William Greaves

**YesWilliam Garfield Greaves**  (October 8, 1926 - Ọgọst 25, 2014) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri America na onye ọsụ ụzọ na-eme ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị aka ya n'ime ihe nkiri, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke mepụtara ihe nkiri ihe nkiri karịrị narị abụọ, wee dee ma duzie ihe karịrị ọkara n'ime ihe ndị a. Greaves nwetara ọtụtụ otuto maka ọrụ ya, gụnyere nhọpụta Emmy anọ.

## Ndụ mbido
Greaves mụrụ na Harlem na New York City na October 8, 1926. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa nke onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala tagzi na onye ozi Garfield Greaves na onye bụbu Emily Muir.  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Stuyvesant High School mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, Greaves gara City College of New York ka ọ mụọ sayensị na injinia, mana mechara hapụ ịchụso ọrụ ihe nkiri. Malite dị ka onye na-agba egwú, o mesịrị banye n'ime ihe nkiri, na-arụ ọrụ na American Negro Theatre . 

## Ọrụ

### Ịme ihe na ọzụzụ ihe nkiri
Na 1948, Greaves sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Studio wee mụọ ihe n'akụkụ ihe mmasị nke Marlon Brando, Julie Harris, Anthony Quinn, Shelley Winters na ndị ọzọ. N'oge a, ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ogbo na n'ihe nkiri, ma n'ikpeazụ enweghị afọ ojuju maka ọrụ ndị a na-eme ya. *Miracle in Harlem* (1948) bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri ọ pụtara na oge a. Ọ pụtakwara na *Souls of Sin* (1949), otu n'ime ihe nkiri agbụrụ ikpeazụ, nke hụrụ ka ọ na-abụ abụ ma na-eme ihe. N'ịghọta na ọtụtụ n'ime akụkụ ndị ọ nwere ike igwu bụ echiche efu na nke sitere n'ihi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ juru ebe niile na omenala America n'oge ahụ, Greaves lere anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa-American. N'ịhụ na ohere ya ga-adị oke ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-anọgide na-anọ na America ma na-elekwasị anya na usoro omume ya zubere, Greaves gbalịrị aka ya na ime ihe nkiri, na-ahọrọ ịkwaga Canada na ọmụmụ ihe na National Film Board of Canada . 

Mgbe afọ isii na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmepụta site na onye nduzi na-edezi, Greaves chọtara onwe ya n'azụ igwefoto dị ka onye nduzi na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe nkiri a na-akpọ *Emergency Ward*, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na njem nke ụlọ mberede ụlọ ọgwụ na mgbede Sunday. 

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akwụghị ụgwọ na ọrụ telivishọn
Dị ka 1960 hụrụ ịrị elu nke Civil Rights Movement, Greaves laghachiri na United States isonye n'okwu na-aga n'ihu banyere ndị Africa-America na ọnọdụ ha na ọha mmadụ. Dabere na ọrụ ya na *Ward Emergency*, United Nations na ngalaba ihe nkiri nke United States Information Agency (USIA) goro ya ọrụ iji mee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke abụọ kachasị mma bụ *Akụ nke Mba*, nyocha nke onwe. nnwere onwe dị ka isi ihe na-enye ike America, na *Ememme Mbụ Ụwa nke Negro Arts* (1968), nke depụtara 1966 World Festival of Black Arts, ememe nke ma African na African-American omenala.  

N'afọ 1969, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e gbusịrị Martin Luther King Jr na 1968, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ọha na eze National Educational Television (onye bu ya ụzọ na PBS nke oge a) malitere ịgbasa ihe ngosi a na-akpọ *Black Journal* nke nwere ebumnuche iweta akụkọ sitere n'aka ndị Africa America., maka ndị Africa America, na maka ndị Africa America. Mgbe mmeghe nke ọgba aghara n'oge ntanye ole na ole mbụ, netwọk NET kwalitere Greaves site na onye na-akwado ya gaa na onye na-emepụta ihe ngosi ahụ. Greaves gbara ihe nkiri ahụ ruo mgbe 1970 meriri Emmy award maka onwe ya na ihe ngosi na 1969.

### Mgbe ''Black Journal'' gasịrị
N'afọ 1970, mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na *Black Journal* afọ atọ, Greaves họọrọ ịhapụ telivishọn ka ọ lekwasị anya na ịme ihe nkiri. Na 1971 o wepụtara ihe nkiri akpọrọ *Ali, the Fighter*, nke lekwasịrị anya na mbọ mbụ Muhammad Ali mere iji nwetaghachi aha ọkpọ ọkpọ ọkpọ ọkachamara ya. Greaves wee gaa n'ihu imepụta na ịme ihe nkiri maka kọmitii dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, gụnyere NASA na The Civil Service Commission .

Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Greaves mepụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ, gụnyere *Site na mgbọrọgwụ ndị a*, *Oge mba: Gary*, *Ebe nrọ na-abịa*, *Booker T.Washington: Ndụ na Legacy*, *Frederick Douglass: Ndụ America*, *Black Power na America: Echiche Ụgha ma ọ bụ Eziokwu?* , *The Deep North*, na *Ida B. Wells: A Passion for Justice*, bụ nke Nobel Prize in Literature na Pulitzer Prize na-emeri onye edemede bụ Toni Morrison kọrọ.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ Greaves' 1972 *Nationtime* gbadoro ụkwụ na Mgbakọ Ndọrọ Ọchịchị ojii nke mba na Gary, Indiana, Sidney Poitier kọkwara ya. E weputara ụdị nke nkeji iri asatọ na 2020 site na ego sitere na Jane Fonda na Hollywood Foreign Press Association . 

## Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu
E wezụga Emmy o meriri maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri nke *Black Journal* na 1969, a họpụtara Greaves maka Emmy maka ọrụ ya *ka ọ bụ Nwanna: N'ime Negro Middle Class*, nke meriri Blue Ribbon Award na American Film Festival . E wezụga nke a, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-egwuri egwu n'ememme ma nweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite, na fim ụfọdụ (gụnyere *Ida B. Wells* ) na-enweta ihe nrite iri abụọ n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwu egwu. 

Na 1980, a na-asọpụrụ Greaves n'akụkụ Robert De Niro, Jane Fonda, Marlon Brando, Arthur Penn, Sally Field, Rod Steiger, Al Pacino, Shelley Winters, Dustin Hoffman, Estelle Parsons, na Ellen Burstyn na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Studio na mbụ New York. Dusa Award. N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbatara ya na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Na-eme Ihe nkiri Black ma nata nkwanye ùgwù pụrụ iche na mbụ Black American Independent Film Festival na Paris.  Na 2008 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival kwanyere ya onyinye ọrụ ya. http://www.fullframefest.org/releases/archived/press_080312.php &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</span></sup>

Na 2020, Firelight Media hibere ego William Greaves iji kwado ndị na-ese ihe nkiri na-abụghị akụkọ ifo n'etiti ọrụ. 

== Ihe nkiri ==

* ''Ịtọ ya kwụ ọtọ'' (1957)
* ''Anwụrụ ọkụ na ihu igwe'' (1958)
* ''Ngalaba Mberede'' (1959)
* ''Okpukpe anọ'' (1960)
* ''Akụ nke Mba'' (1964)
* ''Ememme mbụ nke ụwa nke Negro Arts'' (1966)
*  (mmemme TV) (1968-1977)
* ''Nwanne ka bụ: N'ime Negro Middle Class'' (1968)
* ''N'ime ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwoke'' (1969)
* ''Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Were otu'' (1968)
* ''Olu La Raza'' (1972)
* ''Mgbalị maka Los Trabajos'' (1972)
* ''Na Merit'' (1972);
* ''Oge mba, Gary'' (1973)
* ''Site na mgbọrọgwụ ndị a'' (1974)
* ''Ndị agha'' (1974)
* ''Ike megide ndị mmadụ'' (1974)
* ''Akụkọ EEOC'' (1974)
* ''Standard English onye?'' (1974)
* ''Ali, onye agha'' (1975)
* ''Ihe gbasara Marijuana'' (1975)
* ''Naanị mee ya: Akụkọ banyere ụlọ ahịa Barbers abụọ'' (1976)
* ''Ohere dị na ikpe ikpe mpụ'' (1978)
* ''Ebe Nrọ Ga-emezu'' (1979)
* ''Ime ka uche ha tọhapụ'' (1980)
* ''Oghere maka ụmụ nwanyị'' (1981)
* ''Booker T. Washington, Ndụ na ihe nketa'' (1982)
* ''Atụmatụ maka oge niile'' (1983)
* ''Frederick Douglass: Ndụ America'' (1985)
* ''N'ofè ọhịa'' (1985)
* ''Onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe'' (1985)
* ''Ike ojii na America: akụkọ ifo ka ọ bụ eziokwu?'' (1988)
* ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii kacha mma'' (1988)
* ''Ida B. Wells : Mmasị maka ikpe ziri ezi'' (1989)
* ''Nke ahụ bụ Black Entertainment'' (1990)
* ''Deep North'' (1990)
* ''Mbilite n'ọnwụ: Paul Robeson'' (1990)
* ''Ụtụ maka Jackie Robinson'' (1990)
* ''Ralph Bunche: Onye America Odyssey'' (2001)
* ''Ralph Bunche: Odyssey na-aga n'ihu…'' (2003)
* ''Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Were 2 ½'' (2005)

== Ntụaka ==
họpụtara Greaves maka Emmy maka ọrụ ya ka ọ bụ Nwanna: N'ime Negro Middle Class, nke meriri Blue Ribbon Award na American Film Festival . E wezụga nke a, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya na-egwuri egwu n'ememme ma nweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite, na fim ụfọdụ (gụnyere Ida B. Wells ) na-enweta ihe nrite

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Boyd, Todd. ''Ndị Africa America na Omenala Na-ewu ewu'' . Mpịakọta 1–3. Westport (Conn.): Praeger, 2008. Bipụta. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;
* Dixon, Wheeler W. ''Anya Na-agbawa: A Re-Visionary History of 1960s American Experimental Cinema'' . Albany: Mahadum State nke New York, 1997. Bipụta. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;
* MacDonald, Scott na Jacqueline Najuma Stewart. ''William Greaves: Ime ihe nkiri dị ka ozi'' . New York: Mahadum Columbia Press, 2021. Bipụta. ISBN 9780231199599
* Martin, Michael T. ''Cinema nke Black Diaspora: Ụdị dị iche iche, Ndabere, na Mmegide'' . Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996. Bipụta. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.williamgreaves.com/ williamgreaves.com]
* William Greaves  
* [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;cc=wiarchives;type=simple;rgn=Entire%20Finding%20Aid;q1=William%20Greaves;view=reslist;subview=detail;sort=freq;didno=uw-whs-tape00339a William Greaves] na [https://web.archive.org/web/20140502211533/http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=wiarchives;view=reslist;subview=standard;didno=uw-whs-tape00339a mkpokọta ihe nkiri Studio] nke Mahadum Wisconsin
* [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?docId=VAC1146.xml&brand=general&startDoc=1 William Greaves mkpokọta na Mahadum Indiana Bloomington Black Film Center/Archive]
* [http://moviemorlocks.com/2007/01/20/symbiopsychotaxiplasm-take-one.html Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Were Otu (TCM Movie Morlocks)] </link><  /link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" data-ve-ignore="true"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;
* David Pitts, "William Greaves, Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afrịka na Amerịka", IIP Digital, Febụwarị 26, 2002.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations