Althea McNish

Althea McNish CM FSCD (15 Mee 1924 - 16 mbịara 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe sitere na Trinidad bụ onye ndu onye akwa akwa Black Britain mbụ aha mba ụwa.

Amụrụ na Trinidad, McNish kwagara Britain na 1950s.  Eji ozi ya na Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) na 1960, na-ekere òkè na ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ ozi nke CAM ma na-enyere aka iche nka Caribbean na ọha Britain.  A na-anya ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Victoria na Albert Museum, Whitworth Museum, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture na Cooper-Hewitt (Smithsonian Design Museum), n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ.    

McNish bụ onye otu nke Chartered Society of Designers .  Ọ akụkọ onye isi John Weiss (1933 – 2018).

## ndabere

### Afọ mbụ
A markiiba Althea Marjorie McNish [1] na Port of Spain, Trinidad, gburugburu 1933. Nna ya, onye edemede Joseph Claude McNish, sitere na ndị ọbịa Merikin na Trinidad .  [2] Ọ na-ese ihe mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-enyere aka na azụmahịa ime uwe nne ya site n'ime ihe ọrụ, bụ obere onye otu Trinidad Arts Society ma mee ihe mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. [  3] egwu ya ndị egwu obodo Sybil Atteck, Amy Leong Pang na Boscoe Holder, na ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ Europe dịka Vincent van Gogh .

### Kwaga London
Na 1951 McNish so nne ya kwa London, England, isonyere nna ya n'ebe ahụ.  [1] [2] O nweelarị ebe ọ ga-agụ akwụkwọ na Architectural Association School of Architecture na Bedford Square dị ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, Central School of Arts and Crafts na Royal College of Art .  [2] N'afọ ikpeazụ ya na London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, ọ nwera na textiles na agbamume nke Eduardo Paolozzi, wee họrọ textiles e biri ebi dị ka isiokwu nke iwe ya na ịga n'ihu na Royal College of Art  .  ebe Hugh Casson akwụkwọ talent ya.

Mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ọ akwụkwọ ozi site na Arthur Stewart-Liberty, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ngalaba onwe, na-ozira ya otu ụbọchị site na tagzi Zika Ascher, bụ onye nyere ya ikike mkpokọta maka Dior .  [1] N'ime nke ọma maka ndị aha a ma ama, McNish bụ ihe Caribbean mbụ ama ama na ngalaba a.

Na 1966, McNish haziri akwa maka akwa akwa nke Elizabeth II n'oge egwu Queen na Trinidad.

O so na ihe ngosi nka nke Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) mere na 1967, May 1968 na Jenụwarị 1971, na-agụnye textiles yana "panel plastic in laminate".  [1] Maka akara Caribbean nke BBC TV mmemme mmemme Full House, nke John La Rose iduro ma eguzo ya na 3 February 1973, ọ chị ọchịchị ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri CAM dị ka ntọala studio maka ndị edemede CAM, ndị na-  egwu egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  [2] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọrụ ya - nke akwa akwa atọ e biri ebi na- anya ya site na akụkọ ọrụ ya: Golden Harvest, Pomegranate na Fresco [3] - e sere na ngozi RCA Black: gara  aga, ugbu a & Future (31 August-6 September 2011), [4] ] [5] nke Royal College of Art haziri na akwụkwọ ya na African na African-Caribbean Design Diaspora (AACDD) iji mee ememe nka na imewe site n  'aka ndi Afrika na Afrika-Caribbean akwụkwọ akwụkwọ  

### Mmekọrịta ya na John Weiss
Na 1969 ọ ngosi John Weiss, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, onye na-ese ihe na onye ọkọ ọkụ ihe mere eme, wee soro ya rụkọọ ọrụ site na 1971. Ha na John La Rose na-akpa ụka na 2 February 1999 dị  ka ụgwọ nke ndị Britannia: Ndụmahụ Ndụ na usoro Britain nke e mere na New Beacon Books (ndị ọzọ so na-agụnye Dennis Bovell, Gus John, Rev. Wilfred Wood, Aggrey Burke, Yvonne Brewster, na Alexis Rennie) 

N'oge ọnwụ Weiss na 2018, Jake Leith, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Chartered Society of Designers, kwuru, sị: "John na Althea bụ ndị nwere ike dị ukwuu maka ndị na-eje ozi UK Eji na Textile Design."

McNish die na biri 2020, na ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi Spring Lane na Muswell Hill .

## Atụmatụ ama ama
Ọtụtụ n'ime ngosi McNish gbadoro ụkwụ na okike n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ na-eji isiokwu na-adịghị ahụkebe, mgbe ụfọdụ geometric.  Otu n'ime mbụ ya iji banye na ikike, Golden Harvest na 1957, bụ akara ngosi na satin owu, nke Hull Traders rụpụtara ya nke o mekwara ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ya), [1] ọbọ a dabere na ya.  ubi ọka wheat Essex mana na-eji agba akụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi ya Tropic, [2] akwa akwa e edina na silk ma njikere Zika Ascher na 1959, na Gilia, akwa akwa na-enye owu na- akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na ola edo,  nke Hull Traders ikpe na 1961, nọ na ya.  nchịkọta akwa na Victoria & Albert Museum .  Nakwa na 1959, maka ọrụ nke Ngalaba Nchọpụta Kere maka SS Oriana ọhụrụ, bụ nke ewepụtara na Nọvemba 1959 ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ nke Orient Steam Navigation Company's the Ocean liners, ọ rụpụtara maka ụlọ nri abụọ, Rayflower [3] na painiapulu.  na pọmigranet, [4] [5] etinyere n'ime ogwe plastik Warerite, ahịrị nke Perstorp Group mechara ịchụso ya.  Nhazi nke 1960 nke ime ime Port of Spain General Hospital, Trinidad, site na ndị na-ese ezinụlọ ụlọ Devereux na Davies, ihe ihe osise McNish 

Na 1997, na-egosi ihe ngosi Transforming the Crown: African, Asian and Caribbean Artists in Britain, 1966-1996, nke McNish ngwaọrụ na Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, na ndị ọzọ na-ese CAM, New York Times kọrọ na  ọ "na-ihe ihe na-ahụ ahụkebe, ụdị akwa geometric sitere n'ike ike ns sitere n'Africa".

Na 2018 McNish hụrụ aha na Architectural Digest dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị na-ahụ ụdị ọrụ nke ihe ihe mere eme" (n' watch Maija Isola, Norma Merrick Sklarek, Muriel Cooper, na Denise Scott Brown )

McNish nwanne na 2018 BBC akwụkwọ ndị anọnye na-ama aha ọzọ onye nka ojii?  Akụkọ ihe omimi nke Britain zoro ezo, nke Brenda Emmanus gbasoro Sonia Boyce na otu mka ọ na-eduzi na-egosi ihe ngosi na Manchester Art Gallery, na- akara anya na ndị na-ese ihe nke Africa na Asia bụ ndị keere òkè n  'ịkpụzi ihe mere eme nke British art.  

 Na 2022, isi nlegharị anya ọrụ ya, akpọrọ Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m, atụkwasịkwara (2 Eprel – 11 Septemba 2022) na William Morris Gallery na Walthamstow, ọwụwa anyanwụ London, nke Liberty Fabrics na-akwado.[1] [2]  Rosie Sinclair nke Goldsmiths, Mahadum London, na-ekwu, sị: “Ma eleghị anya, mgbe ihe ngosi a gasịrị, ndị mmadụ ga-eleba anya n'ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na ákwà ndị e ji emepụta ihe ma na-eche ihe mere agba ji bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụtọ imewe ọhụrụ n'ime ọha mmadụ n'oge a ma chee echiche banyere ya.  ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, onye ọsụ ụzọ imewe dị ka Althea, onye mere ka nke a mee."[3] Sinclair kwukwara, sị: "Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme akwa mba ụwa."[4] dabara na ihe ngosi ahụ, Liberty Fabrics  eweghachitere mkpokọta capsule nke atụmatụ izizi McNish

Na 15 Mee 2023, dabara na ncheta ọmụmụ 99th nke ọmụmụ ya, ekpughere ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nsọpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mbụ ya na West Green Road na Tottenham, north London.  

## Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara

; Ihe ngosi solo 

* 1958: *Althea McNish* . Ụlọ osisi Woodstock, London.
* 1982: *Althea McNish* . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke ndị mmadụ, London.
* 1997: *Althea McNish* . Hockney Gallery, Royal College of Art, London.
* 2003: *Althea McNish: Ụwa m nke agba: Ọrụ mba ụwa na mkpali nke onye na-emepụta akwa akwa Black British Trinidadian* . Mahadum Ohio, Athens, USA.
* 2022: *Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m* . William Morris Gallery, London.
* 2023: *Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m* . Mahadum nke Manchester, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester.

; Ihe ngosi otu 

* 1961: *Ihe osise nke Trinidad na Tobago Artists* . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London.
* 1967: *Caribbean Artists Movement* . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal, Stratford .
* 1968: *Caribbean Artists Movement* . Digby Stuart College, House of Commons nke United Kingdom na London School of Economics, London.
* 1971: *Caribbean Artists na England* . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London.
* 1975: *Caribbean Women Artists ngosi* . Olympia International Arts Center, Kingston, Jamaica .
* 1978: *Afro-Caribbean Art* . Ahịa Artists, London, nke Drum Arts Center haziri. 
* 1978: *Ụzọ Anyị Dị Ndụ Ugbu a* . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Victoria & Albert, London.
* 1981: *INDIGO '81 ihe ngosi mba ụwa* . Indigo, Lille, France .
* 1982: *Commonwealth Festival ngosi* . Brisbane, Australia .
* 1986: *Mee ma ọ bụ mebie* . Henry Moore Gallery, London.
* 1996: *Njikọ Caribbean 2: Pulse Island* . Ụlọ ọrụ Islington Arts, London.
* 1997: *Ịgbanwe okpueze: Ndị nka Africa, Eshia na Caribbean na Britain, 1966–1996* . Caribbean Cultural Center, Studio Museum na Harlem, na Bronx Museum of Arts, New York.
* 1997: *Trinidad na Tobago Site n'Anya nke Artist: Site na Cazabon ruo Narị Afọ Iri Ọhụrụ 1813–2000* . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London. Ihe ngosi na emume ncheta afọ 35 nke nnwere onwe nke Republic of Trinidad na Tobago.
* 1998: *Isii na Otu: Ndị nka si Caribbean* . Ụlọ ihe ngosi Morley, London.
* 2007: *Azụmahịa na Alaeze Ukwu: Icheta Ịgba Ohu* . Whitworth Art Gallery, Mahadum Manchester, Manchester.   
* 2011: *RCA Black* . Royal College of Art, London. 
* 2019: *Bilie, Bilie ugbu a.* Somerset House, London. 

## Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu

* 1976: Chaconia Medal (Gold), Republic of Trinidad na Tobago, "maka ogologo na meritorious ọrụ nka na imewe" 
* 1988: Award Scarlet Ibis, Trinidad na Tobago High Commission, London 
* 2006: Dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke Fine Art, Mahadum Trinidad na Tobago  
* 2008: Onye nta akụkọ bụ Angela Cobbinah kọwara ya dị ka "ihe na-emetụta ozugbo, na-enyere aka ịmepụta usoro ejiji ọhụrụ yana kpalie ndị na-emepụta ejiji na-adọrọ mmasị na-aga n'ihu dị ka Zandra Rhodes ." 
* 2012: Jubilee Gala Award for Achievement in Arts na UK High Commission of Trinidad na Tobago, na-eme ememe ncheta 50th nke nnwere onwe.  
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations