Ruth Neto

Maria Ruth Neto (amụrụ 1936) bụbu onye ndọrọndọrọ nnwere onwe nke Angola, onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. N'agbanyeghị na ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nọọsụ na Portugal na Germany, na 1968 ọ sonyeere Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA) wee lekwasị anya n'inweta nnwere onwe Angola na Portugal. N'ịtụ egwu mmegwara sitere n'aka Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (Ndị uwe ojii International na State Defence, PIDE), o biri na mba ofesi na Germany, Tanzania na Zambia ruo 1975, mgbe enwere nnwere onwe. Site na mmalite 1970s, ọ bụ onye ndu nke Organização das Mulheres de Angola (Organization of Angolan Women, OMA) wee bụrụ onye nhazi mba mbụ nke otu ahụ na 1976. OMA bụ onye mmekọ nke Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) wee malite na 1976. ọ jere ozi dịka osote onye isi oche na kọmitii ndị isi ha wee gaa ma kwuo okwu n'ọtụtụ ọgbakọ ọgbakọ na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe n'ime iri afọ sochirinụ. N’afọ 1977, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Central Committee of MPLA, e mekwara ya ọzọ n’afọ 1985. Mgbe e hiwere ọchịchị OMA n’afọ 1983, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu ya ruo n’afọ 1999. N’afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu. nke otu Pan-African Women's Organisation ma jide ọkwa ahụ ruo 1997. 

Aghọtala Neto n'ọtụtụ ugwu. Ọ nwetara nkwanye ugwu kacha elu nke Cuba maka ụmụ nwanyị, Orden Ana Betancourt (Order of Ana Betancourt [ru]), na 1985 wee kwanyere ya ugwu dị ka nnukwu enyi na Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo nke South Africa na 2014. Na 2015, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Ọkpara na ada nke Africa maka nkwalite udo site n'aka ndị otu mba Africa. Eyịre ihe osise ya n'isi ụlọ ọrụ nke African Union n'afọ 2017 yana ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ a na-ewere dị ka ndị nne tọrọ ntọala Pan-African Women Organisation. N'afọ ahụ, OMA kwadoro ụtụ iji sọpụrụ ya ọrụ afọ iri abụọ na otu dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke nzukọ ahụ, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (Redio na Television Service Portuguese) gosipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya na mmemme ya Rostos (Faces)

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Maria Ruth Neto was born in 1936 in Luanda in Portuguese Angola, as the younger sister of Agostinho Neto, who would become the first president of independent Angola. Their father, Agostinho Pedro Neto, was a Methodist minister, who worked at an American mission in Luanda, and their mother, Maria da Silva, was a school teacher. Neto was first educated at the Mission School in Luanda, along with her cousin, Deolinda Rodrigues, niece of Maria da Silva, who had joined the Neto household in 1954 to further her education. In 1956, Neto received a scholarship to study in Portugal at the  (Seminary of Carcavelos). Her brother Agostinho had been involved with the anti-colonialist movement since the early 1950s and in 1960 became president of the Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA). This led to his arrest in Portugal and eventual exile to Cape Verde. In response, large numbers of Angolan students studying in Portugal at Carcavelos and Lumiar gathered in a protest at Lisbon Airport in December 1960, and were assisted in leaving by the World Council of Churches and the  (Inter-Movement Committee for Evacuees). From 1961, the Angolan War of Independence was fought by opposing factions including  (National Liberation Front of Angola, FNLA) and the MPLA, which were joined in 1966 by the  (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, UNITA), in the struggle against Portuguese rule.

## Ọrụ

### Ịgba ọsọ ndụ (1960-1975)
Neto na onye ọlụlụ gbagara Lüdenscheid, nke dị nso na Cologne, Germany, ọ chọtakwara ọrụ n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. N'afọ 1961, ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi site n'aka Maria Helena Trovoada, mechara bụrụ nwanyị mbụ nke São Tomé na Principe, na-agba ya ume ka o jiri oge ya mee nchọpụta na nnọkọ na-abịanụ na netwọk nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị Angola nwere ike iso na ya. N'ịtụ egwu mkpagbu sitere na Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (Ndị uwe ojii International na State Defense, PIDE) Neto chere na ya apụghị ịlaghachi Angola wee kwaga Frankfurt. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nọọsụ, ọ kwagara Freiburg ka ọ mụọ nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ. Ná mmalite 1968, Agostinho zutere ya na Vienna, Austria, na April Neto kwagara na ezinụlọ ya na Dar es Salaam. Na Tanzania, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọfịs MPLA wee tinye aka na ọrụ Organização das Mulheres de Angola (Organization of Angolan Women, OMA), nke MPLA mebere na Disemba 1962 na ebumnuche ịgbatị ọrụ ya. n'ime ime obodo. Dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị bi n'ime ime obodo, nzukọ a chịkọtara ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe gbadoro anya n'iwulite imekọ ihe ọnụ na nka bara uru, dị ka mkpọsa ịgụ akwụkwọ, agụmakwụkwọ n'ọchịchị na nlekọta ụmụaka, na klaasị ịkwa akwa. Na 1971 na Tanzania, Neto zutere ndị otu Chicago kọmitii maka nnwere onwe nke Angola, Mozambique na Guinea, na-atụ anya ime ka njikọ dị n'etiti OMA na otu ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa sikwuo ike. Site na mmalite 1970s, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bi na mba ọzọ, Neto na-eduzi OMA. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ gachara, ọ gafere n'ọfịs MPLA dị na Zambia nke dị n'ókè ya na Angola. Mkpebi ọchịchị Portuguese n'April 1974, kwụsịtụrụ itinye aka na ndị agha Portugal na Angola, nke butere nnwere onwe Angola na 11 November 1975. A kpọsara Agostinho dịka onyeisi oche n'ụbọchị ahụ, Neto laghachiri na Luanda. [4][8]

### Angola (1975-2008)
Mgbe ọ laghachiri Angola, Neto ghọrọ onye nhazi mba maka OMA na 1976, mgbe e guzobere ndị isi mba mbụ.[17][20] Na June, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-ekwu okwu na nzukọ Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) Bureau nke gbakọtara na Lisbon.[21] A kpọrọ kọmitii na-ahụ maka WIDF ụlọ ọrụ ma gụnye ndị isi a họpụtara ahọpụta.[22] Neto bụ osote onye isi oche na WIDF Bureau si Angola.[23] N'afọ ahụ, ọ gara Sweden izute ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund  (Swedish Women's Left-wing Association, SKV). [8] Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe sitere na SKV nyere ákwà linin na igwe ịkwa ákwà, nweta ego maka OMA, ma zipụ ngwugwu nlekọta nke gụnyere uwe eji eme ihe, nke enwere ike inye ndị nọ ná mkpa ma ọ bụ ree.[24] N'etiti ọtụtụ mmemme ọ kwalitere n'ime OMA bụ atụmatụ ịhazi ndị ọrụ ma kụziere ha usoro enyemaka onwe onye ịlụ ọgụ maka ụgwọ ọrụ nhata nke ndị ọrụ ojii na ndị ọcha. Ha haziri kọmitii obodo iji dozie amaghị akwụkwọ nke ndị okenye, nsogbu nkesa maka nri na mmiri,  na mpaghara ime obodo ha na-enwekwa ọmụmụ ihe gbasara usoro ọrụ ugbo na ịdị ọcha. [25][17] N'oge Congress nke MPLA na 1977, Neto bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ, gụnyere Maria Mambo Cafe na Rodeth Gil, ahọpụtara ije ozi na Central Committee.[26] Ọ nọchitere anya MPLA, ya na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị Maria Eugénia Neto, na nleta na Soviet Union n'afọ sochirinụ.[27]

Neto gara ọzụzụ nduzi nke WIDF maka ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo na Manila na 1979.[28] N'afọ ahụ, OMA guzobere Nadejda Krupskaya Creche na Luanda iji nye nlekọta ụmụaka na ụmụ mgbei agha ma lekwasị anya na ọdịmma ụmụaka.[29] Ha gbakwara ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ume ka ha gbasaa ọzụzụ ya maka ndị na-amụ nwa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe n'ime ime obodo iji dozie ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na-anwụ.[30] Neto kwupụtara nchegbu na agụmakwụkwọ na ntaramahụhụ ezughi oke maka ite ime mere ka ọnwụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, nakwa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike kwesịrị ime ka mmemme ndị dị otú ahụ bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa.[31] OMA kwadoro iwepụ ịlụ karịa otu nwanyị na usoro onyinye, ma gbaa mbọ maka mmezigharị na Usoro Ezinụlọ iji mee ka ikike ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị hara nhata n'ime ezinụlọ na iwu ndị ọzọ iji wepụ enweghị nhata maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ebe ọrụ na ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu.[32] Neto gbara ụlọ ọrụ ume ka ha mee mgbalị iji chebe ikike ụmụ nwanyị.[31] Na Machị 1981, ọ zutere Fatma-Zohra Djeghroud na Algiers, onye isi nke National Union of Algerian Women, iji hazie aro ha gbasara ọgụ mba na ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị a ga-ewepụta na 1981 Congress of the WIDF nke a ga-eme na Prague, Czechoslovakia.[33] N'ọnwa Juun, ọ gara Bulgaria ịga nzukọ gbasara uto nwata.[34] Ọ duziri ndị nnọchi anya OMA, nke gụnyere Luisa Chongololo na Luzia Paim na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke nzukọ ahụ, na October Congress.[35]

Na Nzukọ Nzukọ Mbụ nke OMA, nke e mere n'etiti 2 na 8 Machị 1983, a gbanwere nzukọ ahụ ma họpụta Neto dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu.[36][37] Ọ duziri ndị nnọchi anya Angola nke gara Nzukọ nke Iri nke Òtù Kọmunist nke Portugal na Disemba 1983. N'ikwu okwu na nnọkọ ahụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ dị mkpa ka Angola melite dị ka mba na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. O mere mkpesa maka itinye aka nke Ndị agha South Africa na Agha Obodo Angola ma kwughachi na ndị agha Cuban agaghị alaghachi ruo mgbe mwakpo South Africa kwụsịrị.[38] Ọ gara London n'afọ 1984, iji gaa ngagharị iwe na-akatọ ntinye aka South Africa na nkwado US maka omume ha. Ọ kpọrọ oku maka udo gafee kọntinent Afrịka.[39] A họpụtara Neto, Café, na nwanne nwanyị Neto Irene, na Kọmitii Central nke MPLA n'afọ 1985.[40] N'afọ ahụ, Neto, onye isi oche WIDF Freda Brown, na ndị nnọchi anya nwanyị maka Nicaragua na Soviet Union ka Fidel Castro nyere  (Order of Ana Betancourt ),  ọdịiche kachasị elu nke Cuba maka ụmụ nwanyị.  [41][42][43] A họpụtara Neto ka ọ nọchie Fathia Bettahar nke Algeria dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Pan-African Women's Organization (PAWO) n'afọ 1986. [44][Nkọwa 2] PAWO bụ òtù nche anwụ, nke e mere iji mepụta ikpo okwu maka ụmụ nwanyị ịghọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime òtù ndị na-ahụ maka mba n'Africa, site na mmegide megide ọchịchị ndị na-achị ala na iwu agbụrụ na nkwado nke ịha nhata.[46] Mgbe mba Afrịka nwetara nnwere onwe ha na Agha Nzuzo na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ kwụsịrị, uche PAWO gbanwere gaa n'ịgba mbọ udo na ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ.[46]

Na nnọkọ WIDF Moscow nke June 1987, Neto bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà okwu a ma ama ma nye ihe ngosi banyere nzukọ na kọmitii ndị sonyere na ịhazi ihe omume ahụ.[47] N'ọnwa Disemba, ya na ndị nnọchi anya ndị ọzọ nke People's Assembly gara West Germany, na-eleta Bonn, Dusseldorf, na West Berlin, izute ndị otu dị iche iche iji kwurịta ọrụ mmepe maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na ịkwalite azụmahịa.[48] Na Nzukọ nke abụọ nke OMA, nke e mere na Machị 1988, a họpụtara ya ọzọ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu.[49] N'oge 1990 Congress nke MLPA, Neto baara Onye isi ala José Eduardo dos Santos, onye nọchiri nwanne ya nwoke mba mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1979,  maka enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na nchịkwa ya.[50] O kwuru na ọ bụ naanị 59 n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya 700 bụ ụmụ nwanyị, naanị otu nwanyị jere ozi na Political Bureau, na Central Committee nwere naanị ụmụ nwanyị isii. Okwu ya zutere "oké aka" site n'aka ndị sonyere na nkwupụta nke Santos iji gbaa ndị nnọchiteanya ume ịhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ.[51] Neto kwụsịrị ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu PAWO na 1997 ma Assetou Koité nke Senegal nọchiri ya.[44] Luzia Inglês Van-Dúnem nọchiri ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OMA na 1999,   ma ruo 2008, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakụkọ mmekọrịta mba ọzọ nke OMA.[52][53][54]

## Ihe Nketa
N'afọ 2014, a kwanyeere Neto ugwu dị ka nnukwu onye ibe na Order of the Companions nke O. R. Tambo nke South Africa maka onyinye ya nke dugara na nnwere onwe nke Angola.[55] Ya na onye isi ala Namibia mbụ, Sam Nujoma, natara onyinye Son and Daughter of Africa maka ịkwalite udo na nchekwa n'Africa na 2015 site na African Union. Ha bụ ndị nke abụọ natara ọdịiche ahụ, nke e nyere ndị nnọchi anya mba Tanzania Hashim Mbita na Salim Ahmed Salim na 2014.[56][57] A maara Neto dị ka otu n'ime ndị nne guzobere Pan-African Women's Organization.[58][59] Ya na ndị isi ala ndị ọzọ gara aga Jeanne Martin Cissé, Bettahar, na onye isi ala ugbu a bụ Assetou Koité na ndị ọzọ guzobere ya, ọ pụtara na foto nke e kpughere na 2017 ma gosipụta ya na foto nke ndị isi mba Afrịka na isi ụlọ ọrụ African Union na Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[60] N'afọ 2017, mmemme Radio e Televisão de Portugal (Portuguese Radio and Television Service) ' (Faces) gosipụtara ihe omume nkeji iri atọ nke akpọrọ "Ruth Neto", na-egosi akụkọ ndụ ya.[61] A kwanyeere ya ugwu n'afọ ahụ n'ụtụ a kwadoro OMA, na-egosi ọrụ afọ iri abụọ na otu ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke nzukọ ahụ.[54]

## Ihe edeturu

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
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