Mohammed Khadda

**Mohammed Khadda** (Arabic: محمد الخدة; 14 Maachị 1930 - 4 Mee 1991) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, na onye edemede. A na-ewere Khadda dị ka otu n'ime ndị malitere ihe osise Algeria nke oge a na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya nke "ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama.", dị ka aha ya bụ "peintre du signe" nke Jean Sénac nyere.    Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na 1960. Mmetụta ya gụnyere Cubism na calligraphy Arabic. O lekwasịrị anya n'ihe na-abụghị ihe atụ ma ọ bụ nke nkịtị.   Ọ nọchitere anya ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Algeria bụ ndị jikọtara echiche nke ihe nketa calligraphic na asụsụ nkịtị nke ederede Western site na abstraction Western site na 1950s. 

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Mohammed Khadda na 1930 na Mostaganem, mgbe Algeria ka nọ n'okpuru ọrụ France. Ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka ise, ndị abụọ n'ime ha nwụrụ mgbe ha ka bụ ụmụ ọhụrụ. A mụrụ nna ya, Bendehiba Khadda, na 1912 na obodo Mina ma kwaga Mostaganem mgbe ọ dị obere. N'agbanyeghị na Bendehiba mụrụ kpuru ìsì, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka onye na-agba blọk na onye na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nne Khadda, Nebi El Ghali mụrụ na 1911 na Zemora, Algeria, obodo dị nso na Tiaret. Mgbe ọ bụ obere nwa agbọghọ, otu ebo ndị bi na nso ebe o bi gburu nne na nna ya. Ya onwe ya, dịka nna Mohammed, kpurukwa ìsì, mana ọ jisiri ike gbanwee. Benedehiba na Nebi zutere na Mostaganem ma lụọ na 1929.

### Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara
thumb| Mohammed Khadda, ihe dịka 1982
Na 1936, Mohammed Khadda gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Tigditt, Mostaganem na mpaghara Arab. Na 1942, ya na ezinụlọ ya aghaghị ịhapụ Mostaganem n'ihi ụnwụ nri n'ógbè ahụ. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Tiaret ma ha na nwanne nne ya kwagara. Ọ nweghị ike ịgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'oge a. Ọ jọgburu onwe ya n'ebe ahụ n'ihi na nwanne nne ha enweghị ike igbo mkpa ha n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, ọ laghachiri na Mostaganem wee laghachi akwụkwọ. Na 1944, o nwetara diplọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nna ya chọrọ ka ọ nweta ọrụ ozugbo o nwetara diplọma ya, ma otu n’ime ndị nkụzi ya nyere ya ezumike otu afọ n’ihi ya, ọ gaghị etinye aka n’ọrụ ọ na-adịghị amasị ya. Na 1944, Khadda nwetara ọrụ n’otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ, nke dị n’ógbè Ain Sefra. N'ehihie, ọ na-ese ụkpụrụ, mgbe ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na eserese ya n'abalị. Ọzọkwa, o kpebiri iwere ọrụ nke abụọ na mgbede, na-ejikọta akwụkwọ maka ndị edemede dị iche iche dị ka Omar Khayyam, Abdou Mohammed, Taha Hussein, Hafid, Jami, André Gide, André Breton, na Jean Cocteau . A kụziiri ya ise ihe, mgbe ọ na-aga klas nke onye isi ya na-akwụ ụgwọ.  

N'afọ 1948, ya na enyi ya Abdallah Benanteur, Mohammed Khadda nyochara nchịkọta nka dị iche iche ewepụtara na Musée des Beaux-Arts na isi obodo Algiers, bụ ebe ọ nwere ike ịchọta mkpali mbụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu. Ndị na-ese ihe nkiri ịhụnanya bụ Eugène Delacroix, ma ọ bụ Théodore Chassériau na-emetụtakarị ya. 

N'ime afọ nke iguzogide ndị France, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe gụnyere Khadda gara agha maka National Liberation Army . Mgbe o mechara ndị agha ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị na ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ji nwayọọ nwayọọ malite. 

### Ndụ na Paris
Na mmalite 1950s, ka nguzogide Algeria na-arịwanye elu, Khadda nọrọ ọtụtụ oge ya na Paris, yana Benanteur. Mohammed Khadda gara Académie de la Grande Chaumière . Mgbe ọ na-amụtakwu banyere nka, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa ebipụta dị iche iche, na-enyocha omenala Paris.

Khadda mechara tinye aka na ntọhapụ nke obodo ya, wee sonye na otu ndị Kọmunist nke France ka ọ kwado nnwere onwe nke Algeria, na 1953. Mgbe ọ na-ebi na Paris, e kpughere ya na omenala, obodo, omenala dị iche iche, nke mere ka anya nkà ya dị nkọ. Ewebatara ya na mmegharị nka nke Eurocentric dị ka Abstract Art, yana “ ihe osise Africa na ọrụ ink East-Asia ”,  nyere Pluriculturalism nke obodo. Khadda sokwa na " Circle Intellectual Circle of Algerian " mgbe ọ bi na France, ma ekwuru na ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nnwere onwe nke Algeria . Okirikiri a mekwara ka o zute ndị omenkà Algeria ndị ọzọ sitere na mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka Mustapha Kaid, Kateb Yacine na Mustapha Kateb . 

### Lọghachi na Algeria
Na 1963, ọ laghachiri Algeria, otu afọ mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị, ebe o biri na Blida. Na 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye otu Union Nationale des Arts Plastiques (National Union of Plastic Arts) tọrọ ntọala na 1963, n'okpuru nkwado nke Ministry of Culture and Information, na Front de Libération Nationale (National Liberation Front).   N'afọ 1972, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya, ma nyefee ihe fọdụrụ ná ndụ ya n'ise ihe. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba nka nka nke Ministry of Culture na 1979, wee bụrụ onye otu Conseil National de la Culture (National Council of Culture) na 1990. 

## Art
Ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na palettes nke ụda ụwa na nke na-egbuke egbuke, dị ọcha na agba, Khadda kere ihe odide na-emetụ n'ahụ nke na-edepụta ederede Arabic na calligraphy n'elu akwa mkpuchi ikuku. Iji calligraphy dị ka ụdị nka dị mkpa, ebe ọ na-emewanye ihe ngosi ya na-abụkarị akụkụ nke chef d'oeuvres nka nka nke Khadda mepụtara, nke akpọrọ Hurufiyah .
thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ Khadda, 1986
Mohammed Khadda ji olu ya, na nka ya dị ka ihe eji egosipụta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, na ịhụ na ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya ruru ọtụtụ mmadụ dịka o kwere mee. E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na ọrụ nka ya, *Elements pour un Art nouveau*, na 1966 ma bu n'obi ịkwalite nwughari nke Art na Algeria na obodo post-colonial. Ọ sonyekwara na mmegharị nka Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu),  nke ewelitere na 1967, ebe ndị nka ga-emepụta nka Amazigh, nke sitere na akara ngosi ha, egbugbu ọdịnala nke obodo Amazigh na-eyi. Onyinye ya na steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Algeria site na nka ya, ka bara uru ruo taa, dị ka Suheyla Takesh na Lynn Gumpert gosipụtara na ihe ngosi nka ha na 2020, " *Na-ewere Shape: Abstraction si Arab World, 1950s-1980"* . Ndị ọkà mmụta, dị ka Prọfesọ Dina Ramadan na Bard College, na-ejikwa nka ya dị ka ụzọ isi tụgharịa uche na mmetụta nke ịchịisi na ọha mmadụ, dịka o dere na nyocha nka ya banyere ihe ngosi Takesh na Gumpert.  Dr. Natasha Marie Llorens, onye nyocha nke doctoral lekwasịrị anya na sinima Algerian post-colonial cinema, na-akọwa n'ihu na nyocha ya, *Ebe akara. : Mohammed Khadda na Assia Djebar's La Nouba des Femmes du Mont Chenoua*, ka a na-egosipụtakwa nkà nke Khadda na ihe nkiri Algeria dị ka ụzọ isi gosipụta "mmezi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na eserese, nke ọ chere na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka mgbasa ozi echiche". 

Na 1947, Khadda zutere Abdallah Benanteur, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Mostaganem otu afọ mgbe a mụsịrị Khadda.   Mgbe ha zutere, Khadda debanyere aha na École des Beaux-arts [College of Fine Arts] ebe ọ mụtara usoro nka dị iche iche dị ka agba mmiri, pastels, na eserese. Ọ gara n'ihu gbasaa usoro ihe osise ya site n'esere ihe ngosi nke nzukọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na ahịa flea. N'afọ 1948, ya na Benantaur gara ileta enyi ha n'otu ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụ n'oge nleta a ka Khadda hụrụ Museum of Fine Arts ebe ihe osise Eugène Delacroix, Eugène Fromentin, Théodore Chassériau, na Nasreddine Dinet kpaliri ya. Ọkpụkpụ nke Auguste Rodin na Antoine Bourdelle metụtakwara ya. 

Na 1953, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe si Africa, Mohammed Khadda gara Paris, France ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'oge ahụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Pablo Picasso wee mụta ụdị nke Cubism nke metụtara nkà ya nke ukwuu. Ọ nọrọ afọ iri na Europe tupu ọ laghachi Algeria. Mgbe ọ lọghachiri, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji guzobe obodo nka na Algeria maka ndị na-eto eto na-achọ nka iji kwalite nkà ha nwere. Na 1964, ya na ndị ọzọ hiwere National Union of the Visual Arts. Khadda hibere ndị na-ese ihe na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara na 1967. O gosikwara akwụkwọ maka Rachid Boudjedra, Tahar Djaout, na ndị ọzọ.
thumb| Akara aka nke Mohammed Khadda

## mmegharị dị mkpa

* Mohammed Khadda tinyere aka na ọtụtụ mmegharị nka na otu n'ime oge ọrụ ya nwere ma ga-aga n'ihu na-emetụta nka na Africa na ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere:
* National Union of the Visual Arts, 1967
* Aouchem (Arabic maka igbu egbugbu) Art Movement, 1967 
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke akara, 1967
* "Ndị na-ese ihe ịrịba ama" 
* Emepụtara ihe karịrị 70 murals na 1970s
* Alụso ya ọgụ na National Liberation Army n'oge French Resistance

## Ụtụ
Na Maachị 14, 2020, Google jiri Google Doodle mee emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ 90 ya.  

## Hụkwa

* Omenala Algeria 
* Cubism 
* Pablo Picasso 
* Amazigh 
* Art Abstract 

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations