Asụsụ Kalasha

**Kalasha** ( [kaʹaʂaː], n'ógbè: ) bụ Asụsụ Indo-Aryan nke Ndị Kalash na-asụ, na Chitral District nke mpaghara Khyber Pakhtunkhwa nke Pakistan.  nwere ihe dịka 4,100 na-asụ Kalasha.  bụ Asụsụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma enwere Mgbanwe asụsụ na-aga n'ihu na Khowar.

Kalasha ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na asụsụ Nuristani dị nso Waigali (Kalasha-ala).  Dị ka Badshah Munir Bukhari, onye nyocha na Kalash siri kwuo, "Kalasha" bụkwa aha agbụrụ maka ndị Nuristani bi na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ndagwurugwu Kalasha, na Waygal na etiti Pech Valleys nke Afghanistan Nuristan Province.  "Kalasha" yiri ka ndị na-asụ Kalasha nke Chitral si na Nuristanis nke Waygal, bụ ndị gbasaa ruo n'ebe ndịda Chitral ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga. Otú ọ dị, enweghị njikọ chiri anya n'etiti asụsụ Indo-Aryan Kalasha-mun (Kalasha) na asụsụ Nuristani Kalasha-ala (Waigali), nke sitere na alaka dị iche iche nke Asụsụ Indo-Iranian.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ rụrụ ọrụ na Kalasha gụnyere onye ọwụwa anyanwụ nke narị afọ nke 19 Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ nke narị afọ de 20 Georg Morgenstierne. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Elena Bashir na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ emeela nnyocha. A na-ejikọta mmepe nke ihe ndị bara uru maka ịgụ na ide na onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Kalasha Taj Khan Kalash. Southern Kalash ma ọ bụ Urtsun Kalash gbanwere gaa n'asụsụ Khowar nke Kalasha-mun na narị afọ nke 20 a na-akpọ Urtsuniwar.

## Nchịkọta
'ime asụsụ niile dị na Pakistan, Kalasha nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ kachasị agbaso omenala, tinyere asụsụ Khowar dị nso. N'okwu ole na ole, Kalasha na-enwekwa nchekwa karịa Khowar, dịka ọmụmaatụ.  na idowe consonants ndị na-achọsi ike, bụ ndị na-apụ n'anya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Dardic ndị ọzọ.

A A na-ahụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndogide ụda na ụyọkọ (na pụtara) n'ime ndepụta ndị a.  Agbanyeghị, rịba ama ụfọdụ atụmatụ Indo-Aryan na Dardic ọhụrụ a na-ahụkarị.  

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Asụsụ Kalasha bụ phonologically atypical n'ihi na ọ na-emegide ụdaume dị mfe, ogologo, imi na retroflex yana njikọta nke ndị a (Heegård & Mørch 2004).  depụtara n'okpuru ebe a bụ ụdaume nke Kalasha: 

### Mkpụrụedemede

### Mkpụrụ okwu
Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Dardic ndị ọzọ, ọnọdụ ụdaume nke usoro a na-eku ume bụ ihe arụmụka.  ụfọdụ ejighị n'aka ma ha bụ phonemic ma ọ bụ allophonic - ya bụ, nkwupụta oge niile nke ụyọkọ ụdaume na /h/ .

A na-ahụ ụdaume /x ɣ q/ na okwu ndị a gbazitere.

### Ntụnyere nke okwu
Tebụl -esonụ na-eji okwu Kalash tụnyere okwu ha n'asụsụ Indo-Aryan ndị ọzọ.

## Àgwà ndị na-agbaso omenala
Ihe atụ nke ihe ndị na-agbaso omenala na Kalasha na Khowar bụ (ihe odide, NIA = New Indo-Aryan, MIA = Middle Indo-Arjan, OIA = Old Indo-Arayan): 

* Nchekwa nke intervocalic /m/ (ebelata na /w/ ma ọ bụ /v/ na njedebe MIA n'ebe ọzọ), dịka Kal. *grom*, Kho. *gram* "obodo" < OIA *grāma*
* Enweghị iwepu intervocalic /t/, echekwara dị ka /l/ ma ọ bụ /w/ na Kalasha, /r/ na Khowar (ehichapụ n'etiti MIA n'ebe ọzọ), dịka Kho. *brār* "nwanne" < OIA bhrātṛ; Kal. ʃau < **ʃal*, Kho. ʃor "otu narị" < OIA *śata*
* Nchebe nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe atọ OIA sibilants (dental /s/, palatal /ś/, retroflex /ṣ/); n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, atọ a agbakọtalarị tupu 200 BC (MIA mbido) 
* Nchekwa nke sibilant + consonant, stop + /r/ clusters (efu site na MIA mbụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ):
** Kal. Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka e si nweta ya. Aghtht" < OIA *aṣṭā*; Kal. hast, Kho. *onye ọbịa* "aka" < OPC ruo; Kal. *Istam* "bunch" < OI *stamba*; Kho. *istōr* "akpa ịnyịnya" < OYA *sthōra*; Kho. isnār "sacha" < OICA *snāta*; Kal. Kho. *Iskow* "peg" < OISA *** (< *skambha*); Kho. *Iśper* "acha ọcha" < OIA *śvēta*; Kal. *isprɛs*, Kho. *iśpreṣi* "nne di" < OIA *śvaśru*; Kal. *piṣṭ* "azụ" < OIA *pṛṣṭha*; Kho. *aśrū* "ịkwa" < OIA *aśru*.
** Kho. *Kren-* "zụta" < OIA *krīṇ-*; Kal. *grom*, Kho. *grom* "obodo" < OIA *grāma*; Kal. gŕä "olu" < OIA *grīva*; Kho. *griṣp* "oge okpomọkụ" < OIA *grīṣma*
* Nchekwa nke /ts/ na Kalasha (nke a kọwapụtara dị ka otu foneme) 
* Nchekwa kpọmkwem nke ọtụtụ njedebe ikpe OIA dị ka ihe a na-akpọ "ọkwa 1" njedebe ikpe (dị iche na njedebe ikpe ọhụrụ "ọkwa 2" nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ikpe 1 oblique):
** Aha
** [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] -*-afọ*, Kho. -*-afọ* < OIA *-ān*
** Akụkụ: Kal. -*-afọ* (sg.), -an (pl.); Kho. *-o* (sg.), *-an, -ān* (pl.) < OIA -*-Asiya* (sg.), *āṇām* (pl.) 
** Ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ: Kal. *-a*, Kho. *-a* < OIA dative *-āya*, n'ebe ọzọ furu efu na njedebe OIA
** Ngwá ọrụ: Kal. -*-afọ*, Kho. *-en* < OIA -ēna*-n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ na-anọ*
** Nkọwa: Kal. *-au*, Kho. *-ār* < OIA *-āt*
** Ebe obibi: Kal. *-ai*, Kho. *-i* < OIA *-ai*
* Nchebe nke ihe karịrị otu okwu (dịka Kho. *Mar-īm* "M na-egbu" vs. *bri-um* "M na na-anwụ") 
* Nchebe nke ọdịiche OIA n'etiti njedebe "nke mbụ" (nke na-abụghị nke gara aga) na nke "nke abụọ" (nke gara aga) yana nke oge gara aga "mbuli" na a-, ha abụọ furu efu kpamkpam n'ebe ọzọ: Kal. *pim* "M na-aṅụ", *apis* "M na'aṅụ"; **'akaris**' "M na na-eme", akāris "M mere"
* Nchebe nke okwu tupu oge eruo (lee ihe atụ dị n'elu), na akara aha / ebubo nkịtị na nkwekọrịta okwu nkịtị, n'adịghị ka oge ergative-ụdị gara aga na nkwekọ aha n'ebe ọzọ na NIA (nke dabeere na nhazi passive na mbụ) 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Edensibia

## Akwụkwọ

* 
* 
* 
* Map na-egosi nkesa okwu n'etiti ndị Kafiristan.
* 
* 
*  
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ebe Richard Strand na-edebe ihe nkiri Nuristan
* Peeji Kalasha nke Reiko na Jun na Japan
* Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Nkọwa okwu
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Asụsụ Na-ahụ Maka Ala The Kalasha Dictionary
* Ihe nchekwa data Georg Morgenstierne
* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Frontier Language Institute Kalasha