Michelle Cliff

Michelle Cliff

Am

u

ru ya na ubochi abuo na onwa Novemba na afọ 1946 n'obodo Jamaica.

Ọn

w

u ya bịara ụbọchị iri na abuo na onwa Juun na afọ 2016.

**Michelle Carla Cliff** (2 Nọvemba 1946 - 12 June 2016) bụ onye edemede Jamaican-American nke ọrụ ya ama ama gụnyere *Abeng* (1985), No Telephone to Heaven (1987), na Free Enterprise (2004).

Na mgbakwụnye na akwụkwọ akụkọ, Cliff dekwara akụkọ mkpirikpi, uri na ọrụ nkatọ akwụkwọ. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha nsogbu njirimara dị iche iche dị mgbagwoju anya nke sitere na ahụmịhe nke post-colonialism, yana ihe isi ike nke iguzobe ezigbo njirimara mmadụ n'ihu agbụrụ na okike. Onye na-edezi akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Cliff na-achọ ịkwalite echiche ọzọ nke akụkọ ihe mere mere eme megide akụkọ ndị a ma ama. Ọ na-ekwukarị na ederede ya bụ omume nnupụisi - ụzọ iji weghachite olu ma wuo akụkọ iji kwuo okwu megide ihe a na-apụghị ikwu okwu site na ịnagide nsogbu mmekọahụ na agbụrụ.

N'ịkọwa dị ka nwoke na nwanyị abụọ, Cliff, onye nwere ụmụ amaala Jamaica na America, jiri olu ya mepụta ọrụ jupụtara na uri, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na akụkọ mkpirikpi. Ihe odide ya bara ọgaranya site n'ike, ihe ùgwù na ihe mgbu nke ọtụtụ ebe ya iji chegharịa njirimara Caribbean.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Cliff na Kingston, Jamaica, na afọ 1946 ma soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga New York City afọ atọ ka e mesịrị. Nna ya bụ Carl Cliff na nne ya bụ Lilla Brennan. Cliff akọwaala ezinụlọ ya dị ka "onye ọcha Jamaica", ndị Jamaica nke ọtụtụ ndị nna nna Europe, mana ka e mesịrị, ha malitere ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka nwanyị ojii nwere akpụkpọ anụ. N'ịzaghachi nkọwa ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke West Indian "Ezi Aha ya" dị ka onye nwere akpụkpọ anụ na-acha ọcha iji rụọ ọrụ, Cliff jụrụ echiche ahụ na mmadụ nwere "echiche ọcha naanị n'ihi na ị dị ọcha". Ọ laghachiri Jamaica na afọ 1956 wee gaa St Andrew High School for Girls, ebe o debere akwụkwọ akụkọ ma malite ide ihe, tupu ọ laghachi New York City na afọ otu puku na itolu narị iri isii. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Wagner College (New York) ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.A. na European History na Warburg Institute na Mahadum London ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ post-gụsị akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ Renaissance, na-elekwasị anya kpọmkwem na Renaissance Italian. ọ nweela ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ na ọtụtụ kọleji gụnyere Trinity College na Mahadum Emory.

Site na afọ 1999, Cliff biri na Santa Cruz, California, ya na onye mmekọ ya, onye America na-ede uri Adrienne Rich. Ha abụọ abụwo ndị mmekọ kemgbe afọ 1976; Rich nwụrụ na  afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na abụọ.

## Ọrụ na ọrụ
Ọrụ mbụ ya bipụtara bịara n'ụdị akwụkwọ Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise, nke kpuchiri ọtụtụ ụzọ Cliff n'onwe ya si nwee ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ajọ mbunobi.

N'ịbụ onye chọtara mkpakọrịta na obodo na ndị inyom Africa America na Latina, ọrụ Cliff nwere ọganihu ma nye aka mee ka a nụ olu ndị ọzọ. Cliff bụ ọnye nyere aka na afọ1983 Black feminist anthology Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology .

N'afọ 1984, Cliff bipụtara *Abeng*, akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara onwe onye nke na-enyocha isiokwu gbasara mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị na njirimara ndị Jamaica. Ihe ọzọ bụ The Land of Look Behind: Prose and Poetry (1985), nke na-eji ụwa ndị Jamaica, ala ya na ọdịbendị ya nyochaa njirimara.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ Cliff, No Telephone to Heaven, n'afọ 1987. N'etiti akwụkwọ akụkọ a, nke na-aga n'ihu akụkọ Clare Savage site na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, *Abeng*, ọ na-enyocha mkpa ọ dị iweghachite ihe ndị Africa a machibidoro iwu.

E dekwara ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Barbara Smith na Gloria Anzaldúa dezigharịrị maka Making Face, Making Soul: Creative and Critical Writing by Feminists of Color (1990).

Site na 1990 gawa n'ihu, a na-ahụ ọrụ Cliff dị ka nke na-elekwasị anya n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị na nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi mbụ ya, Bodies of Water. N'afọ 1993, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke atọ, Free Enterprise, na afọ 1998 o bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ ọzọ dị mkpirikpi, The Store of a Million Items . Ọrụ abụọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-achọ idozi ikpe na-ezighị ezi n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

*Ọ* gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ime afọ pụkụ abụọ, na-ewepụta ọtụtụ nchịkọta nke edemede na akụkọ mkpirikpi gụnyere If I Could Write This Fire (2008) na Everything Is Now: New and Collected Short Stories (2009). E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya, Into The Interior, n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na ise, Cliff sonyere n'ọtụtụ ọrụ edemede, gụnyere ịsụgharị ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị edemede, ndị na-ede uri na ndị na-emepụta ihe dịka onye na-ede egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Spain, Federico García Lorca na onye na'ede uri Itali, onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Pier Paolo Pasolini.

### Akụkọ ifo

* 2010: Into the Interior (University of Minnesota Press). Akwụkwọ akụkọ
* 2009: *Ihe niile* bụ Ugbu a: Akụkọ ọhụrụ na nke a chịkọtara (Mahadum nke Minnesota Press). Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi
* 2004: *Free Enterprise*: A Novel of Mary Ellen Pleasant (City Lights Publishers). Akwụkwọ akụkọ
* 1998: *Ụlọ Ahịa nke Otu Nde Ihe* (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company). Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi
* 1993: Free Enterprise: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke *Mary Ellen Pleasant* (New York: Dutton). Akwụkwọ akụkọ
* 1990: Bodies of Water (New York: Dutton). Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi
* 1987: No Telephone to Heaven (New York: Dutton). Akwụkwọ akụkọ (nke sochiri *Abeng*)
* 1984: *Abeng* (New York: Penguin). Akwụkwọ akụkọ

### Abụ uri

* 1985: The Land of Look Behind and Claiming (Firebrand Books).
* 1980: Na-azọrọ na ha bụ ndị *ha kụziiri m* ileghara m anya (Persephone Press).

### Onye nchịkọta akụkọ

* 1982: Lillian Smith, The Winner Names the Age: A Collection of Writings (New York: Norton).

### Ndị ọzọ

* 2008: *Ọ bụrụ na m nwere ike ide nke a n'ọkụ*. Mahadum nke Minnesota Press. Nchịkọta na-abụghị akụkọ ifo.
* 1982: "Ọ bụrụ na m nwere ike ide nke a n'ọkụ, m ga-ede nke a n"ọkụ", na Barbara Smith (ed.), Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press).
* 1994: "Akụkọ dị ka akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ifo dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme", Ploughshares, Fall 1994; 20 (2-3): 196-202.
* 1990: "Ihe n'ime Isiokwu: Ụfọdụ Echiche na Ọrụ nke Ndị Na-ese Ihe Black Women," na Gloria Anzaldúa (ed.), Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color (San Francisco: Aunt Lute), peeji nke 271-290.

## Ịbụ onye inyom
N'afọ 1981, Cliff ghọrọ onye mmekọ nke Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press.

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Curry, Ginette "Toubab La!": Ihe ngosi nke ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche na mba Afrịka. Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2007.
* Cartelli, Thomas (1995), "Mgbe oké ifufe ahụ gasịrị: Shakespeare, Postcoloniality, na Michelle Cliff's New, New World Miranda," Contemporary Literature 36 (1): 82-102.
* Edmondson, Belinda (1993), "Agbụgbọ, edemede, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke (Re) Akụkọ edemede: Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Michelle Cliff," *Callaloo* 16 (1): 180-191.
* Lima, Maria Helena (1993), "Revolutionary Developments: Michelle Cliff's No Telephone to Heaven na Merle Collins's Angel," *Ariel* 24 (1): 35-56.
* Lionnet, Francoise (1992), "Of Mangoes and Maroons: Language, History, and the Multicultural Subject of Michelle Cliff's Abeng," na Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson (eds), De/Colonizing the Subject: The Politics of Gender in Women's Autobiography, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 321-345.
*  .
* Raiskin, Judith (1994), "Inverts and Hybrids: Lesbian Rewritings of Sexual and Racial Identities," na Laura Doan, ed. The Lesbian Postmodern, New York: Columbia University Press, peeji nke 156-172.
* Raiskin, Judith (1993), "The Art of History: Ajụjụ ọnụ na Michelle Cliff," Kenyon Review 15 (1): 57-71.
* Schwartz, Meryl F. (1993), "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Michelle Cliff," Contemporary Literature 34 (4): 595-619. 

## Ebenside