open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
International Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes

**The International Coronelli Society for the Study of Globes** () bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke etinyebere na nyocha, mweghachi na nyocha zuru oke nke mbara ụwa na nke eluigwe na ngwa mbara igwe ndị ọzọ, dị ka ogwe aka na mbara ala, nke emebere tupu 1850.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Tọrọ ntọala  Vienna na 1952 site n'aka onye injinia Austrian na onye ọkà mmụta onwe onye Robert Haardt [de] (1884-1962), aha Society bụ nsọpụrụ nye Franciscan friar, cosmographer, map, na onye na-ebipụta Vincenzo Coronelli (1650-1718).  ọ na-erule afọ 2023, Society nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 300 sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa.

Coronelli bụ onye a ma ama na-emepụta nnukwu ụwa abụọ, kamakwa onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na ụwa, Venetian *Accademia Cosmografica degli Argonauti* . 

## Ihe omume
Kemgbe afọ 1963, ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ nke isiokwu ndị metụtara ụwa, gụnyere ndepụta, mweghachi na nchekwa,  nke a tụlere na symposia mba ụwa.

Society na-enye ihe nrite mba ụwa abụọ, Onyinye International Coronelli-Society Award maka agbamume nke Globestudies, na ihe nrite Fiorini-Haardt maka nyocha n'ime ụwa tupu afọ 1945 na ndị mere ha.

Coronelli Society nwere njikọ chiri anya na nguzobe na nhazi nke Globe Museum nke Ọbá akwụkwọ mba Ọstria.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
Kemgbe  tọrọ ntọala ya n
'
afọ 1952, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, *Der Globusfreund: Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift für Globenkunde* .   afọ 2002 enwere nsụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke akpọrọ Globe Studies .  [2]

## Hụkwa

* Map ụwa mbụ
* Gemma Frisius
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Globe

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* , edemede 2001 banyere Society.
* Peeji nkọwa na Union of International Associations.
* Ebe ngosi nka Globe na Austrian National Library.
* Peeji na Globes International.
* Peeji nke Society na Austrian National Library.
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Society na German na Bekee.
Oge elekere katidral Comayagua

thumb|Oge elekere na 2022.
**Oge elekere katidral Comayagua**, nke a makwaara dị ka elekere Arabic ma ọ bụ elekere Comayagua.  na-ewere ya dị ka elekere kachasị ochie na Amerịka na elekere kachasị ogologo n'ụwa ka na-arụ ọrụ ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ihe karịrị afọ 900.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Nlegharị anya nke elekere na ụlọ elu Catheral.
Ndị Spain na Al-Andalus mere ma jikọta gear ndị ahụ n'oge Alaeze Ukwu Almoravid n'ihe dị ka afọ 1100 n'oge ọchịchị Yusuf ibn Tashfin. Tupu ebufee ya na Amerịka, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'obí ndị Arab nke Alhambra na Granada na Spain. Mgbe njedebe nke Reconquista na nchụpụ nke muslisms na Ndị Juu na Castile, ndị eze Spain bi n'obí eze ahụ kemgbe Charles V. n'oge narị afọ nke iri na asaa site n'iwu nke Eze Felipe nke Atọ nke Spain, e wegara ya na mpaghara Las Hibueras (Honduras nke oge a) nke New Spain, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka elekere obodo.

Na mbụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Chọọchị La Merced, nke bụ katidral nke obodo ahụ n'oge ahụ, a na-etinye ya na 1636. Otú  dị, ka ọ na-erule afọ 1711, a kwagara ya na Katidral nke Immaculate Conception, nke n'oge ahụ bụ ụlọ kachasị ukwuu n'obodo ahụ na otu n'ime katidral kachasị ukwuu na Central America n'oge onye nnọchi anya New Spain, a na-etinye ya na ụlọ mgbịrịgba nke ụlọ nsọ ahụ. 

N'ime 2007, a dobere ya na usoro mweghachi site n'aka onye isi obodo obodo, National Congress of Honduras, Comayagüense Cultural Committee na nlekọta nke Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History, nke onye isi nche Rodolfo Antonio Cerón Martínez si Guatemala dị.  , bụ́ onye mgbe ọnwa ise nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike rụchara ọrụ ya na Disemba 20, 2007]

## Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
thumb|Ngwunye elekere.
Usoro nke dabeere na gear, eriri, arọ na pendulum, usoro ahụ dum na-egosi oge dị n'ihu dị n'akụkụ ụlọ ụka ebe edere nọmba 4 na mbipụta ochie nke nọmba Roman, na-egosi dị ka IIII kama IV dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime anyị maara ya.

## Ọmụmụ ihe
Ruo oge ụfọdụ, e kwenyere na elekere kacha ochie bụ nke dị na Salisbury Cathedral na England, ebe ọ bụ na emere ya na 1386. Otú  dị, mgbe a mụrụ ihe e ji mee ya, a Achọpụtara na e jiri ígwè rụọ ya nke nwere usoro tọrọ ya karịa nke Salisbury e ji mee ya, ya mere ọtụtụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche na-eche na nke a bụ elekere ọrụ kacha ochie n'ụwa.

## Hụkwa

* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Honduras
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Spain
* Alaeze Ukwu Spain

## Edensibia
Siddhesh Jain

**Siddhesh Jain** (amụrụ 20 Nọvemba 1990) bụ onye na-ede blọgụ  . Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Solutiontales.

## Ndụ mbụ
A mụrụ Siddhesh na 20 Nọvemba 1990 wee zụlite ya na ezi ezinụlọ sitere na India. Ndị mụrụ ya zụrụ ya nke ọma.

Ọ gara St. Xavier Boys Academy, gụchara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mgbe ọ dị obere.

## Ọrụ Ọkachamara
Siddhesh Jain ghọrọ onye na-ede blọgụ na 2019. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye nwe Solutiontales. Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Accounting & Finance na LLB.

Solutiontales bụ aha blọgụ Siddhesh. Emepụtara ya na ebumnuche ịkọrọ ndị na-agụ blọgụ echiche, ahụmịhe na nka ya. Isiokwu ndị Siddhesh Jain blọọgụ gbasara gụnyere teknụzụ, mmalite, ọmụmụ ihe gbasara azụmahịa wdg.

## Njikọ mpụga
*Siddhesh Jain - Facebook
*Siddhesh Jain - Twitter
*Siddhesh Jain -LinkedIn
*Siddhesh Jain

## Nrụtụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ugo (polarimeter)

Spider bụ nnwale nke balloon emebere ka ọ chọọ ebili mmiri ndọda mbụ nke etinyere na mbara igwe igwe igwe (CMB).  Ịtụ ike nke mgbama a na-etinye oke na tiori onu oriri
alt=Spider on the launch vehicle|thumb|Nnyocha Spider na-anọdụ n'ụgbọelu ahụ tupu ụgbọ elu mbụ ya n'elu Antarctica.
Ngwá ọrụ Spider nwere telivishọn isii nwere ogo isii nK a na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ na okpomọkụ Helium (4 K) nke na-ahụ na frequency nke 100 GHz, 150 GHz, na 280 GHz (nke kwekọrọ na wavelengths nke 3 mm, 2 mm, na 1.1 mm). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A na-ejikọta onyokomita ọ bụla na bolometer (TES) nke na-emetụta polarisation nke na-eme ka ọ jụọ oyi ruo 300 mK. &nbsp;Spider bụ ngwá ọrụ mbụ iji gosipụta ihe nchọpụta TES nke oge na-agbanwe agbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. 'oge ụgbọ elu mbụ n'elu Antarctica na 2015, Spider bụ ngwá ọrụ microwave kachasị dị nro eme.

Ihe mgbaru ọsọ sayensị bụ isi gụnyere:

# njirimara nke akụkụ na-enweghị curl nke CMB polarization na nnukwu ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀
# ịchọ akara nke inflationary gravitational waves na polarization CMB
# njirimara nke polarization njirimara nke ikuku sitere na Milky Way Galaxy anyị

Ụgbọ elu balloon mbụ nke nnwale a malitere na Jenụwarị 2015 site na McMurdo Station, Antarctica, na nkwado sitere na NASA's Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility.  Ụgbọ elu Balloon Ogologo Ogologo a were ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na asaa, na-esepụta ihe dị ka 10% nke mbara igwe.  Ihe data sitere na ụgbọ elu a weputara onyonyo nrịbama-na-mkpọtụ nke ike na akara polarization nke Cosmic Microwave Background, na ọkwa mkpọtụ 3--5 ugboro dị ala karịa ụgbọ elu Planck dị n'otu mpaghara nke mbara igwe, na-ebute oke nha.  nke CMB na ụzarị mbara ihu Galactic, yana oke siri ike na oke tensor-to-scalar cosmological.  Ụgbọ elu ndị ọzọ akwadoro maka oge na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka nkwalite na mgbanwe dị na teliskop modular, mkpuchi ugboro ugboro na omimi.

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari

**Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nke Korkeasaari** Zoo bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị na Finland.  dị na Helsinki ma bụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ya na-enweghị uru nke Korkeasaari Zoo na-achịkwa.

Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa -elekọta anụ ọhịa Finnish merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ụmụ mgbei na ebum na uche iji weghachite anụmanụ ahụ n'ọhịa n'ụzọ zuru oke. Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa a emeghe ọha na eze, ma na onye ọ bụla nwere ike iwebata ndị ọrịa site n'ịhapụ ha ndị ọrụ na ọnụ ụzọ Korkeasaari Zoo.

 Afọ, a na-eweta ihe karịrị 1,000 anụmanụ chọrọ enyemaka n'ụlọ ọgwụ Wildlife. Ihe  ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrịa niile bụ hedgehogs na squirrels, ọkara bụkwa nnụnụ. Ihe dị ka 40% nke ndị ọrịa na-agbake kpamkpam.  Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa anaghị elekọta Ụdị ndị na-awakpo.

 ntụrụndụ Korkeasaari -akwado ego ọrụ nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa karịsịa site na ego nke ya, ma na ọ na-enwetakwa nkwado site na Ministri na-ahụ Maka Gbụrụ-gbúrụ Ebe Obibi nke Finland na ndị na-enye onyinye onwe ha.

Nn afọ 2017, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Anụ Ọhịa nwetara onyinye nke Animal Conservation Act of the Year site na SEY Animal Welfare Finland. 

## Edemsibe
Banka-Mundi

**Banka-Mundi** bụ chi nwanyị nke ịchụ nta na ọmụmụ nke ndị Khond nke India.  Ndị Khonds na-efe Banka-Mundi maka nchebe megide anụ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-ewepụ egwu ma na-enye ha ọmụmụ.

## Edemsibe
Egwuregwu oku

Egwuregwu oku  ngwaọrụ a na-eji ya eme ihe iji ṅomie mkpọtụ anụmanụ iji dọta ma ọ bụ chụpụ anụmanụ na onye na-achụ nta. Ụdị anụmanụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị na oku egwuregwu gụnyere mgba dị ka, turkey, ọbọgwụ, geese, moose, elk, raccoons, ezì ọhịa, coyotes, bears, wolves, cougars, foxes, quails, squirrels, chipmunks, na ugoloọma.

Edemsibe
Nkwekọrịta Nnụnụ Na-agafe agafe na Japan na Australia

Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement (**JAMBA**) bụ nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Australia na Japan iji belata mmerụ ahụ na mpaghara ndị isi nnụnụ na-eji eme ihe na-akwaga n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ. E mepụtara JAMBA na ọwa February 6, n'afọ 1974 wee malite ọrụ ya na ọwa April 30, n'afọ 1981.

JAMBA -enye maka imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti Japan na Australia na usoro maka njikwa na nchedo nke nnụnụ na-efe efe, nnụnụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi, na njikwa na nchebe nke gbụrụ-gbúrụ ha, ma chọọ ka mba ọ bụla mee ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji chekwaa ma melite gbụrụ-gbúrụ ebe obibi nke nnụisi echedoro n'okpuru ndokwa nke nkwekọrịta ahụ.

## Ụdị ndị e depụtara
Nkwekọrịta ahụ depụtara ụdị nnụnụ iri isii na isii, dị na tebụl dị n'okpuru.

## Hụkwa

* Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
* Ndepụta nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa
* Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchedo Biodiversity 1999
* Nkwekọrịta Nnụnụ Na-agafe agafe China na Australia
* Nkwekọrịta Nnụnụ Na-agafe agafe nke Republic of Korea na Australia
* Mgbakọ Bonn
* Ụzọ ụgbọ elu nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia - Australasia

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga
Nọmba afọ nke ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe

Akọọgụ adọ mbara igwe gbadoro ụkwụ na ọnụọgụ AD / CE afọ, mana na-agba ọsọ ọnụọgụgụ nke ọma.  Ya mere, ọ nwere afọ 0;  A na- afɔ ndị gara aga na ọnụọgụ na-akpa mma na afɔ ndị na-esote ya ka ejiri ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma mgbaàmà.  [1] Ndị na-egosi mbara igwe na-eji kalenda Julian ọtụtụ awụ tupu 1582, afọ 0, na kalenda Gregorian ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe 1582 nchebe, dị ka Jacques Cassini (1740), [2] Simon Newcomb (1898) [2]  3] na Fred Espenak (2007) ịhụnanya.

A na-akpọ usoro a aha n'ihi ojiji ya na mbara igwe .  Ọzụzụ ole na ole ndị ọzọ na- ndị na-ama ihe mere eme na-emetụta oge tupu 1, ụfọdụ ụzọ bụ dendrochronology, nkà ihe ochie na geology, nke abụọ n'ime ha na-eji 'afọ tupu a '.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọnụọgụgụ zuru oke nke afọ mbara igwe na ndị mere eme dị iche otu tupu afọ 1, ndụ a dị oke egwu mgbe a na-agbakọ ihe omume mbara igwe dị ka eklips ma ọ bụ njikọ mbara ala nwoke mgbe mgbe.  ihe omume ahụ ihe mere eme kwuru ha mere

. Na Tebụl Rudolphine ya (1627), Johannes Kepler ihe atụ nke awụ efu nke ọ hụrụ Christi (Kraịst) n'etiti agbọafa Ante Christum (Tupu akwụkwọ) na Post Christum (Mgbe ị hụrụ) na-egosi maka Sun, ọnwa, ọnwa,  Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus na Mercury.  [1] Na 1702, onye France na-egosi mbara igwe Philippe de la Hire ji otu afụ ọfụ Christum 0 na njedebe nke afọ ante Christum (BC), na mbụ tupu afọ nke egosi post Christum (AD) na ibe egosi na  Tabulæ Astronomicæ ya, ya mere.  na-taa aha 0 na Kepler's Christi .  [2] N'ikpeazụ, na 1740 onye France na-egosi mbara igwe Jacques Cassini (Cassini II), bụ onye a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya mere afọ efu, [3] [4] [5] mezuru ike na-ahụ  igwe ya, na-akpọ naanị a 0, nke o mere.  ntụ na njedebe nke afọ Julian nke ịka avant Jesus-Kraịst (tupu imata ma ọ bụ BC), na tupu afọ Julian ikpughe après Jesus-Christ (mgbe ị chọrọ ma ọ bụ AD).

. Ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-eji okwu French mbụ bụ "avant J.-C."  ( tupu ibu ) na "après J.-C."  (mgbe mmetụta mmetụta gachara) iji awụ n'ebe ndị ọzọ n'akwụkwọ ya, onye ọkọtọ ihe mere eme nke Byzantine Venance Grumel (1890-1967) ji afɔfo (nke akara mwepu agụra, -) iji dee awụ BC na  afọ ndị na-edeghị akwụkwọ dị mma iji afọ AD na njikọ.  .  O nwere ike ịbụ na o mere nke a iji መብራቶች ma o tinyeghị afọ 0 n'etiti ha

Ụdị 1.0 nke XML Schema, nke a na- àgwà data agbanwere n'etiti kọmputa na XML, emu ụbọchị na oge ụbọchị data ụdị arụnyere n'ime.  Ọ bụ ihe isi ihe ndị a na usoro ISO 8601 nke na-eji kalenda Gregorian proleptisk ma-ahụ ntọala otu afọ,pụta XML Schema kwuru na afọ efu.  Ụdị 1.1 nke emeghị ncheta ncheta ahụ na ISO 8601 site na ịbụ efu awụ, n'agbanyeghị nsogbu ndị na-esite na ihe nda ngosi azụ .

## Ntụaka
Nkà mmụta mbara igwe

Geodetic astronomy ma ọ bụ geodesy astronomical (astro-geodesy) bụ itinye usoro mbara igwe n'ime netwọọkụ geodetic na ọrụ teknụzụ ndị ọzọ nke geodesy.

* Mkpebi latitude na mkpebi ogologo ogologo, site na theodolites, tacheometer, astrolabes ma ọ bụ igwefoto zenith
* oge na ọnọdụ kpakpando site na nleba anya nke njem kpakpando, dịka site na okirikiri meridian (ọhụụ, foto ma ọ bụ CCD )
* Azimuth mkpebi siri ike
** maka nhazi nhazi nke netwọk geodetic
** maka ngbanwe n'etiti ụzọ terrestrial na oghere
** maka imeziwanye izi ezi site na " Laplace point " n'ebe a kapịrị ọnụ pụrụ iche
* Mkpebi ngbanwe kwụ ọtọ na ojiji ha
** na mkpebi siri ike geoid
** na mgbakọ na mwepụ mbelata nke ezigbo netwọk
** maka ebumnuche geophysical na geological (lee n'elu)
* Ụzọ oghere ọgbara ọhụrụ
** VLBI nwere isi mmalite redio ( quasars )
** Astrometry nke kpakpando site na inyocha satịlaịtị dị ka Hipparcos ma ọ bụ Gaia n'ọdịnihu.

.Izi ezi nke ụzọ ndị a na-adabere na ngwá ọrụ ya na ogologo ikuku dị iche, usoro nha ma ọ bụ ihe, oge ego (na akụ na ngwaọrụ), ọnọdụ ikuku, nkwụsi ike nke elu resp.  Satellite, na n'ibu na echebe na ngwá ọrụ, na nkà na nkà nke onye na-ekiri, na na ziri ezi nke anụ ahụ-mgbakọ na ngwaọrụ ụdị.

Astrogeodetic bụ usoro geoid mpaghara dabere na nha ntụgharị oto .  N'inye uru ọkwa n'otu oge, mmetụta undulations geoid maka mpaghara na-aghọ ihe dị mfe maka nke asụsụ nke kwụpụta, ebe ọ na-anya anya gradient oghere nke geoid undulation.
Nebula

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ezigbo ihe oyiyi agba nke Trifid Nebula, na-egosi eserese anya gas na usoro plasma
N'ehihie penumbral ụnwanyị na-iche mgbe ma ọ bụ ụnwayọ niile n'ime penumbra ụwa.  [5] Ọ dịghị nke ụnwa dị na Umbra ụgbọ n'oge mmemme a.  The penumbra na-eme ka mweda dị nro dị n'elu ụnwanyi, bụ nke a na-ahụ anya na anya gba ọtɔ mgbe ihe dị ka 70 nke dayameta ụnwanwa n'ime penumbra ụwa.  [1] Ụdị iche nke penumbral eklips bụ ụdị penumbral ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amụ eklips, n'oge ule dum na-adị ikike n'ime ụwa penumbra.  Ngụkọta eklips penumbral dị ụkọ, ma mgbe ihe ndị a mere, ụnwa ụrọ kacha nso na umbra nwere ike ịpụtapụta ọmọnhịn ndị ọzọ.

Ọtụtụ nebulae buru ibu;  ụfọdụ bụ ụfọdụ awụ ọkụ na dayameta.  A nebula nke anya mmadụ na-ahụ site na ike ga-adị ka ibu, ma ọ dịghị ihe na-mahụ, site na nso.  [1] Orion Nebula, nebula kacha na- ndị ọdịdị na mbara igwe ma na-ebi ebe okpukpu abụọ abụọ dayameta nke ụnwayọ zuru ezu, nwere ike iji anya gba ọnwu lee mana ndị na- ekiri mbara igwe na-atụ uche ya.  [2] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ dị oke oghere gbara ha gburugburu, ọtụtụ nebulae adịte oke oghere oghere e kere n'ụwa - igwe ojii nebular nke nha ụwa ga-enwe nke ekere kilogram ole na ole.  mkpuchi ikuku nwere n'ahụ nke mkpokọta 10 19 molekul kwa cubic centimita;  N'ụzọ dị iche, nebulae ndị nwere oke nwere ike ike n'ahụ nke molekul 10,000 kwa centimita cubic.  A na-ahụ ọtụtụ nebulae n'ihi fluorescence nke akwụkwọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpata, ebe ndị ọzọ na-agbasasị nke na ihe ike ike ha ibe site na ogologo ogologo na nzacha ebe iche.  akụkụ nebulae na-enwu n ụzọ dị iche iche site na agbanwe agbanwe T Tauri .

. Na mbụ, mbụ a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "nebula" ihe ihe ọ gbasara gbasara igwe gbasasịrị, ama-ama ịkpọ Milky Way .  Dị ka ihe atụ, Andromeda Galaxy, dị ka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ Andromeda Nebula (na-akpọ spiral n'ozuzu ya dị ka "spiral nebulae") tupu oge ezi na-eje ozi nke akwụkwọ na-ahụ ịbụ afọ nke 20 site na Vesto  Slipher, Edwin Hubble, na ndị ọzọ.  Edwin Hubble ngwa na a na-azụ ọtụtụ nebulae na ojiji ma na-enwu site na ọkụ ọkụ.  O nyekwaara aka n'ịhazi nebulae dabere n'ụdị ụdị ọkụ ọkụ ha ibu.  [1]
áká_èkpè|thumb| Akụkụ nke Carina Nebula
Ecliptic

thumb| Dị ka a na-ahụ site na mbara ụwa na-agba gburugburu,con yiri ka ọ na-agagharị n'ihe metụtara ndị a kapịrị ọnụ, na eklips bụ ụzọ kwa afọ na-agba ọsọ na mbara igwe .  Usoro a na-emeghachi onwe ya na-adị na-adịru usoro ụbọchị 365 .

## ngagharị pụtara ìhè anyanwụ
N'ihi na ụwa na-ewe otu afɔ iji gbaa gburugburu, ọnọdụ ngosi nke egwuregwu na-ewe otu afɔ iji mee zuru oke nke eklips.  N'iji egwuregwu ihe ụmụaka ụbọchị 365 n'ime otu afọ, ọmụmụ na-akwaga ihe na- ụmụaka 1° n'ebe ọmụmụ ihe [1] kwa ụbọchị.  Nke a obere ihe dị iche na Sun ọnọdụ .  Ọ bụrụ na ụbọchị ụfọdụ ọ ga-ma ọ na mmetụta mmetụta orbit;  Ya mere, otu ụbọchị n'ụwa dị awa 24 n'ogologo mmịn ihe dị ka elekere 23 nke okporo iri ise na isii .  Ọzọ, nke a bụ ihe dị mfe, dabere na ụwa a na-eche echiche nke na-agbapụta n'otu ọsọ na-agba gburugburu.  N'ezie ọsọ nke ụwa na-agba gburugburu na-adịgasị iche n'ime afọ, ya mere ọsọ nke yiri ka ọ na-aga n'ụdị eklips na-adịkwa iche.  tusaale, ụfọdụ dị n'ebe ugwu nke onye equator maka ihe dị ka ụbọchị 185 nke afọ 185 nke afọ 180. [2] Ọdịiche nke orbital ọsọ bụ nke ngụ oge .
Ursa Minor

Ursa Minor ( Latīn : 'Lesser Bear', dị iche na Ursa Major), nke a dị ka Little Bear, bụ mịka dị na mbara igwe dị mkpa.  Dị ka ọ dị na nnukwu agba, a pụta ịhụ ọdụ nke Little Bear dị ka aka nke ladle, ya mere aha North America, Little Dipper : Mmụọ asaa nwere anọ n'ime efere ya dị ka onye mmekọ ya bụ Big Dipper .  Ursa Minor bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ iri aanọ na ndị nke onye na-egosi mbara igwe nke ike afụ nke abụọ Ptolemy depụtara, ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ihe mgbaàmà iri na-ebu nke oge a .  Ursa Minor bụ omenala dị mkpa maka ịnya ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, n'ihi na Polaris bụ okporo osisi ugwu.

.Polaris, pụpụ na-Ppụpụ n'ime m ike ahụ, bụ nnukwu agba odo na-acha ọcha na agbanwe agbanwe Cepheid mbara igwe, na-egosi ịrịba site na 1.97 ruo 2.00.  Beta Ursae Minoris, nke a ntụgharị dị ka Kochab, bụ ụmụ merela agadi nke fụrụ akpụ ma mee ka ọ dị ka ọ na-abụ nnukwu ihe ngosi nke nwere ogo 2.08 ekiri ekiri, ọ dị redio ekiri Polaris.  A na-akpọ Kochab na 3rd-magnitude Gamma Ursae Minoris "ndị inyom nke njikọ osisi" ma ọ bụ "Ndị nche nke osisi".  [1] A egwuregwula mbara ala ka ha na-agba gburugburu anọ, egwu Kochab.  Otu ikike ikike nke neutron dịpụrụ adịpụ— Calvera —na H1504+65, dwarf ọcha kacha ewu nke àjàla, nke nwera dị n'elu 200,000 K
[thumb|427x427px| Ursa Minor, na Draco na-agba gburugburu gburugburu ya, dị ka egosiri na Urania's Mirror, [1] set nke ma akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke e ite na London c.  1825](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C3%B2r%C3%B2:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Draco_and_Ursa_Minor.jpg)
N'ime katalọgụ ndị na-eso ụzọ, mara a Ursa Minor dị ka "akụ ala nke ụgbọ " ( MUL MAR.GÍD.DA.AN.NA ) , akwụkwọ ya na chi Damkina ).  E depụtara na MUL.  APIN katalọgụ, chị ọnọdụ gburugburu 1000 BC, n'etiti "kpakpando nke Enlil" - ya bụ, mmadụ ugwu..
Quasar

thumb|  Ihe ngosi nke onye na-ese ihe na diski accretion na ULAS J1120+0641, quasar dị anya na-akwado site na nnukwu oghere ojii nwere ngosipụta okpukpu abụọ nke ọmụmụ.
  A quasar / / ˈkweɪzɑːr / KWAY - KWAY ) bụ oghere galactic na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu (AGN).  A na-akpọ ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-adaba adaba, nke ese QSO .  Ihe na-esi na AGN na-esi na ya pụta bụ nnukwu oghere nwere oke sitere na nde mmadụ ruo iri puku igwe igwe igwe, nke diski ikuku gbara ya gburugburu.  Gas dị na diski ahụ na-adaba na oghere ojii na-ekpo ọkụ ma na- ike n'ụdị radieshon electromagnetic .  Ike na-ahụ mmetụta nke quasars dị oke;  quasars kasị ike nwere ike ọtụtụ puku ugboro ugboro nke mkpesa dị ka Ụzọ Milky Way .  [1] [2] A na-ekewa Quasars dị ka klaas nke ụdị AGN n'ozuzu ya.  Mgbanwe na-acha uhie nke quasars sitere na mbara igwe

. Ihe dị ka otu nde quasars ka mgbasara na ha nwere ọrụ redshift spectroscopic a Brand na ya, [1] na n'etiti nde 2-3 mgbasara na katalọgụ photometric .  [2] [3] Quasar kacha nso kacha nso bụ ihe dị ka nde afọ 600 site na ike.  Ihe dị maka quasar kacha dị anya na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe.  Na 2017, ọhụrụ quasar ULAS J1342 + 0928 na redshift z = 7.54.  Ìhè a ntọala site na quasar nke dị nde 800 nke esere mgbe mu na ụwa dị 690 nde afo.  [4] [5] [6] N'afọ 2020, ikikera quasar Pōniuā'ena site n'oge nanị 700 nde afọ ka Big Bang gachara, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-eme ememe nke 1.5 ijeri ugboro uka nke ike.  [7] [8] Ná ngosi 2021, a kọrọ quasar QSO J0313-1806, nke nwere oghere ojii dị iche iche 1.6 ihuenyo, na z = 7.64, 670. nde afọ ka Big Bang gachara.
Ụmụ nnụnụ

Puppis / / ˈpʌpɪs / ) bụ ike na mbara igwe ndịda.  Puppis, nkeji Latin nke " poop deck ", bụ nnukwu nke nnukwu ike Argo Navis (foo mmiri nke Jason na Argonauts ), bụ nke ọtụtụ awụ ka mbụ mbụ, kewara ụzọ atọ, nke ọzọ bụ Carina .  (keel na hull), na Vela (foo mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri).  Puppis bụ nke ukwuu n'ime mgbọ awụ na ogo square .  Ọ bụ otu n'ime m ike 88 ọgbara ọhụrụ nke International Astronomical Union akwụkwọ.
áká_èkpè|thumb| The constellation Puppis dị ka ọ pụrụ ịhụ na gba ọtọ anya
. Argo Navis kewara n'ime jara atɔ na 1752 site n'aka onye France na- ekiri mbara igwe Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, egwu Argûs na puppi.  N'agbanyeghị nkewa ahụ, Lacaille debere otu aha aha Bayer maka m ike niile, Argo.  Ya mere, Carina nwere α, β, na ε, Vela nwere γ na δ, Puppis nwere ζ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.  [1] Na apụ nke 19, atọ adụ nke Argo mmetụta dị ka m ike dị iche iche ma tinye ya na ndepụta nke 88 mịgị IAU ọgbara ọhụrụ na 1930.

* Na July 1, 2003, a hụrụ otu mbara ala na-agba gburugburu kpakpando HD 70642 . Usoro mbara ala a dị ka Jupita nwere okirikiri obosara, okirikiri okirikiri na ogologo oge.
* Na Mee 17, 2006, HD 69830 (kpakpando kacha nso nke kpakpando a) ka ahụrụ nwere mbara ala Neptune-mass atọ, usoro mbara ụwa nke mbụ na-enweghị mbara ala Jupiter ma ọ bụ Saturn . Kpakpando ahụ nwekwara eriri asteroid na mpaghara dị n'etiti mbara ala etiti ruo na mbara ala.
* Na June 21, 2007, a chọtara mbara ala nke mbụ extrasolar dị na ụyọkọ NGC 2423 na-emeghe gburugburu nnukwu kpakpando uhie NGC 2423-3 . Ụwa dị opekata mpe 10.6 karịa oke Jupita ma na-agbagharị na anya 2.1 AU .
* Na Septemba 22, 2008, a chọtara mbara ala abụọ yiri Jupita gburugburu HD 60532 . HD 60532 b nwere oke kacha nta nke 1.03 M  na orbits na 0.759 AU wee were ụbọchị 201.3 iji wuchaa orbit. HD 60532 c nwere oke kacha nta nke 2.46 MJ  orbits na 1.58 AU wee were ụbọchị 604 iji wuchaa orbit.
* Na 2023, ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe achọpụtara ụdị nnukwu ice abụọ exoplanets (ha abụọ nwere oke iri nke ụwa ) na-enwe ihe omume nkukota gburugburu kpakpando 300 nde afọ akpọrọ dị ka 2MASS J08152329-3859234 .
International Astronomical Union

International Astronomical Union ( IAU ; French  , UAI ) bụ ndị na-azụ nke ụdị na-egosi nke mbara igwe n'ụdị niile, egwuregwu egwuregwu nke mbara igwe, mgbasa ozi, onyeisi, na site na imekọ ihe.  ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.  E hiwere ya na 1919 ma dabere na Paris, France .

Ihe mejupụtara IAU bụ ndị otu n'otu n'otu, ndị gụnyere ma ndị ọkachamara na-enyocha mbara igwe na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị obere, yana ndị otu mba, dị ka mkpakọrịta ọkachamara, ọha mba, ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. A haziri ndị otu n'otu n'otu ka ọ bụrụ nkewa, kọmitii, na otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ gbadoro ụkwụ na nso nso a, isiokwu, ma ọ bụ atụmatụ.    Njikọ ahụ nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 13,700 n'otu n'otu, na-agbasa mba 90 na ndị otu mba 82. 

Otu n'ime isi ọrụ nke IAU bụ ije ozi dị ka anụ maka ire.  Ọ na-akwado agha afụ nke awụ ma na-enwe Mgbakọ Mgbakọ nke atọ nke na-esetịpụ atumatu na-agụnye ngwaọrụ dị iche iche.  A mara nke ọma otu ahụ maka ịbụ onye isi n'ikenye aha na aha ọgwụgwọ n'ihe gbasara mbara igwe, yana maka ngosipụta ngosipụta otu maka ebumnuche mbara igwe.  Ɔ na-hazikwa ndị mmekọ obodo na mba ụwa, dị ka UNESCO, iji akwụkwọ fim ya.

International Astronomical Union bụ otu mba ụwa nke ndị isi na- ngosi mbara igwe, na ọkwa PhD na mpaghara, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nnọchi na otu na mbara igwe .  N'ime ihe omume ndị ọzọ, ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ikike a ma maka ikenye aha na aha na mbara igwe (Mpụta, mbara ala, asteroids, wdg) na ihe ọ gbala dị n'elu ha.

. IAU bụ onye otu International Science Council (ISC).  nsogbu ya bụ iche na mgba nke mbara igwe n'ụdị ya niile site na nkwado mba ụwa.  Ndị IAU na-ejigide ndị enyi na enyi na ndị otu na-agụnye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-amu amu na otu ha.  IAU isi nwere ụlọ ọrụ ya na ala nke abụọ nke Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris na 14th arrondissement nke Paris

Ndị ọrụ a nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ.  ọmụmaatụ, Òtù Na-arụ ọrụ maka Nomenclature System Planetary (WGPSN), nke na-ejigide ezinụlọ aha na mbara ala nomenclature maka mbara ala, yana Òtù Na-arụ ọrụ na Aha Star (WGSN), nke na-edepụta ma na  -hazi aha kwesịrị maka akwụkwọ.  Ndị IAU na-ahụ maka usoro telegram nke mbara igwe nke Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegram na-ebe ma kesaa n'aha ya.  Minor Planet Center na-arụkwa ọrụ n'okpuru IAU, ma ọ bụrụ "mkpọ ewepụ" maka ihe niile na-ahụ mbara ala ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụ ụnwa na Sistemụ see.

Mba asaa ndị mbụ so na ya bụ Belgium, Canada, France, Great Britain, Gris, Japan, na United States, Italy na Mexico ga-esochi ya n'oge na-adịghị anya.  Kọmitii ndị isi nke mbụ bụ Benjamin Baillaud (President, France), Alfred Fowler (General Secretary, UK), na ndị isi oche anọ: William Campbell (US), Frank Dyson (UK), Georges Lecointe (Belgium), na Annibale Ricò  (Ịtali).  A mgbaàmà kọmitii iri atọ na abụọ (nke a na-akpọ na mbụ dị ka kọmitii na-ejesi ike n'ihe) na ngwaọrụ Brussels ma le-ahụ anya na isiokwu sitere na isi na obere mbara ala.  Akụkọ nke kọmishọna iri atọ na abụọ bụ isi ihe mere Mgbakọ Mgbakọ mbụ nke mere na Rome, Italy, 2–10 Mee 1922.
Libra (ìgwè kpakpando)

Libra / ˈliːbrə / bụ otu ozi nke zodiac ma dị na nrida mbara igwe .  Aha ya bụ Latĩn maka ihe ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ .  Akara mbara igwe ochie ya bụ￼ (♎︎).  Ọ na-ada mbà n'obi, na-Mụ nnukwu Mgbochi mbụ, ma dị n'etiti Virgo na-amata na Scorpius n'ebe ọmụmụ.  Beta Librae, nke a dị ka Zubeneschamali, bụ ndị na-akpa n'ime mgbịrị.  A maara usoro atọ nwere mbara ala.

. [3]Alfa Librae, nke a na-akpọ Zubenelgenubi, bụ usoro ọtụtụ ugboro nke na-ekewa n'ime nke abụọ mgbe a na-ahụ ya site na binoculars, Isi (Alfa 2 Librae) bụ ozi na-acha agha na-acha ọkụ.  nwanne nke nnukwu 2.7 na nke abụọ (Alfa 1 Librae) bụ ike na-acha ọcha nke see nnukwu.  5.2 na ụdị F3V nke dị 74.9 ± 0.7 ìhè-afụ saịtị na ike.  Aha omenala ya egwuregwu "ụda nrịda".  Zubeneschamali ( Beta Librae ) bụ "nkịta ugwu" hụ na Zubenelgenubi.  Kpakpando kacha pụta na Libra, Zubeneschamali bụ ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ nke ndụ nke ukwuu 2.6, 160 (ma ọ bụ 185 ± 2) ìhè-afọ site na mmetụta.  A na-akpọ Gamma Librae Zubenalakrab, nke meta "mkpa akpị", na-emecha aha aha na-ezo aka na ọkwa ochie nke Libra.  Ọ bụ nnukwu oroma nke ogo 3.9, 152 ìhè-afọ site na ike

. [3]Delta Librae bụ mgbanwe na-agbanwe n'ehihie nke ụdị Algol, 304 lightyears site na mmetụta.  Ọ nwere oge nke ụbọchị 2, awa 8;  Opekempe ya bụ 5.9 na oke ya bụ 4.9.  FX Librae, ihe 48 Librae, bụ shei ikike nke ukwuu 4.9.  Shell Stars, dị ka Pleione na Gamma Cassiopeiae, bụ ndị na-acha ọkụ na-acha ọkụ ọkụ, na-agbanwe agbanwe nke n'ihi na ha na-agba ọsọ na-adịghị mma nke ntụgharị.  Nke a na-pụ gas site na mbara igwe
Lepus (ìgwè kpakpando)

Lepus / , / ˈliːpəs / , colloquially / ˈlɛpəs / ) bụ otu mịda nke dị nso na ndịda nke ese equator .  Aha ya bụ Latin maka oke bekee.  Ọ dị n'okpuru - ụzọ ndịda - nke Orion (onye dinta), a na- agụkwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka oke bekee nke Orion ma ọ bụ ụdị nta Orion na-ama

Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na oke bekee, asị anya ọnụ ọgụgụ ọ ALA n'Ipo ifo ndị Gris.  ime mfe 88 ọgbara ọhụrụ.

A na- mode Lepus dị ka oke bekee nke Orion na-ekiri, onye nkwado ụmụaka nta ( Canis Major na Canis Minor ) na- ọkọ ya.  A na-alụm ike ahụ na oke bekee nke ụnwa .  [3]

Kpakpando anọ nke mkpị a (α, β, γ, δ Lep) na-etolite anọ ma mara dị ka 'Arsh al-Jawzā', "Ocheeze nke Jawzā" ma ọ bụ Kursiyy al-Jawzā' al-Mu'akkhar  , "Ocheeze Jawzā".  Onye isi oche nke Jawzā'" na al-Nihāl, "Kamel na-emejụ ajụjụ nkụ ha" n'asụsụ Arabic .
Lupus (ìgwè kpakpando)

Lupus bụ m nke etiti- Ebe Ndịda Eluigwe .  Aha ya bụ Latin maka anụ anụ wolf.  Lupus bụ otu n'ime m ike 48 depụtara nke onye na-ahụ mbara igwe nke mbụ afụ nke abụọ Ptolemy depụtara, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ike 88 nke oge a mana ọ bụ ogologo oge asterism na nnukwu ike Centaurus

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụkọ ifo
N'oge ochie, a na-ewere m ike ahụ dị ka asterism n'ime Centaurus, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka anụmanụ na- osisi ezi, gbuo, ma ọ bụ na-achọ igbu ya, n'aha, ma ọ  bụ maka, Centaurus.  [1] Ọhụụ ọzọ, nke Eratosthenes sere, meji eji a dị ka akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke Centaurus ji.  [2] E kewaghị ya na Centaurus ruo mgbe Hipparchus nke Bithynia gbo ya Therion ( Medieval Latin  nke "anụ ndị") na apụ nke abụọ BC.

. O nwere ike ịbụ na m mkpọ ndị Gris gbadoro ụkwụ na onye Babịlọn a mara ka Mad Dog (UR.IDIM) .  Nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ ngwakọ e kere eke mgbaka isi na isi nke nwoke nwere ụkwụ na ọdụ ọdụm (akara cuneiform 'UR' na-ezo aka na nnukwu anụ anụ; ọdụm, wolves na ngwaọrụ niile).  A na-eke ya na njikọ chi ndị na-eme ifo ọzọ a na-akpọ Bison-man, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe àgwà ya na mgbịrị Gris nke Centaurus.

Mgbe e ịhụ, na Islam Medieval astronomy, a set ya السبع al-Sab' , [1] nke bụ okwu e ji mee ihe anụ anụ ọkụ ọ elekere na-eri anụ (dị ka therion Grik  ), dị ka m ike dị iche, ma e mgba ya na Centaurus.  N'ime odide ụfọdụ nke Akwụkwọ Al-Sufi nke Kpakpando a kapịrị ọnụ na ụwa, e sere ya dị ka ọdụm;  [2] na ndị ọzọ, a na-ese ya dị ka anụ ndị wolf, [3] ha abụọ sere n'aha Sab .
Usoro isi

thumb|  .Ihe osise Hertzsprung-Russell na-akpa nkata nchapụta (ma ọ bụ oke zuru oke ) nke akwụkwọ ebo ndeksi agba ya (nke nọchiri anya B-V).  A na-ahụ usoro nke isi dị ka eriri diagonal ama ama si n'elu aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri ala.  Ihe nkata a na-egosi 22,000 sitere na Hipparcos katalọgụ yana 1,000 dị ala (dwarfs na-acha uhie na ọcha) sitere na Gliese Katalọgụ nke Kpakpando Dị nso .
Na igwe usoro bụ isi bụ nhazi nke ndị na- mbara igwe n'ụdị agba na nchapụta dị ka otu egwu na-aga n'ihu na iche iche.  A mara ndị dị na mịgị a dị ka ndị isi-usoro ma ọ bụ jiida dwarf, a na-egosi na ọnọdụ nke ike na-egosi na-egosi anụ ahụ ha, yana oriri ha site n'ụdị ụdị ndụ.  Ndị a bụ ezigbo mmalite na mbara igwe ma egwuregwu .  Amara agba agba dị ka ụzọ Hertzsprung–Russell ka Ejnar Hertzsprung na Henry Norris Russell gachara .

Mgbe condensation na mgbanye nke ndị, ọ na-ahụ ike n'ime nnukwu isi mpaghara ya site na akwụkwọ ozi nke hydrogen n'ime helium .  N'ime oge a nke ndụ ndị, ọ na-adị n'usoro bụ isi n' ike a na-egosi isi site na oke ya dabere na nhazi kemịkal na afọ ya.  Isi nke isi-usoro usoro dị na hydrostatic equilibrium, ebe a na-eme ka mmetụta dị n' pụta ìhè site na isi ọkụ na-edozi site na ọdịdị dị n'ime nke ike ndọda site na elu ndị na-ekpuchi elu.  Ndabere siri ike nke ikpe nke ike ike na edu na-enyere aka ndị nguzozi a.  Ike a na-ahụ na isi na-eme ka ọ banye n'elu ma na-agbapụ na foto nke foto .  A na-ebu ike ya site na radieshon ma ọ bụ convection, na nke ikpeazụ na-eme na mpaghara nwere gradients adị elu, elu opacity, ma ọ bụ abụọ.

A na-ekewa usoro bụ isi mgbe ụfọdụ gaa n'ụdị elu na nke dị ala, dabere na usoro nke mkpa na-eji dị ike.  isi, yana ndị bụ isi n'usoro n'okpuru ihe dịka 1.5 ugboro ugboro ọmụmụ ( 1.5 M ), bụ isi na-arụpụta atom hydrogen ọnụ n'usoro dị iche iji helium usoro a na-akpọ proton-proton.  yinye .  N'elu uka a, n'usoro nke elu, usoro mgbasa na atom nke carbon, nitrogen, na oxygen dị ka intermediaries na CNO ụgbọ nke na-ahụ helium site na hydrogen atom.  Kpakpando ndị na-eme n'usoro nke nwere ihe ọmụmụ igwe eji abụọ na-enweta convection na mpaghara ha bụ isi, nke na-eme ka helium ahụ emepụtara wee edemede na-enwe oke ihe a mmetụta maka njikọ ga-eme.  N'okpuru oke a, ndị nwe nwere cores ndị na-mahụ ọdịdị na mpaghara convective dị nso n'elu.  N'ịdalata oke ndị, ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eme envelopu convective na- , ngbara bọtịnụ.  Kpakpando isi usoro n'okpuru 0.4 M na-enweta convection n'oge oke ha.  isi nke nwere helium na-etolite na oyi akwa nke mpụta nke hydrogen gbara Mgbe gburugburu.

Na Mahadum Princeton, Henry Norris Russell na-agbaso usoro nyocha yiri nke ahụ. Ọ nọ na-amụ njikọ dị n'etiti nhazi nke kpakpando dị iche iche na nchapụta ha n'ezie dị ka edoziziri maka ịdị anya— ịdị ukwuu ha zuru oke . N'ihi nke a, o ji otu kpakpando nke nwere parallaxes ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ọtụtụ n'ime ha kewapụtara na Harvard. Mgbe ọ kpara nkata dị iche iche nke kpakpando ndị a megide oke oke ha, ọ chọpụtara na kpakpando dwarf sochiri mmekọrịta dị iche. Nke a mere ka e jiri ezi uche buru amụma amụma nchapụta nke kpakpando dwarf n'ezie.
Okirikiri Metonic

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|320x320px| osipụta nke afọ 19 nke ክብደቱ Metonic dị ka wiil, yana ụbọchị Julian nke Ista Ọhụrụ, sitere na ihe odide njirimara na apụ nke emere na St. Emmeram's Abbey ( Clm 14456, fol. 71r).
[thumb| tusaale, site na Ọkpara Metonic nke afọ 19, nwa zuru ezu na-emeghachi ma ọ bụ nso Christmas n'etiti 1711 na 2300. [1] [2] A na-ahụ obere ọba akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na-atụnyere ha.  Agba uhie-egosi zuru oke nke bụkwa chi jiri n'ọnọ.](https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C3%B2r%C3%B2:Christmas_full_moons_1711-2300.gif)
Metonic lug ma ọ bụ enneadecaeteris (site na Ancient Greek  , site na ἐννεακαίδεκα, "iri na iteghete") bụ oge ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afụ afụ iri na-eme mgbe nke ahụ usoro ahụ na-amaliteghachi n'  otu oge n'afọ.  Ozighachite ahụ ọkụ oke, site na nleba anya nke ọma, ụgbọ Metonic akọwara dị ka ụnwa ụnwanyi synodic 235 bụ naanị awa 2, 4 na 58 nhọrọ ọzọ awụ 19 .  Meton nke Athens, na apụ nke ise BC, ihe na ahụ bụ ọnụọgụ ụbọchị dum, 6,940.  Iji ọnụọgụgụ ndị a niile na-eme ka ọ dị mfe mfe kalenda ụnwanyị .

Na kalenda ndị na nke Hibru, afọ 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, na 19 bụ awụ ogologo (narị na atọ) nke ụgbọ Metonic.  Usoro ụzọ a bụ ntọala nke kalenda Grik na nke Hibru.  A na-eji ụkwụ afọ 19 maka ịgbakọ ụbọchị Ista kwa afọ.
Magnetosphere

thumb| Nkere nke ahịrị oghere ndọta nke magnetosphere nke ike.
Na mbara igwe na igwe mbara ala, magnetosphere bụ mpaghara oghere gburugburu ihe na-egosi mbara igwe nke ihe ndọta ihe ahụ na-emetụta ihe ndị na-ebubo ebubo .  [1] [2] Emebere ya site na aru onye nke nwere dynamo ime ime na-arụ ọrụ.

N'ime oghere dị nso na ahụ mbara ala, oghere ndọta yiri magnetik dipole .  N'ebe dị ike, ahịrị ubi nwere ike ịgbagọ nke ukwuu site na nke nke plasma na-eduzi ọkụ eletrik, dị ka nke sitere na isi (ya bụ, ifufe ike ) ma ọ bụ ike dị nso.  [1] [2] Planets nwere magnetospheres na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka ike, nwere ike ibelata ma ọ bụ ike nke radieshon ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ radieshon mbara igwe, nke na-echebekwa ihe niile dị ndụ site na ihe nwere ike ike.  egwu na egwu.  A na-amụ nke a n'okpuru isiokwu ntụ iche nke physics plasma, physics space, na aeronomy

mgbochi ihe magnetosphere nke ụwa mgbasa na 1600, mgbe William Gilbert ngwa na ebe ndọta dị n'elu ụwa yiri nke terrella, obere oghere magnetized.  N'afọ ndị 1940, Walter M. Elsasser tụpụtara ihe ihe nke dynamo theory, nke na-eme ka oghere magnetik nke ụwa na-nke isi nke ụwa.  Saịtị n'iji magnetometer eme ihe, ndị na-kaka ike mgba nwere ike ipo ihe dị iche na mpaghara magnetik ụwa dị ka ọrụ nke ma oge na latitude na longitude.

. Malite na awụ 1940, a na-eji rọketi ụkpụrụ ụzarị mbara igwe .  Na 1958, Explorer 1, nke mbụ n'ime usoro ọrụ mbara igwe nke Explorer, ka ewepụtara iji àgwà ike nke ụzarị mbara igwe dị n'elu ikuku ma ebelata dị na ọrụ a.  Ọrụ a videos adị nke eriri radieshon Van Allen (nke dị na mpaghara ime magnetosphere nke ụwa), na nsochi Explorer 3 mechara n'afọ ahụ nke ọma adị adị ya.  Ọzọkwa n'oge 1958, Eugene Parker mmetụta nke echiche nke ifufe, na okwu 'magnetosphere' na-atụ aro site Thomas Gold na 1959 na-ahụ otú ikuku na-emekọ ihe na ụwa magnetik field.  Ozi ikpeazụ nke Explorer 12 na 1961 nke Cahill na Amazeen nlebanya na 1963 nke mbelata ike ndọta na ngwaọrụ n'ụdị meridian nke ehihie, mechara mechara magnetopause .  Ka ọ na-erule 1983, International Cometary Explorer ebe magnetotail, ma ọ bụ oghere ndọta dị anya.

Magnetospheres na-adabere n'ụdị iche iche: ụdị ihe na-ịtụ mbara igwe, ndị nke isi nke plasma na ume ọkụ, oge ihe na-agba ihe, nke axis nke ihe na-agbagọ ihe, axis nke magnetik dipole.  , na ukwuu.  na ntụzịaka nke ikuku nke ahụ .
Ophiuchus

thumb|kpakpando igwe Ophiuchus
 

Ophiuchus / / ˌɒfi ˈjuːkəs / ) bụ nnukwu mkpà nke na-ekpu n'ọkwa nke ijide .  Aha ya sitere na Greek ochie ὀφιοῦχος ( ophioûkhos ), nke ere “onye na-ebu ụgbọ mmiri”, a na-amịkwa anya ya dị ka nwoke na-ejide nwa.  Ndị mmadụ bụ Serpen nọchiri anya nna ahụ.  Ophiuchus bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri na ndị ahụ ìgwè nke Ptolemy na- ngosi mbara igwe nke mbụ afụ nke abụọ pụtara, ọ ka bụkwa otu n'ime 88 ìgwè nke oge a.  Aha ọzọ ochie maka m nke ahụ bụ Serpentarius ( / ˌ sɜːr pən ˈ t ɛər iəs / )

Ophiuchus dị n'etiti Aquila, Serpens, Scorpius, Sagittarius, na Hercules, n'ebe ugwu-amata nke etiti Milky Way .  ọgụ ndị dị n'etiti Scorpius na-ama egwuregwu yana Sagittarius n'ihu ụmụaka malite.  [1] [2] N'ebe ugwu, a na-ahụ ya nke ọma n'oge ndụ.  [3] Ọ dị iche na Orion .  A aka Ophiuchus dị ka nwoke na-ejide obi;  njikọ nke ahụ ya na-ekewa mkpuru Serpens n'ime akara abụọ, Serpens Caput na Serpens Cauda .  Ophiuchus na-agafe n ele equator ebe ọtụtụ mpaghara ya dị na mpaghara ndịda.  Rasalhague, past ya na- Kamara, dị nso na nstụtụ ugwu Ophiuchus n'ihe dịka +12 mbelata.  [4] Otu ikike gbatịpụrụ n'ebe ndịda ruo -30° mbelata.  mgbochi nke eklips n'ime Ophiuchus dị na ndịda -20° mbelata.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke Olbers

alt=In this animation depicting an infinite and homogeneous sky, successively more distant stars are revealed in each frame. As the animation progresses, the more distant stars fill the gaps between closer stars in the field of view. Eventually, the entire image is as bright as a single star.|thumb| Dị ka a na-ekpughere kpakpando ndị ọzọ dị anya n'ihe nkiri a na-egosi eluigwe na ala enweghị ngwụcha, nke jikọrọ ọnụ na nke kwụ ọtọ, ha na-ejupụta oghere dị n'etiti kpakpando nso. Paradox nke Olbers na-ekwu na n'ihi na mbara igwe abalị gbara ọchịchịrị, opekata mpe otu n'ime echiche atọ a ga-abụrịrị ụgha.
. Paradox nke Olbers, nke a ntụgharị dị ka paradox , Land , bụ isi na mbara igwe na mbara igwe anụ ahụ nke na-ekwu na ụzọ nke mbara igwe na-agụ echiche nke ese na ala kwụ na-achị na-achọgharị na-emeghe.  ebi.  Na hypothetical ikpe na mmadụ na ala bụ static, homogenous na a nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ, na ndị mmadụ bi na-achụso ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ, ọla akara nke anya si Earth ga-achọ na elu nke mgba na n'ihi ya,  ikuku mbara igwe kpamkpam ìhè na nke ukwuu.  mmetụta.  Nke a na- mgbochi a ịdọ na ekiri ndị nke.

nri nke mbara igwe bụ otu ihe ndị na-egbochi maka ụwa dị ike, dị ka ihe ihe Big Bang .  Nlereanya ahụ na-arịị ihe agbanwe agbanwe nke nchapụta ahụ site n'ịkpọsawanye nke mmadụ na ala, nke na-elu ogologo ebili mmiri nke ọkụ a na-ahụ anya sitere na Big Bang ruo n'ike microwave site na usoro a mara  dị ka redshift .  Ihe n'azụ microwave radieshon nwere ogologo ogologo ogologo ogologo ogologo ogologo ogologo (milimita kama nanometers), nke na-egosi akara na anya gba ɔtɔ ma na-akpa maka onye nata redio.

Onye mbụ kwuru okwu nsogbu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-achọghị na akụ nke si na Cosmos bụ Cosmas Indicopleustes, onye Gris bụ onye mọnk nke ike awụ nke isii si Aleksandria, bụ onye na-ekwu na Topographicia Christiana ya, sị: “  Iluigwe nke kristal mere na-akwado ụkpụrụ nke ụwa.  ike, ụgbụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eche;  ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ ga-ama akara n’ọkụ, ọkụ ịgbaze ma ọ bụ tinye ọkụ.”
Parsec

. The parsec (akara: pc ) bụ okporo ogologo nke a na-eji igwe nnukwu anya na ihe ndị na- mbara igwe na- usoro mbara igwe, ihe dịka 3.26 ma ọ bụ 206,265 (AU), ntụgharị 30.9 puku odi kilomita .  [lower-alpha 1] A na-enweta mmeri parsec site na iji parallax na trigonometry, ma ya dị ka anya ebe 1 AU na-akpa nke otu arcsecond [1] (  ) .  Kpakpando kacha nso, Proxima Centauri, dị ihe dị ka 1.3 parsecs (4.2 light-years) site na ọmụmụ : site na anya ahụ, ọrụ dị n'etiti ego na-adị na-adị n'okpuru.  ogo.  [2] Ọtụtụ ugboro a na-ahụ anya na anya gba ɔtɔ dị n'ime obere ole na ole parsecs nke Sun, nke kacha dị anya na puku parsecs ole na ole, na mgbochi Andromeda na ihe ụmụaka 700 puku parsecs.

Okwu parsec bụ portmanteau nke "parallax nke otu nsogbu" ma onye Britain na-egosi mbara igwe bụ Herbert Hall Turner chepụtara na 1913 [1] iji mee ka ngụkọ nke ndị na-egosi mbara igwe dị anya site na naanị data nleba anya.  Otu n'ime ihe ihe oyiyi ya, ọ bụ ngalaba a na mbara igwe na astrophysics, ọ bụ ebe na afụ ọkụ ka na-ewu ewu na ederede ama na ojiji a na-ama.  Ọ bụ ebe na a na-eji parsecs mee ihe dị ike n'ime Milky Way, a na-achọ otutu parsecs maka nnukwukpa igwe, ndị kilo parsecs (kpc) maka ihe ndị ọzọ dị anya n'ime na gburugburu Milky.  Way, mega parsecs (MPc) maka.  Ụmụ nta etiti dị anya, na giga parsecs (Gpc) maka ọtụtụ quasars na iwe ndị mmadụ dị anya.

A kọwapụtara parsec dị ka hà nhata n'ogologo ụkwụ dị n'ụdị (ụkwụ nke na-esote bụ 1 AU) nke triangle aka nri nwere nnukwu ogologo n'ime oghere.  ụkwụ abụọ nke triangle a dabere bụ ụkwụ ya dị, ogologo ya bụ otu nke mbara igwe (nkezi ụwa - anya ihe ), yana ụgwọ nke vertex chere ihu n'ụkwụ ahụ, na-atụ otu arcsecond .  N'itinye iwu nke trigonometry na abụọ a, ike ike nwere otu ogologo ụkwụ nke ọzọ nke triangle (parsec).
Mbara ala ndị gafere Neptune

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Percival Lowell, onye kwuru echiche nke Planet X
Mgbe ikera mbara ala Neptune na 1846, e nwere nnukwu ntule na mbara ala ọzọ nwere ike ikike nke n'ofe ya.  Nchọgharị ahụ ahụ n'etiti ahụhụ nke afọ nke 19 wee gaa n'ihu na ọhụụ nke 20 na-egosi Percival Lowell maka Planet X. Lowell tụpụtara mbara ala ahụ.  Echiche X iji gbasaahie ọdịiche na orbits nke nnukwu mbara ala, Uranus na Neptune, [1] na-mpụta na ike ndọda nke nnukwu mbara nke ụwa nke nwunye a na-ahụghị anya nwere ike ime ka Uranus gbagwojuru anya nke ọma iji ji.  ihe na-ụlọ ezi.

. Nchọpụta nke Clyde Tombaughhụ Pluto na 1930 ka ọ pụtara echiche Lowell, na aha Pluto n'ihu ọha bụ ụwa nke ndụ.  N'afọ 1978, Pluto kpebisiri ike na ọ ga-adị obere ka ike ike ya na-egosi nnukwu ala, na-eme ka ọ dị nkenke mbara ala nke iri.  A gbahapụrụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na-egosi 1990s, mgbe nyọcha nke nha nke ụgbọ elu Voyager 2 mere ngwa na mmejọ ndị a na-ahụ na gburugburu Uranus bụ n'ihi ikike nleba anya nke oke Neptune.  [1] Mgbe 1992 gachara, nchọta nke ọtụtụ obere ihe oyi na-atụ ma ọ bụ egwuregwu mbara orbits ntụ ntụ Pluto butere see ma Pluto elele na mbara ala, ma ọ bụ ma ya na ndị agbata obi ya kwesịrị, dị ka asteroids.  , ka e nye ha iche iche.  nhazi ọkwa.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ka ukwuu n'ìgwè a ka a mbụ mbụ dị ka mbara ala, na 2006 International Astronomical Union (IAU) reclassified Pluto na ndị agbata obi ya kasị ukwuu dị ka mbara ala dwarf, na-  hapụ Neptune bụ mbara ala elele ama na mbara igwe

Na 1900 na 1901, Harvard College Observatory director William Henry Pickering duziri nyocha abụọ maka mbara ala trans-Neptunian. Nke mbụ bụ onye Danish na-enyocha mbara igwe Hans Emil Lau malitere, mgbe ọ mụchara data na orbit nke Uranus site na 1690 ruo 1895, kwubiri na otu trans-Neptunian planet naanị enweghị ike ịkọ maka nghọtahie dị na orbit ya, ma depụta ọnọdụ abụọ. mbara ala o kwenyere na ọ bụ ya kpatara ya. Emebere nke abụọ mgbe Gabriel Dallet tụrụ aro ka otu mbara ala trans-Neptunian dina na 47.&nbsp;AU nwere ike ịkọ maka ngagharị nke Uranus. Pickering kwetara inyocha efere maka mbara ala ọ bụla a na-enyo enyo. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, a hụghị ya.
Nrịgo aka nri

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Mg ago ziri ezi na mbelata ka a kwụsị n'ime oghere nke lug .  Isi usoro nke ahụ bụ March equinox, ọnụ na-arrịgo nke ecliptic (red) na mbara igwe (acha ọkụ ọkụ).  A na-atụ nrịgo aka nri n'ihu ndị na-eme atụmatụ ruo awa 24 n'ụdị equator celestial site na isi ụzọ.
Nrịgo aka nri (nke a na-akpọ RA ; akara α ) bụ ebe dị anya n'ụdị otu ebe a ụdị n'ụdị ụmụaka n'ụdị equator celestial site na ọmụmụ na March equinox ruo ( oge elekere ) nke ihe a na  -ajụ n'elu mmetụta.  [1] Mgbe eji ozi ya na mbelata, nhazi nke mbara igwe ndị a na-achọpụtapụta ebe isi dị na mbara igwe dị n'usoro nhazi nke equatorial.

Okwu ochie, mgbago aka nri ( Àtụ:Language with name  [1] na-ezo aka na nrịgo elu, ma ọ bụ isi ihe dị na mbara igwe nke na-ebili na ihe ọ ala nke ịnọ dị ka a na.  Ọ dị iche na nrịgo nke elu igwe, isi ihe dị na mbara igwe nke na-ebili na ihe ọ eligwe dị na mbara igwe dị ka.  a na-ahụ site na ọtụtụ latitudes dị n'ụwa, ebe mbara igwe na-ahụ mbara igwe n'aṅa ihu .
thumb|303x303px| .Mgbago aka nri (acha soro) na mbelata (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) dị ka a na-ebupụta site na nrị mbara igwe
thumb| A na- ụzọ mbụ dị iche ebe a.  Akara a ♈︎ na-akara ntụzịaka March equinox . Na-eche na ụbọchị nke afọ bụ March equinox: ọmụmụ na-edina n'ebe akụ isi awụ, nke akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ndụ akụ akara ga-egosi na ọ na-ebili n'ebe ọmụmụ n'  ihe dị ka etiti (Ụwa e si "n'elu" na-akpa na elekere anya).  Mgbe onye na-ekiri ya rutere akụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, chi ọbẹbọ ga-akarị ike (lee igwe na-acha ọkụ ọkụ Rayleigh na-agbasasị ) Ìhè ahụ ihe dị ka awa isii, tupu ya ada n'ebe  azụ azụ.  Mgbago ziri ezi nke ozi ahụ dị ihe dịka elekere 18. 18h nwanne na ọ bụ ihe ngosi oge Ma achị na na mbara igwe na-acha isi n'ụtụ.  Ọ bụrụ na 12 h RA, ndị ahụ ga-abụ ndị ozi niile nke March ka ọ na-azụ March equinox.  Ọ bụrụ na 6 h RA ndị ahụ ga-abụ oge ịkpọ nke March, na elu ya (meridian) na mgbede.
. Nrịgo aka nri bụ nke ndị na-eso na lonjitude terrestrial.  Ma mgbago aka nri na lonjitude na-atụ site na ntụzịaka bụ isi (ebe efu) n'elu equator .  A na- ndị nrịgo aka nri site na inwe na March equinox ya bụ ebe mbụ nke Aries, nke bụ ebe dị na mbara igwe ebe na-agafe na mbara igwe si n'ebe ndịda ruo n'ebe ugwu na March equinox ma dị.  ngwa a na m ike Pisces .  A na-atụ nrịgo aka nri na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ zuru oke site na nhazi nke ụwa na ọmụmụ dị na mbara igwe, nha nha, nha na-azụ n' ụmụaka ụmụaka.
David Kandel

thumb|300x300px|Akwụkwọ abụo Labandula species from Hieronymus Bock's Kreuterbuch
thumb|300x300px| "Ihe osise "Rhinoceros" (34 × 20.5 cm ma ọ bụ 11.8×8.0 sentimita) nke David Kandel, bipụtara na "Cosmographia" nke Sebastian Münster nke afọ 1598. O dọrọ anya na ọdịdị ya na ''Rhinoceros nke Dürer'' dorot anya.  (Site na Dr. Nuno Carvalho de Sousa Private Collections - Lisbon)
**David Kandel** (1520-1592) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Renaissance na otu n'ime ndị  osa ụzọ nke ihe osise botanical na akụkọ ihe mere eme. A maara obere ihe banyere ndụ onwe ya. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
Ọ yikarịrị ka a mụrụ ya na Strasbourg, n'afọ 1520. Ọ lụrụ di na 1554 ma, afọ 33 ka e mesịrị, na afọ 1587, edere ya dị ka "onye nwe ụlọ". Ọ nwụrụ na afọ 1592. Ọrụ ya na ihe osise ya dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe osisa botanical ruo ihe omume Bible.

The *Kreuter uche* (ma ọ bụ "The Book of the Herbs"), nke Hieronymus Bock, jiri osisi nke dị mmá karịa oge ahụ. n'ịbụ onye Bock nyere iwu, Kandel nyere ihe dị ka 550 woodcuts na mbipụta nke abụọ e bipụtara na afọ 1546. 

 Osise "Rhinoceros", maka ọrụ Cosmographia (ma ọ bụ "*Cosmography*") nke Sebastian Munster, dabeere na eserese Dürer.

## Edemsibe
Onye na-enyocha mbara igwe

thumb| .A na-eme nri vootu na 2006 International Astronomical Union's General Assembly maka ikpeba ọhụrụ nke mbara ala
Onye na-ahụ mbara igwe bụ chọkoro na ngalaba nke mbara igwe nke na-achọ anya n' nti ihe ha n'otu ihe ma ọ bụ ubi a kapịrị ọnụ nke ụwa .  Ha na-ahụ ihe gbasara mbara igwe dị ka ndị mmadụ, mbara ala, nwanyị, comet na ikike - na nleba anya (site n'ịtụle data) ma ọ bụ usoro mbara igwe .  Ọmụmaatụ nke isiokwu ma ọ bụ ubi ihe ọmụma ndị na-egosi mbara igwe mgbasa mbara ụwa, mbara igwe mbara igwe, ma ọ bụ ozi nke iko, ma ọ bụ nguzobe nke ike .  Lista ma dị iche bụ cosmology anụ ahụ, nke na-amụ Eluigwe na Ala n'ozuzu ya.

Ndị na-ahụ mbara igwe na-adakarị n'okpuru nke ọ blá n'ime ụdị abụọ bụ isi: ihe na usoro iwu .  Ndị na-egosi mbara igwe na- egosi ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe na-egosi data ahụ.  N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị na-egosi mbara igwe na-ahụ ma na-ahụ ihe ihe ndị a na-ahụ ịhụ anya.  N'ihi na ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ nde na ndụ awụ tupu usoro ịgba ma ọ bụ ike mechaa ụzọ ndụ, ndị na-egosi mbara igwe ịhụ foto nke usoro dị iche iche n'ebe iche iche n'usoro evolushọn ha.  iji ụzọ otú ha si chọta, na-esi n'ezigbo, na anwụ anwụ.  Ha na-eji data a ụdị ma ọ bụ simulations iji chepụta ka ihe dị iche iche nke ọrụ si arụ ọrụ.