Peter Magubane

**Peter Magubane** (amụrụ n'ubochí irí na asatọ n'ọnwa 18  Jenụwarị n'afọ1932 - 1 Jenụwarị 2024) bụ onye na-ese foto na South Africa.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Peter Sexford Magubane na Vrededorp, ugbu a Pageview, mpaghara Johannesburg, ma too na Sophiatown. Ọ bịdọrọ iji igwefoto Kodak Brownie dị ka nwa akwụkwọ.

N'afọ 1954, ọ gụrụ otu Drum, magazin a maara n'ihe banyere akụkọ ya màkà ndị isi ojii bi n'obodo ukwu na mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. "Ha na-emeso nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke metụtara ndị isi ojii na South Africa. Achọrọ m ịbụ akụkụ nke magazin ahụ".

Ọ bịdọrọ ọrụ na Drum dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala. Ógè ọnwa isii nke ọrụ na-adịghị mma gasịrị, e nyere ya ọrụ foto n'okpuru nduzi nke Jürgen Schadeberg, onye isi na-ese foto. Ọ gbaziri igwefoto wee kpuchie mgbakọ ANC nke afọ 1955. "M laghachiri n'ọfịs na nsonaazụ dị mma ma eleghị anya azụ".

Ịnọ n'ọrụ n'afọ ndị izizi adịghị mfe, dịka ọ chetara: "A naghị ekwe ka anyị buru igwefoto n'èzí ma ọ bụrụ na ndị uwe ojii etinye aka, yabụ m na-ezochi igwefoto m ógè niile iji nweta foto m chọrọ. N'oge ụfọdụ, m zoro igwefoto m n'ime Bible nwere oghere, na-agbapụ na eriri na akpa m. N'oge ọzọ, n'oge ikpe na Zeerust nke a machibidoro ndị nta akụkọ iwu, zoro m Leica 3G m n'ime achịcha oghere ma mee ka m na-eri nri mgbe m na-ese foto n'ezie; ógè achịcha ahụ dara, zụrụ m mmiri ara ehi wee zoo igwefoto ahụ na katọn. M wee gbapụ na ya. Ị ga-eche echiche ngwa ngwa ma dịrị ọsọ iji dịrị ndụ n'ụbọchị ndị ahụ".

Magubane sere foto ọtụtụ n'ime oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa, dị ka Sharpeville n'afọ 1960 nakwa ikpe Rivonia nke Mandela n'afọ 1964. O mechara cheta, sị: "Ahụtụbeghị m ọtụtụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ". Onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya chọrọ ịmara ihe mere na o jighị foto ọ bụla mee ihe. Magubane wee "kpebie na agaghị m etinye aka na mmetụta uche, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọ gaghị etinye aka ruo ógè m mechara ọrụ m".

## Afọ ndị dị n'etiti na ndị ọzọ
Ọ hapụrụ Drum ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya. N'afọ 1967, *Rand Daily Mail* were ya n'ọrụ. N'afọ 1969, e zigara ya ka ọ see foto ngagharị iwe n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ Winnie Mandela. E jidere ya, gbaa ya ajụjụ ọnụ ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya. E wepụrụ ebubo ndị ahụ n'afọ 1970. Otú ọ dị, a machibidoro Magubane ise foto ruo afọ ise. N'afọ 1971, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọzọ ma nọrọ ụbọchị iri itoolu na asatọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya wee nọrọ ọnwa isii n'ụlọ ikpe.

Ógè a tọhapụrụ ya, e kenyere Mu bat ka ọ kpuchie ọgba aghara Soweto nke mere site n'ọnwa Juun ruo ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 1976. E jidere ya, tie ya ihe ma gbajie imi ya. N'ikpeazụ, a tọhapụrụ ya na ngwụcha afọ 1976. Usoro foto ndị o weere mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na mba ụwa. N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1977, ọ ga-emeri ihe nrite dị mma na akụkọ, nke Stellenbosch Farmers' Winery kwadoro ma Walter Cronkite gosipụtara.
Magubane akwụsịla ịrụ ọrụ na foto journalism ma ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na foto nka. Ọ na-edekọ ụzọ agbụrụ ndị dị ndụ na South Africa mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị na agba. E bipụtara foto ndị a n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ African Heritage Series.

## Akwụkwọ

* Black As I Am, Zindzi Mandela na Peter Magubane; okwu mbido nke Andrew Young, Los Angeles Guild of Tutors Press, 1978,  
* *Magubane's South Africa*; na okwu mbido nke Ambassador Andrew Young, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, nke Random House kesara. 1978,  
* *Soweto*, nke Peter Magubane sere foto; ederede, Marshall Lee; inye aka na onye nchịkọta foto, Dawn Lindberg, Cape Town: Don Nelson, 1978,   (2nd ed. 1983)
* *Soweto* Speaks, Jill Johnson, foto nke Peter Magubane, Johannesburg: A. D. Donker, 1979,  
* Black Child, New York: Alfred Knopf, 1982,  
* 16 *June*: The Fruit of Fear, Braamfontein: Skotaville, 1986,  
** *Soweto*: The Fruit of Fear, Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press, 1986,   (reissue of 16 *June*: The Fruat of Fear)
* *Soweto*: Portrait of a City, foto nke Peter Magubane; ederede nke David Bristow, Stan Motjuwadi; [okwu mbido nke Achịbishọp Desmond Tutu]. London: New Holland, 1990  
* Ụmụ nwanyị nke South Africa: ọgụ ha maka nnwere onwe, foto nke Peter Magubane, ederede nke Carol Lazar. Boston MA: Little, Brown & Co., 1993  
* Nelson Mandela, Man of Destiny: a pictorial biography, Cape Town: Don Nelson, 1996,  
* *Ọdịbendị na-apụ n'anya nke South Africa*: na-agbanwe omenala n'ụwa na-agbanwere, Cape Town: Struik, 1998,   (The Xhosa The Zulu The Ndebele The Venda The Tsonga The Basotho The Tswana The Pedi The Ntwana The San)
* African Renaissance, Cape Town: Struik, 2000,  
* Usoro Ihe Nketa Africa:
** Homesteads, Peter Magubane, ederede nke Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,  
** Dress and Adornment, Peter Magubane, ederede nke Sandra Klopper, 2001,  
** *Ememe*, Peter Magubane, ederede nke Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik. 2001,  
* *Soweto*, Peter Magubane na Charlene Smith, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,  
* Usoro Ihe Nketa Africa:
** Arts and Crafts, Peter Magubane, ederede nke Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,  
* The *BaNtwane*: Africa's Undiscovered People, Peter Magubane, ederede nke Sandra Klopper, Cape Town: Struik, 2001,  
* *AmaNdebele*, Peter Magubane, ederede nke Sandra Klopper, Sunbird, 2005,  

## Ihe nkiri na vidiyo

* Peter Magubane pụtara dị ka onwe ya na 1998 documentary Dying to Tell the Story .
* BBC Millennium diaries Peter Magubane Photographer. "N'ịbụ onye dekọrọ ihe ndị mere na South Africa n'ime afọ 45 gara aga na igwefoto ọ na-akọ banyere njem ọ gara n'ala nna ya taa".

## Ihe ngosi

### Ihe ngosi onwe onye

* 1985 Ụlọ ọrụ foto Hippolyte, Helsinki, Finland.
* 2005 *Midia*: Man of Destiny, Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg

### Ihe ngosi ìgwè

* 2001 *Akụkọ ifo South Africa* Foto sitere na 1950s (nke Alf Khumalo, Ernest Cole na Jürgen Schadeberg). Isi ihe ngosi ahụ bụ nnupụisi ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 1976. Nke a gụnyere ụfọdụ ọrụ Peter Magubane.
* 2012 Na 2013 Nrịgo na ọdịda nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ: Foto na Bureaucracy nke Ndụ Kwa Ụbọchị

## Onyinye

* 1958 A na-enye ya ihe nrite mbụ na nke atọ maka foto kacha mma nke afọ.
* 1985 Ihe nrite ọla edo Robert Capa
* 1986 Ihe nrite Dr. Erich Salomon
* 1992 Ihe nrite nsọpụrụ pụrụ iche nke Missouri maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na akụkọ
* 1995 Ihe nrite Martin Luther King Luthuli
* 1997 Onyinye Ọrụ Ndụ site na Mother Jones Foundation na Leica Cameras
* 1997 Nkwekọrịta site na Tom Hopkinson School of Journalism and Cultural Studies, Mahadum Wales, Cardiff
* 1999 Iwu maka Ọrụ Nsọpụrụ Klas nke Abụọ site n'aka Onye isi ala Mandela
* 2003 Dọkịta Honorary site na Mahadum nke South Africa
* 2006 Honorary doctorate of Philosophy Fort Hare University
* 2006 Honorary doctorate of Technology Tshwane University of Technology
* 2006 Doctor of Law (honoris causa) Mahadum Rhodes
* 2008 Nkwado nsọpụrụ site na Royal Photographic Society, UK
* 2010 Ihe nrite Cornell Capa Infinity Award site na International Center of Photography
* 2010 Dọkịta Honorary na Columbia College (Chicago)
* 2015 - Ihe nrite Nat Nakasa maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe mgbasa ozi

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ site ma ọ bụ banyere Peter Magubane. Copac
* "Peter Magubane Timeline 1932-", South African History Online, 12 Febụwarị 2016.
* Sian Cain, "Foto kachasị mma nke Peter Magubane: nwa agbọghọ na odibo ya na bench 'naanị ndị Europe'", *The Guardian*, 12 Nọvemba 2015.
* Kerri MacDonald, "Onye agha nwere igwefoto na oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa", *The New York Times*, 21 Septemba 2012.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ