open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Oge Ephemeris

Okwu ephemeris oge (nke a na-akpọkarị ET ) nwere ike n'ụkpụrụ na-ezo aka na oge na-akpata na ephemeris ọ llala (njem nke trajectory nke ihe mbara igwe).  N'ime omume omume ya nke ọma iji rụtụ aka:

# Ọkọlọgụ oge nke mbara igwe nakweere na 1952 site n'aka ndị IAU,  ma dochie ya n'ime 1970s.  A tụrụ aro oge a na 1948, iji merie adịghị ike nke oge na-agbanwe agbanwe oge anwụ pụtara oge anwụ . Ebumnobi ahụ bụ ịkọwa oge otu (dị ka ọ ga-ekwe omume) dabere na echiche Newtonian (lee n'okpuru: Nkọwa nke oge ephemeris (1952) ). Oge Ephemeris bụ ngwa mbụ nke echiche nke oge na-agbanwe agbanwe, bụ nke a na-akọwa oge na oge n'ezoghị ọnụ, sitere na ọnọdụ a hụrụ nke ihe na-enyocha mbara igwe site n'echiche na-akpali akpali nke mmegharị ya. 
# oge nhazi oge relativistic nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke JPL ephemeris arụmụka oge arụmụka T eph mebere, n'usoro nke mmepe Ephemerides n'usoro ọnụọgụgụ. Otu n'ime ha bụ DE405 ephemeris na ojiji zuru ebe niile ugbu a. Ọnụ ọgụgụ oge nke T eph na-anọchi anya ya nwere njikọ chiri anya, ma dị iche (site na nkwụsịtụ na ọnụego oge niile) site na, oge TCB nke nakweere ugbu a dị ka ọkọlọtọ site na IAU (lee n'okpuru: JPL ephemeris time arụmụka Teph ). 

Ọtụtụ n'ime ngalaba ndị a metụtara oge ephemeris nke ọkọlọtọ 1952.

 Otu echiche na-ebilite mgbe ụfọdụ na a na-eji oge ephemeris eme ihe site na 1900: nke a nwere ike iji n'ihi na ET, ọ bụ ebe na ihe aro ma nakweere na oge 1948-1952, akọwara n'ụzọ  zuru ezu site n'iji usoro ndị mere nlegharị anya iji oge oge nke 1900 January 0 na Tebụlụ Sun nke Newcomb

Oge ephemeris nke ọkọlọtọ 1952 na-ahapụ ihe nketa na-aga n'ihu, site na iche ihe mere eme ya nke abụọ ephemeris nke ekiri nke a na-achị chiri anya n'ochie ọkọlọtọ SI nke abụọ dị ugbu a (lee n)  'okpuru: redefinition nke abụọ).

Site n'oge John Flamsteed (1646–1719) kwenyela na ntụgharị ụwa kwa ụbọchị bụ otu.  Ma mgbe e ịhụ na iri na-egosi na ngosi nke iri abụọ na-abụ afọ, na-amụba nke astronomical nha, ọ na-enyo enyo, na e gosiri guzosie ike, na adiana nke ọnwụ ( ie ogologo nke ụbọchị ) ịrịba irregularities.  na oge oberekpa, na na-agbadata ogologo oge n'ogologo oge.  W de Sitter chị ụgbọ ihe nri ahụ (1927) [1] bụ onye dere "Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-anabata echiche a, mgbe ahụ 'oge astronomical', nke ntụgharị ụwa nyere, ma jiri ya mee ihe na niile bara uru nke mbara igwe.  , dị iche na 'uniform'.ma ọ bụ oge 'Newtonian', nke akọwara dị ka ike n'onwe ya nke nha nhata nke igwe igwe".  De Sitter nyere mgbazi ka etinyere ya na oge anwụ nke ntụgharị ụwa nyere iji gba oge otu.
Equinox

Equinox nke mbụ bụ oge n'ime oge mgbe ọmụmụ na-agafe equator nke ụwa, nke egwuregwu, na-ahụ kpọmkwem n'elu equator, kama n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ ndị nke equator.  N'ụbọchị nke equinox, mmalite na-egosi na ọ na-ebili "n'ebe mmalite mmalite" ma tọọ "dabara ọmụmụ ọmụmụ".  Nke a na-eme ugboro abụọ kwa afọ, gburugburu 20 Machị na 23 September .  [Alfa dị ala 1]

. Kpọmkwem nke ọma, a na-ịpọkarị equinox dị ka oge mgbe ụgbọ elu nke ụwa equator na-agafe na etiti geometric nke diski Sun.  [1] [2] N'otu aka ahụ, nke a bụ oge mgbe axis ntụgharị ụwa na-adaba n'ahịrị Sun-Earth, na-adịghị ma ọ bụ ike na-amalite.  N'oge a , ebe ọ bụ na nwanyị (na ruo n'ókè nke nta mbara ala) na-eme ka mgbawa ụwa na -adịgasị iche iche site na ellipse zuru okè, a na-achọta equinox n'ụzọ  eze site na-enwe na-enwekarị ecliptik lonjituudu uzo site n'ibelata ya.  A na-mpụta oge nke equinoxes ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ mgbe ifụ ogologo geocentric nke ọmụmụ 0° na 180°.

Okwu a sitere na Latin aequinoctium , site na aequus (ha nhata) na nox (azụ).  N'ụbọchị nke equinox, ehihie na ị bụ ihe dịka oge ha nhata n'ụwa niile.  Otú ọ dị, ha kpọmkwem nhata, n'ihi na angular size nke Sun, ikuku refraction, na ngwa ngwa na-agbanwe oge ogologo nke ụbọchị na-eme na ọtụtụ latitudes gburugburu equinoxes.  Ogologo oge tupu echiche a nhatanha, oge ochie equatorial omenala kwuru mgbe ụfọdụ na-ebili n'ihi ihe ọmụmụ na-atọkwa ruru ụfọdụ, na n'ezie nke a na-eme n'ụbọchị kacha nso na mbara igwe omume.  N'ihi ya, dị ka anwụ anwụ wuru nke ọma ma kwekọọ, oge ụbọchị bụ awa 12.

N'iji mmetụta na-ekiri ihe, ndị mmadụamụ na ọ na-egosi n'etiti ebe abụọ dị oke egwu na mbara igwe ma mgbaàmà etiti ebe dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ.  Mgbe e ịhụ, a mmetụta na nke a na-eme n'ụbọchị mgbe oge nke ehihie na na-adaba na okwu ahụ bụ "equinox" sitere na Latin aequus, nke ụda "ha nhata", na nox, nke mmetụta "  ".

. N'ebe ugwu, vernal equinox (March) bụ akara ngosi nke oge opupu ihe ubi n'elu omenala, a na-ewerekwa ya bụ ọhụrụ nke Afọ Ọhụrụ na kalenda Asiria, Hindu, na Persian ma ọ bụ kalenda Iran, [lower-  alpha 2] mgbe equinox mgbụsị akwụkwọ (September) na-aka akara nke nkebịa.  [1] Kalenda ndị Gris oge ochie ochie nke afọ ma n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ n'oge equinox ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ n'oge solstices.  Usoro Antikythera na-ebu nje maka equinoxes na solstices
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke Fermi

Paradox Fermi bụ abụ dị n'etiti nri ezigbo ihe ndị na-eme nke ndụ ndị ọzọ dị elu yana ihe yiri ka ọ dị elu.  [1] [2] Dị ka isiokwu 2015 si kwuo, "Ọ bụrụ na ndụ dị mfe, onye si ebe ọ lla ga-amụ na-akpọ ugbu a.

. E na ndị aha ojiji physics bụ onye Ịtali na ike bụ Enrico Fermi n'ihi okwukwe ụka n'oge mmalite 1950 ya na ndị na-agụ isiokwu ojiji bụ Edward Teller, Herbert York na Emil Konopinski .  Mgbe ha na-aga nri ehihie, ndị ikom ahụ fiira diski UFO na nso a na nhọrọ nke njem ngwa ngwa ọkụ .  Mkparịta ụka ahụ ahụ gara n'ihu n'iche ndị ọzọ, ruo mgbe n'oge nri ehihie Fermi kwuru, "Ma olee ebe onye ọ llala nọ?" / (ọ bụ ebe na okwu ahụ ejighị n'aka ) 

.Enweela ọtụtụ mbọ iji dozie ihe ise anya Fermi, [1] [2] dị ka na-atụ aro na ndị nwere ike isi na-adị ụkọ, na ndụ nkeanya ndị dị otú ahụ dị, ma ọ bụ na ha dị ma.  (n'ihi ihe dị iche iche) ụmụ mmadụ na-ahụ na ọ dịghị.  ihe nri

Ihe ndị a bụ ụfọdụ eziokwu na echiche echiche ndị jikọtara ọnụ na-eme ka esemokwu ahụ pụtara ìhè pụta ìhè:

* Enwere ọtụtụ ijeri kpakpando n'okporo ụzọ Milky dị ka anyanwụ .  
* N'ịbụ nke nwere ike dị elu, ụfọdụ n'ime kpakpando ndị a nwere mbara ala dị ka ụwa na mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi . 
* Ọtụtụ n'ime kpakpando ndị a, ya mere mbara ala ha, tọrọ nke ukwuu karịa anyanwụ.   Ọ bụrụ na mbara ala ndị yiri ụwa na-ahụkarị, ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmalite ndụ nwere ọgụgụ isi ogologo oge gara aga.
* Ụfọdụ n'ime mmepeanya ndị a nwere ike ịmalite njem interstellar, nzọụkwụ ụmụ mmadụ na-enyocha ugbu a.
* Ọbụna n'iji nwayọọ na-eme njem n'etiti kpakpando ndị a na-atụ anya ya ugbu a, ụyọkọ kpakpando Milky Way nwere ike ịgafe kpam kpam n'ime nde afọ ole na ole. 
* Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime kpakpando ndị dị ka Sun na-eto ọtụtụ ijeri afọ karịa anyanwụ, ụwa kwesịrị ịbụrịrị nke mmepeanya ndị ọzọ na-eleta ụwa, ma ọ bụ opekata mpe nyocha ha. 
* Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ihe àmà doro anya na nke a emewo. 

Aha ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ajụjụ Fermi ("Olee ebe ha nọ?") gụnyere Great Silence,     na silentium universi .  (Latin maka "ịgbachi nkịtị nke eluigwe na ala"), n'agbanyeghị na ndị a na-ezo aka na otu akụkụ nke Fermi Paradox, na ụmụ mmadụ anaghị ahụ ihe akaebe nke mmepeanya ndị ọzọ.

Fermi nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer na 1954. Otú ọ dị, n’akwụkwọ ozi e degaara ndị ikom atọ ahụ dị ndụ ọtụtụ iri afọ ka e mesịrị na 1984, Dr. Eric Jones nke Los Alamos nwere ike itinyeghachi mkparịta ụka mbụ ahụ n’otu akụkụ. Ọ gwara onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ikom ahụ na ya chọrọ itinye nsụgharị ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara n'ime usoro ederede ọ na-etinye ọnụ maka ogbako e nwere na mbụ nke isiokwu ya bụ "Interstellar Migration and the Human Experience".   Jones buru ụzọ ziga akwụkwọ ozi nye Edward Teller nke gụnyere akaụntụ nke abụọ sitere n'aka Hans Mark . Teller zara, ma Jones zigara Herbert York leta Teller. York zara, na n'ikpeazụ, Jones zigara ma Teller's na akwụkwọ ozi York na Emil Konopinski onye zarakwara ya. Ọzọkwa, Konopinski mechara chọpụta katoon nke Jones chọtara dị ka onye na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka ahụ wee si otú a nyere aka dozie oge ahụ dị ka oge okpomọkụ nke 1950.
Sagittarius (ìgwè kpakpando)

Sagittarius bụ otu n'ime ike nke zodiac ma dị na ndịda mbara igwe.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime mfọn 48 nke Ptolemy na-egosi mbara igwe nke ike afụ nke depụtara ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime m ike 88 ọgbara ọhụrụ .  Akara mbara igwe ochie ya bụ￼ (♐︎).  Aha ya bụ Latin maka " agba ụta ".  A na- anya Sagittarius dị ka centaur na-ese ụta.  Ọ dị n'etiti Scorpius na Ophiuchus n'ebe ike yana Capricornus na Microscopium n'ebe mmalite.
áká_èkpè|thumb|300x300px| Asterism "Teapot" dị na Sagittarius.  Ụzọ Milky bụ "steam" na-ahụ site na spout.  Ebe etiti galactic Sagittarius A* dị n'elu oghere ahụ.
Dị ka a na-ahụ site na mpaghara ugwu, ndị na-Mkpọpụta nke Mgbochi na-eme ka asterism dị mfe nke mara dị ka " Teapot ".  [1] [2] Kpakpando δ Sgr (Kaus Media), ε Sgr (Kaus Australis), ζ Sgr (Ascella), na φ Sgr na-etolite nke ite ahụ;  λ Sgr (Kaus Borealis) bụ isi ihe gbasara;  γ 2 Sgr (Alnasl) bụ ọnụ ọnụ mmiri;  na σ Sgr (Nunki) na τ Sgr aka.  Otu ụmụ ndị a na mbụ kpụrụ ụta na akụ nke Sagittarius

. A na-egosi mkarị ahụ n'ozuzu ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe siri ike nke onye na-agba ụta nke na-ese ụta ya, na ndị na-ada mbà na-enye ụmụaka nke ahụ ụgbọ ahụ.  Sagittarius ama ama na-atụ aka akụ ya na obi Scorpius, nke akwụkwọ na-acha ọkụ Antares nọchiri anya ya, ka ike abụọ ahụ na-agba ọsọ na mbara igwe.  N'ịgbaso ahịrị kwụpụta nke Delta Sagittarii (δ Sgr) na Gamma2 Sagittarii (γ 2 Sgr) na-eduga ụzọ na Antares.  N'ụzọ dabara adaba, Gamma2 Sagittarii bụ Alnasl, okwu Arabic maka "isi akụ", na Delta Sagittarii ka a na-akpọ Kaus Media, "etiti etiti ụta," nke akụ na-esi na ya pụta.  Kaus Media bisects Lambda Sagittarii (λ Sgr) na Epsilon Sagittarii (ε Sgr), ndị aha ha Kaus Borealis na Kaus Australis na-ezo aka n'ụdị ugwu na ndịda nke ụta, n'otu n'otu.

Sagittarius bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama nke mbara igwe, dị n'ebe ugwu ọ bụ ebe na Europe n'ebe ugwu nke Pyrenees ọ na-adaghakpụ nke ukwuu n'ụdị mbara igwe ma nwee ike ịhụ ya nke ọma.  Na Scotland na Scandinavia nri ike ịhụ ya ma ọlị.  N’ebe n’ada Brazil, South Africa, na Central Australia (30° south), Sagittarius na-agafe ụzọ.  A na-ezobe ya n'azụ ọzụzụ site na etiti Nọvemba ruo etiti January ma bụrụ ebe ọmụmụ nọ na Disemba solstice.  Ka ọ na-erule March, Sagittarius na-ebili n'etiti nto.  Na June, ọ na-enweta mmegide ma nwee ike ịhụ ya n'iji dum.  Ọnwa zuru ezu nke June na Sagittarius

N'oge ochie, Capricorn bụ ebe Sun na December solstice, ma n'ihi na tupu equinoxes, nke a abanyela na Sagittarius n'oge ndị Ukwu Rom .  N'ihe dịka 2700 AD, ntọala ga-anọ na Scorpius na Disemba solstice.
Nnụnụ na-agba égbè

**Nnụnụ riflebird mara mma** (***Ptiloris magnificus***) bụ ụdị nnụnụ na-agafe agafe n'ezinụlọ nnụnụ paradaịs Paradisaeidae.

Nnukwu nnụnụ rifle na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala nke ọdịda anyanwụ New Guinea na ugwu Cape York Peninsula nke Australia (Kọntinent) . Ụdị a na-ahụkarị n'ebe niile ọ dị, a na-enyocha ya dị ka ụdị nke na-adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya na IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. E depụtara ya na Ndepụta II nke CITES.

## Nchịkọta
Ọmarịcha riflebird ka onye France na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ bụ Louis Vieillot kọwara n'ụzọ doro anya na 1819 n'okpuru aha abụọ *Falcinellus magnificus* .   na-etinye ya ugbu a na ụdị *Ptiloris* nke onye England na-ahụ maka ihe okike William Swainson webatara na 1825.  a na-akpọkarị "riflebird" sitere na ọdịdị nke ábụ́bà ha na-acha oji na ejiji nke British Army Rifle Brigade . [1]
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ntinye aha nwoke na Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Rịba ama na ọ na-egbuke egbuke, na-acha uhie uhie, na-eguzogide, na-adị ka efere ara.
A maara ụdị abụọ: 

* *P. m. alberti* Elliot, DG, 1871 - n'ebe ugwu Cape York Peninsula, Australia
* *P. m. magnificus* (Vieillot, 1819) - ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti New Guinea

## Nkọwa
Nnụnụ a bụ nnụnụ dị n'etiti, na-eru ihe ruru sentimita 34 n'ogologo. &nbsp;Nnukwu nnụnụ ahụ bụ nnụnụ na-acha odo odo nke nwere nku ojii dị ogologo, okpueze na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ọta dị obosara, nke nwere ọdịdị triangle, na n'elu ábụ́bà ọdụ etiti. Ọ nwere ọnụ ojii gbagọrọ agbagọ, ọnụ odo, ụgwọ ojii na iris na-acha nchara nchara. Nwanyị ahụ na-acha nchara nchara na ntụpọ gbara ọchịchịrị na ogwe aka buff n'okpuru na ihu ọcha. Nnukwu nke -eto eto yiri nke nwoke mana o nwere obere nku ọdụ.

## Omume
Nri nke ọmarịcha riflebird nwere mkpụrụ osisi  ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche na-enweghị azụ dịka ududo, millipedes, wdg. Ụmụ nwoke na-ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị ma na-eme ihe ngosi nke ịlụ ọgụ naanị ha na 'ebe a na-agba egwú'. N'oge ngosi ndị a, nke oké na-agbatị nku ya kpamkpam ma na-eweli ọdụ ya elu; ọ na-ebuli elu ka ọ na-atụgharị isi ya site n'akụkụ ruo n'akụkụ, na-egosi ọta ara ya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma na-emepụta ụda "woosh" pụrụ iche ka ọ na na-efegharị nku ya. Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ga-ahụ ihe ngosi ndị a, ma, ọ bụrụ na ha nwere afọ ojuju na arụmọrụ ahụ, jiri ikike ịlụ di na nwunye kwụọ nwoke ahụ ụgwọ. Ụmụ nwanyị -ewu akwụ́, na-ekpuchi, na-amụ nwa, ma na-enye ụmụ ha nri n'enweghị enyemaka nwoke.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwanyị a họpụtara na Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Rịba ama dimorphism mmekọahụ pụrụ iche dị na ụdị ahụ.

## Edensibia
Nnụnụ Irish

Irish Birds bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa afọ nke BirdWatch Ireland. E bipụtara mbipụta ebụ ya na afọ 1977, na-anọchi Irish Bird Report, nke e bipụtara site na afọ 1953 (nọmba 1) ruo n'afọ 1975 (nọkwa 23). Irish Birds  ebipụta akwụkwọ na ihe edeturu banyere akụkụ niile nke nnụnụ na Ireland, ya na itinye Irish Bird Report na Irish Ringing Report kwa afọ obula.

Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Irish Birds.          ( nnụnụ), ọ bụ onye Clive Hutchinson (1977-1984). Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ndị ọzọ bụ Hugh Brazier sita n'afọ (1985-1996), Brendan Kavanagh (1997-2000), Stephen Newton (2001-2008), Pat Smiddy (2009-2017) na Barry McMahon (2018-dị ugbu a).

## Edemsibe


## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ornithology
* Ndepụta nnụnụ nke Ireland
Iwu Ịchụ Ọchịchị n'abalị 1828

The Night Poaching Act 1828.                     (9 Geo. 4. c. 69) bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke United Kingdom ka na-arụ ọrụ na narị afọ nke 21. Ọ na-amachibido ịchụ nta n'abalị, ọkachasị iwere ma ọ bụ bibie anụ ọhịa n'ala, wdg, n'abalị. Ma ọ bụ ịbanye n'ala n'abalị iji were, ma ọ bụ mebie anụ ọhịa, *na-ewere ma ọ bụ na-ebibi egwuregwu n'ala, wdg, n'abalị, ma ọ bụ banye n'ala n'abalị iji were ma ọ bụ bibie egwuregwu.*

Ma ka ebum na uche nke Iwu a, a na-ewere okwu 'egwuregwu' ka ọ gụnyere hare, pheasants, partridges, grouse, heath ma ọ bụ moor game, black game, na bustards.

 ahụ - ọkachasị, ndokwa ma ọ bụ ya ma ka njem gaa n'ógbè ndị dị ka Tasmania - mere isi akụkọ na afọ 2007, mgbe a mara ndị na-achụ nta rabbit abụọ ikpe ma kwụọ ha ụgwọ n'okpuru ya n'ihu ndị majie na Hereford.

## Hụkwa

* Iwu Egwuregwu 1831

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe odide nke Iwu Ịchụ Ọchịchị N'abalị 1828dị ka ọ dị taa (gụnyere mgbanwe ọ bụla) n'ime United Kingdom, site nalegislation.gov.uk. 
* Ihe odide nke Iwu ahụ dị ka e tiri na mbụ The Statutes At Large, 1828 (site na Google Books)
Christopher Switzer

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thumb
**Christopher Switzer** (fl c1593-1611)  bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-egbu osisi na Switzerland nke a maara ma ka inye ihe osise, ma ka *Stirpium adversaria nova* nke Matthias de l'Obel (1571), John Norden (dị ka  ya nke Sussex na afọ 1595), John Speed's History of Great Britaine  (1611) na John Parkinson's Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris (1629).

Speed kwetara,  ọ bụ "aka kachasị mma na nke na-achọ ịmata ihe n'oge anyị" ma ka ihe osise ya nke ebe ịchụàjà, akara na mkpụrụ ego na mpụga nke Speed's History of Great Britaine na afọ1661,  ọ bụ ezie na John Jackson kpebiri otụ ihe osise ahụ "na-agba aka ebe nke ukwuu na ya [Switzer] bụ onye ọrụ nkịtị" na Treatise on Wood Engraving na 1839.   

Switzer nwere ogologo ọrụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya bipụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị (dị ka na Parkinson's Paradisi na Sole Paradisus Terrestris), ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke nna na nwa nwoke  ya nwere mgbagwoju anya. 'afọ 1662, John Evelyn dere na ihe osise ndị e sere na Parkinson na l'Obel bụ nke nna ya, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọghị aha nke nwa ya nwoke. John Jackson kwetara na Evelyn, agbanyeghị na n'afọ 1839 o kwusiri ike na "n'ime ikike Switzer nke obere enweghị m ụzọ ikpe ikpe, n'enwetụbeghị mgbe ọ hụrụ otu ihe ọkpụkpụ nke a mara na ọ bụ ihe osise ya".

## Ihe edeturu

: a.  Arthur M. Hind dekọrọ ọdịiche ndị a nke aha nna Christopher; Schweitzer, Schweytzer, Schweizer, Schwytzer, Schwyzer, Shwytzer,Schwitzer, Schwitzer, Swytzer, Switzer, Switser na Swister. 

## Edemsibe
Emile van Marcke

thumb|Charles Émile van Marcke de Lummen
**Emile van Marcke**, onye amụrụ **Charles Émile van Marcke de Lummen** (na ọwa 15 Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1827, -" data-linkid="6" href="./Sèvres" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sèvres">Sèvres - n'ọnwa 14 Disemba n'afọ 1890, Hyeres), ọ bụ onye French na-ese ehi.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Troyon na Barbizon. Ọ natara obe nke Legion of Honor na n'afọ 1872 na ihe nrite ọla edo na ngosi Paris. A na-anọchite anya ya na Louvre na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ nke France, na Metropolitan Museum na New York, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art na Sarasota, Florida, na nchịkọta ọha na eze na nke onwe na United States. Ihe atụ nke ọrụ ya bụ onyinyo ọha na eze Summer Pastoral, Bresle Valley na ibe a nke Morton Collection mepụtara. Ọrụ a dị ka nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa na-enye isiokwu kachasị amasị van Marcke na microcosm, ọ na-agụnye ehi, mmiri, ntụgharị uche, igwe ojii dị egwu na mmetụta nke ndụ na mmegharị na ọdịdị dị mma. Okike bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ụmụ anụmanụ na-anọchi an ya nkwekọrịta ahụ.

## Edemsibe

* .  New York: Dodd, Mead. 

Mgbasa ozi metụtaraEmile van Marckena Wikimedia Commons
thumb|260x260px|The Approach of a Storm (n'ihe dị ka 1872), Baltimore, Walters Art MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Walters
áká_èkpè|thumb|260x260px|''Ebe Ọchịchị, Ndagwurugwu Bresle''
Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ịkụ Azụmaahịa na Nchekwa nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Oké Osimiri

Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ịkụ Azụmahịa na Nchekwa nke ihe Ndị dị ndụ nke Oké Osimiri 

Nkwekọrịta maka Ịkụ Azụmaahịa na Nchekwa nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke Oké Osimiri Ukwu bụ nkwekọrịta nke e mere iji dozie nsogbụ ndị metụtara nchedo nke ihe ndị dị ndụ nke oké osimiri, na-atụle na n'ihi mmepe nke teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịbụ ndị a gabigara ókè. Nzukọ ahụ meghere maka ịbịanye aka na 29 Eprel 1958 wee malite na 20 Machị 1966. 

Ndị òtù &#x2D; (39):  Australia, Belgium, Bosnia na Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Montenegro, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad na Tobago, Uganda, United Kingdom, United States, ￼￼Venezuela.￼￼.

Mba ndị bịanyere aka, ma na ha akwadoghị  ha (21):  Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanọn, Liberia, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay.

## Hụkwa

* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịkụ azụ.
* Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Banyere Iwu Oké Osimiri.
* Mgbakọ Banyere Oké Osimiri.
*

## Edemsibe
Macmillan Field Guides to Identification Bird

Macmillan Field Guides to Bird Identification bụ obere nnụnụ abụọ. Mpịakọta 1, The Macmillan Field Guide to Bird Identification, nke Alan Harris na Laurel Tucker sere, na ederede nke Keith Vinicombe, bipụtara na n'afọ 1989, kpuchiri nnụnụ Britain. Mpịakọta nke 2, The Macmillan Birder's Guide to European and Middle Eastern Birds, nke Alan Harris sere, ya na ederede nke Hadoram Shirihai na David Christie, kpuchiri nnụnụ nke kọntinent Europe na Middle East, ma bipụta ya na afọ 1996.

Ndị nduzi a na-eji usoro a na-adịghị ahụkebe, n'ihi na ọ bụghị ụdị niile dị na mpaghara ala nke mkpuchi ahụ ka a na-agụnye, kama ọ bụ naanị ìgwè nke ụdị nke ndị edemede weere dị ka ihe siri ike ịmata ka a na'ime. A na-enye otu ụdị nke ọ bụla isi, ebe a na-akọwa njiri mara n'ụzọ okwu kama n'ụdị dị mkpirikpi nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nduzi mpaghara. Mbipụta nke mpịakọta mbụ (na-ekpuchi Britain na Ireland) bụ oge mbụ e ji usoro a mee ihe na nduzi Europe.

A na-ekwu na mpịakọta nke mbụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu, n'ime ụwa ye nkà njirimara nke ndị na-ahụ maka nnụnụ na Britain n'oge afọ ndị 1990.

## Edemsibe
Nkà mmụta mbara igwe dị elu

High energy astronomy bụ ọmụmụ nke ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nke na ewepụta radiation electromagnetic nke oke ike. Ọ na agụnye X ray astronomy, gamma ray astronomie, extreme UV astronomy, Neutrino astronomy, na ọmụmụ nke cosmic rays.  na akpọ ọmụmụ ihe nke ihe ndị a dị ka **astrophysics dị elu**.

Ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe a na amụkarị n'ọhịa a nwere ike ịgụnye oghere ojii, Kpakpando neutron, ụyọkọ kpakpando na arụ ọrụ, supernova, kilonovae, supernova remnants, na gamma ray bursts.

## Ọrụ
Ụfọdụ telivishọn ndị dị na mbara igwe na ala ndị na amụ banyere ihe ndị dị na kpakpando gụnyere ndị a: 
 AGILE
 AMS-02
 AUGER
 CALET
 Chandra
 Fermi
 HAWC
 H.E.S.S.
 IceCube
 INTEGAL
 ANWANYI
 NuSTAR
 Ngwa ngwa
 TA
 XMM Newton 
VERITAS 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Sayensị nke NASA
Afọ ndị dị n'ime ala

sidereal yAear ( , ;  ), nke a na akpọkwa oge okirikiri akụkụ akụkụ, bụ oge ụwa ma ọ bụ ahụ mbara ala ọzọ na ewe iji gbaa anyanwụ gburugburu otu ugboro n'ihe gbasara kpakpando edobere.

Ya mere, maka Ụwa, ọ bụkwa oge ọ na ewe ka Anyanwụ laghachi n'otu ọnọdụ ahụ n'ihe gbasara Ụwa n'ihe banyere kpakpando ndị kwụ ọtọ mgbe o doro anya na ọ na agagharị otu ugboro gburugburu ecliptic.

Ọ bụ ụbọchị 365,256,363,004 ephemeris maka oge J2000.0. [1] Afọ sidereal [2] iche na afọ anyanwụ, "oge achọrọ maka longitude ecliptic nke Anyanwụ iji mụbaa ogo 360", [1] n'ihi precession nke equinoxes.Afọ sidereal bụ 20 min 24.5 s ogologo karịa nkezi afọ okpomọkụ na J2000.0 (365.242 190 402 ephemeris ụbọchị). [1]&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọnụego nke Axial precession kwekọrọ na oge nke afọ 25,772, yabụ afọ sidereal dị ogologo karịa Afọ okpomọkụ site na sekọnd 1,224.5 (20 min 24.5 s, ~ 365.24219*86400/25772).

Tupu nchọpụta nke precession nke equinoxes site  Hipparchus n'oge Hellenistic, a maghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti afọ sidereal na nke okpomọkụ. Maka anya nkịtị, mgbanwe nke ìgwè kpakpando ndị metụtara equinoxes na apụta ìhè naanị ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ọ bụ "afọ", na kalenda ndị dị tupu oge a dị ka *Ọrụ na Ụbọchị* Hesiod ga enye oge nke afọ maka ịgha mkpụrụ, owuwe ihe ubi, na ihe ndị ọzọ site na ịkọwapụta ọhụụ mbụ nke kpakpando, n'ụzọ dị irè site na iji afọ sidereal.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> Kalenda mba India, dabere na ọrụ nke Maga Brahmins, dị ka kalenda nke mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu, a na agụkarị ya site na ntinye anyanwụ n'ime akara nke Aries ma kwesịkwa ka ọ kwekọọ na equinox nke oge opupu ihe ubi ma nwee mkpa maka oge owuwe ihe ubi na ịkụ osisi na ya mere afọ okpomọkụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;***'&#x5D;*">citation needed&#x5D; Otú ọ dị, ka ịbanye n'ime ìgwè kpakpando na-eme ụbọchị 25 ka e mesịrị, dị ka ngụkọta nke afọ sidereal si dị, ụbọchị a na egosi Afọ Ọhụrụ nke South na South East Asia na mba na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 

## Hụkwa

* Afọ na-adịghị mma
* Afọ Gaussian
* Afọ Julian (ihe ọmụmụ mbara igwe) 
* Oge Orbital
* Nkwụsị nke § Nkà mmụta mbara igwe
* Oge ihu igwe
* Kalenda anyanwụ
* Afọ okpomọkụ
* Oge Mars

## Ihe edeturu

## Ọrụ ndị e depụtara

* 
*
Vincent Ado Tenebe

**Vincent Ado Tenebe** (amụrụ 17 Ọgọst,1958) bu onye Naijiria gụrụ mak oru ugbo. Ọ bụbu onye isi Mahadum Steeti Taraba, Jalingo ma bụrụkwa onye bụbu  onye isi mahadum National Open University of Nigeria.

### Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ ya na Kaduna, Naijiria, na Ọgọst 17, 1958. O nwetara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na St. Patrick Primary school Maiduguri n'etiti afọ 1965 na 1971. O nwetara asambodo West African School n'afọ 1976 site na Government Secondary School, Yerwa, Maiduguri, Naijiria.  O nwetara nzere nke mbụ ya, B.Sc. (Agric) cum laude, na ogo nke abụọ, M. Sc. ya n'isi ọmụmụ Agronomy na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria; ma nweta nzere Ph.D. ya n'isi ọmụmụ Agronomy na Mahadum Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi.

### Ọrụ Ya
Vincent Ado Tenebe bidoro dịka onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'afọ 1984 na Mahadum Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. N'afọ 1988, e mere ya onye isi nke ugbo mahadum ahụ. N'afọ 1995, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba mmepụta akụmakú nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'afọ 2003, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta nke Agronomy na Mahadum Sayensị na Nkà na Ụzụ nke Afrịka, Bauchi. 

### Ọrụ Nchịkwa Ya
Vincent ghọrọ osote onye isi nke Mahadum National Open University na 7 nke Maachị, 2008. Ọ ghọrọ osote onyeisi nke abụọ nke Mahadum National Open University of Nigeria, na Ọktoba 14, 2010. N'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke Mahadum Steeti Taraba. 

### Mmekọrịta na Òtù Ndị O Sogasị na Ha
N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Agriculture Society of Nigeria (ASN) n'afọ 1986. Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Farm Management Association of Nigeria. N'afọ 2002, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Institute of Cost Management (FCM). N'afọ 2012, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù National Institute for Education and Research (FNIER) ma n'otu afọ ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Nigeria Society for Experimental Biology (FNISEB). Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Association of Nigerian Teachers (FASSONT). N'afọ 2014, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù ụlọ ọrụ Chartered Institute of Human Capital Development of Nigeria. N'afọ 2015, ọ ghọrọ onye òtù Biotechnology Society of Nigeria (FBSN).

### Edensibia
Olugbemiro Jegede

**[[w:Olugbemiro Jegede|Olugbemiro Jegede]]** bụ ọkammụta larala ezumike si mba Naijiria gụrụ Science Education. Ọ bụ onye isi ntọala nke Mahadum National Open University of Nigeria. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu gara aga nke Association of African Universities (AAU) na onye isi nnukwu nke Mahadum Littoral, Porto-Novo, Republic of Benin.

### Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
O nwetara nzere nke mbụ na nke abụọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, Naijiria, wee nweta nzere Ph.D na Mahadum College of Wales, Cardiff, UK.

### Ọrụ Ya
Olugbemiro Jegede malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye gụrụ akwụkwọ dịka onye nkuzi sayensị na Nigerian Military School, Zaria n'afọ 1972. N'afọ 1974, ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka nnyocha na ngalaba mmụta, Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria. Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na Ngalaba Mmụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ n'afọ 1977, Lecturer II n'afọ 1979, Lecturer I n'afọ 1981, onye nkuzi ukwu n'afọ 1984 na onye ọkammụta nta n'afọ 1987.

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye ùgwù Ya
N'afọ 2015, o nwetara Ihe nrite nke Ọkachamara site na International Council for Open and Distance Education (ICDE) mmemme Nzukọ Mba Uwa nke iri abụọ na isii ya nke ICDE.  N’afọ 2023, e nyekwara ya onyinye nke Association of African Universities (AAU) Higher Ambassador for Open and Distance Learning In Africa. 

### Edensibia
Elfatih Eltahir

**[[w:Elfatih Ali Babiker Eltahir|Elfatih Ali Banker]]** (, amụrụ n'Ọktoba 1961) bụ Ọkammụta Sudan -American n'isi ọmụmụ Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ọkammụta H.M. King Bhumibol n'isi ọmụmụ Hydrology na Climate, na onye isi nke MIT-UM6P Research Project na Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Elfatih Eltahir na Omdurman, Sudan, n'Ọktoba 1961 nye Ali Babiker Eltahir na Nafisa Hassan Musa.
O nwetara nzere B.Sc (First Class Honours) ya n'isi ọmụmụ injinia owuwu na Mahadum Khartoum n'afọ 1985. O ritere ihe nrite Mahadum Merghani Hamza Prize. O mechaziri nweta nzere Master of Science (M.Sc) (First Class Honours) ya n'isi ọmụmụ hydrology na Mahadum Gọọmenti Etiti Ireland n'afọ 1988 wee nweta ihe nrite McLaughlin. Eltahir mechara nweta nzere Master nke Sayensị ọzọ n'isi ọmụmụ meteorology na nzere Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) n'isi ọmụmụ Hydro-climatology, ha abụọ n'afọ 1993, sitere na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Ọrụ ya bụụrụ maka “mmekọrịta nke hydrology na ihu igwe na Amazon basin”, nke NASA Fellowship in Global Change Research kwadoro n'ụdị ego ma Rafael L. Bras elekọta ya.

### Ọrụ na Ime Nnyocha Ya
Eltahir gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na MIT mgbe Sc.D. dị ka onye onye òtù nnyocha nweterela nzere ọkankuzi ya tupu ebulie ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkàmmụta enyemaka n'afọ 1994. Na 1995, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Gilbert Winslow Career Development (1995-1998). N'afọ 1998, ọ ghọrọ ọkàmmụta nta wee bụrụ ọkammụta zuru ezu n'isi ọmụmụ Civil and Environmental Engineering n'afọ 2003. Ọ bụ Ọkammụta H.M. King Bhumibol na ngalaba Hydrology na Climate, na onye isi nke Mmemme Nnyocha na MIT-Mahadum Mohammed VI Polytechnic (UM6P) nke na-elekwasị anya na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide n'Africa. Nchọpụta Eltahir lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta simulation kọmputa, nke ekwunyerela megide nhụta satịlaịtị, iji mụọ ka mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ike imetụta ọha mmadụ site na mgbanwe dị na òtù mmiri si adị na ọrịa, karịsịa n'Africa na Asia.

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya
Eltahir nwetara onyinye nturu ugo onye nyocha ohuru nke NASA n'afọ 1996, Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) nke mba US n'afọ 1997, na Kuwait Prize in Applied Sciences maka ọrụ ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'afọ 1999. A họpụtara ya onye òtù American Geophysical Union (AGU) n'afọ 2008, wee nata ihw nrite AGU nke Hydrologic Sciences Award n'afọ 2017.

N'afọ 2023, a hoputara ya onye òtù National Academy of Engineering (NAE), na onye òtù The World Academy of Science (TWAS) maka ọganihu sayensị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Eltahir bụ onye òtù American Meteorological Society, Royal Meteorological Society, American Society of Civil Engineers, Sudan Engineering Society, na Sudanese National Academy of Sciences.

### Ndụ Onwe Onye Ya
Eltahir nwere ụmụnne isii, ma lụọ Shahinaz Ahmed Badri na Disemba 1991. O nwere ụmụ abụọ, Nafisa Onye ode akụkọ Reuters na Sudan na Egypt) na Mohamed .

### Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

### Edensibia
Eno Ebenso

**[[w:Eno E. Ebenso|Eno E. Ebenso]]** (amụrụ 18 Nọvemba 1964) bụ ọkammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Physical Chemistry bụ ọkachamara na mgbochi ihe ịta nchara.

### Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Eno Ebenso na 18 Novemba 1964 n'okpuru ọchịchị Okobo, Steeti Akwa Ibom, Naijiria. Ebenso nwetara nzere BSc n'isi ọmụmụ Chemistry site na Mahadum Calabar, Naijiria n'afọ 1986, nzere MSc n'isi ọmụmụ Physical Chemistry na Mahadum Ibadan, Naijiria n'afọ 1990, na nzere PhD n'isi ọmụmụ Physical Chemistry sitere na Mahadum Calabar, Naijiria n'afọ 2004.

### Ọrụ Ya
Eno Ebenso malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na Mahadum Calabar dị na Naijiria n'afọ 1990, na-ewere ọrụ nke onye nkuzi enyemaka. Ka afọ nọ n'agafe, ọ nwetara mbuli n'ọ́kwá na ọganihu site n'ọkwa ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, malite n'ịbụ Lecturer II n'afọ 1993, Lecturer I n'afọ 1997, na onye nkuzi ndị isi ya n'afọ 2001. N'afọ 2005, ọ gbasoro ịbụ onye òtù ọkankuzi  na Institute of Materials Research, Technical University nke Darmstadt na Germany. Ọzọkwa, n'afọ 2006, ọ gara ezumike na ngalaba Chemistry, Mahadum Uyo, Naijiria.
N'ikpeazụ, Ebenso gafere na Ngalaba Chemistry na Teknụzụ kemịkalụ na National University of Lesotho na South Africa. Otú ọ dị, njem mmụta ya dugara ya na mpaghara ụlọ ọmụmụ Mahadum North-West dị na Mafikeng na South Africa, bụ ebe o sonyere dị ka ọkammụta zuru oke na ngalaba Physical Chemistry na Ngalaba Chemistry n'afọ 2009. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọchịchị na mahadum, ọ weere ọrụ nchịkwa dị iche iche, gụnyere onye isi oche isiokwu na Chemistry, onye nduzi nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mathematical na Physical Sciences, Executive Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, and onye nduzi nwa mgbe nke Material Science Innovation and Modelling Research Focus Area (MaSIM). Ọzọkwa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye osote onye isi oche (nyocha na atụmatụ) na Mahadum Mafikeng nke North-West. Ruo 31 Disemba 2019, ọ nọ n'ọkwá Executive Dean nke ngalaba Natural and Agricultural Sciences na Mahadum North-West niile.

### Nnyocha ndị O Mere

Mmasị nnyocha Ebenso gụnyere ịta nchara, adsorption, inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry, na Langmuir adsorption model. Ebenso bụ onye ama ama na chemistry nke ihe ịta nchara onye bipụtarala ihe nke ukwuu na mpaghara Kemịstrị igbochi ihe ịta nchara. N'ihe dị ka ebe Jun 2023, O nwere H-Index n'ógó nke iri itoolu na asatọ na ihe karịrị ikpọtu ihe ndị o dere aha karịrị ugboro puku iri atọ na otu. O nwere mmetụta ntụaka nke 1% karịa nkezi ụwa; ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ kachasị mma na ngalaba nke mgbochi ihe ịta nchara n'ụwa nile ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ya bụ nke ise akacha ebudata n'ụwa nile na ngalaba nke mgbochi ihe ịta nchara.

### Edensibia
Sami Ahmed Khalid

**[[w:Sami Ahmed Khalid|Sami Ahmed Khalid]]** FAAS FTWAS() bụ Ọkammụta si mba Sudan n'isi ọmụmụ pharmacognosy sitere na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ.

### Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Khalid na [Omdurman], Sudan. Ọ gụchara ma nweta nzere B.Sc na 
M.Sc ya n'isi ọmụmụ [w:|pharmacognosy site na Mahadum Szeged n'etiti afọ 1968 na 1974. Ọ laghachiri na Sudan wee sonye na ngalaba nke Pharmacognosy na Mahadum Khartoum n'afọ 1977 dị ka onye nkuzi inyeaka.

Khalid malitere ịchụso nzere PhD ya na 1979 na ngalaba Pharmaceutical Chemistry, na Mahadum Strathclyde, wee gụchaa n'afọ 1982. Ọ laghachiri na Sudan ọzọ wee sonye na Ngalaba Pharmacognosy na Mahadum Khartoum dịka Ọkammụta enyemaka. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta osote n'afọ 1985, e wee nye ya ihe nrite ịbụ onye òtù Alexander von Humboldt sitere na Ngalaba Structural Chemistry, Mahadum Ruhr, Bochum, n'afọ 1987. O mechara laghachi Sudan ka ọ bụrụ ọkammụta na Mahadum Khartoum n'afọ 1992. 
Khalid ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba ọmụmụ mmepụta na orire ọgwụ n'etiti afọ 1992 na 1994. Dị ka ebe Nọvemba 2022, Khalid bụ onye isi ngalaba ọmụmụ mmepụta na orire ọgwụ na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ  (Sudan).

Khalid bụ onye ndụmọdụ sayensị nye International Foundation for Science (IFS).

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya
A họpụtara Khaid ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù World Health Organisation, onye òtù African Academy of Sciences (FAAS) n'afọ 2014, na onye òtù The Word Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) n'afọ 2018.

### Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara Ahọpụtara

* Thomas Jürgen Schmidt, **Sami A Khalid**, AJ Romanha, Tânia Maria de Almeida Alves, Maique Weber Biavatti, Reto Brun, FB Da Costa, Solange Lisboa de Castro, Vitor Francisco Ferreira, MVG De Lacerda, JH Lago, LL Leon, Norberto Peporine Lopes, RC das Neves Amorim, Michael Niehues, Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe, Adrian Martin Pohlit, Marcus Tullius Scotti, William N Setzer, Soeiro M de NC, Mário Steindel, Andre Gustavo Tempone (2012). ''The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against protozoan neglected diseases-part II,'' Curr. Med. Chem, 19:14 2128–2175.
* **Sami A Khalid**, Helmut Duddeck, Manuel Gonzalez-Sierra (1989/9). *[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/np50065a002 Isolation and characterization of an antimalarial agent of the neem tree Azadirachta indica]*. Journal of Natural Products, 52:5 922–927.
* **Sami A Khalid**, Asim Farouk, Timothy G Geary, James B Jensen (1986/2/1). ''Potential antimalarial candidates from African plants: an in vitro approach using Plasmodium falciparum''. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15:2 201–209.
* Ahmed El Tahir, Gwiria MH Satti, **Sami A Khalid** (1999/3/1). Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64:3 227–233.
* Ahmed El‐Tahir, Gwiria MH Satti, **Sami A Khalid** (1999/9). ''Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis onAcacia nilotica''. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 13:6 474–478.

### Edensibia
Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga

**[[w:Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga|Suzanne Urverg-Ratsimamanga]]** (18 Jun 1928 - 16 Maachị 2016) bụ nwanyị dibia bekee gụrụ biochemistry bụ onye French-Malagasy Ashkenazi Juu. Ọ lụrụ Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga, onye ya na ya hiwere .

### Mmalite Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Suzanne na Paris, France, na 18 Jun 1928. Ọ nwetara nzere B.Sc ya n'afọ 1953, Dọkịta nke Ọgwụ n'afọ 1954, na nzere Diploma na M.Sc ya n'isi ọmụmụ Industrial Hygiene and Medicine n'afọ 1955, ha niile sitere na Mahadum Paris.

### Ọrụ na Ime Nnyocha Ya
Suzanne lụrụ Albert Rakoto Ratsimamanga kemgbe 23 Maachị 1963, ma bụrụkwa onye ọrụ sayensị ya na ya na-arukọ kacha nọrọ ya nso. Ha gbakọrọ aka ọnụ hiwe  (IMRA) n'afọ 1957 (bụzi Albert na Suzanne Rakoto Ratsimamanga Foundation taa). Ọ bụụrụ Onye isi oche IMRA na Okammụta n'ọmụmụ Ọgwụ. IMRA lekwasịrị anya na Phytotherapy iji osisi ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ọdịnala agwọ ọrịa, ya bụ, usoro pharmacopoeia n'ụdị omenala. IMRA mechara menwuo iji osisi Syzygium cumini dịka ihe na-egbochi ọrịa shuga,  na imepụta ọgwụ ndị ọzọ eji emegide ọrịa ịba, ekpenta, asthma, lithiasis, ọbara mgbali elu, hepatitis na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị. Nke a ehiela IMRA aja n'ukwu dịka ebe nnyocha; Otu ọ dị, aha IMRA bụcha ihe ndị ọzọ ma ewepụ imebi emebi n'ihi esemokwu Covid-Organics.

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya
E mere ya onye Knight nke Legion of Honour na 12 Julaị 1996, onye òtù The World Academy of Sciences (1989), na African Academy of Sciences (1987). Ọ bụ onye isi oche kọmitii sayensị na African Academy of Sciences n'afọ 1992. Enyere ya ihe nrite National Order of Malagasy.

### Ọnwụ Ya
Suzanne nwụrụ na 16 Maachị 2016 e wee lie ya na Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux.

### Hụkwa
* Rajaona Andriamananjara

### Edensibia


### Njikọ Mpụga
*  at Google Scholar.
Fluorescent microthermography

**Fluorescent microthermography** (**FMT**) bụ usoro K" data-linkid="5" href="./Microscopy" id="mwBQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Microscopy">microscopy maka foto infrared nke nkesa okpomọkụ na obere; mkpebi ohere a na-enweta bụ ọkara micrometer na mkpebi okpomọkụ nke 0.005 K. Nlele na-adabere n'oge nwere ike, dịka ndụ fluorescence bụ naanị ihe dị ka 200 microseconds.&nbsp;&nbsp;

A na-etinye ihe nkiri dị nro nke phosphorus, europium thenoyl-trifluoroacetonate, n'elu (dịka ihe jikọtara circuit die) ma jiri ìhè ultraviolet na 340-380 nm na-enwu gbaa, na-akpali fluorescence na 612 nm. &nbsp;&nbsp;'ihi ya, enwere ike iji ọdịiche dị na ọkụ ọkụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma iji chọpụta ọdịiche dị n'okpomọkụ dị n'elu, ebe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-egosi dị ka ọchịchịrị.

## Edensibia
Samson Gombe

**[[w:Samson Gombe|Samson Gombe]]** FAAS FTWAS(5 Nọvemba 1938 – 4 Febụwarị 1989) bụ Ọkammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Biological Systems and Organisms si mba Kenya. Ọ bụ onye òtù The Third World Academy of Science na Onye òtù Ntọala na odeakwụkwọ nke African Academy of Sciences.

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Gombe na 5 Nọvemba 1938 na Seme, Kisumu, Kenya. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Maseno, College Makerere n'etiti afọ 1958 na 1960 wee gụchaa site na Mahadum London (1961-9167) na Mahadum Cornell (1969-1972) 

### Ọrụ na Ime Nnyocha Ya
Gombe bụụrụ onye nkuzi na ngalaba Animal Physiology, Mahadum Nairobi site n'afọ 1968 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 4 Febụwarị 1989, ọ dị afọ iri ise, mgbe ọrịachara obere ọrịa.Gombe bụ otu n’ime ndị malitere African Academy of Sciences n'afọ 1985, ma mesịa ghọọ odeakwụkwọ/Scientific General (1987–1989) na odekọ-ego (1987–1989). Ọ bụ osote odekọ-ego akwanyeere ùgwù nke Kenya National Academy of Science.
Gombe lekwasịrị anya karịa na reproductive physiology, endocrinology, malnutrition, mineral deficiency, ajọ ọrịa na-efe efe na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke nje nwere ike ibute enweghị ọmụmụ.

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya
Gombe bụ onye òtù ntọala nke African Academy of Sciences ka ọ malitere na 1985  Onye òtù The World Academy of Sciences kemgbe afọ 1985, na onye òtù Kenya National Academy of Sciences n'afọ 1986.

### Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara Ahọpụtara

* **Gombe, Samson**; Oduor-Okelo, Dominic (1991-06). *[http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/8019/browse?value=Gombe%2C+Samson&type=author Development of the foetal membranes in the cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus): a re‐interpretation], [[African Journal of Ecology]],* Volume 29, Issue 2, pages 157–167
* **Samson Gombe**, William Hansel (1973-09-01). . Journal of Animal Science, Volume 37, Issue 3, September 1973, Pages 728–733.
* Norman, Charles; **Gombe, Samson** (1975-09-01). Stimulatory effect of the lysosomal stabilizer, chloroquine, on the respiration and motility of fresh and aged bovine spermatozoa. Reproduction. 44 (3): 481–486. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0440481. ISSN 0022-4251.
* Alila, Hector W.; Rogo, Khama O.; **Gombe, Samson** (1987-06-01). Effects of prolactin on steroidogenesis by human luteal cells in culture. Fertility and Sterility. 47 (6): 947–955. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59228-0. ISSN 0015-0282.

### Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama


### Edensibia
Garmin G3000

thumb|Garmin 3000 Avionics maka Honda Jet
**Garmin G3000** (nke a na-akpọkwa G3000H na G2000/G5000) bụ usoro interface avionics nke Garmin Aviation mepụtara maka ụgbọ elu turbine.  touchscreen jikọtara ọnụ nwere ọtụtụ ngosipụta iko maka ịrụ ọrụ usoro ọhụụ aka ngosipụta atọ nke ala.

N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, Garmin kwupụtara na Piper M600 na Cirrus Vision Jet ga-abụ ụgbọelu ụgbọelu mbụ a kwadoro na usoro Autoland mberede nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, e bu n'uche ịdakwasị ụgbọelu ahụ na mberede.  webatara usoro Autoland na 18 Mee 2020, Garmin kpọkwara ya "Autonomy".  

## Onyinye
 June 2021, ọ meriri Collier Trophy maka "ihe kachasị mma na aeronautics ma ọ bụ Astronautics na America" maka 2020.

## Ngwa

### G2000

* Cessna Corvalis TTx

### G3000

* Cessna Citation CJ3+/M2
* Cirrus Vision SF50
* Daher TBM 930/TBM 940
* Usoro Diamond DART
* Embraer Phenom 100 na 300
* Obi ES-30
* Honda HA-420 HondaJet
* Piper M600
* Northrop F-5AT

### G3000H

* AW09

### G5000

* Cessna Citation Latitude
* Cessna Citation Longitude
* Cessna Citation Sovereign+
* Cessna Citation X+
* Cessna Citation XLS (retrofit) 
* Hawker 400 (nchekwa) 
* Learjet 70/75
* Ịchụpụ Alice

### G5000H

* Bell 525 Enweghị ike

## Hụkwa

## Edensibia
Leslie Leiserowitz

**Leslie Leiserowitz** (Hebrew, amụrụ na 1934 na Johannesburg) bụ onye Israel chemist na crystallographer.

Leiserowitz gụrụ injinia eletrik na Mahadum Cape Town na nzere bachelọ, wee rụọ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka injinia ọkụ eletrik wee nweta nzere masta na physics (X-ray crystallography, n'okpuru Reginald William James). N'afọ 1959, ọ sonyeere ngalaba X-ray crystallography na Weizmann Institute n'okpuru Gerhard Schmidt, nwa akwụkwọ Dorothy Crowfoot-Hodgkin. Otu ahụ dị na Weizmann Institute nwere aha mba ụwa na kemịkalụ siri ike. Site na 1966 ruo 1968 o guzobere ngalaba kemịkalụ X-ray crystallography na Mahadum Heidelberg na oku nke Heinz Staab. N'ebe ahụ, ọ mepụtara ma tinye mmemme kọmputa site na iji usoro nke ndị Nobel Laureates Herbert Hauptman na Jerome Karle.

Laa azụ na Weizmann Institute, Leiserowitz rụrụ ọrụ na njikọ nke molecules maka nyocha nke mmekọrịta dị iche iche nke molecules site na iji X-ray crystallography (injinia crystal). Na mmekorita ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Danish, o jikwa X-ray diffraction nyochaa ihe nkiri dị nro nke nwere radiation synchrotron na DESY na Hamburg.

Ya na Meir Lahav anọwo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ na njikwa stereochemical nke mmepụta kristal na uto na ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha.

Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na nyocha nke ịba, na-amụ ihe na-akpata ịba site na iji X-ray microscopy (ihe oyiyi nke iron mgbe X-ray gosipụtara na mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie) na-amụ ọgwụ mgbochi ịba dịka quinoline compounds. Pathogen nke ịba na-emebi hemoglobin, na-emepụta heme na-egbu egbu nke na-abanye na kristal hemozoin. Quinolines na-egbochi uto nke kristal hemozoin. Leiserowitz na Ronit Buller gosipụtara uto nke kristal hemozoin site na iji simulation kọmputa wee chọpụta na elu kristal ha dị mma maka nkwụsị nke quinolines.   kọwara ọrụ nke ụfọdụ ndị na-alụso ịba ọgụ ma nye ntụziaka maka imeziwanye usoro ọgwụ.

'afọ 1987, ọ natara ihe nrite Prelog na nkuzi,  na 2002 Gregori Aminoff Prize  ya na Meir Lahav">Meir Lahav, Israel Prize na 2016,  EMET Prize na 2018  na Wolf Prize na Chemistry  na 2021 ya na Mear Lahav. 'afọ 1997, a họpụtara Leiserowitz ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Leopoldina.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Akwụkwọ
• Ajụjụ ọnụ Akụkọ Mmekọrịta na Ute Deichmann, Jacques Loeb Centre for History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion Universität, 2013

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Stanley Mandelstam

Stanley Mandelstam ( ; 12 Disemba 1928 – 23 Juun 2016) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị sayensị South Africa. Ọ webatara mgbanwe mgbanwe Mandelstam na-agbanwe agbanwe na physics na 1958 dị ka abụọ mgbasa mmekọrịta. Mmekọrịta mgbasa ozi abụọ ahụ bụ ngwá ọrụ etiti na mmemme bootstrap nke chọrọ ịmepụta echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ọtụtụ ụdị urughuru na-abawanye. 

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Mandelstam na Johannesburg,  South Africa n'ezinụlọ ndị Juu. 

## Ọrụ
Mandelstam, ya na Tullio Regge, mere mmepe mbụ nke Echiche Regge nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta siri ike. Ọ kọwapụtara ọnụego uto nyocha nke mgbasa mgbasa dị ka ọrụ nke cosine nke akụkụ mgbasa dị ka iwu ike maka nsonaazụ nke mgbasa mgbasa na ike dị elu. Tinyere mmekọrịta mgbasa abụọ, echiche Regge nyere ndị na-akụzi ihe ohere ịchọta ihe mgbochi nyocha zuru oke na mgbasa nke steeti ndị ejikọrọ iji mepụta echiche nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ụmụ irighiri ihe, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ isi.

Mgbe Veneziano wuru oke mgbasa nke mbụ na-akọwa ọtụtụ ụdị ụmụ irighiri ihe, ihe a ghọtara ozugbo dị ka oke Mgbasa nke eriri, Mandelstam gara n'ihu na-enye aka dị mkpa. Ọ kọwara Virasoro algebra chọpụtara n'ọnọdụ nkwekọrịta dị ka geometrical symmetry nke ụwa-sheet conformal field theory, na-ahazi usoro usoro usoro usoro abụọ. O jiri conformal invariance gbakọọ oke eriri osisi n'ọtụtụ ngalaba ụwa. Mandelstam bụ onye mbụ na-ewu n'ụzọ doro anya amplitudes nke mgbasa nke fermion na ngalaba Ramond na Neveu-Schwarz nke nkuzi superstring, ma mesịa nye arụmụka maka njedebe nke nkuzi nsogbu eriri.

Na quantum field theory, Mandelstam na Sidney Coleman n'onwe ya gbatịkwuru ọrụ Tony Skyrme iji gosi na a na-akọwa ụdị Sine-Gordon abụọ site na ụdị Thirring nke fermions ya bụ kinks. O gosikwara na 4d N=4 supersymmetric gauge theory bụ ike ịgụta ọnụ, na-egosi na echiche a bụ ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro niile nke perturbation theory, ihe atụ mbụ nke echiche ubi ebe enweghị njedebe niile na eserese Feynman kagburu.

N'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na Berkeley bụ Joseph Polchinski, Michio Kaku, Charles Thorn na Hessamaddin Arfaei.

Stanley Mandelstam nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Berkeley na June, 2016.

## Mmụta

* Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, South Africa (BSc, 1952) 
* Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, 1954) 
* Mahadum nke Birmingham (PhD, 1956) 

## Ọrụ

* Prọfesọ nke Physics Mathematical, Mahadum nke Birmingham, 1960-63
* Prọfesọ nke Physics, Mahadum California, Berkeley, kemgbe 1963 (Prọfesọ Emeritus kemgbe 1994) 
* Onye nkuzi, Mahadum Paris-Sud, 1979-80 na 1984-85

## Nsọpụrụ

* Onye otu Royal Society, 1962
* Ihe nrite Dirac na ihe nrite, International Center for Theoretical Physics, 1991
* Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1992
* Ihe nrite Dannie Heineman maka Physical Physics, American Physical Society, 1992

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na Berkeley
Carolyn Williamson

**Carolyn Williamson** bụ onye South African virologist na microbiologist bụ prọfesọ nke ahụike virology na Mahadum Cape Town.  bụ onye otu Royal Society of South Africa  na African Academy of Sciences,  na onye otu Academy of Science of South Africa.   Nnyocha  na-elekwasị anya na mmepe ọgwụ mgbochi HIV na mgbochi nke ọrịa ahụ.

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
Williamson nwetara PhD ya na Ngalaba Microbiology na Mahadum Cape Town na 1988. 

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ