open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Fatma Zahra Djouad

**Fatma Zahra Djouad** (amụrụ 12, Julaị 1988) bụ nwa agbọghọ Algeria na egwu volleyball. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria.

O sonyere na 2013 FIVB Volleyball Ukwu ụwaPrix.
N'ọkwa klọb ọ gbara bọọlụ maka MBBEJAIA n'afọ 2013.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ na FIVB.org
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Salima Hammouche

**Salima Hamouche** (amụrụ n'ime Jenụwarị 17, 1984, na Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a** : GSP (nke bụbu MC Algiers)
* **Klọb izizi** : ASW Bejaia

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldChampionships/2010/Women/Rounds/Players.asp?Tourn=WQ10AF-D&Team=ALG&No=120596
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldChampionships/2010/Women/Rounds/Team_Roster.asp?Tourn=WQ10AF-D&Team=ALG
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nassima Ben Hamouda

**Nassima Saleha Ben Hamouda Akouche** (amụrụ n'October 20, 1973 n'ime Villeurbanne, France) bụ onye Algeria na agba bọọlụ volleyball nke mba ụwa.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb ikpeazụ** : MC Alger (Algeria)

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Olympics/2008/Women/Teams/Team_Roster.asp?TRN=WOG2008&TEAM=ALG&sm=6
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Sehryne Hanaoui

**Sérine Hanaoui** (Arabic; amụrụ n'ime Jenụwarị 10, 1988, na Bouïra) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa.  Ọ nọchitere anya Algeria na 2008 na 2012 Olimpik oge okpomọkụ.  Nne ya bụbu onye na egwu volleyball nke gbara bọọlụ maka otu mba Algeria n'afọ ndị 1970.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a** : Hainaut
* **Klọb gara aga** : Terville OC
* **Klọb gara aga** : Istres volleyball
* **Klọb izizi** : Lyon volleyball

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mélinda Hennaoui

thumb|Mélinda Hennaoui
**Melinda Raissa Hennaoui** (amụrụ n'ime Machị 18, 1990 n'ime Bouïra) bụ nwanyị Algeria na egwu volleyball. Ọ bụ otu nime ndị otu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a** : Istres volleyball
* **Klọb izizi** : Lyon volleyball

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Olympics/2008/Women/Teams/Team_Roster.asp?TRN=WOG2008&TEAM=ALG&sm=6
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Olympics/2008/Women/Teams/VB_PlayerDB.asp?No=120594

## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ na FIVB.org
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nihad Hihat

**Nadira Ait Oumghar** (amụrụ n'Ọgọst 2, 1994 n'ime Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball.

## Ihe ọmụma
Obodo nna Nihad Hihat bụ Seddouk, Bejaia. Ọ dị ihe dị ka mita ise na sentimita itoolu nogologo. Ọ dị ihe dị ka pound 160. Ọ nwere ike igbochi na ịdị elu nke ihe dị ka mita 9.
Hihat maara asụsụ ndị a:

* Arabic
* French
* Amazigh

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : RC Bejaia

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Youth/Women/2011/Players.asp?Tourn=GY2011&Team=ALG&No=136729
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Youth/Women/2011/Teams.asp?Tourn=MJ2011&Team=ALG
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Drawdown

**Ọnọdụ ihu igwe** na-ezo aka n'oge ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu mgbè ọkwa nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku kwụsịrị ịrịgo ma bídó ịda. Drawdown bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ịtụgharị mgbanwe ihu igwe ma mechaa belata okpomọkụ ụwa. Project Drawdown na-ezo aka n'òtù na-enweghị uru nke nwéré ebumnuche inyere ụwa aka iru ala ma kwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ngwa ngwa, n'enweghị nsogbụ, na n'ụzọ ziri ezi. N'afọ 2017, akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Drawdown" ghọrọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa na *New York Times*, ebe ọ gosipụtara ma kọwaa ihe ngwọta dị íchè íchè na mbọ dịnụ iji nyéré aka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ a.

## Nkwụsị Ọrụ
Project Drawdown bụ ọrụ mgbochi mgbanwe ihu igwe nkè Paul Hawken na ónyé na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe Amanda Joy Ravenhill malitere.  

Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nkè ọrụ ahụ bụ:  

# Mbelata isi mbido site n'iweta ikuku na efu ma kwụsị mmetọ.
# Na-akwado sinks na ibuli okike carbon okike.
# Melite ọha mmadụ site n'ịkwalite ịha nhata màkà mmadụ niile.

Project Drawdown na-ahazi ngwọta dị íchè íchè n'ime otu ndị dabara na ụkpụrụ ndị a iji mepụta Drawdown Framework. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke nzukọ Project Drawdown gụnyere nkuzi vidiyo nke na-akọwa nyocha na nghọta n'azụ mgbalị na nyocha nke mejupụtara sayensị n'azụ ọrụ ahụ. Isi ihe dị na ọrụ ahụ bụ nchịkọta nkè ndepụta nke "ihe ngwọta kachasị mkpa màkà okpomọkụ ụwa". Ndepụta ahụ, nke na-agụnye naanị ngwọta ndị dị ugbu a na teknụzụ, bụ nke otu ndị ọkà mmụta ihe karịrị narị abụọ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-eme iwu, ndị isi azụmaahịa, na ndị na-arụ ọrụ chịkọtara ma ugbu a ọ dị n'ịntanetị. Ndị otu ahụ tụrụ ma gosipụta mmetụta carbon nke ngwọta ọ bụla site n'afọ 2050, ngụkọta ya na ọnụahịa ya màkà ọha mmadụ, na ngụkọta ndụ ya. Project Drawdown na-eji ọnọdụ dị ichè íchè iji nyochaa mgbanwe dị íchè íchè na mbọ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nwèrè ike ịdị. Ihe nkiri 1 na-egosi ịrị elu okpomọkụ 2 °C site na 2100, ebe ihe nkiri 2 na-egosi mmụba okpomọkụ 1.5 °C site Na 2100. N'okpuru ebe a bụ tebụl nke ngwọta iri kachasị elu gụnyere na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke nzukọ ahụ, yana mmetụta nke ikuku ha dabere na nke ọ bụla. Ntụle ndị ahụ na-ezo aka na gigatons nke CO2 nke dị ka nke e belatara / nke e kewara (202050) na mgbalị kacha nta achọrọ maka ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị elu na mgbalị kachasị elu achọrọ màkà ebumnuche dị ala.

### Ngwọta iri kachasị elu

### ''Ntụle Ntụle''
E bipụtara nyocha nke afọ 2020 nke nchọpụta nke dugara n'akwụkwọ afọ 2017 dị ka PDF 104 na 2020.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe omume Azolla
* Ichebe carbon

## Edensibia
Onye nnọchi anya mbu pụrụ iche maka oke ọkọchị na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Somalia

Onye nnọchi anya onye isi ala pụrụ iche maka ihu igwe, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo bụ ọkwa dị n'ọfịs onye isi ala nke Somalia nwere ikike n'elu iwu ike na iwu ihu igwe n'ime ngalaba ndị isi. Ọ bụ Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame bụ onye ji ọkwa a, onye bụ onye nnọchi anya..

## Edensibịa

Òtù:Mgbanwe ihu igwe
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Amel Khamtache

**Amel Khamtache** (amụrụ na Mee 4, 1981 na Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball n'ime ụlọ na volleyball osimiri.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a**: GSP (nke a maara dị ka MCA)
* **Klọb mbụ**: NC Béjaïa

## Ihe odide

* Akụkọ ndụ onye egwuregwu FIVB
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Narimène Madani

**Narimène Madani** (amụrụ na Machị 12, 1984, n'ime Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa. Ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu mba Algeria na 2008 Beijing Olimpik .

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : MB Bejaia (Algeria)

**Klọb gara aga** : GSP (nke bụbu MC Algiers)

**Klọb gara aga**: NC Bejaia (Algeria)

**Klọb izizi**: MB Bejaia (Algeria)

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Olympics/2008/Women/Teams/Team_Roster.asp?TRN=WOG2008&TEAM=ALG&sm=6
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Olympics/2008/Women/Teams/VB_PlayerDB.asp?No=112534
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Silya Magnana

**Silya Magnana** (amụrụ na Machị 16, 1991, n'ime Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa, na egwu dị ka onye na etinye ihe.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : MB Bejaia

**Klọb gara aga** : ASW Bejaia

**Klọb gara aga** : NCB Bejaia

## Hụkwa

* Ndị otu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria

## Ihe odide

* https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/2012/athletes/7f24b22a-4706-4c14-98c1-bab81a6a37c7
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Women/Players.asp?Tourn=WWC2011&Team=ALG&No=133380
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldCup/2011/Women/Teams.asp?Team=ALG
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nawal Mansouri

thumb|Nawal Mansouri
**Nawel Mansouri** (amụrụ n'Ọgọst 1, 1985, n'ime Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa na ọnọdụ libero. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu egwuregwu volleyball nke Algeria ugboro abụọ, na 2008 na 2012.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : MB Béjaïa

**Klọb dị ugbu a** : GSP (nke bụbu MCA)

**Klọb izizi** : NC Béjaïa

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ryma Mebarki

**Ryma Mebarki** (amụrụ 28, Jenụwarị 1994) bụ nwa agbọghọ Algeria na egwu volleyball. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria.

O sonyere na 2015 FIVB Volleyball Ukwu ụwa Prix.
N'ọkwa klọb ọ gbara bọọlụ maka MBB n'afọ 2015.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ na FIVB.org
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nesrine Merouane

**Nesrine Kheloudja Merouane** (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 23, 1995 n'imeAlgiers) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : GSP (nke bụbu MC Algiers)

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Youth/Women/2011/Players.asp?Tourn=GY2011&Team=ALG&No=135999
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Youth/Women/2011/Teams.asp?Tourn=MJ2011&Team=ALG
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Kahina Messaoudene

**Kahina Messaoudene** (amụrụ na Julaị 15, 1992 n'ime Béjaïa) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : ASW Bejaia

## Ihe odide

* https://web.archive.org/web/20101016113650/http://www.fivb.ch/en/volleyball/Competitions/WorldChampionships/2010/Women/Team_Roster.asp?Tourn=WWCH2010&Team=ALG E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Players.asp?Tourn=WGP2013&Team=ALG&No=133396
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Aicha Mezemate

**Aicha Mezemate** (amụrụ na Junnu 6, 1991) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball, na egwu dị ka onye na egbochi etiti. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria.

## Klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a**: Amiens vb
* **Mbido**: NC Bejaia.

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Players.asp?Tourn=WGP2013&Team=ALG&No=124211
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Somalia

**Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Somalia** na-arụtụ aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe na Somalia yana nzaghachi na-esote, mmegharị na atụmatụ mbelata nke mba ahụ.

Somalia bụ mba nke abụọ kachasị njọ n'ụwa nwere ihu igwe na-adighị ike. Mba ahụ ahụla mmụba n'ihe omume nke ihu igwe siri ike kemgbe 1990, na nnukwu ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ugboro atọ kemgbe 2010, ide mmiri na-aga n'ihu nakwa ọtụtụ igurube na-ebibi ihe ọkụkụ. Ka ọ na-eru afọ 2080, a na-atụ anya na okpomọkụ ga-arị elu site na 3.4 degrees Celsius, yana mkpụrụ ụbọchị dị otu narị iri ise na-abụọ ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ kwa afọ (ebe okpomọkụ kachasị elu ga-agafe 35 degrees Celsius).

A na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-etinye nje dị ịrịba ama na ụkọ mmiri nakwa akụrụngwa ugbo dịgoro n'ime mba ahụ, na-eyikwa egwu nye nchekwa mba ahụ yana nkwụsi ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha.

## Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi
Ụdị ihu igwe na-akọwa na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nwere ike ịnwe mgbanwe dị nso n'ihu igwe dịka oke okpomọkụ, mgbanwe na ugboro ugboro na ike nke ihe omume ndị siri ike, nakwa mbelata mmiri ozuzo, yana mgbanwe ogologo oge dịka mgbago nke oke osimiri.
 

### Okpomọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe
Somalia na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ, nwekwaa oge mmiri ozuzo abụọ. Nkezi okpomọkụ na Somalia so n'etiti ndị kachasị elu n'ụwa. Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-adị n'afọ niile, ọkachasị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso n'ókè nke Etiopia, ebe okpomọkụ kwa afọ karịrị 29 °C. Oge mmiri ozuzo bụ site na Eprel ruo Juun, oge mmiri ozuzo nke abụọ bụ site na Ọktoba ruo Disemba. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ n'ebe ugwu na-ekpo ọkụ na nke kpọrọ nkụ na-abụkarị ihe na-erughị 250 mm ma belata ruo ihe na-eru 100 mm n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ala dị n'etiti na-enweta n'etiti 200 na 300 mm nke mmiri ozuzo, ebe ọ na-abawanye na South ruo ihe dị ka 400 ruo 500 mm nke mmiri mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na mpaghara ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nwere mmiri ozuzo kachasị, na nkezi n'etiti 500 na 700 mm.

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe agbanweela n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga:

* E nweela mmụba okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu site na 1 ruo 1.5 °C kemgbe 1991,
* Ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike metụtara mba ahụ, na oke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na 2011 nakwa 2017.
* Oké ọkọchị, idei mmiri na oké ifufe, abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ iri abụọ na ise gara aga.

Amụma ihe nlere anya na-egosi na

* Ma ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri nwere ike ịbawanye na ike nakwa ugboro ugboro.
* Ọ bụ ezie na ejighịkwa n'aka, ụdị na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa ga-abawanye ntakịrị site na Septemba ruo Disemba site n'etiti 2040-2060.
* A na-atụ anya na nkezi okpomọkụ ga-abawanye n'etiti 1-1.75 °C site n'etiti 2040-2060, ma na-atụle mmụba nke 3.2 ruo 4.3 °C site na 2100.

## Edemsibịa
Yasmine Oudni

**Yasmine Oudni** (amụrụ Ọgọst2, 1989, na Tizi Ouzou, Algeria) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa.

Nkwekọrịta ya na G.S. Petroliers dị na 2014. N'afọ 2012, ndị otu ahụ gara Ijipt iji kwadebe maka asọmpi CAVB Asọmpi ntozu Volleyball ụmụ nwanyị.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a** : GSP (nke bụbu MC Algiers)
* **Klọb gara aga** : AS DE L'UNION (TOULOUSE)
* **Klọb gara aga** : GSP (nke bụbu MC Algiers)
* **Klọb izizi** : AC Tizi Ouzou

## Ihe odide

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldChampionships/2010/Women/Rounds/Players.asp?Tourn=WQ10AF-D&Team=ALG&No=120600
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/Volleyball/Competitions/WorldChampionships/2010/Women/Rounds/Team_Roster.asp?Tourn=WQ10AF-D&Team=ALG
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Fatima-Zohra Oukazi

**Fatima-Zohra Oukazi** (amụrụ n'imeJenụwarị 18, 1984, n'ime Chlef) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa na onye isi ndị otu volleyball nke ụmụ nwanyị Algeria (2010-2012), na egwu dị ka onye na etinye. Na klọb, o mere nke mbụ ya maka GS Chlef, nke dị n'obodo ya bụ Chlef. Ọ na egwuri egwu ugbu a maka GS Petroliers nke Algiers.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : 2007-GSP dị ugbu a (nke bụbu MCA)

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/en/olympics/london2012/PlayersVB-W.asp?Team=ALG&No=113937
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Teams.asp?Team=ALG
* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/Olympics/2008/Women/Teams/Team_Roster.asp?TRN=WOG2008&TEAM=ALG&sm=6

## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ na FIVB.org
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Lydia Oulmou

**Lydia Oulmou** (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa 2, Febụwarị 1986) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa, na egwuri egwu dị ka onye na egbochi etiti.

Ọ nọ na ndị otu Algeria nke gara 2008 Olimpik oge okpomọkụ.

Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu Algeria na 2012 Olimpik oge okpomọkụ.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb dị ugbu a**: Hainaut Volley ( 2012- )
* **Klọb gara aga**: Istres Volleyball (2009-2012)
* **Klọb gara aga**: Melun Val de Seine La Rochette Volley-Ball (2008-2009)
* **Klọb gara aga**: Istres Volleyball (2005-2008)
* **Klọb izizi**: NC Bejaia (1998-2005)

## Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ 2009-2012

## Ihe odide

* https://web.archive.org/web/20140330021225/http://www.lnv.fr/joueurs/609/lydia-oulmou.html Peeji ọkpụkpọ LNV
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Raouia Rouabhia

**Raouia Rouabhia** (amụrụ n'ime June 25, 1978 na Meyrargues, France) bụ onye Algeria na agba bọọlụ volleyball nke mba ụwa lara ezumike nká.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : Venelle Volleyball (France)

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Amira Sadi

**Amira Sadi** (amụrụ 10 Septemba 1994) bụ nwa agbọghọ Algeria na egwu volleyball. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu volleyball ụmụ nwanyị nke mba Algeria.

O sonyere na 2015 FIVB Volleyball Ukwu ụwa Prix.
N'ọkwa klọb ọ gbara bọọlụ maka RIJA n'afọ 2015.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ na FIVB.org
* Women Volleyball Asia Games 2010 Guandhzou (CHN) - 18-27.11 Onye mmeri China
* Egwuregwu bọọlụ volleyball
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Faïza Tsabet

**Faïza Tsabet** (amụrụ na Machị 22, 1985, n'ime Chlef) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball mba ụwa. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu mba. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu egwuregwu volleyball nke Algeria n'afọ 2008.

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, o sonyere na 2012 FIVB Egwuregwu Ukwu Prix, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ lara ezumike nká na mberede na volleyball ọkachamara.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb

* **Klọb gara aga** : NR Chlef (2010-2012)
* **Klọb gara aga** : CV Tenerife
* **Klọb gara aga** : Istres volleyball (2006X2009)
* **Klọb izizi** : GS Chlef (1998[2006)

== Ihe odide ==
 
[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Manel Yaakoubi

**Manel Yaakoubi** (amụrụ na June 25, 1992 n'ime Chlef) bụ onye Algeria na egwu volleyball.

## Ihe ọmụma klọb
**Klọb dị ugbu a** : Nedjmet Chlef

**Klọb gara aga** : Ghalia Chlef

## Ihe odide

* http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Players.asp?Tourn=WGP2013&Team=ALG&No=133397
* https://web.archive.org/web/20101016113650/http://www.fivb.ch/en/volleyball/Competitions/WorldChampionships/2010/Women/Team_Roster.asp?Tourn=WWCH2010&Team=ALG
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Igbe Abyss

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|''Pandalus borealis'' bụ otu n'ime ụdị ndị siri ike ahọpụtara na mbụ ka edebe ya na Abyss Box
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|585x585px|Ebe ndị miri emi n'oké osimiri
Abyss Box bụ arịa nwéré lita 16 (3.5  gal; 4.2  ) nkè mmiri na nrụgide dị elu nke iri na asatọ megapascals iji mepụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'okpuru mmiri nkè anụmanụ bathyal na-ebi na ihe dị ka otu puku mita na narị asatọ (5,900 ) n'okpuru elu. A na-egosi ya na Oceanopolis aquarium na Brest, France. Ọ bụ ónyé nchọpụta French bụ Bruce Shillito si Mahadum Pierre na Marie Curie dị na Paris mepụtara ya.

Ngwá ọrụ niile na-ejigide nrụgide dị oke n'ime Abyss Box dị kilogram narị isii (1,300 ). Ngwaọrụ ahụ na-eme ka ihe ndị bi n'ime ala dị ndụ ka e wee nwee ike ịmụ ha, ọkachasị maka mgbanwe ha na okpomọkụ okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Abyss Box nwèrè naanị ụdị anụmanụ ndị dị omimi n'oké osimiri gụnyere oke mmiri miri emi, *[[Bythograea thermydron]]* na prawn dị omimi, *Pandalus borealis*, nke bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị siri ike nwéré ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé ndị dara ada.

## Hụkwa

* Ala Dị Larịị nke Abyssal
* Oké osimiri miri emi
* Ihe e kere eke dị omimi n'oké osimiri
* Mmiri miri emi nke oké osimiri
* Nkwada mmiri n'okpuru mmiri
* *mbara ala na-acha anụnụ anụnụ*
* Mgbochi nke mgbasa nke thermohaline

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Oké Osimiri miri emi Foraminifera Oké Osimiri omimi Foraminifera site na mita 4400, Antarctica - ihe ngosi foto na nkọwa nke ọtụtụ narị ụdị
* Nnyocha Oké Osimiri miri emi na Smithsonian Ocean Portal
* Ihe ndị e kere eke n'oké osimiri Eziokwu na ihe oyiyi sitere n'akụkụ miri emi nke oké osimiri
* Olee omimi Oké Osimiri ahụ Eziokwu na infographic na omimi oké osimiri
Òtù Na-enye Ndụmọdụ na Greenhouse Gases

The Advisory Group on Greenhouse Gases, nkè e guzobere n'afọ 1986, bụ **òtù** ndụmọdụ màkà nyocha nké ọmụmụ ihe n'ime mmetụta greenhouse.  Ọ bụ International Council of Scientific Unions, United Nations Environment Programme, na World Meteorological Organization guzobere otu ahụ iji soro aro nkè *nzukọ mba ụwa nke nyocha nke ọrụ* carbon dioxide na gas ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ndị metụtara ya, nkè emere na Villach, Austria, n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1985.

Ndị otu asaa ahụ gụnyere ónyé Sweden na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe Bert Bolin na ónyé Canada na-ahụ Màkà ihu igwe Kenneth Hare.

Ìgwè ahụ nwèrè nzukọ ikpeazụ ya n'afọ 1990.  Ọ bụ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ya.

## Edensibia
Akụkụ ikuku

thumb|Nkewa nke carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ (CO2 ikuku, ala, na oké osimiri) nkezi n'ime oge akụkọ ihe mere eme (190020).
**Akụkụ ikuku** bụ ihe na-agbatị akọwapụtara dị ka oke nkè mmụba kwa afọ na CO2 ikuku na CO2 sitere na isi mmadụ. Ọ na-anọchite ányá oke nkè CO2 nke mmadụ na-ewepụta nke na-anọgide na ikuku. Nkezi nké CO2 ahụ bụ ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na ise, nke pụtara na ihe dị ka ọkara nke CO2 nke mmadụ na-ewepụta na-amịkọrọ n'oké osimiri na ala. E nwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ màkà mmụba na-adịbeghị anya na ikuku ikuku, nke ga-egosi mmụba ngwa ngwa na CO2 ikuku màkà ọnụego a nyere nke ọkụ ọkụ mmadụ. 
Mgbanwe na carbon sinks nwèrè ike imetụta akụkụ ikuku. 

Nnyocha n'ime afọ iri isii gara aga na-egosi na akụkụ ikuku nọgidere na-akwụsi ike na ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na ise. Nke a na-egosi na ikike ala na oké osimiri nwèrè ịmị CO2 anọgidewo na ịrị elu nke ikuku CO2 nke mmadụ, n'agbanyeghị ọbịbịa nke mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'etiti afọ na nke dị n'okpuru afọ iri, nke ikike ala nwere ịmịkọrọ CO2.

## Hụkwa

* Gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ
* Carbon dioxide na ikuku nke ụwa
* Ngụkọta Carbon Column Observing Network
* Okirikiri carbon nke ikuku

## Edensibia
Ọnụ ego e kenyere

Otu **ego e kenyere** bụ "Kyoto unit" ma ọ bụ "carbon credit" nkè a na-ere ahịa nké na-anọchite ányà ikike iji wepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke gụnyere "otu metric ton nkè carbon dioxide, gbakọrọ site na iji ikike okpomọkụ ụwa". A na-enye ego e kenyere ruo n'ókè nke "ego e kenyere" nke Ndepụta mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol.

"Ọnụ ọgụgụ e kenyere" bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Kyoto Protocol Annex B (ma ọ bụ "ihe mgbaru ọsọ na mbelata nkè mmepụta") gosipụtara dị ka ọkwa nké ikuku a kwadoro n'ime ógè nkwekọrịta n'afọ 2008  nakwa 2012 .

## Ntinye aka
Nkeji edemede 17 nke Kyoto Protocol nyere ohere ịzụ ahịa ikuku n'etiti ndị otu Annex B (mba). Ndị otu ndị "nyefere ego" n'ihi mbelata nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru nkwa Kyoto ha edepụtara na Nkeji edemede 3 na Ndepụta B nwere ike ire ndị ahụ na mba ndị nwere ikuku na-agafe ebumnuche ha. Nkeji edemede 17 chọkwara na azụmaahịa ọ bụla dị otú ahụ ga-abụ ihe mgbakwunye na ọrụ ụlọ maka ebumnuche nke izute oke oke na mbelata nkwekọrịta.

## Hụkwa

* Mbelata Mgbasa Ozi
* Ngalaba Na-ebelata Mgbasa Ozi
* Ngalaba Na-ewepụ Ihe
* Mbelata Mgbasa Ozi
* Usoro ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe
* Ndepụta nke ndị bịanyere aka na Kyoto Protocol

## Edensibia
Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project

**Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project** (**AMIP**) bụ usoro nnwale màkà ụdị mgbasa ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ (AGCMs). Ọ na-enye akụrụngwa dabeere na obodo iji kwado nchọpụta ụdị ihu igwe, nkwenye, intercomparison, akwụkwọ na ịnweta data. Ihe fọrọ nkè nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị mba ụwa niile na-eme ihe ngosi ihu igwe etinyela aka na ọrụ a kemgbe e malitere ya n'afọ 1990.

AMIP na-akwado site na Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE) nkè World Climate Research Programme, ma na-achịkwa ya site na Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison na nduzi nkè WGNE AMIP Panel.

Nnyocha AMIP n'onwe ya dị mfe site na imewe; AGCM na-egbochi okpomọkụ dị n'elu oké osimiri na ice oké osimiri site n'afo 1979 ruo nso ugbu a, yana usoro zuru oke nkè ubi echekwara màkà nyocha nyocha.

Nhazi ihe nlereanya a na-ewepụ mgbagwoju anya nkè oke osimiri na ikuku na usoro ihu igwe.  Ebumnuche ya abụghị ka ejiri ya mee ihe màkà amụma mgbanwe ihu igwe, mgbalị nké chọrọ ihe nlereanya ikuku na oké osimiri (dịka, lee ọrụ nwanne nwanyị AMIP CMIP).

## Hụkwa

* Ihe nlereanya ihu igwe

## Njikọ mpụga

*  - AMIP home page
Nnukwu ntụgharị ikuku

Atmospheric super-rotation bụ steeti ébé ikuku nkè mbara ala na-agbagharị ngwa ngwa karịa mbara ala n'onwe ya. Ikuku nke Venus bụ otu ihe atụ nkè oke oke ntụgharị; ikuku Venusian na-agba mbara ala gbụrụ-gbúrụ naanị n'ime ụbọchị ụwa anọ, ngwa ngwa karịa ụbọchị Venus nke ụbọchị ụwa narị abụọ na iri anọ na atọ. A hụwokwa oke okirikiri ikuku na Titan, ọnwa kachasị ukwuu na Saturn.

Ekwenyere na thermosphere nke ụwa nwéré obere net super-rotation karịa ọsọ ntụgharị elu, ọ bụ ezie na atụmatụ nkè nha nke ihe omume ahụ dịgasị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ụdị na-atụ aro na okpomọkụ ụwa nwèrè ike ịkpata mmụba na super-rotation n'ọdịnihu, gụnyere oke-rotation nke ifufe elu.

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri n'Ụlọ Ọrụ Australia

E guzobere Australian Greenhouse Office (**AGO**) n'afọ 1998 n'ime Gọọmentị nke Australia dị ka **ụlọ ọrụ** kwụ otu ébé n'ime ngalaba gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi iji nye usoro gọọmentị niile màkà ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị izizi n'ụwa nké raara onwé ya nye ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, na-achịkwa nzaghachi Australia màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma nye ọha na eze ozi gọọmentị kwadoro.

Ónyé édémédé Guy Pearse were ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ọrụ dị ka ónyé ndụmọdụ. Ọfịs ahụ were David Evans n'ọrụ site n'afo 1999 ruo afọ 2005 iji mee ndekọ carbon na iwu ihe nlereanya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ọrụ na-ahụ màkà ijikwa mmemme Energy Star na Australia ma nye ego màkà nnwale bọs fuel cell na Perth. E mepụtara usoro nyocha iji nyéré ndị kansụl mpaghara aka imeziwanye arụmọrụ ike nke ọkụ ha, okpomọkụ, ikuku na ikuku oyi.

N'afọ 2001, ụlọ ọrụ Australian Greenhouse Office wepụtara Australian Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS), nkè e dezigharịrị n'afọ 2006 ruo n'ọkwa siri ike.

N'afọ 2004, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nkè Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ihe Nketa. Mgbè ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke afọ 2007 gasịrị, e kewara ọrụ AGO n'etiti Ngalaba Mgbanwe ihu igwe ọhụrụ na Ngalaba Gbụrụ-gbúrụ Ébé Obibi, Mmiri, Ihe Nketa na Nkà. N'ọnwa Machị 2010, ndị fọdụrụ na ọrụ AGO- (Renewable Energy Efficiency Division) kwagara na DCC, na-emepụta Ngalaba Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Energy Efficience ọhụrụ.

## Hụkwa

* Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Australia
* Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa na Australia
* Ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na Australia

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website Archive
Nkwupụta Bali site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe

N'afọ 2007 Bali Declaration by Climate Scientists bụ **nkwupụta** nkè ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe narị abụọ bịanyere aka na ya na-akwado ebumnuche ụfọdụ màkà ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ màkà narị afọ nke iri abụo na otu. Nkwupụta ahụ dabeere na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Article abụọ nke tinyere ndị bịanyere aka na "...ịkwado oke gas na ikuku na ọkwa nke ga-egbochi mgbochi mmadụ dị ize ndụ na usoro ihu igwe" na sayensị dị na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Changes Fourth Assessment report (IPCC AR4). A tọhapụrụ nkwupụta Bali ka ọ dabara na 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference nke mere na Bali 3 n'ubochi irí na ise n'onwa Disemba n'afọ 2007.

## Edensibia
Roger G. Barry

**Roger Graham Barry** (ụbọchị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1935  rụọ ụbọchị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2018) bụ onye America a mụrụ na Britain na-ahụ màkà ọdịdị ala na ihu igwe.

Ọ nwetara nzèrè doctorate na Mahadum Southampton n'afọ 1965 wee bídó ịkụzi na Mahadim Colorado afọ atọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbè ọ na-eduzi National Snow and Ice Data Center site n'afo 1976 ruo 2008, Barry natara Guggenheim Fellowship na 1982, e nyère ya fellowship nkè American Geophysical Union na 1999, ma kụzie na Mahadum Moscow State dị ka Fulbright Scholar na 2001. Tupu ọ hapụ Russia, a kpọrọ Barry ónyé mba ọzọ so na Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. N'afọ 2007, e nyère Barry ihe nrite onye guzobere ya site na Royal Geographical Society. Ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2010, ma nwụọ n'ubochi irí na itoolu n'ọnwa Machị 2018, mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ abụọ.

## Edensibia
American Association of State Climatologists

American Association of State Climatologists (AASC) bụ òtù sayensị ọkachamara màkà ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na United States. E hiwere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1976.

Ndị isi otu na AASC nwèrè ndị iri anọ na asaa State Climatologists na ónyé na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe nke Puerto Rico. E nwèrè otu State Climatologist màkà steeti ọ bụla na United States. Ọ bụ steeti na-ahọpụta ónyé ahụ ma National Climatic Data Center nke NOAA, ónyé AASC na-arụkọ ọrụ, nabatara ya. Ndị ọzọ zuru oke nke AASC bụ ndị nduzi nke Regional Climate Centers isii. E nwekwara ndị otu AASC, na-eme ka ngụkọta nke ndị otu ruo ihe dị ka otu narị na iri ise. Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ nke AASC na-arụ ọrụ ihu igwe dị iche iche na nyocha. Ónyé isi ala ugbu a bụ Lesley-Ann L. Dupigny-Giroux.

AASC na-ebipụtakwa *Journal of Service Climatology*.

Ọ dịkarịa ala atọ n'ime ndị otu zuru oke (John Christy, Alabama, Philip Mote, Washington na David Robinson, New Jersey) jere ozi dị ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ màkà akụkọ nyocha nke anọ: Ndepụta nke International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). N'afọ 2007, ndị otu abụọ bịara n'okpuru nyocha màkà echiche ha "na-enyo enyo" banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere n'aka mmadụ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Nnukwu Mgbanwe

A Big Fix: Radical Solutions for Australia's Environmental Crisis bụ akwụkwọ afọ 2005 nkè Ian Lowe dere nke na-ekwu na ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ngwa ma doo anya. Prọfesọ Lowe na-atụ aro na a na-eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe ngwa ngwa, usoro gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi na-emebi, na ọha mmadụ na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma site na ọdịiche na-arịwanye elu n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye. Lowe na-atụ aro ọtụtụ ngwọta siri ike. Ọ na-akwado mgbanwe dị mkpa na ụkpụrụ onwé anyị na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma na-enye ọhụụ nké ọha mmadụ dị mma karịa nke mmadụ, na-ewere usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, na-ewe echiche ogologo ógè, ma na-akwanyere usoro okike ùgwù.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Australia

## Edensibia
Bjerknes Center for Climate Research

**Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research** bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ihu igwe na Bergen, Norway. Ebe ndị dị mkpa nke nyocha bụ mgbanwe okike na usoro ụwa na mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ mere. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejikọta ihe ndị a hụrụ na ihe ọmụmụ nke ógé gara-aga, ugbu a na ọdịnihu. A na-amụ ma mpaghara Global na Polar.

A malitere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 2000 ma bụrụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Mahadum Bergen, Institute of Marine Research, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center na NORCE (nke bụbu Uni Research). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Research Council of Norway's Centre of Excellence program site n'afo 2003 ruo 2013. Eystein Jansen duziri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site n'afo 2000 ruo 2013, mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị Tore Furevik bụ ónyé nduzi.

Ndị nchọpụta sitere na Bjerknes Centre esonyewo na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports; Eystein Jansen dị ka otu n'ime ndị édémédé na akụkọ nke anọ. Asgeir Sorteberg na Special Report on management the risks of extreme events and ọdachi to advance climate change adaptation (SREX). Eystein Jansen, Peter Thorne na Christoph Heinze abụwo ndị isi edemede na ónyé nchịkọta nyocha na IPCC Working Group mbụ, màkà IPCC Fifth Assessment Report.

A na-akpọ ya aha Vilhelm Bjerknes na nwa ya nwoke Jacob Bjerkne, bụ ndị méré ọtụtụ ihe iji chọta omume nke ógè a nke ịkọ ọdịnihu ihu igwe.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Boardman Hill Solar Farm

Boardman Hill Solar Farm (BHSF) bụ ọrụ ugbo anyanwụ nke ọbọdọ 150 kW AC. Ugbo ahụ bụ nke mbụ na-ahụ màkà anyanwụ na Vermont nke na-emezu ọrụ nke Vermont Grown, Vermont Green: ónyé otu zuru oke, njikwa ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nkè ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, na ezumike nká nke RECs nke ugbo anyanwụ mepụtara. Ọ dị na Boardman Hill Farm na West Rutland, Vermont.

N'afọ 2015, e nyère BHSF Vermont Energy and Climate Action Network Best Project nkè afọ 2015 Ọ natara Vermont Governor's Environmental Excellence Award n'afọ 2016.

## Hụkwa

* Ike anyanwụ na Vermont

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Boardman Farm Solar Farm Case Study
* Vermont Group Net Metering: Ozi & Ntuziaka maka 150 kW (AC) Community Solar Projects
Mkpebi ByrdīHagel

Mkpebi **Byrd**īHagel bụ **mkpebi** Senate nke United States ji otu olu mee na ntuli aka nke 95-0 n'ubochi irí abụọ na ise n'onwa Julaị  afọ 1997, nke ndị Senate Chuck Hagel na Robert Byrd kwadoro. Mkpebi ahụ kwuru na US ekwesịghị ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke ga-enye iwu ka ha mee nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ iji belata ma ọ bụ belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ màkà ndị Annex I Parties, ọ gwụla ma ...[it]... na-enyekwa iwu ka ha mepụta nkwekọrịta ndị ọhụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ iji belata gas màkà ndị na-emepe emepe n'otu oge ahụ', ma ọ bụ ga-akpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ na akụ na ụba nke United States. Nke a machibidoro US n'ụzọ dị irè ịkwado Kyoto Protocol.

## Mmetụta
N'agbanyeghị nkwekọrịta nkè mkpebi ByrdīHagel, onye nnọchi anya UN Peter Burleigh bịanyere aka na Kyoto Protocol n'aha Clinton Administration n'ọnwa Nọvemba ụbọchị iri na abuo, afọ 1998. Otú ọ dị, Ọchịchị Clinton mechara gbochie nkwekọrịta ahụ inweta nkwado Senate n'ihi mmeghachi omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na enweghị nkwenye.

Na mbido ọchịchị Bush, ndị Senate Chuck Hagel, Jesse Helms, Larry Craig, na Pat Roberts degaara Ónyé isi ala George W. Bush akwụkwọ ozi na-achọ ịchọpụta nguzo ya na Kyoto Protocol na iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'akwụkwọ ozi e dere n'ọnwa Machị ụbọchị iri na atọ, afọ 2001, Ónyé isi ala Bush zaghachiri "M na-emegide Kyoto Protocol n'ihi na ọ na-ewepụ pasent iri asatọ nke ụwa, gụnyere isi obodo ndị dị ka China na India, site na nrubeisi, ma ga-akpata nnukwu mmerụ ahụ na akụ na ụba US. Ntuli aka nke Senate, 95-0, na-egosi na enwere nkwekọrịta doro anya na Kyoto Protocol bụ ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ iji dozie nchegbu mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. "

N'oge ọchịchị Obama, US gbasoro iwu ihu igwe dịka Copenhagen Accord na Paris Agreement n'ịkwado màkà mgbanwe gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi zuru oke na ikwe ka mba dị iche iche kpebie onwe ha mkpebi nke ha. N'otu akụkọ Time nke afọ 2015, ónyé bụbu odeakwụkwọ nchekwa US Chuck Hagel kwuru na "Congress kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ siri ike na mkparịta ụka ahụ site na igbochi nkwekọrịta ahụ, mana site na iziga otu Global Climate Change Observer Group ọhụrụ iji kọọ ihe omume na Paris ma nyochaa atụmatụ ihu igwe mba ndị ọzọ nke ọma".

## Iwu ndị metụtara ya
H.Res.211 bụ mkpebi ụlọ omebe iwu nke US nke e webatara na nkwado nke ndị nkwado otu narị na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'ubochi irí atọ na otu, afọ 1997. H.Res.211 nọgidere na-asụ asụsụ yiri nke ByrdīHagel Resolution nke na-eme ka Kyoto Protocol ga-enye iwu ka "(1) nye iwu ka nkwa ọhụrụ belata ma ọ bụ belata ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ màkà Akụkụ 1 nke Akụkụ, ọ gwụla ma usoro ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ọzọ nyekwara iwu ka nkwa ndị ọhụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ belata maọ na-ebelata ikuku na ikuku na-emepe emepe n'ime otu oge nkwenye ahụ; ma ọ bụ (2) kpatara nnukwu mmerụ ahụ na akụ na ụba US. " N'agbanyeghị ewu ewu mbụ nke mkpebi ahụ, a kpọgara ya na Subcommittee on International Economic Policy and Trade ebe ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ mere. 

## Ihe edeturu
C4MIP

C4MIP (nké zuru oke, Coupled Climate Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project) bụ ọrụ jikọrọ aka n'etiti International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) na World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). Ọ bụ ihe nlereanya intercomparison oru ngo n'akụkụ usoro nke Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, mana màkà ụdị ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nké gụnyere usoro carbon na-emekọrịta ihe.

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://web.archive.org/web/20050402053554/http://climate.ornl.gov/c4mip/
*
Ihe Nzuzo Na-egbu Egwu nke Canada

Canada's Deadly Secret: Saskatchewan Uranium and the Global Nuclear System bụ akwụkwọ afọ 2007 nke Jim Harding, ma gosipụta mmetụta ọjọọ na ikike ndị Aboriginal na ahụike gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi, na mmetụta nke azụmahịa n'efu. Harding na-ekwu na ike nuklia enweghị ike ibelata okpomọkụ ụwa nakwa na "Atom Udo" adịghị adị. Helen Caldicott dere okwu mmalite akwụkwọ ahụ.

Jim Harding bụ prọfesọ emeritus nke ọmụmụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi / ikpe ziri ezi ma bụrụ onye nduzi nyocha màkà Prairie Justice Research na Mahadum Regina. Ọ bụ ónyé guzobere Regina Group màkà Non-Nuclear Society na International Uranium Congress. Harding rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Prairie Correspondent maka Nuclear Free Press na ónyé ndụmọdụ màkà ihe nkiri *Uranium*.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ banyere nsogbu nuklia
* Ịkwụsị ngwá agha nuklia
* Òtù na-emegide nuklia

## Edensibia
Usoro nyocha carbon

**Usoro nyocha carbon** bụ ụzọ isi kọwaa mbọ nchịkwa gas na-ekpo ọkụ.  Ọ na-egosiputa na mbelata a na-ekwu na ikuku ma ọ bụ mmụba nkè carbon sinks, emeela n'ezie ma kwụsie ike.

## Hụkwa

* Usoro nyocha
* Mgbanwe nke carbon
Ụlọ Ọrụ Canada Maka Nhazi na Nnyocha Ihu igwe

The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (**CCCma**) bụ akụkụ nkè Climate Research Division of Environment Canada ma dị na Mahadum Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịzụlite ma tinye n'ọrụ ụdị ihu igwe iji melite nghọta nkè mgbanwe ihu igwe ma mee atụmatụ dị ukwuu nke ihu igwe n'ọdịnihu na Canada na n'ụwa niile. Usoro amụma ógè ya na-enye amụma ihu igwe na Canada na ógè nkè ọnwa rụọ afọ.

## Ụdị ndị dị ugbu a

* CGCM3 Ọgbọ nké atọ jikọtara ụdị ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ
* CGCM4 Ọgbọ nké anọ jikọtara ụdị ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ
* CanESM2 Ọgbọ nké abụọ Canadian Earth System Model
* CanESM5 The Canadian Earth System Model version 5
* CanRCM Ụdị ihu igwe nké mpaghara Canada

## Hụkwa

* National Center for Atmospheric Research
* Onye Nkọwa nke Ụwa
* HadCM3 - nkọwa nke AOGCM
* EdGCM - ụdị agụmakwụkwọ nke GCM

## Ihe edeturu


## Edensibia

* 

* 

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Dimitri Lascaris (December 10, 2019) New Climate Model na-ebu amụma ọkwa egwu nke okpomọkụ ụwa. E nwetara ya na December 10, 2019
Ụkpụrụ Carbon

**Ụkpụrụ Carbon** bụ usoro ntuziaka nkè ụlọ akụ atọ na-eduga na Wall Street Inc., JP Morgan Chase, na Morgan Stanley guzobere iji nyochaa ihe ize ndụ na ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik n'ihe banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ụkpụrụ ndị a na-akpọ màkà "nlezianya dị elu" n'ịtụle ndị na-agbazinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik n'ihe gbásárá ojiji ha na-eji arụmọrụ ike; teknụzụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na nke na-adịghị ike; na teknụzụ na-emepụta ihe dị elu. A mara ọkwa ntuziaka ndị a n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2008 iji dozie nchegbu ọha na eze na-arịwanye elu banyéré atụmatụ ịmepụta ihe karịrị otu narị ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na United States.

Ụkpụrụ ihu igwe bụ nké usoro yiri nke ahụ màkà omume mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ngalaba ego. Nke a bụ usoro ụlọ ọrụ zuru oke màkà nzaghachi màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe ma Crédit Agricole, Munich Re, Standard Chartered, Swiss Re na HSBC anabatala ya.
Ụkpụrụ Carbon bụ mmepe nke mkparịta ụka na ngalaba ọrụ ọkụ eletrik nke US.

## Edensibia

* http://www.eere.energy.gov/news/enn.cfm#energy
* https://www.banktrack.org/download/the_principle_matter_banks_climate_and_the_carbon_principles/ran_the_principe_matter _carbonprinciplereport.pdf

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://web.archive.org/web/20081208200229/http://www.theclimategroup.org/about/corporate_leadership/climate_principles
Mgbanwe nke carbon

**Mgbanwe** carbon bụ omume màkà ónyé ọ bụla ịbawanye ikuku carbon dioxide n'otu mpaghara nké ndụ ha n'ihi ibelata ikuku n'ebe ọzọ.

Enwere ike ịkpọ mgbanwe carbon n'ụzọ ziri ezi "mgbanwe carbon n'ụlọ" iji mee ka ọ dị iche na carbon leakage, nkè a na-akpọkwa mgbanwe carbon mgbé ụfọdụ.

Ụfọdụ mgbalị iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ịgbanwe akụkụ nke ndụ ha wee belata ikuku carbon dioxide ha na-eme ka ọ bụrụ uru nke nchekwa ego. Na United Kingdom, Energy Saving Trust depụtara ụzọ dị iche iche iji chekwaa ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "Lampụ ọkụ na-echekwa ike na-adịru okpukpu iri na abụọ karịa ọkụ ọkụ nkịtị ma nwee ike ịchekwa gị euro itoolu kwa afọ na ọkụ eletrik (na kilogram iri atọ na asatọ nke CO2) ma ọ bụ otu narị euro n'oge ndụ bulbs. " Otú ọ dị, ma a na-ebelata ikuku carbon dioxide ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị ga-adabere n'otú e si emefu ego ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ego echekwara site na ịga ọrụ na-emecha mefu na ezumike ọbọdọ ọzọ nke metụtara njem ụgbọ elu, ngụkọta ikuku nwere ike ịbawanye.

Nsogbụ nke mgbanwe carbon nwèrè ike imebi ọtụtụ mgbalị afọ ofufo iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe carbon abụghị ihe na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụrụ na enwere ike ime ka mmadụ kweta izere ọrụ ndị na-emepụta oke ikuku màkà mmefu ego, mgbè ahụ ha nwèrè ike ịkwaga na ọrụ ndị na'emepụta obere ikuku màkà otu ego ahụ. Enwere ike ịgba ume ka mgbanwe carbon dị mma site na iji ụtụ isi carbon ma ọ bụ mmejuputa atụmatụ azụmaahịa carbon nke onwe.

Ihe omume nkè carbon na-agbanwe na-atụkwa aro na màkà ebumnuche ụfọdụ, ihe kachasị mma nke ikuku ga-abụ ikuku kwa unit nke ego karịa ngụkọta ikuku. Ọrụ nke na-emepụta obere ikuku na ọnụahịa dị ala nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ọrụ kachasị mma ịkwalite ka ọ na-ahapụ ónyé ahụ na ego ka ọ na'iji mee ihe na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụrụ na ndị njem abụọ na-eme njem n'otu ụgbọelu ahụ, enwere ike iwere ha dị ka ndị na-ewepụta otu carbon dioxide. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na otu n'ime ha kwụọ ụgwọ dị ala, mgbè ahụ site na nke a, a ga-ewere ha dị ka ndị na-emebi gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi karịa.

## Hụkwa

* Mgbanwe nke carbon
* Ego e ji ebute carbon
* Greenwash
* Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba carbon dị ala
* Mmetụta nzaghachi (nchebe)

## Ihe edeturu
Carbon Trade Watch

**Carbon Trade Watch** bụ otu nyocha onwé ya na-arụ ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe na iwu ihu igwe site n'echiche ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ bụbu akụkụ nke Transnational Institute nké dị na Amsterdam. Kemgbe ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2010, Carbon Trade Watch bụ òtù iwu na-achị onwé ya nké dị na Barcelona, Spain. Òtù ọhụrụ a na-akpọ Environmental Justice Research Collective (EJRC), nwèrè otu ìgwè ahụ na ọrụ na-aga n'ihu nke Carbon Trade Watch yana ịgbasa n'ime mpaghara nyocha ọhụrụ.

Site n'ilekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya na ọrụ na mkpọsa ndị ọbọdọ na-eduzi, Carbon Trade Watch na-ezube inye nyocha na-adịgide adịgide nké na-eme ka o doo anya na nyocha zuru oke na nke ikpe ziri ezi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na iwu gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi anaghị echefu ma ọ bụ mebie. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ha, CTW na-ezube iso ma kwado òtù na ọbọdọ na atụmatụ mpaghara ha na ọgụ màkà ikpe ziri ezi na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, ndị otu ahụ na-achịkọta ma na-asụgharị ọrụ na ndị ọzọ na mpaghara a iji nyéré aka mee ka mmekọrịta na nghọta dịkwuo mfe.

Ọrụ há gụnyere ihe nkiri The Carbon Connection na akwụkwọ Carbon Trading: How it works and why it fails.

## Ikpe
Carbon Trade Watch arụwo ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ikpe dị mkpa nké nyeere aka ịnye nsogbụ ọha na eze nke ahia ikuku. Ikpe ndị a emeela ka e nwee ọtụtụ ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ, na-etinye aka na ikpe ndị a n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

* Bisasar Road Landfill methane recovery na gas to electricity Clean Development Mechanism na atụmatụ Prototype Carbon Fund project. Ịmụ ihe banyéré ikpe a gosipụtara njikọ nke nchegbu ahụike, ọgbọ na-emebi ihe na ohere ndị na-etinye aka.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
CEB VER

**CEB VER** bụ ọkọlọtọ dị mma màkà ụlọ ọrụ carbon offset nke Commodity Exchange Bratislava mepụtara. Dabere na Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism, CEB VER na-eguzobe ụkpụrụ màkà ịkwado, ịtụle, na nlekota oru ngo carbon offset na nhọrọ iji zụọ ahịa carbon ma jiri ha nyefee onwé ha màkà ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, òtù ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ chọrọ ịbụ carbon neutral.

## Ụzọ e si eme ihe
Usoro na-egosipụta ngụkọta ziri ezi banyéré ego ole carbon nwere ike ịnye màkà ndị mmepe ọrụ. Enwere ike ịzụ ahịa carbon ndị a na Carbon Place.
Usoro mbụ e nyèrè n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ CEB VER bụ CEB VER Solar.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ CEB
* VER Registry E debere  Wayback Machine
* Profaịlụ VER+ Standard na nchekwa data nke Market Governance Mechanisms
Checkerspot (magazine)

Checkerspot bụ magazin mgbanwe ihu igwe na Canada nkè Canadian Wildlife Federation bipụtara. Obu Magazin dí n'efu, nkè a malitere mbipụta mbụ ya n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2007 ma kwụsị mmepụta n'afọ 2009 n'ihi ndakpọ akụ na ụba.

Checkerspot kwùrù na ọ bụ akwụkwọ na-anọpụ iche na ihu igwe. A gụrụ magazin ahụ aha urukurubụba nkè e kwenyere na ọ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa.

## Canadian Wildlife Federation
Canadian Wildlife Federation, otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na Canada, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na-abụghị nkè gọọmentị, na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ụdị na oghere ọhịa nke Canada.  E ji Checkerspot mee ihe iji kwalite ọrụ na ịkwalite mkparịta ụka banyéré mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Edensibia
Checkerspot kwụsịrị mmepụta

## Njikọ mpụga

* Magazin Checkerspot
Njikọ ihu igwe

thumb|Climate Alliance
Climate Alliance bụ netwọk Europe nké mpaghara ọbọdọ, obodo na mpaghara ndị e guzobere n'afọ 1990 na-etinye aka na ichebe ihu igwe ụwa. European Secretariat of Climate Alliance dị na Frankfurt am Main, Germany na Brussels, Belgium. Climate Alliance nwèrè ndị otu na Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland,d, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland na Ukraine.

## Ebumnuche na ebumnuche
Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu puku abuo sitere na mba irí abụọ na ise dị na Europe na-ezube ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ na isi iyi ha. Ndị ha na ha jikọrọ aka bụ ụmụ amaala nke oké ọhịa. COICA, Coordination of Indigenous Organisations nke mba itoolu gbara agbata obi nke Amazon Basin, na-anọchite anya ndị mmekọ ụmụ amaala.

Site na isonye na Climate Alliance, mpaghara ọbọdọ na ọbọdọ na-anabata ebumnuche nke njikọ ahụ:

* Ịgbalịsi ike màkà mbelata pasent iri itoolu na ise na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ site n'afo 2050 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa afọ 1990, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na aro IPCC.
* Iji mezuo usoro ihu igwe dị irè na nke zuru oke dịka ụkpụrụ Climate Alliance si dị.
* Iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe na ụmụ amaala site n'ịkwado ikike ha, ichebe ụdị dị iche iche na izere iji osisi a na-achịkwaghị nke ọma.

Ogidi ntọala nke nchedo ihu igwe dị n'ógbè ahụ bụ nchekwa ike na ojiji ike dị mma yana isi mbido ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na njem gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi. Climate Alliance na-adụ mpaghara ọbọdọ na obodo ọdụ màkà mmejuputa usoro nchedo ihu igwe ma mepụta ngwaọrụ ndị a ma ama màkà ndekọ nke ike na ikuku CO2. Ọzọkwa, Climate Alliance na-emepe ma na-ahazi ọrụ na mkpọsa, nke na-ekwu màkà ìgwè dị iche iche. E wezụga ọrụ nke ya, Climate Alliance bụ onye mmekọ nke mkpọsa ndị ọzọ na nzọụkwụ na omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na mba na mba ụwa, ọ na-eguzogide ndị ọchịchị mpaghara Europe na-etinye aka na nchedo ihu igwe ma na-akwado òtù ndị obodo.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Homepage nke Climate Alliance: Bekee na German
* Mgbasa ozi: ZOOM Ụmụaka Na-agagharị
* Ndị ọchịchị ime obodo na-arụ ọrụ maka MDGs na Europe maka mmepe ndị ọzọ
* Nlekọta ike na CO2
* Ọgbụgba ndụ nke ndị isi obodo
* Alleanza per il Clima Italia

## Edensibia
Ebe Nnyocha Ihe Ọmụma Carbon Dioxide

The Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (**CDIAC**) bụ nzukọ dị n'ime Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ike nke United States nke nwéré ọrụ bụ isi màkà inye gọọmentị US na ndị na-eme nchọpụta data na nyocha na-ekpo ọkụ ụwa dịka ọ metụtara nsogbu ike.  CDIAC, na enye màkà ya World Data Center for Atmospheric Trace Gases, lekwasịrị ányà n'inweta, nyochaa na ikesa data metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ.

E hiwere CDIAC n'afọ 1982 ma dị n'ime Ngalaba Sayensị Na-ahụ Màkà Gbụrụ-gbúrụ Ébé Obibi nke Oak Ridge National Laboratory.  CDIAC mechiri n'ọnwa Septemba ụbọchị iri atọ, afọ 2017, ma kesaa data ya n'ọtụtụ ebe nchekwa dị iche iche. E bugara ọtụtụ n'ime data ahụ na US Department of Energy's (DOE) Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem (ESS-DIVE) archive.   A gbanwere data Oceanic Trace Gas gaa na usoro data ọhụrụ Ocean Carbon (OCADS) nke NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) na  na-arụ ọrụ. A gbanwere data Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) gaa na Caltech (). HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) data na-agafe na NCAR Earth Observing Laboratory ().

## Hụkwa

* Mgbanwe ihu igwe na United States

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe Nnyocha Ihe Ọmụma Carbon Dioxide
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke akụrụngwa

Climate Capitalism: Capitalism in the Age of Climate Change bụ akwụkwọ afọ 2011 nkè L. Hunter Lovins na Boyd Cohen dèrè. Ọ na-enye akụkọ dị mma na ihe atụ nkè otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-achọ uru si enyere aka ịzọpụta ụwa, ma na-ekwu na "ụzọ kachasị mma iji wughachi akụ na ụba America, ọbọdọ na ahịa ọrụ bụ itinye ego na arụmọrụ ike na ihe onwunwe ike ọhụrụ, ma mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị". Otú ọ dị, ónyé nyocha Gail Whiteman ekwenyeghị na arụmụka ahụ bụ na anyaukwu na ndị ahịa ga-akpali azụmaahịa belata gas ha.

## Hụkwa

* *Okike Capitalism: Ịmepụta Mgbanwe Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-esote*
* *Ndị Ahịa Obi Ụtọ*
* *Ịmepụta Ọkụ Ọzọ*
* Arụmụka mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United States
* Mgbasa ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe

## Edensibia
Mgbanwe ihu igwe

Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ ihe ngosi Britain nkè afọ 2019 nkè David Attenborough gosipụtara nkè na-atụle ***mgbanwe ihu igwe*** na ihe ngwọta ndị nwéré ike iji gbochie ya. Ihe omume otu awa mere nke mbụ ya na BBC One na United Kingdom na 9pm n'ubochi irí na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2019.

## Nnakwere
Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara otuto n'ozuzu site n'aka ndị nkatọ màkà ịkọwapụta ihe ize ndụ ndị a ga-eweta site na ịghara ime ihe zuru ezu iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe. *The Guardian* kpọrọ ya "ọkpụkpọ na-akpali akpali", ebe *The Telegraph* kọwara aha ahụ dị ka "ike" ma too ojiji Attenborough dị ka ónyé na-egosi: "N'oge mgbè arụmụka ọha na eze yiri ka ọ na-akawanye njọ, ọ dị mma inye ya ihe ị nwèrè ike ịtụkwasị obi. Anyị niile tụkwasịrị Attenborough obi. "

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Climate Change – The Facts at BBC Online 
*