Phytochemistry

Phytochemistry bụ ọmụmụ nke phytochemicals, nke bụ kemịkalụ nke osisi na-emepụta.  A na-eji phytochemicals kọwaa ọdịdị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke metabolites nke abụọ na osisi, ọrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, na biosynthesis nke phytochemicals.  Ngwakọta ndị a na-ahụ na osisi dị n'ụdị dị iche iche, a pụkwara ịchịkọta ya na klas anọ: alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, na terpenoids..

Enwere ike iwere Phytochemistry is a branch of botany or chemistry.  Enwere ike iduzi the work of the botanical garden or the field site n'engisha nke ethnobotany.  Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ phytochemical lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ mmadụ (ya bụ, nchọpụta ọgwụ) nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru ịdọ aka ná ntị nke pharmacognosy, ebe ọmụmụ phytochemical na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na evolushọn nke phytochemicals nwere ike ịdaba n'okpuru ọmụmụ nke ihe omimi nke kemịkalụ.  Phytochemistry nwekwara njikọ na ngalaba physiology osisi.

## Usoro
Ụzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọhịa nke phytochemistry bụ mmịpụta, nkewa, na njirimara (MS, 1D na 2D NMR) nke ngwaahịa sitere n'okike, na-eji usoro Chromatography dị iche iche (MPLC, HPLC, na LC-MS).).

## Phytochemicals
Ọtụtụ osisi na-emepụta kemịkalụ iji chebe onwe ha pụọ ​​​​na ahịhịa.  A kọwapụtara ụdị phytochemicals dị mkpa dị n'okpuru ebe a, yana ihe atụ nke osisi ọgwụ nwere ha.[1]  A na-ejikarị ahịhịa ndị nwere kemịkal eme ihe, dị ka nettle, dandelion, na chickweed.

Ọtụtụ phytochemicals, gụnyere curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, na resveratrol bụ pan-assay inhibitors nke na-abaghị uru maka nchọpụta ọgwụ..

### Alkaloids
 
Alkaloids bụ kemịkalụ na-atọ ụtọ, nke a na-ahụkarị na osisi, mana na-egbukarị egbu.  Enwere ọtụtụ klas nwere ụzọ dị iche iche maka ọgwụ, ma ntụrụndụ ma ọgwụ.  Ọgwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine (mwepụ nke nightshade), [1] ọgwụ ọdịnala berberine (saịtị nke osisi dị ka Berberis nke Mahonia), caffeine (Coffea), Coca" id="mwXQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cocaine">cocaine (Coca), ephedrine (Coca), ephedrine (Raccoin). fia serpentina), quinidine na quinine.  (Cinchona), vincamine (Vinca obere), vincristine (Catharanthusus). 
Faịlụ:Opium_poppy.jpg|The opium poppy *Papaver somniferum* is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine.
Faịlụ:Nicotine.svg|The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco binds directly to the body's Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, accounting for its pharmacological effects.
Faịlụ:Koeh-018.jpg|Deadly nightshade, *Atropa belladonna*, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine.
Faịlụ:DMT.svg|N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) a powerful psychedelic compound which is present in several plant species found across the globe, commonly found in Mimosa and Acacia species but has also been discovered in grasses such as Philaris Aquatica.


### Glycosides
A na-ahụ Anthraquinone glycosides na Senna, [1] rhubarb, na Aloe.. 

glycosides nke obi bụ phytochemicals sitere na osisi gụnyere foxglove na lily nke ndagwurugwu.  Ọ gụnyere digoxin na digitoxin nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka diuretics.
Faịlụ:Senna_alexandrina_Mill.-Cassia_angustifolia_L._(Senna_Plant).jpg|*Senna alexandrina*, containing anthraquinone glycosides, has been used as a laxative for millennia.
Faịlụ:Digitalis_purpurea2.jpg|The foxglove, *Digitalis purpurea*, contains digoxin, a cardiac glycoside. The plant was used to treat heart conditions long before the glycoside was identified.
Faịlụ:Digoxin.svg|Digoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.


### Polyphenols
 
Polyphenols dị n'ọtụtụ osisi, gụnyere anthocyanins, phytoestrogens, na tannins.[1]  Polyphenols bụ metabolites nke abụọ a na-ahụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ ọ bụla nke osisi, gụnyere mkpụrụ osisi, ifuru, na akwụkwọ..
Faịlụ:Angelica_sylvestris_3.jpg|Angelica, containing phytoestrogens
Faịlụ:Phytoestrogens2.png|Polyphenols include phytoestrogens (top and middle)
Faịlụ:Figure_1_Chemical_structures_of_the_three_main_types_of_anthocyanins.jpg|Anthocyanins are a class of polyphenol that contributes to the color of many plants.
Faịlụ:Tannic_acid.svg|Tannic acids are one example of many complex polyphenolic structures produced by plants.


### Terpenes
 
A na-ahụ Terpenes nke terpenoids n'ọtụtụ ụdị osisi resinous dị ka conifers.  Achọghị m isi ya, mana m na-arụ ọrụ iji kpochapụ ahịhịa.  Ihe na-esi ísì ha na-eme ka ha baa baa uru dị mkpa mmanụ, maa maa ihe na-esi good taste dà la lavender rose, maa ọ bết maa aromatherapy.[1][2]  Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ọgwụ: thymol bụ ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali nke na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ.).
Faịlụ:Thymian.jpg|The essential oil of common thyme (*Thymus vulgaris*), contains the monoterpene thymol, an antiseptic and antifungal.
Faịlụ:Thymol2.svg|Thymol is one of many terpenes found in plants.
Faịlụ:Isoprene_Structural_Formulae_V.2.svg|Terpenes are polymer of isoprene


## Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
N'ihe banyere nje bacteria ero, ọtụtụ ụzọ metabolic nke osisi anaghị agbakọta n'otu sel biosynthetic, dịka ha dị na sel nke sel nkịtị.  Lelee ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ: steroidal glycoalkaloids nke Solanum, polyketides nke Pooideae, benzoxazinoids nke Zea Mays, triterpenes nke Avena sativa, Cucurbitaceae, Arabidopsis, momilactone diterpenes nke Oryza sativa..

## Ihe odide