open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Mohamed Abla

**Mohamed Abla** bụ onye Ijipt na-ese ihe nke a maara maka ihe osise ya nke ihe nkiri na-enweghị atụ na Ijipt. A mụrụ ya na 1953 na Belqas, Mansoura na Northern Egypt, ebe ọ nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1973, Abla kwagara Alexandria, wee sonye na ngalaba ochichi okpuru na miri nmaka nka mara mma na Mahadum Alexandria. N'afọ 1977, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ wee kwaga Cairo ebe ọ ga-emecha ọrụ agha iwu.

## Mmalite ọrụ
N'afọ 1978, Abla malitere njem agụmakwụkwọ afọ asaa na Europe.  E gosipụtara ọrụ Abla na nke mbụ ya n'ihe ngosi enyo nke ọma karị nke ịbụ onwe onye na Hohmann Gallery na ugwu Germany na 1979, na AAI Gallery na Vienna.[1] N'afọ 1981, ọ gụrụ ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ na Arts and Industries College na Zürich, Switzerland.[1] Abla wee mụọ ihe osise na Austria n'afọ sochirinụ.

## Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru
N'afọ 1996, Abla ritere ihe nrite mbụ na Kuwait Biennale na Grand Prix na Alexandria Biennale n'afọ 1997.  N'oge na-adịghị anya, n'ọnwa nke isii Ọktoba afọ 1998, ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ ọrụ ya mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ya gbara ọkụ.[1]

N'afọ 2007, Abla guzobere The Fayoum Art Center, oghere maka ndị na-ese ihe iji zute, rụọ ọrụ ma rụkọọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ akpọrọ nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nsọ nke International Summer Academy na Salzburg ebe Alba na-akụzi ihe. Ọ dị n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Qarun na Fayoum, ugwu, ájá na nkwụ gbara ya gburugburu.[2] Ọ dịkwa nso na nsụda mmiri Wadi Elrayan na ebe paleontological Wadi Al-Hitan, nke kpaliri ndị na-ese ihe nkiri.[2]

N'afọ 2009, Abla guzobere ebe ngosi nka caricature mbụ na Middle East. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ dị na Tunis artist colony na Fayoum, ma nwee nnukwu nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin ederede itinye ihe méré ótù nkiri nke malitere na mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Ọ bụ Abla nyere ụlọ ya ma onye Ijipt na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Adel Fahmy.[2]

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Islam el Azzazi

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na El-Warsha Theatre Company  ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nkuzi ndị na-eme ihe nkiri yana akụkụ ọzara nke ịrụ ọrụ na foto na ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri.

Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu mmepụta ihe nkiri onwe ya "SEMAT"  nke o nwere ohere ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ ihe nkiri abụọ na Alexandria na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda mmekorita ya na Jesuit Cultural Center n'ebe ahụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ahụ mere ka ewepụta ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi 16 na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ 17.

N'afọ 2007, ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri atọ ndị ọzọ guzobere ụlọ orụ ǹkà na iwu mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ "WIKA".

## Ihe nkiri

* 1992 Machị (Onye edemede, Onye nduzi), 35mm, 3 nkeji.
* 1993 **Al-Kharaz** (The Beads) (Onye edemede, Onye nduzi), dabere na (The Idiot) nke Dostoevsky, 35mm, 18 min.
* 1994 **Madina Yaskonoha Al-Zil** (A City Inhabited by Shadows), ihe ngosi banyere Siwa Oasis, na njikọ aka na onye na-ede uri Alaa Khaled, (Producer, Editor, D.O.P na Director), VHS, 20 min.
* 2001 **Wegouh Al-Fayoum** (Fayuom Portraits), A Documentary on the Fayoum ancient funerary portraits, (Writer, Director), Digital Beta, 24 min.
* 2003 Et Hakkem Fe'naik (Dominate your Eyes), A Documentary on Berlin, (Producer, Editor, D.O.P na Director), DVcam, 45 min.
* 2006 Nahar we Leil (Day and Night), (Onye edemede, Onye nduzi), DVcam, 34 nkeji.
* 2011 "Friday of Rage" من الذاكرة الش__wol____wol____wol__ , A short documentary
* 2012 "A Working Copy" نسخ عملة, nnwale 16mm na ụda, agba na B&W

Njikọ Vimeo https://vimeo.com/user6532019

## Onyinye

## Ememme

* Emume ihe nkiri EU nke abụọ - Cairo 2006
* Ụgbọelu - Cairo 2006
* Nzukọ nke Abụọ nke Ihe oyiyi - Cairo 2006
* Rotterdam Arab film festival 2006 - nhọpụta gọọmentị
* FIPA film festival 2006 - nhọpụta gọọmentị
* El Sawi Short Film Festival - Cairo 2007
* Emume Mba maka Ihe nkiri Ijipt 2007
* Emume ihe nkiri CinemaEast - New York 2007
* 11th Annual Arab Film Festival 2007 (San Francisco - Los Angeles) 

* Ihe onyonyo
* Al Sharjah TV

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Chico (onye Ijipt na-ese ihe)

**Chico** (amụrụ n'afọ 1985/1986) bụ aha njirimara nke Onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá na onye na-ede ihe n'elu ihe osise nke Egypt nkè ikike asụsụ obodo alaeze ọrụ ya nwetara ewu ewu na aha ọjọọ n'Ijipt mgbe 2011 Egyptian Revolution gasịrị.

Chico na-azọrọ na ọ gụghị nka n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-akụzi ya ugbu a. O kwuru na ọ "na-enwe mmasị na graffiti na stencils karịsịa".  Chico kwuru na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na stencil n'ihi na ha "dị ngwa ma dị nchebe".  N'oge mgbanwe ahụ, ya na onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo ndị e sere n'elu ebe ọha nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị na eze, dị ka oriọna na mgbidi, n'etiti obodo Cairo. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọrụ nchekwa na-ahụkarị stencils ndị a ngwa ngwa ma wepụ ha, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime nkeji.

Kemgbe mgbanwe nke afọ 2011, a maara ọrụ Chico maka ọdịnaya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na nkatọ nke Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Ndị Agha, ma ọ bụ SCAF, nke na-achịkwa mba ahụ kemgbe Febụwarị, 2011 nke onye bụbu onye isi ala Housni Mubarak gbara arụkwaghịm. O kwuru n'oge mgbanwe nke ọnwa Febụwarị na ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge a emeela ka ọrụ nka ya bụrụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ekwu na "[ọrụ m] anaghị ekwu maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe niile. Anọghị nke kwekọrọ na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nkiri Miami m n'okwu dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere mkpesa ọha na eze, n'okporo ámá Cairo na Alexandria. Mana gọọmentị Ijipt achọghị ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke na nke na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Gọọmentị anaghị anabata ha, n'agbanyeghị isiokwu ahụ. " [m]

## Hụkwa

* Onye mmeri
* Keizer (onye na-ese ihe) 
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe n'obodo ukwu
* Ihe osise Ijipt mgbe Mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Rachid Koraïchi

**Rachid Koraïchi** (Arabic: رشيد قريشي) bu onye eserese, okpukpu osisi, mbiputa na okpu ite nke Ọjiriais a mara maka ọrụ ǹkà ya nke oge ugbua which integrates calligraphy as a graphic element.

## Ndụ ma Ọru
A mụrụ Rachid Koraïchi na ubochi iri abuo na onwa Jenụwarị 1947 na Ain Beida, Algeria n'ime ezinụlọ Sufi nke ndị ọkà mmụta Qu'ranic na ndị na-edepụtaghachi. Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ nka ya na École des Beaux-Arts na Algeria, ebe ọ gụrụ calligraphy. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara École des Arts Décoratifs na École des Beaux-Arts na Paris.

Ọzụzụ ya na ndị Sufi emetụtala ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya site n'inye ya mmasị na edemede na akara. Maka Koraïchi, ide ihe dị nsọ ma nwee ihe ọ pụtara. Ọrụ ya na-eji calligraphy Arabic eme ihe nke ukwuu yana glyphs sitere na asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

Ọ mepụtara ọrụ na midia dị iche iche nke sinyere ịkpụ ite, akwa ntinye ǹkà nkà igwe,iteagba, na ime mbiputa, ma na eso nye kwa ndi nka ukporo na ọrụ ha.

## Ọrụ
E gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere na Venice Biennale (2001)  na MOMA (2006),  ma dịkwa na nchịkọta nke Ebe nkiri mba nke nka Afrịka, Washington D.C.

**Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ**

* 1998 Jardin du Paradis, Ememme Mba Nile nke Ogige. Chaumont-sur-loire Leighton House, London
* 1999 Global Conceptualism: Points of Origin, 1950s-1980s, Queens Museum of Art, New York.
* 1999-2000 Akwụkwọ ozi ụrọ, Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie, Caracas, Venezuela, Limoges na Algeria
* 2000 L'Enfant Jazz, Institut de monde arabe, Paris, France
* 2001 Beirut's Poem and Path of Roses, National Gallery of Fine Art, Amman, Jordan.
* 2002 Rachid Koraïchi: 7 Variations autour de l'Indigo, Marseille, Vieille Charit et Alors Hors Du Temps.

## Ebe mụ si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Houria Niati

**Houria Niati** (amụrụ n'afọ 1948) bụ onye Algeria na-ese ihe n'oge a bi na London .  Niati bụ ọkachamara na ntinye mgbasa ozi ngwakọta nke na-akatọ nnọchiteanya ọdịda anyanwụ na njirimara nke ụmụ nwanyị ugwu Afrịka na Middle East. Ihe owuwu ya nwere ihe ngosi dị ndụ nke na-abụkarị egwu ọdịnala Algeria dịka Raï, dị ka ihe ngosi dị mkpa nke ala nna Niati na ọdịbendị.[1] Salah M. Hassan gara n'ihu na-akọwapụta arụmọrụ ya, "Ọ na-eji synthesizers, ndekọ ụda, na mmetụta ọkụ pụrụ iche iji mepụta ọnọdụ ihe nkiri Miami na egosi amamihe ahụ na-erizi ụmụ nwanyị kwere nke steti zitere na gburugburu ebe obibi anwansi nke ụda, mmegharị ahụ, na agba. " [1] Ihe owuwu na ihe ngosi na-ejikọta ihe osise, ihe a tụrụ atụ, eserese, foto, ụda, na arụmọrụ.

## Mbido ndụ na ọrụ
Niati tolitere na Algeria nke ndị France weghaara, ebe e gburu ihe karịrị otu nde ndị Algeria maka iguzogide ndị bi na ya. Mgbe Niati dị afọ iri na abụọ, o mere ngagharị iwe megide ọchịchị ndị France na-achị ala ọzọ site na Ihe odide ya na-emegide ọchịchị agaghị ahapụ na nwoke idina na ndị France, nke mere ka ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[1] Ahụmahụ Niati nwere na ndị France na mgbanwe nke ndị ya nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ nka ya mgbe e mesịrị.[1]

Niati kwagara London na ngwụcha afọ 1970, ebe ọ hụrụ ihe osise ọdịda anyanwụ nke oru ngo nke ọbọdọ na ahụ gosipụtara ndị Algeria, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, n'ụzọ akụkọ ifo na nke pụrụ iche. Nke a metụtara ihe ngosi nke ya banyere ọdịbendị, mba, na ndị mmadụ.[1] Ọ gara Camden Arts Centre na Croydon College of Art,  ma mesịa nweta MA na Fine Arts na Mahadum Middlesex. 

* 1983: *Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ise*, Africa Centre, LondonAfrica Center, London
* 1984: *N'ime oghere: Ihe osise ọhụrụ, Ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ site n'aka ndị Black Artists nke oge a,* Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
* 1986: Site na Ụwa Abụọ, Whitechapel Gallery, London[1]
* 1988: *Ihe ngosi nke Pastels & Paintings nke Houria Niati,* Africa Centre, London[1]
* 1990: Mba na mmekpa ahụ, nke mbụ gosipụtara na Cartwright Hall Museum na Bradford, England, na 1990  
* 1991: Four x 4, Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston[1]
* 1991: *Iweta Mmiri site na Isi Iyi,*, nke mbụ gosipụtara na Harris Museum na Preston, England, 1991  [2][3]
* 2013: *Houria Niati: Nchọgharị njirimara*, Conway Hall, London, UK 

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke Ahụmahụ". Na Lloyd, Fran (ed). ''Ihe osise ụmụ nwanyị Arab nke oge a: Nkwurịta okwu nke oge a''. WAL Women's Art Library.  . 

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Salah Benlabed

**Salah Benlabed** (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) bụ onye Algeria na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ọkà mmụta, onye edemede na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụbu prọfesọ nke ihe owuwu na Mahadum Algiers, ọ nọrọ na Montreal ihe karịrị afọ iri. O meela ọtụtụ ọrụ ụlọ na Algeria na Quebec, gụnyere ụlọ elu CCE na etiti obodo Montreal.

## Ọrụ
Benlabed esorola dee akwụkwọ uri akpọrọ Quand la terre tremble (*Mgbe ụwa na-ama jijiji*), nke gburugburu omenala Ojiria bipụtara. O sonyere na emume Montreal nke ụwa ndi Arab,

Kemgbe afọ puku abụọ na isii, Benlabed ebipụtala nchịkọta akụkọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2009, ụlọ ọrụ otu ntọala ọdịnihu nke dị na Montreal sọpụrụ Benlabed site n'inye ya onyinye ha maka onyinye nka pụrụ iche nke onye Ojiria. Editions APIC bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya Notes d'une musique ancienne (Ederede nke egwu ochie) na Algeria n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2010.

## Ọrụ ndị Plein Lune (Quebec) bipụtara

* *Akpa na-acha ntụ ntụ (La) * (akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, 2006) 
* Ihe odide nke egwu oge ochie (akwụkwọ akụkọ, 2007) 
* Ụfọdụ ntụpọ ndị na-eme ụmụ mmadụ (akụkọ mkpirikpi, 2009) 
* Oh ole ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ole ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri (akwụkwọ akụkọ, 2010) 
* *Ebe mgbaba Ikpeazụ* (akwụkwọ akụkọ, 2011) 

## Ebe mụ si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mahjoub Ben Bella

**Mahjoub Ben Bella** (20 Ọktoba 1946 - 11 June 2020) bụ onye Algeria a mụrụ na Fransi na-ese ihe na onye na-ese onyinyo. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe osise ya na ihe osise nkume maka Paris-Roubaix.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na École des Beaux-Arts d'Oran, Ben Bella kwagara Fransi mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu, na Ngalaba Nord. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na École des Beaux-Arts de Tourcoing, École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs, na École nationale Supérieure des Beaux. Ọ malitere ọrụ nkuzi ya na École des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai .

N'afọ 1975, Ben Bella laghachiri na Tourcoing wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ya na-adịgide adịgide, ebe ọ ga-anọ n'ọrụ ya fọdụrụnụ. Ihe osise ya bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ma na-ejikarị calligraphy Arabic eme ihe. N'afọ 1986, o sere L'Envers du Nord site n'iji ụzọ Paris-Roubaix. Ogologo ụzọ e ji mee ihe maka ihe osise a bụ kilomita iri na abụọ.

N'afọ 2000, o sere 1okpuku tayli otu puku na narị asatọ 800 maka ọdụ Colbert na Lille Metro na Tourcoing.

Mahjoub Ben Bella nwụrụ na 11 June 2020 na Tourcoing mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na atọ mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge.

## Ebe m si dee
Fatma Zohra Zamoum

**Fatma Zohra Zamoum** (amụrụ na ubochi iri na itoolu na onwa Jenụwarị n'afo1967) bụ onye edemede Franco-Algeria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nkuzi. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Zamoun na Bordj Menaïel n'ebe ugwu Algeria, n'ime ezinụlọ a ma ama nke ndị nna nna ya bụ Omar ben Zamoum na Mohamed ben Zamoum. Mgbe ọ gachara na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà eserese na Algiers (1985-1988), ọ gara Paris ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ime ihe nkiri sinima na agụmakwụkwọ olu ana eme nkiri na Sorbonne na 1995."Fatma Zohra Zamoun" (in French). Africultures. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
 Ọ na-eke oge ya n'etiti Algiers na Paris, na-achụso ihe ndị kachasị amasị ya, eserese, akụkọ ifo na ihe nkiri sinima.

*[[Z'har]]* (2009) bụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke Zamoun, na-egosi ihe nkiri sitere na ime ihe ike Algiers nwere na 1990s. N'afọ 2005, o duziri ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo dị mkpirikpi La Pelote de Laine ma dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere Comment j'ai fumé tous mes livres (2006).  N'afọ 2011, ọ duziri ma mepụta ihe nkiri nke abụọ *Kedach Ethabni* (Combien tu m'aimes) nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere otú obere Adel si emeso oge ya na nne nne ya nọrọ mgbe nne na nna ya gbasara.Ọ duziri ma mepụta kemgbe ahụ "Azib Zamoum, Akụkọ gbasara ala", na 2014  Na 2019, o nwetara ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo dị ala nke aha ya bụ PARKOUR (S)  na ihe ngosi a na-ebipụtabeghị: Ahụ + Nka 

## Ọrụ

* 1995: Foto nke njem, ihe ngosi
* 1996: Ihe mmụta nke ihe, ihe ngosi
* 1999: À tous ceux qui partent, akwụkwọ akụkọ
* 2003: narị afọ nke iri abụọ na ihe osise Algeria, ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nka
* 2004: *Ụlọ Roy Azdak*, ihe nkiri
* 2005: La Pelote de laine, ihe ngosi
* 2006: *Olee otú m si ese akwụkwọ m niile*, akwụkwọ akụkọ
* 2009: *[[Z'har]]* (Un) Lucky, ihe nkiri nnwale
* 2009: *Le Docker noir, ihe ngosi*
* 2012: *Kedach Ethabni* ma ọ bụ kedu ka ịhụnanya si abanye, ihe nkiri
* 2014: "Azib Zamoum, Akụkọ Banyere Ala", ihe nkiri docu maka TV na sinima 
* 2019: "PARKOUR (S), akụkọ ifo 
* 2019: AHU+ NKA, ogologo ihe ngosi 

## Hụkwa

* Omar ben Zamoum
* Mohamed ben Zamoum

## Ebe m si dee

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
Nchịkọta ikike
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mohamed Bourouissa

**Mohamed Bourouissa** (amụrụ n'afọ 1978) bụ onye Fransi na-ese foto nke amụrụ na Ọjiria, nke bi na Paris .  N'afọ 2020, Bourouissa meriri Ihe nrite ntọala ịse foto Deutsche Börse. A na-edebe ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Maison européenne de la photographie, Paris.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Bourouissa na Blida, Algeria .  Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Fransi mgbe ọ dị afọ ise ma too na mpụga Paris.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* *Mohamed Bourouissa* Paris: Kamel Mennour, 2017.  .  Na ederede nke Marc Donnadieu, Anna Dezeuze, Amanda Hunt, na Michael Nairn, na ihe odide nke mkparịta ụka dị n'etiti Bourouissa na Okwui Enwezor. N'asụsụ Bekee na French. Ndepụta ihe ngosi.
* Ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. London: Loose Joints, 2021. Na edemede na Bekee na French site na Taous R. Dahmani na Clément Chéroux.   ISBN .&nbsp;

## Ihe ngosi

* Urban Riders, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris, Paris, 2018
* Ahịa efu, na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa Monoprix, Rencontres d'Arles, Arles, France, 2019. Ọrụ sitere na Périphérique, Shoplifters, na Nous Sommes Halles.
* Garlic ndị na ese foto, London, 2019/2020, dị ka akụkụ nke ihe nrite ntọala o sise foto Deutsche Börse 

## Onyinye

* 2012: E depụtara ya, Prix Pictet, maka Périphérique
* 2018: Ndepụta, Marcel Duchamp Prize, France 
* 2020: Onye mmeri, nrite ntọala o sise foto Deutsche Börse 2020, onyinye nke yuro puku iri atọ, maka ngosi ya Free Trade na Rencontres d'Arles. Ndị ọzọ a họpụtara bụ Clare Strand, Anton Kusters, na Mark Neville.  

## Nchịkọta
A na-edebe ọrụ Bourouissa na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide na-esonụ:

* Ụlọ Europe nke foto, Paris

## Ebe mụ si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Hamid Tibouchi

thumb|Hamid Tibouchi

**Hamid Tibouchi** (Arabic) bụ onye Algeria na-ese ihe na onye na-ede uri, amụrụ na 1951 Tibane, nso Bejaia na mpaghara Kabylie. Ọ malitere ise ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ iri wee malite ide ihe na 1966. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Kouba wee bụrụ enyi Taher Djaout, ma kụzie Bekee nwa oge na nso Algiers.

## Akụkọ ndụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|Hamid Tibouchi, 1997.jpg
Ọ malitere itinye aka n'ide uri, ma bipụta ederede mbụ ya na 1971 na Algeria, France na Tunisia.

Mgbe ahụ, o bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nta na nchịkọta nke mere ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke uri French dị ka Jean Sénac kọwara. A sụgharịrị uri ya n'asụsụ Spanish na Italian ma na-akụzi ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya n"akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Algeria. Taher Djaout kọwara ya dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri na-achọsi ike na nke na-eme njem nlegharị anya nke ọgbọ ya" na 1984.  Hamid na-ede na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala nke ekwere uri na eserese n'otu oge ahụ, ma kwenyere na uri na esereso bụ otu ihe.

Kemgbe afọ 1980, Tibouchi gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Algeria na Tunisia, ma biri na Paris n'afọ 1981. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Faculty of Visual Arts nke Mahadum Paris nke asatọ. O mere ihe ngosi onwe onye 20 na Paris, Spain na New York. O sonyekwara n'ọtụtụ ihe omume otu na France, Europe na uwà na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala nke ọbọdọ ndị Arab, na ngosipụta ndị isi nke nka Algeria nke oge a. O sonyere na Salon des Réalités Nouvelles na 1984,  na ngalaba ihe osise, na site na 1988 ruo 1997 na ngalaba eserese.

## Ebe ndebe ihe ochie na ihe osise

* Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts
* The British Museum, London
* The National Museum of Fine Arts of Algiers

## Ihe osise

* "The Open Sea", (Arabic: albahr almaftuh) Paris, mbipụta onwe onye, 1973.
* "Soleil d'herbe", (Arabic: suly dihirbi) Paris, Chambelland mbipụta, 1974.
* "Lost Love", (Arabic: alhub mafqud) Sour El-Ghozlane (Algeria),1977.
* "La mer", (Arabic: la myr) na njikọ aka na Louis-Marie Catta, Adonis na Hassan Massoudy, Paris, 1991.
* Pansies, snow na mimosas, (Arabic: zuhur albansii walthalj walmimuza) Paris, La Tarente, 1994.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* "Herbes rousses", (Arabic: hrbis rusis) akwụkwọ onye na-ese ihe, Paris, 1999.
* "Otu osisi", (Arabic: shajara wahida) Paris, La Tarente, 2001.
* "Chemistry", (Arabic: kimya') cover by Slimane Ould Mohand, Niort, Le Figuier de Barbarie, 2002.
* "Ribs", akara na ịsa ahụ, (Arabic: al'adlae walmatbueat walghasil) La Rochelle, 2003.
* "Ribes", (Arabic: ribs) Trois-Rivieres (Quebec).
* "Site n'ụzọ na-amị mkpụrụ", (Arabic: bialmasarat alkhisiba) Le Moulin du Roc, Niort, 2008.

## Nsọpụrụ

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Imụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ

Still birth bu mgbe nwatakiri nwuru na afo mgbe odi izuka iriabuo maobu iriabuo na asato. O but mgbe amuru NWA na adighi ndu . Onwu NWA na afo na Abu ihe iru uju n'ebe nne ya no. Odi kwa ka miscarriage nke bu nwatakiri ipu na afo makwa nwata inwu ozigbo amuru ya. 

Ọtụtụ mgbe, a maghị ihe kpatara ya. Ihe na-akpata ya nwere ike ịgụnye Nsogbu ime dị ka pre-eclampsia na nsogbu ọmụmụ, nsogbu nke Placenta ma ọ bụ umbilical cord, nkwarụ ọmụmụ, ọrịa dịka ịba na syphilis, na ahụike na-adịghị mma n'ime nne.: Ihe na-akpata,   Ihe ndị dị ize ndụ gụnyere afọ nne karịrị 35, ịṅụ sịga, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, iji teknụzụ inye aka ịmụ nwa, na ime ime ime mbụ.  Enwere ike ịtụle ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ mgbe a na-enweghị mmetụta nke nwa e bu n'afọ. A na-eji ultrasound eme nkwenye.[7]

N'ụwa niile na 2021, e nwere atụmatụ nde 1.9 nke amụrụ nwụrụ anwụ nke mere mgbe izu 28 nke ime gasịrị (ihe dị ka 1 maka ọmụmụ 72 ọ bụla).  Ihe karịrị ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị a na-eme atụmatụ ịmụ nwa nwụrụ anwụ na 2021 mere na mpaghara Sahara Africa na South Asia, na 47% nke ngụkọta ụwa na mpaghara Sahara Afrịka na 32% na South Asia. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ adaala, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị nwayọ kemgbe afọ 2000. Dị ka UNICEF si kwuo, ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ a mụrụ nwụrụ anwụ jiri 35%, site na nde 2.9 na 2000 ruo nde 1.9 na 2021.[1] A na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ maka mba ọ bụla nọgide na ọkwa 2021, a ga-amụ nde ụmụaka 17.5 nwụrụ anwụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030.[1]

## Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya
Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, enweghi usoro nkewa mba ụwa maka ihe kpatara ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ. A maghị ihe kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọbụlagodi n'ọnọdụ ebe a na-eme nyocha dị ukwuu na Nnyocha ozu. Okwu a na-ejikarị akọwa ihe ndị a bụ "ọrịa ọnwụ mberede tupu a mụọ nwa", ma ọ bụ SADS, ahịrịokwu e chepụtara na 2000. Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ nwụrụ anwụ na-eme n'oge zuru ezu na ndị nne yiri ka ha nwere ahụike, na nyocha postmortem na-ekpughe ihe kpatara ọnwụ n'ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị e nyochara.

* nje bacteria, dị ka syphilis
* ịba
* nkwarụ ọmụmụ, ọkachasị hypoplasia akpa umehypoplasia nke akpa ume
* Chromosome aberrations
* mgbochi uto
* intrahepatic cholestasis nke ime ime
* Ọrịa shuga nne
* Ịṅụ ọgwụ ntụrụndụ nke nne (dị ka Mmanya na-aba n'anya, nicotine, wdg) ma ọ bụ ọgwụ ndị a machibidoro n'ime ime 
* Mgbe afọ ime gasịrị
* Ọrịa placental
* mmerụ ahụ
* nsị radieshon
* Ọrịa Rh
* Ọrịa celiac
* Mkpịsị akụkụ ahụ nwanyị
Malek Bensmaïl

thumb|Malek Bensmaïl
**Malek Bensmaïl** bụ Onye nduzi ihe nkiri Algeria, Onye edemede, Onye na-ese ihe nkiri na Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri.  

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ ya na 1966 na Constantine, Algeria, Bensmaïl gụsịrị akwụkwọ na cinematography na École supérieure na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala nke ọbọdọ na d'études cinématographiques (ESEC Film School), Paris, na 1990,  ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Lenfilm na Saint Petersburg. 

## Ihe nkiri
Ihe nkiri Bensmaïl gụnyere:

## Onyinye
Ihe nkiri Bensmaïl nwetara ihe nrite anọ na nhọpụta asatọ, gụnyere: 

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Carl Abrahams

**Carl Myrie Abrahams** OD (14 Mee 1911 - 10 Eprel 2005) bụ onye na-ese ihe Ndị Jamaica si Saint Andrew Parish.

## Akụkọ ndụ ya
A mụrụ Abrahams na St Andrew, Jamaica n'ezinụlọ nọ n'ọkwá dị n'etiti. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na nka azụmahịa mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye na-egosi ihe osise maka *The Daily Gleaner* na Jamaica Times yana ịmepụta mgbasa ozi maka Myers Rum na Jamaica Biscuit Company.[1]

N'afọ 1937, mgbe ọ nọ ezumike na-arụ ọrụ na Jamaica, Augustus John, onye na-ese ihe na Britain, gbara Abrahams ume ịmalite ise ihe n'ụzọ ọkachamara. Abrahams kụziiri onwe ya ise ihe site na nkuzi onwe onye na akwụkwọ ntuziaka na site na iṅomi ọrụ nka site na akwụkwọ nka. 

Ọzo kwa, N'afọ 1944, n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ Abrahams jere ozi na Royal Air Force na England. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ ndị 1950 ọ chọtara ọkpụkpọ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe gbasara okpụkpe.

National Gallery nke Jamaica kwuru banyere usoro ihe osise iri abụọ  nke "Mmasị nke Kraịst" na "mmetụta nsọpụrụ nke ezi onye kwere ekwe gosipụtara Abrahams dị ka Jamaica na onye na-ese ihe okpukpe kachasị mma na Caribbean".

Abrahams bụ Onye Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị na-agba gburugburu Isiokwu okpukpe na izi ezi a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha, ihe osise ndị dị ka Nri Anyasị Ikpeazụ na-egosi ikike Abraham nwere ịgbakwunye ihe ndị dị ugbu a na ntụgharị na ilu okpukpe. 

E nyere ya ihe nrite ọla edo Musgrave maka ọrụ ya site n'aka Institute of Jamaica na afọ otụ pụkụ nari itolu na iri asatọ na asaa 1987. 

N'afọ  ikpeazụ ya hụrụ ọganihu ọhụrụ ole na ole n'ụdị ya ma ọ na-ekwughachi ma ọ bụ mepụta ọdịiche dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ihe osise mbụ ya. Abrahams kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye mba ụwa ma ndị ọzọ weere ya dị ka "nwa amaala ụwa". Abrahams nwụrụ n'udo n'ụlọ ya n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na ise  n'ihi ọrịa kansa na akpụ ụbụrụ.

## Ọrụ

* *Nri Anyasị Ikpeazụ*
* *Mbibi nke Port Royal*
* *Nwaanyị M ga-abụ Banyere Azụmaahịa Nna m*
* *Adam na Iv*
* *Ndị Izrel Iri na Atọ*
* *Ihe ngosi Henry Ford*
* *Pan na ndị na-agụ egwú ya*
* *Onye Ozizi n'azụ ụlọ*
* *Aka Columbus*
* *Nrịgo*
* *Hallelujah*
* "Nwanyị Afro Jew"

## Ihe nrite

* Ihe nrite Royal Air Force (RAF) 
* Ihe nrite New York Critics
* Ihe nrite ọlaọcha nke ụlọ ọrụ Jamaica
* Usoro nke Ịdị iche (Jamaica) 
* Gold Musgrave Medal nke The Institution of Jamaica (1987) 

## Ebem si dee

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Annie Paul Nna Carl Abrahams. Mbipụta 75 (September/October 2005) Caribbean Beat Magazine
* Veerle Poupeye Caribbean Art. London; Thames na Hudson; 1998.
Panteha Abareshi

**Panteha Abareshi** (Persian; amụrụ n'afọ 1999)  bụ onye America a mụrụ na Canada na-ese ihe na onye nlekọta, na-arụ ọrụ n'ime nka ntinye, nka vidiyo, na nka arụmọrụ. Ha sitere na Jamaica na Iran, ọrụ ha bụ maka ọrịa na nkwarụ na-adịghị ala ala.  Abareshi dị na Los Angeles, California . [2] Abareshi na-eji nnọchiaha ha / ha / ha.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Panteha Abareshi n'afọ 1999 na Montreal, Quebec, Canada; ma zụlite ya na Arizona" id="mwGg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona .  Nne Abareshi bụ onye Jamaica na nna ha bụ onye Iran; ọ bụ nna ha naanị ya zụlitere ha. A mụrụ Abareshi na nsogbu ọbara, Sickle cell zero beta thalassemia nke na-akpata ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala na ihe mgbu ka ha na-aka nká.[2][3] A chọpụtara na ha nwere nsogbu ọbara mgbe ha dị afọ abụọ.[5] Abareshi na-eji nnọchiaha ha / ha / ha. 

Abareshi gara Mahadum nke Southern California (USC) na Roski School of Art and Design .  Na USC, Jennifer West jere ozi dị ka onye ndu na onye nkuzi. 

Abareshi na-eji ahụmịhe nke Ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nyochaa echiche nke ime ihe ike ọgwụ, nnọchiteanya, ihe onwunwe, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ vidio Abareshi, For Medical Use Only (2019) enweela mmetụta maka onye na-ese ihe Carolyn Lazard.

Nime ọnwa Jenụwarị, n'afọ pụku abụọ 2020, Abareshi nọ n'ihu Bitch Magazine (oge opupu ihe ubi 2020, mbipụta 86).  N'oge opupu ihe ubi 2020, ha bipụtara akwụkwọ nka, Panteha Abareshi: I Am Inside the Body (nke Sming Sming Books bipụtara).  E nyere Abareshi asọmpi VSA Emerging Artists nke afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri abụọ na otu (2021), site na Kennedy Center.

## Ihe ngosi

* 2017 - The Body As Site Of, ihe ngosi otu, Lippitt House na Mahadum Brown, Providence, Rhode Island 
* 2020 - *Art4Equality x Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of HappinessArt4Equality x Life, Liberty & The Pursuit of Happiness* bụ akụkụ nke 2020 Art4Eformation x Life, Freedom & The Pursuite of Happiness. >
* 2020 - Shape Open 2020: The Future is Loading (Nkebi nke Abụọ), Shape Arts, London, England
* 2021 - Panteha Abareshi: Tender Calamities, ihe ngosi onwe onye, Los Angeles Municipal Art Gallery (LAMAG), Los Angeles, California  Ihe ngosi mbụ ha, Panteha abareshi: Ihe ngosi onwe onye dị na Los Angeles Municipality Art Gallery na 2021, n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na United States.  ]

## Ihe nkiri

* Infanticide (2018), vidio dabeere na arụmọrụ
* Not Better Yet (2019), Super 8 na VHS filmIhe nkiri VHS
* Maka Ojiji Ọgwụ Naanị (2019), 8 mm na ihe nkiri hi8 &nbsp;
* *Maka Akụkụ* (2020), vidiyo VHS

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị Iran na-ese ihe

## Ebem si dee

## Njikọ mpụga

* Panteha AbareshinaIMDb
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Zeinab Abd al-Hamid

**Zeinab Abd al-Hamid** (27 Jenụwarị 1919 - 9 Nọvemba 2002) bụ onye Ijipt na-ese ihe nke a maara maka ihe osise ya na-acha odo ịnyịnya dị nnọọ n'ókè ọchịchị agaghị odo nke obodo ndị Ijipt. Abd al-Hamid jiri ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi, site na mmiri na mmanụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-agba mbọ itinye ọrụ ya n'otu usoro nka, nkwekọrịta zuru oke bụ na ihe osise ya bụ akụkụ nke usoro nke oge a nke Ijipt.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Zeinab Abd al-Hamid na 27 Jenụwarị 1919 na Qalyubia, steeti Ijipt dị n'ebe ugwu Cairo, Ijipt .  Afọ ndị mbụ ya bụ mgbanwe Egypt nke 1919 na ebili mmiri nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị na mba ya. Ihe omume ndị a metụtara àgwà ya na-emegide ya, usoro nka ya, na ọhụụ ya banyere Ijipt. Site na mbido, ọ zụlitere nkà ise ihe ya na mmasị ya maka nka na klas na ụlọ ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe n'Ijipt bụ Hamed Abdallah . [2]

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Academy of Fine Arts nke Alexandria, Egypt, na 1945, Abd al-Hamid nọrọ na Egypt ruo afọ abụọ. N'oge a, o sonyere na ntọala na mmepe nke Modern / Contemporary Arts Group, nke e guzobere na na 1946, nke ọ sonyeere otu afọ ka e mesịrị. Ìgwè a gụnyekwara di ya Ezzedin Hamouda,  yana ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ dị ka Abd al-Hadi al-Gazzar na Gazbia Sirry.  O sonyere n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na Ijipt na otu ahụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe ufodu nke ọbọdọ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nkiri ọ bi na mba ọzọ.

N'afọ 1948, gọọmentị Ijipt nyere di ya ohere agụmakwụkwọ abụghị na ịga Madrid, Spain, ya mere ya na ya hapụrụ, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta n'ebe ahụ na Royal Academy of Fine Arts nke San Fernando .  Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọkwa prọfesọ ya na 1952, yá nwụrụ nke na di ya laghachiri Cairo, ebe ọ malitere na ịkụzi hna Institute of Art Education.

Afọ 1950 wetara mgbanwe n'ụzọ steeti Ijipt si emeso ọdịbendị, na mberede na-akwado ndị na-ese ihe n'ógbè ahụ. Abd al-Hamid ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'oge a: a họpụtara ya n'etiti ndị omenkà Ijipt ndị ọzọ maka Guggenheim International Award nke 1956, ma nọchite na anya Ijipt na United Arab Republic na Venice Biennale nke 1958.  Ụdị ihe osise ya malitere ịbụ nke a maara n'oge nke ọbọdọ na ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị gara na ahụ, ọkachasị ihe ngosi ya nke obodo Cairo na ihe nkiri ya kwa ụbọchị.

N'afọ 1969, ọ laghachiri na prọfesọ, na Faculty of Art Education nke Mahadum Helwan. Ahụmahụ a ma ama bụ ezumike ya na Washington D.C., ebe ya na di ya gosipụtara ọrụ ha na International Monetary Fund na Academy of Sciences. Ha abụọ gara n'ihu na-ese foto nke ndị isi ha zutere na ọdịdị àlà mgbé na nke isi obodo US. Hamouda nwụrụ na 1990, Abd al-Hamid haziri ihe ngosi onwe ya otu afọ ka e mesịrị na ncheta yá nwụrụ nke ọma na Cairo. Ọ gara n'ihu afia na-ese ihe mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ọbụnakwa e nyere ya nnukwu mgbidi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ al-Ahram na Cairo na 1992.

## Ihe Nketa
Zeinab Abd al-Hamid nwụrụ n'Ijipt na 9 Nọvemba 2002,  mgbe ọ dị afọ 83, na-ahapụ na ya nnukwu nchịkọta nke ihe osise na onyinye. E gosipụtara na ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa: Egypt, Italy, Austria, United States, Hungary, Spain, na Brazil, e nyekwara ya ọtụtụ ihe nrite n'oge ọrụ ya.

## Ihe odide
Bathsheba Okwenje

Bathsheba Okwenje (amụrụ 1973) bụ onye na-ahụ anya na nrụnye onye Uganda, onye bụ onye nchoputa na onye otu onye na-ese ihe mkpokọta Radha May. O nwere Masters na Fine Art si Rhode Island School of Design. Tupu o tinye uche na ọrụ nka ya, Okwenje rụrụ ọrụ na United Nations afọ iri na ise. Ọrụ ya na-etinye aka na isiokwu nke njem, feminism, na esemokwu. Ọ na-eji foto dị ka akụkụ nke ụdị nrụnye ya, yana itinye aka na njikọ dị n'etiti ebe nchekwa na nka. 

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

* Kara Blackmore & Bathsheba Okwenje (2021) Na-arụzi ọnya nnọchite anya: Ụzọ nka nka na nka maka mgbanwe mgbe agha gasịrị, nka nka, 35:4, 103-122
* Papa, Elisa Giardina, Nupur Mathur, na Bathsheba Okwenje. "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na onye na-ese ihe Radha May: A Global Collective with a Single Identity. " Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 31.3 (2016): 177-183.

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Isaac Mendes Belisario

**Isaac Belisario** (1795 - 1849) bụ onye na-ese ihe Ndị Jamaica nke sitere na Ndị Juu. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Kingston, Jamaica n'oge Nnwere Onwe. Ihe osise ya na ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ ya na-enye akwụkwọ akaebe nke ndụ na Jamaica n'oge ahụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe mbụ na-ewere ụzọ Jamaica-centric na omenala agwaetiti ahụ. Ọfịs ya gụnyere lithograph Sketches of Character, In Illustration of the Habits, Occupation, and Costume of the Negro Population in the Island of Jamaica, nke eluigwe nwere na njikere na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị bipụtara na mmekorita ya na onye na-ede akwụkwọ Adolphe Duperly na 1837-38, na-edekọ ọrụ nke ndị bụbu ndị ohu ozugbo nnwere onwe gasịrị. Ụfọdụ ihe osise bụ ihe ngosi mbụ nke masquerade nke John Canoe.

## Ihe odide
Margaret Chen

**Margaret L. Chen** (amụrụ n'afọ 1951) bụ onye na-ese ihe Ndị Jamaica nke si China. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ese, dị ka usoro *Steppe*, na-egosipụta akụkụ nke ihe nketa ya.

Chen gụrụ akwụkwọ na Jamaica School of Art and Crafts na mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kwagara Canada ịga n'ihu na-amụ na Mahadum York. Ọrụ ya malitere site na ihe ngosi na Toronto, mana ọ laghachiri Jamaica maka ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya. Iberibe ya na-abụkarị nnukwu na nkọwa zuru oke. Ihe enyemaka na usoro Steppe bụ nke National Gallery nke Jamaica nwere. Usoro Steppe bụ nke sitere n'ịzụ ahịa arịa ụlọ nke ezinụlọ ya

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mayeul Akpovi

**Mayeul Akpovi** (amụrụ n' ọnwa Jenụwarị 5, n'afo1979), bụ onye n'ese foto Ndị Benin. Ọ bụ ọkachamara na usoro foto oge.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Mayeul Akpovi na Jenụwarị 5, 1979, na Cotonou (Benin).  Ọ nọrọ akụkụ nke ọrụ ya (dị ka onye mmepe) na France gụnyere Paris na Besançon. Ọ malitere inwe mmasị na foto kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 2011 na Besançon, France.

Ọrụ foto ya n'elekwasị anya na ijide oge na ohere dị ka vidiyo n'agba ọsọ a n'akpọ oge-lapse ma ọ bụ oge-mkwụsị-mkpali hyperlapse. A maara Akpovi maka vidiyo otuto ya maka obodo Paris. N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2013, o mere vidiyo hyperlapse mbụ a raara nye obodo Afrịka.

## Foto

* 2012: *Besançon na-agagharị*
* 2012: *Paris in Motion, (Nkebi nke Mbụ), (Nkeji nke Abụọ), (Nkwupụta nke Atọ) na (Nkezi nke Anọ) * - vidiyo na Vimeo na YouTube
* 2013: Cotonou in Motion, ahụmahụ mbụ na Africa
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Leonard Chin

Leonard Chin (amụrụ Leonard Anthony Chin, 1953, Kingston, Jamaica) aka Santic, bụ onye na-emepụta ndekọ reggae nke Jamaica. Mgbe mbụ ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ụgbọ ala, ọ zụrụ azụ dị ka onye na-ese foto wee rụọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Gleaner. Na mmalite 1970s ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-abụ abụ na Charles Hannah na The Graduates, wee dekọọ otu maka Gussie Clarke, ma ọ ghọtara na ọ ka mma maka mmepụta. Mmepụta mbụ ya n'etiti 1973 na 1975 gụnyere ndekọ nke Augustus Pablo, bụ onye dekọtara nke mbụ maka akara ndekọ Santic ya (aha sitere na aha enyi ya, onye na-akụ ọkpọ Carlton "Santa" Davis, na "Atlantic"), "Pablo In Dub, yana Paul Whiteman, Horace Andy (onye ya na ha nwere ihe abụọ - "Nsogbu" na "Ụmụ Israel"), Roman Stewart, na Gregory Isaacs. Abụọ n'ime egwu ndị o mepụtara maka Pablo gụnyere na ọba mbụ nke onye ọkpụkpọ melodica. Oge ndekọ Chin na-emekarị na studio Randy, yana Errol Thompson na tebụl ngwakọta, yana iji Pablo dị ka onye nhazi ma ọ bụ ihe ọkpụkpọ keyboard. Chin meputakwara album Jah Woosh nke 1976, Chalice Blaze. Ụda Pressure weghachiri ihe dị n'etiti afọ 1970 nke mmepụta ya, An Even Harder Shade of Black, na 1995. Labelụ ahụ wepụtara nchịkọta ọzọ nke ọrụ ya, Down Santic Way, na 2005.

Na 1975, ọ kwagara London, England, wee ghọọ onye na-emepụta ihe a ma ama na ụdị nkume ndị hụrụ n'anya, na-arụ ọrụ na-amasị Carroll Thompson, Jean Adebambo, Trevor Walters, Donna Rhoden, na Lorna Pierre.

## Nkọwapụta

; Abọm

* *Ọbụna onyinyo ojii siri ike* (1995, Pressure Sounds) 
* Down Santic Way (2005, Pressure Sounds) 

; Onye na-ese ihe

* The Rough Guide to Dub (2005, World Music Network) 

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Osmond Watson

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ ya na Kingston, Jamaica, Watson gara klas nka na Institute of Jamaica's Junior Centre site na 1948 ruo 1952; site n'afọ ahụ ruo 1958 ọ gara Jamaica School of Art and Crafts (JSAC) na Kingston. Ọ malitere igosi, na ihe ịga nke ọma, na mba ya, mana o kpebiri ịga London na 1961 maka ịmụtakwu ihe na St Martin's School of Art; ọ nọgidere n'ebe ahụ ruo 1965, na-amata ihe ndị dị na British Museum.

Ụdị ya gbanwere ntakịrị ka o si England lọta; Ọrụ ya tozuru oke bụ mmetụta nke nka Africa, ọkachasị ndị Yoruba, na cubism. Ọtụtụ n'ime isiokwu ya sitere na obodo Jamaica, gụnyere ememme Junkanoo na mmegharị Rastafari

Na 1992, Institute of Jamaica nyere ya ihe nrite ọla edo Musgrave maka ọrụ ya. 

## Ebem si dee
Walter Chin

Walter Chin bụ onye ejiji na onye na-ese foto nke agbụrụ China nke bi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York City, U.S.

## Ọrụ
A mụrụ Walter Chin na Jamaica site na ezinụlọ ndị China, ma tolite n'ebe ahụ na na Canada, bụ ebe ọ jere ozi na Toronto, Ontario.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta na foto,  Chin kwagara Paris, ebe dị ka onye na-ese foto ejiji, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka French Elle, tupu ọ kwaga New York na 1990.  E bipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ magazin, gụnyere Allure, Mademoiselle, ọtụtụ *Vogue*, Glamour, *GQ*, Interview, na Vanity Fair.[2] Ọ na-ese foto mkpọsa mgbasa ozi maka ndị na-emepụta ihe dịka Chanel, Valentino, Tommy Hilfiger, Missoni na Lancôme.[2][1] N'afọ 2013, Neiman Marcus họpụtara ya ka ọ see foto Art of Fashion Campaign ha na-eme kwa afọ n'afọ ahụ.[1]

N'afọ 1994, e depụtara Chin dị ka otu n'ime ndị kachasị mkpa na foto ugbu a site n'aka otu ndị nlekọta, ndị na-ere ahịa, ndị nchịkọta akụkọ na ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ maka magazin American Photo .  Ntinye ya na ndepụta ahụ kwuru na ọ bụ nke oge a, ojiji nke agba na ụdị eserese, na ịkpụcha ihe oyiyi siri ike na ụzọ ndị na-anọ ya si yie ka ha na-agagharị mgbe niile, na-eme ka ha yie David Bailey na Martin Munkácsi.[1] N'afọ 2001, afọ Work in Progress, e bipụtara nchịkọta mbụ nke ọrụ foto ya, a ka na-ewere ya dị ka onye nwere mmetụta, mana o siri ike ịkọwapụta. O bipụtara akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke foto, After Shoot, na 2006.

Otu n'ime ihe onyonyo ya kacha mara amara, nke ịgba ọtọ Gisele Bündchen n'ịnyịnya, ka ebipụtara na Vanity Fair na 1999, ma gosipụta ya na ihe ngosi 2008 na National Portrait Gallery, London raara nye ihe ngosi Vanity Fair. N'afọ 2010, a ka na-akpọ ihe oyiyi Bündchen dị ka nke a maara nke ọma na Chin.

## Akwụkwọ

* 
* 

## Eben si dee

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* 
* Walter Chin Portfolio Gallery. Requires JavaScript and Flash 
* Walter Chin at Models.com
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
William Berryman

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|365x365px|''Plantain Walk'' nke William Berryman, watercolor, ink, na pensụl
**William Berryman** bụ onye England na-ese ihe nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Jamaica n'oge 1808-1816. O mepụtara ihe karịrị narị atọ pensụl eserese na mmiri nke ala Jamaica na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị agwaetiti ahụ. Ọrụ ya na-egosi mmasị pụrụ iche na ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala ahụ: ndị ohu nke ndị Afrịka na ndị ngwakọta. O mere atụmatụ maka ọrụ nke ime usoro ihe osise dabere na ọrụ nka ya na Jamaica, mana ọ nwụrụ tupu ya enwee ike ime ya.

E dekọghị ndụ Berryman nke ọma. Na mbido afọ 1800 ya na nwanne ya nwoke John biri na Great Portland Street, London, ha abụọ gosipụtara nka na ngosi 1802 nke Royal Academy of Arts. [2] William na John mechara nye ihe osise osisi na John Thomas Smith's Antiquities of Westminster (1807). [4] A maghị kpọmkwem mgbe Berryman rutere na Jamaica, mana enwere ihe akaebe na ọ chọrọ nkwado nke Edward Beeston Long, nwa nke onye nwe ubi vaịn na amị ezigbo maka akwụkwọ puku bara ọgaranya na Jamaica Edward Long, na ihe osise na-egosi Berryman na Jamaica site na Mee 1808.[5]

E leghaara ọrụ Berryman a na-ebipụtaghị anya ruo mgbe a chọtara ya ọzọ na abọm nke United States Library of Congress nwetara. E gosipụtara na mpaghara ọwụwa ndọrọ ọchịchị ọrụ ya na Yale University Center for British Art na New Haven, Connecticut, United States na British Empire and Commonwealth Museum na Bristol, England, na 2007 na 2008.
Olileanya Brooks

Hope Brooks (amụrụ 1944 na Kingston, Jamaica) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Jamaica. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ, ma emebere ya ka e gosipụta ụdị nrụnye. Ọrụ ya na-abụkarị nke nkịtị, mana ọtụtụ nwere isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

Brooks gụrụ akwụkwọ na Edinburgh College of Art site na 1963 ruo 1967, na Maryland Institute College of Art si 1980 ruo 1981.  Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ ya na National Gallery of Jamaica,  ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nke nka Jamaica. 

Brooks bụ onye prọfesọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Jamaica (nke bụ akụkụ nke Edna Manley College of the Visual and Performing Arts) tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba eserese. O mechara bụrụ osote onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na nka nka na Edna Manley College.

Brooks enweela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi obodo na nke mba ụwa. Karịsịa, na-egosi na Mutual Gallery na Kingston, na Grand Valley State University, Michigan, USA. A na-egosipụta ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ọha na eze na nke onwe gburugburu ụwa.

Ọrụ Brook natara site na Institute of Jamaica na Centenary Medal na 1980 na Silver Musgrave Medal na 1995.

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Albert Chong

**Albert Chong** (amuru 1958) bu onye omenkà sitere na ndi Afrika na ndi China. Chong na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe mgbasa ozi wee mepụta usoro foto yana nrụnye na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ọ na-ekwu na ebumnuche nke ọtụtụ n'ime nka ya bụ "ịnọchite anya na imegharị akụkọ ezinụlọ ya." O kwuwo na ya na-eji ihe nketa ezinụlọ ya eme ihe dị ka "ụzọ ọzọ isi tinyekwuo ihe n'ebe ahụ bụ maka ndị agba agba, ikwe ka a nụ akụkọ ndị ọzọ, echiche ndị ọzọ". 

A mụrụ Chong na Kingston, Jamaica, n'afọ 1958. Nne na nna ya na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa nri na nna ya bụ onye ikpe a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke udo. A na-akọwa ihe nketa ọdịbendị ya dị iche iche n'otu isiokwu Oge L.A.: "Ọkara China, ọkara Jamaica Chong bụ onye Katọlik mana ọ gbasoro Rastafari, òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị / okpukpe nke ndị Etiopia, na Santeria, okpukpe syncretic nke ndị ohu Africa bi n'okpuru ọchịchị Ndị Kraịst na Caribbean mepụtara. " [1] Isiokwu ahụ na-akọkwa otu ihe omume site na nwata Chong, ebe nna ya wetara ma onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik na onye shaman Obeahman iji gọzie ụlọ ọhụrụ ha zụrụ Ndị Jamaica.

Chong kwagara na United States na 1977, ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị biri na Brooklyn. Ọ gara School of Visual Arts na New York City site na 1978 ruo 1981, na 1981, Chong malitere ọrụ ngosi ya.  N'afọ 1988, ezinụlọ ya kwagara San Diego, Chong gara Mahadum California, San Diego. N'afọ 1991, Chong nwetara nzere Master of Fine Arts na mahadum ahụ.

## Ihe osise
Chong na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe mgbasa ozi nka, ọkachasị na foto, ntinye, na ihe ọkpụkpụ.Ihe dị n'ime ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu maka ihe omimi, ime mmụọ, agbụrụ na njirimara, yana nyocha uru dị na ihe oyiyi na ihe.Ọrụ Chong a kacha mara bụ foto ndụ ojii na ọcha.  

### Usoro ihe omume ndị a ma ama
Njikọ ndị a na-eduga na gallery na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Chong.

* Ihe ndị na-agba oji na-acha ọcha na ndị na-adịghị ndụ, nke onye na-ese ihe kọwara dị ka "ihe ngosi n'otu ụzọ, kwa," na nchịkọta nke ihe "dị ka omume nsọ, nchịkọta nke ihe ike".
* Usoro ocheeze
* Ihe ngosi
* I-Traits (Self-Portraits), nke dị ka L.A. Times si kwuo, "a na-akpọ ya maka nkwenye Rastafarian na anya na 'M' nwere njikọ chiri anya nke nghọta". [1]

## Ịkụzi ihe
Chong bi na United States ma kụzie na ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum dị iche iche. Site na 1982 ruo 1988, ọ kụziri na School of Visual Arts na New York City; site na 1989 ruo 1991 na Mira Costa College na Oceanside, California; na site na 1996 ruo 1997 na Rhode Island School of Design na Providence, Rhode Island .  Ugbu a Chong na-akụzi na Mahadum Colorado Boulder, na Boulder, Colorado . 

## Onyinye
Chong enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite ama ama maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1992, e nyere ya mkpakọrịta onye na-ese ihe site na National Endowment for Arts. N'afọ 1998, e nyere ya onyinye mmekọ Guggenheim, ma emesịa n'otu afọ ahụ, e nyere ya onyinye Pollock-Krasner Foundation.

## Eben si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Barrington Watson

## Akụkọ ndụ
Amụrụ na 1931 Jenụwarị 9th na Lucea, Barrington Watson mere akara mbụ ya na Jamaica dị ka onye egwuregwu bọọlụ maka Kingston College. Otú ọ dị, o mesịrị gbasoo ọchịchọ nkà ya site n'ịbanye na Royal College of Art na London mgbe ọ dị afọ 20. Watson gụkwara akwụkwọ na Académie de la Grande Chaumière na Paris na Rijksacademie na Amsterdam. Ọ gara ọtụtụ ebe wee laghachi na onye ntụzi ihe ọmụmụ izizi na ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke Jamaica wee rụkọọ aka n'otu ọgbakọ ndị nka nka Jamaica (1964–74). O mechara jee ozi dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Spelman College, Atlanta. Na 1967 ọ meriri ihe nrite na mbụ Spanish Biennale na Barcelona. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ Jamaica nyere ya ihe nrite ọla edo Musgrave.

Watson egosila na Jamaica na mba ụwa niile. Ọ bụ nna nke ndị na-ese ihe Basil Watson na Raymond Watson. Watson bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ Lennie Little-White 2015 Ha na-akpọ m Barrington. Ọ nwụrụ na 26 Jenụwarị 2016 mgbe ọ dị afọ 85. 

## Ebem si dee
Kenneth Abendana Spencer

Kenneth Abendana Spencer (amuru Kenneth Abandamo; 13 Eprel 1929 - 28 Disemba 2005) bu onye omenka Jamaica..

## Akụkọ ndụ
Spencer nwere nkà dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke ndụ Jamaica nke, mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ ga-ere maka ego-akpa n'isi obodo Kingston. Na 1950s ọ gara UK na ọ gara n'ihu na-ere ọrụ ya, mechaa zụta ụgbọ ala, nke ghọrọ ma gallery ya na ụzọ ụgbọ njem. Ọ ghọrọ ebe obibi na ọkacha mmasị nke klọb okpuru ulo na ụlọ jazz nke Soho.. Agụmakwụkwọ nka ya, dịka ọ dị, gụnyere nleta ugboro ugboro na ebe ngosi nka na ebe ngosi ihe osise ebe ọ mụtara usoro ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Jamaica n'afọ ndị 1970, ọ malitere iwu nnukwu ụlọ na Fisherman's Park, Long Bay, Portland. Okpukpu isii dị elu nke nwere steepụ dị gburugburu na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, ọ bụ ọkara ụlọ elu na ọkara ụlọ nsọ, nke mgbidi dị elu gbara gburugburu. N'ebe a ka ya na nwunye ya na ụmụ nwoke abụọ biri. Ọ ka bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta.   Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-ese ihe osise - ihe osise mmiri, ala, ihe osise nke ndụ Jamaica na, site na afọ 1970, ihe osise mmadụ. Ọ nwụrụ na 28 Disemba 2005, mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. 

## Ebem si dee
Ania Freer

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Ania Freer na Sydney, Australia. Nne nne ya nwere mgbọrọgwụ n'ime ime obodo obodo alaeze ukwu Gayle na Saint Mary Parish ebe nna nna ya si Christiana. Ania tolitere na Australia na London, ebe nne na nna ya ochie bi.

O nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Mahadum Sydney n'afọ 2009, ebe ọ gụrụ anthropology na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri.

## Ọrụ nka
Mgbe ọ nọ na Australia, Freer rụrụ ọrụ maka Screen Australia na No Coincidence Media ma tinye aka na mmepụta ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ kwagara Jamaica na 2016, ọ malitere usoro obere ihe nkiri a na-akpọ REAL TALK .  Ọrụ Freer edekọla Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị mmadụ na Jamaica. Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya sitere na 2018 jidere ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ, ihe dị ka afọ isii, na-akọwa na mpaghara okpomọkụ yana akụkụ ọzara mmiri mmiri dị ọcha nke bi nso Osimiri Roaring na Westmoreland.

Freer bụ onye Curatorial and Art Writing Fellow na New Local Space na Kingston na 2019. Ọ haziri ihe ngosi otu All That Don't Leave, nke gosipụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọrụ aka nke ndị omenkà asaa nke Jamaica. Na ngosi oge okpomọkụ nke 2019 nke National Gallery of Jamaica, Freer gosipụtara ntinye vidiyo atọ. Otu n'ime ihé nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na-erizi mmụta sayensị nkiri ahụ bụ Riva Maid, ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Dwight "Bobo" Hayes banyere mmụọ mmiri nke tọọrọ nwanyị na Roaring River. A gụnyere Riva Maid na ihe ngosi nke otu 2022 Sound, Stories na gallery Locust Projects . 

Freer mepụtara ihe ngosi dị mkpirikpi nke nkeji iri Strictly Two Wheel, nke gosipụtara Jonathan "Bobo" Wilson, onye meworo agadi na-arụzi ịnyịnya ígwè na Jamaica. Ọ duziri, mee ihe nkiri, dezie, ma mepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. E gosipụtara ihe nkiri Miami ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị ahụ ahụ na Trinidad na Tobago Film Festival ebe ọ meriri Best Documentary Short Film Award na 2022.

Freer sonyere na ngosi Passages at the Nest na 2022. O mere ihe nkiri *Kaa-Ha-Yut-Le*, ihe nkiri vidio nke Everglades nke gosipụtara onye na-ese ihe Seminole Daniel Tommie. Freer bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na onye nlekọta nke gallery n'ịntanetị na ikpo okwu na ihé nke nkiri nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na-erizi mmụta dijitalụ Goat Curry Gallery .  Ọ malitere ime nnyocha na ajụjụ ọnụ na Obodo ndị na-egbu azụ na Senegal na 2022.

## Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ

* 2017 - *CHROM/ART International*, London
* 2019 - National Gallery of Jamaica Summer Exhibition
* 2022 - *Ụda, Akụkọ*, Ọrụ Igurube, Miami
* 2023 - Okporo ụzọ na Nest, AIRIE Nest Art Gallery

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
David Pottinger

Ọ zụrụ onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ malitere ọrụ ya na afo ndi1940 mgbe ọ sonyere na klas Edna Manley na ebe ndị ntà na Kingston, Jamaika. Kingston bụ isi isiokwu nke ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya; ọ na-ese omenala ndị Jamaika na ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama. A kọwawo ụdị ya dị ka ihe na-echetara ihe osise mbụ nke Petion Savain.

Pottinger nwetara ihe nrite Ọlaedo Musgrave na 2002 site n'aka Institutu nke Jamaika . 

## Ebe mụ si dee