open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Batoul Arafa

**Batoul Arafa** (amụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1981) bụ onye Egypt na-eduzi ihe nkiri 

## Akụkọ ndụ
Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mir de Dieu School na Alexandria, wee sonye na Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts wee gụsịa akwụkwọ site na Ngalaba Drama na 2005. Batoul duziri ọtụtụ ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri nke nwere nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma. O duziri ọtụtụ ememme ma n'ime ma n'èzí Ijipt.

## Ihe nkiri

### Usoro

* Ored Ragoln  

### Egwuregwu

* Ụlọ ọrụ chocolate (Arabic : مصنع الشوكولاتة)
* Cinderella (Arabic : سندريلا)
* Oké Ifufe (Arabic : العاصفة)
* Oge agafeela (Arabic)
* Onye Ezi Omume (Arabic : العادلون)

### Obere ihe nkiri

* Abụ nke 3 (Adam)
* Deny W Denak (Tamer Hosny)
* Fe Alb Masr (Essaf)
* ElNas El Ray'ah (Ramy Ayach & Adaweya)
* Tarekh Wy Hader (Mohamed Hassan & Rawan Eleyan)
* Habibi Ya Watan (Mohamed Fouad)

## Ebensidee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Avel de Knight

**Avel de Knight** (1923-1995) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe, ónyé nkụzi nka, na ónyé na-enyocha nka. Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, Walker Art Center, na Mahadum Richmond Museums.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ De Knight na New York. E nyèrè afọ a mụrụ ya dị ka 1921, 1923, 1925, 1931, na 1933. Nné na nnà ya si Barbados na Puerto Rico kwaga United States. Ọ bụ nwanne nwoke nke René DeKnight.

De Knight gụrụ nka na Pratt Institute site na 1941-1942. Ọ sonyeere ndị agha ma jee ozi n'otu òtù dị iche iche ruo mgbè Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ biri. N'afọ 1946, ọ kwagara Paris ebe o jiri G.I. Bill gaa École des Beaux-Arts, Académie de la Grande Chaumière, na Académie Julian.

## Ọrụ
De Knight na-ese ihe osise mmịrị ma na-emekarị usoro eserese gouache.

Ọ kụziri na Art Students League nkè New York na National Academy School of Fine Arts.

## Nchịkọta

* Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Walker Art Center
* Mahadum nke Richmond
* Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Chrysler
* Ụlọ ngosi nka nke Mahadum Lehigh

## Ihe ngosi

* Foto Afro-American 1971: Ọhụụ nke Percy Ricks, Delaware Art Museum 2021

## Edensibia


## Hụkwa

* Herbert Gentry
* Romare Bearden
Ellsworth Augustus Ausby

**Ellsworth Augustus Ausby** (ubochí isé n'ọnwa Eprel, 1942 rụo ụbọchị isii n'ọnwa Maachị, 2011) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe nkírí na ónyé nkụzi amaara màkà ọrụ ya na nnwale ya na nkwado na elu.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ ya na Portsmouth, Virginia, Ausby gàrà ma School of Visual Arts na Pratt Institute, nwéta Bachelor's of Fine Arts site na ụlọ ọrụ nke ikpeazụ. Ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ere nri na Slugsī Saloon a ma ama, ebe ya na Salvador Dalí zutere, hụ Sun Ra na-arụ ọrụ, ma hụ ka a na-agba Lee Morgan égbè.

Ọ kụziri ihe osise na School of Visual Arts site na 1979 ruo mgbè ọ nwụrụ na 2011, ma nọgide na-abụ ónyé na-ese ihe ruo mgbè ọ nwụsịrị. Ausby nwere ụmụ anọ ma lụọ di ugboro abụọ, nke mbụ bụ ónyé na-ahụ màkà nri Vertamae Smart-Grosvenor, na ónyé na-ese ihe Jamillah Jennings, ónyé ya na ya guzobere Nefer International Gallery. E guzobere gallery ahụ, nke sitere n'ụlọ ha dị na Brooklyn, na ebumnuche nke igosi ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ọbọdọ ha ma gbaa ndị nwere ego ume ịnakọta ọrụ ndị ọzọ site n'aka ndị na-eme ihe nkírí ojii.

## Ọrụ
Ausby rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ákwà, ihe ọkpụkpụ, iko, na nka arụmọrụ. Ọ na-ejikarị ụdị ọdịnala Africa na palettes arụ ọrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ya, dị ka Meditation in Blue, na-eji ụdị ihe osise Hard-edge. Ụfọdụ n'ime nka ya mgbè e mesịrị, dị ka ọrụ ya na enyo, na-egosipụta mmetụta nke Pattern na Decoration movement.

Egwú Sun Ra kpaliri ya nke ukwuu, na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ọ malitere usoro ihe osise ya nke geometric nke akpọrọ *Space Odyssey*, nke akpọrọ dị ka nke a iji gosipụta njikọ a na nkà ihe ọmụma nke Sun Raīs afrofuturist. Ọ ga-anọgide na-arụ ọrụ na usoro ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ka oge na-aga, Ausby malitere itinye ihe atọ ọzọ n'ime ọrụ ya, na-agwakọta ihe ndị dị ka sawdust n'ime ihe osise ya iji mepụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-etinye ihe ndị na-agbatị n'elu ákwà ahụ. Ọ na-ejikarị ákwà a na-agbataghị agbatị n'ọrụ ya, nke a ga-ejikọta ya na mgbidi gallery na ihe nkwado ndị ọzọ iji mepụta ọdịdị atọ dị ike màkà ngosi.
thumb|Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè Marcy Avenue nwere iko
Meditation in Blue (1998), a geometric abstraction in acrylic, dị na Saint Louis Art Museum permanent collection.

E gosipụtara ọrụ Ausby na ihe ngosi onwe onye na nke otu.

### Edensibia
Ayé Aton

**Ayé Aton** (amụrụ Robert Underwood, n'ubochí irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, 1940, Versailles, Kentucky; nwụrụ n'ubochí irí atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba,  2017, Lexington, Kentucky), bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe, ónyé na-ese onyinyo, ónyé na'ahụ màkà mgbidi, ónyé na -eti egwu na ónyé nkụzi.

Aton kụrụ ọkpọ na Sun Ra's Arkestra ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'afọ ndị 1970. Dị ka onye na-ese ihe, a maara ya màkà ihe osise ya na-emetụta mbara igwe, nke o sere n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ na n'ụlọ elu na Chicago n'oge 1960 na 1970s. O mechara bụrụ onye nkụzi nka na Baton Rouge, Louisiana, ma sụgharịa ọtụtụ narị ihe osise nka mara mma na ndị Africa, ndị Ijipt, ndị American, Afrofuturist, na ihe ndị na-enweghị atụ.

N'afọ 2013, ọkọ akụkọ ihe méré eme bụ John Corbett na onye na-ese ihe / onye édémédé bụ Glenn Ligon rụkọtara ọrụ n'akwụkwọ akpọrọ *Sun Ra + Ayé Aton*: Space, Interiors, and Exteriors, nke gosipụtara foto ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị na 1960s na nke 70s nke nnukwu murals Aton, yana ihe nkiri sitere na Sun Raás, Space is the Place.

## Ndụ na itinye aka na Sun Ra
A mụrụ Underwood na Versailles, Kentucky, wee kwaga New York n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. N'afọ 1960, ọ kwagara Chicago, n'oge onye nkuzi ya, ónyé egwu Sun Ra, si Chicago kwaga New York. Corbett dere na Underwood nọrọ oge na otu ìgwè ọmụmụ ihe nke ndị okenye na-egwu egwuregwu na Washington Park na Chicago South Side. Ọ bụ nwa okorobịa na-achọ ịmata ihe, na-ajụ ajụjụ miri emi banyéré ụdị isiokwu niile a na-amaghị ama, ọtụtụ ndị otu ọmụmụ ahụ gwakwara ya banyere Ónyé ha na-aga maka ajụjụ ndị dị otú ahụ: onye ha maara dị ka Sunny Ray [sic], onye hapụrụ ọbọdọ ahụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mànà o nwere ihe kacha mma iji nyere [Underwood] aka na ọchụchọ ihe ọmụma ya.

## Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị
N'afọ 1976, Ayé hapụrụ Arkestra wee laghachi Chicago. Ọ na-akpọ egwu na Infinite Spirit Music, bụ ndị na 1979 dekọrọ abọm Live Without Fear, nke e wepụtara na 1980 na Ancient Afrika Records.

N'afọ 1983, Aton kwagara Baton Rouge, ebe ọ ghọrọ ónyé na-akwado nka ọbọdọ ma na-akpọ ụbọ akwara n'òtù ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ.

Mgbe a chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa na 2016, ọ laghachiri Kentucky, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na nwa ya nwoke Ahmosis Aton. N'ime afọ iri abụọ ikpeazụ nke Ayé, o mepụtara ọtụtụ narị ọrụ na ákwà, akwụkwọ, na bọọdụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha egosighi ma ọ bụ bipụta ya n'ihu ọha.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Sun Ra + Ayé Aton: Space, Interiors and Exteriors, 1972 (akwụkwọ 2013) na Corbett vs. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dempsey
Nadia Hamza

**Nadia Hamza** (amụrụ na 1939 na Port Said) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Egypt, onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-ede ihe nkiri. Tupu ọ malite ọrụ nduzi, Hamza rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede, onye enyemaka na onye na-emepụta ihe. Ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi na onye edemede nke na-aga nke ọma nke a maara maka ime ihe nkiri na ndị inyom na-ekwu maka ọchịchọ na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1994, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta nke ya, Seven Stars Studio ma malite iso ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri n'Ijipt rụkọọ ọrụ. Nadia kwenyere na ndị nduzi nwanyị dị iche na ndị nwoke ibe ha n'ihe gbasara isiokwu nke ihe nkiri na otu ha si eji igwefoto. A maara ya maka igosi ụmụ nwanyị na ịma echiche ọha na eze banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ aka. A na-egosipụta àgwà nwanyị ya dị ka ndị mmeri ma lekwasị anya na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Nadia n'obodo Port Said, North nke Cairo na 1939. Hamza rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na ngalaba nka nke akwụkwọ akụkọ 'Al Goumhouriah' mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara Cairo. O mechara chọta ọrụ na magazin Egypt nke a ma ama, 'Al Kawakeb' nke dugara ya na ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị nduzi ihe nkiri. Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe na edemede ihe nkiri na Cinema Institute wee bụrụ onye na-enyere onye nkuzi ya Niazi Mustafa aka onye bụkwa onye nduzi ihe nkiri.

## Ọrụ
Ihe ngosi mbụ ya ọrụ nduzi izizi ya, Sea of Fantasy / Bahr al-awham (1984), bụ nke ndị nkatọ ihe nkiri North Africa na Middle East toro. Nadia malitere iduzi ma mepụta ihe ọhụrụ kwa afọ na Women/ Al-Nisa na 1985, Women Behind Bars/ Nisa Khalfa al-qoudban na 1986, A Womanī's Greed/Hiq Imraī'ah na 1987, The Woman and the Law/ Al-Marī'ah wa-I-qanoun na Women, Alas!/ *Imraʹah li-I-asaf* na 1988. Hamza nwetara ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye na-enyere Niazi Mustafa aka na 'Saghira Ala Al Hobb' (1966). Hamza mechara bụrụ onye a maara dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ụmụ nwanyị nke a maara maka igosi ụmụ nwanyị dịka ha dị, karịa ihe oyiyi a ma ama na ihe ngosi ndị Ijipt.

## Ihe nkiri
**Onye na-emepụta**

* *The Peacock/Al Tawoos (1982)*

**Onye nduzi**

* *Oké Osimiri nke Fantasy/ Bahr al-awham (1984)*
* *Ụmụ nwanyị/ Al-Nisa (1985)*
* *Women behind Bars/ Nisa Khalfa al-qoudban (1986)*
* *A Woman's Greed/Hiq Imraʹah (1987)*
* *Nwaanyị na Iwu / Al-Marʹah wa-I-qanoun (1988)*
* *N'ụzọ dị mwute, nwanyị/ Imraʹah li-asaf (1988)*
* *Ma'araket Alnaqeeb Nadia* (1990)
* Nesaa Sa'aleek (1991) 
* *Emra'a Wa Emra' a* (1995)
* *Wehyat Alby Wa Afraho* (2000)

**Onye na-enyere onye nduzi aka**

* *<nowiki/>'Saghira Ala Al Hobb (1966)*

## Ebensidee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Zebedee Armstrong

Zebedee B. Armstrong (n'ubochí irí na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 1911), aka Z.B. Armstrong, bụ onye na-ese ihe n'èzí nke a maara màkà kalenda ụbọchị mbibi ya.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Armstrong na McDuffie County, Georgia nso Thomson, Georgia. Ọ gàrà ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo na klas nke asatọ mgbè ọ hapụrụ wee malite ịrụ ọrụ n'ubi owuwe ihe ubi. Ọ lụrụ Ulamay Demmons na 1929 ma nwee ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. N'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na-ewepụta ogho na ugbo Mack McCormick. Ọ gbakwunyere ego a site n'iwu oche màkà ndị mmadụ nọ n'ọbọdọ ya. Otu n'ime ihe Armstrong kacha nwee nkà n'iwu ụlọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ndị e ji osisi rụọ na simenti rụọ, nke na-ewu ewu karịsịa n'ime ime Obodo n'ihi enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ụlọ akụ mgbe Great Depression gasịrị. Ebe nchekwa ndị a na-ejikarị ụdị mkpọchi dịgasị iche iche, aka, na wiil. Mgbè nwunye ya nwụsịrị na 1969, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Thomson Box Factory, nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1982.: Okpukpe 210 bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ Armstrong. Ọ bụ ónyé otu The Solomon Hodges Burial Society, otu nzukọ nke nyeere ndị ogbenye aka ịkwụ ụgwọ màkà olili ozu kwesịrị ekwesị màkà ndị ezinụlọ gafere.

## Ihe osise
N'afọ 1972, o kwuru na otu mmụọ ozi letara ya ma dọọ ya aka ná ntị na-asị, "Ógè anyị agwụla...Ụbọchị ikpe ga-abịa na ógè ole naanị Chineke maara. " Mgbè ọhụụ a gasịrị, Armstrong ghọrọ ónyé na-anọpụ iche. Ọ bịara na-elekwasị anya na Akwụkwọ Mkpughe na echiche na ógè na-abịa na njedebe.

Ọ malitere ime kalenda, n'ụdị ihe osise osisi atọ, nke ga-enyere aka ịkọ ụbọchị ụbọchị ụbọchị ikpe ga-amalite.: 211 Armstrong ga-agbakwunye grid na kalenda ndị a na-acha oji, ọbara ọbara na acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adịgide adịgide.: 211 Armstrong zoro aka na usoro a dị ka "ịtinye ógè". Ọ ga-edekwa ụbọchị na akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ na kalenda iji nyere aka ịmata ụbọchị nke Ụbọchị Ikpe. Armstrong gara n'ihu wuo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu puku na narị ise kalenda igbe na ebumnuche nke ịnwa ịchọpụta kpọmkwem ụbọchị nke ụbọchị mbibi na-abịanụ: 211 

## Nchịkọta

* Ebe ngosi nka nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Texas, Beaumont, Texas
* Morris Museum of Art, Augusta, Georgia

## Edensibia

* "Zebedee Armstrong Jr.," Chuck na Jan Rosenak, *Museum of American Folk Art Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century American Folk Art and Artists* (New York: Abbeville Press), peeji nke 3900.
Cey Adams

**Cey Adams** (b. New York, 1962) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe, ónyé na-emepụta ihe osise na onye édémédé. Ọ bụ ónyé guzobere onye nduzi okike nke Def Jam Recordings ma mara ya màkà ọrụ ya na Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, LL Cool J, Jay-Z, na Mary J. Blige. A kọwawo ya dị ka "ónyé a ma ama" màkà ọrụ ya na nhazi ihe osise hip-hop.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Adams bụ onye na-ese ihe na ngwụcha afọ irí asaá na mmalite afọ irí asatọ. Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na New York's School of Visual Arts ma mesịa gosipụta ọrụ n'ọbọdọ ahụ n'akụkụ Jean Michel Basquiat na Keith Haring. N'afọ 1982, ọ pụtara na akụkọ ihe méré eme nke PBS Style Wars banyéré ihe odide ụgbọ oloko na New York.

Cey Adams zutere Adam Horovitz na 1983, mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na Beastie Boys malitere na Adams na-emepụta mkpụrụedemede nke depụtara aha otu ahụ na mkpuchi nke 12" ha màkà Cooky Puss. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Russell Simmons 'Rush Artist Management na-emepụta akara ngosi, ahịa njem, bọọdụ mgbasa ozi, na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi màkà ndị na-ese rap gụnyere Beastie Boys, Run DMC, De La Soul, na LL Cool J.

Na ngwụcha afọ irí asatọ Adams na ónyé mmekọ ya Steve Carr guzobere Drawing Board, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà ihe nkírí nke Def Jam Recording na-ahụ ányà na-ahụkarị ụdị ihe nkírí nke ndị na-ese ihe Def Jam na ndị na-eme ihe nkírí bịanyere aka na MCA, Universal, Warner Bros., Bad Boy na BMG.

The Drawing Board mechiri na 1999 ma Adams malitere ịrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ụlọ ọrụ màkà ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Levi, Nike, HBO, Coca-Cola, Burton Snowboards, Moët & Chandon, Comedy Central, HBO, na Warner Bros.

## Mgbe Def Jam gasịrị
Adams gàrà n'ihu na-emepụta akara na akara ngosi, na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Revolver Films na Asylum Records, na ndị na-ese egwu dị iche iche dị ka Foo Fighters, Don Henley, na Mary J. Blige.

Site na 1999 - 2000 Adams rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé nduzi okike màkà Urban Magic, mmalite ịntanetị nke Magic Johnson na onyeisi oche Starbucks Howard Schultz guzobere.

N'afọ 2000, o jikọtara aka mepụta ngalaba hip-hop nke Seattle's Experience Music Project. N'afọ 2001, Dave Chappelle goro Adams ka o mepụta akara ngosi màkà ihe ngosi ọhụrụ ya, "Chappelle's Show" na Comedy Central.

N'ịsọpụrụ ncheta afọ iri anọ na anọ nke ọmụmụ Hop Hip na Ọgọst 11, 2017, Google wepụtara Doodle nke mbụ nke ya nke gosipụtara ihe ngosi omenala nke ónyé na-ese ihe osise Cey Adams, turntables mmekọrịta nke ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịgwakọta ihe nlele sitere na egwu ndị a ma ama, na ọrụ nke akụkọ Hip Hop - na-ekwusi ike na ndị ọsụ ụzọ ya. "

Na mmekorita ya na ónyé na-ese foto Janette Beckman, Adams rụrụ ọrụ na ọrụ a na-akpọ "Mash Up" ebe ndị na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo "remixed" foto Beckmanz nke ndị na-eti egwu hip hop, nke e wepụtara dị ka akwụkwọ na 2018.

Maka mmalite nke ụlọ ahịa ọhụrụ Levi na Times Square na Nọvemba, 2018, Adams bipụtara ma tinye uwe.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* [Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Cey Adams

[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nellie Mae Abrams

**Nellie Mae Abrams** (1946-2005) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe. A na-ejikọta ya na ndị otu Gee's Bend quilting collective. E gosipụtara nka ya na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston na Gund Gallery na Kenyon College, ma tinyé ya na nchịkọta nke Minneapolis Institute of Art na Philadelphia Museum of Art. Ọ bụ nwá nwanyị Annie Mae Young, ónyé bụkwa ónyé na-eme akwa.

## Edensibia
Eileen Abdulrashid

**Eileen Abdulrashid** (nke a makwaara dị ka **Elieen Nelson**) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe na ónyé omenkà nke a maara màkà ọrụ ya na enamel na ọla kọpa.

## Ndụ mmalite na ezinụlọ
Eileen Abdulrashid bụ ónyé Africa America, ọ tolitere na California wee nọrọ ógè na Illinois. Nwá nwanne nné ya bụ ónyé na-ese ihe Senga Nengudi.

Abdulrashid gụrụ akwụkwọ na School of the Art Institute of Chicago, American Academy of Art na Chicago (nkè a maara ugbu a dị ka American Academy of Arts College), na Institute of Design na Chicago ( nke jikọtara wee ghọọ Illinois Institute of Technology na 1949).

## Ọrụ
A maara Abdulrashid màkà ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America na-ese ihe na United States, *Sapphire*: You've Come a Long Way, Baby nkè emere na Suzanne Jackson's Gallery irí atọ na abụọ na Los Angeles na 1970. Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe gụnyere Betye Saar, Gloria Bohanon, Suzanne Jackson, Yvonne Cole Meo, na Senga Nengudi (nke edepụtara dị ka "S. Irons"). O mekwara ihe ngosi onwe ya na Gallery irí atọ na abụọ na 1970, The Structural Flow of Our Environment: Eileen Abdulrashid .  

Abdulrashid was one of nineteen artists featured in the Mills College Art Gallery-organized, traveling exhibition *1970 California Black Craftsmen* (1970), alongside Gloria Bohanon, Sheryle Butler, Hubert Collins, Dale Brockman Davis, Ibibio Fundi, Manuel Gomez, Vernita Henderson, Ernest Leroy Herbert, Ben James, Bob Jefferson, Doyle Lane, William Maxwell, Evangeline Montgomery, John Outterbridge, Donald R. Stinson, Carole Ward, Curtis Tann, and Harry S. Richardson. She attended the National Conference of Artists in New York with artists David Hammons, Betye Saar, and Dan Concholar in 1973.

Abdulrashid egosila n'ọtụtụ gallery na Chicago na Los Angeles. Na Chicago, o gosipụtara ọrụ na Art Institute, Fie Gallery, H. Horner Gallery, South Side Art Center, Arts Gallery, na East Gallery. Ébé ndị dị na Los Angeles gụnyere Brockman Gallery, Gallery 32, na Central 1015 Gallery. N'ihe ngosi na Foyer Gallery na Marin County Civic Center na 1975, ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe osise, eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ọrụ enamel, ha tinyere ihe dịgasị iche íchè.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Najjar Abdul-Musawwir

**Najjar Abdul-Musawwir** (amụrụ n'ubochí irí abụọ na isé n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 1958) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe na prọfesọ nke ihe osise na akụkọ ihe méré eme. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere na United States, Europe, Africa, na Eshia. Ọ na-akụzi na Southern Illinois University Carbondale's School of Art and Design.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Najjar Abdul-Musawwir tolitere na mpụga Chicago, Illinois na mpaghara Harvey. Ọ na-echeta na mbụ na-enwe mmasị na nka nka nkè nnà ya na nwá nwanne ya mèrè mgbè ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ asaa ma ọ bụ asatọ. Mana oge ọ hụrụ nka n'anya bụ na klas nke anọ, mgbè ọrụ nka ụlọ akwụkwọ nke gụnyere itinye oji n'elu agba ndị ọzọ na eserese pensụl, wee kpochapụ oji iji kpughee agba n'okpuru. O jiri ógè ahụ tụnyere "ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị na-achọpụta penicillin".

N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, a kpọgara Abdul-Musawwir n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha, Thornridge High School na Dolton, Illinois, ebe ọ nọrọ ógè ya na otu egwuregwu mmega ahụ, ebe ọ bụ ónyé nwetara ọla edo, na n'ọbá akwụkwọ, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nka. Otú ọ dị, n'akụkụ abụọ a, ọ bụ onye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ lekwasịrị anya. A na-ebibi nka nke ya mgbe ụfọdụ, na-eme ka ndị nkụzi ya kwere na ọ naghị arụ ọrụ ụlọ ya. Ọ nwetakwara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'otu egwuregwu mmega ahụ, ebe ndị otu ya ga-eme nsị n'uwe ya. N'ikpeazụ, ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ.

## Ọrụ
Ụdị nka bụ isi nke Abdul-Musawwir bụ eserese na eserese, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ụdị nka abstract, abstract expressionism, na realism. Ihe osise ya na-egosipụta njirimara ya dị ka ónyé Alakụba na ónyé Africa America yana mmasị ya na akụkọ ihe méré eme nke Islam, Africa, na Africa America. Otu n'ime ndị isi nwere mmetụta bụ ónyé nkụzi WSIU Robert Paulson. Abdul-Musawwir kwuru, sị, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere onye ọ bụla kụziiri m otú e si ese ihe, na ịhụ, na iji nwee ekele màkà agba, ọ bụ Bob Paulson". Ónyé nkụzi ọzọ nwere mmetụta bụ Larry Bernstein.

## Ihe ngosi
Abdul-Musawwir apụtala na gallery na ngosi na United States, Europe, Africa, na Eshia, gụnyere:

* Ihe ngosi onwé ónyé "State of Triple-Consciousness" na Clemens Fine Arts Center Gallery na West Kentucky Community and Technical College (2019)
* Otu akụkụ na ihe ngosi "Visions of Our 44th President," nke gara gburugburu US wee bụrụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History (2012)
* Ihe ngosi onwe onye na-ewepụta uche onye na-ese ihe: Ihe osise na ihe osise nke Najar na Surplus Gallery (2011)
* Ihe ngosi onwé ónyé, "Muhammad na-ekwu: Na-echekwa olu America," na ebe obibi na Tuanku Fauziah Museum and Gallery, Mahadum Sayensị, Malaysia (2011)
* Ihe ngosi onwe onye "From Chains to Change," na Carbondale Civic Center Corridor Gallery na nkwado nke African American Museum of Southern Illinois (2009)
* Ihe ngosi onwe onye na Mahadum Bilkent na Ankara, Turkey (2008)

## Ndụ onwe onye
O nwèrè ụmụ nwanyị anọ ma lụọ Khaleelah.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Richard Yarde

**Richard Yarde** (1939-2011) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe na prọfesọ, ónyé ọkachamara na eserese mmiri.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Nné na nnà Richard Yarde bụ ndị mbịarambịa. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-arụzi ígwè na nné ya bụ ónyé na-akwa akwa. Ọ chetara nke a dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali, na-ekwu na e nwere ụkpụrụ n'ebe niile. Ọgwụgwọ bụ isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ ya ma o si na ihe oyiyi sitere na nyocha X-ray nke ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe osise mmanụ, wee gbanwee na mmiri na 1977 ma nweta otuto ozugbo màkà ọrụ ya nke sitere na isiokwu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na America, akụkọ ezinụlọ Yarde, na ọgụ ya na nkụchi akụrụ na ọrịa strok.

Yarde kụziri nka na Mahadum Boston, Wellesley College, Amherst College, Massachusetts College of Art, Mount Holyoke College, Mahadum Massachusetts na Boston. Site na 1999-2011, ọ bụ prọfesọ nkè nka na Mahadum Massachusetts na Amherst.

## Ọrụ
Richard Yarde rụrụ ọrụ na ihe na-enweghị mgbaghara - watercolor. Ọ na-ekwu na "Mmiri na-acha ma ọ bụ na-aga nke ọma ma ọ bụ ọ naghị aga, dịka ịwa ahụ". Ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, ọ ga-etinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ na ọ nwèrè ike ọ gaghị enwe ihe ịga nke ọma na agba nke mbụ. Yarde na-emekarị ihe, mgbè ụfọdụ mgbé ọ na-ege egwu jazz. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya buru oke ibu maka onye na-ese ihe na mmiri, irí site na irí ụkwụ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ọrụ ya na-agbagha eziokwu ahụ bụ na ihe osise mmiri kwesịrị ịbụ obéré, nsụgharị márá mma nke ala ma ọ bụ okooko osisi. Ihe osise Yarde dị oke egwu nke na-egosipụta isiokwu onwé ónyé na-emetụ n'ahụ, o gosipụtara isiokwu ndị a site na iji ihe a na-akọwa dị ka translucent na temporal. Yarde sikwa n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe ndị dabeere na ọdịbendị dị iche iche, nke na-akpụzi ọrụ ya n'otú o si aghọta ụwa. Yarde nwere gallery na-egosi dabere na isiokwu a.

### Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

* *Ringshout* bụ màkà emume ohu, nke ndị na-efe ofufe na-agagharị n'akụkụ elekere, na-akụ aka, na-eti aka ma na-abụ abụ nke na-ebute ọgwụgwọ na mgbanwe. Ihe osise Yarde na-arụ ọrụ mgbè niile na grid, ụkpụrụ, na onyinyo onwé ónyé.
* Coming and Going Nọmba izizi bụ mural - nnukwu ihe na-acha mmiri. N'ihe odide dị n'akụkụ ihe osise ahụ, Yarde na-akọwa ọnọdụ jazz n'ọrụ ya, na ihe mere o ji jiri grid nke oge a.
* Mojo Hand, ọrụ Yarde kachasị ukwuu, bụ X-ray nke ahụ nwanyị na-ese n'elu ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Yarde kwuru na aka ya gbara onyinyo ahụ gburugburu iji gosipụta ike mmetụ mmadụ n'ihi ike ọgwụgwọ ọ nwere.
* Foto nke onye nkuzi Inman Page, nchịkọta nke Mahadum Brown, 1979. Yarde mepụtara ihe ọmụmụ mmiri na ihe osise mmanụ nke Page maka emume na-asọpụrụ onye edemede Ralph Ellison, dịka Brown alumnus Page bụ onye nduzi Ellison. E nyere Ellison ihe osise mmiri ahụ, a kwụkwara mmanụ ahụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ John Hay nke Brown.
* *John William Ward* - Portrait of Amherst College President nke kwụ n'elu na Johnson Chapel.

## Ihe odide
Arthur Rose Sr.

**Arthur Rose Sr**. (Ubochí irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Mée, 1921 rụo ụbọchị irí na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 1995) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe, ónyé na-ese ọkpụkpụ, na prọfesọ.  E gosipụtara ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ihe ngosi ọha na eze na United States.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Rose bụ ónyé Africa America.
A mụrụ Arthur Rose Sr. na Charleston, South Carolina na úbọchị irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Mée, 1921.

### Ọrụ Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ
N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1942, ọ debanyere aha na ndị agha mmiri, na-eje ozi ruo na úbọchị isii n'ọnwa Disemba, 1945, mgbè a chụrụ ya n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù.

### Agụmakwụkwọ
Rose gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Claflin na 1950, na-aghọ nwa akwụkwọ nke abụọ n'akụkọ ihe méré eme nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji nweta nzèrè na nka.  N'ịchọ ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, Rose gàrà Mahadum New York ma mụọ n'okpuru ọtụtụ ndị omenkà a ma ama, gụnyere Hale Woodruff, nweta nzèrè masta ya na 1952.

### Afọ ndị ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ
N'afọ 1952, Rose laghachiri Claflin, nyere aka guzobe Ngalaba nka nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ma jee ozi dị ka ónyé isi oche ya ruo n'afọ 1976.  N'afọ 1977, ọ gafere na Voorhees College, wee bụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-aga n'ihu na-akụzi ruo n'afọ 1991.  Ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'okpuru nkuzi ya dara ogbenye.  Ọ bụghị naanị na Rose ga-akpọ ha n'ụlọ ya màkà nri, kamakwa ọ ga-enye ha ihe osise.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ga-aga n'ihu na nka na ọrụ nkuzi nke ha.  Otu n'ime ha, Leo Twiggs, ga-enyere aka guzobe mmemme nka na ebe ngosi nka na South Carolina State College.

E guzobere ebe ngosi nka n'aha ya na Claflin.

O nwere ụmụ anọ: Patricia A. Rose (nwụrụ anwụ), Arthur Rose Jr., Bernard H. Rose, na Marcia L. Rose.

## Edensibia

* Onye edemede Rose The Johnson Collection, LLC (Spartanburg, SC)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20180927131049/https://www.greenville.k12.sc.us/gvilleh/news/Blair%20Wim%20Catalogue%20Essay.doc

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Arthur Rose
Romulus C. Archer

Romulus C. Archer Jr. (Maachị 11, 1890 ruo Nọvemba 29, 1968) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Onye Afrịka Amerịka, a na-eto ya maka imepụta Mahadum Virginia nke Lynchburg (nke mbụ bụ Lynchburg Baptist Seminary) na Lynchburg, Virginia na Saint Paul African Union Methodist Church na Washington D.C. A na-edepụta ha abụọ na National Register of Historic Places.

A mụrụ ya na Norfolk, Virginia. Nna ya bụ Romulus Cornelius Archer na nne ya Mary Poindexter Archer. Ọ lụrụ onye nkuzi na onye isi ikike obodo bụ Louise Archer.

Architect James Alonzo Plater malitere ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ maka Archer site na 1934 ruo 1936 tupu ọ kwaga Philadelphia. Onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ John B. Holloway Jr. (1913 ruo 1983) rụrụ ọrụ maka ya obere oge n'ihe dị ka 1938. Holloway na Archer mepụtara ebe obibi na Eastland Gardens.
E gosipụtara Archer na *Jet* na foto mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ihe nrite site na Washington Board of Trade.

Ọrụ Archer gụnyere ebe obibi, ụlọ ahịa, ụlọ obibi na ụlọ ụka dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Brookland nke Washington DC.

E liri ya na Arlington National Cemetery.

## Ọrụ
Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ gụnyere:

* Virginia University of Lynchburg
* Saint Paul African Union Methodist Church (1924), Washington, D.C., nke edepụtara na National Register of Historic Places

## Edensibia
Ellis Wilson

**Ellis Wilson** (ubochí irí abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel 1899 rụo ụbọchị abụọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1977) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe na-ejikọta ya na Harlem Renaissance.

## Akụkọ ndụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ahịa Ochie Charleston

### <u>Ndụ Mbido</u>
A mụrụ Wilson na 1899 na Mayfield, Kentucky. Nné na nnà ya bụ Frank na Minnie Wilson. Frank Wilson bụ ónyé na-akpụ isi na onye na-ese ihe. Wilson gàrà Mayfield Colored Grade School. O mechara gaa Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute na Frankfort ruo afọ abụọ, mana a hapụrụ ya ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na ọrụ ugbo na agụmakwụkwọ. N'inwe mmasị n'ịmụ nka, Wilson hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu wee kwaga Chicago ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nka ya na 1923 ma bírí na Chicago màkà afọ ise sochirinụ, na-achọ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-ese ihe azụmahịa.

### <u>Harlem Renaissance na mgbe ọ gasịrị</u>
N'afọ 1928, Wilson kwagara Harlem, New York, ébé ọ sonyeere Harlem Artists Guild ma rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa. Mgbè Ellis rutere na New York, ndị na-ese ihe ojii enweghị ike igosi ọrụ ha na gallery ndị a ma ama. Ọ ghọrọ ónyé otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke Harlem Renaissance, mgbalị jikọrọ aka iji kwalite ma gosipụta ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe ojii. Ellis sonyere n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi metụtara mmegharị ahụ.

Wilson rụrụ ọrụ màkà Federal Art Project site na 1935 ruo 1940. E nyekwara ya ọrụ ịmepụta triptychs màkà ndị ụkọchukwu US Army na Navy. N'afọ 1944, e nyèrè ya Guggenheim Fellowship ma mesịa gaa n'ebe ndịda United States. Wilson nwèrè mmasị dị ukwuu na Haiti ma na-eleta mba ahụ mgbè niile malite na 1952. Mmasị ya màkà mba ahụ na ndị ya gosipụtara na ume nke ihe osise n'oge ahụ.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ Ochie Charleston
Dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Samella Lewis, si kwuo, "Wilson na-emepụta ihe zuru oke na usoro nhazi dị mgbagwoju anya...N'iji agba mee ihe n'ụzọ siri ike, ihe osise ya na-egosipụta ụdị dị n'otu na nke onwe ya nke jikọtara akụkụ nke Expressionism na Realism nke oge a. Mgbagwoju anya ya siri ike, otu n'ime akụkụ nke Expressionism, pụtara ìhè n'ihe ndị dị ka Bird Vendor. Ọ bụ ezie na Wilson nwèrè ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ma merie ọtụtụ ihe nrite màkà ihe osise ya, ọ dịghị mgbè ọ bara ọgaranya.

### <u>Ọnwụ</u>
Onye bi na Cornish Arms Home for Adults, ọ nwụrụ na French Hospital na Sunday, Jenụwarị 2, 1977 mgbe ọ dị afọ 76, mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa izu abụọ, e lie ya n'ili onye ogbenye. A maghị kpọmkwem ebe ili ya dị.
 
E gosipụtara ihe osise Ellis Wilson "Funeral Procession" na *ihe* nkiri telivishọn NBC nke America The Cosby Show, na Oge 2, "The Auction". N'ihe omume a, Clair Huxtable, nke Phylicia Rashad gosipụtara, na-etinye ego na ihe osise ahụ site n'aka nwanne nna ya (Ellis Wilson) ma ọ merie na ire ere. Ihe osise ahụ na-anọgide na ụlọ obibi Huxtable n'usoro ahụ dum.

## Hụkwa

* *Nzukọ olili ozu (ihe osise)*

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

; *Ememe Ellis Wilson*, nke Eva F. Kin dere

* Ellis Wilson: Mayfield gaa Chicago
* Ellis Wilson: Chicago gaa New York
* Ellis Wilson: New York gaa na Points South
* Ellis Wilson: Ndịda gaa Haiti
* Ellis Wilson: Laghachi n'Ụlọ Ọzọ
Louis Arnett Stuart Bellinger

thumb
**Louis Arnett Stuart Bellinger** (b. Septemba 29, 1891 na Sumter, SC; nwụrụ. Febụwarị 3, 1946 na Pittsburgh, PA) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke na-ahụ maka imepụta ụlọ ndị dị mkpa na nso Pittsburgh.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
Bellinger nwetara nzere bachelọ na Architecture na Mahadum Howard n'afọ 1914. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara Philadelphia, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kụziri mgbakọ na mwepụ na Florida na Mahadum Allen na South Carolina. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị agha US na 1917, na-enweta ọzụzụ na Fort Des Moines. N'afọ 1919, Bellinger na nwunye ya Ethel kwagara Pittsburgh, onye kụziri egwu (na mbụ na nzuzo ma mesịa na Robert L. Vann Elementary School). 

Na mbido na n'etiti afọ 1920, Bellinger rụrụ ọrụ n'ọfịs nke City Architect nke Pittsburgh, na-emepụta ụlọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii, ụlọ ọrụ na ogige ntụrụndụ obodo, na nke kachasị, ogige baseball a na-akpọ Central Park. N'afọ 1926, o guzobere ọrụ onwe ya, otu n'ime atụmatụ mbụ ya n'afọ ahụ bụ African Methodist Episcopal Book Concern na 716 S. 19th. St., Philadelphia (nke a kwatuworo ugbu a).  N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe na-erughị iri isii African-American architects.

Na ngwụcha afọ 1920 na 1930, Bellinger mepụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ dị mkpa na Pittsburgh, gụnyere New Granada Theater na Hill District, nke e mere maka Knights of Pythias. Ihe owuwu a ka guzo ma gbakwunye ya na Ndepụta nke City of Pittsburgh akụkọ ihe mere eme na Ọktoba 8, 2004, Ndepụta nke Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks na 2007, na National Register of Historic Places na December 27, 2010. N'afọ 1931, Bellinger mepụtara Greenlee Field maka Gus Greenlee, nke ndị otu egwuregwu baseball Negro league ji mee ihe.  Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ nke Pittsburgh site na Bellinger gụnyere duplex ya na Ethel na 530 Francis St., ụlọ obibi dị na Centre Ave. na Wylie Ave., na mmezigharị nke ụka na Wilkinsburg na East Liberty.

N'afọ 1932, Bellinger gbara ọsọ dị ka onye Republican maka United States Congress. Nanị onye isi ojii (nke ise) na ntuli aka nke iri atọ na abụọ nke Pennsylvania, a họpụtabeghị ya.

Na ngwụcha afọ 1930, Bellinger kwụsịrị ọrụ onwe ya ma rụọ ọrụ n'obodo ahụ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye nyocha ụlọ.  N'afọ 1945 na 1946, o mepụtara ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọhụrụ na imezigharị ụlọ ọha na eze na nke onwe.  

Bellinger nwụrụ n'ihi ọbara ọgbụgba n'ụbụrụ na Febụwarị 3, 1946.  E liri ya na Allegheny Cemetery.

Albert M. Tanner na-ekwu maka mkpa Bellinger dị: "A na-achọta ihe *ndị* a na-ezo aka na Louis A. S. Bellinger na Negro Artists: An Illustrated Review of Their Achievements (New York: Harmon Foundation, 1935), Theresa Dickason Cederholm, Afro-American Artists: A Bio-bibliographical Directory (Boston Public Library, 1973), na Who Was Who in American Art 1564-1975 (Madison, CT: Sound View Press, 1999). Akụkọ zuru ezu banyere ndụ ya na ọrụ ya pụtara na Afrịka-Amerịka Architects: A Biographical Dictionary 1865-1945 (New York: Routledge, 2004).

## Edensibia

* Albert M. Tannler: "Pittsburgh's African-American Architect Louis Bellinger and the New Granada Theater". Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation. Mee 7, 2006.
Joseph Haygood Blodgett

**Joseph Haygood Blodgett** (1858 ruo 1934), nke a na-akpọkarị J. H. Blodgettqa, bụ onye Afrịka Amerịka na-arụ ọrụ ngo na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, bi ma na-arụkọ ọrụ na Jacksonville, Florida, n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Blodgett n'ohu na Augusta, Georgia na Febụwarị 8, 1858. Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ hapụrụ ugbo ahụ wee gaa Summerville, South Carolina, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ma mesịa guzobe azụmahịa nke ya, gụnyere ọrụ drayage na osisi, tupu ọ tụgharịa n'ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ dara ogbenye, ọ kwagara Jacksonville, na-arụ ọrụ maka ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè tupu ọ maliteghachi ụfọdụ ọrụ azụmaahịa mbụ ya, gụnyere ebe ọzọ a na-egbu osisi. N'afọ 1898, ọ banyere n'azụmahịa nkwekọrịta oge niile ma bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ n'obodo ahụ na-agbasawanye.

Mgbe nnukwu ọkụ nke Jacksonville nke 1901, nke kpochapụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ahụ n'onwe ya, Blodgett sonyeere iwughachi obodo ahụ ngwa ngwa. Ka ọ na-erule 1919, e mere atụmatụ na ụlọ ọrụ ya nwere ihe karịrị ụlọ narị abụọ na iri ise, ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka ọ na-etinye ego. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a bụ obere ụlọ e wuru n'ógbè ndị Afrịka Amerịka nke obodo ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụkwa ya na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ buru ibu na Craftsman na Colonial Revival styles, gụnyere nke ya, nke a na-akpọ "Blodgett Villa," n'oge gara aga na West 8th Street na Jacksonville. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ na Georgia, Massachusetts, North Carolina na Oklahoma. N'ihi ọrịa na-ada ada, ọ lara ezumike nká na azụmaahịa na 1920s. N'oge ọnwụ ya, nke mere na Jụn 5, 1934, a na-eche na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Afrịka Amerịka kacha baa ọgaranya na Florida.

E bibiri ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ Blodgett dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị imezigharị obodo na obodo ndị Afrịka Amerịka nke Jacksonville. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ, karịsịa ebe obibi, ka dị:

* Mortuary for Lawton L. Pratt, 525 W Beaver St, Jacksonville, Florida (1915)
* House for Joseph H. Blodgett, 1241 na 1251 Hart St, Jacksonville, Florida (enweghị ụbọchị)
* House for Joseph H. Blodgett, 1441 na 1447 N Myrtle Ave, Jacksonville, Florida (enweghị ụbọchị)
* House for Joseph H. Blodgett, 1476 na 1480 N Myrtle Ave, Jacksonville, Florida (enweghị ụbọchị)

## Ndụ onwe onye na ihe nketa
Na mgbakwunye na ihe ịga nke ọma azụmaahịa ya, a maara Blodgett dị ka onye isi obodo. Mgbe ọkụ ahụ mere n'afọ 1901, ọ bụ onye nduzi nke otu enyemaka iji hazie enyemaka n'ime obodo ndị Afrịka Amerịka. Blodgett kwadokwara ngalaba mpaghara nke Negro Business League, yana Edward Waters College na ụka ya.

Blodgett lụrụ na 1894, Sallie A. Barnes nke Bamberg, South Carolina.

Blodgett bụ aha Blodgettqa, nnukwu ụlọ ọha na eze e wuru na 1942 na Jacksonville, yana nke nọchiri ya, Blodgetta Villas.

## Edensibia
J. Max Bond Jr.

J. Max Bond Jr. (Febụwarị 18, 2009) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Ọ zụlitere mmasị n'ihe owuwu dabere na ahụmịhe sitere na ikiri steepụ na ụlọ ihi ụra na Tuskegee Institute na echiche nke ụdị owuwu North Afrịka na nleta na Tunisia. Ọ ghọrọ otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-ewu ụlọ na mba Afrịka na Amerịka. Ọ lụrụ onye edemede Jean Carey Bond na 1961 ma ha nwere ụmụ abụọ.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Bond gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ebe e nyere ya nzere bachelọ na 1955 wee nweta nzere masta afọ atọ ka e mesịrị. N'oge ọ nọ na Harvard, ọ bụ otu n'ime otu ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii iri na otu nke ihe mberede ọkụ gbara n'ihu ụlọ ihi ụra ha, Stoughton Hall. O leghaara ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka onye otu ngalaba Harvard anya ka ọ kwụsị ịchụso ụlọ n'ihi agbụrụ ya, na-emeri ihe mgbochi n'ihe bụ ọrụ ndị ọcha n'oge ahụ.

## Ọrụ
Ọ malitere ọrụ ọkachamara ya na France na André Wogenscky. Ọ laghachiri na New York City, na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Gruzen & Partners na Pedersen & Tilney. Ọ kwagara Ghana ebe o mepụtara ọtụtụ ụlọ gọọmentị, gụnyere Ọbá Akwụkwọ Ógbè Bolgatanga n'ógbè dị nso n'ókè ya na Burkina Faso, nke nwere ụlọ anọ nke nwere onyinyo nke elu ụlọ nkịtị nke e mere iji nye ikuku okike ma mee ka ikuku oyi ghara ịdị mkpa. Ọ nọ na Ghana site na 1964 ruo 1967.

Laa azụ na United States, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke Kọmitii Nweghachi Ndị Ọdịdị na Harlem (ARCH) na 1967 na 1968. N'afọ 1970, ya na Donald P. Ryder, hiwere ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe owuwu nke Bond Ryder & Associates nke na-ahụ anya maka imepụta Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change na Atlanta, na Birmingham Civil Rights Institute na Birmingham, Alabama, yana Harlem's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture.

Bond jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke ngalaba ihe owuwu na Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture and Planning site na 1980 ruo 1984. Ọ bụ dean site na 1985 ruo 1992 na City College of New York School of Architecture and Environmental Studies. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu New York City Planning Commission site na 1980 ruo 1986.

## Ọnwụ na ezinụlọ
Onye bi na Manhattan nke New York, Bond nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ na Febụwarị 18, 2009. Nwunye ya, onye edemede Jean Carey Bond, ụmụ abụọ, ụmụ ụmụ atọ, nwanne nwanyị na nwanne nwoke hapụrụ ya.

Nna ya bụ J. Max Bond Sr., Onye isi oche nke Mahadum Liberia. Nne ya bụ Ruth Clement Bond, nwanne ya nwanyị bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Jane Clement Bond na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Prọfesọ. George C. Bond (Columbia University/Teachers College).  Nwanne nna ya bụ Horace Mann Bond, nwa nwanne ya bụ Julian Bond.

## Edensibia
Thomas Boyde Jr.

**Thomas Wilson Boyde Jr** bụ onye Afrịka Amerịka mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of Architecture nke Mahadum Syracuse na onye Afrịka Amerịka nke mbụ na Rochester, New York.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Boyde bụ nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ anọ. A jụrụ ya ịbanye na West Point na 1923, ọ gara mahadum anọ n'ime afọ ise, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1928 na Baccalaureate na ihe owuwu site na School of Architecture nke Mahadum Syracuse. N'ime afọ ise sochirinụ, o nwere ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ anọ, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ New York State.

## Ọrụ
Mgbe onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Rochester nke mechara kpọọ Monroe Community Hospital were Boyde n'ọrụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-enyere ya aka, ụdị ịchọ mma nke windo nkuku na mgbidi gbagọrọ agbagọ nwere ohere ịzụlite. Nke a dugara n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na, mgbe e mesịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ nke ya. Ndepụta ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe karịrị ebe azụmahịa iri atọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ihe onwunwe onwe onye. Ụdị nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu n'ime atụmatụ ya bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.

Akwụkwọ ya bụ akụkụ nke Rochester Museum na Science Center's collections. Akụkọ akụkọ TV nke 2020 kwuru na "Ihe kpọmkwem na-ahụ maka imepụta ka na-arụrịta ụka taa".  A mara ọkwa ọrụ $300,000 "iji kwado nyocha ọdịbendị nke ụlọ Thomas W. Boyde Jr." n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.

## Ndụ onwe onye
Ọ lụrụ nwunye mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ. Ya na onye bụbu Jennie Jones nwere ụmụ atọ. Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na ndụ ya, ọ rịara ọrịa multiple sclerosis ma nwụọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na ise.

## Edensibia
Richard Lewis Brown

**Richard Lewis Brown Sr**., nke a maara dị ka R. L. Brown (1854 ruo 1948), bụ onye na-ewu ụlọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị steeti bi na Jacksonville, Florida. Onye Afrịka Amerịka, a mụrụ Brown na South Carolina ma soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga Florida mgbe Agha Obodo America gasịrị, nke mbụ gaa Lake City na Jacksonville. Ọ lụrụ di n'afọ 1875 ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọkwá nkà, onye ọrụ ugbo, na onye ozi. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ugboro abụọ na Florida House of Representatives site na 1881 ruo 1884. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ iwu ụlọ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Duval County ma nwee ụlọ akwụkwọ aha ya. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ ngo maka Centennial Hall na Edward Waters College. R.L. Brown bụkwa onye otu Omega Psi Phi fraternity na onye otu charter maka isi Jacksonville.

## Hụkwa

* African American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era

## Edensibia
Earle Wilton Richardson

**Earle Wilton Richardson**, (1912 rụo 1935) bụ ónyé Africa-America na-ese ihe nke a ma ama karịsịa màkà ihe osise mmanụ nke ụbọchị ya site na 1934 nke akpọrọ Employment of Negroes in Agriculture .

Ihe osise a dị ugbu a (size 48 × 32 inches) na-egosi ụmụ nwoke abụọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ na-arụ ọrụ ogho Black, otu n'ime ha bụ nwatakịrị, na steeti Southern a na-amaghị aha ya na-etinye ogho n'ime bales. Dị ka ọtụtụ ihe osise ndị ọzọ n'oge ahụ, e nyèrè ihe osise ahụ ọrụ ma kwado ya n'okpuru New Deal. Richardson gbùrù onwé ya n'afọ sochirinụ. A mụrụ ya ma bírí na New York City, NY.

"Richardson na ónyé na-ese ihe ibe ya Malvin Gray Johnson mere atụmatụ ikwu ihe banyéré akụkọ *ihe* méré eme na nkwa nke ndị isi ojii na usoro mural ha Negro Achievement, nke a ga-etinye na New York Public Library South 135th Street Branch, mana ọ dịghị nwa okorobịa biri ogologo ógè iji mezue ọrụ ahụ. "

"Mgbe ọrịa mberede na ọnwụ mberede nke Johnson na Nọvemba 1934, Richardson gàrà n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ mural ha. Mana n'ime otu afọ, ya onwe ya nwụkwara; ọ na-arịa ọrịa na oyi na obi mgbawa màkà ọnwụ Johnson, ónyé bụbu ónyé ọ hụrụ n'anya, Richardson si na windo ụlọ ya dị na okpukpu nke anọ wụpụ wee nwụọ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya na Disemba 1935.

## Ọrụ

* Profile nkè nwa agbọghọ ojii, 1932
* *Benjamin Banneker*, 1934
* *Columbus Ndị agha*, 1934
* *Ọrụ* nke ndị isi ojii n'ọrụ ugbo, 1934

## Akwụkwọ

* Alejandro Anreus, Diana L. Linden, Jonathan Weinberg (Editors), The Social and the Real: Political Art of the 1930s in the Western Hemisphere, Penn State Press, 2005,  

## Edensibia
Ayana V. Jackson

Ayana V. Jackson (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ ónyé America na-ese foto na ónyé na-eme ihe nkírí. A mụrụ ya na Livingston, New Jersey, ọ natara B.A. ya na Sociology na Spelman College na 1999.  N'afọ 2005, mgbè prọfesọ Katharina Sieverding kpọrọ ya, ọ gụrụ echiche dị oke egwu na nnukwu mbipụta na Mahadum nke Arts Berlin. A maara ya nke ọma màkà ilekwasị anya na Africa nkè ógè a na African Diaspora, ọkachasị usoro African by Legacy, Mexican by Birth, Leapfrog (obere nke ndị ọzọ) Grand Matron Army, na Archival Impulse.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Ayana Vellissia Jackson na Livingston, New Jersey ma zụlite na East Orange, New Jersey ebe ezinụlọ ya biri ogologo ógè. Nne nne ya Angenetta Still Jackson, bụ nwa Leah Arthur Jones[1] so n'ezinụlọ guzobere Black Settlement mbụ nke New Jersey, Lawnside, New Jersey. Nna nna ya, J. Garfield Jackson, bụ ónyé isi Africa America mbụ nke Essex County. Ọbọdọ East Orange mechara gụọ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Jackson Academy n'aha ya. Ọ gàrà Ghana n'afọ 2001, ebe ọ gara ụlọ ezinụlọ ya na North Odorkor. N'oge njem a, o mepụtara usoro foto mbụ ya, "Full Circle: A Survey of Hip Hop in Ghana".

## Ọrụ foto
Jackson malitere ịmụ sociology na foto n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Spelman College. Ọ gàrà n'ihu na ọzụzụ ya mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum nke Arts nke Berlin, na usoro ebe obibi foto gụnyere Bakery Photographic Collective na Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris, France.

Her photographic series "Full Circle: A Survey of Hip Hop in Ghana," "Viajes Personales," and "African by Legacy, Mexican by Birth" have been exhibited in association with Gallery MOMO (Johannesburg, RSA), Rush Arts Gallery (US), A Gathering of the Tribes (US), Galerie Peter Herrmann (Germany), Mexican Museum (US) the Franklin H. Williams CCC/African Diaspora Institute (US) and Culturesfrance (FR), the US State Department and the World Bank.

Ọ natara ònyìnyé site na Inter-American Foundation na Puma Creative; nke ikpeazụ kwadoro òkè ya na 2009 Bamako African Photography Biennial (Rencontres africaines de la photographie).

## Ihe nkiri
Jackson, Ayana V. na Marco Villalobos, Rompiendo el Silencio, nkeji iri na abụọ Spanish / English subtitles

Na mmekorita ya na ónyé édémédé na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Marco Villalobos, Rompiendo el Silencio bụ ọrụ Jackson & Villalobes na-arụ na ọhụụ ụda. Ntụgharị uche banyere ọgụ nkịtị, ememe nke ịdị iche iche, na ntụgharị uche banyere mmalite nke maroonage nke oge a. Rompiendo el Silencio na-akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme na ịdị ngwa n'ebe a na ugbu a. Ihe nkiri a jikọtara akụkọ onye mbụ na ihe oyiyi ndị Jackson na Villalobos weghaara na Super 8. Ihe osise ụda nke Marco Villalobos dere na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị e mere n'oge njem ha na 2003 na 2005.

## Ihe ngosi

### Naanị ya

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ayana V. Jackson Official Website
* Bamako Encounters Webpage
* Bamako Encounters web slideshow on Le Point (French News Publication)
* Exhibition announcement (World Bank Art Program)
* Gallery MOMO, Johannesburg, South Africa
* Galerie Peter Herrmann, Berlin Germany

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Leslie Hewitt

**Leslie Hewitt** (amụrụ n'afọ 1977, Saint Albans, Queens) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nkírí nke ógè a.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Leslie Hewitt na 1977 na Saint Albans, Queens na New York City. Hewitt nwetara B.F.A. site na Cooper Union's School of Art na 2000 ma mesịa nweta M.F. A. site na Mahadum Yale na 2004. Ọ gụrụ Africana Studies and Cultural Studies na Mahadum New York site na 2001 ruo 2003. Hewitt enweela ebe óbíbí na Core Program nà The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, The Studio Museum na Harlem, na Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture.

## Ndụ onwe onye
"A kọwaala Hewitt dị ka ónyé otu ọgbọ na-ahụ màkà ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, nke na-aghọta mmegharị nkè ihe ndị ruere mmadụ site na ihe oyiyi na ederede karịa ahụmịhe kpọmkwem. Karịsịa, ọ bụ ọgbọ na-etolite n'èzí onyinyo nkè mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ngwa, na nke nwekwara mmekọrịta pụrụ iche na foto. "

## Ọrụ
Hewitt na-enyocha akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na nké onwé ya site na foto, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ntinye pụrụ iche. Ọrụ ya dịgasị iche iche site na obérè ihe ndị e dere na foto ndị dị ka bọọdụ mgbasa ozi nke na-anọdụ n'ime okpokoro osisi nke na-adabere na mgbidi ma na-akpọ ndị na-ekiri ka ha nwee ohere dị n'etiti ihe ọkpụkpụ na foto ọdịnala. Ọ na-ezo aka n'echiche nke na-abụghị nke ahịrị na nghọta abụọ site na nhazi nke ihe sitere na ọdịbendị a ma ama na ihe ndị na-adịghị adịte aka. O nwèrè mmasị n'otú anyị si dabere na ihe oyiyi iji nye ncheta nke ahụmịhe onwé ónyé, otu esi eme ka ncheta nke ihe ndị méré n'oge gárá aga bụrụ ma chekwaa, yana otu ha abụọ si ejikọta, dịrị, ma gwa ibe ha. Hewitt na-adọta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ya site na omenala ndị isi ojii na-ewu ewu nke afọ 1970 na afọ 1980. Ihe ndị dị ka teepu VHS nke ihe nkiri ojii, akwụkwọ ndị e dere ede, na akwụkwọ Alex Haley na Eldridge Cleaver na-apụtakarị na foto ya ma ọ bụ biri n'ime nrụnye ya.

Hewitt nwere nnukwu ebe obibi na akụkọ ihe méré eme. N'afọ 2007, ọ nọrọ oge dị ukwuu na Houston na-ekere òkè na Core Program ma jee ozi dị ka Project Row Houses / Core Fellow site na 2006 Xia07. Hewitt sonyere na 2008 Whitney Biennial na mpempe akwụkwọ ya Make it Plain ma nata onyinye nyocha nke 2008 Art Matters iji gaa Netherlands iji nyochaa ihe osise ndụ Dutch nke e mepụtara n'oge ahịa ohu Trans-Atlantic na Rijksmuseum na Holland. Site na 200910 Hewitt bụ onye Mildred Londa Weisman dị ka akụkụ nke Radcliffe Institute Fellowship na Mahadum Harvard. N'oge mkpakọrịta ya, Hewitt nyochara mmalite nke igwefoto obscura ma jiri igwefoto dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji nyochaa ncheta ọdịbendị site na iwu ihe ndị na-adịru nwa ógè. Site n'ịde ma na-ese foto ugboro ugboro na nhazi ya, ọ na-ejide mgbanwe na ìhè ehihie, ike ndọda, na nghọta.

## Ihe ngosi onwe onye

## Onyinye

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Sikkema Jenkins & Co
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Malkia Roberts

**Lucille Malkia Roberts** (1927-2004) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ ya na Washington, D.C., Roberts nwetara nzèrè bachelọ ya na Mahadum Howard na nzèrè Master of Fine Arts na Mahadim Michigan. Roberts kụziri màkà ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze DC n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, gụnyere Duke Ellington School for the Arts na Shaw Junior High School, ebe ọ kụziri n'akụkụ Alma Thomas ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke nka na akụkọ ihe méré eme na DC Teachers College, State University of New York na Oswego, Washington Technical Institute na American University. Ọ gàrà ọtụtụ ébé n'oge ọrụ ya, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya sitere na isiokwu na isiokwu ndị Afrịka. Roberts mụkwara akwụkwọ na Hale Woodruff ma kụzie na Mahadum Howard site na 1976 ruo 1985. O gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe, a na-egosikwa ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta onwé na nke ọha.

## Ihe odide