Akụkọ banyere mbara igwe

thumb| Peeji nke Northern Hemisphere sitere na akara Johann Bayer nke 1661 nke Uranometria - atlas nwere mbụ ndị na-ekpuchi mpaghara mbara igwe niile.
.Astronomy bụ nke kacha ochie na ihe ngosi, ihe na mgbe ochie, na oge ya na na-hàrechi, ịjụ ifo, cosmological, calendrical, na ịgụ akwụkwọ na isi na omume nke prehistory : a ka na-ahụhụ nke ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ,  MBA aka ná ntĩ ogologo oge oge ya na ọha mmadụ.  na mbara igwe nke.  E kewaghị ya kpamkpam na Europe (lee akwụkwọ na mbara igwe ) n'oge nkwụsị nke Copernican akụkọ na 1543. N'ọdịnala ụfọdụ, a na-eji ihe nke mbara igwe mee ihe maka ịgụ akwụkwọ.

.Omenala ndị mbụ mere ka a mata ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nwere chi na ike.  [1] Ha ihe ihe ndị a (na ike ha) na ihe ndị dị ka mmiri mmiri, mmiri mmiri, oge, na tides .  A na- ekweta na ndị mbụ na- mbara igwe bụ ndị ozi, na ha na ihe ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe na ihe omume bụ ihe ngosi nke Chineke, ya mere nkà ike mbara igwe n'oge mbụ nwere njikọ na ihe a  na-akpọ ịgụ ugboro a .  Ọdụ mammoth nke dị afọ 32,500 a pịrị apị nwere ike ekiri chaatị kacha ochie mara (nke yiri mgbo Orion ).  [2] A na-atụkwa aro na ike na ike nke ọgba aghara Lascaux dị na France site na 33,000 ruo 10,000 afọ gara aga nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi nke Pleiades, Summer Triangle, na Northern Crown .  [3] [4] Ihe owuwu oge ochie ike egwu n'usoro mbara igwe (dị ka Stonehenge ) nwere ike mezuru ọrụ mbara igwe, ndịrechi na nke ọha mmadụ.

* Paleolithic archaeologist Alexander Marshack put forward a theory in 1972 that bone sticks from locations like Africa and Europe from possibly as long ago as 35,000 BCE could be marked in ways that tracked the Moon's phases, an interpretation that has met with criticism.
* The Warren Field calendar in the Dee River valley of Scotland's Aberdeenshire. First excavated in 2004 but only in 2013 revealed as a find of huge significance, it is to date the oldest known calendar, created around 8000 BC and predating all other calendars by some 5,000 years. The calendar takes the form of an early Mesolithic monument containing a series of 12 pits which appear to help the observer track lunar months by mimicking the phases of the Moon. It also aligns to sunrise at the winter solstice, thus coordinating the solar year with the lunar cycles. The monument had been maintained and periodically reshaped, perhaps up to hundreds of times, in response to shifting solar/lunar cycles, over the course of 6,000 years, until the calendar fell out of use around 4,000 years ago.
* Goseck circle is located in Germany and belongs to the linear pottery culture. First discovered in 1991, its significance was only clear after results from archaeological digs became available in 2004. The site is one of hundreds of similar circular enclosures built in a region encompassing Austria, Germany, and the Czech Republic during a 200-year period starting shortly after 5000&nbsp;BC.

Enwere ike Mario nke mbara igwe dị n'Ebe Ọdịda ntọala na Mesopotemia, "ala dị n'etiti osimiri" Tigris na Euphrates, bụ ebe ebe oge ochie nke Sumer, Asiria, na nchekwa dị.  Ụdị ihe odide a maara dị ka cuneiform ahịa n'etiti ndị Sumeria gburugburu 3500-3000 BC.  Ihe a na-akpọ anyị mbara igwe Sumerian bụ nke na-alụ ọgụ, site na katalọgụ akwụkwọ ndị mbụ nke mbụ n'ihe dị ka 1200 BC.  Eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ aha pastọ n'asụsụ Sumerian na-egosi na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-erute na Early Bronze Age.  Theology nke Astral, nke nyere chi mbara ụwa ọrụ dị mkpa na war ifo na agha Mesopotemia, akwụkwọ na ndị Sumer .  Ha jikwa ọnụọgụ ebe ọnụ ahịa sexagesimal (base 60), nke mere ka ọrụ nke idekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na nke pere mpe dị mfe.  Omume ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ikewa n'ime ogo 360, ma ọ bụ otu elekere n'ime n'ime 60, ọrịa na ndị Sumer.  Maka ozi ndị ọzọ, lee isiokwu ndị dị na ọnụọgụgụ na akụkụ na mgbochi nke nchekwa.

he ọzụzụ mbụ na ihe ndị na-eme na mbara igwe na-adị site n’oge ruo n’oge nakwa na akụrụngwa na ngwaọrụ n’amụma ha bụ ndị Babịlọn.  Mbadamba ụrọ ndị ahụ laa azụ n'oge ochie nke ochie na-edepụtapụta nke mbụ na ngwaọrụ na ike dị n'ogologo ìhè ehihie n'ime otu afọ nke ndụ.  E dekọrọ ọtụtụ adọ nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ihe ize ndụ ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe n'usoro sochiri cuneiform a mara ka Enụma Anu Enlil .  Ihe odide kacha nwere ikike dị ama nke mbara igwe anyị bụ Mbadamba ụrọ 63 nke Enūma Anu Enlil, nkume Venus nke Ammi-saduqa, bụ nke depụtara ịrị elu mbụ na nke ikpeazụ nke Venus n'ime ihe dị ka afọ 21 na bụ nke mbụ.  ihe mbụ na-egosi na ihe ndị ahụ dị egwu.  A akụkọ nke ụwa dị ka oge.  MUL.  APIN, nwere katalọgụ nke ndị na-amụ yana akwụkwọ maka ịrị elu heliacal na ntọala nke mbara ala, ogologo oge nke ìhè n'ehihie na-atụ site na elekere mmiri, gnomon, , na intercalations .  Ederede GU nke ụzọ na-hazi ndị na 'ụdọ' nke na-edina n'ịlọga mbelata wee si otú ahụ mgbago aka nri ma ọ bụ ogologo oge, ma na-Mpụtara nke zenith, nke na-ekewapụkwa site n'  inye mmadụ dị n'aka nri.  [1]

* Media related to History of astronomy at Wikimedia Commons
* Paris Observatory books and manuscripts
* UNESCO-IAU Portal to the Heritage of Astronomy
* Astronomiae Historia / History of Astronomy at the Astronomical Institutes of Bonn University.
* Society for the History of Astronomy
* Mayan Astronomy
* Caelum Antiquum: Ancient Astronomy and Astrology at LacusCurtius
* Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy
* ''The Book of Instruction on Deviant Planes and Simple Planes'' is a manuscript in Arabic that dates back to 1740 and talks about practical astronomy, with diagrams.
* More information on women astronomers
* Astronomy & Empire, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Simon Schaffer, Kristen Lippincott & Allan Chapman (*In Our Time*, May 4, 2006)
* "Sharing the sky: astronomers and astrologers in the West", an exhibition of the Library of the Observatory of Paris about the shared history of astronomy and astrology around the Mediterranea.