open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thorvald Mejdell

**(in Norwegian). Vol. 9 (1st ed.). Oslo: Aschehoug. pp. 141–142.**

A mụrụ ya na Ringsaker dị ka nwa nke Colonel Gløer Gløersen Mejdell (1782-1827) na Thorine Krog. Ọ bụ nwa nwanne onye ọrụ Jacob Gerhard Meydell na nwanne nwoke nke injinia na-egwupụta ihe n'ala Nicolai Mejdell, na nwanne nna nke onye ọka iwu na onye edemede Glør Thorvald Mejdell. Ọzọkwa, site na nwanne ya nwanyị ọ bụ ọgọ Matthias Wilhelm Sinding na nwanne nna Christian, Otto na Stephan Sinding.

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na 1842, wee gụọ akwụkwọ ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere cand.min. na 1847. Ọ bụ onye njikwa ọhịa na Kongsberg Silver Works site na 1848 ruo 1852, mgbe ahụ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ọhịa na Tharandt ruo afọ atọ tupu e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Ministry of Industry na 1855. Ya na J. B. Barth bụ ndị a na-eto dị ka "ndị mbụ guzobere nchịkwa ọhịa nke ". Ọ bụ onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa na Hedmark site na 1857 na onye isi na na-elekọta oké ọhịa na Norwegian Church Endowment site na 1861 ruo 1875. Site na 1875 ruo 1892 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye Kiær & Co.

Ọ lụghị di, ma nwụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1908 na Kristiania.

## Ihe odide

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Lars Ketil Strand

Lars Ketil Strand**Lars Ketil Strand** (11 Mee 1924 - 12 Machị 2020) bụ onye Norway na-elekọta ọhịa.

A mụrụ ya na Kristiania na Mee 1924. Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta Dr. Agric. n'afọ 1959, ma rụọ ọrụ na Norwegian Forest Research Institute site n'afọ 1965. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Norwegian College of Agriculture site na 1968 ruo 1990. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ site na 1971 ruo 1977. O nwekwara akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Helsinki. Ọ nwụrụ na Machị 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 95.

## Ihe odide
Lars Ketil Strand

Academic offices

Preceded by

Jul Låg

Rector of the Norwegian College of Agriculture

1971–1977	Succeeded by

Ola Mikal Heide
Ahịa osisi

E nwere ọtụtụ ahịa maka ngwaahịa osisi. Mba ọ bụla nwere ahịa nke ya nke nwere ike ijikọta ya na ahịa mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke ụwa. A naenye osisi nahịa ndị dị nime ụlọ nọtụtụ mba ndị dị n"ọhịa nụzọ dị ukwuu site na ịkpụ osisi nụzọ naezighị ezi, ya bụ, ịkpụcha chainsaw. Ahịa mpaghara na nke ụwa naagụnye ndị naemepụta, passthrough, nhazi, na mba ndị naazụ ahịa.

China aghọwo onye naebubata ngwaahịa osisi kachasị ukwuu. Ihe ndị China naebubata naabụkarị ihe ndị a naebupụ na mba ndị ọzọ gụnyere US, EU, Japan, na ụwa ndị ọzọ.

Nafọ 2016, a naeme atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị pasent iri atọ nke ngwaahịa osisi ndị dị nebe okpomọkụ na ahịa European Union ka a kwadoro na ha na-adịgide adịgide (ma ọ bụ PEFC ma ọ bụ FSC). Ọ bụrụ na mba ndị naeri osisi na EU (Germany, France, UK, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium, na Spain) nwetara naanị osisi ndị naadịgide adịgide naadịte aka, a naeme atụmatụ na ọ gaemetụta nde hekta 5.3 ọzọ nke oké ọhịa okpomọkụ.

## Ihe odide
Hekluskógar

thumb|Birch and willow (Salix lanata) growing in the southern edge of Hekluskógar at Langalda between Gunnarsholt and Keldur
Hekluskógar (pronunciation nke Iceland: [ˈhɛhklʏˌskouː(ɣ)ar̥], "Hekla Forest") bụ ọrụ nrụpụta ọhịa na Iceland n'akụkụ ugwu mgbawa Hekla.  Ebumnuche bụ isi bụ iweghachite ọhịa birch na willow nke dị na mkpọda Hekla malite na fatịlaịza ala na ịgha ahịhịa.  Nke a ga-egbochi ntụ mgbawa ugwu ịfe n'akụkụ ndị dị nso ka mgbawa na Hekla ma nyere aka belata mbuze ikuku.  Ọ bụ nnukwu mkpụgharị ụdị ya na Europe ma na-eche na ọ ga-ekpuchi 1% nke mpaghara Iceland.
Onye na-ekpocha osisi

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px
A **osisi caliper** bụ a pụrụ iche caliper iji tụọ diametara na breast ịdị elu nke osisi. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe nọhịa, okwu ahụ bụ "caliper" nwere ike izo aka na dayameta nke ogwe osisi nịdị elu nke ara nonwe ya. A naatụkarị ya na 4.5 feet (1.4 m) ruo 5 feet (1.5 ) nelu ala.

"A naewere ihe ndị dị nelu osisi ndị naeto eto dị sentimita isii nelu ala. Ozugbo caliper nke osisi gafere sentimita anọ, a naatụ osisi ahụ nịdị elu nke sentimita iri na abụọ.

E nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke atụmatụ nke ngwá ọrụ ahụ.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Ogige ịkụ osisi

thumb|Foto nke Ịkụ Osisi na Michigan Planting Bar - NARA - 2129003
Ogwe osisi ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi **dibble** bụ ngwá ọrụ ndị na-elekọta ọhịa naeji akụ **osisi**, ọkachasị noké ọhịa ma ọ bụ noké osisi. Ọ bụ ergonomic nke ukwuu, ebe ọ naeme ka ịkụ osisi dị ngwa ma gbochie azụ mgbu.

Ogwe osisi ndị dị nelu dị mma maka ala nkume.

## Hụkwa

* Pottiputki
* Hoe (ngwá ọrụ)
* Dibber

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Nwoke abụọ hụrụ

thumb|Mmadụ abụọ hụrụ na Oregon
A two-man saw (**nke** a maara dị ka "misery whip") bụ a saw e mere maka iji ya mee ihe site abụọ sawyers. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ chainsaws nke oge a buru oke ibu nke na ha chọrọ mmadụ abụọ iji chịkwaa, osisi crosscut mmadụ abụọ dị mkpa mgbe ejiri ike mmadụ mee ihe. Ụdị ma owuwe ihe ubi gaabụkarị 1 ruo 4 m (4 ruo 12 ụkwụ) nogologo, na mgbe ụfọdụ ruo 5 m (16 ụkwụ), na aka na njedebe ọ bụla. Nọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dị ka mgbe ị naegbu Giant Sequoias, enwere ike ijikọta sawblades site na njedebe ruo na njedebe iji mepụta ogologo saws.  

Usoro nke iji mma ogwu mmadụ abụọ gụnyere onye naagba ọsọ guzo na njedebe ọ bụla. Ndị sawyers ga-agbanwerịta naadọta saị nime osisi. Ọ bụrụ na oghere ahụ amalite imechi, naeme ka mma owuwe ihe ubi ahụ naejikọta, a gaetinye wedges nazụ mma owuwe okwu iji mee ka oghere ahụ ghere oghe. Ịkpụpụ site n'okpuru osisi kwụ ọtọ, nke a naakpọ "underbucking", nwekwara ike iji ya mee ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ijikọ ghọrọ nnukwu nsogbu.

E ji ọtụtụ ọdịiche mee ihe na imewe ahụ, mana ha naadaba nụdị abụọ. A naeji ụgbụ a naegbutu osisi, a naejikwa ụgbụ naegbuke egbuke egbutu osisi ndị e gburu egbu nogologo osisi maka ebe a naawa osisi. Ngwa abụọ ahụ chọrọ atụmatụ dịtụ iche: a naakpụ akpụ nwere mma dị warara, naenye ohere ka a naetinye wedges nụzọ dị mfe karị, ebe a naagbanye mma nwere mma sara mbara, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ike.

E mere mma ịsa ahụ mmadụ abụọ iji belata nakụkụ abụọ. Nhazi ezé dị mkpa iji kpochapụ ntụ noge a naebibi ya.

Ndị Rom oge ochie maara mma ịsa ahụ mmadụ abụọ, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe a naahụkarị na Europe netiti narị afọ nke iri na ise. Na America, a naeji ụgbụ a naegbutu egbutu netiti narị afọ nke iri na asaa, mana ụgbụ ndị naegwutu egbụrụ malitere iji dochie anya anyụike maka ịkpụ osisi na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.

Mmadụ abụọ naeji ụfọdụ mma agha ndị Japan eme ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere nhazi dị iche.

## Hụkwa

* Olulu a hụrụ
* Whipsaw

## Ihe odide
Ọdịda

thumb|Nnyocha mbugharị na Oak Ridge National Laboratory
thumb|Ndị na-anakọta ihe mkpofu na ihe mkpofu n'ebe a na-edebe beech na Thetford, East Anglia
Na hydrology, throughfall bụ usoro nke naakọwa etu akwụkwọ mmiri si wụpụ mmiri karịrị akarị nelu ala. Mmiri ndị a nwere ike dị ukwuu nihi na ha dị arọ karịa mmiri ozuzo. Ọzọkwa, ebe e nwere elu ụlọ dị elu, ọdịda naada nwere ike iru ọsọ ọsọ, ihe dị ka mita 8 (26 ), si otú a naeme ka ikike nke ọdịda ahụ dịkwuo elu.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọdịda dị elu nebe ndị dị noké ọhịa ebe akwụkwọ ya dị obosara. Nke a bụ nihi na akwụkwọ ndị dị larịị naeme ka mmiri naanakọta. Driptips naemekwa ka ọ dịrị mfe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri naada dị ala nọhịa coniferous ebe osisi conifers nwere ike ijide naanị mmiri notu notu na agịga ha.

Throughfall bụ usoro dị mkpa mgbe ị naemepụta ọgwụ ahụhụ maka itinye akwụkwọ osisi ebe ọ bụ na ọ gaemetụta ịsa ha na ọdịnihu nke ihe ndị nwere ike imerụ gburugburu ebe obibi. 

## Hụkwa

* Mgbasa ozi
* Mgbochi nke Canopy
* Ọdịdị osisi

## Ihe edeturu
Achim Steiner

Tupu ọ banye UNDP, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke United Nations Environment Programme UNEP (2006–2016), na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Oxford Martin (2016–2017).  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye isi otu International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) na odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke World Commission on Dams.thumb|Achim Steiner.Nwa nwoke onye ọrụ ugbo German onye kwagara Rio Grande do Sul,[1] Achim Steiner mụrụ na Brazil na 1961 ma jide German yana nwa amaala Brazil.  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Carazinho na Dover College.[2]  O nwetara nzere bachelọ na Worcester College nke Mahadum Oxford wee nweta nzere masters na School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) nke Mahadum London, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụnụba mmepe, atụmatụ mpaghara, mmepe mba ụwa na amụma gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na German Development Institute na Harvard Business School.[3]

.Steiner malitere ọrụ ya na 1989 na ngalaba mmepe mpaghara ime obodo, GIZ, na Germany.  Site na 1991 ruo 1997 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) na South Africa na Washington, D.C. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ nka na ụzụ nke Mekong River Commission (1997-1998) tupu ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke World Commission on Dams.  .  Na 2001 ọ laghachiri IUCN dị ka Director-General

Acting on the nomination of Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 unanimously elected Steiner Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for a four-year term. At the time, he was not nominated by a Member State, but prevailed over candidates such as Børge Brende of Norway and Rajendra K. Pachauri of India. His mandate was later extended twice, this time on the proposal of the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

In November 2018, Guterres also appointed Steiner to co-chair (alongside Maria Ramos) the United Nations' Task Force on Digital Financing of Sustainable Development Goals.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Hallormsstaðaskógur

thumb|Hallormsstaður.
Hallormsstaður National Forest (pronunciation Icelandic: [ˈhatlˌɔ(r)msˌstaːðʏr̥]) ma ọ bụ Hallormsstaðaskógur Icelandic ịkpọ okwu: [-ˌstaːðaˌskouː(ɣ)ʏr̥] dị na Flstagilland nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Iceland , nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Iceland , nke dị na 2 Flstagild, nke dị na Iceland. ir.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime oke ọhịa ndị dị na Iceland, na-ekpuchi hectare 740 (ha), ma gụnye naanị otu obodo dị na Iceland nke dị n'ime oke ọhịa.  Ọhịa ahụ bụ ebe ntụrụndụ dị na mbara ala dị iche iche.  Enwere ihe karịrị kilomita 40 nke okporo ụzọ na ụzọ ụkwụ nwere akara yana arboretum, saịtị abụọ, ebe a na-eme egwuregwu, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na mgbazinye ụgbọ mmiri na ịnyịnya.

E chebere ihe fọdụrụ na birchwood na ugbo Hallormsstaður na 1905 wee si otú a ghọọ ọhịa mbụ nke Iceland.  Ugbu a oke ọhịa Birch na oke ọhịa na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka hekta 350 n'ime ebe mbụ a gbara ogige ma kụọ ụdị osisi dị iche iche na hekta 200 ọzọ.  Akpọkọtala nnukwu mpaghara n'ime ọhịa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, ma kụọ ya ma ọ bụ hapụ ya ka ọ na-amụba na birch.  Ngụkọta nke ụdị osisi 85 nwere ike ịchọta n'ime ọhịa site na ebe 600 gburugburu ụwa.

Oke ọhịa ahụ na-enye nri, ebe akwụ na nchebe pụọ n'aka ndị na-eri anụ maka ọtụtụ ụdị nnụnụ.  Ndị bi kwa afọ gụnyere redpoll nkịtị, wren, goldcrest, rock ptarmigan, na ugoloọma nkịtị.  N'oge ọkọchị, oke ọhịa na-ejupụta na uhie uhie, snipes na pipits nke ahịhịa ahịhịa yana oke osisi Eurasia na wagtails.  E wezụga ịgba nnụnụ, ọhịa ahụ na-enye ohere maka ịkụ ahịhịa na ịtụtụ mkpụrụ osisi na mushrooms.  Nri nri a na-eri gụnyere larch bolete, birch bolete, na jakị na-amị amị.  Nkume bramble bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na raspberries na redcurrants nwere ike ịhụ n'akụkụ oke ọhịa.  Iyi doro anya na-etolite akụkụ e ji mara oke ọhịa na mmiri dị n'ime ha niile na-aṅụ mmanya.
Ebe obibi ntụrụndụ USFS

Ebe obibi ntụrụndụ ma ọ bụ "Forest Service Cabins" bụ **ebe obibi** onwe onye nke Iwu Ikike obibi nke 1915 mere ka ọ dị nala nke mesịrị ghọọ US Forest Service. Ihe omume ntụrụndụ naenye ọha na eze ikike iwu ụlọ ntụrụndaka nokpuru usoro ikike dị iche iche. Ka ọ naerule nafọ 2014, e nwere ihe karịrị 14,000 Recreational Residences na ala Forest Service na ndị nwe ebe obibi ndị a naanọchite anya otu National Forest Homeowners.
A naeji ụlọ ntụrụndụ eme ihe nụzọ naezighị ezi mgbe ụfọdụ ma bụrụkwa isi iyi nke esemokwu, mana emegharịrị mmemme ahụ site na ntinye nke 2014 Cabin Fee Act (CFA) dị ka akụkụ nke 2015 National Defense Authorization Act.
thumb|Ebe obibi ntụrụndụ dị nso na Lake Tahoe, California

## Ihe odide
Thomas Stang

**Thomas Stang** (27 Nọvemba 1897 - 5 Jenụwarị 1982) bụ onye Norway na-elekọta ọhịa na onye ọchụnta ego. A maara ya dị ka onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Maarud, nakwa dị ka di nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Wenche Foss.

## Ndụ onwe onye
A mụrụ ya na Kristiania dị ka nwa nwoke nke onye nwe ala Ole A. Stang na Emma Heiberg. Ọ bụ nwanne Axel Heiberg Stang, nwa nwanne onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri Jørgen Breder Stang, ụmụ nwa nke onye nwe ala Mads Wiel Stang na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Axel Heuberg.

Ọ bụ nna nke onye nwe ala na onye na-emepụta ihe Ole A. Stang, Jr., amụrụ na 1923. O mechara lụọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Wenche Foss na 1953 ma mụọ nwa nwoke Fabian Stang.

## Ọrụ
N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Stang weere examen artium tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ n'ọhịa na azụmaahịa osisi. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ ọhịa ruo otu afọ tupu ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Norway na United States. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Paris maka Konow & Smith, mgbe ahụ otu afọ na Moss Cellulosefabrik.

Nna ya zụrụ ala Maarud na Sør-Odal na 1911. Site na 1923, Thomas Stang na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na ọhịa na Maarud. Site na azụmahịa a, ọ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke otu aha ahụ, Maarud Bedrifter. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Union Co site na 1939 ruo 1945, ọ laghachiri na Maarud Bedrifter. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere imepụta poteto n'afọ 1952, ma bụrụkwa ọkachamara na cheese, ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi ndị ọzọ na àkwá. Oké ọhịa ahụ na-emepụta osisi iji mepụta ụlọ na ụlọ.

Nwa ya nwoke Ole Stang, Jr. weghaara Maarud n'afọ 1960. Stang, onye kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke America bụ isi ihe na-akpali akpali, ka nọgidere na-abanye n'echiche azụmaahịa ọhụrụ. N'etiti ndị ọzọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na-ere ngwaahịa dịka mmiri iyi na karama na jerky n'ahịa Norwegian.

Stang bụ osote onye otu nlekọta nke Forsikringsselskapet Norden. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Denmark site na 1939. Ọ bụ onye otu klọb ụmụ nwoke SK Fram site na 1939 ruo 1943. Ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 1982.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Osisi ezinụlọ nke Thomas Stang na Geni.com
Salamon Mørkved

**Salamon Mørkved** (27 Septemba 1891 - 30 June 1978) bụ onye Norwegian na-elekọta ọhịa na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka Liberal Party.

## Ndụ onwe onye
A mụrụ ya na Høylandet dị ka nwa Lorents Mørkved (1844-1924) na Sofie Aavatsmark (1850-1935). Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Ivar Aavatsmark na ọgọ Albert Fredrik Eggen.

Na 1919 ọ lụrụ Inga Bertha Aavatsmark (1892-1967), nwa nwanyị nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Andreas Hammer (1849-1918) na Bereth Aavatsmar (1852-1925). Ha biri na Spillum.

## Ọrụ
Mørkved gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị (1909), ụlọ akwụkwọ forester (1911), ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa (1912) tupu ọ banye na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Forestry na Norwegian College of Agriculture na 1917. E were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ọhịa na Namdal Aktiedampsag & Høvleri na 1918, mgbe ahụ dị ka onye nduzi osisi na Namdalsbruket na 1920. Site na 1934 ọ bụ onye njikwa na onye nwe Spillumbruket. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Namdal Forestry Society site na 1941 ruo 1961 ma bụrụ onye otu Norwegian Forestry Society si 1942 ruo 1960.

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Namdalsbruket, a họpụtara Mørkved na kansụl obodo Namsos site na 1927 ruo 1934. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye kansụl obodo Klinga site na 1946 ruo 1950. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ọha na eze ebe a site na 1948 ruo 1962.

Mørkved bụkwa onye isi oche Klinga Sparebank site na 1945 ruo 1962 na Den Nordenfjeldske Trelastforening. Ọ bụ onye otu Namsos Sparebank site na 1936 ruo 1963, na onye otu nlekọta nke Namdal Dampskibsselskab site na 1935 ruo 1963 na Det norske gjensidige Skogbrandforsikringsselskap.

E ji ọlaedo chọọ ya mma. Ọ nwụrụ na June 1978 ma lie ya na Namsos.

## Ihe odide
Agnar Johannes Barth

**Agnar Johannes Barth** (26 August 1871 &#x2D; 4 May 1948) bụ onye Norway na-elekọta ọhịa.

A mụrụ ya na Lillehammer dị ka nwa Jacob Bøckmann Barth. A kọwara ya dị ka "onye isi ala ya na ọrụ ọhịa ruo ọtụtụ afọ", ọ bụ prọfesọ na Norwegian College of Agriculture site na 1921, ma jee ozi dị ka rector (nke siri ike, onye isi ala) n'ebe ahụ site na 1928 ruo 1933.

Barth bụ onye ọrụ nchekwa na ndị agha Norway, na-enweta ọkwa nke Second Lieutenant na 1891. N'otu n'ime okwu mbụ ya, na 1929, o toro ndị ntorobịa n'ozuzu ha, ọkachasị ndị ntorobịa "mepụtara Italy nke Mussolini mgbe ha na-alụ ọgụ megide nrụrụ aka na ọchịchị Kọmunist; mba Ịtali, nke sitere na steeti dara ogbenye, na-eguzo n'ọnụ ọdịda ọdịbendị na ihe onwunwe, n'ime afọ ole na ole e wetara nke anọ na steeti na-agbasa, ebe ndị mmadụ niile, jikọtara ọnụ ma nwee ebumnuche, na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka ọganihu mba ahụ.

## Ihe odide
Ọhịa Nnyocha Steeti nke Vinton Furnace

Vinton Furnace State Experimental Forest na Raccoon Ecological Management Area (REMA) bụ oké **ọhịa** steeti dị na Vinton County, Ohio, United States. Ọ naagụnye 15,849 acres, nnukwu ogige fọdụrụ na Ohio ka dị maka nchebe naadịgide adịgide. Kemgbe afọ 2000, a kpọtụrụ data anakọtara nọhịa aha nihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu agụmakwụkwọ 200.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* U.S. Geological Survey Map na U.S Geological Survey map website. E nwetara ya na November 22nd, 2022.
Ọrụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Germany

Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V.  (DUH, na-eji aha bekee Environmental Action Germany) bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa ndị ahịa, nke onyinye na onyinye ọha na eze na nkeonwe na-akwado.  Ọ bụ onye otu European Environmental Bureau na Brussels.  O nwere ikike iwu kwadoro nkwupụta otu n'ụlọ ikpe megide ọrụ ọ na-ewere dị ka ihe iyi egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi.  Otu a na-achọkwa inye ọgbakọ maka mkparịta ụka n'etiti òtù gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọchụnta ego.

## ọrụ ama ama
.N'afọ 2017, DUH gbara akwụkwọ n'ụlọikpe megide Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) na Germany, na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ naghị eme ihe n'ụzọ siri ike maka asịrị mpụta mmanụ dizel Volkswagen.[1]

Na nzuko otu ya na 8 Disemba 2018, ndị otu German Conservative CDU kpebiri ka enyocha ọnọdụ enweghị uru nke DUH.  Steffen Bilger, onye otu Bundestag maka CDU, bụkwa onye omeiwu Under-Secretary of State na Federal Ministry of Transport, gosipụtara ngagharị a dị ka onye isi oche nke otu CDU district Association Nordwuerttemberg.  CDU chọkwara ịhụ na otu ahụ anaghịzi enweta ego site na mmefu ego gọọmentị etiti.  Federal Ministry for Environment na Federal Ministry of Economics mechara kwupụta na ha ga-aga n'ihu na-akwalite DUH.  Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ụtụ isi na Singen kwusiri ike na ọ ga-eme ihe naanị ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe ngosi doro anya.  N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ARD Monitor, onye ọka iwu Joachim Wieland kwuru okwu banyere nguzo Bilger megide DUH na amụma ahụ elelewo ogologo oge n'ihe metụtara mmebi nke ụkpụrụ ikuku na etinyeghị aka n'ihi nlebara anya maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala.  Ugbu a, ha na-anwa iwepụ iwe na-akpata site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, kwupụta ụlọ ikpe na gburugburu ebe obibi Germany.
German Alpine Club

thumb|Logo DAV

German Alpine Club (German: Deutscher Alpenverein, DAV maka nkenke) bụ ọgbakọ ịrị elu kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na otu egwuregwu nke asatọ kachasị na Germany.  Ọ bụ onye otu ọgbakọ egwuregwu Olympic nke German na otu ahụ tozuru oke maka egwuregwu na asọmpi ịrị elu, ịga njem, ịnya ugwu, ije ugwu, ịrị elu ice, njem ugwu, yana ịgba ugwu.  Ọ bụ ọgbakọ mebere alaka mpaghara a maara dị ka 'ngalaba'.

.Ndị German na obodo Ọstria jikọtara ọnụ na 1873 wee guzobe otu German Alpine Club (DÖAV).  Ka ọ na-erule ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 19, atumatu òtù ahụ bịara na-arị elu nke ịhụ mba n'anya na nke na-emegide ndị Juu.  Na 1899, ngalaba Brandenburg deziri “paragraf Aryan” iji wepụ ndị na-abụghị Ndị Kraịst, ngalaba Vienna sochiri na 1905 na mkpakọrịta Alpine nke Vienna na 1907 na Munich na 1910. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, ndị Juu sochiri ya, gụnyere Viktor Frankl.  na Fred Zinnemann, bụ́ onye mejupụtara otu ụzọ n’ụzọ atọ nke ndị òtù, a machibidoro iwu n’ọtụtụ alaka.  Ha, n'aka nke ha, guzobe ngalaba Donauland dị iche, na-ekwusi ike na nkwado nke DÖAV.  A chụpụrụ ndị òtù Donauland n'ọchịchị na 1924. Ọbụna a machibidoro ndị Juu iwu ime ụlọ n'ugwu DÖAV.

DAV bụ nche anwụ nzukọ nke nwere ngalaba mpaghara 358 nọọrọ onwe ya n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro yana ngụkọta nke ndị otu nde 1.3 [1].  Alaka ọ bụla bụ ọgbakọ afọ ofufo edebanyere aha (Eingetragener Verein, e.V.) n'aka nke ya na naanị ọrụ maka ịnakwere ndị otu.  Ọgbakọ nke alaka ndị ahụ bụ ọgbakọ izugbe, kansụl otu, na presidium nọchitere anya ya.
Ahịa ndị a naere

Na United States, ahịa nzọpụta bụ ahịa osisi sitere noké ọhịa mba iji wepụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ, ndị jupụtara, ndị mebiri emebi, ma ọ bụ gbadaa osisi na osisi ndị metụtara ya maka imeziwanye. Ha naese okwu notu akụkụ nihi na enweghị ụkpụrụ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi ndị gaanwụ, jupụta, mebie, ma ọ bụ gbadaa na notu notu maka na US Forest Service nwere ike ijide ego iji kwadebe ma jikwaa ahịa nzọpụta nọdịnihu.

## Ihe odide

*  This article incorporates   public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Jasper Womach Akụkọ maka Congress: Ọrụ ugbo: Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Ọrụ Nnyocha nke Congress.
Akwụkwọ mposi

Akwụkwọ mposi naagụnye akwụkwọ ndị a naeji eme **akwụkwọ mposi**, napkins mposi, anụ ahụ ihu, ákwà nhicha akwụkwọ, napkins na ụfọdụ ákwà mkpofu. A naedozi akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ dị nro ma naamịkọrọ.

Mmepụta zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụdị ahụ na 2013 bụ nde tọn 30.9, ebe ọ nọgidere naabawanye kemgbe 1993. Ngụkọta mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị a ejirila okpukpu abụọ netiti afọ 1993 na 2013. A naekesa mmepụta nụzọ naadịghị mma nụwa niile na Amerịka naemepụta ihe dị ka 40%, Eshia 31%, na Europe 27%, mana Africa na Oceania naanị 1% nke ọ bụla. N'ime mba ndị naeduga, USA naemepụta 20%, China 13%, Japan 5%, na Italy 4%. Mbupụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na 2013 ruru nde tọn 2.4 na ijeri US $ 3.5 na uru na Europe bụ onye naebute ụzọ (64%) na onye naebunye (58%).

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke mba ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa ugbo kachasị

## Ihe odide
Sawlog

Okwu ahụ bụ osisi osisi nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịkpụ osisi, nke a naarụ ọrụ na ebe a naawa **osisi**. Nke a dị iche na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ogwe osisi a naakpọ pulpwood. Sawlogs gaadị ukwuu nobosara, kwụ ọtọ ma nwee obere eriri.

Sawlogs naesikarị na "ọgwụgwụ" nke ogwe osisi ahụ ma bụrụ akụkụ kachasị baa uru nụzọ ego nke osisi ahụ.

## Ihe edeturu


## Hụkwa

* Ọhịa
Bærumsmarka

thumb|284x284px|Bærumsmarka bụ akụkụ nke Oslomarka
**Bærumsmarka** bụ ebe ntụrụndụ ọhịa dị na mpụga Oslo, Norway. Mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Oslomarka ma nwee ókèala Krokskogen na Nordmarka.

Bærumsmarka dị na obodo Bærum nke Viken.  Ọ dị n'etiti ndagwurugwu Lommedalen na Sørkedalen. 
Bærumsmarka nwere ihe karịrị square kilomita 70 nke akara njem, ịgba ịnyịnya na ụzọ ski. Ebe kachasị elu n'ọhịa ahụ bụ Tjæregrashøgda (485 m).
Mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe a na-egwupụta coal n'ihe metụtara ọrụ netwọk ígwè site n'etiti afọ 1600 ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 1800. E guzobere njikọ Bærumsmarkas Venner na 1985 iji chekwaa mpaghara ahụ megide mmepe n'ọdịnihu.

## Ihe odide

## Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya

* Christensen, Trygve (1988) Bærumsmarka før og нена (Oslo: Gyldendal)
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen

***Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen*** (Akụkọ banyere ọhịa nke Switzerlandl) bụ otu nime *akwụkwọ akụkọ* kachasị ochie nke ọhịa ka naebipụta nụwa. E guzobere ya na 1850.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhịa

## Ihe odide
Ihe ubi ozuzo

Nime oke ohia na silviculture, owuwe ihe ubi ọcha ma ọ bụ igbutu ịdị ọcha bụ owuwe ihe ubi nke osisi maka ebumnuche iwepụ ụmụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ ọrịa nelu osisi. A naeji owuwe ihe ọcha eme ihe iji gbochie ọrịa ma ọ bụ ụmụ ahụhụ ịgbasa na osisi ndị ọzọ dị nso. Ọ bụ ụdị njikwa etiti ma jiri ya mee ka ọ dị mma n'osisi ndị dịbu adị.

## Hụkwa

* Ọrịa ọhịa
* Ịchụpụ osisi
* Ịkpa Ọhịa

## Ihe odide
Naturschutzbund Deutschland

thumb|NABU Station Haus Wattwurm on the Speicherkoog Dithmarschen
Ụlọ ọrụ Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.  ("Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union") ma ọ bụ NABU bụ otu ndị Germany na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị (NGO) raara onwe ha nye nchekwa n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ, gụnyere nchekwa nke osimiri, ọhịa na ụdị anụmanụ n'otu n'otu.

NABU bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ibu, kasị mara amara, ọdịdị ọdịdị dị iche iche na Germany na-arụ ọrụ ihe karịrị 100 afọ maka ndị mmadụ na ọdịdị.  NABU na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa dị iche iche, na-edobe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, na-eduzi ọzụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-agwa ndị mgbasa ozi na ọha na eze banyere isiokwu ndị dị mkpa jikọtara na gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa okike.  Obodo German nabatara ọha mmadụ dị ka otu gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa, otu na-ahụ maka okwu ọha (Träger öffentlicher Belange), ya mere a ga-enyocha ya maka nsogbu ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.

Lina Hähnle hiwere NABU na 1 February 1899 na Stuttgart dị ka Bund für Vogelschutz (BfV).  Na 1990 BfV jikọtara ya na ọha DDR Naturschutz mbụ na Naturschutzbund Deutschland (NABU).  Kemgbe ahụ, a na-elekwasị anya na-agbasawanye ma NABU wulitere nkewa maka ọrụ nchekwa mba ụwa, nchekwa mmiri na ike ike.

NABU  Ostalb-Guides
NABU  Schwarzwald-Guides
NABU  Neckar-Guides
NABU  Mittlere Alb-Guides
Gjelleråsen

thumb|Map nke Oslomarka
thumb|Norwegian National Road 4 na Gjelleråsen.
**Gjelleråsen** bụ mpaghara nke mejupụtara akụkụ nke Oslomarka na mpụga Oslo, Norway.

Skedsmo dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Nittedal dị n'akụkụ ugwu gbara mpaghara ahụ gburugburu. E nwere ọtụtụ okporo ụzọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-agafe n'ógbè ahụ, na okporo ụzọ awara awara abụọ nke oge a, Norwegian National Road 4 n'ebe ugwu, na ụzọ Europe E6 n'ebe ndịda.

A maara obodo Gjelleråsen dị ka ebe nkwụsị na Trondheimsveien, ebe Norwegian National Road 4 (Rv4) ma sonye na Norwegian National Route 22 (Rv22). Hagantunnelen na Norwegian National Road 4 na-amalite na Gjelleråsen ma na-apụta na Slattum, ebe Norwegian National Route 4 na-aga n'ebe ugwu gaa Nittedal.

Isi ụlọ ọrụ Ringnes dị na Gjelleråsen. E nwekwara isi ụlọ ọrụ Diplom-Is na isi ụlọ ọrụ Würth Norge. N'ebe ndịda nke mpaghara ahụ, n'akụkụ Skedsmo, bụ ebe ndị agha Lahaugmoen. E ji nke a mee ihe dị ka ebe nkwụsịtụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka mwakpo, gụnyere nke Eze Karl nke Iri na Abụọ duziri na 1716.

Aha Gjelleråsen nwere ike isite na *Gjølluraas*, ma ọ bụ *Gjoleid*, nke pụtara "ebe ikuku na-efe", ma ọ bụ site na Gjøl - *Gjel*, nke na-akọwa ọnụ ụzọ dị nso n'okporo ụzọ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Ọ pụkwara isite na ngwaa *Gjalla*, ụda dị ka nke sitere na nzaghachi.

## Ihe odide
Morskogen

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè Morskogen
**Morskogen** bụ oke ọhịa dị na Mjøsa, ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Norway. Ọ dị n'etiti Eidsvoll, Viken (ebe e dere iwu Norwegian na 1814) na Stange, Innlandet. 

Morskogen bụ ọgbọ agha na 1940 n'etiti ndị agha Germany na-awakpo Wehrmacht na ndị agha Norway, nke mechara nwee mmeri maka ndị Germany. 

N'oge a, a maara ya nke ọma maka ịbụ onye ziri ezi na E6 ma nwee otu n'ime okporo ụzọ kachasị ize ndụ na Norway, yana ọnụọgụ ọnwụ dị elu nke ihe mberede okporo ụzọ kpatara. Ogige ụgbọ okporo ígwè Morskogen bụ ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ochie na Dovre Line. E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1880 ma rụọ ọrụ ruo 1983.

## Ihe odide
Marka, Oslo

**Marka** bụ aha ọhịa na ugwu ndị gbara Oslo gburugburu, Norway. Ọ na-agụnye mpaghara dị n'ime obodo Oslo, kamakwa nnukwu mpaghara dị na Hole, Ringerike, Jevnaker, Lunner, Nittedal, Bærum, Asker, na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na Viken county.  Aha ahụ bụ n'ezie naanị ụdị *akara* (Norse mīrk f) 'ala osisi, ọhịa'. (Hụkwa Finnmark, Hedmark, Telemark, Marker na Aremark.)

Ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtaghị ya dị ka obodo nke Oslo, ọ bụ nnukwu ebe ntụrụndụ maka ndị bi na Oslo, a machibidoro mmepe n'ógbè ahụ. N'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ ndị bi na Oslo na-eji ya eme ihe ugboro ugboro, ọkachasị na ngwụsị izu, anụmanụ nke marka gụnyere ụdị dị ka lynx, wolf, beaver, moose na roe deer.

A na-ejikarị okwu **Oslomarka** eme ihe maka ebe ntụrụndụ niile dị gburugburu Oslo. **Marka** bụ aha nchịkwa maka akụkụ ya nke dị n'ime obodo. Obodo ndị gbara agbata obi (ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na Viken) enweghị otu ụdị nkewa nchịkwa dị ka Oslo, ya mere enweghị usoro nchịkwa dị iche maka akụkụ ha nke mpaghara ahụ. E kewara mpaghara dị n'ime obodo Oslo n'akụkụ abụọ. Ndị bi na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo nke Marka dị na ndagwurugwu abụọ, Sørkedalen na Maridalen.
áká_èkpè|thumb| Map nke Oslomarka
Oslomarka kewara ọzọ na:

* Kjekstadmarka
* Vestmarka
* Krokskogen
* Bærumsmarka
* Nordmarka
* Romeriksåsen
* Lillomarka
* Gjelleråsen
* Ostmarka
* Sørmarka

N'ime ndị a, Vestmarka, Kjekstadmarka, Romeriksåsene, Follomarka na Sørmarka fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam n'èzí obodo ahụ.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Moldemarka

thumb|300x300px|Ebe a na-ahụ Moldemarka n'azụ obodo ahụ
**Moldemarka** bụ ugwu dị kilomita iri atọ (12  mi) ma bụrụkwa ebe ntụrụndụ osisi dị n'ebe ugwu Molde na Molde Municipality, Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. A maara mpaghara ahụ maka Molde panorama, nke nwere ihe karịrị 222 siri ike na akụkụ ụfọdụ snow kpuchiri, agwaetiti ugwu, ugwu ahịhịa ndụ, na North Atlantic Ocean n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ.  Moldemarka na Varden ghọrọ ndị a ma ama n'ụwa niile na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, na Kaiser Wilhelm nke Abụọ nke Germany na Prince of Wales dị ka ndị ọbịa oge niile.

Moldemarka, nke a na-echebe ala ọha na eze, bụ ebe ntụrụndụ afọ niile nwere netwọk nke ụzọ, ụzọ ije ije na ụzọ ịgba ọsọ. Okporo ụzọ ọhịa na-abanye n'ógbè ahụ site n'ọtụtụ ntụziaka, na bọọdụ ozi nwere map na ozi gbasara osisi na anụ ọhịa. Okporo ụzọ ndị a kara akara na-eduga n'ọtụtụ ugwu, na Frænavarden (588 mita ma ọ bụ 1,929 ụkwụ) dị ka ebe kachasị ewu ewu, yana ọtụtụ ọdọ mmiri na osimiri, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri Moldevatnet na osimiri Moldeelva. [citation needed] A chọrọ ikike ịkụ azụ mba. 

Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Moldemarka nwere ike ịnweta site na mpaghara Nordbyen na obodo Molde, ebe ịnweta akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, dị mfe site na Kvam, Kringstad, na Bjørset. N'oge oyi, e nwere ihe dịka kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) nke ụzọ ịgba ọsọ a kwadebere, na ihe dịka kilomita 7 (4.3 mi)  okporo ụzọ ọkụ.  Ụzọ "nke ochie" na-amalite na Romsdal Museum, na-aga site na Storlihytta, ma na-agwụ n'elu ugwu ahụ, na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị na Varden (407 mita ma ọ bụ 1,335 ụkwụ). Ịga ije na-ewe ihe dị ka otu awa.  Map ije maka Moldemarka dịkwa na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ.

## Ihe odide
Lommedalen

thumb|Lommedalen
**Mkpúrù èdè íke****Lommedalen** bụ obodo dị n'ime ime obodo dị na obere ndagwurugwu dị na obodo Bærum na mpaghara Akershus, Norway. Ndị bi na ya bụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,000. Ndagwurugwu Lommedalen na-emeghe na Bærums Verk ma na-aga ihe dị ka kilomita 5 n'ebe ugwu.

Lommedalen gụnyere ebe osisi, ụfọdụ ala ugbo, na ebe obibi. Ọ gụnyere akụkụ nke mpaghara ọhịa Krokskogen. Osimiri Lomma na-agafe na ndagwurugwu ahụ.  Okporo ụzọ ọhịa si Lommedalen na-aga Hole na Buskerud. Okporo ụzọ ndị njem ala nsọ na-aga Nidaros Cathedral na Trondheim gafere Lommedalen n'oge etiti oge ma kpọlite ya n'ememe ncheta 1000 nke Trondheim na 1997.

Lommedalen bụ ebe a ma ama maka ịgba ọsọ na slalom n'oge oyi na ịgba ịnyịnya n'oge ọkọchị. Ọdọ Mmiri Burudvann bụ ebe a ma ama maka ịga ije na ebe ezumike dị n'akụkụ osimiri dị n'ógbè ahụ. Mpaghara ahụ bụkwa ebe ogige golf abụọ, Lommedalen Golf Club na Bærum Golf Club.  Lommedalsbanen bụ ebe ngosi nka ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị warara nke dị n'elu ndagwurugwu ahụ. Chọọchị Lommedalen (*Lommedalen Kirche*) malitere na 1995. Ihe owuwu bụ nkume na brik. Chọọchị ahụ nwere atụmatụ rectangular na ọnụọgụ oche 700.

## Ndị metụtara Lommedalen

* Ari Behn (1972-2019), onye edemede na onye bụbu di nke Princess Märtha Louise
* Narve Bonna (1901-1976) onye na-awụli elu
* Magnus Carlsen (b. 1990) onye na-egwu chess
* Leif Kristian Haugen (b. 1987) Onye na-agba ọsọ ski alpine World Cup
* Aleksander Aamodt Kilde (b. 1992) Onye na-agba ọsọ ski nke World Cup
* Thomas Rogne (b. 1990) onye egwuregwu bọọlụ
* Rune Velta (b. 1989) ski jumper.

## Ihe ngosi

## Ihe odide
Onye naagba ịnyịnya

Onye naagba ịnyịnya nzọpụta nke 1995 bụ ndokwa na Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act nke 1995 (P.L. 104-19, Sec. 2001, July 27, 1995) iji gbasaa ahịa osisi nzọpụta site na July 27, 1995, ruo December 31, **1996**, site na ịnapụta ha na ihe ịma aka ọha na eze nokpuru iwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke a bụ arụmụka nihi na ọ weghachiri ọtụtụ ahịa osisi na Washington na Oregon nke a kwụsịrị iji chebe ebe obibi nke ụdị dị nihe ize ndụ na nke naeyi egwu.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe Omume Maka Ọhịa Dị Mma

## Ihe odide
Sarpsborg Papp

Sarpsborg Papp AS

Industry	Paper industry

Founded	1914

Fate	Bought by M. Peterson & Søn,

1961

Headquarters	Sarpsborg, Norway

**Sarpsborg Papp AS** bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Norway, nke na-arụ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe na Sarpsborg, Norway.

E hiwere ya na 1914 dị ka *Sarpsborg Emballagefabrik*, ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ corrugated mbụ na Norway. N'afọ 1961, M. Peterson & Søn nwetara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ bụ ihe mbụ M. Peterson & Søn nwetara n'ọhịa nkwakọ ngwaahịa.

Ebe ọ bụ na ewepụtara aha *Peterson* na ụlọ ọrụ niile na 1992, a na-akpọzi ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Sarpsborg Peterson Emballasje AS, Sarpsborg, nke a haziri n'ime alaka Peterson Packaging.

## Ihe odide
Ochrosia oppositifolia

***Ochrosia oppositifolia*** na-eto dịka obere osisi ruo n'etiti ruo mita iri abuo n’ise (iri asato n’abuo ) n'ogologo, na obosara ogwe osisi ruru sentimita iri ise (iri na abuo in). Okooko osisi ya nwere ihe na-acha creme na-acha ọcha. Ebe obibi ya bụ oké ọhịa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọhịa maọbụ ebe mepere emepe ruo mita nari (nari ato na iri ato ) n'ịdị elu, ọ naghị adịkebe n'ime ala. Ojiji ọgwụ na mpaghara gụnyere dịka carminative na nnukwu doses dịka abortifant. *Ochrosia oppositifolia* bụ nke a mụrụ na mpaghara site na Seychelles site na mpaghara okpomọkụ Eshia ruo Pacific.

Oppositines bụ vasorelaxant beta-carbolines nke e wepụrụ na *Ochrosia oppositifolia*.

## Edensibia
Akwụkwọ Nordic

Nordic Paper AS

Industry	Paper industry

Founded	2001

Headquarters	Säffle , Sweden 

Key people	Richard Heiberg (CEO)

Sverre A. Larssen (chair)

Owner	Petek GmbH (50.41%)

NorgesInvestor III AS (32.60%)

Richard Heiberg Invest AS (7.64%)

JSR Invest AB (7.64%)Hartvig Wennberg AS (1.71%)

Website	www.nordic-paper.com

Nordic Paper AS bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Norway, na-arụ ọrụ na Norway na Sweden. E guzobere ya na 2001 mgbe *Peterson Scanproof*, alaka nke M. Peterson & Søn nke nwere ngalaba mmepụta na Greåker (nke Greaker Industrier nwere n'oge gara aga) na Säffle, jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na Geithus, nke Norske Skog Union nwere.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Nordic Paper na Greåker, Norway.
Onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ M. Peterson & Søn nọgidere na-enwe ya mgbe a haziri ya na Nordic Paper, ya na nne na nna Norske Skog Union bụ Norske Skgindustrier. N'afọ 2006, ma Peterson na Norske Skogindustrier hapụrụ, na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye ego.

N'ihi mgbanwe nke onye nwe ya, e mechiri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Geithus. Otú ọ dị, e nwetara ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ kraft abụọ na Bäckhammar na Åmotfors.

## Ihe odide
Campnosperma seychellarum

***Campnosperma seychellarum*** bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nke Anacardiaceae . Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo Seychelles.  Ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.

## Edensibia
Ọdọ Mmiri Chapala

thumb|Lake Chapala from space, 1994
Ọ gbara ma steeti Jalisco na Michoacán, dị n'ime obodo Ocotlán, Chapala, Jocotepec, Poncitlán na Jamay, na Jalisco, yana na Venustiano Carranza na Cojumatlán de Régules, na Michoacán.

Ọ dị na 20, kilomita 45 (28 mi) ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Guadalajara, Jalisco, ma dị n'ókè dị n'etiti steeti Jalisco na Michoacán, na mita 1,524 (ụkwụ 5000) n'elu oké osimiri.  ọkwa.  Akụkụ ya dị ihe dị ka 80 km (50 mi) site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ yana nkezi 12.5 km (7.8 kilomita) site n'ebe ugwu ruo ndịda, na kpuchiri mpaghara ruru 1,100 km2 (420 sq mi)

Ọ bụ osimiri Río Lerma, Río Zula, Río Huaracha na Río Duero na-enye ya nri, na Rio Grande de Santiago na-asọpu ya.  Mgbe ahụ, mmiri ahụ na-agakarị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ banye n'Oké Osimiri Pasifik.  Ọ dịghị mmiri esila n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ pụta n'ime ihe karịrị afọ 30 n'ihi ọdịda nke mmiri na-abata na osimiri Lerma.

The city of Guadalajara has relied on Lake Chapala as a principal source of water since the 1950s.
Shortly after, a few consecutive years of poor rainfall dramatically decreased the water level of the lake. The level rebounded until 1979, when Lake Chapala's water level began rapidly decreasing due to increases in urban water consumption.

By 2007 and 2008, the level of Lake Chapala had increased drastically, though the levels have yet to surpass the level in 1979, when the levels began a precipitous decline. Although it is still subject to agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources of contamination, the actual levels of hazardous materials has not been officially assessed with regularity.

The lake is a critical habitat for several species of migratory birds, such as the American white pelican, and home to thousands of indigenous plants and animals. The Audubonistas de Laguna de Chapala holds an annual Audubon Society sponsored Christmas Bird Count. In 2006, some 117 species were identified and, in 2007, the count was 125. By January 2011, some 173 species were recorded.
Ranheim Papirfabrikk

**Ranheim Papirfabrikk AS** bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Norway, nke na-arụ ọrụ akwụkwọ nwere otu aha na Ranheim, Trondheim, Norway.

Iwu ya malitere na 1882, onye ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Lauritz Jenssen, nwa Lauritz Dorenfeldt Jenssen onye zụrụ ugbo Ranheim wee malite ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ meghere ya dị ka *Ranheims Cellulosefabrik* na 1884. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jiri mmiri si n'osimiri Vikelva dị nso. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jikwa ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ụlọ ọrụ mee ihe, na-agba ọsọ na Nordland Line site na Ranheim Station.
thumb|Ihe igwe ihe na 2013
N'afọ 1891, a gbanwere ya site na ụlọ ọrụ cellulose gaa na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ, aha ahụ gbanwere n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ya. Nwa nwoke nke onye guzobere ya bụ Lauritz Jenssen Dorenfeldt, onye rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ site na 1884 ruo 1894, dị mkpa na mmepe a. N'afọ 1894, ezinụlọ Jenssen enweghị ike ijikwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọzọ, Christian Christophersen weghaara òkè ahụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lanarịrị ma na-achịkwa n'ọhịa ya n'ebe ugwu Dovrefjell, ruo n'afọ 1960 mgbe ọ nwetara nnukwu onye asọmpi na Nordenfjelske Treforedling. Ranheim Papirfabrikk ghọrọ akụkụ nke Norske Skogindustrier na 1971. N'afọ 1983, e rere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ M. Peterson & Søn, nke e guzobere na 1801 na Moss. N'ịgbaso nhazi ọzọ e mechara kewaa ngalaba mmepụta na Ranheim n'ime abụọ; *Peterson* Linerboard AS, Ranheim na Peterson Emballasje AS, Ranheim, kewara alaka abụọ bụ Peterson Linerboat na Peterson Packaging n'otu n'otu. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka dị.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Ficus bojeri

Ficus bojeri bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nkeMoraceae. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo  Seychelles.  Ọ bụ obere osisi ficus, maọbụ nke fig, nke nwere obere alaka na akwụkwọ dịka oval.  Ọ na-acha odo odo.  Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-anọdụ n'osisi osisi ahụ n'elu alaka dị sentimita.

## Edensibia
Grisollea thomassetii

***Grisollea thomassetii*** bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nkeStemonuraceae. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo Seychelles.

## Edensibia
Nephrosperma

***Nephrosperma vanhoutteanum*** bụ ụdị nkwụ, ma burukwa naanị ụdị dị na ụdị nke ***Nephrosparma***. A na-ahụkari ya naanị na obodo Seychelles, ebe ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.

## Edensibia
Deckenia nobilis

***Deckenia nobilis*** (**nkwụ cabbage** maọbụ **salad nke** millionaire) bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinaụlọ nke Arecaceae. Ọ bụ monotypic n'ime ụdị ***Deckenia***, ma bụrụkwa nke a na-ahụkarị na obodo Seychelles, ebe ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi. A kọwara ya n’afo 1870.

## Nkọwa
áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ogwu
áká_èkpè|thumb|Mkpịsị aka na-acha odo odo nke na-eto n'elu ogwe osisi ''Deckenia nobilis''
áká_èkpè|thumb|Nkọwa nke akwụkwọ ''Deckenia nobilis'', na-eto na Praslin
Ụdị nkwụ a nwere mkpụrụ osisi nwere ogwu pụrụ iche, ma na-emepụta ogwu odo odo na ogwe osisi nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. 
Ndị toro eto na-eru mita iri ano n'ịdị elu.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
*Deckenia nobilis* bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo Seychelles. N'ọhịa, a na-ahụ ya mgbe ụfọdụ n'ọhụrụ dị ala, n'ebe dị elu ruo mita nari isii.

Ọ na-ebelata n'ihi na a na-achịkwaghị maọbụ na-akwadoghị owuwe ihe ubi nke obi nkwụ a na-eri eri, mana ụfọdụ ebe na-eto n'elu mkpume na mpụta siri ike maka ụmụ mmadụ iru, nke na-enye ha nchebe okike. Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ uto ọhụrụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ osisi na obodo Seychelles, nke na-azụlite mkpụrụ osisi D. nobilis ma na-ekesa ha na ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ maka ịkụ.

## Edensibia
Ministri nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri (Norway)

thumb|Ministri nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri (Norway)
**Royal Norwegian Ministry of Agriculture and Food** (Norwegian) bụ ozi Norwegian guzobere na 17 Febụwarị 1900, ọ bụkwa ọrụ ugbo, ọhịa na nri na Norway. Ọ bụ site na Jenụwarị 2019 ka Minista nke Ọrụ Ugbo na Nri Olaug Bollestad (Christian Democratic) duziri. Ngalaba ahụ na-akọ akụkọ na ndị omeiwu (Stortinget).

## Nhazi
A na-ekewa ozi ahụ na ngalaba ndị a:

* Ndị ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
* Otu nkwurịta okwu
* Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Akụnụba
* Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Iwu Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
* Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nri
* Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Iwu Ọrụ Ugbo
* Ngalaba Nnyocha, Innovation na Iwu Ógbè

### Ndị ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

* Minista Sylvi Listhaug (Progress Party)
* Onye odeakwụkwọ steeti Hanne Blåfjelldal (Progress Party)

### Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka
N'okpuru ozi ahụ, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa anọ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị abụọ:

* Gọvanọ County, ma ọ bụ *Fylkesmannen* (ebe gọọmentị) Ikike mpaghara nke Gọọmentị, yana Gọvanụ na mpaghara 18 ọ bụla.
* Norwegian Agriculture Authority, ma ọ bụ *Statens landbruksforvaltning* (ebe ọrụ gọọmentị) Authority for the agriculture industry.
* Norwegian Food Safety Authority, ma ọ bụ *Mattilsynet* (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị) Na-achịkwa akụkụ niile nke nchekwa nri, gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, mbubata na azụmahịa.
* Reindeer Husbandry Administration, ma ọ bụ *Reindriftforvaltningen* (ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị) Authority for the reindeer husbandry industry.

Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị:

* Statskog (ebe gọọmentị) Na-elekọta ọhịa na ihe onwunwe okike nke steeti.

Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a kpaara ókè:

* Staur Farm, ma ọ bụ *Staur Gård* (ebe gọọmentị) Ugbo.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Ala nke Norway

The Norwegian Forest and Landscape Institute (Norwegian:  for skog og landskap) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke dị na Norway.

N'ịbụ nke dị n'okpuru Ministry of Agriculture and Food nke Norway, ọ na-achị onwe ya na nyocha ya. E guzobere ya na 1 Julaị 2006 site na njikọta nke Norwegian Forest Research Institute (Norsk institutt for skogforskning) na Norwegian Institute of Land Inventory (Norsk institut for jord- og skogkartlegging). Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ås, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara dịkwa na Bergen, Steinkjer na Tromsø.

Onye nduzi bụ Arne Bardalen.

Na June 30, 2015 e jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research.

## Ihe odide
Pandanus hornei

***Pandanus hornei*** (Vakwa Parasol, maọbụ ***Vacoa Parasol***) bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nke Pandan, ma ọ dị na Screwpine (Pandanaceae), otu ***n'ime*** ọtụtụ ụdị *Pandanus* nke dị na obodo Seychelles. 

## Nkọwaputa
Ụdị a dị ogologo ( mita iri na ise, maọbụ ụkwụ iri ano Na iteghete), osisi kwụ ọtọ. O nwere otu, ogologo, ogwe kwụ ọtọ, nke nwere ogwe na-agbasa, nke yiri nche anwụ naanị n'akụkụ elu. Alaka ya na-ekewa n'ìgwè atọ. 

Mgbọrọgwụ ya buru ibu ma jupụtazikwa nke ọma. 

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
*Pandanus hornei* bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo  Seychelles, ọ bụkwa ihe a na'oge gara aga na agwaetiti granite niile. Na ndagwurugwu na ndagwurugwum mmiri ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke oké ọhịa mbụ. 
A na-eyi ya egwu ugbu a site na mbibi ebe obibi na ụdị ndị ọzọ na-awakpo ya dịka *Paraserianthes falcataria*. 

## Edensibia
Pisonia sechellarum

***Pisonia sechellarum*** bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinaụlọ nke Nyctaginaceae. Ọ bụ nwa amaala nke obodo Seychelles ya na obodo Comoros archipelago. Na Seychelles, ọ na-ejedebe na Silhouette Island, ebe ọ bụ osisi kachasị ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ihe dị ka otu nari na iri itoolu. Ismail, S.; Huber, M.J.; Mougal, J. (2011). "''Pisonia sechellarum''". *[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]*. **2011**: e.T32698A9719159. doi:. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Planchonella obovata

***Planchonella obovata*** bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nke Sapotaceae. Aha a na-ahụkarị n' obodo Australia bụ **osisi** boxwood na-acha odo odo. Ọ na-apụta n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, Micronesia, na n'àgwàetiti nke Oké Osimiri nke obodo India, ma nwee aha obodo n'ebe ahụ.

*Planchonella obovata* na-eto dịka osisi nwere okpueze na-eru ogo iri ruo mita iri abuo (iri ato na ato ruo iri isii na isii ). Akwụkwọ ya na-acha ntutu mgbe ọ dị obere, na elu ya na-aghọ nke na-akwọ mụrụmụrụ ma na-egbuke egbuke. Ha dịka oval- ruo ube-dị ka 6-24  (2.5-9.5 in) ogologo, na 1.5-15 cm (0.59-5.91 in) obosara. Na-apụta site n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ruo onwa Ọktoba, obere okooko osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eto n'ìgwè. Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha uhie uhie maọbụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-esote okooko osisi 1-1.5 cm (0.39-0.59 in) n'obosara. Mkpụrụ osisi ọ bụla nwere otu mkpụrụ ruo ise nke na-acha odo odo mgbe ọ chara.

Robert Brown buru uzo kọwas osisi ahụ na dịka *Sersalisia obovata* n'akwụkwọ ya nke afo 1810 *Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae*. tupu a kwafee ya na aha ya ugbu a bụ Jean Baptiste Louis Pierre n’ afo 1890. A makwaara ya site na aha *Pouteria obovata*. Okwu a na-akpọ *obovata* na-ezo aka n'ọdịdị ovate nke akwụkwọ ya. Nnyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ihe ahụ chọpụtara na ihe sitere na Papua New Guinea dịpụrụ adịpụ ma bụrụkwa Zita nwanne nwanyị nke otu ihe mejupụtara ihe sitere n’ obodo Australia na obodo Indonesia. Indumentum dị n'elu akwụkwọ nke ihe atụ Australia na Indonesia, ọ dịghịkwa na ihe sitere na Papua nke New Guinea.

Enwere ike ịzụlite ya n'ọnọdụ nwere ezigbo mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma nwee ike ịgbasa ya site na mkpụrụ. A na-eji osisi ahụ eme ihe maka ntụgharị nke ime ụlọ.

## Edensibia
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa nke Norway

Norwegian Forestry Society (Norwegian: Det norske Skogselskap, nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ *Skogselskapet*) bụ òtù nwere mmasị na Norway.

E guzobere ya dị ka Det norske Skogselskab na 1898, na Axel Heiberg dị ka onyeisi oche mbụ ya. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite ọdịmma ọhịa. Ọ na-ewepụta magazin *Norsk Skogbruk*. Onye isi oche nke bọọdụ ahụ bụ Johan C. Løken, isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dịkwa na Oslo.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị, ''Norsk Skogbruk''
Syzygium wrightii

***Syzygium wrightii*** bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nkeMyrtaceae. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo  Seychelles.

## Edensibia
Trilepisium gymnandrum

***Trilepisium gymnandrum*** bụ ụdị *Trilepisius* nke dị na obodo Seychelles, ebe ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.  Ebe obibi ya sitere n'okike bụ ọhịa dị ala maọbụ ala dịkwazi larịị. A maara mmadụ ise tozuru etozu na mpaghara abụọ dị n'etiti oké ọhịa dị elu nke Silhouette Island. A na-eche na e kpochapụrụ ndị bi na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ nke nnukwu agwaetiti nke Mahé ya na Praslin.

NPTS eguzobewo ndị ọhụrụ na agwaetiti nke Silhouette Island.

## Hụkwazie

## Edensibia