open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dewcell

thumb|Dewcell (n'etiti) na onye nche nchebe eji echekwa na njem n'aka ekpe na mkpuchi eji eme ihe mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'aka nri
**Dewcells**, dewcels ma ọ bụ dew cell bụ ngwá ọrụ eji achọpụta ebe igirigi.  Ha nwèrè obere ihe na-ekpo ọkụ nke ihe ngwọta lithium chloride gbárá gbụrụ-gbúrụ. Ka LiCl na-amị mmiri site na ikuku, conduction gafee ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-abawanye, ọkụ dị na ya na-aba ụba, na okpomọkụ na-ababawanye, na-eme ka mmiri si na nnu.  N'okpomọkụ ụfọdụ, mmiri nkè nnu na-amị bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke evaporated (nkwekọ).

N'ime isi dewcell a thermistor composite (ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-atụle okpomọkụ) na-agbanwe nguzogide eletrik na okpomọkụ nkè okpomọkụ mepụtara.  Ónyé nhazi ihu na-enye voltaji, na-atụle mmepụta nkè netwọk, ma na-agbakọ ébé igirigi.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* ''Ihe odide Foxboro Dewcel''
Diathermancy

thumb|Delta nke osimiri Amazon na-egosi enweghị igwe ojii n'elu mmiri osimiri n'ihi na mmiri abụghị mmiri diathermanous.
Diathermancy (site na "dia" *site na* "thermē" *okpomọkụ*) bụ **ihe** onwunwe nkè ụfọdụ mmiri nké na-enye ohere ka ìhè si na ha na-enweghị onwé ya na-ekpo ọkụ. N'ihi ya, ihe  "na-agafe" site na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ ónyé Germany na-ahụ màkà physics na chemist Heinrich Gustav Magnus kọwara Diathermancy n'ébé afọ 1800s.

Mmiri *bụ* diathermanous; yá mèrè ikuku ikuku *anaghị* ékpo ọkụ site na anwụ. Mmiri ikuku n'ekpo ọkụ site na radieshon okpomọkụ nkè ala na-ewepụta, na karịsịa, site na mmiri n'elu ụwa.

Mmiri *abụghị* diathermanous, a na-ekpo ọkụ yá kpọmkwem site na ìhè anyanwụ.

## Okpomọkụ ikuku sitere na mmiri oké osimiri
thumb|Ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Oké Osimiri Pacific Okpomọkụ Mmiri
Okpomọkụ ikuku na-abịa site na radiation ogologo ógè sitere n'ala na, karịsịa, site na mmiri (oké osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, osimiri), n'ihi na mmiri abụghị ihe na-adịghị na diathermanous ma kpuchie ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke elu ụwa. Diathermancy na-akpata ọdịda n'elu mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri. Nke ahụ bụ n'ihi na mpaghara ndị a na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ sitere na Anyanwụ ozugbo mànà ọ na-eji nwayọ ma na-ewepụkwa radieshon a na ikuku. Yá mèrè, mmiri oyi nkè oké osimiri nwèrè ihu igwe doro anya, na-enweghị igwe ojii, n'ihi na ọdịda site na ikuku oyi na nké dị arọ na-ezere ma ọ bụ na-egbochi convection n'ihi nde ha bụ usoro dị ichè.

## Hụkwa

* Mmetụta okpomọkụ
* Ọdịdị radieshon na-apụta

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Media related to Diathermancy at Wikimedia Commons
Amphotropism

**Amphotropism ma ọ bụ amphotropic na-egosi na nje dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa ma nwee ike ibunye ihe karịrị otu ụdị ma ọ bụ usoro Omenala cell.**.

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* Tropism, ndepụta nke tropisms
* Ecotropism, na-egosi ebe dị warara
Ọgwụ mgbochi nje

Antibiosis bụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke na-emebi ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ha; ọ nwekwara ike ịbụ njikọ na-emegide ihe dị n'agbata ihe na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emepụta. Ihe atụ nke antibiotics gụnyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọgwụ nje na nje bacteria ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na pathogens na-akpata ọrịa. Ọmụmụ ọgwụ nje na ọrụ ya na ọgwụ nje emewo ka mmụba nke ihe ọmụma na ngalaba microbiology.  Usoro molekụla dị ka njikọ mgbidi cell na imegharị ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, aghọtara nke ọma site n'ịmụ otú ọgwụ nje si emetụta mmepe beta-lactam site na mmekọrịta antibiosis na mmekọrịta nke ọgwụ ndị dị iche iche na nje bacteria ndị e debere na ngwakọta..

A na-amụkarị ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'etiti ndị na-elekọta osisi ma gbasaa na ụmụ ahụhụ na-eri ha.

"Antibiosis na-eguzogide ọgwụ na-emetụta ihe ndị dị ndụ nke ụmụ ahụhụ, ya mere a na-ebelata ụbara nke pesti na mmebi na-esote ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke gaara eme ma ọ bụrụ na ahụhụ ahụ nọ n'ụdị ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịdaba.  Ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-ebutekarị ịnwụ anwụ ma ọ bụ belata ogologo ndụ na ịmụpụta ụmụ ahụhụ. "

N'oge ọmụmụ nke antibioosis, a chọpụtara na ụzọ isi nweta antibioosis dị irè ka dị. "Mgbe ị na-enye nje bacteria na-emepụta ọgwụ nje a haziri ahazi, ha na-agbakọta na substrate, na-etolite clonally, ma na-emepụta ala, ndị na-adịghị asọmpi, ebe ọgwụ nje na-agbasa n'èzí. " Antibiosis na-akacha arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na akụrụngwa na-adịchaghị ukwuu ma ọ bụ na-adịchaghị obere.  Ekwesịrị ka a na-ewere Antibiosis dị ka etiti na oke akụrụngwa, n'ihi arụmọrụ ya dị mma. 

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* Ọgwụ Na-egbochi Nje
* Mgbochi nje na-egbu egbu
* Biotechnology
* Mmekọrịta

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Disdrometer

thumb|Disdrometer dị na Everglades
**Disdrometer** bụ ngwá ọrụ eji atụle nkesa nha na ọsọ nkè hydrometeors na-ada. Ụfọdụ disdrometers nwèrè ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmiri ozuzo, graupel, na akụ́ mmiri igwe.

Ojiji màkà disdrometers dị ọtụtụ. Enwèrè ike iji ha mee ihe màkà njikwa okporo ụzọ, nyocha sayensị, usoro nyocha ọdụ ụgbọ elu, na hydrology. Disdrometers kachasị ọhụrụ na-eji teknụzụ microwave ma ọ bụ laser. Enwèrè ike iji disdrometers vidiyo 2D nyochaa mmiri ozuzo na snowflakes.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmiri ozuzo
* Ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ snow

## Edensibia
Diurnal cycle

thumb|Mgbanwe ụwa na anyanwụ na-akpata 24 awa n'ehihie / abalị.
**Okirikiri nke** ehihie (ma ọ bụ **okirikiri** diele) bụ usoro ọ bụla nké na-eme kwa awa iri abụọ na anọ n'ihi otu ntụgharị zuru okè nke mbara ala Ụwa gbụrụ-gbúrụ axis ya. Mgbanwe nke ụwa na-akpata mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu n'ehihie na abalị, ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'afọ niile. Okirikiri nke ehihie na-adabere na radieshon anyanwụ na-abata.

## Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ikuku
thumb|Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ ikuku (acha anụnụ anụnụ) lag site na awa 3 ruo 4 n'azụ insolation na ehihie anyanwụ (red).
Na climatology, okirikiri ehihie bụ otu n'ime ụdị kachasị mkpa nké usoro ihu igwe, gụnyere ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ ehihie na mmiri ozuzo. Okirikiri ehihie nwèrè ike ịbụ ihe dịka sinusoidal ma ọ bụ gụnyere ihe ndị mejupụtara sinusoid a pịrị apị (n'ihi ịrị elu na ọdịda anyanwụ) na ntụsara ahụ (Newton cooling) n'abalị. Usoro okirikiri nkè ehihie nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọkwa carbon dioxide na ikuku, n'ihi usoro ndị dị ka photosynthesis na iku ume nke mkpụrụ ndụ.

## Mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ
Okirikiri nke ìhè na okpomọkụ n'ehihie nwèrè ike ịkpata okirikiri yiri nke ahụ na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ, dị ka photosynthesis na osisi na ịda mbà n'obi n'ime ụmụ mmadụ. Nzaghachi osisi na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi nwèrè ike ọbụna mee ka okirikiri na-apụtaghị ìhè na ọrụ microbial rhizosphere, gụnyere nitrogen fixation.

## Oge ọkara ụbọchị
Usoro  na-ezo aka na usoro nke na-eme ihe dịka awa iri na abụọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe dịka ugboro abụọ n'ụbọchị. Ọtụtụ mgbè, enwèrè ike ijikọta ihe ndị a na mmiri nke ọnwa, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ógè ahụ dị nso na awa iri na abụọ na nkeji irí abụọ na ise.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe Nkọwa Oge
* Ụda Circadian
* Ịgagharị n'elu ala
* Oge ehihie

## Edensibia
Nkịta ọnwa

thumb|Nkịta ọnwa abụọ
thumb|Nkịta ọnwa na-apụta na 22° halo gbụrụ-gbúrụ ọnwa
**Nkịta ọnwa** (ma ọ bụ **moonog**) ma ọ bụ **ọnwa** mock, nkè a na-akpọkwa paraselene (ọtụtụ **paraselenae**) na meteorology, bụ ihe ọhụụ nke ikuku nké nwéré ntụpọ na-egbuke egbuke n'otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ abụọ nkè ọnwa. Ha yiri nkịta anyanwụ.

Nkịta ọnwa na-akpata site na ntụgharị nke ìhè ọnwa site na kristal ice dị ka hexagonal-plate na igwe ojii cirrus ma ọ bụ cirrostratus. Ha na-apụtakarị dị ka ihe abụọ na-adịghị mma nke ìhè, na gburugburu ogo iri abụọ na abụọ n'aka ekpe na áká nri nke ọnwa, na n'otu ịdị elu n'elu horizon dị ka ọnwa. Ha nwekwara ike ịpụta n'akụkụ 22° halos.

Nkịta ọnwa dị ụkọ karịa nkịta anyanwụ n'ihi na ọnwa ga-enwu gbaa, ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nkè ọnwa ma ọ bụ karịa, ka a hụ nkịta ọnwa. Nkịta ọnwa na-egosi obere ụcha na ányá mmadụ na-enweghị enyemaka n'ihi na ìhè ha anaghị egbuke egbuke iji mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ cone nkè ányá rụọ ọrụ. [citation needed]

## Hụkwa

* Halo (ihe ọhụụ)
* Ogidi gbara ya gburugburu
* Okpokoro gburugburu
* Gegenschein
* Ìhè Zodiacal

## Edensibia
Dry punch

Akpụkpọ mmiri bụ ókwú ihu igwe màkà usoro synoptic ma ọ bụ usoro mesoscale. Mkpịsị aka kpọrọ nkụ n'elu na-eme ka akara kpọrọ nkụ gbasaa. Mgbapụta kpọrọ nkụ n'elu ébé ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, nké na-ekpuchi mmiri (buoyant) na ọkwa dị àlà na-emekarị ka ikike màkà oké égbè eluigwe.

## Hụkwa

* Ọnọdụ ịda mbà n'obi
Okpomọkụ nke bọlb kpọrọ akpọ

Okpomọkụ bulb akọrọ (**DBT**) bụ **okpomọkụ nké** ikuku nkè a na-atụle site na thermometer na-ekpughe ikuku n'efu, mànà ọ na-echebe ya pụọ na radiation na mmiri.  DBT bụ okpomọkụ nke a na-eche na ọ bụ okpompe ikuku, ọ bụkwa ezigbo okpomọkụ thermodynamic. Ọ na-adabere kpọmkwem na ike kinetic nké ikuku. A na-atụkarị okpomọkụ na degrees Celsius (°C), kelvins (K), ma ọ bụ degrees Fahrenheit (°F).

N'adịghị ka okpomọkụ mmiri, okpomọkụ ọkụ anaghị egosi oké mmiri dị na ikuku. N'ihe owuwu, ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa mgbè ị na-emepụta ụlọ màkà ihu igwe ụfọdụ.  Nall kpọrọ ya otu n'ime "ihe kachasị mkpa na-agbanwe agbanwe màkà ntụsara ahụ mmadụ na ịrụ ọrụ nkè ọma".

DBT bụ ihe dị mkpa na-agbanwe agbanwe na psychrometrics, ịbụ axis dị larịị nkè chaatị psychrometric.

## Hụkwa

* Chart psychrometric
* Hygrometer
* Okpomọkụ nke ikuku

## Edensibia
Elephanta (ikuku)

**Elephanta** bụ ifufe siri ike nke ndịda ma ọ bụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nké na-efe n'ụsọ oké osimiri Malabar nkè India n'oge ọnwa Septemba na Ọktoba ma na-egosi mbido nkè mmiri ozuzo nké ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ.

## Edensibia

* http://ggweather.com/winds.html
Emagram

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe atụ emagram
**Emagram** bụ otu n'ime eserese thermodynamic anọ eji gosipụta ọnụego okpomọkụ na profaịlụ mmiri dị na ikuku. Emagram nwèrè axis nke okpomọkụ (T) na nrụgide (p). N'ime emagram, adiabats kpọrọ nkụ na-eme akụkụ nke ihe dị ka ogo iri anọ na ise na isobars, isotherms kwụ ọtọ na isopleths nke saturation mixing ratio fọrọ nkè nta ka ọ bụrụ nké kwụ ọtọ na nké kwụ ọtọ.

Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-edepụta data okpomọkụ na igirigi site na radiosondes na eserese ndị a iji nyé ohere ngụkọta nkè nkwụsi ike convective ma ọ bụ Convective Available Potential Energy. A na-ejikarị ụdọ ifufe eme ihe n'akụkụ tephigram iji gosipụta ifufe na ịdị elu dị ichè ichè.

Nke mbụ Heinrich Hertz chepụtara n'afọ 1884, a na-eji emagram eme ihe karịsịa na mba Europe. Mba ndị ọzọ na-eji ihe osise thermodynamic yiri ya màkà otu nzube ahụ. Otú ọ dị, nkọwa nké owuwu ha dịgasị ichè. Emagram bụ eserese thermodynamic ikuku mbụ.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe osise nke thermodynamic
* Ihe osise Skew-T log-P
* Tephigram
* Ihe osise Stüve

## Edensibia

* Ihe osise nke thermodynamic

## Akwụkwọ

* 
*
Equilibrium level

Na meteorology, **ọkwa nguzozi - Equilibrium level** (**EL**), ma ọ bụ **ọkwa nke na-anọpụ iche** (**LNB**), ma ọ dị oke nke convection (**LOC**), bụ ịdị elu nke ikuku na-arị elu dị n'otu okpomọkụ dị ka gbụrụ-gbúrụ ya. 
thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ụzọ ikuku mgbe e buliri ya n'akụkụ B-C-E ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikuku gbara ya gburugburu Okpomọkụ (T) na iru mmiri (Tw)
Nke a pụtara na ikuku na-akwụsighị ike ugbu a kwụsiri ike mgbè ọ rùrù ọkwa nguzozi na convection kwụsịrị. Ọnọdụ a na-adịkarị nso na tropopause ma enwèrè ike igosi ya dị ka nso ébé anvil nke égbè eluigwe n'ihi na ọ bụ ébé a na-emecha bepụ égbè eluigwe, ma e wezụga n'ihe gbásárá overshooting n'elu ébé ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arịgo ruo ọkwa kachasị elu (MPL) n'ihi ike. N'ụzọ doro ányá karị, cumulonimbus ga-akwụsị ịrị elu gbụrụ-gbúrụ kilomita ole na ole tupu ọ ruo ọkwa nke na-anọpụ iche na-ese n'elu mmiri na nkezi anvil glaciation na-eme n'ebe dị elu karịa n'elu ala karịa n'oké osimiri (n'agbanyeghị obere ọdịiche dị na LNB site n'ala ruo n'oké Osimiri).

## Hụkwa

* Okpomọkụ nke ikuku
* Mgbanwe nke convective
* Ọnọdụ nke convection n'efu
* Ọnọdụ condensation e buliri elu

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe dị iche n'etiti Ọnọdụ Nkwekọ na Ọnọdụ Kasị Elu
* Ihe Ndị Na-egosi Oké Ifufe
Okpomọkụ ya na ya hà

Na sayensị ikuku, **okpomọkụ yiri yá** bụ okpomọkụ nke ikuku n'ime ngwugwu nkè a na-ewepụta ikuku mmiri niile site nà usoro adiabatic. 

Mmiri nwèrè mmiri na-esi na mmiri (ọdọ mmiri, oké osimiri, wdg) banye na ya...Ọ dị íchè íchè Ike achọrọ iji mee nke ahụ ewepụla ya n'ikuku. Iwere ikuku dị ukwuu na okpomọkụ T na ngwakọta nkè r, ịcha ya site na condensation ga-eweghachi ike na ikuku. Nkè a ga-adabere na ntọhapụ okpomọkụ zoro ezo dị ka: T_e \approx T + \frac{L_v}{c_{pd}} r

*  : okpomọkụ zoro ezo nke evaporation (2400 kJ / kg na 25°C ruo 2600 kJ /kg na -40°C)L_v
*  : okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ na nrụgide na-adịgide adịgide màkà ikuku (≈ 1004 J/(kg·K))c_{pd}

Tebụl dị màkà ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi nké coefficients abụọ ikpeazụ.

## Hụkwa

* Okpomọkụ nke mmiri
* Okpomọkụ nwere ike ime
* Okpomọkụ nke ikuku
* Okpomọkụ nwere ike ịha nhata

## Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* M K Yau na R.R. Rogers, *Short Course in Cloud Physics*, Third Edition, nke Butterworth-Heinemann bipụtara, Jenụwarị 1, 1989, peeji 304.
* J.V. Iribarne na W.L. Godson, Atmospheric Thermodynamics, nke D. Reidel Publishing Company bipụtara, Dordrecht, Holland, 1973, peeji 222
Nzọụkwụ

**I** bụ okwu ihu igwe nke a na-eji akọwapụta otu n'ime ọkwa atọ dị elu na troposphere ébé ụfọdụ ụdị igwe ojii na-adịkarị. Okwu a sitere na okwu French nké pụtara ala ma ọ bụ okpukpu, dịka na *ala* nkè ụlọ nwéré ọtụtụ *okpukpu*.  Ewezuga ala dị ala, ịdị elu nke ọkwa ọ bụla dịgasị iché dabere na latitude site na equator nke ụwa ruo mpaghara arctic na Antarctic na poles.

## Nkwekọrịta maka okpukpu na ụdị igwe ojii
thumb|Ụdị igwe ojii na okpukpu
Ogwe dị elu sitere na ịdị elu nke mita puku atọ na puku asaa na narị isii (10,000 ruo 25,000 ft) na mpaghara polar, 5,000 ruo 12,200 m (16,500 ruo 40,000 ) na ógbè okpomọkụ na puku isii na narị mita ruo puku iri na asatọ na narị mita atọd 6,100 ruo (20,000 ruo 60,000 ) naógbè okpomachasi ike.  Ụdị igwe ojii dị elu gụnyere cirrus, cirrocumulus, na cirrostratus.

Ogige dị n'etiti na-agbasa site na puku mita abụọ (6,500 ft) n'elu elu na latitude ọ bụla dị elu dị ka puku mita anọ (13,000 ) n"akụkụ ogidi, puku mita asaa (23,000 ) na etiti latitudes, na puku asaa na narị isii (25,000 ) na okpomọkụ.  Altocumulus na Altostratus bụ ụdị igwe ojii ndị a na-ahụ n'etiti etiti nke troposphere.

A na-ahụ ala ala site n'elu ruo puku mita abụọ (6,500 ) na latitudes niile. Ụdị igwe ojii ndị a na-ahụ na ọkwa dị ala nke troposphere gụnyere stratocumulus, stratus, na obere ihu igwe dị mma cumulus.

Ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-adịkarị na ala ma ọ bụ n'etiti ụlọ ma na-agbasa n'ime ọkwa atọ niile dị ka igwe ojii nwèrè oke elu.  Ndị a gụnyere nimbostratus, cumulus congestus dị elu, na cumulonimbus.

## Edensibia
Euroclydon

**Euroclydon** (ma ọ bụ na Latin: **Euroaquilo**) bụ ifufe na-efe n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke na-efe na Mediterenian, karịsịa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na ógè oyi. Ọ bụ Gregalia (Gregale) ma ọ bụ Levanter nkè ógè a.  Site n'okwu Grik ógè ochie *eurokludōn* [εὐροκλύδωνδων], site na Euros (Eurus, nké pụtara ifufe ọwụwa anyanwụ) na ma ọ bụ okwu Grik oge ochie akulōn (*akylōn*, nke pụtara ikuku ugwu), ma ọ bụ *kludon* (nké pụtara ebili mmiri na-apụta site na ngwaa kluzo nké pụtara ịgbọ) ma ọ bụ Okwu Latin aquilō (*aquilon*). Euroclydon ekwesịghị ịgbagwoju anya na okwu nor'easter, nke bụ usoro oké ifufe dị íchè nke na-emepụta n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke United States.

## Ihe odide ndị a ma ama

* N'isi nke iri abuo na asaá n'Akwụkwọ Ọrụ Ndịozi 27:14 ọ nwèrè ike izo aka kpọmkwem na aha ifufe ndị Gris sitere na Ọwara Adriatic, nke mebiri ụgbọ mmiri Pọl onyeozi n'ụsọ oké osimiri Malta n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Rom.
* A kpọtụrụ ya aha na isi nké abụọ nkè *Moby-Dick*.
* *Euroclydon* bụkwa aha ukwe nke William Billings
* A kpọtụrụ ya aha na "The Roman Centurion's Song" nke Rudyard Kipling: "N'ébé a ka osisi oak ndị Britain anyị siri ike na-eche Euroclydon ihu!"
* A kpọtụrụ ya aha na uri Henry Wadsworth Longfellow "Midnight Mass for the Dying Year".
* A kpọtụrụ ya aha na akwụkwọ akụkọ Dorothy L. Sayers bụ The Nine Tailors ebe mgbè mmiri ozuzo gasịrị, Rector na-eji ahịrịokwu ahụ sitere n'Ọrụ 27:14

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* Ọrụ 27:14 
* Akụkọ Wiktionary banyere Euroclydon
* Moby Dick Isi nke 2
Nnyocha ọzọ nke ECMWF

Ọrụ nyocha nke ECMWF bụ ọrụ **nyocha** nke ihu igwe nke European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) rụrụ. 
Ngwaahịa nyocha mbụ, ERA-iri na ise, mepụtara nyocha nyocha màkà ihe dịka afọ irí na ise, site n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1978 ruo ọnwa Febụwarị 1994. Ngwaahịa nke abụọ, ERA-iri anọ (nke e bu n'obi na ọ bụ nyocha afọ iri anọ) malitere n'afọ 1957 (Afọ Geophysical International) ma kpuchie afọ iri anọ na ise ruo afọ 2002. Dị ka ónyé na-ebute ụzọ na ngwaahịa nyocha gbasaa iji dochie ERA-iri anọ, ECMWF wepụtara ERA-Interim, nke na-ekpuchi **ógè** site n'afo 1979 ruo 2019.
ECMWF wepụtara ngwaahịa nyocha ọhụrụ **ERA5** n'oge na-adịbeghị ányá dị ka akụkụ nke Copernicus Climate Change Services. Ngwaahịa a nwere mkpebi dị elu (kilomita iri atọ na otu) ma kpuchie ógè site n'afo 1979 ruo ugbu a. Mgbatị ruo afọ 1940 malitere n'afọ 2023.

Na mgbakwunye na nyochaa data ochie niile site na iji usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe, nyocha ahụ na-ejikwa ọtụtụ data echekwara nkè na-adịghị na nyocha mbụ. Nkè a na-enye ohere màkà idozi ọtụtụ map aka nke akụkọ ihe méré eme ébé atụmatụ nke atụmatụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ógbè nkè data dị obere. Ikike ahụ dịkwa iji mepụta map ọhụrụ nke ọkwa ikuku nkè a na-ejikarị eme ihe ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.

## Ọgbọ
E ji ọtụtụ isi mmalite nke nchọpụta ihu igwe mee ihe, gụnyere radiosondes, balloons, ụgbọelu, buoyes, satellites, scatterometers. A na-agba data a site na ụdị kọmputa ECMWF na mkpebi  kilomita otu narị na iri abụọ na ise. Dị ka ihe nlereanya kọmputa nke ECMWF bụ otu n'ime ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu n'ọhịa ịkọ ọdịnihu, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ewere nyocha ya iji nwee uru yiri ya. A na-echekwa data ahụ na usoro GRIB. E mere nyocha ahụ na mgbalị iji melite izi ezi nke map ihu igwe akụkọ ihe méré eme ma nyere aka na nyocha zuru ezu nke usoro ihu igwe dị iche iche n'ime ógè nke na-enweghị data kọmputa. Site na data sitere na nyocha dị ka nke a, enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ kọmputa nke oge a màkà nyocha usoro oké ifufe, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, n'ihi ohere a màkà ihe ngosi kọmputa nke ọnọdụ ikuku.

## Ịnweta data
A na-enweta ngwaahịa nyocha nkè ECMWF site na ébé obibi nkè Climate Change Services. Enwere ike ibudata data màkà iji nyocha site na ébé obibi ECMWF (lee njikọ mpụga) na National Center for Atmospheric Research data archives. Ha abụọ chọrọ ndebanye aha.
Enwere ike iji API weebụ Python ibudata akụkụ nke parameters màkà mpaghara ahọrọ na ógè.

## Hụkwa

* NCEP/NCAR reanalysis

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* ERA5 Reanalysis Ngwaahịa
* Ọrụ ERA-Interim
* Ọrụ ERA-40
* Ọrụ ERA-15
ECHAM

**ECHAM** bụ ihe nlereanya mgbasa ozi (GCM) nke Max Planck Institute for Meteorology mepụtara, otu n'ime òtù nyocha nkè Max Plancks Society. E kèrè ya site n'ịgbanwe ụdị amụma zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ECMWF mepụtara iji mee ihe màkà nyocha ihu igwe. E nyèrè ihe nlereanya ahụ aha ya dị ka njikọta nke mmalite ya (nke 'EC' bụ mkpụmkpụ màkà 'ECMWF') na ébé mmepe nke ngwugwu nhazi ya, Hamburg. Ntọala ndabara nke ihe nlereanya ahụ na-edozi ikuku ruo iri hPa (nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe iji mụọ ikuku dị ala), mànà enwèrè ike ịmegharị ya na 0.01 hPa màkà iji ya na ịmụ stratosphere na mesosphere dị ala.

Ụdị dị íchè íchè nke ECHAM, karịsịa nhazi dị ichè íchè nkeECHAM5, abụwo ihe ndabere nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, edepụtara na ébé nrụọrụ weebụ ECHAM5 https://web.archive.org/web/20090131074956/http://www.mpimet.mpg.de/en/wissenschaft/modelle/echam/echam5/reviewed.html.

## ECHAM5
E jiri ya tụnyere ónyé bu ya ụzọ, ECHAM4, ọ dị mfe ma na-agbanwe agbanwe (a na-ede ya ugbu a n'asụsụ mmemme Fortran 95), na n'ihi mgbanwe dị ukwuu na obere na akụkụ dị íchè ichè nke koodu ọ na-eji, ọ na-emepụta ihu igwe dị íchè iche.

E ji MPI-ECHAM5 mee ihe na IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, n'akụkụ ọtụtụ GCM ndị ọzọ sitere na mba dị íchè íchè. Na data nkè akụkọ a, a na-akpọ ya mkpirisi MPEH5.

O yiri ka ọ bụ otu n'ime GCMs ziri ezi.

## ECHAM6
ECHAM6 bụ ugbu a ụdị kachasị elu nke ụdị ECHAM. ECHAM6 bụ ihe nlereanya mgbasa ozi ikuku n'ozuzu ya, n'ihi ya, ọ na-elekwasị ányá na njikọta dị n'etiti usoro diabatic na mgbasa ozi buru ibu, nke abụọ a na-emecha site na radiative forcing. Ọ na-agụnye isi ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-akpụ akpụ, ihe nlereanya njem màkà ọnụọgụ scalar ndị ọzọ karịa okpomọkụ na nrụgide elu, usoro nhazi anụ ahụ màkà nnọchiteanya nke usoro diabatic, yana data dị n'ókè màkà akụkụ ndị dị n'è, dị ka nkesa gas na aerosol, nchịkọta nke gas absorption optical properties, mgbanwe ógè na spectral solar irradiance, ala-surface properties, wdg.

Mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa metụtara ECHAM5 gụnyere: Nnọchiteanya ka mmá nkè nnyefe radiative na obere ógè (ma ọ bụ anyanwụ) akụkụ nke spectrum; nkọwa ọhụrụ nke aerosols; nnọchiteanya ka elu nke albedo, gụnyere ọgwụgwọ nke mmiri na-agbaze na ice oké osimiri; na nnọchiteanya dị mmá nke etiti ikuku dị ka akụkụ nke ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ. Na mgbakwunye, emeela obere mgbanwe na nnọchiteanya nke usoro convective, na site na nhọrọ nke obere dị íchè íchè dị n'ime troposphere, yana mgbanwe mgbanwe ihe nlereanya.

## Edensibia
Nnyocha Ntụle Oké Ifufe Europe

European Storm Forecast Experiment, nke a maara dị ka **ESTOFEX**, bụ atụmatụ nke otu ndị Europe na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe, na ụmụ akwụkwọ na meteorology guzobere n'afọ 2002. Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ikpo okwu màkà mgbanwe nke ihe ọmụma banyéré ịkọ ọdịnihu oké ifufe na Europe na ébé ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ òtù ọrụ afọ ofufo ma ugbu a enweghị ego. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite mmata na inye agụmakwụkwọ n'oge banyéré amụma ihu igwe siri ike. ESTOFEX na-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị màkà oké ifufe kwa ụbọchị. Ọ na-anakọta akụkọ sitere n'aka ọha na eze banyéré ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike iji kwado amụma ya. A ga-enyefe akụkọ na European Severe Weather Database (ESWD). 

A na-ebipụta amụma ESTOFEX n'okpuru ikike ngwá Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0.

Nkọwa ya nkè ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike bụ otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a:

**siri ike**: 

* hail nwèrè dayameta nke ọ dịkarịa ala 2.0 cm (0.8 in),
* ajọ ifufe,
* ifufe na-efe na ọsọ nke ọ dịkarịa ala 25 m / s (49 ),
* oke mmiri ozuzo nke dịkarịa ala 60 mm (2.4 in).

oke njọ :

* hail nwèrè dayameta nke ọ dịkarịa ala 5.0 cm (2.0 in),
* ifufe na-efe na ọsọ nke ọ dịkarịa ala 33 m / s (64 ),
* ajọ ifufe nke F2 siri ike ma ọ bụ karịa na Fujita scale.

Dị ka nzukọ nké na-elekwasị ányà na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ, ya bụ amụma ihu igwe, ESTOFEX na-arụ otu ihe na US Storm Prediction Center (SPC). Njikọ nyocha bụ European Severe Storms Laboratory (ESSL) nke n'onwe ya na-eṅomi ihe dịka US National Severe Stormas Laboratory (NSSL), na ndị ibe US abụọ na-enweta nkwado siri ike dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ogologo ógè.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi ESTOFEX
Fallstreak hole

thumb|Fallstreak hole
Oghere fallstreak (nkè a makwaara dị ka **cavum**, oghere punch cloud, oghere oghere, **skypunch**, **ọwa igwe ojii** ma ọ bụ **oghere igwe ojii**) bụ nnukwu **oghere**, nke na-adịkarị okirikiri ma ọ bụ elliptical, nké nwéré ike ịpụta na **igwe ojii** cirrocumulus ma ọ bụ altocumulus. Oghèrè ndị ahụ sitere na mmiri dị oke jụụ n'ime igwe ojii na-eme ka mmiri na-esi ísì ma ọ bụ na-ajụ oyi na mberede, ọ pụkwara ịbụ site na ụgbọelu na-agafe agafe.

N'ihi ịdị ụkọ ha na ọdịdị pụrụ ichè, e mehiere oghere fallstreak màkà ma ọ bụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe ndị na-efe efe a na-amaghị ama.

## Mmalite
A na-emepụta oghere ndị dị otú ahụ mgbe okpomọkụ mmiri dị n'ígwé ojii dị n'okpuru oyi, mànà mmiri ahụ, n'ọnọdụ dị oke jụụ, emebeghị ka oyi kpụkọọ n'ihi enweghị ice nucleation. Mgbè kristal ice na-etolite, a na-eme ka mmetụta domino pụta n'ihi usoro Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen, na-eme gore mmiri na-agba gbụrụ-gbúrụ kristal ahụ na-apụ n'anya: nke a na-ahapụ nnukwu oghere, nke na-adịkarị gbụrụ-gbúrụ, n'ime igwe ojii. A na-eche na iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ búrú ibu nke obere ice crystals n'ime igwe ojii na-eme ka mmetụta domino a nke njikọta nke na-emepụta oghere ahụ.

Enwere ike ịmepụta kristal ice site na ụgbọelu na-agafe agafe, nke na-enwekarị mbelata dị ukwuu na nrụgide n'azụ nku ma ọ bụ propeller-tips. Nke a na-eme ka ikuku jụọ oyi ngwá ngwá, ma nwee ike ịmepụta eriri nke ice crystals na-esote n'azụ ụgbọelu ahụ. Mmiri ice ndị a na-ahụ onwe ha gbụrụ-gbúrụ, ma na-eto ngwa ngwa site na usoro Bergeron, na-eme ka mmiri na-apụ n'anya ma na-emepụta oghere nwèrè akara dị ka brush nke ice crystals n'okpuru ya. Ihe ndekọ satellite mbụ nke oghere dị ogologo n'elu Florida Panhandle nké nwéré ike ịbụ site na ụgbọelu na-agafe agafe pụtara na Corfidi na Brandli (afọ 1986). A na-ahụkarị oghere Fallstreak site na satellites dị elu nke taa (dịka, lee ihe atụ nke anọ na isiokwu a).

Akụkọ Westbrook na Davies (2010) na Heymsfield et al. (afọ 2010) na-akọwa usoro ndị dị n'azụ mmepụta nke oghere fallstreak n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ma gosipụta ụfọdụ ihe ndị a hụrụ banyéré microphysics na dynamics ha. Igwe ojii dị otú ahụ abụghị naanị n'otu mpaghara ọ bụla ma e sere foto site n'ọtụtụ ébé.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ụdị igwe ojii
* Ogidi gbara ya gburugburu
* Igwe ojii na-egbuke egbuke
* Ihe Ndị Na-adọ Mmasị
* Virga

## Edensibia
Oké ifufe Febụwarị 13, 1979

Oké ifufe Febụwarị 13, 1979 bụ ihe okike nké méré na Pacific Canada na United States. N'isi ụtụtụ, oké ifufe na-efe n'ébé ndịda Vancouver Island, British Columbia. N'ébé ndịda nke etiti dị ala, a na-ebugharị ikuku ikuku siri ike gafee Washington, yana ikuku dị elu. Site na ikuku oyi na-aga n'ébé ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na-emekọrịta ihe na ala dị elu nke Ugwu Olympic, lee dị ala mepụtara n'ébé ọwụwa Anyanwụ nké Olimpik. Ala mesoscale mèrè ka nrụgide dị ike gafee mpaghara Kitsap Peninsula.

## Ịgba ọsọ ifufe
Na mbar isií karịa kilomita asatọ, ikuku geostrophic nwèrè ike ịgafe ọkpọ narị abụọ (nke na-apụta ihe dị ka okpo otu narị  na ageostrophic na-agafe n'elu ala, ma ọ bụ 115 mph). Dị ka ndị ọrụ nke Hood Canal Bridge kọrọ, nkezi ifufe ruru ma ọ dịkarịa ala 80 mph site na ndịda, na gusts n'ime ọnụọgụ atọ. A na-enyocha ọsọ ifufe ndị a na anemometers abụọ dị ichè íchè na ụlọ elu nchịkwa akwa.

## Mmebi
Mmebi dị ukwuu nke osisi ndị dị n'ọhịa ndị gbàrà ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ na-egosikwa ike nke oké ifufe a. Mmetụta nke ifufe na ebili mmiri na Hood Canal Bridge mesiri ihe owuwu ahụ ike iji kpatara ọdachi. A na-enyo enyo na ndepụta siri ike dị n'àkwà mmiri ahụ kpughere ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke mmiri, nke mechara dọwaa mkpuchi ahụ ma kwe ka mmiri banye na ngwaọrụ flotation, na-eme ka akụkụ dị íchè íchè mikpuo. O were ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ na ihe karịrị otu narị dollar na iri anọ nde US iji wughachi àkwà mmiri ahụ furu efu.

## Hụkwa

* Oké Ifufe

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
*
Nlele na Nnyocha Data Ferret

thumb|350x350px|Nlele a na-ahụkarị nke mmemme Ferret
**Ferret** bụ ihe ngosi kọmputa na-emekọrịta ihe na nyocha Gburugburu ébé obibi e mèrè iji gboo mkpa nke ndị na-ahụ màkà ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na ndị na-enyocha ihu igwe na-enyo enyocha nnukwu data dị mgbagwoju anya. Ferret na-enye usoro Mathematica-dị ka nyocha; enwèrè ike ịkọwa mgbanwe ọhụrụ na mmekọrịta dị ka nkwupụta mgbakọ na mwepụ na-emetụta mgbanwe data. Enwèrè ike itinye ngụkọta n'ọrụ na mpaghara ndị a haziri ahazi. A na-emepụta ihe osise zuru oke na otu iwu. Ọ na-agba ọsọ na ọtụtụ sistemụ Unix na Linux site na iji X Window màkà ngosipụta, na Windows XP / NT/9x.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ferret
Ihe igwe ihe ubi

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ntinye ihe igwe ihe n'ọhịa na Kennedy Space Center na Florida
thumb|mgbaàmà ọnọdụ n'ime ihe igwe ihe ubi. Akara ụkwụ; Akara ihe mmetụta; Akara ntọala; Akara ntụgharị; Akara ụgbọala; Akara mmụba; Akara ala; Akara ngosi
thumb|Ụkpụrụ a na-ahụ anya
thumb|Ọrụ igwe eletrik
**Ihe igwe ihe** bụ ngwá ọrụ pụrụ ichè eji atụle ike nké oghere eletrik na ikuku, otu n'ime isi ihe ndị dị na ọkụ eletrik ikuku. A na-eji ha eme ihe na usoro mbupụ màkà rọket ndị a na-ejikọta màkà orbit, yana Space Shuttle lara ezumike nká ugbu a, iji zere égbè eluigwe. A na-ejikwa ha eme ihe na ụlọ nyocha dị n'èzí màkà ngwá ọrụ nchebe àmụ̀mà iji chọpụta ọnọdụ nnwale dị mmá, ma ọ bụ naanị iji tụọ mpaghara eletrik ikuku site na égbè eluigwe.

"Ihe igwe" bụ ihe na-agbagharị agbagharị na ngwá ọrụ ahụ.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Chopper, na-agbanwe obere mgbaàmà DC nke ọkụ eletrik dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ n'ime obere mgbaàmà AC nke dị mfe ịchọpụta na-enweghị mgbagwoju ányà DC nke amplifier na-eme ka ọ jupụta.  Enwèrè ike iji ya n'ala, ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'ikuku ma na-efefe n'ime igwe ojii isi anvil iji tụọ ya.

## KSC electric field mill network
Na Kennedy Space Center (KSC) na Florida, a na-etinye ihe igwe ihe iri atọ na otu gbụrụ-gbúrụ KSC na Cape Canaveral Space Force Station dị nso. Data sitere na ihe igwe ihe na-enyere ndị na-akọ ọdịnihu aka ịchọpụta mgbè ụgwọ eletrik dị n'elu nwèrè ike ịkpata àmụ̀mà n'oge mmalite.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Banyere Ọrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ Eletrik
* CAMEX-4 MIPS Field Mill
* [Ntinye nke Airborne Field Mill Data maka Ojiji na Nkwado Nkwado](http://ams.allenpress.com/amsonline/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0426(1994)011%3C0738:AOAFMD%3E2.0.CO%3B2)
* Florida Airborne Field Mill Research nwere ike imeziwanye usoro ihu igwe
*  Wuru ihe igwe ihe eji eme n'ụlọ
* INEO SUEZ
* Lightning Research Laboratory na Mahadum nke Florida
* Ịchọpụta àmụ̀mà
Ntụle nke idei mmiri

**Ntụle nke idei mmiri** bụ iji amụma nke mmiri ozuzo na data na-asọba na mmiri ozuzo-asọba n'ụgbọ mmiri na ụdị ụzọ na-asọ asọ iji buo amụma ọnụego na ọkwa mmiri màkà ógè sitere na awa ole na ụbọchị ole ruo ụbọchị ndị na-aga n'ihu, dabere na nha nke mmiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri. Ntụle nke idei mmiri nwékwárá ike iji amụma nke mmiri ozuzo mee ihe na mgbalị ịgbatị ógè ndu dịnụ. 

Ntụle nkè idei mmiri bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịdọ aka ná ntị maka idei mmiri, ébé ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na nsonaazụ nke amụma màkà idei mmiri bụ usoro amụma ógè nke ọwa ma ọ bụ ọkwa osimiri n'ébé dị íchè íchè, ébé "ịdọ aka ná aka ná ntị banyéré idei mmiri" bụ ọrụ nke iji amụma ndị a gwa mkpebi gbásárá ịdọ aka na ntị maka idei ruwa.

Enwèrè ike ime amụma màkà idei mmiri n'oge na mpaghara mpaghara n'ime sekọnd site na iji teknụzụ nkè netwọk akwara aka. Ụdị amụma nke idei mmiri dị irè n'oge nwéré ike ịba uru màkà ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge na mgbochi ọdachi.

AI nwèrè ike inyere anyị aka ịkọ ọdịnihu nke idei mmiri. Nnyocha ikpe nke Osimiri Red nke ugwu jiri algorithms Deep Learning iji buo amụma mmiri mmiri site na iji data gara-aga sitere na Pembina, Drayton, na Grand Forks.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe nlereanya nke mmiri na-asọba n'ime mmiri
* Ịdọ aka ná ntị maka idei mmiri
* Flood Modeller Pro

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ntinye nke map na-ahazi onwe ya na netwọk akwara nke perceptron-artificial multi-layer maka ịkọ ọdịnihu na ọkwa mmiri na data-adịghị mma: ikpe nke Lower Shire floodplain, Malawi
* Delft-FEWS, usoro nka maka ịkọ ọdịnihu nke idei mmiri na njikwa mmiri na-arụ ọrụ (usoro kachasị elu dị, nke a na-eji na mba Europe na USA)
* RainOff, ihe nlereanya nke mmiri ozuzo na-eji ọdọ mmiri na-abụghị ahịrị
* hepex.org Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction EXperiment, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi mmiri.
Ọrụ mpụga

**Ọrụ** Exner bụ ihe dị mkpa na modeling ikuku. Enwèrè ike ile ọrụ Exner ányà dị ka nrụgide na-abụghị nke dimension ma enwèrè ike ịkọwa ya dị ka:

: \Pi = \left( \frac{p}{p_0} \right)^{R_d/c_p} = \frac{T}{\theta} 

ébé bụ nrụgide elu elu, nkè a na-ewere dị ka 1000 hPa; bụ gas na-adịgide adịgide màkà ikuku kpọrọ nkụ; bụ ikike okpomọkụ nke ikuku kpọrọ nkwụ na nrụgide na-adịkarị; bụ okpomọkụ zuru oke; ọ bụkwa okpomọkụ nwere ike.p_0R_dc_pT\theta

## Edensibia

* Pielke, Roger A. *Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling*. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc., 1984.
* Ngalaba Azụmaahịa US, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. National Weather Service Handbook No. 1 - Facsimile Products. Washington, DC: Ngalaba Azụmaahịa, 1979.

## Hụkwa

* Usoro barometric
* Ihe nlereanya ihu igwe
* Nhazi Euler
* Mgbanwe nke mmiri
* Ụdị mgbasa ozi n'ozuzu
* Nkọwa ihu igwe
* Usoro nhazi mbụ
Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic

The Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic, ma ọ bụ **ERICA**, bụ ọrụ sayensị nké malitere n'oge oyi nkè afọ 1988/1989. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịghọta nke ọma usoro ndị metụtara ngwá ngwá cyclogenesis, ya mèrè melite nghọta na amụma nkè ọnọdụ ndị na-akpata ya.

## Hụkwa

* RAINEX

## Edensibia
Fog season

Ógè alụlụ bụ **oge alụlụ** nke na-eme n'ebe ụfọdụ, n'ihi ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọdịdị ala pụrụ iche, mgbè oge mmiri ozuzo gasịrị. Ógè alụlụ na-adabere n'ọnwa ndị dị jụụ (ọgwụgwụ ógè mgbụsị akwụkwọ, ógè oyi na mmalite ógè opupu ihe ubi).

A na-ahụ ihe atụ na San Joaquin Valley na Sacramento Valley nkè Great Central Valley nké California, ébé nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ, nke a maara dị ka Tule fog, nwèrè ike ịmepụta, ọkachasị n'ọnwa site n'ọnwa Nọvemba ruo Machị. N'ógbè Tampa Bay nke Florida, ógè alụlụ bụ site na Disemba ruo Febụwarị. Ógè igwe ojii nke Sydney dị ogologo, malite n'ọnwa Eprel ruo Ọktoba. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-emekarị na June n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ka ukwuu.

Ọ bụghị eziokwu n'ozuzu na ógè alụlụ n'otu ébé bụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ oge oyi (ọnwa ndị dị jụụ); dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific nke Japan nwèrè ógè alụlụ siri ike site na Mee ruo Ọgọst. June Gloom, ihe igwe ojii na igwe ojii, nke a hụrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda California na-eme na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na mmalite ógè okpomọkụ (May na June).
Nchịkọta ala ime ọhịa

**Nchịkọta ala ime ọhịa** bụ akụkụ nkè mmiri ozuzo (net) ma ọ bụ nsị nkè a na-echekwa nwa ógè n'elu ala ọhịa ma na-agbanye n'ime awa ma ọ bụ ụbọchị ole na ole n'oge na mgbè ihe omume mmiri ozuzo gasịrị. Ala ọhịa nwèrè ike ịnwe ala efu, ahịhịa dị mkpirikpi (dị ka ahịhịhịa, mosses, ahịha na-agagharị agagharị, wdg) ma ọ bụ ahịhịrị (ya bụ akwụkwọ, alaka, ma ọ bụ obere alaka).
áká_èkpè|thumb|444x444px

## Hụkwa

* Interception (mmiri)
* Ihe mgbochi nke Canopy

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Gerrits, A.M.J., Savenije, H.H.G., Hoffmann, L. na Pfister, L. (2007): Usoro ọhụrụ iji tụọ interception nke ala oké ọhịa na-etinye n'ime ọhịa beech na Luxembourg, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 11, 695701.

## Edensibia
Free convective layer

thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi ụzọ ikuku mgbe e buliri ya n'akụkụ B-C-E ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikuku gbara ya gburugburu Okpomọkụ (T) na iru mmiri (Tw)
Na sayensị ikuku, **free convective layer** (**FCL**) bụ layer nkè ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ nwèrè ike ọgba aghara na troposphere. Ọ bụ ihe dị n'ime nké ikuku na-arịgo elu nwéré ike ịnwe ọmarịcha ihe na-ese n'elu (PBE) ka o wee nwee ike ime ka mmiri dị omimi (DMC). Na ụda ikuku, ọ bụ ọkwa dị n'etiti ọkwa nke convection n'efu (LFC) na ọkwa nguzozi (EL). FCL dị mkpa màkà usoro dịgasị ichè iche na amụma nke oké égbè eluigwe.

Ọ bụ ọkwa nkè ọgba aghara, "ébé dị mmá" na eserese thermodynamic ebe ikuku na-arịgo na-ekpo ọkụ karịa gbụrụ-gbúrụ ya. Ijikọta ike na-aga n'ihu site na LFC gaa na EL na-enye ọnụọgụ nké ike nwéré ike ịnwe (CAPE), atụmatụ nke ike kachasị dị na convection. A na-egosipụta omimi nke FCL site na usoro a:

: FCL = ZEL - ZLFC

: FCL = PEL - PLFC

N'ụzọ dị omimi, mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ bụ n'ezie égbè eluigwe ma ọ bụ égbè eluigwe, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ convection dị otú ahụ anaghị emepụta égbè eluigwe na ya mèrè ọ bụghị égbè eluigwe. Ọ bụ igwe ojii cumulus congestus ma ọ bụ igwe ojii Cumulonimbus. Akụkụ ikuku na-arịgo site na elu dị nso (mgbakọta (ML) ma ọ bụ ókèala (PBL)) ga-arụ ọrụ site na nkwụsi ike nke convective inhibition (CIN) mgbè ọ dị. Ọrụ a na-abịa site na ịbawanye ọgba aghara na ọkwa dị ala site n'ibuli okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ebe igirigi, ma ọ bụ site na ibuli elu. Na-enweghị enyemaka nke nrụgide igwe, ngwugwu ga-eru okpomọkụ ya (Tc) tupu mmiri convection (igwe ojii) amalite na nso ọkwa convective condensation (CCL), ébé site na ibuli elu, isi igwe ojii na-amalite na nso ọkwa condensation ebuli elu (LCL). Mgbè ụdị ntụgharị dị otú ahụ dị, nke a ga-anọgide dị ka convection na-adịghị omimi, nke na-ekpo ọkụ (obere igwe ojii cumulus) ruo mgbè ọ gafere na convective inhibition layer, mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị DMC na-aga n'ihu ka ngwugwu na-akụ LFC ma banye na FCL, ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ nrụgide igwe na-agagide (na mmiri zuru ezu dị na mpụta). Na ọkwa nke na-anọpụ iche na-ese n'elu mmiri (EL), ngwugwu dị jụụ karịa gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi ma kwụsie ike na thermodynamically, na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu site na ume ma si otú a na-ebelata ruo mgbè ọ ga-akwụsị ịrịgo na ọkwa kachasị elu (MPL) - nke nwéré ike igosipụta onwé ya dị ka elu. Ileghara mmetụta ndị ọzọ anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke CAPE zuru ezu na FCL, na karịsịa ọkpụrụkpụ nke ebe a dị mma, nke enwèrè ike ịlele dị ka ndepụta e welitere (LI) na ịdị elu dị iche iche, na-ebute mmụba siri ike na ịrị elu ikuku ngwá ngwá.

## Hụkwa

* Okpomọkụ nke ikuku

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịtụle nkesa kwụ ọtọ nke Convective Available Potential Energy. *Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na amụma*, 13 (3): 870.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe ngosi ikuku (National Weather Service St. Louis)
Freeze watch

Ógè oyi bụ ọkwa nkè National Weather Service nyèrè nké na-ekwupụta na okpomọkụ nkè 32 °F (0 ) na n'okpuru ga-ekwe omume n'ime awa iri anọ na asatọ sochirinụ. A na-enye elekere a naanị n'oge ógè uto mgbè okpomọkụ oyi nwèrè ike imebi ma ọ bụ gbuo ihe ọkụkụ a na-ewepụtaghị, nke ga-eme ka ógè uto kwụsị. A na-adụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ọdụ ka ha kwadebe iji chebe ihe ọkụkụ ha fọdụrụnụ ma nyochaa amụma ahụ.

## Ihe Nlereanya

```
TXZ200-213-226-227-235>237-300-131200-
/O.NEW.KHGX.FZ.A.0001.181114T0600Z-181114T1500Z/
Fort Bend-Inland Brazoria-Inland Harris-Inland Jackson-
Inland Matagorda-Northern Liberty-Southern Liberty-Wharton-
Including the cities of Alvin, Angleton, Bay City, Cleveland,
Dayton, Devers, Edna, El Campo, First Colony, Ganado, Houston,
Liberty, Mission Bend, Missouri City, Pearland, Pecan Grove,
Rosenberg, Sugar Land, and Wharton
400 PM CST Mon Nov 12 2018

...FREEZE WATCH IN EFFECT FROM LATE TUESDAY NIGHT THROUGH
WEDNESDAY MORNING...

The National Weather Service in Houston/Galveston has issued a
Freeze Watch, which is in effect from late Tuesday night through
Wednesday morning.
* EVENT...Temperatures falling to 29-32 degrees.
* TIMING...Overnight Tuesday into Wednesday morning.
* IMPACT...Sub-freezing temperatures are possible. These
  conditions may kill sensitive vegetation.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A Freeze Watch means sub-freezing temperatures are possible.
These conditions could kill crops and other sensitive vegetation.

&&

$$
```


## Hụkwa

* Ịdọ aka ná ntị na-akwụsị
*
* Okwu ihu igwe siri ike (United States)

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* National Weather Service
Igwe ojii na-efe efe

thumb|Igwe ojii na-efe n'elu La Palma, Canary Islands
thumb|Igwe ojii ebili mmiri
thumb|Igwe ojii lenticular nwere igwe ojii rotor n'okpuru
Igwe ojii Föhn ma ọ bụ igwe ojii Foehn bụ igwe ojii ọ bụla jikọtara yá nà Föhn (Foehn), na-abụkarị igwe ojii orographic, **igwe ojii** ugwu, ma ọ bụ ígwé ojii lenticular.

Föhn bụ ókwú mpaghara na-ezo ákà n'ikuku na Alps.

## Hụkwa

* Ụdị igwe ojii
* Ifufe na-efe efe
* Ogidi Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
* Pileus

## Edensibia

* Defant, F., 1951: Compendium of Meteorology, 667ş669.

## Njikọ mpụga

* American Meteorological Society
* Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Synoptic Satellite Meteorology
Mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ oyi

Mmiri oyi na-atụ bụ **mmiri** na-ajụ oyi nké na-ajụ mgbè ọ na-emetụ ala ma ọ bụ ihe na ma ọ bụ nso n'elu. Koodu METAR ya bụ **FZDZ**.

## Ọzụzụ
Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozu na-ajụ oyi yiri n'ihi na ha abụọ na-agụnye mmiri ozuzo n'elu ala na okpomọkụ na-ajụjụ na-ajụ n'elu, usoro ndị na-eduga na mmepe ha dị iche. Ébé mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ oyi na-eme mgbè mmiri ozuzo kpụkọrọ akpụkọ na-ada site na ihe na-agbaze ma na-agbanwe mmiri, mmiri ozuzo jụrụ oyi na-emepụta site na *usoro mmiri ozuzo* dị ọkụ, nke mmiri ozuzo igwe ojii na-agbakọta ruo mgbè ha dị arọ iji daa n'ígwé ojii, mànà n'ọnọdụ sub-freezing. N'agbanyeghị usoro a na-ewere ọnọdụ na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi na-ajụ oyi, mmiri mmiri agaghị agbaze ma ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi karịrị Celsius iri na asatọ 18 ° F(−8 ), site na supercooling. Ọ bụrụ na kristal ice adịlarị na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi a, mmiri mmiri ga-agbaze na kristal ndị a ma wepụ ya nke ọma tupu ha enwee ike itolite iji daa n'ígwé ojii. N'ihi ya, mmiri na-ajụ oyi na-etolite na igwe ojii dị ala nke dị ala ebe ikuku na-eme kpamkpam n'okpuru okpokoro nke kristal ice nwèrè ike itolite ma too.

## Mmetụta
Mgbè mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ oyi na-agbakọta n'ala, ọ na-emepụta glaze ice. Mmiri oyi na-atụ naanị ya anaghị akpata nnukwu mkpokọta ice n'ihi ìhè ya, ọdịdị dị ala dị ka mmiri ozuzo ya. Otú ọ dị, ọbụna obere ice na-acha odo odo nke a na-etinye n'okporo ụzọ dị ka ice ojii nwèrè ike ịdị nnọọ amị ma kpatara ọnọdụ dị oke egwu nké na-akpata ihe mberede ụgbọala.

Mmiri oyi na-atụ bụ ihe dị oke egwu nye ụgbọelu n'ọnọdụ ice, ébé ọ bụ na mmiri mmiri na-ajụ oyi ga-agbaze n'elu ụgbọelu ahụ, na-emebi arụmọrụ ụgbọelu nke ukwuu. Mfu na ihe mberede nke American Eagle Flight 4184 n'ubochi iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 1994, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ice na-agbakọta n'ihi mmiri ozuzo na-ajụ n'elu.

## Hụkwa

* Ice ojii
* Mmiri na-ajụ oyi

## Edensibia
Ihe ngosi ihu igwe

E guzobere Gallery Climate Coalition n'afọ 2020 iji dozie akara carbon nkè ahịa nka mba ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na òtù ndị na-enweghị uru gụnyere Tate ekwuola màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta nka na ya, a na-eche na nké a bụ ihe mbụ ndị ọrụ nka azụmahịa mere.

Ndị guzobere ya gụnyere: Thomas Dane, Kate MacGarry, Sadie Coles na Greg Hilty nke Lisson Gallery, ónyé guzobere Frieze Art Fair Matthew Slotover na ónyé nduzi Victoria Siddall.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* galleryclimatecoalition.org
Geocorona

thumb|Ụwa na mkpuchi hydrogen ya, ma ọ bụ geocorona, dị ka a hụrụ ya site na ọnwa. E sere foto ultraviolet a na 1972 na igwefoto nke ndị na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe Apollo 16 na-arụ ọrụ n'ọnwa.
**Geocorona** bụ akụkụ na-egbuke egbuke nkè mpaghara kachasị elu nké ikuku ụwa, exosphere. A na-ahụ ya karịsịa site na ìhè ultraviolet (Lyman-alpha) sitere na Anyanwụ nké na-agbasasị site na hydrogen na-anọpụ iche. Ọ na-agbasa ruo na 15.5 radii nke ụwa na ikekwe ruo ihe dị ka otu narị radii nke Ụwa. A mụọla geocorona site na mbara igwe site na Satellite Astrid na ụgbọ mbara igwe Galileo (n'etiti ndị ọzọ), na-eji ultraviolet spectrometer (UVS) ya n'oge ụwa na-efe efe.

## Hụkwa

* Okpueze kpakpando
* Ọnọdụ ikuku nke ụwa

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Geocorona na Southwest Research Institute E debere  Wayback Machine
Nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Glasgow

**Nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nké Glasgow** bụ nkwekọrịta e nwetara n'afọ 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26).

Nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ nkwekọrịta ihu igwe mbụ na-eme atụmatụ n'ụzọ doro ányá iji belata ojiji coal na-enweghị mbelata. A gbanwere nkwa "ịpụpụ" coal ka ọ bụrụ "ịda" n'ogè mkparịta ụka, màkà coal na India na coal na China na mba ndị ọzọ na-adabere na coal.

## Mmepe
Ihe ndị bụ isi na nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ:

* Nkwekọrịta iji weghachite atụmatụ mbelata ikuku n'afọ 2022 iji gbalịa ime ka ebumnuche 1.5 °C Paris Agreement bụrụ ihe a ga-emezu.
* Ntinye nké mbụ nkè nkwekọrịta iji belata ("nkebi") ojiji nke coal na-enweghị mbelata (site na okwu a ọ na-esochi na iji coal na "ebelata" (net-zero emission), dịka ọmụmaatụ site na iwepụ carbon dioxide sitere na usoro CO2-na nkume, ekwesịghị ibelata. Otú ọ dị, njide carbon a na nchekwa dị oke ọnụ màkà ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik coal.)
* Nkwado màkà ego ihu igwe màkà mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

## Nkwa
Ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ndị kwéré nkwa iru net-zero gas gafere otu narị na iri anọ. Ebumnuche a gụnyere pasentị iri itoolu nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile ugbu a.

Ihe karịrị mba otu narị, gụnyere Brazil, Kwèrè nkwa iweghachi mgbukpọ ọhịa site n'afo 2030.

Ihe karịrị mba iri anọ Kwèrè nkwa ịhapụ coal.

India kwèrè nkwa na ọ ga-enweta ọkara nke ike ọ chọrọ site na isi iyi ọhụrụ site n'afo 2030.

Gọọmentị nke mba iri abụo na anọ mepere emepe na otu ndị isi na-emepụta ụgbọ ala gụnyere GM, Ford, Volvo, BYD Auto, Jaguar Land Rover na Mercedes-Benz kpebisiri ike "ịrụ ọrụ màkà ahịa niile nke ụgbọ ala na van ọhụrụ bụ efu na-emepụta n'ụwa niile site n'afo 2040, na n'oge na-adịghị anya karịa afọ 2035 na ahịa ndị na-eduga". Mba ndị na-emepụta ụgbọ ala dị ka US, Germany, China, Japan na South Korea, yana Volkswagen, Toyota, Peugeot, Honda, Nissan na Hyundai, ekweghị nkwa.

## Nnakwere
Ónyé isi ihu igwe nke UN Patricia Espinosa kwuru na obi adịghị ya ụtọ na mgbanwe ikpeazụ nke asụsụ nke ndị otu India na ndị China kwadoro mànà o kwuru na, "Ọ dịghị nkwekọrịta bụ ihe kachasị njọ n'ebe ahụ. Ọ dịghị ónyé meriri, na-ekwu na afọ juru ya na nkwekọrịta ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Espinosa kwùrù na ọ ga-ahọrọ nkwupụta doro anya banyéré mwepụ nke coal na (nke) iwepụ enyemaka enyemaka nke mmanụ ala, mana ọ kọwara na ọ ghọtara mkpa India.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe odide nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, nke Washington Post dere. (nkwado achọrọ)
* Ihe odide gọọmentị (Advance unedited version - English) sitere na UNFCCC.
*
Global Atmospheric Research Program

**Global Atmospheric Research Program** bụ mmemme nyocha mba ụwa afọ iri na ise nke World Meteorological Organization na International Council of Scientific Unions duziri. Ọ malitere n'afọ 1967 ma hazie ọtụtụ nnwale dị mkpa gụnyere GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment n'afọ 1974 na Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) n'afọ 1982. Nnyocha ya n'ọhịa nyèrè aka mee ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na meteorology ọkachasị ikwe ka ọganihu buru ibu na Nkọwa Ọnọdụ Ọnọdụ.

## Usoro iheomume GATE

## Edensibia


* Barron, Eric J. (1992) A Decade of International Climate Research: The First Ten Years of World Climate Research Program US National Academies Press peeji 1-2
* Weart, Spencer R. (2003) The Discovery of Global Warming Harvard University Press   peeji nke 99-100
* Philander, S. George (2012) ''Encyclopedia'' of Global Warming and Climate Change SAGE Publications   peeji nke 634

## Njikọ mpụga

* NCAR Archives GARP Records
* American Meteorological Society
* Mmalite nke WMO (1950s-1960s)
* ICSU na Sayensị ihu igwe
* Nnyocha nke GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) PDF
Global Emissions InitiAtive

**Global Emissions InitiAtive** (GEIA) bụ mgbalị obodo raara onwé yá nyé mgbanwe ozi ikuku na iwulite ikike. E kèrè GEIA n'afọ 1990 n'okpuru (IGBP) ma bụrụ ọrụ jikọtara IGAC / iLEAPS / AIMES.  GEIA na-achịkwa kọmitii na-eduzi mba ụwa ma na-akwado nzukọ abụọ.

## Ihe mgbaru ọsọ

* Nweta: Mee ka data na ozi gbásárá ikuku dị mfe.
* Nnyocha: Melite ihe ndabere sayensị màkà ozi ikuku na ime iwu
* Obodo: Mee ka mmekọrịta sayensị na iwu sie ike iji bulie ohere na nyocha nke ikuku.

ozi

## Njikọ

* Mgbasa nke ikuku Compounds & Compilation of Ancillary Data (ECCAD) na-enye ohere data na ọtụtụ data nchịkọta.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ GEIA
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ECCAD

## Edensibia
Usoro Nleba nke Oké Osimiri Ụwa

E guzobere n'afọ 1985, The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) bụ mmemme Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission nkè ebumnuche ya bụ ịlele oke osimiri n'ụwa niile màkà ọmụmụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ogologo ógè. Ebumnuche mmemme ahụ agbanweela kemgbe ala ọma jijiji nke 2004 n'Oké Osimiri India na mmemme ahụ ugbu a na-anakọta ógè nyocha nke oke osimiri. Ọrụ ahụ na-emeziwanye  karịrị ụlọ ọrụ narị abụọ na iri itoolu ọ na-agba ugbu a, ka ha wee nwee ike izipu data ógè site na satellite na ụlọ ọrụ tsunami nke mba ọhụrụ. [citation needed] Ha na-ejikwa ogwe anyanwụ na-etinye ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ ka ha wee gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ọbụlagodi na ihu igwe siri ike na-akpaghasị ike. Global Sea Level Observing System anaghị asọmpi na Deep-ocean Assessment na Reporting of Tsunamis dịka ọtụtụ transducers GLOSS dị nso na ala ébé transducers DART dị ányá n'oké osimiri.

"GLOSS na-enye nlekọta na nhazi màkà netwọk ụwa na mpaghara oké osimiri iji kwado, ya na ntụziaka sitere na, obodo nyocha nké oceanographic na ihu igwe. "

Global Sea Level Observation System na-eji ụlọ ọrụ narị abụọ na iri itoolu na-enyocha mmiri ma na-ele ihe karịrị mba iri itoolu na mpaghara iji nwee mkpuchi zuru ụwa ọnụ. 
Nnyocha nke GLOSS na-enye dị mkpa màkà ọtụtụ ihe gụnyere nyocha banyere mgbanwe nke oke osimiri na mgbasa nke oké osimiri, nchebe n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'oge ihe omume dị ka oké ifufe, inye ịdọ aka ná ntị màkà idei mmiri na nlekota tsunami, tebụl mmiri màkà ọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ónyé ọkụ azụ, na ntụrụndụ, iji kọwaa datums màkà ókèala mba ma ọ bụ steeti.

GLOSS Core Network Ọrụ na mmezi nke **GLOSS core Network** na-emezu ọtụtụ nyocha na ọrụ achọrọ màkà GLOSS Network. Ebumnuche nke netwọk a bụ ka ọ dị irè  otu narị pasent. Ihe ọ bụla a na-etinye nwèrè ike ịdị iche n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, n'ihe gbásárá inwe ụzọ nke ya iji chịkọta ma dekọọ data.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
* Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS), Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL)