Mary Elizabeth Barber

**Mary Elizabeth Barber** (5 Jenụarị 1818 &#x2013; 4 Septemba 1899) bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ sayensị amateur amụrụ Britain na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Enweghị agụmakwụkwọ, ọ mere onwe ya aha na botany, ornithology na entomology . Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede uri na onye na-ese ihe nke ọma, ma gosikwa onyinye sayensị ya nke ndị obodo mmụta dị ka Royal Entomological Society na London, Royal Botanical Gardens na Kew, na Linnean Society nke London bipụtara.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Barber Mary Elizabeth Bowker na South Newton, Wiltshire, na 5 Jenụwarị 1818. Ọ bụ nwa nke itoolu n'ime ụmụ iri na otu  na ada  nke Miles na Anna Maria Bowker nke Gateshead, Northumberland.  Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu, na-azụkwa ahịa ajị anụ nke ya.  N'afọ 1820, ọ kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Cape Colony, South Africa tinyere ndị ọzọ bi na Britain bụ ndị chọrọ iji ohere nke gọọmentị South Africa nyere 100 acres ala maka nwoke ọ bụla gafere afọ 18. Ezinụlọ Bowker nwetara ala na Albany, na nso Grahamstown .  N'ebe a Bowker hibere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ ya na ndị ọrụ a, mmekọrịta ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme sitere n'okike nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ihe mmụta ụmụaka natara.  

## Ntụnye aka na sayensị
Barber nyere onyinye dị ukwuu na sayensị ihe ọkụkụ nke oge ahụ site na nchịkọta ya na nyocha sayensị nke ahịhịa na anụmanụ ndị South Africa. Nke a mere ka a na-akpọ aha ya ọtụtụ ụdị osisi.  Ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke nta, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịdị anụ ahụ James Henry Bowker, zigara ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị a na-amaghị na mbụ na herbarium na Trinity College Dublin, na Royal Botanic Gardens na Kew.  

*Aloidendron barberae* (osisi aloe) bụ Barber, bụ onye na-achịkọta ihe ọkụkụ na mbụ Transkei nke South Africa chọtara ya. O zigara ụdị osisi ahụ na ifuru ya gaa na Royal Botanic Gardens na Kew, ebe na 1874 William Turner Thiselton-Dyer (1843–1928) nyere nkọwa ahụ maka nsọpụrụ ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ chọpụtara *Lotononis harveyi* (Ms. Barber's ịma mma), nke aha ya bụ aha ya. 

Barber zụlitere mmasị na entomology mgbe di ya na-etinye aka na agha okpuru ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ndị ọbịa na ndị Africa. Ya na nwanne ya nwoke, James Henry Bowker, ọ malitere idekọ nla na urukurubụba ndị Africa, wee kpọtụụrụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Roland Trimen (1840 &#x2013; 1916) na 1863 iji kesaa ihe ọ chọpụtara.  A kọrọ na ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara so na-atụnye ụtụ na ntule anya Charles Darwin banyere ọrụ nla na-eme n'ikpochapụ orchid.  Roland Trimen, onye Britain ibe ya na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara anụ ahụ na South Africa, webatara Barber na Charles Darwin na 1863. Barber gbanwere akwụkwọ ozi na nyocha ya na Darwin na ndị ama ama ndị ọzọ na netwọk sayensị ya.  : Akwụkwọ ozi 5745 Ekwuru mmetụta ya na ọrụ Darwin n'ezoghị ọnụ, site na Trimen. N'afọ 1865, Mary kwuputara na ya ga-edegara Darwin n'onwe ya banyere " igurube na nnụnụ igurube ", mana ọ nweghị ndekọ ọ bụla maka nke a, n'agbanyeghị Darwin n'onwe ya bụ onye na-edebe akwụkwọ ozi ya nke ọma.  N'akwụkwọ ozi ndị ọzọ, Barber yiri ka ọ kwenyere na Darwin's theory of eke nhọrọ, na-ehota ikike nke ndị Europe bi na Cape Colony dị ka ihe akaebe. 

### Sayensị ọha ọha
Onyinye Barber nyere na sayensị ka emechara kwụghachi ụgwọ n'afọ 1878 site n'ịkpọ òkù ịghọ onye otu South Africa Philosophical Society &#x2013; ihe nsọpụrụ pụrụ iche n'oge ahụ. Linnean Society dị na London anabataghị ụmụ nwanyị dịka ndị otu ruo 1905, na-ekwusi ike na ọdịdị ọganihu nke obodo South Africa a, na mmetụta Barber nwere na ịdọ aka ná ntị ya. Azịza ya nye òkù a chịkọtara àgwà nke oge ahụ:" *Enweghị m ihe mgbochi ... na ahụghị m ihe ọ bụla mere Lady ga-eji nọrọ jụụ n'ụzọ dị jụụ bụrụ onye so na ọha sayensị ọ bụla ... Anaghị m akwado n'ụzọ ọ bụla nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abịa n'ihu ọha na-apụ n'anya ma na-apụ apụ. ebe ụmụ nwoke site n'ime nkwusa, ikwu okwu, wdg, ma ahụghị m ihe mere na ha agaghị eso n'obodo ọ bụla ha ruru eru, na n'ụzọ dị jụụ na-enwetakwa ihe ùgwù ndị ahụ."* Barber sonyeere South Africa Philosophical Society na 26 Juun 1878. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya banyere agba anụmanụ ndị pụrụ iche n'ihe metụtara omume ndụ ha ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ.  Edere akwụkwọ a na nzaghachi nye akụkọ sitere n'aka Alfred Russel Wallace bụ nke ọ rụrụ ụka n'echiche Darwin banyere nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị na nhọrọ mmekọahụ.  Barber nwere ekele zuru oke (ma nwee nleba anya iji gosi) na ụmụ nwanyị na-ahọrọ nwoke dabere n'ụdị phenotype ha: mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị mara mma, na-egbuke egbuke. 

Ọ gara n'ihu bụrụ nwanyị mbụ onye otu Ornithologischer Verein na Vienna, ọha ornithology bụ isi na Austria,  na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ya ka a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Hungarian. 

## Ihe omume ndị ọzọ
Na 1850s Barber nyeere nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ, Thomas Holden Bowker aka n'ọrụ ya na-achịkọta nchịkọta mbụ nke ngwa Nkume Age na South Africa.  : 10  Na 1870s Barber dere nchịkọta akụkọ gbasara nchọpụta diamond na ọla edo na South Africa. O gosikwara ihe nkiri sitere na ubi diamond n'ọtụtụ eserese.  : 29 

## Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ
Barber mechara nweta ego zuru oke iji kwado nleta na Europe na 1889, ebe ọ gara n'ogige Royal Botanic na Kew na nke mbụ, yana leta ndị enyi sayensị na Europe.  Ọ nwụrụ na Pietermaritzburg na 1899.  

## Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
 
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