Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu

**Ngalaba Ọhịa Madras**, nke a na-akpọzi Ngalaba Ọchụ Tamil Nadu, bụ ngalaba gọọmentị nke Tamil Nadu. Ngalaba ahụ na-ahụ maka ijikwa ebe niile echedoro na ọhịa tinyere nsogbu metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa nke steeti Tamil Nadu na South India. Ebumnuche nke Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu bụ ichekwa ụdị dị iche iche na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa na ebe ọzara iji hụ na nchekwa mmiri na nchekwa nri nke steeti ahụ.

Onye isi na-ahụ maka ọhịa, Onye isi nke ndị agha ọhịa (HoFF) bụ onye isi nke Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu. Chief Wildlife Warden, ise Main Conservators of Forests na asatọ Chief Conservator of Forests ọrụ n'okpuru PCCF na isi ụlọ ọrụ na *Panagal Maaligai* (ihe osise), Saidapet, Chennai. Ndị isi nchedo niile nke oké ọhịa na-enyere ndị nchedo nke oké ọhịa aka na osote onye nchedo nke ọhịa ndị nwere ọrụ mpaghara na nke pụrụ iche.

Ndị ọrụ niile nke Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu, ruo n'ọkwa onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta Ọhịa aka, bụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration na Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy ma bụrụ ndị otu Indian Forest Service, nwere ikike iji akara IFS mgbe aha ha gasịrị. E nwere ngụkọta nke ndị ọrụ 9,188 nke ngalaba ahụ.
thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu dị na ''Panagal Maaligai'' ma ọ bụ Panagal Building na Saidapet, Chennai.
thumb|Tamil Nadu, India

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb|255x255px|Dr Hugh Cleghorn, onye guzobere Ngalaba Ọhịa Madras, 1856
thumb|171x171px|Dietrich Brandis, nke a haziri na ngalaba Madras Forestry na 1882
thumb|176x176px|H A Gass, Conservator of Forests n'ihe dị ka 1906
áká_èkpè|thumb|295x295px|Osisi teak, 1870 nke Douglas Hamilton
thumb|162x162px|Lord Ripon, onye osote eze India, 1880-1884
N'afọ 1855, a gwara Dr H F Cleghorn (nke e sere na foto) ka ọ hazie Ngalaba Ọhịa Madras ma malite usoro nchekwa ọhịa na India. Na 19 Disemba 1856 a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-elekọta ọhịa na Madras Presidency. Mgbalị siri ike ya na Gọọmentị mere ka a machibido ọrụ ugbo na Madras Presidency iwu na 1860.
Cleghorn haziri Ngalaba Ọhịa Madras ọhụrụ na ume na ihe ịga nke ọma nke na a gwara ya ka ọ gbasaa ọrụ ya na Punjab. O nyekwara Maazị Dietrich Brandis, CIE, FRS, CIE (ihe osise), enyemaka dị irè na iwebata na ịrụ ọrụ nchekwa ọhịa n'ọhịa nke Bengal. A na-akpọ Cleghorn "nna nke ọrụ sayensị n'India"

Na 10 Jenụwarị 1865, mkpebi ọha na eze nke Gọọmentị India, họpụtara Dr Cleghorn dị ka onye guzobere Forest Conservancy na India, wee gbakwunye, sị: "Ọrụ ogologo oge ya site na nzukọ mbụ nke nlekọta ọhịa na Madras emeela ka ọdịmma ọha na eze dị ukwuu na ngalaba a nke nchịkwa".

Douglas Hamilton nwere mmasị dị ukwuu na nchekwa ọhịa na South India, ọ na-eleta enyi ya ochie General James Michael mgbe niile onye na-ahazi nchedo ọhịa nnwale na Annaimalai Hills. N'afọ 1854, a họpụtara ya ka ọ na-elekọta ọrụ nchedo nwa oge ma gosipụta ikike dị ukwuu maka ọrụ ọhụrụ ndị a. Douglas nọgidere na-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma na nhọpụta ahụ ma n'ime afọ atọ sochirinụ ọ na-elekọta ọhịa Annaimalai, na-enye osisi teak maka iwu ụgbọ mmiri na Bombay Dockyard.
N'oge a, ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka onye na-elekọta ọhịa n'okpuru Dr Hugh Francis Cleghorn onye guzobere Ngalaba Ọhịa Madras na nso nso a na ọrụ ya dugara n'ịmepụta Ngalaba Ọchịchị nke India na 1864.

N'afọ 1857, Douglas Hamilton laghachiri n'òtù ya. Lieutenant Richard Henry Beddome, onye bụ ezigbo onye nchọpụta na onye nwere ezigbo ihe ọmụma banyere ihe ọkụkụ, mejupụtara ohere onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta Anamalai aka. A tụrụ aro ka ọ gaa Dr Cleghorn n'ihi ikike ya nke ịhụ na nkọwa. Ọ nọchiri Cleghorn na 1860 ma nọgide na-abụ Chief Conservator ruo 1882.

Mgbe Beddome lara ezumike nká, na ntụziaka nke Viceroy nke India, George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (nke e sere na foto) na nkwado siri ike nke M E Grant Duff, Gọvanọ nke Madras, Dietrich Brandis haziri Ngalaba Ọhịa ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. J A Gamble sochiri R H Beddome dị ka onye na-elekọta ọhịa. Onye nọchiri Gamble bụ Horace Archibald Gass (nke e sere na foto). A na-echeta Gass ugbu a maka iguzobe Gass Forest Museum. F A Lodge nọchiri Gass na J A Master.

N'afọ 1868, e guzobere Forest College and Research Institute dị ka akụkụ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọrụ Ugbo na Saidapet, Chennai. N'afọ 1916, ọ kwagara Coimbatore. N'afọ 1989, e webatara mmemme Masters na Forest College & Research Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na Mettupalayam. N'afọ 1990, e webatara usoro ihe omume Doctoral.

N'afọ 1969, a gbanwere aha Madras State ka ọ bụrụ Tamil Nadu (ala ndị Tamil) ma gbanwee aha ngalaba ahụ.

## Ihe Ndị E Mere
Ebumnuche zuru oke nke Ngalaba Ọhịa Tamil Nadu bụ ichekwa ụdị dị iche iche na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa na ebe ọzara iji hụ na nchekwa mmiri na nchekwa nri nke steeti ahụ. A ga-echekwa anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa ma jikwaa ya iji gboo mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịbendị, ntụrụndụ na nke ime mmụọ nke ọgbọ ndị mmadụ dị ugbu a na ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu na steeti ahụ.

A na-elekọta ọhịa ndị dị na Tamil Nadu na ebumnuche ndị a:

* Gbaa mbọ hụ na gburugburu ebe obibi kwụsiri ike site na iweghachi nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe dị n'oké ọhịa.
* Bụba ọhịa na osisi kpuchie ruo 33% nke steeti ahụ, ma bulie ogo nke ọhịa.
* Chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ site na njikwa sayensị ma melite ọnọdụ ebe obibi maka ahụike ọhịa ka mma.
* Chekwaa ma zụlite mpaghara mmiri nke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi niile.
* Zute ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ chọrọ maka mmanụ, nri, ngwaahịa ọhịa ndị na-abụghị osisi na obere osisi ruo n'ókè o kwere mee na ntọala na-adịgide adịgide site na ụkpụrụ nke mmepe mmiri na Joint Forest Management.
* Mee ka akụkụ niile nke ọha mmadụ mara maka nchekwa ọhịa / osisi site na atụmatụ, nkọwa, njikọta na mmekorita.
* Bụba ọchụnta ego dabere na ọhịa iji kwado ndụ ka mma ma mepụta usoro ahịa dị irè.
* Mee ka ihe ọkụkụ ọdịnala dị n'ime ọhịa nye ndị agbụrụ bi n'ime oké ọhịa ma mee ka ha bụrụ ndị mmekọ na nlekọta ọhịa.
* Mepụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-enye ume ọhụrụ iji gboo mkpa ike nke obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ.
* Bụba nlekọta sayensị nke oké ọhịa maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche na iji mee ka uto, mmepụta na usoro mmepụta ihe sie ike.
* Mee ka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri kwụsie ike iji hụ na ọ na-echebe ya pụọ na ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dịka cyclones na tsunami.

## Atụmatụ
Atụmatụ Ngalaba Ọhịa nakweere iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị a bụ: 

* Nye nchebe zuru oke na mpaghara ọhịa site na ihe niile na-akpata mmebi, mbelata na mbibi nke anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi anụ ọhịa, site na itinye iwu nchebe anụ ọhịa nke 1972 na Iwu Ọhịa Tamil Nadu, 1882.
* Undertake Eco-development na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ndị bi n'ụlọ na obodo nta dị n'ime na gburugburu ebe echedoro ma nweta ma nọgide na-akwado ha ma na-etinye aka na nchekwa anụ ọhịa.
* Mee ka ọ dịrị ụmụ nwanyị mfe inye ha ikike maka nlekọta ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide.
* Mee ka agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmata dị mfe gụnyere ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ma kọwaa maka abamuru nke akụkụ niile nke ndị mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ akwụkwọ.
* Mepụta mmata banyere mkpa ọ dị ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ anyị site na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na ụzọ ndị ọzọ (ihe osise).
* Mee ihe mgbochi ọkụ na nchịkwa n'ime na gburugburu ebe echedoro site na mmemme ụfọdụ.
* Mee ka e weghachite ebe obibi, mee ka osisi dị mma ma melite ebe ọ bụla ọ dị mkpa.
* Gbanwee ebe obibi mmadụ site na Ebe Ndị A Na-echebe.
* Gbochi ntiwapụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe n'etiti anụ ọhịa site n'iwere usoro mgbochi ọrịa n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na-abanye Sanctuaries na National Parks.
* Mepụta ebe nchekwa dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ, mmemme ọmụmụ na nursery na ogige mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
* Iwu ihe nchebe ihe ọkụkụ dị ka mgbidi, trenches na mgbidi, wdg.
* Chọpụta ma weghachite ụzọ anụ ọhịa iji mee ka ọ dịrị ụmụ anụmanụ mfe ịgagharị n'etiti, site na gburugburu Ebe Ndị A Na-echebe.
* Nye ndị merụrụ ahụ ụgwọ zuru oke maka ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmebi nke esemokwu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa kpatara.
* Na-egbochi ma na-achịkwa mmetọ na-akpata ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ na radius  kilomita 25 (16 mi) gburugburu ebe echedoro dị ka Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi si kwuo.
* Jikọta mpaghara ndị a na-echebe anụ ọhịa na mmiri ma ọ bụ ala na ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị ka mmepe ime obodo, anụmanụ na ọhịa maka nchekwa na mmepe nke mpaghara ahụ.
* Gbaa mbọ hụ na mpaghara ọ bụla a na-echebe nwere atụmatụ njikwa.
* Chekwaa ahịhịa ọgwụ na mpaghara echedoro site na okike na njikwa nke Medicinal Plants Conservation Area (MPCAs).
* Kwalite njem nleta anụ ọhịa maka ogige ntụrụndụ ọ bụghị ogige ntorobịa maka njem nleta. Ihe ndị njem nleta chọrọ na-adabere na ọdịmma nchedo nke ebe ndị a na-echebe.
* Gbaa mbọ ike nlekota na nyocha kwesịrị ekwesị iji mepụta mmemme na atụmatụ na-arụ ọrụ, iji dozie nsogbu ndị a chọpụtara iji mezuo ebumnuche.

## Nkewa ala
Ngalaba ọhịa na-ahụ maka ijikwa mpaghara karịrị 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi), mebere 2.54% nke mpaghara yana 17.41% nke 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) mpaghara ọhịa edere edekọ na steeti ahụ. A haziri ngalaba na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa n'usoro ọkwa mpaghara sitere na mpaghara, okirikiri ọhịa, ngalaba ọhịa na oke ọhịa ruo n'ọgba na elekere. Otu mpaghara ala ọ bụla nwere ọkwa njikwa nke ya.

## Nchịkwa
A na-ahazi Ngalaba Ọhịa n'usoro nchịkwa sitere na Onye isi Nchekwa Ọhịa ruo Ndị Nlekọta Ọhịa, Mahouts na ndị ọzọ.

### Onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa
Onye isi nchekwa nchekwa oke ọhịa, onye isi ndị agha ọhịa (PCCF - HoFF) na-achịkwa ngalaba ngalaba ọhịa niile. Iwu niile dị mkpa, ikike, nkwupụta na ikike nke ngalaba na-enyocha onwe ya, kwadoro ma bịanye aka na ya.

Onye isi na-ahụ maka ọhịa na onye isi Wildllife Warden (PCCF & CWLW) bụ onye isi na-enyere PCCF aka ma na-ahụkwa maka ihe niile gbasara anụ ọhịa nke ngalaba ahụ. E nwekwara onye ọrụ mmepe gburugburu ebe obibi na-adụ PCCF ọdụ.

Ndị isi ise ọzọ na-ahụ maka nchekwa ọhịa (APCCF) na-ahụkarị maka nchịkwa etiti nke Afforestation, Planning & Budgeting, Research & Working Plan, Forest Administration na Forest Conservation Act.

### Onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa
Enwere 13 Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF), onye ọ bụla n'ime ha na-achịkwa mpaghara ọhịa na mgbakwunye na ijikwa akụkụ dị iche iche nke ọrụ aka nke ngalaba ngalaba ọhịa na steeti niile. Akụkụ teknụzụ dị iche iche bụTamil Nadu Afforestation Project (TAP), Planning and Development, Personnel and Vigilance, Social Forestry and Extension, Biodiversity, Wildlife, Department Working Plan (WP), Headquarters, Research, Extension, Tamil Nadu Forest Academy (TNFA), Onye isi ngalaba - Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) na onye ntụzi - Arinar Anna Zoological Park (AAZP).

#### Ógbè na Mpaghara Ọhịa
A na-ekewa steeti ahụ na mpaghara ọhịa isii, nke ọ bụla nwere okirikiri ọhịa abụọ. Ihe gbasara anụ ọhịa nke mpaghara ọ bụla, gụnyere ogige ntụrụndụ 5 dị na Tamil Nadu, bụ ọrụ nke onye nlekọta anụ ọhịa mpaghara. E nwere mpaghara 12 nke ọhịa. Mpaghara na okirikiri ọhịa ndị a tinyere KMTR, AAZP, TNFA na WP bụ ọrụ e kenyere ndị CCF na-esonụ:
thumb|375x375px|Ihe ịrịba ama ọfịs Wildlife Warden na Ooty, Nilgiri North na South Divisions, Coimbatore Circle, Tamil Nadu Forest Department

: Mpaghara Chennai: Chennai Circle & Vellore Circle, CCF (Social Forestry)
: Mpaghara Trichy: Trichy Circle & Villupuram Circle, CCF (Ndị ọrụ na Vigilance)
: Mpaghara Madurai: Madurai Circle & Dindigul Circle, CCF (Planning & Development)
: Ógbè Salem: Salem Circle & Dharmapuri Circle, CCF (Isi ụlọ ọrụ)
: Ógbè Tirunelveli: Virudhunagar Circle & Tirunelvelli Circle, CCF (Wildlife)
: Mpaghara Coimbatore Coimbatore Circle & Erode Circle, CCF (TAP)
: AAZP, Onye nduzi & CCF
: KMTR, Project Tiger Field Director & CCF
: Mpaghara pụrụ iche, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (GOMBRT) CCF na Trust Director
: TNFA, Director & CCF. E nwekwara onye isi TNFTC na ndị nduzi abụọ ọzọ TNFA
: WP, Atụmatụ Ọrụ CCF (WP)

### Onye Na-elekọta Ọhịa
Enwere 26 Conservator of Forests (CF) n'okpuru CCFs, nke nwere otu onye na-ahụ maka mpaghara 12 Forest Circles, 4 maka atụmatụ arụ ọrụ, yana otu onye ọ bụla na ahụ maka Planning & Development, Nchedo, Nhazi Project, Consolidation Forest Consolidation, Publicity, GIS , HRD, TAP-I, TAP-II na Nchọpụta. E nwekwara 49 Assistant Conservator of Forest, ndị na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ IFS ọhụrụ.

#### Nkewa nke ọhịa
N'ime Forest Circle ọ bụla, e nwere ngalaba ọhịa 2 ma ọ bụ karịa nke otu ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị nke 17 Divisional Conservator of Forests (DCF) ma ọ bụ 18 Deputy Conservator of Forest na 30 District Forest Officers (DFO).

Ngalaba ọ bụla nke ọhịa nwere ọtụtụ mpaghara ọhịa nke ndị ọrụ mpaghara ọhịa (FRO) na-elekọta.
A na-ekewa mpaghara ọhịa ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a na-eti, nke ọ bụla n"ime ha bụ ọrụ nke otu n'ime ndị 585 Forest Rangers na steeti ahụ.

A na-ekewa ihe ọ bụla n'ime Forest Watches, nke ọ bụla n"ime ha bụ ọrụ nke otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime 1,353 ndị na-ekiri ọhịa na steeti ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere ndị nche ọhịa 2,421 iji nyere aka na-agagharị n'oké ọhịa.

E nwere 39 Mahouts na 44 Cavady iji jikwaa ma zụọ enyí na-arụ ọrụ (Kumki) nke Ngalaba Ọhịa nwere ma jiri ya mee ihe. E nwere ndị na-elekọta ọhịa 1,320 na-arụ ọrụ iji jikwaa osisi ndị dị n'ọhịa steeti. Na mgbakwunye, e nwere ndị ọrụ 3,256 na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ahụ.

## Kọmitii Nchịkọta Ọrụ Uniform nke Ọhịa
 
Kọmiti na-ewebata ọrụ na Tamil Nadu Forest Uniformed Services (TNFUSRC) bụ gọọmentị Tamil Nadu mebere na 2012 vide G.O Ms.No. 157, Environment and Forests (FR-2) Ngalaba, ụbọchị June 29, 2012 maka mbanye nke ndị ọrụ maka Tamil Nadu Forest Department (TNFD) na atọ Forest Corporation ya bụ Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Limited (TAFCORN), Tamil Nadu Tea. Plantation Corporation Limited (TANTEA) na Arasu Rubber Corporation Limited (ARC). Kọmiti a kwekọrọ na Board Tamil Nadu Uniformed Services Recruitment Board nke na ewe ndị ọrụ nchekwa, ndị isi na ndị na enyocha ndị uwe ojii..

TNFUSRC nke onye uwe ojii nọ n'ọkwa nke Mgbakwunye Chief Conservator of Forests na otu onye odeakwụkwọ nọ n'ọkwa nke Conservator of Forests. Ọ ga enwe ndị otu abụọ, nke otu n'ime ha ga abụ onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke ya kwadoro na nke ọzọ na ọkwa nke Chief Conservator of Forests.

## Hụkwa

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ọha na Tamil Nadu
* Kọmitii Nchịkọta Ọrụ Uniformed Tamil Nadu
* Kọmitii Nchịkọta Ọrụ Ahụike

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* TNFUSRC Onye Ọchịagha, Onye Ọchịchị Nchịkọta 2014

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations