bayern) ma ọ bụ LDBV, ruo mgbe 31 December 2013 Bavarian State Office for Survey na Geoinformation (German: Landesamt für Vermessung und Geoinformation, Bayern)  aha nke ngalaba ọhụrụ nke Bavarian Department of Survey, Information and Communication Technology n'ime Bavarian State Ministry of Finance kpụrụ na 1 August 2005 dị ka akụkụ nke nhazi mgbanwe na Bavaria.  Emebere ya site na njikọta nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha steeti Bavarian na ngalaba nyocha nke ngalaba ego mpaghara na-ahụ maka nyocha cadastral.￼

The LDBV has its headquarters in Munich, discharging its function as a middle-level authority for the 51&nbsp;survey offices through the three regional divisions in Munich, Landshut and Schwabach. Head of the LDBV since 1&nbsp;November 2008 is Klement Aringer.
thumb|Lithography archive of the Bavarian Survey Office (Munich)
The stone cellar of the State Office for Digitizing, Broadband and Survey is the largest lithographic library in the world.

The office of *Feldgeschworene* in Bavaria is the oldest known and still operating communal honorary appointment in Bavaria.

## External links

## References
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa

National Urban Forestry Unit (NUFU) bụ ọrụ ebere Britain hibere na 1995 iji kwalite oke ọhịa. Oke ohia obodo bụ nlekọta na nlekọta nke otu osisi na ndị bi n'ime obodo maka ebumnuche imelite gburugburu obodo. Oke ohia obodo gụnyere ma atụmatụ na njikwa, gụnyere mmemme nlekọta na ọrụ nlekọta nke ọhịa mepere emepe.

National Urban Forestry Unit bụ otu ọrụ ebere nke na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka mmata maka enyemaka dị mma nke osisi na-enye maka ịdịmma ndụ n'ime obodo. Ọ kwadoro oke ohia obodo na obodo nye ndị na-ahụ maka nsogbu ndị dị ka ahụike ọha, ntụrụndụ na ntụrụndụ, mweghachi ala, mmepe ewuru, ihe nketa na agụmakwụkwọ. E meriri ya na 2005.

Ebumnuche National Urban Forestry Unit bụ: Iji kwalite mmata, nghọta na nkwado ewu ewu maka osisi ndị dị n'obodo; iji kwalite ụzọ dị mkpa maka mmepe oke ọhịa nke obodo mepere emepe; iji kwalite ọmarịcha teknụzụ, nyocha, ihe ọhụrụ na uru kacha mma n'akụkụ niile nke oke ọhịa mepere emepe; iji nye nlebara anya mba maka ngbanwe nke ozi na omume ọma na oke ohia obodo; na ịkwalite ọrụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọrụ ime obodo na ime ọhịa nke UK.

NUFU sitere na obere Black Country Urban Forestry Unit gaa na ọrụ ebere mba. O guzobere Black Country Urban Forest, mmemme nke ime obodo na-akwado site na Millennium Commission, nke nwetara hekta 362 nke osisi ọhụrụ na-akụ n'ofe Black Country.

NUFU mepụtara usoro ọmụmụ ihe kachasị mma n'ọhịa obodo, nke Wildlife Trust maka Birmingham na Black Country chekwaara ugbu a na ebe nchekwa ihe n'ịntanetị.

## Ihe odide
Ndị Enyi nke Ọhịa Obodo

**Ndị enyi nke** Urban Forest (**FUF**) bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke dị na San Francisco nke na-akụ ma na-elekọta osisi n'ime obodo San Francisco na gburugburu ya. 

A haziri FUF dị ka nzaghachi maka enweghị osisi na San Francisco. Osisi mbụ a kụrụ bụ ihe na-egbuke egbuke na Arbor Day, 1981, na Noe Valley.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, nzukọ ahụ akụwo ihe dị ka osisi 40,000. 

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
San Francisco bụbu ájá ájá ma nwee naanị obere osisi. Anwụrụ ọkụ, ifufe, ihu igwe oyi, na ikuku nnu mere ka o sie ike maka osisi ndị a kụrụ akụ na ndị a kụnyere ka ha dịrị ndụ. Naanị buckeye na Pacific willow bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. 

Ọtụtụ n'ime osisi 90,000 dị n'obodo ahụ ka a kụrụ n'afọ 1880 ruo 1920 dịka akụkụ nke nnukwu ogige ntụrụndụ na ihe onwunwe. A kụrụ Monterey Pines na osisi Eucalyptus na San Francisco Presidio, Stern Grove, na Golden Gate Park. Otú ọ dị, ndị a Monterey Pines emetụtawo ọrịa pine canker ma na-anwụ anwụ.

## Mkpa
Na 12%, mkpuchi mkpuchi osisi San Francisco na-adịgide nke ukwuu n'okpuru 22% nke mba. Uru dị n'ịkụ ọtụtụ osisi gụnyere ihe ịchọ mma, ụkpụrụ ihe onwunwe ka mma (a na-ekwu na osisi tozuru etozu na-abawanye uru ihe onwunwe gbara ya gburugburu site na ihe dịka 1%), na-enyere aka na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ịmịkọrọ carbon dioxide na inye oxygen, na nchekwa ike n'ihi ụba osisi. kanopi.

Ọbụna n'ihe karịrị osisi 5,000 kwa afọ dị ka nke 2006, mgbalị ịkụ osisi San Francisco dị ntakịrị ma e jiri ya tụnyere obodo ndị ọzọ dị na California na n'ụwa nile. N'afọ ahụ, Los Angeles kwupụtara atụmatụ ịkụ otu nde osisi, na United Nations ewepụtala ego iji kụọ osisi nde 121 maka ebumnuche nke otu ijeri osisi.

## Hụkwa

* Andy Lipkis

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
International Society of Arboriculture

**International Society of Arboriculture**, nke a maara dị ka **ISA**, bụ òtù mba ụwa na-enweghị uru nke nwere isi na Atlanta, Georgia, United States. ISA na-eje ozi na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta osisi dị ka òtù a na-akwụ ụgwọ na nzukọ asambodo nke na-akwalite ọrụ ọkachamara nke arboriculture. ISA na-elekwasị anya n'inye ohere nyocha, teknụzụ, na agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị ọkachamara na-elekọta osisi iji zụlite nka ha. ISA na-arụkwa ọrụ iji kụziere ọha na eze banyere uru nke osisi na mkpa maka nlekọta osisi kwesịrị ekwesị.

N'ụwa niile, ISA nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 22,000 na ndị ọkachamara 31,000 ISA-certified tree care nwere isi 59, òtù ndị mmekọ, na ndị ọkachamara na North America, Asia, Oceania, Europe, na South America.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* International Society of Arboriculture Home Page
Òtù Na-eme Ka Ọhịa Dịghachi Mma

Midland Reafforesting Association (MRA) bụ **òtù** gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ na-echegbu onwe ya maka ịkwalite ịkụ osisi (reforestation) n'ala nke ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ gara aga mebiri. Ọrụ dị otú ahụ sitere na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite mmelite ala, imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi na ime ka e weghachite ala ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-arụpụta ihe.

Dabere na mba ojii, e hiwere otu ahụ na nzukọ ọha na eze na Birmingham na 12 February 1903. Onye isi oche mbụ nke Association bụ Sir Oliver Lodge - ọkà mmụta sayensị ama ama nke oge ahụ na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke telegraphy ikuku. Ndị nkwado ndị ọzọ ama ama gụnyere Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin n'ọdịnihu, Earl nke Dudley na Henry Norman. Site n'ịdenye aha dịka otu Friendly Society, Association nwere ike ịnwe ala nke ya. Ọ na-akụkwa n'ala nkeonwe yana kansụl - na-ejikarị osisi ndị a zụlitere na mkpụrụ n'ime ebe nchekwa nke Association.

Enweta ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma dị ịrịba ama n'ịkwalite akuku osisi, ịhazi Arbor Days na n'ịkwalite nghọta sayensị nke iweghachi ala mebiri emebi, MRA n'ikpeazụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụta oke ọhịa na Black Country ma merụrụ ahụ na 1925. Ihe nketa ha ka dị - ọ bụghị Opekempe n'ogbo ha kacha ibu, na Walsall, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Moxley nke ebibiri kemgbe, Moorcroft Wood, nke akpọrọ aha nchekwa ihe okike mpaghara, na 1996, yana kwa n'ụdị Black Country Urban Forest, Millennium Project nke mụbara osisi nke ukwuu. kpuchie na Black Country n'etiti 1995 na 2005.

## Nhọrọ Ụdị
N'ọrụ nnwale ha, MRA chọpụtara ụdị osisi ndị kachasị adaba na ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na ihu igwe nke ugwu bụ:

* *Alnus glutinosa* - osisi alder a na-ahụkarị
* *Alnus* incana - osisi alder na-acha ntụ ntụ
* *[[Populus x euramericana]]* *<nowiki/>'serotina*' - ngwakọta ojii poplar
* *Salix* *spp* - willows
* *Betula pendula* - osisi birch ọlaọcha
* *Fraxinus excelsior* - ntụ
* *Acer pseudoplatanus* - sycamore

## Hụkwa

* Mgbukpọ osisi
* Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa
* Wildlife Trust maka Birmingham na Black Country

## Ihe odide

* Webber, J. 'Ịgha mkpụrụ osisi na Black Country: Ọrụ nke Midland Reafforesting Association na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ', Arboricultural Journal, Mpịakọta nke iri atọ na otu, 2008, p45-62.
* Wise, M.J. 'The Midland Reafforesting Association: 1903-1924 and the Reclamation of Derelict Land in the Black Country", Journal of the Institute of Landscape Architects, mbipụta 57, 1962, p13-18.
Australia na Map

.Australia na Map bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nketa nke Australasia Hydrographic Society.  Ọ na-achọ ịkwalite ihe ọmụma, nghọta na ekele ndị Australia nwere maka akụkọ mmalite nke mba ahụ, malite na 1606 site na njem Willem Janszoon na Duyfken na Luis Váez de Torres na Los Tres Reyes na San Pedro, ma na-aga n'ihu ruo ugbu a.
thumb|''Duyfken'' replica under sail

## Mmalite
Ọstrelia nọ na ngalaba Map nke Australasia Hydrographic Society bụ ọgbakọ nọchiri anya Australia na Map: 1606–2006.  Australia na Map: 1606–2006 bụ Peter Reynders na Rupert Gerritsen hibere na 2002 ka ụgbọ e ji akwalite ncheta na 2006 nke afọ 400th nke charting nke ọdịda anyanwụ Cape York, nleta izizi na Australia nke ndị Europe, na Torres'  njem site na Torres Strait obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.￼
thumb|Peter Reynders and Rupert Gerritsen of Australia on the Map

## Aims
Based on its Vision, of seeking “to enhance Australians’ knowledge, understanding and appreciation of the nation's early history,” the Australia on the Map Division developed a number of broad aims. These are to:

• Focus on the period from 1606 onwards.

• Give due recognition to all relevant navigators of all nationalities in the mapping of the Australian coast.

## Activities
The Australia on the Map Division is a voluntary organisation which engages in a range of activities to promote its vision and aims in the areas of Commemorative Infrastructure, Commemorative Events, Heritage Projects, Research Projects, Research Promotion, Education Projects, (Curriculum and Capacity, Publicity and Promotion) and Strategic Activities.

The Australia on the Map Division website is an important educational tool for the organisation. It features what is known as the “Landings List”, which provides a brief entry on every episode of contact and other significant cartographic developments from 1606 to 1814. It also carries the only online translation of the original 1602 VOC Charter of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC - Dutch East India Company), developed as a result research project.

## Commemorations
Australia on the Map endeavours to foster commemorations of significant landmarks in early Australian history. In 2011 it promoted the 200th anniversary of the publication of the first full map of Australia in 1811 by Louis de Freycinet.
British cartographic ọha mmadụ

.British Cartographic Society (BCS) bụ njikọ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ha nye nyocha na ịzụlite ụwa nke maapụ.  Ọ bụ ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha.[1]  Ndị otu gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ eserese nke mba, ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị nchọpụta, ndị na-ahụ maka map, ndị na-ese foto n'otu n'otu, ndị ọkachamara GIS na ndị nkịtị nke ọha na eze nwere mmasị na map.

## ebumnobi
The BCS promotes all aspects of cartography to a wide range of potential users. The BCS is affiliated to the International Cartographic Association and represents the UK internationally. BCS members play an active part in the development of mapping throughout the world.

## Ndị otu

* Fellow
* Full
* Student
* Affiliate
* Corporate
* Small Corporate
* Educational

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
In the years following World War 2, good mapping was clearly needed to underpin postwar recovery. In many countries, existing societies relating to geography provided the channels to assist with these efforts. In the UK, it became clear that a more focused approach would be helpful.
Ntọala Ịkụ Osisi Mkpụrụ osisi

The Fruit Tree Planting Foundation (FTPF) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na Pittsburgh nwere alaka na nnukwu agwaetiti Hawaii na mmemme ọrụ ebere gburugburu ụwa. FTPF bụ ọrụ ebere na-enweghị uru nke mba ụwa nke raara onwe ya nye ịkụ osisi mkpụrụ osisi iji belata agụụ ụwa, lụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ, mee ka obodo sie ike, ma melite ikuku, ala, na mmiri gbara ya gburugburu. Ihe omume FTPF na-enye onyinye ubi mkpụrụ osisi ebe owuwe ihe ubi ga-ejere obodo ozi maka ọgbọ, n'ebe ndị dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze, ogige ntụrụndụ obodo, ogige obodo, mpaghara ndị na-enweta ego dị ala, ebe ndị American Indian, ebe enyemaka agụụ nke mba ụwa, na ebe nchekwa anụmanụ. Ọrụ pụrụ iche nke FTPF na-abara gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike mmadụ, na ọdịmma anụmanụ uru - niile n'otu oge. Ọ bụ David (Avocado) Wolfe guzobere FTPF.  Onye guzobere FTPF na onye isi oche, David Wolfe, na onye okike ya na TreeEO, Cem Akin, na-eche na mbara ala dị mma ebe osisi mkpụrụ osisi na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi ikuku dị ọcha, ala bara ọgaranya, na nri na-edozi ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Nchebe nri
* Mgbanwe nke obodo
* Ịrụghachi ọhịa n'obodo ukwu

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ntọala Ịkụ Osisi Mkpụrụ osisi
Cartography na obodo ozi ọha

..Cartography na Geographic Information Society (CaGIS) bụ ọha mmụta mmụta na ngalaba nke eserese eserese na sayensị ozi mpaghara.  Ọ gụnyere kọmitii mba US maka International Cartographic Association (ICA).[1]  Ọ malitere na 1974 dị ka Ngalaba Cartography nke American Congress for Surveying and Mapping (ACSM);  na 1981 ngalaba ahụ ghọrọ American Cartographic Association, na 1996 ọ natara aha ya ugbu a.[2]

,.
,.Akpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị ya bụ Cartography na Sayensị Ozi Geographic, [1] ma Taylor & Francis bipụtara n'aha CaGIS.[2]  Ọ na-akwado usoro ogbako AutoCarto, [3] nke a na-akpọbu International Symposium on Computer-Assisted Cartography (isiokwu a makwaara dị ka eserese akpaaka, ya mere aha ya).

## See also
Ndị agha Topographers nke Russian Imperial Army

Military unit

## History
.The Corps of Military Topographers e hiwere na 1822 iji centralize na-eme nke cartographic nnyocha e mere na n'ókèala nke Russian Alaeze Ukwu n'okpuru nduzi nke Military Topographic Depot.  Onye bu ya ụzọ bụ nkeji Quartermaster nke Peter Onye Ukwu haziri iji nye ndị agha Imperial Russia nkwado topographic na 1702.[1]

N'isochi mgbanwe nke Ọktoba 1917, ozu ahụ gara n'ihu na-adị na mbụ n'okpuru otu aha ahụ ruo 1923, mgbe a kpọgharịrị ya dị ka Ọrụ Topographic Military (Военно-Топографическую Службу) nke Red Army.[1]

## References
Ogo confluence oru ngo

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A GPS unit at confluence 53N 0, in Lincolnshire, England
The Degree Confluence Project bụ World Wide Web dabeere, ọrụ afọ ofufo niile nke na-achọ ime ka ndị mmadụ gaa na nke ọ bụla nke integer ogo intersections nke latitude na longitude na Ụwa, ikesa foto na akụkọ nke ọ bụla nleta online.  Ihe oru ngo a na-akowa onwe ya dika "ihe nlere anya nke uwa".￼

## Requirements
Kpọmkwem ọnọdụ nke nkwekọrịta ogo ogo ọ bụla na-eji WGS 84 kwụ ọtọ datum, na ndị ọbịa na-emekọrịta ihe nrịgo fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-eji ndị nnata GNSS.  Maka nleta na-aga nke ọma, onye ọbịa ahụ aghaghị ịbanye n'ime 100 mita nke ebe mgbagwoju anya, ma bipụta akụkọ na ọtụtụ foto na webụsaịtị ọrụ.  Nleta, ma ọ bụ nwara nleta, nke na-adabaghị n'iwu ndị a ka nwere ike ịdekọ na webụsaịtị dị ka nleta ezughị ezu.  Ihe oru ngo a na-akwalite nleta nleta ogbako digri nke a na-eleta na mbu, na otutu ebe ngbasa ozi -- karia na mpaghara na-adighi anya nke obodo mepere emepe - eletala otutu oge.￼

The total number of degree confluences is 64,442, of which 21,543 are on land, 38,409 on water, and 4,490 on the Antarctic and Arctic ice caps. The project categorizes degree confluences as either *primary* or *secondary*. A confluence is primary only if it is on land or within sight of land. In addition, at latitudes greater than 48o only some points are designated primary because confluences crowd together near the poles. Both primary and secondary confluences may be visited and recorded.
Ethiopia - Ọrụ Mapping nke United States

thumb|Ethi-U.S. Mapping Mission Logo
Ndi Etiopia-United States Mapping Mission, nke a makwaara dị ka Eti-U.S.  Mapping Mission, bụ ọrụ ndị agha United States mere n'ime afọ 1960 iji nye mkpuchi maapụ topographic ọhụrụ nke obodo Etiopia dum.  Ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ nkewa n'ala n'oge ahụ ji usoro nyocha na nkewa ihe kachasị ọhụrụ wee kpughee ọtụtụ ihe isi ike na ihe ize ndụ, mana ha mechara ọrụ ha nso na njedebe nke afọ iri.  Maapụ ndị emepụtara ka na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka maapụ ntọala maka obodo Etiopia, ndị na-ahụ maka eserese Etiopia na-emelite ma na-echekwa ya ugbu a.￼
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Map na Geodesy

thumb|BKG Isi gbanyụọ
thumb|Logo
Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti maka eserese eserese na geodesy (German: Bundesamt für Kartographie und Geodäsie, BKG) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese mba nke Germany.  Ọ dị na Frankfurt, nke nwere alaka dị na Leipzig.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ Geodetic Observatory Wettzell.￼
Ụlọ ọrụ A-Z Map nke ndị na-akọ akụkọ ala

thumb|London A–Z Street Atlas
,sGeographers' A–Z Map Company Ltd. bụ onye na-ebipụta map nọọrọ onwe ya na United Kingdom, na-enye ọrụ eserese eserese, [1] ngwaahịa data dijitalụ[2] na akwụkwọ nkewa akwụkwọ[3] (gụnyere Street Atlases, Ntuziaka ndị ọbịa, Great  Britain Road Atlases, na Adventure Atlas).

## Establishment
l.Geographers' Map Company Ltd. tọrọ ntọala na London na 28 Ọgọst 1936 site n'aka Alexander Grosz, nwere ụlọ ọrụ dị na Napier House, 24–27 High Holborn, London.  Phyllis Pearsall [1] [2] [3] mepụtara akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ a kacha ama ama, "AZ Street Atlas", bụ onye were ọrụ nke imepụta mbipụta mbụ.  Pearsall ji ọtụtụ awa na-eje ije n'okporo ámá nke London na-edepụta nọmba ụlọ, nkwụsị na okporo ụzọ.[4]  Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ rere nnomi ọ bụla nke mbụ London Geographers A–Z Street Atlas, onye isi ahịa bụ WH.  Smith na ụmụ.
Wildlife Trust maka Birmingham na Black Country

**The Wildlife Trust** for Birmingham and the Black Country bụ ntụkwasị obi anụ ọhịa na-ekpuchi Birmingham na Black Country na West Midlands nke England. Ọ na-ekpuchi ise n'ime mpaghara asaa nke West Midlands county: Birmingham, Dudley, Sandwell, Walsall na Wolverhampton.
thumb|Ntọala nke Wildlife Trust maka isi ụlọ ọrụ Birmingham & The Black Country na Winson Green.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emebere ya na 1980, site n'aka Chris Baines na ndị ọzọ, a na-akpọbu ya dị ka Urban Wildlife Group, wee bụrụ Urban Wildlife Trust, ntụkwasị obi anụ ọhịa mbụ mepere emepe nke United Kingdom. Ọ bụ ya mere ihe omume mbụ International Dawn Chorus Day mere na Moseley Bog na 1984. N'etiti 1980s o guzobere Plants Brook Nature Reserve na Birmingham.

The Trust bụ nke mbụ UK Wildlife Trust ịghọ onye otu Countdown 2010 atụmatụ Europe iji kwụsị mbelata nke ụdị dị iche iche site na 2010.

Black Country Living Landscape bụ nnukwu atụmatụ nke Trust nke bu n'uche ịbụ itinye n'ọrụ mbụ nke ụkpụrụ nke nchekwa ala na mpaghara obodo.

N'afọ 2012, Trust ahụ wuru mmekọrịta nke gara nke ọma n'inweta Birmingham na Black Country dị ka otu n'ime mpaghara mbụ nke UK nke Nature Improvement Areas.

## Nkọwa
Nzukọ ahụ nwere ebe nchekwa hectare 40 na Park Hall dị nso na Minworth mana n'agbanyeghị mmegide nke a bụ HS2 n'okpuru ikike nke High Speed ​​​​Rail (London - West Midlands) nyere iwu 2017. Ihe nchekwa okike ndị ọzọ gụnyere Portway Hill, Deer's Leap. Osisi, Osisi Peascroft, Ogige Richmond na Soho, Birmingham na Hill Hook Local Nature Reserve. Trust ahụ na-ejikwa Moseley Bog ma nwee mmekọrịta chiri anya na ihe nchekwa dị ka Moorcroft Wood Local Nature Reserve. Trust na-arụ ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere Center of the Earth na Birmingham EcoPark.

Ọ bụ onye otu zuru oke nke Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, (otu n'ime 46 na-ekpuchi United Kingdom dum), ọ bụkwa obodo mbụ nke Wildlife Trust ma nwee ndị otu karịrị 11,000.

Ntụkwasị obi ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dịgasị iche iche iji mee ngagharị iwe ma zụlite ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma soro ndị obodo na ọrụ nchekwa okike dị iche iche, obodo na agụmakwụkwọ. Ha na-eme nnyocha, nyocha na mkpọsa. Kwa afọ ọ na-ahazi International Dawn Chorus Day.

Ndị otu kansụl ndị nlekọta na-ahụ maka ntụkwasị obi sitere na ndị otu. Ntụkwasị obi nwere ihe dị ka iri abụọ zuru oke, ndị ọrụ nwa oge na nkwekọrịta yana ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ha na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ oge niile, Anụ ọhịa Focus, nke na-enye mkpuchi maka ọrụ ha yana ọtụtụ okwu anụ ọhịa dị n'ime obodo.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Wildlife Trust maka Birmingham na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Black Country
*  
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ International Dawn Chorus Day
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Black Country Living Landscape
Obodo Ọstrelia na New Zealand

.Ọstrelia na New Zealand Map Society (ANZMapS), obodo etinyere[1] na Victoria, Australia, bụ otu ndị na-emepụta maapụ, ndị ọrụ na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ, nke na-eme dị ka ụzọ nzikọrịta ozi maka ndị niile nwere mmasị na maapụ.  Ndị otu ANZMapS dị maka onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị na maapụ.[2]

E hiwere ọha na eze na 2009 site na njikọta nke Australian Map Circle (nke tọrọ ntọala na 1973 dị ka Australian Map Curator's Circle), na New Zealand Map Society (tọrọ ntọala 1977).￼

The society holds an annual conference, publishes a peer-reviewed journal *The Globe* (ISSN 0311-3930), and a newsletter.

## Purpose

# to promote public interest within Australia and New Zealand in historical and contemporary cartography and in map collections;
# to promote the development, maintenance and preservation and effective exploitation of map collections throughout Australia and New Zealand;
# to improve the skills and status of persons working with map collections; and
# to promote communication between producers, users and curators of maps.

## Awards

* Dorothy Prescott Prize for the best paper presented at its annual conference.
* Patricia Alonso Memorial Prize to the student with the best third year results in the Bachelor of Applied Science (Multimedia Cartography) degree at RMIT University (until 1992 the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology).
Ngalaba Topographic Inter-Services

Inter-Services Topographic Department (1940-1946) bụ nkwonkwo ndị agha Britain na ndị agha mmiri emebere n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịnye ọgụgụ isi topographic maka ọrụ niile jikọtara ọnụ, yana karịsịa, maka ịkwadebe akụkọ tupu ọrụ agha na mba ofesi.  Nke a bụ ngalaba ọgụgụ isi nke Royal Navy na-elekọta.￼

## Isi gbanyụọ
.Ngalaba Topographical Interservices (ISTD) siri na nso-fiasco nke mbuso agha Britain wakporo Norway (9 Eprel – 9 Mee 1940).  Tupu oge ahụ, ndị agha na Royal Navy nwere ngalaba ọgụgụ isi dị iche iche na-anọghị onwe ha.  E hiwere ISTD na Mahadum Manchester, Oxford.  Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị òtù nke ọ bụla ogwe aka na ndị Allies, a unit nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke zero-elu elu foto, nke bụ foto e weere dị ka nso n'elu ebili mmiri dị ka o kwere mee, iji weta echiche nke odida obodo, nke bụ.  wee mee ka ọ bụrụ foto warara kwụ ọtọ na-aga n'ihu.  Akara faịlụ ndị a n'ebumnuche ndị agha dị ka àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ihe ndị yiri ya, a na-ejikwa foto na ọgụgụ isi oge ọhụrụ emelite maapụ ochie.  Site na maapụ ọhụrụ ndị a, na site na maapụ ochie, ihe atụ magazin, na foto ezinụlọ ochie ndị e sere na ezumike anakọtara n'aka ọha, enwere ike ịmepụta maapụ ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrụ nhazi na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ.[1]
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-ese Njem

.International Cartographic Association (ICA) (French: Association Cartographique Internationale, ACI), bụ nzukọ hibere nke otu ndị otu mba, iji nye ọgbakọ maka okwu na usoro na eserese eserese na sayensị ozi mpaghara (GIScience).  E hiwere ICA na June 9, 1959, na Bern, Switzerland.[1]  Emere Mgbakọ Mgbakọ mbụ na Paris na 1961. Ebumnuche nke International Cartographic Association bụ ịkwalite ọzụzụ na ọrụ nke eserese na GIScience na ọnọdụ mba ụwa.  Iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị a, ICA na-arụ ọrụ na gọọmentị mba na mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa, yana ndị otu sayensị mba ụwa ndị ọzọ.[2]

## Nzukọ
International Cartographic Conferences (ICC) take place every second year in one of the member countries. At every second conference (every fourth year) it hosts the General Assembly of the ICA.

## Ihe nrite

### Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal
The Carl Mannerfelt Gold Medal honours cartographers of outstanding merit who have made significant contributions of an original nature to the field of cartography. It is awarded only on rare occasions. The award is named after the Swedish cartographer, Carl Mannerfelt, who in 1981 won the prize named after him.
Òtù Na-emepụta Map n'Ụwa

Otu International Map Industry Association (IMIA), nke a na-akpọbu International Map Trade Association (IMTA), bụ nzukọ izizi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke eserese, geospatial na ụlọ ọrụ ozi ala.  Na 2018 IMIA ahaziri ka ọ bụrụ otu nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ, dabere na United States, yana otu ndị isi oche.  Na mbụ nzukọ ahụ nwere ngalaba atọ na-arụ ọrụ iche iche: Ngalaba America na-ekpuchi North, Central, na South America;  ngalaba Europe / Africa / Middle East (EAME);  na ngalaba Asia-Pacific.￼

IMIA raara onwe ya nye n'ịkwalite uto nke ụlọ ọrụ eserese site na mgbanwe echiche na ozi, mmụta nke usoro ụlọ ọrụ na teknụzụ, na ịnweta ọtụtụ ndị isi eserese dị iche iche.  IMIA na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya olu na akụrụngwa nkuzi maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-etinye aka ozugbo ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè, na mmepụta na ire maapụ, globes, ntuziaka njem, ozi gbasara ohere na ngwaahịa na ihe ndị metụtara ya.￼

## Ojiji nke IMTA acronym

* Idaho Music Teachers Association
* Illinois Municipal Treasurers Association
* Indiana Motor Truck Association
* Indiana Music Teachers Association
* Integrative Manual Therapy Association
* Intermediate Message Transfer Agent
* International Maitland Teachers Association
* International Management Teachers Academy
* International Map Traders Association
* International Marine Transit Association
* International Maritime Transport Academy
* International Medical Technology Association
* International Military Testing Association
* International Mobile Telecommunications Association
* International Modeling and Talent Association
* International MultiModal Transport Association
* Internet Message Transport Agent
* Iowa Motor Truck Association
* Iowa Music Teachers Association
* Irish Massage Therapists Association
* Irish Mathematics Teachers Association
* Institute for Medical Technology Assessment
Mpaghara Ndị Na-anakọta Map

."Ronald Vere Tooley tọrọ ntọala The Map Collectors' Circle na London na Eprel 1963 site n'aka Ronald Vere Tooley na ebumnuche ekwuru nke "na-akpali mmasị na ibipụta ihe na maapụ ndị mbụ ebipụtara, atlases, ndị na-ese foto, wdg."[1] N'etiti 1963 na 1975, ọ malitere.  banyere imezu ọrụ nke abụọ ya na usoro nke 110 monographs metụtara ubi nke eserese akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-anọgide na-amasị ndị na-ese foto maka obosara ha.[2]  Nkebi akụkụ Mapụ Ọbá akwụkwọ Bodleian ekepụtala ndepụta ndepụta nke usoro a.

## Map Collectors' Series

; Volume 1, 1963-4

* 1. Geographical Oddities / R. V. Tooley.
* 2. Maps of Antarctica [t.p.: Early Antarctica] / R. V. Tooley.
* 3. The Isles of Scilly / Margaret Palmer.
* 4. Adams’ and Pine's maps of the Spanish Armada / D. Schrire.
* 5. The printed maps of Tasmania / R. V. Tooley.
* 6. Early maps and view of the Cape of Good Hope / R. V. Tooley.
* 7. Leo Belgicus: an illustrated list [t.p.: An illustrated list of variants] / R. V. Tooley.
* 8. California as an island / R. V. Tooley.
* 9. County atlases of the British Isles, 1579-1850. Part I [1579-1612] / R. A. Skelton.
* 10. Some early printed maps of Trinidad and Tobago.
Ụlọ Ọrụ Sayensị Map, Australia

.Ụlọ ọrụ Mapping Sciences Institute, Australia (MSIA) bụ onye ọkachamara mba na obodo mmụta na-etinye aka na nhazi map na sayensị geospatial na Australia.[1][2][3][4]  Ọ malitere na 1952 dị ka Australian Institute of Cartographers (AIC) ma gbanwee aha na 1995. Ọ bụ onye otu mba nke International Cartographic Association kemgbe 1964. Ọ na-akwado ya, yana Surveying and Spatial Sciences Institute, Journal of Spatial Sciences.

## References
Nhazi nke Mba America

alt=|thumb|The Pan American Union Building shortly after its construction in Washington, D. C., 1910
Pan American Institute of Geography and History

Pan American Institute of Geography and History (PAIGH, Spanish: Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia - IPGH) bụ nzukọ mba ụwa nke raara nye ọgbọ na ịnyefe ihe ọmụma pụrụ iche na ngalaba nke eserese, ọdịdị ala, akụkọ ihe mere eme na geophysics.￼

Emepụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na February 7, 1928, n'oge ọgbakọ e nwere na Havana.  Obodo e hiwere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọbịa bụ Mexico City.  Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta na Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị America wee ghọọ ọgbakọ pụrụ iche nke OAS;  n'afọ 1974 ka agbanwere nkwekọrịta a wee binye aka.￼
Rosreestr

Ọrụ Federal maka ndebanye aha steeti, Cadastre na eserese eserese (Rosreestr) (Russian: Федеральная служба государственной регистрации, кадастра и картографии, кадастра и картографии, стортографии , сторто графи и кориса 2, 8 December 2, 2018, 8 December 2017, 8 December 2017. ation Service) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na Russia, na-ahụ maka ya  nzukọ nke Unified State Register of Rights on Real Estate and Transaction (Russian: Единый государственный реестр прав на недвижимое имущество и сделок с ним data nke Russian Federation), yana data spatial.  Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ cadastre na eserese eserese nke Russia.[1]￼

.
Òtù:Articles with short description
Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute

.Sahab Geographic na Drafing Institute bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ izizi mpaghara na eserese eserese na mpaghara nzuzo nke Iran na Middle East.  Ọ na-emepụta maapụ, globes, atlases na ihe nkuzi ndị ọzọ gbasara ọdịdị ala.[1][2][3]  Onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ugbu a bụ Mohammad Reza Sahab.[4]

## History
.Sahab Geographic na Drafting Institute hiwere na 1935 site n'aka Abolghasem Sahab na nwa ya nwoke Abbas Sahab.[1][2]

.Ụlọ ọrụ Sahab ewepụtala aha karịrị 3000, dị ka maapụ, atlases, globes, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ mmado.[1]

Sahab Library was established by Abolghasem Sahab, and was later developed by Abbas Sahab. There are about 32000 books and journals regarding geography. There are also around 20000 different maps.

*Sahab Geographic and Drafting Institute* has published many books and maps regarding Persian Gulf, its historical maps and the islands in the Persian Gulf.
Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Map na Nnyocha

thumb|Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Map na Nnyocha
 

The Science Museum of Map and Survey (地図と測量の科学館, Chizu to Sokuryō no Kagakukan) bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan nke ewepụtara na eserese na nyocha.￼

Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka bụ nke mbụ ụdị ya na Japan mgbe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha Geographical nke Japan mepere ya na June 1996.

## External links

Òtù:Articles with short description
North American Cartographic Information Society

## Objectives
Iji meziwanye nkwurịta okwu, nhazi na imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị na-emepụta ihe, ndị mgbasa ozi, ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ, na ndị ọrụ nke ozi katọn

## Membership
The membership is largely from the United States and Canada, with a small but steady number from other countries. In recent years, NACIS has focused on increasing membership in Latin America and the Caribbean. Diversity, inclusion, and a welcoming environment are important goals of the organization.
Ala Nọọsụ Digital

..Native Land Digital bụ webụsaịtị na ngwa mkpanaaka nke Canada na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke mebere maapụ mpaghara, asụsụ na nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ.[1]  Weebụsaịtị, Native-Land.ca, bụ Victor Temprano mepụtara na 2015 wee tinye ya dị ka enweghị uru na 2018.[1] [2] [3] [4]  Dị ka nke 2023, Tanya Ruka (onye na-ese ihe na onye nrụpụta nwa amaala Māori) bụ onye isi nchịkwa.[5]

## Mission
Native Land Digital na-agba mbọ ịmepụta na ịkwalite mkparịta ụka gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke colonialism, ụzọ ndị amaala obodo si mara, na mmekọrịta ndị ọbịa na ndị amaala, site na akụrụngwa mmụta dị ka map anyị na Ntuziaka Nkwenye TerritoryAnyị na-agba mbọ ịgafe ụzọ ochie nke ikwu banyere ụmụ amaala na ịmepụta ikpo okwu ebe ndị obodo nwere ike ịnọchite anya onwe ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha n'usoro nke ha.  N'ime nke a, Native Land Digital na-emepụta oghere ebe ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịkpọ ma gbaa aka ka ha mụtakwuo banyere ala ndị ha bi, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala ndị ahụ, na otu esi arụsi ọrụ ike na-abụ akụkụ nke ọdịnihu ka mma na-aga n'ihu.[1]  ]We strive to go beyond old ways of talking about Indigenous people and to develop a platform where Indigenous communities can represent themselves and their histories on their own terms. In doing so, Native Land Digital creates spaces where non-Indigenous people can be invited and challenged to learn more about the lands they inhabit, the history of those lands, and how to actively be part of a better future going forward together.
Òtù Ndị Na-ese Map

.Society of Cartographers (SoC) bụ otu ndị na-ese eserese nke dabeere na United Kingdom.  E hiwere Society na 1964 na Mahadum Glasgow ma bụrụkwa nke akpọrọ Society of University Cartographers.  Na 1989 Society nakweere aha ọhụrụ na ụkpụrụ iwu na-emeghere onye ọ bụla na-eme map mgbe nile.

Society of Cartographers chere na ebumnuche bụ ịkwado na ịgba ndị niile na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmepụta nke maapụ ume - n'agbanyeghị usoro na usoro nke mmepụta map.  Ọ na-achọ ime nke a site n'inye ozi na ohere iji kpọtụrụ, izute na mgbanwe echiche na usoro, ha na-atụ anya ịkwado ma gbaa ndị na-etinye aka n'akụkụ niile nke eserese map ma nọgide na-enwe ụkpụrụ dị elu nke ihe osise eserese na àgwà, mmepụta map bara uru.￼

The Society published a newsletter and an annual journal, the *Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers*. As well as awarding a prestigious "Wallis Award" for excellence in Cartography by a member

The Society members voted unanimously in 2019 to cease the Society, all members, assets and good will was transferred the their sister society 'The British Cartographic Society" in January 2020

## See also

* Royal Geographical Society
* International Cartographic Association
* British Cartographic Society
Quercus xalapensis

***Quercus xalapensis***, ma ọ bụ xalapa oak, bụ ụdị osisi oak n'ime otu **osisi oak** na-acha ọbara ọbara (*Quercus* section *Lobatae*). A mụrụ ya n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Mexico, yana Guatemala, Honduras, na Nicaragua n'ebe ugwu Central America.

## Nkọwa
*Quercus xalapensis* bụ nnukwu osisi nwere ogwe osisi 40-80 sentimita (16-31 sentimita) n'obosara. Akwụkwọ ya dị ka ube, ruo sentimita 10 (4 sentimita) n'ogologo, nwere ọtụtụ ezé n'akụkụ ya, ezé ọ bụla na-agbadata ruo ogologo, dị gịrịgịrị.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
*Quercus xalapensis* bụ nwa amaala ugwu nke ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Mexico na ugwu Central America. Mpaghara ya gụnyere Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre de Oaxaca na ọwụwa anyanwụ Sierra Madre del Sur, Sierra de los Tuxtlas, na Chiapas Highlands na Sierra Madre De Chiapas, yana Chortis Highlands nke Honduras na Nicaragua.

Ụdị ahụ na-eto n'ọhịa oak, oké ọhịa *[[Abies guatemalensis|Abies]]*, na oké ọhịa igwe ojii n'etiti 1,070 na 2,000 mita elu. A na-ahụ ya n'ala na-adịghị omimi na ala ndị sitere na sandstone nwere pH acid. Ọ na-anaghị anabata onyinyo, ma na-ahọrọ ebe ndị mepere emepe n'oké ọhịa. Osisi ndị na-eto eto na-eto n'ọhịa ma nwee ike ịkụ ha n'ebe ịta nri a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ. Osisi ndị jikọtara ya gụnyere ephipytic orchids na bromeliads na osisi *Carya ovata*, *Persea liebmannii*, *Quercus muehlenbergii*, *Quercus polymorpha*, na *Pinus pseudostrobus*.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Missouri Botanical Garden.org: Foto nke herbarium specimen anakọtara na Nicaragua (1999)
Theban Map Project

.Theban Mapping Project bụ njem mmụta ihe ochie ewepụtara na Egypt Ochie.  E hiwere ya na 1978 site n'aka onye Egyptologist Dr. Kent R. Weeks na Mahadum California, Berkeley.  Na 1985, a kpọgara ya na Mahadum America dị na Cairo.  Ebumnobi mbụ nke oru ngo a bụ imepụta map ihe ochie nke Ndagwurugwu Ndị Eze, ma e bipụtara ya dị ka Atlas of the Valley of the King na 2000.[1]  Ebe ọ bụ na 2001, Project ahụ ewepụtala atụmatụ nlekọta maka Ndagwurugwu Ndị Eze, nke World Monuments Fund na-akwado.

Weebụsaịtị ahụ anọghị n'ịntanetị kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, n'ihi enweghị ego.  Agbanyeghị, site na ebe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha America dị na Egypt wetara ego ọhụrụ, ọ gara n'ịntanetị ọzọ na Jenụwarị 2021, yana njirimara na data ọhụrụ.[1]

## See also

* Amarna Royal Tombs Project
Quercus skinneri

***Quercus skinneri*** bụ ụdị osisi oak. A na-ahụ ya na Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, na El Salvador. Ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.

## Nkọwa
*Quercus skinneri* bụ osisi dị n'etiti ruo nnukwu osisi, na-eto ruo mita 25 n'ogologo.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
A na-ahụ *Quercus skinneri* n'ugwu na n'okpuru ugwu nke ndịda Mexico, gụnyere Sierra de los Tuxtlas nke Veracruz na Chiapas Highlands na Sierra Madre de Chiapas nke Chiapas, yana ebe ndị gbasasịrị agbasa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sierra Madre del Sur na ndịda Sierra Madre Oriental. A na-ahụkwa ya na Sierra Madre de Chiapas na Guatemala Highlands, Maya Mountains nke Belize, na Chortis Highlands nke El Salvador na Honduras. Ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na ụdị ahụ bi (AOO) bụ 580 km2, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-eleda anya n'ihi enweghị ihe atụ.

Ebe obibi nke ụdị ahụ gụnyere oké ọhịa igwe ojii ochie na ụdị oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo ndị ọzọ, site na 1,000 ruo 2,400 mita elu. Ọ nwere ike ịba ụba n'ógbè n'ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị, mana ọ na-adịkarị ụkọ n'ofe ya.

## Nchekwa na ihe iyi egwu
A na-eyi ụdị ahụ egwu na ebe obibi ha furu efu site na mgbukpọ ọhịa igwe ojii na Mexico na Central America. Ihe iyi egwu nye ụdị na ebe obibi ya gụnyere ịta anụ ụlọ, nchịkọta nkụ, owuwe ihe ubi, ịkwagharị ọrụ ugbo, na ntụgharị ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ịta anụ. Ndị bi na ya kewara ekewa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị tozuru etozu na-ebelata. A na-enyocha ụdị ahụ dị ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eyi egwu.

## Ihe odide