Polly Toynbee

thumb|National Poverty Hearing Polly Toynbee.
Mary Louisa "Polly" Toynbee / ;  amuru 27 Disemba 1946 ) [1] bu onye ode na ode akwukwo Britain.  Ọ bụ onye ode maka akwụkwọ ozi The Guardian 1998

Ọ bụ onye ụgbọala ndị ma bụrụ onye na-akwado Social Democratic Party na 1983 nhoputa ndi ochichi.  Ugbu a ọ na-akwado ndị Labor Party n'ụzọ sara mbara, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-akatọ onye ndu aka ekpe ya, Jeremy Corbyn 

Toynbee ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọha na eze maka BBC yana akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Independent .  Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Humanists UK, ebe ọ bụbu onye isi oche n'etiti 2007 na 2012. [1] Akpọrọ ya aha onye edemede nke afọ na 2007 British Press Awards .  Ọdụ onye Nkwado nke ikike ịnwụrụ My Death My Decision na 2021 

## ndabere
A njikọ Toynbee na Yafford na Isle nke Wight, [1] ada nke abụọ nke onye nkatọ Philip Toynbee site na ozi mbụ ya Anne Barbara Denise (1920-2004), ada Lieutenant-Colonel George Powell, nke Grenadier Guards. .  

Nna nna ya bụ koo ihe mere eme Arnold J. Toynbee, nne nne ya bụ Rosalind Murray, na nna nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ebere na onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na mụrụ Arnold Toynbee, onye aha ya bụ Toynbee.  Hall na East End nke London.  Ndị esemokwu ya gbara mgbe Toynbee dị afụ anọ, ya na nne ya kwagara Lọndọn, onye na-egosi onye ọkà ihe Richard Wollheim  .   

Toynbee gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Badminton, ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nkeonwe na Bristol, na-ahapụ ya na ọkwa 4 O, nke ọ dị ka 'ọjọọ'.  [1] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Holland Park, ụlọ akwụkwọ zuru oke na steeti dị na London, [1] ebe o were ọkwa O-efu efu, [1] akwụkwọ otu A-level, [2] wee akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Oxford [1] ịgụ.  oge ihe mere eme na St Anne's College &#x5B; ** &#x5D; .

Ọ mahadum ka ụnwanyị iri na-adị gachara, nke ọ na-akwa ụta, dịka onye nkuzi ya gwara ya na ọ ga-eme ya.  O kwupụtala nke a n'ụzọ dị na ya na onye na-eme ihe ngosi TV ngosi di na-enwe iche, na ibipụta akwụkwọ mbụ ya na okwu mbụ ya na Oxford, na akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ya na ngwá agha  , na ike na Jeremy Sandford  

N'ime afọ ndụ ya, na 1966, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Amnesty International na Rhodesia (nke kwuputara akwụkwọ onwe n'otu n'otu ) ruo mgbe achụpụrụ ya.  [1] O akwụkwọ nke mbụ ya, Leftovers, na 1966. [1] Mgbe a ịchụpụrụ ya na Rhodesia, Toynbee, , sax nke akwụkwọ ozi "Harry", nke kọwapụtara ebubo ebubo ego nke Amnesty International na Rhodesia site n'aka.  agba Britain 

Mgbe Oxford mma, ọ ihera ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ burger, na-atụ anya ide ihe n'oge ezumike ya.  O mechara kwuo, sị: "Enwere m echiche na-adịghị mma na m nwere ike iji aka m ọrụ n'ehihie na mgbede na-alọta n'ihe dee akwụkwọ na uri, bụrụ Tolstoy ... 'na-enwe ike ume ume  ide mgbe ha rutere n'ahụ."  [1] Ọ̀ n'asụsụ ndị, na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ozi na The Observer, ma ọnụọgụ nke ọrụ na ọrụ (yana "n'ezoro ezo" stints dị ka ike na ndị agha recruit) n'ime  akwụkwọ A Working Life (1970)    

## Ọrụ
Toynbee mada ọrụ ọtụtụ awụ na The Guardian tupu ọ banye na BBC ebe ọ bụ onye nchịkọta ihe gbasara enyemaka (198-1995).  Na The Independent, nke o sonyeere mgbe ọ hapụsịrị BBC, ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nchịkọta nchịkọta, na-arụ ọrụ na onye nchịkọta Andrew Marr mgbe ahụ.  O mechara sonye na The Guardian .  O dekwara akwụkwọ maka The Observer na Radio Times ;  n'otu oge ọ bụ onye nchịkọta maka ụnwụ Washington

N'ịgbaso ọnwụ nke Barbara Ehrenreich's Nickel and Dimed (2001), o edi na 2003 Hard Work: Life in Low-pay Britain oge amị mkpụrụ na-eji afọ na-ebi na-enye kacha nta, nke bụ £ 4.10 kwa  elekere n'oge ahụ.  Onye na-ahụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ebubata ụlọ n'iche ọgwụ National Health Service, onye na-eri nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị, onye onyinye, onye ọrụ na-akpọ oku, onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ achicha na onye na-elekọta oku.  ụlọ, n'oge ahụ ọ butere salmonella.  Akwụkwọ ahụ dị oke egwu maka ọnọdụ na obere ọrụ iwere na Britain.  O aka na akara na akara UK nke Ehrenreich's Nickel na Dimed: On (Ọ bụghị) Ịnweta Na America

## Akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche
Toynbee edewo banyere ihe ùgwù ya na usoro klas nke Britain, na-ekwu na ezinụlọ ya niile "biri n'aka ekpe ... ekpochi ya na ọgụ na ... agha nke conservatism", ma n'ụzọ doro anya bụ ndị òtù nke ihe ùgwù. Toynbee mere ihe ọjọọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na ọ "na-enupụ isi nke ukwuu ịrụ ọrụ, oke iwe na-erube isi, enweghị ndidi na-esi n'ebe ahụ pụta"; o kwuru na ya nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta Oxford na "ule klaasị siri ike" nke e mere "iji kwụọ ndị zụlitere m ụgwọ ọrụ". Mgbe ọ kpachaara anya nweta ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mma, ọ rụrụ ọrụ mere ka ọ ghọọ onye nta akụkọ, bụ́ ihe ọ na-ebutụbeghị n’obi. 

Toynbee bụ onye otu Labour Party.  Ya na di mbụ ya, Peter Jenkins (site na 1970), [1] bụ ndị na-akwado Social Democratic Party (SDP) si na Labor na 1981, ha abụọ bịanyere aka na ókè Limehouse .  Toynbee guzoro maka otu ahụ na elu aka izugbe nke 1983 maka Lewisham East, na-enweta vootu 9351 (22%) wee mechaa nke atọ.  [2] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị SDP ole na ole ndị na-ama na-ama agha ọgụ n'otu, na-ahụ otu "Unilateralists for Social Democracy" na- Mkpuchi ihe ịga nke ọma.  [3] O mechara jụ ajụjụ nke SDP na ndị Liberal na-esote (ịmepụta Liberal Democrats ), na-emeghachi omume kama onyinye na Labor mgbe mgbagha 'na-aga n'ihu SDP', nke David Owen duziri, daa na  1990

Toynbee ikike steeti, n'agbanyeghị na o abụọ n'ime ụmụ ya atọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nkeonwe, na-eduga na ebubo nke ihu abụọ .  [1] [2] N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akatọ ọtụtụ nri Tony Blair's New Labour, o dere na 2005 na ụzọ ya "na- mgbanaka na-achịkwa kacha mma nke ndụ ndị na-abịara m".  [3] N'oge 2005 General Election, na nkeji apụ ojuju dị elu n'etiti ndị ọrụ mmalite aka omenala, Toynbee dere ọtụtụ ugboro ihe ize ndụ nke ịme ihe omume aka, "Na-enye Blair imi-egosi".  Ọ gbara ndị na-agụ Guardian ume ka ha jiri mkpọ uwe n'imi ha votu ma ọ bụrụ na ha ga-eme ya, iji hụ na ndị Conservatives Michael Howard-abụ emeri ekele maka ihe vootu .  "Ndị mbụ aka na-eche na ha nwere ike iche Blair n'efu ebe ha na-eche na Labour ga-emeri n'agbanyeghị. Mana Labour n'ihi emeri ma ọ bụrụ na ndị na-eso ụzọ emeri ya."

Na December 2006, Greg Clark (onye bụbu onye SDP, mechara bụrụ onye ozi Conservative) kwuru na Toynbee kwesịrị ịbụ nchekwa na Conservative Party nke oge a, na-eme ka ndị nta ndị nwere furore.  N'ịzaghachi nke a, onye ndu Conservative David Cameron kwuru na otu ihe atụ masịrị ya n'ihe odide ya - nke mmadụ bụ ndị njem na-agafe agafe, ebe ndị na-azụ nwere ike icheba n'azụ ha hụzi akwụkwọ.  nke ebo ahụ.  Ọ gbakwụnyere, "Agaghị mba ewebata iwu Polly Toynbee."  Toynbee kwuputara ozi ahụ ụdị ala na ịdị a, gbakwụnye, "Echeghị m na iceberg nwere oke nhọrọ maka ịmakụ Cameron."  [1] Na nzaghachi na ihe omume ahụ, Boris Johnson, n'oge ahụ onye MP Conservative na onye nta ndị nke Toynbee katọrọ nke ọma, blockọ na echiche Toynbee, na-ede na ọ "na-etinye ihe niile nannying.  , nnukwu ụtụ isi, elu- imefu schoolmarminess nke Blair's Britain bụ onye isi nchụaja nke paranoid anyị, mollycoddled, ihe egwu na-adịghị mma, airbagged, omenala na-anọdụ ala nke izi ezi ndị agha na 'elf'n' nchekwa fasizim.  

A kọwawo Toynbee dị ka "eze nwanyị nke ndị nta akụkọ leftist",  na na 2008 tolitere ntuli aka nke 100 "ndị na-eme echiche", nke Editorial Intelligence mere. Akpọrọkwa ya aha onye odeakụkọ kacha emetụta na UK.  Andrew Marr ekwuola na "[w] okpu na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè dị ka onye nta akụkọ abụghị nanị echiche ya siri ike kamakwa ọ na-agụsi agụụ ike maka nyocha. echiche nke isi, Polly na-abịa mgbe niile na-eji ezigbo eziokwu. " 

Ya na onye mmekọ ya, onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ Social Affairs nke *The Guardian* David Walker (Peter Jenkins nwụrụ na 1992), Toynbee dekọtara akwụkwọ abụọ na-enyocha ihe ịga nke ọma na ọdịda nke New Labour na ike. Na *ụgwọ ọrụ na-ezighị ezi* (2008) ha rụrụ ụka na "oke n'elu na-ewute ndị ọzọ".  

Ijibata ndị ogbenye na United Kingdom, Toynbee akwadola na Ebe E Si Ọrụ Tax Ọrụ .  [1] Ọ katọrọ mmemme austerity nke UK n'okpuru ọchịchị Conservative, yana mbelata ọrụ ego na eze na ọrụ ọrụ.  [2] [3] Ọ katọrọ ego ego nke National Health Service na nri nri ya na ike ndị ọrịa

## Echiche

### Echiche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Mgbe ọ na-ede ọzọ Prime Minister Rishi Sunak na Nọvemba 2022, Toynbee echiche ụka na ikike Suella Braverman dị ka ụlọ ụlọ bụ ihe nzuzu yana nkwa Braverman iji biri mbata na otú na “iri puku kwuru iri puku” agụ ike ọrụ ebe.  ihe ụmụaka 270,000 rutere n'ime afọ ruo March.  2022, nke ukwuu nwere visa.  ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta rutere n'ọdụ mmiri mmiri.  "Toynbee gara n'ihu na kwuo na "nrọ" Braverman Rwanda na obi ike na ndị na-abịarutere n' iye na ebe nhazi Manston mebiri iwu

Toynbee katọkwara mbụ nke Sunak ka ọ hapụ 2022 United Nations Change Climate Change .  E Adam, Sunak owo obi ya wee bed na ọ ga-aga ogbako COP27 

### Echiche banyere okpukpe
Onye na- nsogbu na Chineke, Toynbee bụ onye na-akwado nke National Secular Society, [1] onye na-akwado Humanist Society Scotland, ma bụrụ onye isi oche nke British Humanist Association na July 2007. Mara 2012, ọ bụbu osote onye  isi oche nke BHA.  [2] O kwuwo na ya bụ onye na-akpa na Chineke na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ọ na-akatọkwa Iso ụzọ, Islam na ndị Juu .  O dere, sị: "Ndị pensụl nkɔ - Islamophobia ! Ọ dịghị ihe dị otú ahụ. Okpukpe Middle Eastern oge ochie (na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ) bụ otu ihe ahụ - Islam, Christianity na ndị agha ndị Juu niile na- onwe ha site na  fim maka ahụ adịghị."  [3] [4] [5] N'afọ 1997, o kwuputara "Abụ m onye nri na-akpa nganga na ya".  [6] N'afọ 2005, ọ Nwere Iwu ahụ iji machibido ndị na-eso ndị mmadụ: "Ịgba Ụdị bụ ihe ndị mmadụ na-amụ ma ọ dịghị ihe àmà nke ihe ọ na-ekwu.  ya ... Apụghị ime ka ha abụọ otu - ya mere.okwu Islamophobia bụ ihe efu

Na 2003, na 25th akwụkwọ nke Pope John Paul II's popu, o dere na ọ "bụ onye na-akpọ na ezi ihe ihe eji agba ya… Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ịgbakọ mmadụ ole nwụrụ AIDS n'ihi ike Wojtyla, olee otú  ụmụ ụmụ anwụọla n'ịmụ nwa n'achọ mkpa, ma ọ bụ ole ka agụụ na-agụ n' bẹ buru ibu na ndị ogbenye na-eri nri ha, ma ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche na ọ bụ ndị a gbachiri achị nri ha.  , ndị a na-ahụ ahụ anya, ndị na-agụghị ọnụ n'aka ya ga-adaba na nke onye aka ike ma ọ bụ onye aka ike ọ ALA  Page ya na onye ọkà ihe nke Christian William Lane Craig gbasara sile nke Chineke mana Toynbee mechara wepụta na-ekwu "...nke a ajọ ụdị ụdị m."

Toynbee nwere ike dị iche iche ọdịiche England;  ọ na-agụwo ma ọrịa ndị ma nke ụwa.  N'April 2014, o dere
 
Mahadum Essex nyere Toynbee nzere ugwu na 1999 yana Mahadum South Bank nke London na 2002. [1] Na 2004, e nyere ya nzere nzere nke Dọkịta nke akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Mahadum Loughborough .  [2] N'afọ 2005, e mere ya Dọkịta na- ndị nke Mahadum Open maka "ntụnye aka ya akpụkpọ ahụ na-egbochi na omenala ọha mmadụ".  Mahadum Kent nyere Toynbee aha dị nke Dọkịta nke Iwu obodo na Nọvemba 2007 [3] iji kwado nkwado ya na ndị ogbenye na-ebelata.  A gbasoro nke a na 2008 mgbe Mahadum Leeds nyere nzere nzere nke anọ ya.  [4] [5] na 2007 ka ikpuchi 'Columnist of the Year' na British Press Awards.  [6] Toynbee ụmụaka ịbụ onye ọchịchịagha nke Order of the British Empire (CBE) na 2000

## Ndụ onwe onye
Toynbee bi na Lewes, East Sussex.  [1] O foto ụlọ villa na Tuscany .  [2] [3] Ọ bụ onye otu ọrụ nka

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ogidi ''ndị nche'' nke Polly Toynbee

* Polly Toynbee on Twitter 
* Polly Toynbee on Journalisted
* Interview with Polly Toynbee at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 September 2006) focussing on religion with Third Way magazine, 22 June 1998
* Political Journalist of the Year 2003 citation at the Wayback Machine (archived 18 January 2008)
* RSA Vision webcast – Polly Toynbee elaborates on the findings of her new book ''Unjust Rewards: Exposing the Greed and Inequality in Britain Today'' 18 September 2008
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations