open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
O. Louis Guglielmi

thumb| Guglielmi, ''"Otu atọ nke mba"'' (1939). 76.2 x 61 cm. Aha aha a bụ ntụaka maka okwu mmeghe nke Franklin D. Roosevelt na 1937: "Ahụla m otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mba enweghị ụlọ na-adịghị mma, uwe na-adịghị mma, enweghị nri nri. … Nnwale nke ọganihu anyị abụghị ma anyị tinyekwuo ihe. n'uba nke ndị nwere ihe dị ukwuu;
Osvaldo Louis Guglielmi (April 9, 1906 - September 3, 1956) bụ onye America na-ese ihe.  A mara ya nke ọma na New York, ma n'oge na-akpa anya echefu ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, dị ka okwu na-adịghị anya bịara ndị ndị na-ese ihe dị ka ya.  [1] E nwere ihe dị iche iche nke precisionism, surrealism, geometric abstraction, Regionalism, na mmadụ na ibe ya n'akpa ya.  [2] Ihe ndị ọrụ ya na-ekwukarị ndị ogbenye na isiokwu ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka mmadụ na ndị agha;  Ọ nilenwụ na ọnwụ na- mgbe ụfọdụ ya tupu agha.  Ya na Walter Quirt na James Guy, ọ bụ onye ama ama nke " social surrealism ".  [3] Mgbe agha ahụ asị, ihe ọrụ ya na-ekiri ihe na nke nke, na ihe ndị dị na cubism, ma ọ jụrụkwara mmetụta nke onwe ya na ọrụ mbụ ya na-akwado ikwupụta "oke ụtọ na ụzọ ndụ nke ndụ n'  onwe ya".  [1] Akwụkwọ ndị New York Times akwụkwọ na ọ dara ya bụ na ọ bụ "onye na-agbazinye ego na-achọ echebe, onye na-achọ mgbagha nke yiri ka ọ na-eri anụ n'ụdị ndị ọzọ". 

A mind na Cairo, Egypt, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, o bi na Milan na Geneva mgbe nna ya Ịtali, bụ anụ violin, na-elegharị anya n'ụwa.  Na 1914 nne na nna ya kpọbatara ya na United States, ebe ha bi na Italian Harlem, New York.  Ọ nwere akara na ihe ọkpụkpụ mgbe ọ dị obere ma onye ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nkedo.  Ọ gara National Academy of Design na mgbede bido na 1920, ebe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee gaa oge niile site na 1923 ruo 1926. N'afọ sochirinụ ọkpara nwa amaala n'onwe .  Ifuru mba n'obi wetara ihe isi ike ego, ma oge ndị siri ike ihe ihe osise ya.  Site na 1935 ruo 1939, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Federal Art Project, nke na ndị na-ese ihe n'oge eji mba n'obi.  Na 1930s ọ ngosi ọtụtụ oge ngwụcha na MacDowell Colony maka ndị na-ese ihe na Peterborough, New Hampshire . 

Guglielmi nwere ihe ngosi mbụ nke otu nwoke na 1938, na- nọmba ọrụ ọhụrụ ya Mental Geography .  N'ịbụ nke Agha Obodo Spen ndọrọ—nke na-egosi àkwà mmiri Brooklyn nke ozi—ọ bụ njirimara aka ná ntĩ na ndị fasizim Europe ịgba ịgbasa.  [1] Guglielmi bụ nke ihe ngosi 1943 "American Realists and Magic Realists" na Museum of Modern Art .  Ya na Army Corps of Engineers nọ na agha n'etiti 1943 na 1945, na ọ bụghị agba.  Na 1950s, o nwere ọnọdụ na Louisiana State University, nke mbụ dị ka onye na-ese ese na mgbe ahụ dị ka onye na-akpa àgwà prọfesọ.  [2] Ọ nwụrụ na 1956 n'ihi nkụchi obi na Amagansett, New York .

Ọrụ Guglielmi dị na nchịkọta nke Art Institute of Chicago, [1] Detroit Institute of Arts, [2] Metropolitan Museum of Art, [3] Museum of Modern Art, [4] San Francisco Museum of Modern Art., [5] Smithsonian.  American Art Museum, [6] na Whitney Museum of American Art . 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Media related to O. Louis Guglielmi at Wikimedia Commons
* Guglielmi works at Bridgeman Images
* Guglielmi works at The Athenaeum
Maxine Walker

**Maxine Walker** (amụrụ 1962) bụ onye na-ese foto na onye nkatọ nke Britain-Jamaia. Dabere na Handsworth ma na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti 1985 na 1997, Rianna Jade Parker akọwawo Walker dị ka "ike n'ime Black British Art Movement ".  Foto ya na-emesi ike ọdịdị akụkọ ifo nke mgbakọ akwụkwọ, na "welite ajụjụ gbasara ọdịdị njirimara, echiche agbụrụ na-ama aka." 

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Maxine Walker na 1962 na Birmingham . 

Usoro Walker's 1987 *Auntie Lindie's House* gbara aka n'ụdị foto akwụkwọ na-enweghị mgbasa ozi, na-emegharị mgbakọ foto n'ime ọnọdụ akụkọ ifo. *Black Beauty*, usoro 1980s, na *Untitled*, usoro maka ihe ngosi 1995 *[[Self Evident (exhibition)|Self Evident]]*, ha abụọ nwere ihe ngosi nke onwe.  *Ahaghị aha* nwere usoro foto ojii na nke ọcha iri gbakọtara nke ọma, nke Walker pụtara na ọ na-ewepụ akpụkpọ ahụ ya n'ihu. 

Walker edeela nyocha na ederede dị iche iche maka akwụkwọ akụkọ nka na mbipụta metụtara ihe ngosi.  Mgbe *Polareyes* gasịrị, ihe ngosi 1987 nke ndị na-ese foto ojii na Camden Arts Center, ọ kwadoro ma nye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke otu aha. N'afọ 1999, o bipụtara obere akwụkwọ omenka n'usoro nke Autograph bipụtara. 

## Na-arụ ọrụ

### Ihe ngosi

* *Polareyes: Ndị na-ese foto ojii*, Camden Arts Center, 1987. With Brenda Agard, Margaret Andrews, Zarina Bhimji, Similola Coker, Joy Gregory, Rhona Harritte, Joy Kahumbu, Mumtaz Karimjee, Linda King, Jenny Mckenzie, Tracey Moffatt, Amina Patel, Ingrid Pollard, Samena Rana, Molly Shinhat, Geralne Wallace, Sharon Wallace Walsh, Gloria Walsh, na Halina Zajac.
* *Ebe dị anya: Ndị na-ese ihe ise nke nwanyị*, Ụlọ ihe nkiri nke ndị na-ese foto, 1989. Mụ na Zarina Bhimji, Sutapa Biswas, Mona Hatoum na Ingrid Pollard. 
* *Ihe ngosi nke onwe*, Ikon Gallery, Ọgọst–Septemba 1995. With Seydou Keita, Mama Casset, Oladélé Ajiboyé Bamgboyé na Ingrid Pollard.  Mark Sealy chepụtara ya.
* (solo) enweghị aha, Autograph ABP, Eprel–August 2019. Renée Mussai na Bindi Vora chepụtara ya. 
* (solo) UNTITLED, Midlands Arts Center, Eprel–June 2020. 

### Na-ede

* 
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## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Claudette Holmes

**Claudette May Holmes** (amụrụ 1962) bụ onye na-ese foto Britain. Ọrụ ya, nke na-eji akụkụ nke montage na agba aka, agbaghawo ihe nnọchianya nke ndị Black Britain . 

## Ndụ
Claudette Holmes mụrụ na 1962 na Birmingham, England. Na mbido 1980 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nka obodo na Birmingham.  Na 1982 o gosipụtara na *imechi oghere* na Mahadum Aston na Herbert Art Gallery, Coventry. 

Na 1990 Holmes so na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị na-ese foto Eshia gosipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ *Sistren in Photography* .  Ihe ngosi 1993 *Site na Stereotype Na-adịghị mma ruo Oyiyi Dị Mma* gụnyere ọrụ ya n'akụkụ nke ndị na-ese foto Birmingham atọ: Sir Benjamin Stone (1838-1914), Ernest Dyche (1887-1973) na Vanley Burke (amụrụ 1951).  Na 1996 ọ meriri Chrissie Bailey Photography and Education Award. 

## Ihe ngosi

* *Nwanyị*, Wolverhampton Art Gallery, 1990. Mụ na Roshini Kempadoo .
* *Olu nkọ, ka dị ndụ*, Birmingham Museum na Art Gallery, 1990.
* *In Sight in View: Mozaix Black Visual Arts Poster Mgbasa Ozi* . Saịtị dị iche iche, 1990. Mụ na Nigel Madhoo, Roshini Kempadoo, Alvin Kelly, Maxine Walker na Said Adrus. 
* *Foto ndị ejiri megharịa*, Ụlọ Foto, Leicester, 1992.
* *Ndị na-ese foto Black British*, Houston FotoFestival, Texas, 1992.
* *Afọ iri dị oke egwu*, Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, 1993.
* *Site na stereotype na-adịghị mma gaa na onyonyo dị mma*, Birmingham Central Library, 1993. Mụ na Sir Benjamin Stone, Ernest Dyche

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Brian Guidry

Brian Guidry (amụrụ 1968 na New Iberia, Louisiana) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'oge America, na onye na-ese ihe nrụnye.

## Art
Ọ bụ ebe na Guidry na-ewere onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi dị ka ọkpụkpụ, nrụnye gburugburu ebe obibi na vidiyo .  [1] Guidry na-ahụ nrụnye nke n'echiche ụfọdụ bụ isi nke gburugburu ebe obibi.  Agba ndị ọ na-eji na-arụ ọrụ ya bụ ihe atụ sitere na mbara ala .  Na nke nke New Orleans "Surge", Johnson a mịrị amị ( Sorghum halepense ) bụ isi iyi maka agba.  Dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-eche mgbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi, nkà na ẹz, ike na nhazi nke okike na- ugboro ugboro na ọrụ ya.. 

## Ndụ
Brian Guidry nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na Mahadum Louisiana na Lafayette na 1994 yana Master of Fine Arts sitere na Pratt Institute na Brooklyn, New York na 1997. Mgbe o biri na New York City, ọ la ike na Louisiana na 2001 ma na-ebi.  ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ na Loreauville, Louisiana .  Brian Guidry bụ onye mgbasa ugbu a nke Acadiana Center for Arts na Lafayette, Louisiana.  Ọ chịkọtala ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na Stephanie Patton dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ.

N'afọ 2007, ya na onye na-ese ihe ochie bụ Elemore Morgan, Jr. gara New York iji nyere aka kwado ọrụ Morgan's America.  Na 2008 Guidry ngwaọrụ na KK Projects, otu n'ime ebe satịlattị nke Prospect New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana art biennial haziri nke Dan Cameron, onye na-ahụ maka New Orleans Contemporary Arts Center.  [1] Guidry gara n'ihu na- akara na New Orleans Contemporary Arts Center. 

## Nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka
A na-ahụ ọrụ Brian Guidry n'ọtụtụ na mkpokọta ihe ngosi nka gburugburu ụwa, nkiri Ogden Museum of Southern Art na New Orleans, Louisiana;  New York Public Library na New York;  Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Pratt dị na Brooklyn, New York;  Ndị eze ihe ngosi nka nke Paul na Lulu Hilliard dị na Lafayette, Louisiana;  na National College of Arts na Lahore, Pakistan, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị gọọmentị Brian Guidry, enwetara na Jun 9, 2010
* Brian Guidry na Legion Arts, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, nwetara June 9, 2010
* Ajụjụ ọnụ AMMO na onye na-ese ihe Brian Guidry, enwetara June 9, 2010
* Brian Guidry na-ekwu maka nrụnye ya na Cedar Rapids, Iowa, nwetara June 9, 2010
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Jack Gunter

Jack Gunter (amuru 1947) [1] bu onye omenka nke America kuziri onwe ya na onye nwe ihe onyonyo si Camano Island na steeti Washington. Ọ gara Bowdoin na Mahadum New Hampshire. 

Ọrụ ya "A View of Seattle from Pioneer Square" bụ onye mmeri nke 1990 Northwest International Art Competition ma nye ya ọrụ mural Futureville site na Washington State Arts Commission, nke emechara na 2010. 

Ndị nkiri ihe nkiri ihe nkiri dị na Stanwood na-enwe ihe osise gbara ndụ nke Gunter na-egosi ihe nkiri okporo ama na obodo ọsụ ụzọ Stillaguamish River . 

## Ọrụ
Gunter nzere nzere bayolọji na akwụkwọ Bowdoin wee gaa n'ihu na ngalaba ya na edemede akwụkwọ na kemịkalụ organic.  Ọ ụmụ akwụkwọ iwu na Everett, Massachusetts.  

Na 2022, a mgbaàmà ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe ngosi maka Skagit Valley Tulip Festival, ya na ihe ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ mmado na ngwa akara nke ahụ ahụ.. 

Ụlọ ihe nkiri Gunter dị na nsọtụ ndịda Camano Island nke na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka mmalite maka njem nlegharị anya ihe nkiri Camano Island kwa afọ. 

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Akara aka ya bụ ABP

**Autograph ABP**, nke a na-akpọbu **Association of Black Photographers**, bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nkà foto nke Britain dabeere na mba ụwa.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emebere Autograph na London na 1988.  Ndị guzobere gụnyere ndị na-ese foto Sunil Gupta, Monika Baker, Merle Van den Bosch, Pratibha Parmar, Ingrid Pollard, Roshini Kempadoo, Armet Francis na Rotimi Fani-Kayode,  dị ka Òtù Ndị Na-ese foto ojii. Site na mmemme nkwado, ihe ngosi na mbipụta, Autograph gara n'ihu na-enyere aka na mmepe ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese foto ojii na "ọdịnala" dị iche iche, gụnyere Faisal Abdu'Allah, Gayle Chong Kwan, Roshini Kempadoo na Yinka Shonibare . 

Na 1991 Mark Sealy ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ.  N'afọ 2002, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere aha ya na "Autograph ABP".  Na 2007, nzukọ ahụ kwagara n'ụlọ ọhụrụ ya Rivington Ebe, nke ya na Iniva kesara. Ọkà mmụta Ọdịbendị ama ama Stuart Hall rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche na bọọdụ nke otu abụọ ahụ.  Ugbu a, ndị na-asọpụrụ Autograph ABP bụ David Lammy MP, Prọfesọ Catherine Hall, Lola Young (Baroness Young nke Hornsey) OBE, na Henry Louis Gates Jr. 

Na 2008, Autograph nwetara onyinye nke £ 660,500 site na Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) iji "chekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Britain dị iche iche site na foto". 

## Ọrụ
Taa, Autograph na-aga n'ihu na-azụlite, na-egosipụta ma na-ebipụta ọrụ nke ndị na-ese foto na ndị na-ese ihe si n'ọdịbendị dị iche iche na ime ihe dị ka onye na-akwado maka ntinye ha na mpaghara ihe ngosi, mbipụta, ọzụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ na azụmahịa. Autograph na-emepụta mmemme nke ya, yana imekọ ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nka ndị ọzọ na mba na mba ụwa, dị ka Liverpool Biennial . Ọ na-ahụkwa onwe ya dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na nkwado nke ikike mmadụ n'ụwa nile, na-eme ihe ngosi na isiokwu nke ndị Rom / Gypsy na Europe, yana ihe nketa foto nke lynching na US.  Ego mgbe niile (kwa afọ) maka Autograph bụ Arts Council England na-enye. 

## Ntụaka
kwagara n'ụlọ ọhụrụ ya Rivington Ebe, nke ya na Iniva kesara. Ọkà mmụta Ọdịbendị ama ama Stuart Hall rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche
John Gurche

John Gurche bụ onye omenkà America mara maka ochie ya, ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na ihe ọrụ nke ndụ oge ochie, dinosaurs na ụmụ mmadụ mbụ.  Gurche bụ onye na-ese ihe ugbu a na ebe obibi na Museum of the Earth na Ithaca, New York.  [1] [2] Gurche amụma Anthropology na Paleontology na Mahadum Kansas, mana nna ihe nka bụ naanị ụbọchị ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ.  [3] Mgbe ọ nọ n'elu akwụkwọ, Gurche nwara makiri "osisi ihe maka ndụ niile," wee usoro evolushọn nke isi site na ụrọ mgbe ọ nọ na klas nke anọ.. 

Ọrụ Gurche na American Museum of Natural History, Field Museum of Natural History, na Smithsonian Institution.  O akarala ihe atụ maka National Geographic, [1] wee chepụta stampụ anọ nke dinosaur -themed nke ndị ọrụ nzi ozi US na 1989.  Jurassic Park . 

N'afọ 2000, ọ natara Lanzendorf PaleoArt Prize site na Society of Vertebrate Paleontology maka foto nke Sue the Tyrannosaurus, otu nke na-na-isi ọkpụkpụ dinosaur na Museum Field.. 

N'afọ 2013, o akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-akụkọ ọrụ ya na ọrụ paleoanthropology iri na ise ọ dechara maka Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of Natural History's Hall of Human Origins nke aha ya bụ Shaping Humanity: Olee otú Sayensị, Art na Imagination na  -enyere anyị aka ọrụ ọrụ anyị .  [1] Ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ na-ejighị n'aka ọrụ ya na ubi ya.   

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Video of John Gurche constructing figures for the Hall of Human Origins
* Scientist of the Day-John Gurche at Linda Hall Library
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
William Kay Blacklock

**William Kay Blacklock** (1872 &#x2013; 11 Ọgọst 1924) bụ onye omenkà Britain n'ihe gbasara agba mmiri na mmanụ. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
thumb| ''Ìhè anyanwụ na onyinyo'', c. 1900
A mụrụ William Blacklock na Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, na North East England, na 1872. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ atọ nke John Blacklock, onye na-ahụ maka injin, na nwunye ya Isabella. Nna ya nwụrụ na 1886. Dika ngụkọ 1891 siri dị, William dị afọ 18 ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-amụ akwụkwọ lithographer, mgbe ya na nne ya di ya nwụrụ bi. Ọ nọgidere na-ebi na nne ya, ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo 1901, na-eme ahia nke lithography.  O yiri ka ọ gbakwunyere Kay dị ka aha etiti ya mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe. 

Enyere probate na ala nke William Kilbride Blacklock onye nwụrụ na 11 Ọgọst 1924 nye Ellen Eliza Blacklock, nwanyị di ya nwụrụ na Septimus Edward Scott, onye na-ese ihe. Edebara aha ọmụmụ William Kilbride Blacklock na nkeji nke abụọ nke 1870, na mpaghara ndebanye aha Sunderland. Nne na nna ya bụ William Blacklock na Eleanor Kilbride. Ọnụọgụ 1871 nke Bishopwearmouth na-akọwa nna ya dị ka "onye na-ese ihe". Ojiji mbụ nke William Kay Blacklock yiri ka ọ pụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ 1911 ya na Chelsea. N'oge ọmụmụ na ọnwụ, ọ dị ka ọ bụ William Kilbride Blacklock na na nne na nna ya, dị ka nke dị n'elu, ekwupụtabu na ezighi ezi.

Philip Wilson Steer, (1860-1942), tọrọ ntọala ógbè ndị na-ese ihe na Walberswick, nke Blacklock sonyeere. Ọ bụ ezie na Steer bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ British Impressionist, Blacklock anabataghị ụdị a. Kama ọ na-ese n'ụdị dị nso na ihe osise Victorian ọdịnala, na-egosi ndụ ime obodo na ọdịdị ala. Amụma nke eziokwu French nke Jean-François Millet (1814-1875) na Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848-1884) na-emetụta na-egosikwa na usoro Blacklock. Isiokwu ya dị nso na eziokwu agụmakwụkwọ . Egosiputa omume ya na okike site na aha nke otutu ihe ngosi Royal Academy: *Evening Glow - Rye* 1901, *A Sunny Hillside*, 1902 na *A Sunny Corner*, 1911, na *Dutch Idyll* na 1914. Ọchịchọ a na-eme n'eziokwu, na ịpụ iche nke nkọwa onwe ya banyere ndụ obodo, apụtala na Blacklock ka nwere ọmarịcha ewu ewu dị ka onye na-ese agba mmiri na onye na-ese ihe. 

## Osisi

Usòrò:A_Quiet_Read_by_William_Kay_Blacklock.jpg|alt=A Quiet Read, circa 1900| *Ọ dị arọ*, ihe dịka 1900
Usòrò:"The_Blue_Kimono"_by_William_Kay_Blacklock.jpg|alt=The Blue Kimono, 1872| *Kimono Blue*, 1872
Usòrò:William_Kay_Blacklock_-_Summertime,_1914.jpg|alt=Summertime, 1914| *Oge obodo*, 1914


## Ntụaka
dị ka onye na-amụ akwụkwọ lithographer, mgbe ya na nne ya di ya nwụrụ bi. Ọ nọgidere na-ebi na nne ya, ma ọ dịkarịa ala ruo
Christopher Bramham

**Christopher Bramham** (amụrụ 1952) bụ onye na-ese ihe si Britain.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Bramham na Bradford, Yorkshire . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Bradford School of Art site na 1970 ruo 1971, Kingston sochiri n'elu Thames Art School site na 1971 ruo 1973. Site na 1975 ruo 1986 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nwa oge na kọleji nka dị iche iche na London tupu ya emee ngosi ngosi solo mbụ ya, na Fine Art Society na London na 1988. 

Bramham bụ onye na-ese ihe n'okirikiri ala, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-esekwa ihe dị n'ime ma na-adị ndụ, na echiche odida obodo ya na-abụkarị ihe dị na mbara ala a na-ahụ nso karịa vistas odida obodo.  N'ime nke a, a kọwawo ya dị ka onye Ruskinian maka ụzọ o si enyocha "n'ime oghere na crannies nke ụwa eke".  Dị ka onye nlegharị anya a na-ekwukwa, Otú ọ dị, enwere ike ịme ntụnyere ndị ọzọ n'oge a, na Bramham e jikọtara ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke London artists, karịsịa Lucian Freud, na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Peter Doig na Tony Bevan . 

A na-ewuli onyonyo ya nwayọ nwayọ, na-eji agba agba, dị ka onye nkatọ nka Andrew Lambirth siri kwuo, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ iṅomi ọsọ nke osisi a na-egosi nwere ike itolite.  N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, dị ka Jonathan Clark si kwuo, nke a abụghị ihe na-esi na ịhụnanya nke okike pụta, kama ọ bụ na Bramham na-ese ihe ndị dị nso n'ihi na isiokwu na-adabara ya. 

Na nke a ọ ga-ekwe omume ịhụ ụfọdụ njikọ na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe metụtara na School of London, dị ka e nwere ntụnyere ga-mere n'etiti njikọ nke formalist mmasị na eserese dị ka a na-ajụ n'akụkụ a kpọmkwem njikọ aka na akụkụ nke n'ezie ụwa na. Bramham na ndị nka dịka Lucian Freud na Frank Auerbach . N'akụkụ a Bramham bụ onye na-ese ihe n'ezie. 

A na-akwanyere Bramham anya nke ọma maka nka ihe osise ya, ma gosi ya n'akụkụ Paula Rego, Auerbach, Dennis Creffield na ndị nka iri isii ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi ahụ *Drawing Inspiration: Contemporary British Drawing,* nke emere na Abbot Hall Art Gallery, Kendal, na 2006. 

## Ntụaka
na-ese ihe metụtara na School of London, dị ka e nwere ntụnyere ga-mere n'etiti njikọ nke formalist mmasị na eserese dị ka a na-ajụ n'akụkụ 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Lambirth, Andrew, *Christopher Bramham* (London: Jonathan Clark, 2010).
* McCaughey, Patrick na izu, Emily, *Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke London na ndị enyi ha: mkpokọta Elaine na Melvin Merians,* exh. pusi. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000)
* Deanna Petherbridge *Ịse Ihe: Ihe osise Britain nke oge a,* exh. pusi. (Kendal: Abbot Hall Art Gallery, 2006)

## Njikọ mpụga

* Brian Sewell na Christopher Bramham
* Marlborough Art Gallery, ibe ndị nka
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
David Brown (onye Britain na-ese ihe)

thumb| David Brown, ''Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ya na atụrụ'', 1790s. Mmanụ na kwaaji, 15 1/2 x 12 inch. , enweghị ebe
**David Brown** (nke na-arụ ọrụ 1792 - 1797) bụ odida obodo Britain na ihe osise.

Dị ka Walter Gilbey si kwuo, Brown bụ ụlọ na onye na-ese ihe ịrịba ama nke "nwere mmasị n'ọchịchọ nkà dị elu ma tinye obi ya n'ịmụ ihe osise dị ka George Morland ," onye Britain na-ese ihe nke a ma ama maka ihe osise anụmanụ ya na ihe nkiri nke ndụ rụrụ arụ.  Mgbe o resịrị azụmahịa ya, Brown mụụrụ Morland ihe wee ghọọ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-eṅomi ya.  Ọ bụ ezie na eserese ya gosipụtara brushstroke ka ukwuu na iji impasto dị arọ karị, ọrụ ya na-agafekarị maka nke nna ya ukwu. Brown gosipụtara eserese iri na Royal Academy n'etiti 1792 na 1797, gụnyere *pasticci* nke Morland na echiche nke London, nke ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ kwuru na ọ bụ ọrụ ya kacha aga nke ọma.  O gbakwunyere ego ọ na-enweta n'ime afọ ndị a site n'ịre ihe osise Morland nwetara n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri.  Brown mechara ghọọ onye na-ese ihe. 

## Osisi

Usòrò:David_Brown,_A_Sportsman_with_Peasant_Women_and_Dog.jpg|alt=David Brown, A Sportsman with Peasant Women and Dog, undated. Oil on canvas, 15 1/2 x 12 in., unlocated|David Brown,*Onye na-eme egwuregwu egwuregwu ụmụ ekiri na-na-ala ala*, juru afọ ojuju. ụgbọ na kwaaji, 15 1/2 x 12 in., achọghị ya
Usòrò:David_Brown,_A_Woody_Landscape,_1792.jpg|alt=David Brown, A Woody Landscape, 1792. Oil on canvas, 19 1/2 x 25 1/2 in., formerly in the collection of Lawson Peacock|David Brown,*Okirikiri ala Woody*, 1792. akwụkwọ na kanvas, 19 1/2 x 25 1/2 na., na mbụ na nchịkọta Lawson Peacock


## Ihe ndetu
mụụrụ Morland ihe wee ghọọ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-eṅomi ya.  Ọ bụ ezie na eserese ya gosipụtara brushstroke ka ukwuu na iji impasto dị arọ

## Ntụaka

* Gilbey, Walter. *George Morland: Ndụ Ya na Ọrụ Ya* . London: Adam na Charles Black, 1907.
* Grant, Maurice Harold. *Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Britain sitere na narị afọ nke 16 ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20* . Leigh-on-Sea: F. Lewis Publishers, Ltd., 1952.
Peter Brown (onye Britain na-ese ihe)

thumb|250x250px| "Pete n'okporo ámá" na-arụ ọrụ.
**Peter Edward Mackenzie Brown** (amụrụ 28 Julaị 1967) bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri Britain ama ama dị ka "Pete the Street" site na omume ya nke ịrụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ ihu igwe niile. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe ngosi ya nke ihe nkiri okporo ámá na ọdịdị ala. Ọ hụrụ n'anya ịrụ ọrụ 'n'ime oke ya' na-ese okporo ụzọ Varanasi ruo Toronto na nso ụlọ na Barcelona, Paris, London na obodo obibi ya nke Bath. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na-arụ ọrụ ozugbo site na isiokwu na-ajụ iji ntụaka foto.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Brown na Reading na gụrụ akwụkwọ na Presentation College, Reading. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ọmarịcha nka na Manchester Polytechnic na 1990. Ọ kwagara Bath na 1993, ebe ya na nwunye ya Lisa na ụmụ ise bi, wee malite eserese oge niile na 1995. Ọ mepụtara ụdị ikuku en plein siri ike, ma jiri obi ụtọ soro ndị na-agafe agafe na-akpakọrịta mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ. "Ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ịnọ na nnọkọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. Ọ dị m mkpa ịnọ n'etiti ihe," ka o kwuru. "N'amamihe ma ọ bụ n'amaghị ama, ihe m na-ahụ na-achọta ụzọ ya na kwaaji." 

A họpụtara Brown ka ọ bụrụ onye otu New English Art Club na 1998, wee bụrụ Onye isi ala na 2018. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Royal Society of Portrait painters, Royal Institute of Oil Painters, The Pastel Society ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Royal Society of British Artists . Na 2006 ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe mbụ na ebe obibi na Savoy Hotel, London.   Na 2008 ọ meriri ihe nrite Prince of Wales maka ịse eserese. 

N'afọ 2023, Brown na Banksy rụkọrọ ọrụ na-ese ihe na-esote akụkụ okporo ụzọ ya "Valentine's Day Mascara" na Margate. E gosipụtara usoro eserese a na ihe nkiri solo Banksy "Cut & Run" na Glasgow. N'oge a na-eme ihe ngosi ahụ, Brown gara Glasgow ma mee ihe osise 14 ọzọ nke mpụga nke GoMA, ebe ngosi ahụ na-eme. 

## Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka
ụmụ ise bi, wee malite eserese oge niile na 1995. Ọ mepụtara ụdị ikuku en plein siri ike, ma jiri obi ụtọ soro ndị na-agafe agafe na-akpa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Peter Brown webụsaịtị.
* Peter Brown na Messum.
* Peter Brown ibe na weebụsaịtị NEAC.

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Alfred Richard Gurrey Sr.

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| ''Ala Moana Beach'', mmanụ n'elu canvas eserese nke Alfred Richard Gurrey, Sr., 1915
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| ''Moonlight on Ocean (Kauai)'', mmanụ n'elu akwa akwa nke Alfred Richard Gurrey Sr., c. 1918
Alfred Richard Gurrey Sr. (1852–1944) bụ onye Bekee a mụrụ na-ese ihe nkiri odida obodo nke kwagara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ 20. Na 1900, onye were ya n'ọrụ, Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, bufere ya na San Francisco gaa Hawaii.  Na Hawaii, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka inshọransị ma bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke Board of Fire Underwriters of the Territory of Hawaii.  N'agbanyeghị na o nweghị ọzụzụ nka, ọ na-ese odida obodo Hawaii wee mepee ụlọ ahịa nka na ihe ochie na Honolulu.[1]  Gurrey bụ onye otu Kilohana Art League.[2]  Na 1916, ọ lara ezumike nká na Board of Fire Underwriters wee kwaga Kauai, ebe ọ nọgidere na-ese.  Nwa ya nwoke, Alfred Richard Gurrey Jr. (1874–1928) na ọgọ nwanyị Caroline Haskins Gurrey (1875–1927), bụ ndị na-ese foto na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Hawaii.

Na 1996, ada Alfred Gurrey Florence na di ya Carl Bayer nyere ihe osise 30 nke Alfred R. Gurrey Sr. na Kauai Museum na Lihue, Hawaii .  [1] Ihe ọrụ ya bụ Moonlight on Ocean (Kauai), c.  1918, bụ na nchịkọta nke Hawaii State Art Museum  

## Ntụaka

* Forbes, David W., *He Makana, The Gertrude Mary Joan Damon Haig Collection of Hawaiian Art, Paintings and Prints*, Hawaii State Foundation of Culture and Arts, 2013, p.&nbsp;26–31
* Severson, Don R. *Ịchọta Paradaịs: Art Island na mkpokọta nkeonwe*, Mahadum nke Hawaii Press, 2002, p.&nbsp;111, 203.

## Ihe odide ala ala peeji

## Njikọ mpụga

* Alfred Richard Gurrey Sr. na AskArt.com
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Bayer Estate
Janet Turner

**Janet Turner** (29 Septemba 1936 - 7 Eprel 2015) bụ onye nrụpụta ọkụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ Britain na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ zụrụ azụ na mbụ dị ka onye mmebe ime ụlọ.

*The Guardian* kpọrọ ya "mba mba ụwa toro dị ka doyenne nke imepụta ọkụ". 

Dị ka *akwụkwọ akụkọ Architects* si kwuo, ọ bụ "Onye otu RSA na Chartered Society of Designers, Janet bụkwa onye na-asọpụrụ Society of Light and Lighting na Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland (RIAS)."  Na 2014, RIAS nyere ya ihe nrite mmezu nke ndụ ya "maka ọrụ ya maka imepụta ọkụ mba ụwa na ebe ka mma maka ndị mmadụ." 

O dere akwụkwọ na nkuzi mba ụwa gbasara imepụta ọkụ.

## Ntụaka
na-asọpụrụ Society of Light and Lighting na Royal
Carl Gutherz

thumb| Albumen mbipụta nke Carl Gutherz, c.1875
Carl Gutherz (January 28, 1844 na Switzerland - Febụwarị 7, 1907 na Washington, DC ) bụ onye na-ese ihe, ihe nkiri nke Symbolist na United States n'oge afu nke 19.

## Akụkọ ndụ
thumb| “Ìhè nke Ọganihu,” ihe osise maka Library of Congress, 1896
Ya na nne na nna ya bịara United States na 1851. Nna ya biri na Cincinnati ma bụrụ onye mbụ webatara terracotta ọrụ nka na US Nwa ahụ ihe ọrụ ya site n'ịkwado ngwá n'ibu ọrụ nna ya.  O mechara akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe ọrụ na Memphis, Tennessee, na 1868 wee gaa Paris, ebe ya na Joseph Cabasson na Isadore Pils akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, wee bụrụ nwa akwụkwọ na École des Beaux Arts .

Ná akaụntụ nke Agha Franco-Prussian, ọ gara Belgium, na-amụ na Brussels na Antwerp n'okpuru Stalleart na Robert.  Ọ kwagara Rom na 1871, bụ ebe ọ nwere ọrụ mbụ ya dị mkpa.  Ọ la iche na Memphis na 1873, na-ese ihe osise na mpempe akwụkwọ na egwu na agba mmiri

Na 1874 ọ kwagara St Louis, bụ ebe e akwụkwọ ya na ngalaba nke Mahadum Washington na St. Louis, ma nyere Halsey Ives aka na nhazi nke ndị Akwụkwọ St Louis na Museum of Fine Arts ebe ọ na-eme klas ndụ site na.  1876 ​​ruo 1884. O mmetụta ya "Ecce Homo" na "Awakening of Spring" ya na Centennial Exposition na Philadelphia, na-anata nri na nna maka ọrụ ikpeazụ.. 

N'afọ 1880 na ikike mgbe nke ahụ eze, Gutherz haziri ụgbọ mmiri na ejiji maka Onye Amụma Ekpuchiri Ekpuchi nke St. Louis;  E damuwa ya na Paris, France, ebe a na-eji ejiji. 

Na 1884, ọ gara Paris ka ọ akwụkwọ na Academie Julian .  N'ebe a, ọ mata na ụlọ akwụkwọ Symbolist weepụta Gustave Boulanger na Joseph Lefebvre.  O sonye na ụlọ oriri na mmanya Paris kwa afọ.

Na 1896, o mere ihe osise maka Library of Congress, ma ngosi na Washington, DC maka oge ndụ ya niile 

## Ntụaka

* 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Masler, Marilyn na Marina Pacini. ''Carl Gutherz: Ọhụụ uri na echiche agụmakwụkwọ'' . Mahadum Press nke Mississippi, 2009.
* Czestochowski, Joseph S. *Carl Gutherz, 1844-1907: Nhazi maka Ememe Memphis, 1873-1881* . Memphis: Ụlọ Azụmahịa Mpaghara Memphis, 1974.
* Czestochowski, Joseph S. *Carl Gutherz* . Memphis, Tenn: Brooks Memorial Art Gallery, 1975.

## Njikọ mpụga

*  Photograph with short biographical note.
* Carl Gutherz, *Historic Memphis Website*
* 747 works by Carl Gutherz at the Memphis Brooks Museum of Art
Leonard Bridgman

**Leonard Bridgman** (1895–1980) bụ onye omenkà Britain na onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ Jane's All the World's Aircraft . 

## Ihe omume mbụ
Ọrụ mbụ Bridgman rụrụ na ụgbọ elu bụ na 1913 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ. Ejiri otu ihe osise ya gosi mmemme Hendon Air Race . Dị ka ugwo, ọ natara ụgbọ elu na 70-horsepower Maurice Farman biplane .

## Ọrụ nta akụkọ
A na-echeta ya nke ọma n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu dị ka onye nta akụkọ nke sonyeere CG Gray na 1923 na ndị ọrụ nke Jane's All the World's Aircraft mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ na The Aeroplane.

## Ihe nrite
Na 1956, n'ịkwado ntinye aka ya na teknụzụ, ọkachasị ọrụ ya na ụgbọ elu Jane's All the World's Aircraft, Federation Aeronautique Internationale nyere Bridgman Paul Tissandier Diploma . Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ụgbọ elu na mbipụta ruo afọ 43.

## Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe
Bridgman bụkwa onye omenkà nwere nkà ma mepụta ọtụtụ eserese ụgbọ elu, ihe osise na ihe atụ. Ọ natara ọrụ maka ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi maka ụlọ ọrụ Britain wee gosipụta ederede Oliver Stewart maka The Clouds Cheta, otu n'ime akwụkwọ ochie nke akwụkwọ ụgbọ elu.

## Ntụaka
Elisabeth Benjamin

**Rose Elisabeth Benjamin** (7 Disemba 1908 - 29 Maachị 1999) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Bekee . Ọ bụ ọgbọ mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị zụrụ azụ dị ka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na 1920 na 1930. Ọ haziri ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ ma nye aka n'ịkwalite ihe owuwu avant-garde na Britain. 

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Benjamin na Hendon, Middlesex,  naanị nwa nke nne na nna ndị Juu, Elizabeth Abadi, onye nkwuputa, na Alfred Benjamin, onye ọchụnta ego.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Paul School na Hammersmith .  N'afọ 1925, ọ nọrọ ọnwa isii na Paris ma soro nke a gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na St John's Wood. Ọ gara na Architectural Association site na 1927 wee gụchaa na 1932. N'oge ya na Architectural Association, Benjamin zutere Godfrey Samuel (1927–32), nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya na onye meziri onye guzobere Tecton, ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Edwin Lutyens n'ime afọ ya. 

## Ọrụ
Nke mbụ na-arụ ọrụ site n'ụlọ na Golders Green na mgbe ahụ n'ọfịs ya 42 South Molton Street na London, Benjamin mere ụlọ atọ nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nke amara maka ịdị ọhụrụ ha. Na Highgate, No 1 Fitzroy Park e wughachiri maka Dr Edith Summerskill dị ka ụgbọ maka ngosi onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Labour Party . 

## Ntụaka
ọnwa isii na Paris ma soro nke a gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na St John's Wood.
Seymour Joseph Guy

Seymour Joseph Guy (1824 – 1910), bụ onye America na-ese ihe nkiri nkiri.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Amụrụ ya ma zụọ ya na London mana ọ kwagara New York City, ebe a mara ya maka ọrụ ụdị.  [1] Ọ bụ ihe a na-anọ ya na onye na-ese ihe osise Ambrosini Jerôme wee lụọ ada nke onye na-ese ihe, Anna Maria Barber, tupu ọ kwaga New York na 1854. [2] Ọ bụ onye so na Sketch club.  wee bụrụ enyi na John George Brown, ha abụọkwara ịse ụdị ọrụ eserese, ma bere anya sitere n'ike nso nke ha, dị ka Guy mechara nwee enwe ike. 

Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke American Watercolor Society na onye so na National Academy of Design, Artists' Fund Society, Artists' Mutual Aid Society, na Century Association .  [1] Ọ    መጥ a na New York na Disemba 10, 1910. 
Usòrò:Seymour_Joseph_Guy_-_Dear_Polly.jpg|alt=Dear Polly| *Ezigbo Polly*
Usòrò:Seymour_Joseph_Guy,_1892_-_The_new_story.jpg|alt=The new story (1892)| *Akụkọ ọhụrụ*(1892)
Usòrò:Seymour_Joseph_Guy_«Temptation»_1884.jpg|alt=Temptation (1884)| *Ọnwụnwa*(1884)
Usòrò:Seymour_Joseph_Guy_-_Now_I'm_ready_for_your_portrait.jpg|alt=Now I'm ready for your portrait| *Ugbu a adala m maka ịda gị*
Usòrò:Seymour_Joseph_Guy_-_Knowledge_is_Power.jpg|alt=Knowledge is Power| *Ọmụma bụ Ike*


## Ntụaka
Charles Hafner

Charles Hafner (October 28, 1888 - Julaị 29, 1960) bụ onye ọkpụ ọkpụkpụ America.  Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke mmemme ihe ọkpụkpụ na asọmpi nka na 1928 Summer Olympics.[1] 

## Ntụaka
Karl Hagedorn (1922-2005)

Karl Hagedorn (1922–2005) bụ onye na-ese ihe n'Amerika, onye ọrụ na lithographs na etchings .  O inwe inwe anya anya na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe nke otu aha, bụ onye ozi na Berlin na 1889, biri na Manchester, England, na 1905, ma isi na 1969.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Ụlọ Hagedorn na 1922 na Güntersberge (Harz) na Germany.  Site na 1956 ruo 1959, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Academy of Fine Arts na Munich, na-ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ mosaics na akwụkwọ .  Na 1959 ọ kwagara United States, ebe o bi ma onye ọrụ na St. Paul, Minnesota, dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-ejide onwe ya.  Site na 1962 ruo 1965 ọ haziri windo ugogbe anya wee bụrụ onye ntụzi nka na Catholic Digest .  Site na 1960 ruo 1972 ọ bụ onye nkuzi St. Paul Art Center na na 1971 na 1972, bụrụ onye nkuzi nke Mahadum Hamline, ma na St.Paul.  O wee gaa njem na-nwanwanyị isii Europe, tupu ọ pụọ USA.  Site na 1973 ruo 1997 onye ọrụ ma biri na New York.  Na 1998, ọ kwagara Filadelfia, ebe ọ nwụrụ na October 2005. Ebe ọ bụ na 1967 a na-akpọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro ugboro na ngosi nke otu nwoke na otu na United States na Europe.  O ọtụtụ nwere ihe ngosi nke onye ọ elala na veranda, na ikere òkè na ihe ngosi mgbe ochie na ihe ngosi otu.  A na- anya ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi, kwuru Neues Museum Nürnberg . 

## Ihe nrite
1966: Onyinye izizi maka eserese, Minnesota State Fair Exhibition and Purchase Award / “Drawing USA”, St. Paul Art Center. 1967: Award Merit, "Minnesota Biennal", Minneapolis Institute of Arts.

## Ọrụ
Hagedorn nwere isi mgbe niile n'otu isiokwu: Nwoke na igwe.  "N'oge mbụ USA egwuregwu nke Hagedorn, a na-iche, na mbụ na mgbe e ịhụ na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ teknuzu components-iberibe nke ngwaahịa ọrụ, graphic ọcha, okporo ụzọ na akara akara. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-  aghọ abstract na geometrical, iche nke nta ka robot-dị ka robot., ka ndị ahụ na-ahụ ahụkebe na-aghọwanye mmadụ, na-adị nro ma dị nro, dị ka a ga-assị na ha ahụ ka ha na  -ewere ụmụ mmadụ."  (Wolfgang Horn nke e hotara na Hagedorn, 1998)

N'oge opupu ihe ubi na ọkọchị nke 2014 Anita Shapolsky Gallery na Upper East Side na New York City Mat "Abstraction Symbol" site na Hagedorn. 

## Okwu
Ihe osise m mepụtara onwe ya site n'ụdị mmadụ.  N'ebe a bụ igodo nke ọrụ niile n'ọdịnihu.  Usoro nke organic, eletriki-chemical-physical system nke ụbụrụ, usoro akwara ozi [...] - ihe a niile na-amasị m karịa.  Aghọtara m ihe ndị a n'ezoghị ọnụ [...] ịkọwa, imeghachi omume na ha [...].  N'akụkụ a, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe, ihe osise na akara ngosi, okwu ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke okwu, akwụkwọ ozi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-anọchite anya njikọ na usoro mmadụ [...]  Ụdị mmadụ, na ọdịdị dị n'èzí, na-apụ n'anya na eserese m;  Nhazi nke echiche ma ọ bụ echiche ma ọ bụ onyinyo nke ụmụ mmadụ - na mbara igwe - bụ ihe m na-agbalị ime ka a hụ ya." (Karl Hagedorn na mkparịta ụka Curt Heigl)

## Mbipụta
Karl Hagedorn – Mgbọrọgwụ Europe – American Blossoms, nke Klaus D.Bode deziri, Nürnberg 1998, 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ozi na foto banyere Hagedorn
Woody Gwyn

Woody Gwyn (amụrụ 1944, ￼￼San Antonio, Texas￼￼) bụ onye omenkà America.  nke Art￼, ￼￼Albuquerque Museum￼￼, ￼￼Eiteljorg Museum￼, na ￼￼Phoenix Art Museum￼.[2]  Ọ bụ onye nnata 2010 nke New Mexico Governor's Awards for Excellence in the Arts.[3]  

O nwere ụlọ ihe nkiri na Galisteo, New Mexico 

## Ihe ngosi

* Luther W. Brady Art Gallery, Mahadum George Washington, 2010. 

## Ntụaka

## Isi mmalite

* *Woody Gwyn*, Texas Tech University Press, Jenụwarị 15, 1994, 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Woody Gwyn
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Michael Hafftka

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Michael Hafftka 2014
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| "Leap of Faith," o/c, 78 x 62 n'ime. (198 x 157.5 cm), nke Michael Hafftka, 1998
Michael Hafftka bụ onye America na-ese ihe atụ nke bi na New York City .  A na-anya ọrụ ya na nchịkọta ngosi-adịgide nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, ndị na-ekiri ihe ngosi nke Metropolitan, New York Museum of Modern Art, Brooklyn Museum of Art, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Carnegie  Museum of Art, New York Public Library, McNay Art Museum, Housatonic Museum of Art, Arizona State University Art Museum, National Gallery of Art, na Yeshiva University Museum. . 

A anim Hafftka na Manhattan (1953) nye Eva na Simon Hafftka, ndị gbara ndụ ọsọ Europe na ndị lanarịrị oké Mgbukpọ .  Akụre ya na Bronx wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha.

Hafftka haziri ihe maka akwụkwọ Urizen, eme Detour, oriri na ekiri, nke Michael Brodsky dere .   Kevin Begos nke Akwụkwọ Guignol sere ihe osise Hafftka na 1982.

Ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke otu onye bụ na Art Galaxy.  Otu n'ime veranda New York nke mechara gosipụta ọrụ ya bụ: Rosa Esman Gallery, Aberbach Gallery, Mary Ryan Gallery na DiLaurenti Gallery. O meela ihe ngosi n'ọtụtụ ebe na United States na mba ofesi.

Ndị Eze ihe ngosi nka nke Housatonic gbagoro azụ azụ na Ọktoba 2004. 

Ndị dike ihe nka nke Mahadum Yeshiva na Center for Jewish History na New York mere ihe ngosi solo I of the Storm, ihe ngosi bụ isi nke ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, March ruo August 2009 

## Akwụkwọ ndị egosipụtara

* *Amamihe/amaghị ama*, mkpirisi akụkọ na eserese nke Michael Hafftka, isii Gallery Press 2007, 
* *Na Penal Colony*, obere akụkọ sitere n'aka Franz Kafka nke Michael Hafftka gosipụtara, Limited Editions Club 1987, ASIN B003Y7OW8W
* *Ụjọ nke Loch Ness*, akwụkwọ akụkọ Che Elias, nke Michael Hafftka gosipụtara, akwụkwọ akụkọ isii nke 2007. 
* *steepụ okirikiri, nsogbu na enyo*, abụ nke Peter Klappert na nka nke Michael Hafftka, isii Gallery Press 2008, 
* *Ka ịnwụ n'akụkụ gị*, abụ nke Rodger Kamenetz nwere nka nke Michael Hafftka, Six Gallery Press, 2013, 

## Digital Publications

* *Nkwuwapụta m nke nnwere onwe yana otu m si ahụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi agbasasịghị*, blọgụ nke Michael Hafftka dere, Jenụwarị 24th, 2023
* *Ihe osise Kọmputa Hafftka 1996-98*, blọọgụ nke Michael Hafftka, Maachị 1st, 2023

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* ''Michael Hafftka: Dreamworks'' nke Prọfesọ Sam Hunter
* Nyocha Adirondack
* ''Ànyị na-amụta ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme?'' ''Mgbukpọ na "Aka Nhọrọ" nke Michael Hafftka dere'' nke Claudia Moscovici dere
* ''N'akuku ụgbọ elu nke ihe dị nsọ: nnukwu agbụ nke ịbụ Hafftka'' nke Michael Brodsky.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị gọọmentị
* @hafftka na Twitter
* hafftka na Instagram
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nels Hagerup

Nels Hagerup (1864 - Maachị 13, 1922) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na Norwegian.  Ọ kwagara United States na 1882. [1] O biri na Portland ruo 1892, mgbe ọ kwagara San Francisco.  Ọ akụkọ Harriet Marie Hageman Hagerup (1851-1918). 

N'ime oge ọrụ ya, o mere ihe ndị ọrụ 6,000, [1] wee "merie ihe nrite ọla edo na ngwere Portland na Seattle"  

## Ntụaka

## Ebe ndị ọzọ

* Edan Milton Hughes (1989) *Ndị nka na California, 1786-1940* (Hughes Pub Co)
Ben Ali Haggin

thumb|james Ben Ali Haggin 111
 

James Ben Ali Haggin III (20 Istanbul 1882 - 2 September 1951) bụ onye ihe osise America na onye gbara ogbo. .

## Ndụ
Nwa nwa nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ James Ben Ali Haggin, a njide ya na New York City .  Mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu, ọ na-egosi ihe osise ya na 1903. [1] [2] [3] National Academy of Design nyere ya ihe nrite 1909 nke atọ Hallgarten maka ụzọ ya Elfrida .  [2] Onye otu National Association of Portrait Painters [ Wikidata ], a nchọpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mmekọ nke National Academy of Design site na 1912. N'afọ ndị 1930, Haggin tụpụtara ya na ikike nhazi nhazi wee ikike maka Metropolitan  Opera Ballet na Ziegfeld Follies. 

Eziniche Haggin bụ ndị Turkey na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu (otu n'ime nna ya, Ibrahim Ben Ali, bụ onye mbata Turkey).  [1] Ọ ngosi Margaret Faith Robinson na 4 Nọvemba 1903 na ọrịka nke iwu, New York . 

Na 1914, ọtụtụ isi ihe mere na ndụ Haggin. Ọ kewapụrụ nwunye ya, ma nọrọ oge n'ụlọ ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha. Nna nna ya nwụkwara n'afọ ahụ, Haggin ketarakwa $10 nde n'ụlọ ahịa ahụ. N'afọ 1916, ọ lụrụ Helen Roche, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agba egwú bụ onye na-akpọ Bonnie Glass. 

## Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka

Usòrò:Ben_Ali_Haggin_-_Portrait_of_Laurette_Taylor.jpg|alt=Portrait of Laurette Taylor| *Eserese nkeLaurette Taylor*
Usòrò:Ben_Ali_Haggin_-_En_Crinoline.jpg|alt=En Crinoline, a portrait of Rita Sacchetto| *Na Crinoline*, ihe osise nkeRita Sacchetto
Usòrò:Ben_Ali_Haggin_-_America_Answers.jpg|alt=America Answers, a photographic tableau featuring Ethel Barrymore| *Azịza America*, foto foto nke echicheEthel Barrymore
Usòrò:James_Ben_Ali_Haggin_III_and_Helen_Roche_(1915).jpg|alt=Ben Ali Haggin and Helen Roche (1915)|Ben Ali Haggin na Helen Roche (1915)


## Hụkwa

* *Ndị otu Red Cross nke mba* (1917)
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Haggin

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ben Ali Haggin at IMDb
* Ben Ali Haggin Papers held by the Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee Theatre Research Institute, The Ohio State University Libraries.
Thomas Victor Hall

Thomas Victor Hall [1] (T. Victor Hall; Mee 30, 1879 - 1965) bụ onye ihe atụ America, onye na-ese ihe na ọkpụkpụ..

## Akụkọ ndụ
A task Hall na Rising Sun, Indiana, 1879. Ọ gara Cincinnati Art Academy na akwụkwọ 1900s ebe ya na Frank Duveneck akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  Mgbe e ịhụ ọ kwagara [1] Peekskill, New York wee chụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe.  Na 1919 ọ sonyeere Louis C. Pedlar, Inc. Pedlar akwụkwọ Art Director's Club na 1920. [2] Ụbọchị Ndịozi nke n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nke ụbọchị ahụ, akwụkwọ edemede St. Nicholas, The Argosy na The Youth's Companion  Magazin .  [3] Ihe atụ Thomas Victor Hall pụtakwara na All-Story Weekly', nke izi ozi ama bụ usoro maka Edgar Rice Burroughs' At The Earth's Core  

A mara ndị ọchịchị nke ọma dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'agha.  Robert Rotter na T. Victor Hall akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, nke ndị edemede dị iche iche dere, The Best 100 True Stories of World War II, [1] H. Wise & Co., Inc. 1945. O akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke ya na 1934,  Pitman Publishing Corporation nke ịbụ nzọụkwụ mbụ na ụzọ [2] Ndị ọchịchị gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na-egosi na New York na ike apụ nke 20 dum.  [3] Ọ nwụrụ na 1965.

## Ntuaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Pearson, Mpịakọta nke 21, mbipụta 2
* 
* Magazin Munsey, Mpịakọta 38
* 
* Ink ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, Mpịakọta nke 107/ Foto nke T. Victor Hall
* Akwụkwọ mmado nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ
Carl Hallsthammar

Carl Hallsthammar (June 13, 1894 – Febụwarị 12, 1977) bụ onye ọkpụ ọkpụkpụ America.  Ọrụ ya bụ nke mmemme ihe ọkpụkpụ na ọdịdị nka na 1932 Summer Olympics. 

## Ntụaka
Tatjana Schneider

**Tatjana Schneider** bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye isi ugbu a Institute for History and Theory of Architecture and the City (GTAS) na Technical University Braunschweig na Germany.   Tupu nke a, ọ bụ onye nkuzi ukwu na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Architecture, Mahadum Sheffield, England na, na 2014/15, Prọfesọ maka History na Theory of the City na HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany.  O nwere Ph.D. sitere na Mahadum Strathclyde (2006), aha edemede ya bụ "Mechanisms of themed environment". 

Weebụsaịtị "Creative Economy" nke British Council na-ekwu na:

 

Schneider bụ onye nchoputa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ụlọ Glasgow Letters on Architecture and Space (GLAS, 2000-2007), yana Sheffield-based AGENCY - Transformative Research into Architectural Practice and Education na 2007 na Radical Architectures Network na 2013. 

## Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara
Akwụkwọ nke Architecture, Mahadum Sheffield,

* 
* 
* Florian Kossak, Doina Petrescu, Tatjana Schneider, Renata Tyszczuk, Stephen Walker (editors) (2009). *Agency: Working With Uncertain Architectures*. Routledge.  ISBN&nbsp;
* 

## Ntụaka
nke Architecture, Mahadum Sheffield,
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
John Bolam

**John Bolam** (1922 &#x2013; 2009  ) bụ onye omenkà post agha nke Britain.

## ndabere
A mụrụ John Bolam na 1922 na Amersham, Buckinghamshire. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ eserese na Hornsey School of Art na imepụta arịa ụlọ na High Wycombe School of Art. Site na 1970 ruo 1983 Bolam bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na kọleji nka nka na nka na Cambridge .

## Ọrụ
Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ John Bolam ka ọ na-eso ụzọ nke Neo-Romantics, ọkachasị John Piper na Graham Sutherland, mana onyonyo ya mechara wepụta onwe ya. Bolam nwekwara mmetụta siri ike site n'aka ndị omenkà French dị ka Braque na Degas yana mpaghara bekee, ọkachasị ndị Chilterns .

Emeela ihe ngosi nke ọrụ Bolam na AIA Gallery, Whitechapel Art Gallery, Arts Council Gallery, Leicester Galleries na New Art Center (ebe o mere ihe ngosi otu nwoke).

A na-enwe nnukwu nchịkọta ọha na eze nke ọrụ John Bolam na Fry Art Gallery, Saffron Walden ma ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakwa n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ihe osise dị mkpa gụnyere nke Rank Xerox, Barclays Bank na Touche Ross .

## Ntụaka
mana onyonyo ya mechara wepụta onwe ya. Bolam nwekwara ọkachasị John Piper na Graham Sutherland, mana

* Martin Salisbury, *Ndị nka na Fry*, Ruskin Press, Cambridge, 2003, p 36–37

## Njikọ mpụga

* John Bolam's "Ifuru n'ihu odida obodo"
Francis Hamabe

Francis Emritz Hamabe [1] [2] (1917 - 2002) bụ onye omenkà America sitere na ngwaọrụ Japan na Sweden.  Ọ kacha arụ ọrụ na steeti Maine.

Amara nke ọma maka akara ngosi ya, nri na ike ink Sumi, o mekwara katuun, maka ihe The New Yorker na The Philadelphia Inquirer, wee akwado .  Ọ bụ onye mbụ nkà mbụ maka Farnsworth Art Museum na onye nkụzi nkà mbụ nke Down East, Magazin nke Maine .  Na 1952 ọ nkwado ndị Maine Coast Artists (mgbe e ịhụ Center for Maine Contemporary Art ) na Denny Winters, William na Stell Shevis, William Thon, Mildred Burrage na William Kienbusch .  

Hamabe biri nwa oge na Rockport, Maine tupu ya ebie nwa oge na Blue Hill, Maine .  Ọ dị na Blue Hill Consolidated School, Mahadum Maine na Orono na Mahadum Maine na Machias .

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Na-arụ ọrụ site na ala na ụlọ Francis Hamabe https://web.archive.org/web/20240618214340/http://www.mitchell-nevinfineart.com/artists/hamabe/hamabe_main/index.html
* Akụkọ sitere na *The Ellsworth American* :
** Obituary, nwere foto na ndụ
** Ememme Puppetry School nke Blue Hill Raarara “Mr. Puppetman” Hamabe Archived
Valentine Walter Bromley

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|263x263px| ''Troilus na Cressida dị na ubi ubi Pandarus'' .
**Valentine Walter Bromley** (14 Febrụwarị 1848 &#x2013; 30 Eprel 1877) bụ onye omenkà Britain. A mụrụ ya n'ime ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama nke ndị na-ese ihe: nna nna ya, William Bromley the Younger (1769-1842), bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye mmekọ nke Royal Academy ; nna nna ya, William Bromley the Elder, bụkwa onye na-ese ihe.

Valentine Bromley nwetara nkuzi nka n'aka nna ya, William Bromley (III), onye otu Institute of British Artists . Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu, ọ ghọrọ onye mmekọ nke Institute of Painters in Water-Colours .

Bromley nwụrụ na mberede mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na itoolu na Fallows Green, Harpenden, mgbe o mechara usoro dị mkpa nke ihe atụ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ na ọrụ Shakespeare .

## Ihe osise ama ama

Usòrò:Flora_Valentine_Bromley.jpg|alt=Flora by Valentine Walter Bromley, 1874| Osisinke Valentine Walter Bromley, 1874


## Ntụaka
ihe na onye mmekọ nke Royal Academy ; nna nna ya

*
Joanna Bacon

**Joanna Bacon** bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Britain, bụ onye e depụtara aha maka ihe nrite nwanyị Architect of the Year na 2015.   Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Allies na Morrison kemgbe 1988 na ọ bụ onye njikwa.  

## Akụkọ ndụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|356x356px| 100 Bishopsgate
Joanna Bacon gụrụ akwụkwọ na Robinson College, Cambridge  n'okpuru Bob Allies si Allies na Morrison .  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1980. 

Bacon sonyeere Allies na Morrison na 1988 wee bụrụ onye mmekọ na 2001.  Ọ bụ onye mmekọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na BBC Media Village,  nrụzigharị Ụlọ Nzukọ Royal Festival  na ọrụ 100 Bishopsgate (mechara na 2011).  

## Ntụaka
maka ọrụ na BBC Media Village,  nrụzigharị Ụlọ

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Elizabeth Chesterton

**Dame Elizabeth Ursula Chesterton**, DBE (12 Ọktoba 1915 – 18 Ọgọst 2002) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye nhazi obodo.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Chesterton na 12 Ọktoba 1915 na Hampstead Garden Suburb, London .  Nna ya, Maurice Chesterton, bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ebe nne ya Dorothy Deck nwere njikọ na ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe na Bloomsbury . Nna ya na-ebikarị na saịtị ebe a na-arụ ụlọ ndị ahụ, gụnyere na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nke mere Royal Shakespeare Theatre n'okpuru Elisabeth Scott . 

Chesterton so ezinụlọ ya kwagara na Hampstead na 1920s. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ King Alfred, mgbe ahụ Queen's College,  i. 

## Ọrụ
Na 1947, Chesterton sonyeere Cambridgeshire County Council dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmepe mmepe, mgbe ahụ site na 1951, ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na Mahadum University, London dị ka onye na-enyere aka na Ruth Glass, bụ onye na-eme nchọpụta usoro atụmatụ atụmatụ agha mgbe agha gasịrị. 

. 

Ọ jere ozi na Royal Fine Art Commission, National Trust's Architectural Panel na Council Buildings Historic (nke mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke English Heritage ) site na 1970 ruo 1990s. 

A họpụtara Chesterton DBE na nkwanye ugwu ụbọchị ọmụmụ 1987 . 

Akụkọ ndụ nke mba mere ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ọnụ (C467/25) na Elizabeth Chesterton na 1997 maka nchịkọta ndụ ndụ Architects nke British Library nwere. 

## Ntụaka
mgbe ahụ Queen's College,  tupu ya na Leonard Manasseh mụọ akwụkwọ na Architectural

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ajụjụ ọnụ