Kamoinge

Ndị ọrụ Kamoinge bụ mkpokọta foto nke ntọala na 1963. [1] Na 2013, otu ahụ guzoro dị ka "otu ozi ogologo na-aga n'ihu na-agba ọsọ na- ike uru na ihe mere eme nke foto."  [1] mkpokọta mgbe otu nke abụọ nke ndị na-ese foto Africa-America gba ozi na ngwaọrụ.  [1] Otu nke mbụ, aha ya bụ Group 35, bụ ndị na-ese foto James Ray Francis, Earl James, Louis Draper, Herman Howard, Calvin Wilson, na Calvin Mercer.  [1] Louis Draper dị oke mkpa na ntọala ya.  [2] Òtù nke ọzọ enwe aha, ma ndị na-ese foto Africa-American Albert Fennar, James Mannas, Herbert Randall, na Shawn Walker.  [1] Onye nke mbụ nke otu ahụ bụ Roy DeCarava, onye duziri mkpokọta site na 1963 ruo 1965  

Al Fennar bụ aro ndị otu nka ọhụrụ aka ka ha guzo onwe ha Kamoinge, [1] ka ha gụchara akwụkwọ Jomo Kenyatta, nke e dere na 1962, nke ịka Facing Mount Kenya -- ike ike ịbụ Kamoinge ka ọ bụrụ “otu ndịsị  na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ” saịtị n'asụsụ Kikuyu, nke a na-asụ na Kenya bụ isi.  [1] iro nke otu a bụ obodo nka na-akwado ma dị oke egwu nke na-ejide ndụ ojii n'ime egwu ndị na-ese foto nwere nnukwu foto ya.  Onye otu Kamoinge Deborah Willis ka e hotara na Timeless: Foto nke Kamoinge na-ekwu na-ekwu "nna ahụla ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi nke ndụ ojii n'ofe mba ọzọ ma ana mewere foto ndị a dị ka ihe ngosi nke ụda ojii."  [1] [2] Otu dị ka otu n'otu na-ese foto nke ndụ ojii na otú anya ya kama ịbụ n'ụzọ doro anya ma ọ bụ clichéd. 

## Ndị otu
N'ọgwụgwụ 1963, Kamoinge nakweere ndị otu Herb Robinson, David Carter, Adger Cowans na Anthony Barboza n'ime mkpokọta.  [1] Beuford Smith onyonyo onye na 1965, ma mbụ sonye na mkpokọta bụ Ming Smith, onye njirimara na 1972—nakwa n'afọ ahụ C. Daniel Dawson onyonyo onye otu

N'afọ 2001, ndị otu Kamoinge hụrụ Colllette V. Fournier, Budd Williams na Eli Reed ka ha sonye na mkpokọta.  [1] Na 2003, Spencer Burnett, June Truesdale, na Gerald Cyrus sonyeere.  [1] Na 2004, Mark Blackshear, Jerry Jack, na Russell K. Frederick sonyeere, na na 2005 Salimah Ali na Radcliffe Roye sonyeere.  [1] Na 2004, Anthony Barboza ekiri oche nke Kamoinge.  [1] Na 2009 Darryl Sivad na Ronald Herd sonyeere Kamoinge. 

Dị ka nke 2014, e nwere ndị òtù 30 nke Kamoinge, ajụjụ: Anthony Barboza (President), Adger W. Cowans (Vice President), Herb Robinson (Treasurer), Ronald Herard, Herbert Randall (onye nchoputa), Collette V. Fournier  .  , Darryl Sivad, Budd Williams, Jimmie Mannas, Eli Reed, na Frank Stewart.  Ndị otu nwuru anwu Louis Draper (onye na onye isi ala site na 1990 ruo 1997 [1] ), James Ray Frances (onye pre), Steve Martin, Jerry Jack, Herman Howard, Calvin Wilson, na Toni Parks  

## Ọrụ, ihe ngosi, mmekọ
Site na 1964 ruo 1965, ndị òtù Kamoinge ọrụ ọrụ ha na ihe ngosi abụọ a na-akpọ Theme Black na The Negro Woman na Harlem brownstone n'okporo ụzọ a mara dị ka Strivers Row .  [1] [2] ntọala ntọala na 1963, [3] ndị otu mkpokọta ozila ọrụ ha na International Center of Photography, Countee Cullen Library, Harlem's Studio Museum, yana ọtụtụ ịntanetị ndị ọzọ.  [1] Otu a akwadola nkuzi mapụta ọtụtụ pọtụfoliyo. 

Kamoinge pọtụfoliyo iri na ise na mbụ mbụ, iri n'ime ha ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Ghana, Mahadum Howard, na Mahadum Atlanta, yana Museum of Modern Art, Schomburg Library, na Museum of Negro History 

Na 1965, Roy DeCarava mara ihe nkiri solo, nke na-egosi US, na Countee Cullen Library na Harlem.  [1] Na 1969, o nwere ihe ngosi ihe ngosi na Studio Museum dị na Harlem nke aha ya bụ Site Black Eyes, bụ ebe o kwuru ihe ojii na America na njikọ ya na ihe omume mma ojii.

Na 1972, Joe Walker, Joe Crawford, na Beuford Smith malitere ibipụta ọrụ Kamoinge na *Black Photographers Annual* .  Ọrụ a pụtara iji mepụta mpịakọta anọ yana gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe si n'ofe United States. 

Na 1974, e egwu ụfọdụ foto ndị otu Kamoinge sere na ihe ngosi gallery maka International Center of Photography, nke mere ka ndị otu ahụ mgbasa ozi. 

Na Harlem, NY, site na 1998 ruo 1999, site na mbọ nke onye otu Kamoinge Shawn Walkers, mkpokọta ahụ jikọtara ya na Institute for Youth Entrepreneurship (IYE). 

Na 2001, ndị otu Kamoinge Anthony Barboza na Beuford Smith bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nke Brooklyn, "Ekwenyere na Foto: Ọkara Century nke Black Photography na America. " 

Na 2004, Kamoinge Inc. akwụkwọ mbụ ha ihuenyo, The Sweet Breath of Life .   Na 2006 Kamoinge's Mark Blackshear n'ekiri onye na-ese ihe Daniel Simmons chepụtara "Egwu ojii," ihe ngosi maka akwụkwọ Egwu Brooklyn (BAM) 

Na 2007, ihe ngosi mbụ nke "Ikpughe ihu Katrina" na HP Gallery na Calumet Photo, NY meghere.  Ọ bụ ndị òtù Kamoinge bụ́ Radcliffe Roye, C. Daniel Dawson, Russel Frederick, na John Pinderhughes, haziri ihe ngosi ahụ.  Ihe ngosi nke abụọ mepere na Gordon Parks Gallery na kọleji nke New Rochelle na Bronx Campus na 2009. 

Na 2013, Timeless: Foto nke Kamoinge nke Anthony Barboza, Herb Robinson, Quincy Troupe, na Vincent Alabiso.  [1] Ndị otu ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji tinye akwụkwọ ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ 2010 

. Ihe ngosi "Ịrụkọ Ọrụ: Ndị na-ese foto nke Kamoinge Workshop" ga-eme na Whitney Museum of American Art site na Julaị ruo Ọktoba 2020. Ngosipụta ahụ “na-edekọ afọ nke ihe ọnwụ Kamoinge” na “na-achị anya  n'anwere ndị nwere ikike nke ntọala ndị Kamoinge n'ime otu afọ iri mbụ nke mkpokọta.  " [1] A ga-egosikwa ihe ngosi a na Virginia Museum of Fine Arts site na February 1, 2020 - June 14, 2020

## nnabata
Na Julaị 1966, onye nchịkọta Switzerland na onye na-ese foto Allan Portei edi Pọtụfoliyo Kamoinge na ike nke Igwefoto ezere "Harlem," n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ foto a na-ese na gburu Harlem.  [1] Deborah Willis na-ekwu na Timeless: Foto nke Kamoinge, "Ahụ ahụla ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi nke ndụ ojii n'ofe mba ọzọ ma ana m ewere foto ndị a dị ka ihe ngosi nke onyonyo ojii. 

N'afọ 1972, Roy Gibson ntọala nke Kamoinge dị ka "mkpa a na-ahụ maka ihe ihe omume mma ojii."  [1] Na 1996, Peter Gelassi kwuru na "Ogbe Harlem bụ ma isiokwu ya [Kamoinge] dị mkpa yana ndị na-ege ntĩ , [1] n'agbanyeghị ole na ole foto Kamoinge bi na ma ọ bụ na-  ese foto Harlem naanị.  [1] Beuford Smith, n'ajụjụ 2001, tụkwuru uche na echiche na-enweta ezi nke ihe ọmụma mma ojii, na-ekwu, "Echere m na ihe omume mma ojii dị iche maka onye ọ echere… echere m na ọ dabere.  n'otú i si ebi ndụ dị ka onye isi ojii. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Pọdkastị foto B&H: mkpokọta Kamoinge yana "Ike na Amara Nwanyị ojii."
* Na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ: Louis Draper na Ụlọ Ọrụ Kamoinge.
* Delphine Diallo . *[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/arts-culture/shooting-stars-delphine-diaw-diallo/ Kpakpando agbapụ: Delphine Diaw Diallo] .*
* Edwin Mason, John (2013). *[https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/05/glossed-over-no-more-louis-drapers-archive/ Louis Draper, ewepụrụ na nzuzo.]*
* Estrin, James (2011). *[https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/05/love-family-and-change-in-brooklyn/?mtrref=www.google.com&assetType=REGIWALL Ịhụnanya, Ezinụlọ na Mgbanwe na Brooklyn.]*
* Ọbá akwụkwọ Freeman, Ndị na-ese foto ojii kwa afọ.
* Harlem Studio Museum.
* Russell Frederick.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations