open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Robert Charles Bates

**Robert Charles Bates** (January 27, 1869 - Mee 2, 1950),  bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye nkuzi na onye ode akwụkwọ.   Ọ bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke America ma nyere aka chepụta na wuo ọtụtụ ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Claflin, mahadum ojii na-ahụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme (HBU) na South Carolina.    A na-eche na ọ bụ onye nkuzi ojii mbụ nke ụlọ na HBU; na onye mbụ African American odee nke akwụkwọ ụkpụrụ ụlọ.  

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Robert Charles Bates na Jenụwarị 27, 1869, na Columbia, South Carolina, ebe nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo.  A na-eche na ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nzikọrịta ozi n'ihe osise (ikekwe site na Scranton Correspondence School na Scranton, Pennsylvania).  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Normal University nke Clafin ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi, mana ọ dị mkpụmkpụ afọ abụọ site na ngụsị akwụkwọ. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> 

Na mgbanwe nke ihe omume na n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nlekọta nke ọzụzụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka na Mahadum Claflin, nke Freedmen's Aid Society na [[Southern Education Society]] kpebiri. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;  Ka ọ na-erule ọdịda nke 1890, Bates nọ na-akụzi ịse ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Claflin, a kwenyere na ọ bụ onye nkụzi ojii mbụ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ na HBU.    Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ dabere na nkuzi klaasị ya, n'agbanyeghị na edeghị ya nke ọma, ọ nwere ike ịbụ akwụkwọ ihe owuwu mbụ nke onye Africa America dere.  

Site na 1897 ruo 1900, Bates kwagara Upstate New York iji kuzie ihe osise na Elmira Reformatory .  Ndị na-esochi ya site n'ịkụzi azụmaahịa aka aka na Jacob Tome Institution maka ndị oji na-eto eto na ụmụ mgbei na Port Deposit, Cecil County, Maryland.  

Amabeghị ọtụtụ nkọwa gbasara ndụ Bate.  Agụnyere profaịlụ Bates na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu *[[Ndị African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945|ndị Africa American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945]]* (2004).

Bates nwụrụ na Spencer, New York, na Mee 2, 1950, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81. 

## Mbipụta

* 

## Na-arụ ọrụ

* T. Willard Lewis Chapel (1890) na Mahadum Claflin, Orangeburg, South Carolina 
* Fisk Building (isi ụlọ, 1899) ụlọ elu ugwu na ndịda na Mahadum Claflin, Orangeburg, South Carolina (ọkụ bibiri na 1913)    
* Fisk Building (isi ụlọ, 1900) mgbakwunye klaasị na Mahadum Claflin, Orangeburg, South Carolina (ọkụ bibiri na 1913) 
* Ụlọ nkuzi nkuzi John F. Slater na Mahadum Claflin, Orangeburg, South Carolina 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects
* Robert Robinson Taylor, onye nkuzi ojii mbụ nke ụlọ na HBU
* William Wilson Cooke, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke America na Claflin

## Ntụaka
gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị na mmemme mgbatị ahụ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Otis Art Institute, Los Angeles City College, na Los Angeles Trade-Technical College .  Bankhead gbalịrị ịrụ ọrụ na
James C. Dodd

**James Charles Dodd** **Sr.**, FAIA (1923–1999), bụ onye ọchụnta ego ọgbara ọhụrụ nke America.   Ọ bụ onye America mbụ nyere ikike na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'obodo Sacramento, California.   Ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ **James C. Dodd na Associates** .  Dodd bụ onye guzobere National Organisation of Minority Architects (NOMA).

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ James C. Dodd na Jenụwarị 17, 1923, na Texarkana, Texas,   n'ime ezinụlọ ndị America America. Ọ jere ozi na United States Army dị ka onye agha n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ . 

Dodd jiri GI Bill ya mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, wee gaa Mahadum California, Berkeley ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ichepụta ihe.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UC Berkeley na 1952 na nzere BA na architecture. 

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe maka steeti California .  Na 1952, ezinụlọ Dodd kwagara Sacramento.  Site na 1952 ruo 1955, Dodd rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Barovetto & Thomas (Silvio Louis Barovetto, na Albert B. Thomas). 

Site na 1956 ruo 1996, Dodd na-arụ ọrụ nke ya, ụlọ ọrụ James C. Dodd na Associates architectural dị na 2710 X Street na Sacramento.  Ụlọ a ma ama nke James C. Dodd na Associates gụnyere Del Paso Heights Schools, McClellan Air Force Base remodels, Saint Hope Academy, Netta Sparks Women's Civic Improvement Club, Edna Wright House, Ụlọ Hill, na Ụlọ James Jones.  Ụlọ Nathaniel Colley (1967) na 1810 S Street na Sacramento, bụ Dodd mere ya.  Nathaniel Colley bụ onye ọka iwu ojii mbụ n'obodo ahụ na onye ndu ikike obodo;  na a tụlere ụlọ ahụ maka ịdepụta na Sacramento Register of Historic and Cultural Resources.  

Na 1970, Dodd bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke National Organisation of Minority Architects (NOMA). 

Elbert Mitchell bụ onye ọlụlụ Dodd na ha na-ekekọrịta ihe n'ime ụlọ dị na Sacramento, nke ha wuru ọnụ.  Dodd nwere ọtụtụ azụmaahịa ndị ọzọ; gụnyere mmepụta nke Sistemụ Urfab, ogwe ihe eji eme ụlọ emebere nke ọma, nke sitere na ngwaahịa emegharịrị.  Ndị ọrụ ụlọ obibi na mmepe obodo California kwadoro Urfab na 1976. 

Na 1981, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nke American Institute of Architects . 

Dodd nwụrụ na February 3, 1999 na Sacramento. 

## Ndepụta nke ọrụ ama ama

* 1961, Ebe obibi Dodd, 1860 60th Avenue, Sacramento, California 
* 1963, Shiloh Baptist Church, 3565 9th Avenue, Sacramento, California; Edepụtara NRHP 
* 1963, 6390 South Land Park Drive, Sacramento, California 
* 1967, Nathaniel Colley Building, 1810 S Street, Sacramento, California 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects
* Ndebanye aha obodo nke ndepụta ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na Sacramento County, California

## Ntụaka
kwagara Sacramento.  Site na 1952 ruo 1955, Dodd rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Barovetto & Thomas (Silvio Louis Barovetto, na Albert B. Thomas).
Amy Alexander (onye na-ese ihe)

**Amy Alexander** bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ike ọkụ / visual, nka na-enyere nka , n'okpuru ọtụtụ pseudonyms akpọ VJ Übergeek [1] na Cue P. Doll.  [2] Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Anya na Mahadum California, San Diego 

## Akụkọ ndụ
Alexander bụ onye na-ese ihe, n'ụdị nka ụdị [1] na koodu .  [2] Mkpala ma onye ọrụ ya na ụlọ ihe ngosi mgbe ochie, ihe ngosi, na ngosi Whitney Museum, Transmediale, Ars Electronica, na SIGGRAPH .  O meela ihe n'ebe ndị na- ọrụ nka ụlọ oriri na-ekiri na ihe nkiri n'okporo ụzọ ámá  

Ọrụ mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ Alexander nke mbụ n'ọtụtụ ebe bụ ọrụ nka net, The Multi-Cultural Recycler (1996/7), nke phora maka We onyunyo na 1999. [1] O meziri webụsa ịtị plagiarist.org, bụ nke amaara maka  ọrụ ya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.  [2] n'afọ 2012, ọrụ a na-anọ na vidiyo vidiyo na-egosi anya, SVEN, Discotrope: The Secret Nightlife of Solar Cells with Annina Ruest na CyberSpaceLand.  Odewokwa ihe odide na ndị ihe mere eme na-eme na-egosi audiovisual nke oge a, ndị otu isi na olu nke akwụkwọ ahụ Lee njikọ a - Audiology, nke a na-akpọ Compendium. . 

## Ọrụ ndị ama ama
Na 2005, Alexander ibe TheBot ngosi na ngosi na New Museum na New York City, dị ka nke 40 ọrụ Rhizome, otu nkọwa na ikpo okwu maka Internet art .  [1] Na 2022, Alexander Ihe robot ahụ, mgbasa ozi na-aga n'ihu na-emelite nke vidiyo YouTube na ọwa "obere nke aka" ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Rencontres d'Arles na Berlin, Germany na Paris,  France .  [2] [3] Livestream ahụ weghaara obere vidiyo na- ike ma ọ bụ ole na ole yana ndepụta okwu igwe àmà àmà. 

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Alexander gara Mahadum Rowan site na 1988 – 1991 wee nweta BA na Nkwu mmekọrịta: Radio/TV/Fim.  Ọ gara California Institute of Arts site na 1993 ruo 1996, wee nata MFA ya na ihe nkiri/Video na New Media 

## Ọrụ
Alexander obodo n mgbidi na mmemme, egwu, na mgbasa ozi a na-ahụ anya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ya.  Ọ bụrụ ihe na California Institute of Arts na Mahadum Southern California .  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ọrụ, animation, eje ozi na mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ 

Amy Alexander bụ ugbu a Prọfesọ nke Visual Arts: Kọmputa na Mahadum California, San Diego .  Nkuzi ya lekwasịrị anya na sinima gbasawanye nke oge a, na-egosi na-ahụ anya, ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri sinima na-ahụ ahụkebe, na nka mgbasa ozi ebe dabere na usoro.. 

## Ntụaka
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website 
* Pau Alsina interviews Amy Alexander
* Academic profile
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Charles Sumner Bowman

**Charles Sumner Bowman** ( c. 1873 – amaghị), bụ onye America na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye nkuzi. O nwere ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nke ya na Kansas City, Kansas, wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Mahadum Western na Quindaro, Kansas site na 1898 ruo 1902.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Charles Sumner Bowman mụrụ na c. 1873 na Mississippi.   Ya na ụmụnne ya atọ bụ ndị nne nanị ya na-azụ ụmụ bụ Mattie (ma ọ bụ Marta) Bowman, bụ onye di ya nwụrụ, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na Vicksburg . 

Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị na Tuskegee Institute (ugbu a Mahadum Tuskegee) malite na 1892.  Ka ọ na-erule 1895, Bowman edebanyela aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụbọchị na Tuskegee Institute, ebe ọ nwetara diplọma ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị na diploma diploma na 1898. 

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe emepụtara ọhụrụ nke a maara dị ka Quindaro Industrial School na Mahadum Western kọleji ojii akụkọ ihe mere eme (HBCU) na Quindaro, Kansas.   Ọ kụziri ihe ọmụmụ n'ịkwa nkà, ịrụ osisi, ígwè ọrụ, ịse ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ise ihe, na ịrụ kabinet.  Bowman rụrụ ọrụ maka Mahadum Western site na 1898 ruo 1902, sochiri imepe ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nke ya na Kansas City. 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka
ụmụ bụ Mattie (ma ọ bụ Marta) Bowman, bụ onye di ya nwụrụ, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka nwa
Albert Grant Brown

**Albert Grant Brown** (1881 – 1924) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na prọfesọ America. Wilkins, Craig (2016-03-10). ''Diversity among Architects: From Margin to Center''. Routledge. p.&nbsp;172. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-317-47926-0</bdi>.  Ọ bụ onye America mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ma kụziere ụkpụrụ ụlọ na West Virginia Colored Institute (ugbu a West Virginia State University). 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Albert Grant Brown na 1881 na Campbells Creek, West Virginia.  Brown gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Black Hawk Hollow Negro maka ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị.  Ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na West Virginia Colored Institute (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka West Virginia State University) na Farm, West Virginia (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Institute, West Virginia);  na Tuskegee Institute (ugbu a Mahadum Tuskegee) na Tuskegee, Alabama na agụmakwụkwọ. 

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Brown kụziri klaasị architecture na West Virginia Collegiate Institute (ugbu a West Virginia State University), onye nkuzi ya.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi egwuregwu ruo ọtụtụ afọ. 

Mgbe ọ na-ata ahụhụ site na hernia na ịlele ụlọ ọgwụ, ọ nwụrụ na August 28, 1924, nke oyi baa.  Rev. Mordecai Wyatt Johnson buru ụzọ mee emume olili ozu ya nke e mere na First Baptist Church na Charleston, West Virginia.  E liri ya na ili ozu Spring Hill na Charleston, West Virginia. 

## Ọrụ

* Ndị Knights of Pythias Hall (1905), Washington na Dickinson Streets, Charleston, West Virginia; ugbu a ebibiri 
* Paul Baptist Church (1920), 821 B Street, St. Albans, West Virginia 

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka
emume olili ozu ya nke e mere na First Baptist Church na Charleston, West Virginia
Perino del Vaga

thumb|259x259px| Eserese nke Perin del Vaga (onye na-amaghị aha), Ihe atụ sitere na " Le Vite " nke Giorgio Vasari, 1568.
thumb| Perino del Vaga, ''Madonna na Nwatakịrị'', mmanụ na akwa akwa, Rome, Palazzo Montecitorio.
thumb| Brussels tapestry na motif "Diana nke Efesọs" nke Perino del Vaga, 1545.
**Piero Bonaccorsi** (1501 - Ọktoba 19, 1547), nke a maara dị ka **Perino** (ma ọ bụ **Perin** ) **del Vaga**, bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe nke Late Renaissance / Mannerism .

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Perino nso na Florence .  Nna ya mebiri onwe ya site n'ịgba chaa chaa, wee ghọọ onye agha na ndị agha na-awakpo Charles nke Asatọ . Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị naanị ọnwa abụọ; ma obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, nwunye nke abụọ nna ya kuru ya. A mụrụ Perino na onye na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na mbụ, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya gafere n'aka onye na-ese ihe na-emepe emepe, Andrea de' Ceri,  na mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, nke Ridolfo Ghirlandaio .

## Na-arụ ọrụ na Genoa
N'afọ 1527, Andrea Doria kpọrọ Perino ka ọ bịa Genoa ka ọ chọọ Villa del Principe ọhụrụ a rụgharịrị ọhụrụ mma. Ọrụ malitere na 1529, na Perino na-eji ụdị yiri nke Giulio Romano na Mantuan Palazzo Te . Obí ahụ emechara nwere frescoes nke akụkọ ifo na akụkọ ihe mere eme, nke ejiri ọmarịcha ọrụ arabesque mara mma na nkọwa ihe ọkpụkpụ na stucco kwalitere. N'ime ọrụ ndị bụ isi bụ: *Agha n'etiti Chi na Giants*, *Horatius Cocles na-agbachitere Àkwà mmiri*, na *Fortitude nke Mutius Scaevola* . Ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke ihe niile, *ụgbọ mmiri nke Aeneas*, adịghịzi adị. Perino mekwara ọtụtụ ebe ịchụàjà na eserese maka teepu, na-etolite ngwa ngwa ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke ndị Rome na obodo Ligurian. Ọ gara nleta abụọ na Pisa, wee malite ihe osise na katidral.

Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Perino laghachiri na Rom ma pịgharịa n'Ụlọ Nzukọ Pucci dị na Trinità dei Monti . Pope Paul nke Atọ nyere ya ụgwọ ọnwa mgbe niile. Ọ tụgharịrị ọtụtụ ọrụ nke Raphael. Ọ na-ese ihe ịchọ mma maka Pauline Chapel na ụlọ nzukọ ndị ọzọ nke Castel Sant'Angelo, ụfọdụ frescoes na chọọchị San Marcello, monochrome na Stanza della Segnatura na Vatican na katoon nke Sistine Chapel .

## Ntụle na ihe nketa
Ụdị Del Vaga bụ onye a ma ama maka ịdị ike ya na ịma mma ya. A na-ewere eserese ya dị ka ihe dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi n'etiti omenala Roman Raphaelesque na mbụ Florentine Mannerism . Ọ jikọtara omume Raphael na Andrea del Sarto . A kanyere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya, ọbụna n'oge ndụ ya. Daniele da Volterra, Girolamo Siciolante da Sermoneta, Luzio Romano na Marcello Venusti (nke a makwaara dị ka *il Mantovano* ) so na ndị na-enyere ya aka.

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị naanị ọnwa abụọ; ma obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, nwunye nke abụọ ihe dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi n'etiti omenala Roman Raphaelesque na mbụ Florentine Mannerism

* 
*  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: .mw-parser-output 

## Njikọ mpụga

* ''Ihe osise nke Giorgio Ghisi'', katalọgụ ihe ngosi ederede zuru oke sitere na The Metropolitan Museum of Art, nke nwere ihe dị na Perino del Vaga (lee ndeksi)
Mark America

Mark Amerika (amụrụ 1960, Miami, Florida) bụ onye omenkà America, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye edemede na prọfesọ nke Art na Art History na Mahadum Colorado.  Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme Literary Arts na Mahadum Brown, ebe ọ natara MFA ya na ide ihe na 1997..

Egosipụtala ọrụ America na mba ụwa.  N'afọ 2000, ahọpụtara ọrụ nka ụgbụ ya GRAMMATRON [1] maka Whitney Biennial of American Art.[2]  Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ nke ọrụ ya emeela na Denver Art Museum, Institute of Contemporary Arts na London, na Walker Art Center.  Na 2009–2010, National Museum of Contemporary Art na Athens, Greece, kwadoro ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke America nke akpọrọ UNREALTIME.[3]  Na 2009, Amerika wepụtara Immobilité, [4] n'ozuzu na-atụle ihe nkiri nka ogologo ogologo nke mbụ gbara na ekwentị mkpanaaka.  Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere The Kafka Chronicles, [5] Sexual Blood, [6] META/DATA: A Digital Poetics[7] na remixthebook. 

Amerika bụ onye na-ebipụta Alt-X Online Network, [1] webụsaịtị nka, akwụkwọ na usoro mgbasa ozi ọhụrụ ọ malitere dị ka saịtị Gopher na ngwụcha 1992. Saịtị ahụ gụnyere Alt-X e-book press, mmalite.  Nlebanya akwụkwọ eletrọnịkị, Alt-X Audio, ụlọ ọrụ nka Hyper-X, yana ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị isi na ndị ode akwụkwọ ọzọ sitere na njedebe narị afọ nke 20.  E wepụtara Avant Pop Manifesto ya na Alt-X na 1993.

Ọrụ nka nke Amerika "Museum of Glitch Aesthetics" bụ mmemme nke Abandon Normal Devices Festival na njikọ Olympics nke London 2012 nyere ya ọrụ.  Ọrụ a bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi nyocha ya Glitch.  Pịa.  Thunk na Mahadum Art Galleries na Mahadum Hawaii 

N'ọgwụ 2013, ọ bụ Labex Arts-H2H International Research Chair [1] na Mahadum Paris 8. Nhọpụta mbụ Prọfesọ mba nke egwuregwu na Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, ihe na Mahadum Mba Singapore, Mahadum Teknụzụ Sydney, na Mahadum  Falmouth.

Amerika bipụtara Locus Solus (Nsụgharị na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke e dere na narị afọ nke 21) na Counterpath Press na 2014. A kọwara ọrụ a dị ka “nsụgharị / remix” nke akwụkwọ akụkọ French Locus Solus nke onye ode akwụkwọ Raymond Roussel bipụtara otu narị afọ tupu mgbe ahụ na 1914. Dị ka okwu ikpeazụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ si kwuo, Amerika, bụ́ ndị na-adịghị agụ ma ọ bụ dee n’asụsụ French, ji mmemme nsụgharị n’ịntanetị jiri dee ya. 

Na 2015, a họpụtara Amerika ka ọ bụrụ onye nhazi ntọala nke mmemme doctoral ọhụrụ na Intermedia Art, Writing and Performance na College of Media, Communication and Information na Mahadum Colorado. [1] Na 2017, Amerika bụ onye omenkà mbụ a họpụtara ịbụ prọfesọ nke iche na Mahadum Colorado. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mark ibe weebụ America
* Weebụsaịtị ihe nkiri ekwentị mkpanaaka
* webụsaịtị remixthebook
* Netwọk mbipụta Alt-X
* "Society of the Spectacle: A Digital Remix"
* Omenala enwere ike imeghari: Mgbatị egwu egwu Remix
* "Ihe Isi mmalite Ebe ọ bụla: Glitch Remix"
* Ajụjụ ọnụ Tate Museum na Mark Amerika
* Ajụjụ ọnụ Rhizome na Mark Amerika
* Ajụjụ ọnụ Onye Okike Project na Mark Amerika
Òtù:1960 births
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
John Barber (onye na-ese ihe, ọkà mmụta)

alt=This image is of John Barber, speaking in front of a green backdrop.|thumb| John Barber na June 2014.
John Barber bụ onye omenkà na-achị dabere na Vancouver, Washington .  Ɔ na- anya na nka kafafu olu.  Barber akụkọ Dene Grigar .

## Ọrụ nka
Egosiputala nka ụda Barber n'ọtụtụ mmemme na ihe ngosi nke mba ụwa.

Na 2010, ụda nke ndụ m pụtara na Lisbon's kwa afọ RadiaLx International Festival of Radio Art, [1] na ihe omume nke ọrụ Barber laghachiri na 2012 na Tell Me A Story.[2]  Na 2013, n'etiti ụra na nrọ gụnyere na mmemme n'ofe Canada, Estonia, [3] na Portugal.[4]  Na 2017, ọrụ Barber gụnyere na Audiograft International Festival of Experimental Music and Sound nke Mahadum Oxford Brookes kwadoro [5] [6] na Brazil's Festival Internacional de Linguagem Eletronica

Na 2017, New Binary Press bipụtara Icheta Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ: Northern Ireland, [1] nke na-akwụ ndị e gburu n'oge "Nsogbu" ụtụ..

## Ọmụmụ ihe
N'afọ 2001, o deziri ụwa ọhụrụ, okwu ọhụrụ: Ịchọgharị ụzọ maka ide banyere na gburugburu eletrọnịkị ya na Dene Grigar, [1] ebe o dezikwara akwụkwọ wee dechaa akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na Richard Brautigan. 

N'afọ 2001, o deziri ụwa ọhụrụ, okwu ọhụrụ: Ịchọgharị ụzọ maka ide banyere na gburugburu eletrọnịkị ya na Dene Grigar, [1] ebe o dezikwara akwụkwọ wee dechaa akwụkwọ ndekọ aha na Richard Brautigan.  

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Chris Ashley

Chris Ashley bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ ọrụ ya site na iji koodu na map dị mfe iji, tinye agba na udidi na ụzọ ya.   Site n'iji usoro ọhụrụ a, ọ na-enwe ike ike akwụkwọ onwe ma jiri onwe a ma tinye ihe osise ya na ihe nlereanya.   Ụdị ya na-ewu ihe mana omume ya na- akara nke ọma.

"Transparencies 2007" bụ ọrụ nka nwere ihe osise abụọ ebe Ashley gosipụtara ikike iji ọdịiche mee ka ọ pụta ìhè.  Na "Cinematic Dataculture", ọdịdị nke achicha, oyi akwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nke dị nro na-ese n'etiti mpaghara abụọ nke acrylic.  Otu esi etinye agba anụnụ anụnụ na-enye ya akụkụ ka ọ gbadaa n'ime usoro ahụ dum.  Nzube na-eduga bụ ịmata ọdịiche dị n'akụkụ nke achicha anọ ahụ.  Ogwe pink kwụ ọtọ dọtara anya n'ofe ihe owuwu ahụ wee gbatịa n'akụkụ akụkụ ndị na-adịgide adịgide.  N'ihi pixilation a kpachaara anya ya, a na-eche na ọ bụ mmadụ mere ibe a.  Iberibe geometric na-adọrọ adọrọ, jupụtara n'ihe ọ pụtara, na echepụtara nke ọma.

## Ntụaka

* Profaịlụ na Rhizome.org
* Ebe ọrụ Chris Ashley
* http://artnews.org
* Nyochaa ihe ngosi 2007-08 ya "Emere m gị nke a" na KQED Arts

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
U.S. Grant Tayes

**US Grant Tayes** (October 26, 1885—June 15, 1972), bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese mmiri, na-arụ ọrụ na Missouri site na 1930 ruo 1950.  Ihe osise ya gbadoro ụkwụ na idekọ obodo ojii ya na Missouri. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ahụ anya kụziiri onwe ya, bụ onye rite uru na ndụmọdụ ọkachamara na ndụ ya. Tayes rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi, onye na-akpụ isi na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ. Aha ndị ọzọ ejiri mee ihe gụnyere **Ulysses S. Grant Tayes**, **Ulysses Grant Tayes**, na **Ulysses Tayes** .

## Ọrụ
Site na 1929 ruo 1935, Tayes biri na St. Louis.  "Tayes Art Museum" bụ aha nkịtị nke ya na St. Louis barbershop na 122 North Third Street; ọ ga-egosipụta ihe osise ya n'ebe ahụ.   Ọ bụ onye otu St. Louis Society of Independent Artists.  Tayes bụkwa onye na-egwu egwu ma mee n'ụlọ ọrụ redio St. Louis dị na mpaghara na 1930s;  ma bụrụ onye odeakụkọ wee dee maka *St. Louis Argus* na 1930s.  Mgbe ọ bi na St. Louis, ndị na-ese ihe Frederick C. Alston na Edmund H. Wuerpel nyere ya ndụmọdụ. 

Ọ kwagara na Jefferson City, Missouri na 1935, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1950.  Tayes rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpụ isi n'ụlọ ya na 528 Lafayette Street na Jefferson City; n'ime mpaghara azụmahịa nke agbataobi Africa America (n'oge nkewa agbụrụ) akpọrọ "Ụkwụ".   Mpaghara ya "Ụkwụ" na-abụkarị isiokwu nke ihe osise ya, na ọrụ ndị dị ka *Barber Shop* (1947), na *Bar Scene* .  Onye agbata obi ya bụ onye ọchụnta ego, Duke Diggs.   "Ụkwụ" agbata obi nke Jefferson City adịghịzi adị, mana a gwupụtara ya n'oge ngbanwe nke Lafayette Street na 2015. 

Tayes nwụrụ na June 15, 1972 na Jefferson City. 

## Ihe ngosi

* 1929, "Ngosipụta nke Ọrụ nke Negro Artists" otu ngosi nke Urban League of St. Louis, St. Louis Public Library, St. Louis, Missouri 
* 1930, "Ihe ngosi nke Fine Arts nke American Negro Artists" ihe ngosi otu nke Harmon Foundation
* 1932, "St. Louis Post-Dispatch Black and White ngosi" nke St. Louis Artists' Guild, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, St. Louis, Missouri 
* 1933, "Ihe ngosi 1933 nke Ọrụ Negro Artists", ihe ngosi otu nke Harmon Foundation na Art Center, New York City, New York 
* 1933, "Ihe ngosi nka nke afọ nke ise maka ndị nka Negro", ihe ngosi otu, St. Louis Public Library, St. Louis, Missouri; Onye meriri ihe nrite mbụ 
* 1939, "15th Annual Art Exhibition of Negro Artists in Oil and Water Colors", otu ngosi, St. Louis Urban Art League, St. Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri  
* 1944, "Ihe ngosi nke eserese, ihe osise na mbipụta nke Negro Artists", ihe ngosi otu nke Mahadum Atlanta (nke bụ Mahadum Clark Atlanta ugbu a), Atlanta, Georgia
* 1945, "Ihe ngosi nke eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ na mbipụta nke Negro Artists", ihe ngosi otu nke Mahadum Atlanta (nke bụ Mahadum Clark Atlanta ugbu a), Atlanta, Georgia 
* 2019, "Nhọrọ sitere na mkpokọta Melvin Holmes nke ihe ngosi nka nke African American", ihe ngosi otu nke Melvin Holmes Collection of African American Art, Tyler Fine Art 

## Ntụaka
Independent Artists.  Tayes bụkwa onye na-egwu egwu ma mee n'ụlọ ọrụ redio St. Louis dị na mpaghara na 1930s;  ma bụrụ onye odeakụkọ wee dee maka St. Louis Argus na

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

*
James C. Thibodeaux

**James Charles Thibodeaux** (1911 — 2004), bụ onye America na-ese foto, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nkuzi.  Ọ bụ onye nkuzi nka ojii mbụ nke United States Army . 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
James C. Thibodeaux mụrụ na July 21, 1911, na St. Martinville, Louisiana, nye nne na nna Fannie E. ( née Young) na Ernest Charles Thibodeaux, Sr..  Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na ka ọ na-erule 1920 ezinụlọ ahụ akwagawo na mpaghara North Dallas nke Dallas, Texas.  Ha bi nso na mpaghara ịzụ ahịa Central Avenue (ma ọ bụ Central Track), ụlọ ahịa ndị na-akpụ isi n'ógbè ha bụ ebe a na-anọkarị na Lemọn Lemon Jefferson n'oge a.  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Katọlik, na ụlọ akwụkwọ Sisters (nke a mechara bụrụ St. Peter's Academy), wee gụchaa mgbe ọ dị afọ 17 na 1928. 

Malite na 1929, Thibodeaux gara Cooper Union, na mgbe e mesịrị Mechanics' Institute (ụlọ ọrụ jikọrọ Cooper Union) na New York City; ọ nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta zuru oke.  Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Black printmaker Bernie Haynes Robynson ; onye ọ zutere site n'ọkpụkpụ na onye nkụzi, Augusta Savage .  Thibodeaux gara klaasị na General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, na 1932 nwetara diplọma na eserese aka efu. 

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City, o biri na Harlem YMCA na 180 West 135th Street, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ibe maka WOR, ụlọ ọrụ redio nọọrọ onwe ya. 

Edepụtara Thibodeaux na Julaị 10, 1943 ma jee ozi na United States Army n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ .  Ọ bụ onye ọrụ pụrụiche nke United States Army nke mbụ onye nkuzi nka ojii. 

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Ọ nwụrụ na August 19, 2004 na New Orleans.  A na-enwe nchịkọta foto nke Thibodeaux na Dolph Briscoe Center maka American History na UT Austin . Edere akụkọ akụkọ ọnụ na Thibodeaux na 1994 na 1997 site na Texas African American Photography Archive. 

## Ntụaka
akwụkwọ mmụta zuru oke.  Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Black printmaker Bernie Haynes Robynson ; onye ọ zutere site n'ọkpụkpụ na onye nkụzi, Augusta

## Njikọ mpụga

* James C. Thibodeaux Photograph Collection, 1883–2000, na Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, Mahadum Texas na Austin
* Foto nke James Thibodeaux (1991), na Mahadum North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library
Robin Bell (onye na-ese ihe)

Robin Bell ( nchegbu 1979) [1] bụ onye na-ese ihe onyonyo mgbasa ozi America ugbu a na-arụ ọrụ na Washington, DC .

## osise
Ọ bụ ebe na a Sta ya dị ka onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, [1] Bell ka amara nke ọma maka ọrụ vidiyo ya dị mma dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi, bụ nke a na-enye / arụ ọrụ n'ime  ọtụtụ afọ na ebe iche iche, dị ka The Hollywood Bowl, [2] Artomatic, [3] [4] Kennedy Center, [5] Phillips Collection [6] na ndị ọzọ..   

Bell malitere inweta mba [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] na mba [7] [8] [9] nlebara anya na ntuli aka nke President Trump, [10] mgbe o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ amụma ya iji wepụta. dị njọ nke ukwuu [11] [12] ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọtụtụ ebe "enweghị ikike" dị ka Trump International Hotel na Washington, DC [13] [14] N'ịtụ aka na amụma ahụ na 2017, Los Angeles Times kwuru na ọ "malitere ịga. viral na social media fọrọ nke nta ka ọ na-eme."

Dị ka akwụkwọ Washington City si kwuo, ihe ndị agha ndị dị a "meghere" [1] ụzọ nke ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Corcoran Gallery of Art na Washington, DC, na dị ka Associated Press si kwuo: "Ọrụ ya mere ihe a  na-መላ anya ya. Ndị otu ndị na-eme ihe ike aekawo ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ya ka ha gaa ebe dị anya ruo Finland rụpụta ihe ngosi n'ihe ndị a ma ama " [2] Na 2019, onye nkatọ nka  nka nke New York Times Jillian Steinhauer kwuru na oria Bell “dị nso na mgbasa ozi mpaghara nka” 

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn

**Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị Kenneth Hahn** (nke a na-akpọ **HOA** ), nke bụbu **Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị Los Angeles County**, nke emechara 1960, bụ oche nke gọọmentị County nke Los Angeles, California, United States . The oche nwere Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, ụlọ nzukọ, na ọfịs nke ọtụtụ County ngalaba.  Ọ dị na mpaghara Civic Centre nke ogbe ndịda Los Angeles, nke gụnyere nnukwu obodo nke Grand, Temple, Hill na Grand Park gbara ya gburugburu.

N'ụbọchị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ obodo 2,700 na-ebi n'ụlọ ahụ. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emebere Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị na mbụ dị ka akụkụ nke 1947 Civic Center Master Plan nke mechara gbanwee Bunker Hill, ka Civic Center gbasaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.  Ụlọ ikpe Los Angeles County (Stanley Mosk Courthouse), nke dị na mpụga Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị, ka e wuru n'otu oge ahụ, site n'otu ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ.  

Owuwu maka Ụlọ Nzukọ Alaeze malitere na 1952 wee wuchaa ya na 1960.   Tupu e wuo ya, Los Angeles County Hall of Records (nke e wuru na 1911, ma wughachi ya na 1961) nwere ụlọ Board of Supervisors, yana ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mpaghara ndị ọzọ. 

N'abalị nke Nọvemba 13, 1968, onye bụbu onye ọrụ nchekwa gburu onye ọrụ nchekwa Lee Edward Roach na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị. Onye ọrụ Roach, nke Ngalaba Mechanical County Los Angeles, nọ na-echekwa akwụkwọ ikike ịkwụ ụgwọ n'okpukpu nke ise nke ụlọ ahụ. 

A kpọgharịrị ogige ahụ aha Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration na 1992, iji sọpụrụ onye nlekọta kacha ogologo oge nke Los Angeles County, Kenneth Hahn .  

## Nhazi
Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị, nke nwere akụkọ 10, 980,000 square feet (91,000 m   mgbagwoju, wuru na Late Modern architecture style.  Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Paul R. Williams, Adrian Wilson na ụlọ ọrụ Austin, Field & Fry, Stanton &amp;amp; Stockwell mere ihe mgbagwoju anya.   Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị na-anọdụ n'elu mgbagwoju nke ọwara ndị ji ụkwụ aga n'okpuru ala nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ gọọmenti ndị ọzọ na Civic Center. 

Ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya jikọtara ihe ngosi nka ọha, gụnyere otu ụzọ ọkpụkpụ a na-akpọ "Ndị na-enye iwu," nke Albert Stewart, onye na-ese ihe.  N'ọnụ ụlọ nke abụọ nke Abraham Lincoln, nke Emil Seletz kpụrụ akpụ bụ ọla ọla kọpa na 1958. 

## Hụkwa
 

* Civic Center, Los Angeles
* Nnukwu ogige

## Ntụaka
Nọvemba 13, 1968, onye bụbu onye ọrụ nchekwa gburu onye ọrụ nchekwa Lee Edward Roach na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị. Onye ọrụ Roach, nke Ngalaba Mechanical County Los Angeles, nọ na-echekwa akwụkwọ i
Alyne Harris

**Alyne Harris** (amuru 1942) bu onye ihe osise ndi America nke si Gainesville, Florida . Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na-akụzi onwe ya nke na-enweta mmụọ nsọ site na gburugburu ya na okpukperechi ya.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Alyne Harris na Machị 25, 1942 na Gainesville, Florida . O tolitere n'ugbo, ya na ụmụnne ya asaa. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Harris na ụmụnne ya nwanyị na-egwuri egwu n'ebe a na-eli ozu Pleasant Grove, ma ọ na-echeta na mbụ ọ mụtara ise ihe na unyi ebe ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-enwe ohere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ na-ese ihe na-ese ihe kama igwu egwu. O sitere n'okike na site n'ọhụụ ọ hụrụ banyere ndị mmụọ ozi. 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Harris nwere ụmụ abụọ ma rụọ ọtụtụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ ya niile, gụnyere na Mahadum Florida Cafeteria, ndị na-asa ákwà, ọrụ ụlọ mposi, na nlekọta ndị agadi. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ abalị na kọleji Santa Fe n'ime afọ iri atọ ya.  O so na Williams Temple Sanctified Church of God in Christ in Gainesville, Florida ma jiri okwukwe ya kpalie ọrụ ya. N'oge ezumike ya, Alyne na-akụziri ụmụaka otú e si agba agba. 

## Ọrụ
Ọrụ Harris dị ka onye na-ese ihe malitere inwe mmasị na mpaghara nka ndịda na 1990s. Ọ na-enweta mmụọ nsọ sitere na ọdịnala ndị America America, okpukperechi, na ọdịdị ya. Ọtụtụ akụkụ ya na-egosi ndị mmụọ ozi, ụka, ma ọ bụ okooko osisi. "City of Gainesville buys 400 paintings to honor one of its most beloved local painters". *WUFT | News and public media for north central Florida*. 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2024-04-19. Harris na-esekarị ihe n'abalị mgbe ọ na-ege egwu. Ọ na-eji agba acrylic eme ihe maka agba agba.  Harris na-ahụ eserese ọgwụgwọ na ọ na-ama mgbe niile ihe ọ ga-ese tupu ọ malite. Congdon, Kristin G.; Hallmark, Kara Kelley (2011). ''American Folk Art: A Regional Reference''. ABC-CLIO. pp.&nbsp;197–198.

Nkà Harris dị n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta nzuzo, a na-egosipụtakwa ya na ihe ngosi n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mmemme nka mpaghara. Na 2020, Historic Thomas Center zụtara iberibe 400 ya n'aka onye na-anakọta onwe ya.  A na-edebe ihe osise ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta, gụnyere House of Blues, Folk Art Museum of Central Texas,  Folk Art Museum of New York City, Rockford Art Museum, Asheville Art Museu m, Souls Grown Deep, na New Orleans. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka .  Enwere ike zụta ihe osise Alyne site na ọtụtụ veranda ịntanetị, gụnyere Jeanine Taylor Folk Art  na Main Street Gallery. 

## Ntụaka
ya na ihe ngosi n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mmemme nka mpaghara. Na 2020, Historic Thomas Center zụtara iberibe 400 ya n'aka onye na-anakọta onwe ya. 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Alberto Cairo

thumb|Alberto Cairo|227x227px
**Alberto Cairo** ( mmalite 1974 na A Coruña ) bụ onye mmebe ozi na onye prọfesọ Spanish.  Cairo bụ oche Knight na Visual Journalism na Akwụkwọ Ozi Nkwukọrịta nke Mahadum Miami .  

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Cairo nwere BA na ndị sitere na Mahadum Santiago de Compostela, yana MA na PhD sitere na Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (na Barcelona). 

## Ọrụ
Cairo ọrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na njedebe 1990s, na La Voz de Galicia (The Voice of Galicia), na mgbe ahụ na Diario 16 (Diary 16) ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ike ike.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta data na onye isi ihe na El Mundo, akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke Spain na-agba kwa ụbọchị, ebe ọ na-anwale ngwaọrụ ndị na-dị ka Macromedia Flash iji mee multimedia infographics  .  Ozi onye ntụzi ihe n' ịntanetị nke akwụkwọ ahụ, na-elekọta mmadụ ise, n'oge akwụkwọ ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ yiri nke ahụ.  Akụkọ mgbasa ozi ndị na-ama akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi, , na US na 2001, yana ogbunigwe ụgbọ oloko Madrid 2004. 

N'afọ 2005, Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill goro Cairo ka ọ kuzie Flash, animation 3D, na ngwaọrụ nyere.  Ọ la ike na ụwa ike na 2007, ugbu a dabere na São Paulo, Brazil, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ike magazin Época.  Ọ bụ onye isi maka Infographics na Multimedia na Editora Globo na Brazil. 

Cairo la ndabere na ngalaba na 2012 na Mahadum Miami.  N'afọ ahụ, o kere Massive Open Online Course nke mbụ na akwụkwọ, "Okwu nke Infographics na Data Visualization," na Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas .  Cairo na- maka ngalaba akwụkwọ na Master of Fine Arts in Interactive Media program, na ọ bụ onye isi mmemme nlegharị anya na Frost Institute for Data Science and Computing. 

Na 2016, Cairo haziri dataset nke ga- siri dị ka dinosaur mgbe a na-ahụ ya anya, na-ekwusi ike na, "Ekwela nkọwa obi nchịkọta nchịkọta akụkọ; na-echepụta data gị mgbe niile".  [1] Ọ ga-ejedebe na- akpali akpali okike nke Datasaurus iri na abuo. 

## Akwụkwọ

* *Ihe Nkà Na-arụ Ọrụ: Okwu Mmalite nke Eserese Ozi na Ọhụụ* (2012)  
* *Nkà Eziokwu: Data, Charts, and Maps for Communication* (2016) 
* *Olee otú Charts si agha ụgha* (2019) 

## Ntụaka
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Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Christian Walker (onye na-ese foto)

**Christian Walker** (1953, Springfield, Massachusetts -2003) bụ onye America na-ese foto na onye nkatọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Boston na Atlanta site na etiti 1970s ruo etiti 1990s.

## Ọrụ nka
Ọrụ Walker nyochara ọtụtụ isiokwu na isiokwu, gụnyere njikọ nke agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe na nsogbu HIV/AIDS.  Ọ bụ ezie na foto ya na-ekwu banyere mmekọahụ na-egosipụtakarị ịgba ọtọ, n'afọ 1990, ọ zoro aka na ọrụ ya dị ka "mgbochi ndị gba ọtọ". 

Walker buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ n'ihe nkiri nka na Boston ka ọ kwagara ebe ahụ na 1974.   Ọrụ mbụ ya lekwasịrị anya na foto akwụkwọ. 

Walker gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of the Museum of Fine Arts na Tufts na 1984.  Ọ kwagara Atlanta;  Walker kwuru na mmegharị a mekwara ka ọ gbanwee n'ọrụ ya, karịsịa ngbanwe na-elekwasị anya na "nyocha akụ na ụba nke omenala" iji rụọ ọrụ gbasara nkewa agbụrụ nke ndịda. N'oge a, Walker malitekwara iji usoro na-abụghị omenala, dị ka ikpughe okpukpu abụọ, na ihe ndị dị ka agba, na foto ya.   

Na 1985, ọ malitere Miscegenation Series ya (nke ga-aga n'ihu ruo 1988), nke ọ nyochara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ site na 15 sepia-tone, na-emechi foto.  Walker ga-aga n'ihu dee edemede, *The Miscegenated Gaze*, bụ nke ọ kpọrọ ndị na-ese ihe ọcha ka ha "nabata ma mee ememe echiche nke isiokwu na-abụghị nke ọcha".  Na oru ngo ọzọ na-ele anya na nkewa agbụrụ nke ndịda, usoro Walker's Other Country (onye aha ya sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ James Baldwin nke otu aha ahụ ) juxtaposed oyiyi sitere na National Archives, nke e degharịrị na "ahịrị ojii nke 35mm na-adịghị mma dị ka eriri nkewa".  Mule Tales, usoro jikọtara onyonyo emegharịgharịrị na njakịrị agbụrụ, dọtara nkatọ site n'aka ndị ọcha na ndị ojii.  Walker kọwara na "ndị ọcha chere ... M na-agbalị ime ka ha nwee obi amamikpe," ebe "ndị ojii chere na m na-ewepụta echiche ụfọdụ na-ekwesịghịzi adị na omenala". 

## Ihe ngosi
E gosipụtara ọrụ Walker na Leslie-Lohman Museum of Art na New York City site na Septemba 2023 ruo Jenụwarị 2024. Na-esote nke a, a na-ahazi ihe ngosi ahụ ịkwaga na Mahadum Tufts ruo Eprel 2024. 

A na-eme ọrụ Walker na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị ka High Museum of Art,  na Studio Museum na Harlem . 

## Edensibịa
Xan Phillips

**Xan Forest Phillips** bụ onye America na-ede uri na onye na-ese ihe n'ime ime obodo Ohio.    

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Na 2014, Phillips nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts site na Oberlin College, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Creative Writing na nwata na Africana Studies .  Mgbe ọ nọ na Oberlin, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche maka Center for Women and Trans People wee mechaa mkpakọrịta nyocha afọ abụọ na Black Poetics. 

Ọ nwetara Master of Fine Arts na uri sitere na Virginia Tech na 2016.

## Na-ede
Edepụtala abụ uri Phillips na *BOMB*, *Poets.org*, *Virginia Quarterly Review*, *The Offing*, *The Journal*, *Nashville Review*, *[[Akwụkwọ ozi nke itoolu|Akwụkwọ ozi itoolu]]*, *Scalawag ,*  *Ihe Nlebanya kacha mma*, na *Anyị Chọrọ Ya niile: Anthology of Radical Trans Poetics* .

## Ihe osise
Ihe osise Phillips apụtala na *Kenyon Review*, *Poetry Project*, na *American Poets Magazine* . 

## Onyinye na iche
Phillips enwetala mkpakọrịta site na Oberlin College, Cave Canem (2016-2017),   The Conversation Literary Festival (2018),  Callaloo, Wisconsin Institute for Creative Writing (2019-2020), Brown University ( 2020 – 2021),  na Mahadum Pittsburgh 's Center for African American Poetry and Poetics (2021 – 2023).  

## Mbipụta

* *Ihe kpatara ịṅụ sịga* (2018)
* *Hull* (2019)

### Onyinye anthology

* *Bettering American Poetry Volume 2*, nke Amy King deziri, Jayy Dodd, Camile Rankine, Muriel Leung, Sarah Clark, Michael Wasson, Joshua Jennifer Espinoza, na Héctor Ramírez (2017)
* *Ifuru na-ewe iwe: Ịgha ọdịnihu nke abụ uri America*, nke Joanne V. Gabbin na Lauren K. Alleyne (2019) deziri

## Ntụaka
Canem (2016-2017),   The Conversation Literary Festival (2018),  Callaloo, Wisconsin Institute for Creative Writing (2019-2020), Brown University ( 2020 – 2021), 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nke Angelo Lovell Williams

**D'Angelo Lovell Williams** (amụrụ 1992) bụ onye na-ese foto America, bi na Brooklyn, New York  onye rụworo ọrụ gbasara ndụ ndị isi ojii.  N'afọ 2022 ka ebipụtara akwụkwọ ha *Contact High* .

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Williams na Jackson, Mississippi.  Na 2015 ha nwetara BFA na foto site na Memphis College of Art na Memphis, Tennessee na 2018 MFA na foto nka sitere na Mahadum Syracuse, Syracuse, New York.  Ha gara Skowhegan School of Art na 2018. 

## Ndụ na ọrụ
Williams bụ onye oji, onye na-ese ihe nka nke ọrụ nka na-eji foto iji chọpụta mmekọrịta chiri anya. 

Agụnyere ọrụ ha na ngosi 2020 na mbipụta metụtara ya, *Young Gifted and Black: Ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke Artists,* nke Antwaun Sargent na Matt Wycoff chepụtara site na mkpokọta ezinụlọ Lumpkin-Boccuzzi nke Contemporary Art na kọleji Lehman site na February ruo Mee 2020. 

Usoro *Papa anaghị ekwusa ozi ọma*, dị ka Maia Rae Bachman si kwuo maka *akwụkwọ akụkọ Musée*, na-eji ihe osise nke mmekọrịta chiri anya nke Black queer na-achọpụta "mmetụta nke ịbịaru nso site na ndị ikwu." 
 
Akwụkwọ ahụ *Contact High* (2022) na-enyocha obodo ndị isi ojii nke Williams chere na ọ bụ akụkụ nke ya. Williams na-egosi n'ọtụtụ foto nwere ihe nkedo nke ndị na-akwado ya. Dị ka Ravi Ghosh na-ede maka *iD* si kwuo, "atụmatụ ole na ole dị iche iche na-apụta ìhè: ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke zuru oke, njikọ nke ala na ahịhịa ndụ, ikuku nke mbibi onwe onye. D'Angelo na-agbajighị anya na igwefoto na-aghọ nke a set's. na-akọwa àgwà."  Marigold Warner dere na *British Journal of Photography* na
 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Williams bi na Brooklyn, New York.  Achọpụtara ha bu nje HIV na Jenụwarị 2020. 

## Mbipụta

### Akwụkwọ nke Williams

* *Kpọtụrụ High* . London: Mack, 2022.  . Site na Tiona Nekkia McClodden dere. 

### Zines nke Williams dere

* *Naanị na America* . New York: Dashwood, 2020. Mbipụta nke mbipụta 500.

## Ihe ngosi Solo

* *Naanị Na America*, Ọgbọ Foto Dị Elu, New York, 2017 
* *Papa anaghị ekwusa ozi ọma*, Ọgbọ Foto dị elu, New York, 2020  

## Ntụaka
Williams na-egosi n'ọtụtụ foto nwere ihe nkedo nke ndị na-akwado ya. Dị ka Ravi Ghosh na-ede maka iD si kwuo, "atụmatụ ole na ole dị iche iche na-apụta ìhè: ụdị dịgasị ọ

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Richard Twine (onye na-ese foto)

**Richard Aloysius Twine** (Mee 11, 1896 – Septemba 27, 1974) bụ onye na-ese foto ọkachamara na ngalaba Lincolnville nke St. Augustine, Florida (ugbu a Lincolnville Historic District ) na 1920s.

A mụrụ Twine na St. Augustine nye Harriet na David Twine; ọ bụ nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ.   A na-eche na ọ mụtara nkà foto ya na New York City.   Na Lincolnville, ọ gbara ma foto n'okporo ámá yana na studio ya, nke dị na 62 Washington Street. N'afọ 1927, ọ kwagara Miami ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ tupu ya guzobe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. 

N'afọ 1988, a chọtara nchịkọta efere iko n'ime igbe dị n'uko ụlọ dị n'okpuru mbibi nke bụbu ụlọ Twine. Ndị St. Augustine Historical Society nwetara nchịkọta ahụ.  

Ọ sere ndị bi na Lincolnville foto ka ha na-echeta ụbọchị nnwere onwe na emume a na-eme kwa afọ na 1920.  Ọ sere foto onye nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ Excelsior School na Florida Normal and Industrial Institute . Ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe osise onwe ya. 
thumb| Ngame ụbọchị nnwere onwe na Lincolnville
Mahadum North Florida na Lincolnville Museum etinyela aka n'ịdekọ isiokwu dị na foto dị ka ha na-emetụta akụkọ Lincolnville.  

Otu n'ime ndị ikwu ya, Henry L. Twine (1923-1994) bụ onye ndú nke obodo ikike ije na St. Augustine nke dugara ozugbo na Itie nke ala Civil Rights Act nke 1964 na a na-akpali akpali n'azụ aquisition nke Fort Moses. site na steeti Florida. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii ahọpụtara ogologo oge na St. Augustine na narị afọ nke 20, na onye osote onye isi ojii mbụ nke Obodo ochie. 

## Hụkwa

* Lincolnville Museum na Cultural Center
* James Van Der Zee, onye na-ese foto dabeere na Harlem

## Ntụaka
York City.   Na Lincolnville, ọ gbara ma foto n'okporo ámá yana na studio ya, nke dị na 62 Washington Street. N'afọ

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Donavon Smallwood

**Donavon Smallwood** (amụrụ 1994) bụ onye na-ese foto America, bi na New York City.   Akwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ *Languor* (2021).  

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Smallwood, tolitere ma na-aga n'ihu na-ebi na Harlem, New York City.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ Bekee na Hunter College na New York. "Donavon Smallwood's Photographs Envision Black Tranquility in Central Park". *[[Aperture Foundation|Aperture]]*. 14 May 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-15.

*Languor* (2021) bụ akwụkwọ eserese nke ndị mmadụ na foto okike emere na Central Park, Manhattan n'oge oria ojoo COVID-19, na-eji igwefoto ihe nkiri ọkara .   Smallwood na-ekwu "Isiokwu ya bụ ihe ọ dị ka ịbụ onye ojii na ọdịdị."  Na 2021 akwụkwọ ahụ meriri Aperture Portfolio Prize  wee gosipụta ọrụ ahụ na Club Camera nke New York  yana dịka akụkụ nke ihe nrite foto foto Taylor Wessing na London. 

## Mbipụta

* *Languor* . Trespasser, 2021.  . mbipụta 1500.  

## Ntụaka
wee na-ekwu "Isiokwu ya bụ ihe ọ dị ka ịbụ onye ojii na ọdịdị."  Na 2021 akwụkwọ ahụ meriri
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
William Adam (onye na-ese ihe)

William Constable Adam (29 Ọgọst 1846 – 17 Ọktoba 1931) bụ onye bekee ụtụ na onye na-ese agba mmiri nke ndị Scotland onye ndụ 33 ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya na California, United States..

## Akụkọ ndụ
A match Adam na ndí nna nna ya Scotland na Tweedmouth na map Berwick-n'elu-Tweed na 1846 &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ amara amara, ọ pụta klaas mgbede na Glasgow School of Art .  [1] Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ 1861 si dị, o biri na Cathcart, ugbu a bụ mpaghara Glasgow, ya na nnukwu ihe ya;  E nyere ọrụ ya dị ka "onye ibu."  [2] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 19 ọ gara South America, nkà na Buenos Aires, ndị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere aha na Montevideo, na 1926 akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akụkọ nlegharị anya nke njem ya.  [3] [4] Mgbe ọ la mgba na Scotland (mmalite 1870s) ọ gara n'ihu ihe nka ya n'okpuru Robert Greenlees na Robert Brydall, ma bụrụ onye mbụ na Glasgow Art Club .  [5] Mgbe njem na ugwu Africa na akara dị elu na Paris n'okpuru Auguste Joseph Delécluse, o mmụta na Royal Scottish Academy na Royal Glasgow Institute of Fine Arts  

Mgbe nri ya nwụsịrị, Ada Rebecca Robertson (1857-1940), William Adam na-ahụ nwa kwagara United States na 1893–94, biri na Massachusetts, sonye na Boston Art Club, ma bụrụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Lowell.  onye nka. 

Na 1898-99 ọ kwagara California wee onye ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere maka ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ tupu ọ kwaga na Monterey Peninsula na-adịgide adịgide.  Ka ọ na-erule 1901, o biri na Methodist colony nke Pacific Grove, California, gosiri ihe osise ya na mpaghara, ma nata ngosi ngosi na San Francisco, California na WK Vickery Gallery a ma ama.  [1] [2] Mgbe ọ akara akara abụọ, ọ mgbasa na 1906 na Pacific Grove na 450 Central Avenue ya na ike ọhụrụ ya, Mary Susan Taft, onye bụ ihe di ya nwụrụ nke Maine na 18 dị obere obere di ya.  [3] N'ihi na ọlẹ klas nka na Pacific Grove, a mara ya nke ọma dị ka "Prọfesọ."

Okiri na ebe dị iche iche, Berkley Art Association na Berkeley, California, Art Gallery na okomoko Hotel Del Monte na Monterey, California, na ọtụtụ veranda akwụkwọ na San Francisco.  [1] Ọtụtụ oge ya na mpaghara nka dị nso nke Carmel-by-the-Sea ebe o pịa na Carmel Arts and Crafts Club na Carmel Art Association n'etiti 1906 na 1927. Kasị ewu ewu na ndị njem nlegharị anya bụ  factor ya (na-na-emekarị ugboro ugboro) nke ihe owuwu obodo Spanish, ubi ndị mara mma na ihe nkiri mara mma n'ikiri oke osimiri Pacific.  Maka ihe ngosi, o mere odida obodo mbụ nke na-arụ ọrụ nhịahụ dị egwu nke ndị French Impressionists.

## Ọnwụ
William Adam nwụrụ na Pacific Grove na 17 Ọktoba 1931. Ndị Heritage Society eweghachila adreesị Central Avenue ya  

## Ntụaka
John H. White (onye na-ese foto)

alt=John H.White at Chicago Columbia College|thumb| John H.White na-ekwu na klas foto nta akụkọ na Chicago Columbia College na Ọktoba 5, 2017. Foto sitere n'aka Moe Zoyari
thumb| Foto nke White sere, na-edekọ ndụ ndị America America na Chicago's South Side na Mee 1974
**John H. White** (amụrụ 1945 na Lexington, North Carolina ) bụ onye odeakụkọ foto America, onye natara ihe nrite Pulitzer na 1982.

## Ndụ mbido
Mgbe John H. White dị afọ itoolu, otu onye nkụzi gwara ya na ya ga-etolite ịrụ ọrụ n’ụgbọala ihe mkpofu n’ihi na ọ naghị amụcha mgbakọ na mwepụ. N’ụlọ, nna ya gwara ya ka o too ịbụ onye kasị mma, ka ọ chọọ ndị ọzọ nke ọma, ọ bụrụkwa na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n’ụgbọala ihe mkpofu, ọ dị mma—dị nnọọ jide n’aka na ọ bụ ya bụ ọkwọ ụgbọ ala. White ekwuola na nke a bụ oge mgbanwe na ndụ ya. 

## Ọrụ foto
Nna White rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa na foto ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, ụlọ ụka White gbara ọkụ na nna ya gwara ya ka o see foto nke mbibi na nrụgharị ahụ. White ugbu a kwadoro ọrụ mbụ a na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ foto.

Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ maka *Chicago Daily News*, White sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke *Chicago Sun Times* na 1978 wee rụọ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo Mee 2013.  White na-akụzikwa akwụkwọ akụkọ foto na Columbia College Chicago, ma na-akụzibu na Mahadum Northwwest . Na 1973 na 1974 White rụrụ ọrụ maka oru ngo DOCUMERICA nke Environmental Protection Agency na-ese foto Chicago na obodo Africa America ya. Foto ndị ọcha na-egosi ihe isi ike na-eche ndị bi ebe ahụ ihu yana mmụọ na nganga ha.

Na 1973, White na ndị ọzọ na-ese foto Africa America atọ, Ovie Carter, Bob Black, na Howard Simmons, kuziri foto na South Side Community Art Center na Chicago, ebe ha na-etinyekwa ihe ngosi nke isiokwu ya bụ "Site na Anya nke Blackness." Eweghachitere ihe ngosi a mgbe afọ iri ise gachara wee mepee na Septemba 16, 2023 n'otu ebe ahụ. 
thumb| Ọnọdụ okporo ụzọ na 47th Street
Enyere White onyinye Pulitzer maka Photojournalism na 1982 maka "ọrụ ya na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe niile na isiokwu dị iche iche." A họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-ese foto maka ọrụ 1990 *Songs of My People* .  White emeriela ihe nrite National Headliner Awards atọ, bụ onye na-ese foto mbụ ewebara n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Chicago Journalism, e nyere Chicago Press Photographer Association's Photographer of the Year award ugboro ise, na, na 1999, natara Chicago Medal of Merit.

Hal Buell, onye bụbu onye isi nke Associated Press Photography Service, kwuru na White bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto kacha mma na-ejide vignette kwa ụbọchị.  White ebipụtala akwụkwọ gbasara Kadịnal Bernardin, mana o bipụtabeghị akwụkwọ ọrụ ya n'èzí okpukperechi.

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Debe na Flight.com
* John H. White: Eserese nke Black Chicago
* DOCUMERICA - Foto John H White 180 na Flicker
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ