open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Nkwekọrịta maka Nchebe nke Anụ Ọhịa, Nnụnụ na Azụ n'Africa

**Nkwekọrịta ma ka Nchebe nke Anụ Ọhịa, Nnụnụ na Azụ n'Africa** (nke a makwaara dị ka Nkwekọta London nke 1900) bụ nkwekọrịta dị iche iche gbasara nchekwa anụ ọhịa nke ndị ọchịchị Europe bịanyere aka na ya na London na 1900.  bụ ezie na ọ bataghị n'ọrụ, a nabatara ya dị ka otu n'ime nkwekọrịta mbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme gbasara nchekwa okike.  

## Mkpebi na nkwenye
France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal, Spain na Congo Free State mechiri ma bịanye aka na ya na 19 Mee 1900. Nkwekọrịta ahụ chọrọ ka steeti niile bịanyere aka na ya kwado ya tupu ha abanye n'ike; n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bịanyere aka na ya akwadoghị nkwekọrịta ahụ, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ malitere ike.

## Ụdị nchebe
Otu isi ihe ọhụrụ nke mgbakọ ahụ—nke a ka na-eji taa na nkwekọrịta nchekwa—bụ ntinye nke usoro ihe omume nke debere anụmanụ n'ụdị nchekwa dị iche iche.

### Usoro 1: Mmachibido iwu zuru oke maka ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ mbibi
A ga-echebe ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị na Ndepụta 1 pụọ na ịchụ nta na mbibi niile; nke a mere ma ọ bụ n'ihi na a na-ele ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ anya dị ka "uru ha uru" ma ọ bụ "ihe dị ụkọ na ihe na-eyi egwu mkpochapụ":
 

### Usoro 2 na 3: Mmachibido ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ mbibi mgbe ọ bụ nwata ma ọ bụ nne
A ga-echebe anụmanụ ndị dị na Nhazi nke 2 site na ịchụ nta na mbibi niile mgbe ụmụ anụmanụ ka dị obere. A ga-echebe ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị na Nhazi nke 3 site na ịchụ nta na mbibi niile mgbe ha na ụmụ ha so. Ndepụta anụmanụ ndị dị na Nhazi nke 2 na 3 bụ otu:


### Ndepụta 4: Anụmanụ ndị a pụrụ ịchụ nta ma ọ bụ bibie n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta
A ga-echebe ụmụ anụmanụ ndị dị na Ndepụta 4 pụọ na ịchụ nta na mbibi "ma e wezụga n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta":


### Usoro nke ise: Anụmanụ ndị na-emerụ ahụ a chọrọ ka e belata ha
A họpụtara anụmanụ ndị dị na Nhazi 5 dị ka "ndị na-emerụ ahụ" na nkwekọrịta ahụ lere ha anya dị ka ihe na-achọsi ike ka e belata na ọnụọgụ "n'ime oke zuru oke
 
Mgbakọ ahụ gbara ume ka e bibie àkwá agụ iyi, agwọ na-egbu egbu, na pythons.

## Ndokwa ndị ọzọ
Mgbakọ ahụ gbara ume ka e mepụta ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa. Ọ gaara amachibido iji ụgbụ na ọnyà na ịchụ nta na iji bọmbụ ma ọ bụ nsí na azụ. Nkwekọrịta ahụ nyere ohere maka ịmepụta ụtụ mbupụ na akpụkpọ anụ, ezé, na mpi.

## Ihe a ga-eji dochie ya
Nkwekọrịta ahụ abanyeghị n'ike ma na 1933 ka Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora nọchiri anya ya.

## Ihe edeturu

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://iea.uoregon.edu/treaty-text/2594, uoregon.edu
Andre the Seal

thumb|André the Seal na Harry Goodridge na 1974
**André the Seal** (May 16, 1961 – July 19, 1986)  bụ nwa nkịta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke a chọtara n'àgwàetiti Robinson's Rock na Penobscot Bay, Maine, United Steeti.      .

## Ndụ
  bụ Harry Goodridge, onye bụ Dọkịta na-awa ahụ n'osisi na onye na-ahụ maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Rockport, Maine, nabatara akara ahụ. Harry zụlitere nwa nkịta ahụ, na-enwe olileanya na akara ahụ ga-aghọ onye ibe ya na-egwu mmiri, ma na-atụ anya na akara ahụ agaghị alaghachi n'ọhịa mgbe enyere ya ohere. Kama nke ahụ, André họọrọ ịnọnyere Harry na Rockport ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1986.  

## Ihe osise na mgbasa ozi na nka
thumb|André the Seal akara na Rockport, Maine nso ihe oyiyi ahụ
Akụkọ nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mepụtara n'ime afọ 25 ha edepụtara nke ọma na ọtụtụ narị akụkọ akụkọ, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ,  ihe nkiri nke Paramount Pictures wepụtara na n'afọ 1994, na ihe ngosi PBS. 

Ọbụna otuto na ewu ewu nke André mere ka e wuo ihe ncheta nke Jane Wasey iji sọpụrụ ya na Rockport, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Maine na n'afọ 1978. N'afọ 2018, e weghachiri ihe oyiyi limestone nke $ 14,000 nke ihu ya,  nke nwere ọtụtụ oghere. Legacy Rockport, ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru, nyere $ 6,000 ma ka ihe kpatara ya. Ego fọdụrụnụ sitere n'aka ndị na-enye onyinye onwe ha, gụnyere $ 2,500 site na klọb ubi dị n'ógbè ahụ. 

## Hụkwa

* Hoover (akara) 

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Ịchụ nta na Ịzụ Ọhịa na Denmark

Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Danish nke ịchụ nta na ọhịa (Dansk: Dansk Jagt-og Skovbrugsmuseum) bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi nke steeti na Hørsholm na-egosi ihe jikọrọ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịchụ nta na ọhịa na Denmark. Ugbu a enwere njikọ chiri anya na mpaghara ịchụ nta Par Force nke UNESCO depụtara na North Zealand.

N'afọ 2017, e jikọtara ebe ngosi nka ahụ na Ebe Ngosi Ọrụ Ugbo nke Danish ma bụrụ nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Green Museum. Ọ dị na Auning na ugwu Jutland. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na afọ 1942. Ọ dabere na ụlọ ọrụ ugbo mbụ nke Hirschholm Palace  

## UNESCO Par Force Hunting Landscape

E debara aha ebe nta Par force dị na North Zealand na ndepụta nke UNESCO World Heritage Sites na 4 Julaị 2015.Jette Baagøe, onye isi nke Museum of Hunting and Forestry na onye isi oche nke otu onye ọrụ na nhọpụta ahụ na afọ 2010 A na-atụ an ya na ihe ngosi mgbe ochie ahụ ga-abụ onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ na onye isi nhazi ozi na ebe nketa Par Force. Dabere  Ụdị ama nke ndị ọbịa na Stevns Museum nke sitere na ọkụ Stevns Klint dị ka ebe nketa UNESCO na 2014, Baagøe na-atụ anya ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke North Zealand, na Hunting and Forestry Museum nke haziri ihe ngosi a raara nye Par Force Hunting Landscape site na Ọktoba 2015.

## Exhibitions
Ihe ngosi ahụ nwere nchịkọta atọ:

* Nchịkọta ịchụ nta na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịchụ nta n'Denmark site n'oge ochie ruo taa.
* Nchịkọta ọhịa na-elekwasị an ya na ngwá ọrụ ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọhịa tupu c. 1850.
* Ihe ngosi banyere ọhịa nke oge a na igwe eji eme ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ji. Ụmụaka nwere ike ịnwale ya ma banye na ígwè ọrụ.

## Hụkwa

* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Hørsholm

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Carol Ruckdeschel

**Carol Ruckdeschel, bụ onye na-ahụ ma ka ihe ndị dị ndụ, onye na-amụ okike, onye na'ahụ ma ka gbuuru-gbúrụ ebe obibi.**  na onye edemede.   ka onye bi na Cumberland Island, o aka n'ịmepụta na ichebe Cumberland Island National Seashore. Ọ bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ Untamed: The Wildest Woman in America and the Fight for Cumberland Island nke Will Harlan dere.

Ọ na-eme nnyocha banyere mbe mmiri  na ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ndị na-adịghịzi adị gbụrụ-gbúrụ ụsọ oké osimiri Georgia. 

Ebe obibi ya n'akụkụ ugwu nke Cumberland Island bụ nke National Park Service ugbu a, na ọnọdụ nke ịnọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.

## Akwụkwọ

* 
* 

## Akụkọ ndị a na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Robert Shoop, C., na Carol Ruckdeschel. "Ịbawanye nkwụsị nke mbe na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States: ihe mgbagwoju anya. " Biological Conservation 23.3 (1982): 213-215.
* Frazier, J. G., Judith E. Winston, na Carol A. Ruckdeschel. "Epizoan communities on marine turtles. III. Bryozoa." Bulletin of marine science 51.1 (1992): 1-8.

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Uwe Mmanụ Ala Palgrave

Olive Hannibal Coates Palgrave MBE (5 mota 1889 - August 1963) ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe osise botanical nke South Africa, nke a maara ma ka akwụkwọ ya nke 1956 "Trees of Central Africa".

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ ya na Cradock, Eastern Cape, ọ bụ nwa nke mbụ n'ime ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ 5 nke Ada Mary Hannibal na Albert John Alfred Trollip (1857-1943), onye sitere na afọ 1820 Settlers, na onye ọrụ ugbo atụrụ Cradock nke tụfuru ìgwè atụrụ ya niile n'oké ifufe snow, nke mere ka ọ kwaga Southern Rhodesia na afọ 1895. Ezinụlọ ya sonyeere ya naanị na afọ 1900, jiri ụgbọ okporo ígwè gaa Bulawayo wee jiri ụlọ ọrụ Zeederberg Coach Company gaa Gwelo, Matabele Rebellion na Boer War na-egbu oge ha.

Agụm akwụkwọ ya malitere na Huguenot College dị na Wellington, Western Cape ebe ya na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị South Africa Ethel Doidge, batara n'okpuru nduzi nke onye nkuzi botany Bertha Stoneman, onye na-ahụ ma ka ihe ọkụkụ na onye dere 'Plants and their way in South Africa'. Olive gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ 1906.unu

N'afọ 1915, ọ lụrụ Sidney Heneage Coates Palgrave, onye ọrụ gọọmentị Rhodesia. Ha zụlitere ezinụlọ nke ụmụ nwoke atọ, Roderic (Deric) (1917), Keith (1926) na Paul (1929), ha niile na-esonyere ha na njem nlegharị anya n'ọhịa. Nwa ya nwoke Keith Coates Palgrave bipụtara Trees of Southern Africa na afọ 1977,  ọrụ nke mejupụtara mkpa ma ka ọrụ ntụaka zụrụ oke iji mee ihe dị ka onye nduzi. Nwa ya nwoke Paul Coates Palgrave, na nwunye Paul Meg (née Stead) nyere foto ndị e ji mee ihe n'akwụkwọ Keith.

Ọ nwụrụ na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia, mgbe ọ dị afọ 74.

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga

* JSTOR
* Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ oloko Zeederberg
Paul Pfurtscheller

thumb
**Paul Pfurtscheller** (20 Nọvemba 1855 Salzburg - 5 Febụwarị 1927) bụ onye Austrian zoologist na onye na-ese akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mepụtara usoro 'Zoologischen Wandtafeln' (Zoological Wall Charts) site na afọ 1902 gaa n'ihu. A na-eji chaatị ndị dị otú ahụ eme ihe na mbụ naanị na mba ndị na-asụ German, mana ojiji ha n'oge na-adịghị anya ghọrọ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ndị ọzọ.

Pfurtscheller gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ 1874, wee banye na Mahadum Vienna. N'afọ 1879, e nyere ya nzere PhD ma nye ya ikikere ịkụzi sayensị. Afọ isii sochirinụ hụrụ ya ka ọ na-akụzi na Franz-Josef Gymnasium, na afọ atọ ọzọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Vienna. Ọ laghachiri na Franz-Josef Gymnasium, nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na Jenụwarị 1911. Site na afọ 1877 ọ bụ onye otu Zoological and Botanical Society.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetaghị ọzụzụ nkà, o kere eserese mgbidi iji gosi nkuzi nkuzi ya, ụlọ ọrụ Mahadum Zoological mechara jiri ya mee ihe, ndị ọkà mmụta anụmanụ a ma ama na-akwanyere ya ùgwù nke ukwuu. Ọ rụchara efere iri atọ na asatọ wee rụọ ọrụ na nke iri atọ na itoolu, bụ nke gosiri nbibi nke ọkpa ọchị Oriental, ka ọ kwụsịrị site na ọnwụ ya, mana emechara ya.

Ọ bụ 'A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn und Buchhandlung Lehrmittelanstalt', bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ahụ ma ka akwụkwọ na-enyere nkuzi na Vienna na Leipzig ekiri chaatị ndị ahụ. A na-ere ha n'otu n'otu, a na-eme ha eme ihe, na-eme ka ha na-acha odo odo ka ha na na-aka nká. Chaatị ise mbụ mbụ ire ere na afọ 1902, a kwara ihe dị ka 70 n'ozuzu. depụtara chaatị ndị ahụ n'ikpeazụ na Martinus Nijhoff katalọgụ na afọ 1953   .  
Usòrò:Paul_Pfurtscheller00.jpg|alt=Araneus diadematus dissection|Ọkpụkpụ*Araneus diadematus*
Usòrò:Paul_Pfurtscheller31.jpg|alt=Musca domestica dissection|Ebe a na-ahụ ya


## Hụkwa

* Hermann Zippel

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe ngosi
* Ihe ngosi
* Ihe ngosi

## Edemsibe
Ìgwè kpakpando ndị IAU họpụtara

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px| IAU họpụtara ìgwè kpakpando na ntule nha anya nha (epoch B1875.0 )
. Na mbara igwe nke oge a, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Ozi m mkpọ 88. [1] Otu ihe nke ọ lụ bụ mpaghara elu-igwe nke nwere mgbago mgbago aka nri na mgbada, na-enye na mbara igwe niile.  International Astronomical Union nakweere oke ha na 1928 wee bipụta ya na 1930.

.  Ndị Mesopotamia oge ochie na ndị Gris mechara guzobe ihe ka ukwuu n'ịgụ ndị agha ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na-eji mba ụwa eme ihe taa, nke onye Rom na Ijipt na-egosi mbara igwe bụ Ptolemy depụtara.  A na-akpọ ndị dị n'ụdị eklips zodiac .  Mgbe ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-ese mbara igwe nke dị n'ebe ndịda, ndị na-na-egosi mbara igwe nke Europe ihe aro ka e nwee ike ọhụrụ maka ngwaọrụ ahụ, nakwa ndị ga-emeju oghere dị n'etiti m  omenala.  N'ihi ozi ndị Rom na ndị Europe, mịgị ọ elelu nwere aha Latin.  Na 1922, International Astronomical Union nakweere mkpirisi atọ maka ojiji 89, ndepụta nke 88 mgbakwunye Argo nke oge a.  Mgbe nke a ọma, Eugène Joseph Delporte kpara ókè maka nke ọ lla n'ime mgbịrị 88 nke mere na isi ihe ọ dị na mbara igwe bụ nke otu mkpiri.

Ndị IAU ego amata ụfọdụ mkpị, mana ha nwere ike ịpụta na chaatị ochie na ntụnyere ndị ọzọ.  Ihe kacha pụta ìhè bụ Argo Navis, nke bụ otu n'ime m ike 48 mbụ Ptolemy nwere.  Na 1750s onye France na-ịhụ mbara igwe Nicolas Louis de Lacaille kewara nke a ụzọ atọ dị iche iche mkpà: Carina, Puppis, na Vela .
Nhazi nke ihe mberede

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| 80 4-isi nso-nhazi nke 137 random isi
.ntọala nke nhazi nke isi ihe n'ogboelu na-achọ Ikike nke isi ihe na-etinye ihe dị ka ahịrị kwụpụta n'ime nnukwu isi ihe ndị a na-edbere na mpaghara mpaghara.  mmetụta e mere egosiwo na nkwekọ dị nso dị otú ahụ na-eme na ugboro na ugboro ugboro ka ọnụọgụ ike ike anya ya .

Ekwupụtala nke a dị ka ihe ngosi na ahịrị ley na onye nhazi ihe omimi ndị ọzọ yiri ya nke ụfọdụ na ọ bụ ihe dị oke mkpa nwere ike elele adị site naanị na ndabara naanị, n'alụ ka nna ndị nke mmadụ ma ọ  bụ ihe gbasara mmadụ nyere ndị na-akwado ha.  A sixla isiokwu a n'ihe gbasara kọmputa na mbara igwe .

Pupọ ọkụ na-akọ na ihuenyo nke nhazi nke isi ihe na ụgbọ elu.  [1] [2] [3] [4] N'ime ihe ndị a niile, ike nke ahịrị - agụ nke a na-enye nhọrọ nke ọnọdụ nke isi ihe site na ogologo zuru oke - dị mkpa.  Ọ na-enye nhọrọ n'ezie na ike ndị dị n'ụwa echiche ihe n'ihi na ngwaọrụ, na na ọnọdụ ha imepụta kpọmkwem ka egosi ha na nhazi.  Alfred Watkins, na onye ọrụ na ley Line The Old Straight Track, jiri ike nke eriri pensụl na map dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ maka ndidi nke ihe a ga-ewere dị ka nhazi.  ọmụmaatụ, iji 1 ahịrị pensụl mm iji see alignment na 1: 50,000 scale Survey map, emeso na ala ga-abụ 50 m.
Ihe nrite Bok

A na-enye ihe nrite Bok kwa afụ site na Astronomical Society of Australia na Australian Academy of Science iji mata ọdịiche ìhè na mbara igwe site n'ịsọpụrụ nwa akwụkwọ na mahadum Australia.  Ihe nrite a mịda Medal Bok yana nri nke $ 1000 yana ndị otu ASA maka afọ na-esote

Akpọrọ ihe nrite ahụ iji cheta ọrụ ike nke Bart Bok n'ịkwalite akara akara na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ na mbara igwe na Australia, n'oge oge ya (1957 – 1966) dị ka onye isi oche nke Ugwu Stromlo Observatory .
IRAS

Satellite infrared nke mbara igwe ( Dutch : Infrarood Astronomische Satelliet ) ( IRAS ) bụ telescope oghere mbụ mbụ nke mbara igwe ikuku dum n'ogologo infrared .  [6] Amalitere na 25 Jenụarị 1983, ọrụ ya were ọnwa iri.  Igwe teliskop ahụ bụ njikọ nke United States ( NASA ), Netherlands ( NIVR ), na United Kingdom ( SERC ).  Ahụrụ ihe 250,000 isi ọhụrụ infrared na 12, 25, 60, na 100. mikrometer wavelength.

Enyere Nkwado maka nhazi na ndịcha nke data sitere na saịtị IRAS na Infrared Processing and Analysis Center na California Institute of Technology .  Ugbu a, Infrared Science Archive na IPAC na-ejide ebe nchekwa IRAS.  

.Ihe ịga nke ọma nke IRAS butere ozi na 1985 Infrared Telescope (IRT) ozi na Space Shuttle, na Nna Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility nke ikpeazụ Space Infrared Telescope Facility, SIRTF, nke n'aka nke e ibu na Spitzer Space Telescope., ewepụtara  na 2003. [1] Ọganihu nke ihe mbara igwe infrared n'oge dugara n'ihu ọrụ, dị ka Infrared Space Observatory (1990s) na Hubble Space Telescope ' NICMOS .
Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa Bay Beach

The Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary bụ Ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa dị 600-acre. Ọ bụ ogige ntụrụndụ kachasị ukwuu na Green Bay, Wisconsin Park system na ebe obibi nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na mmemme mmezigharị anụ ọhịa na Wisconsin. Ihe owuwu gụnyere ebe agụmakwụkwọ okike, ụlọ nyocha, ụzọ njem, ụlọ osisi na ọtụtụ ebe obibi anụmanụ. Ebe nsọ ahụ dị n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bay Beach.
thumb|Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary Map, Green Bay, Wisconsin

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 1929, obodo Green Bay zụrụ 250 acres n'akụkụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Bay Beach na ebumnuche nke iwu ogige golf. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, ụmụ amaala mepụtara echiche nke ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa site na nduzi sitere n'aka Aldo Leopold. N'afọ 1941, Ngalaba Ogige Ntụrụndụ, Ntụrụndị, na Ọhịa weghaara ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 1985, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmụta Okike meghere site n'enyemaka nke onyinye onwe onye ruru nde $ 1.7 .   Ebe nsasị ahụ mere emume nke afọ 80 ya na afọ 2015
thumb|Ducks na geese na Bay Beach Sanctuary.

## Ihe owuwu na Ọrụ
The Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary  n'efu ma meghere ma ka ọha na eze n'afọ niile. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ anabata ọtụtụ anụ arrịa na- ọrịa na ndị iro ahụ, mmere ha bụ ime ka ha dịghachi mma ma mgbagha ha n'azụ. A na-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ndị na-eme ike ndị ndụ n'iji ebe dị ike na nke na-adịgide n'otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ dị na akwụkwọ ahụ. Anna nke ebe nsso ahụ anụ anụ anụmanụ sitere na Wisconsin, phopier, bobcats, anụ anụ wolf, na obere anụmanụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche.

Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ ohere agụmakwụkwọ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ebe obibi maka ìgwè ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọbodọ ahụ. The Oak Learning Center  mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara 4K nke dị na Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary ma bụrụ nke Green Bay Area Public School District kwadoranabata ọtụtụ anụ arrịa na- ọrịa na ndị iro ahụ, mmere ha bụ ime ka ha dịghachi mma ma mgbagha ha n'azụ. A na-enye ụmụ anụmanụ ndị na-eme ike ndị ndụ n'iji ebe dị ike na nke na-adịgide n'otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ dị na akwụkwọ ahụ. Anna nke ebe nsso ahụ anụ anụ anụmanụ sitere na Wisconsin, phopier, bobcats, anụ anụ wolf, na obere anụmanụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche.o.
thumb|Ụlọ Nlegharị anya na Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary, Green Bay, Wisconsin
thumb|A na-egosi ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa na Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary, Green Bay, Wisconsin
thumb|Ebe Okike dị na Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary, Green Bay, Wisconsin
thumb|Ebe a na-edebe ahịhịa na Bay Beach Wildlife Sanctuary

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga
Emilie von Büttner

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Emilie von Büttner (1804-1867) ọ bụ onye Germany na-ese ịgba osisi na ihe ọrụ.

## Edemsibe
Chesley Bonestell

Chesley Knight Bonestell Jr. (January 1, 1888 - June 11, 1986) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe.  [1] Ihe osise ya igodo mmemme oghere ndị America, na ha anọwo (mamakirikwa) na-enwe ike na nkà iji mgbaàmà na ihe atụ.  Onye na-asụ ụzọ na-ahụ nkà rị mbara igwe, yana onye France na- mbara igwe-onye na-ese ihe Lucien Rudaux, Bonestell ka esere "Nna nke nkà ihe osise nke oge a".

Ụlọ Bonstell na San Francisco, California.  Emere mbụ igwe mbụ ya na 1905. Mgbe ịhụchara Saturn site na 12-inch (300 mm) teliskop na San Jose's Lick Observatory, ọ gbagara n'ike ka ọ ịhụ ihe ọ pụtara.  Ebibiri ihe ọrụ a n'ọkụ nke sochiri ala ọma jijiji nke 1906.  N'agbata 1915 na 1918, o pịa lithographs na ihe ngosi 4th na 7th kwa afọ nke California Society of Etchers (ugbu a California Society of Printmakers ) na San Francisco.

Bonestell gụrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Mahadum Columbia na New York City. N'ịbụ onye na-apụ n'afọ nke atọ ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye mmepụta maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na - ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ nke oge ahụ, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ Willis Polk, "Nwoke ahụ nke wughachiri San Francisco." 

. Bonestell kwagara England na 1920, ebe ọ akara akara ụlọ ụlọ maka Akụkọ London Illustrated .  [1] Ọ la ọzọ New York na 1926. Mgbe ya na William van Alen, ya na Warren Straton haziri ihe ọrụ deco facade nke Ndị Kraịst Chrysler yana ugo iche.  N'otu oge a, o mere Plymouth Rock Memorial, Onyeikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, Ndị nwe New York Central, onye ọrụ Manhattan na ụlọ na ọtụtụ isi obodo
James Lick

Infobox person|name=James Lick|image=James Lick.gif|birth_date=|birth_place=Stumpstown (now Fredericksburg) Pennsylvania|death_date=|death_place=San Francisco, California|signature=Signature of James Lick.png}}

James Lick (August 25, 1796 - Ọktọba 1, 1876) bụ onye na-etinye ego n'ezi ụlọ nke America, onye nkà, onye na-ewu piano, baron ala, na onye na-akwado nkwado.  Nwoke a na-akpọ ntakiri na California n'oge ọnwụ ya, Lick na ọtụtụ n'ime ala ya maka ihe gbasara nsogbu na eze na mgba.

A Washington James Lick na Stumpstown (ugbu a Fredericksburg ) Pennsylvania na Ọgọst 25, 1796. [1] Nna nna Lick, William Lick, jere ozi n'oge Agha Mgbanwe nke America n'okpuru General George Washington na nwa nwoke, John Lick  , n'oge Agha Obodo America .  Nwa onye ekiri nkà, Lick map ụgbọ ahụ mgbe ọ dị obere.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-egosi na Barbara Snavely ebere, Lick በቀላሉ Stumpstown maka Baltimore, Maryland, ebe ọ nkà nke ịme piano.  Ọkà ahụ nkà ngwa ngwa, ma kwaga New York City ma guzobe ụlọ akara nke ya.  Na 1821 Lick kwagara Argentina, mgbe ọ matara na a na-ebuga piano ya na South America .

Lick tara na oge ya na Buenos Aires siri ike, n'ihi na ọ ma Spanish na-egosi ike inwe ọgbara ọhụrụ na mba ahụ.  Otú ọ dị, azụmahịa ya gara nke ọma na 1825 Lick Argentina ịga njem Europe maka otu afọ.  Na njem nletaghachi ya, ndị Portuguese weghaara ụgbọ mmiri ya, a kpọgakwara ndị njem na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na Montevideo dị ka ndị nlekọta nke agha .  Lick gbanarị n'agha wee jiri ụkwụ lọghachi na Buenos Aires.
Oge Nhazi nke Barycentric

Oge nhazi oge Barycentric ( TCB, sitere na French Temps-coordonnée barycentrique ) bụ isi nhazi oge echere na a ga-eji dị ka oge ngbanwe nke onwe maka ngụkọ niile gbasara orbits nke mbara ala, asteroids, comets, na ụgbọ elu interplanetary na Sistemụ  ikpe .  Ọ dabara na oge kwesịrị nke elekere elekere na-ezu ike na-enwe n'ime usoro nhazi nke na-aga n'ihu na barycenter (center of mass) nke Sistemụ akwụkwọ.   : ya bụ, elekere na-eme otu ahụ ahụ dịka Sistemụ ikike mana ọ nọ n'ahụ ike ndoda nke sistemu nke ọma .  Ya mere ọ naghị emetụta oge ndoda ndòda nke na usoro ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe.  TCB bụ oge nhazi oge maka Sistemụ ntụaka Celestial Barycentric (BCRS).
Royal Astronomical Society

Royal Astronomical Society ( RAS ) bụ obodo pịa na ọrụ ebere nke na-akwado ma na-ebuka nke mbara igwe, atụgharị usoro mbara igwe, geophysics na ngalaba nkwado nwere njikọ chiri anya.  [1] Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Burlington House, na Piccadilly na London .  Ndị otu nwere ihe ụmụaka ndị otu 4,000, nke a maara dị ka ndị otu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-akpa àgwà ma ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  [1] Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị otu na-ebi na ala UK

Ndị otu ahụ na-enwe anụ ahụ nke ụnwa na London, ndị na-egbochi Astronomy Mba kwa afọ na ebe dị iche na British Islands .  RAS na-a akwụkwọ ndị na-enyere Ozi kwa ọnwa nke Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Journal International na RAS Techniques and Instruments, yana akwụkwọ ndị ahịa Astronomy & Geophysics .

RAS na-edobe ọbá akwụkwọ akụkọ nke mbara igwe, na-etinye aka na mgbasa ozi na ọha na eze ma na-adụ ọdụ UK na- tee mbara igwe.  Ndị otu ahụ na-amata mmezu na mbara igwe na geophysics site n'inye onyinye na ndị na-enye ndụ kwa afọ, yana ihe nrite ya nchebe elu bụ nri ala edo nke Royal Astronomical Society .  RAS bụ azụ na-akwado UK na International Astronomical Union na onye otu UK Science Council .
Planisphere

Na mbara / , planisphere ( / ˈpleɪ.nɪ ˌsfɪər, _ _ _ ˈplæ n.  Enwere ike ike ya ka ụzọ mgbapụta a na-ahụ anya maka oge na ụbọchị ọ mgbasa.  Ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ na-enye aka n'ịmụ ka e si amata mịgịgị .  Astrolabe, ngwá ọrụ nke sitere na mbara igwe ndị Hellenistic, bụ onye bu ụzọ nke planisphere nke oge a.  Okwu planisphere dị iche na ogwe aka agha, ebe a na-ele anya mbara igwe site na atọ nke mgbanaka.

Planisphere nwere chaatị, Ichere n'etiti ya na ihe ngosi Iche na-ahụ ahụkebe nke nwere windo elliptical ma ọ bụ oghere doro anya nke mere na ọ bụ naanị nke map mbara igwe ka a ga-ahụ na windo ma ọ bụ oghere.  n'oge ọ banyere.  A na-akpatị na ihe mgbanwe ka ha nweere onwe ha ihe ihe dịka axis dị.  Chaatị ahụ nwere ikike kacha kacha pụta, igwe ndị na (ikekwe) ihe dị omimi nke elu-igwe nke a na-ahụ anya site n'otu ebe dị n'ụwa.  Igwe n'anya nke mmadụ na-ahụ site n'ụwa na-adabere ma onye na-ekiri ya nọ n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndịda hemispheres na latitude.  A haziri windo planisphere maka otu latitude ma ọ ga-abụ nke ziri ezi maka otu band n'ụdị ọ gbara nke ahụ.  Ndị na-eme Planisphere na-enyekarị ha n'Ebe maka latitude dị iche iche.  Planispheres na-egosi ndị ohu ndị a na-ahụ anya site na latitude nke onye na-ekiri;  agụnyeghị n'okpuru mbara igwe.

Akara zuru oge oge elekere iri na anọ oke n'ọnụ ọnụ ihe ahụ.  Kalịnda ụnwanyị abụọ na zuru ezu ka edobere na nstụtụ nke starchart.  Akara windo ahụ iji gosi ntụzịaka nke ihu ụgbọ na-afọ.  A na-edozi diski na ihe mmetụta ka oge mpaghara nke onye na-ekiri ihe na-ekpuchi ya dabara na ụbọchị ndị ahụ na diski chaatị ojiji.  na-ahụ anya nke ahụ na-ahụ anya (na mgbagha n'ihi na ọ bụ mbara ala dị n'ahụ na-ahụ anya ego) nkesa nke akwụkwọ na mbara igwe n'oge ahụ maka ebe a haziri.  planisphere.  ọrụ na-ejide planisphere n'elu isi ha na mbara ọmụmụ na-ahụ ndịozi nke ọma iji dakọọ chaatị ahụ na ọrụ n'ezie.
Oge Nhazi nke Geocentric

Oge nhazi oge Geocentric ( TCG - Temps-coordonnée géocentrique ) bụ ụlọ nhazi oge echere na a ga-eji dị ka àmà oge ngụkọ onwe ya maka ngụkọ niile gbasara ụzọ, nutation, nwanyị, na satịla ịrụ arụ nke arụ .  Ọ dabara na oge kwesịrị nke elekere na-ezu ike na-enwe na etiti etiti ụwa na-emekọ ihe.   : ya bụ, elekere na-eme otu ụdị ahụ dịka ụwa mana ọ nọ n'azụ ike ndọda ụwa nke ọma .  Ya mere ọ naghị emetụta oge ndòda ndòda nke ụwa.  TCG bụ oge nhazi oge maka Sistemụ ntụaka Celestial Geocentric (GCRS)

.International Astronomical Union dị TCG na 1991. [1] N'amara ka ogologo oge mbara igwe nke mbụ, a kọwapụtara TCG n'ihe gbasara echiche izugbe nke relativity .  Akọwapụtara dị n'etiti TCG na oge nlegharị anya ndị ọzọ site na metrik relativistic zuru oke oke.

N'ihi na etiti ntụaka maka TCG agba n'elu ụwa ọ bụghị na ike ndọda nke ụwa, TCG na-agba ọsọ ọsọ elekere n'elu ụwa site na ihe dịka 7.0 × 10 -10 (ihe dịka 22 milliseconds).  kwa afọ).  N'ihi ya, ihe nke nkwụsi ike nke anụ ahụ nke a ga-eji na mgbako site na iji TCG dị iche na omenala nke anụ anụ ahụ.  (Ụkpụrụ omenala dị n'echiche na- ike ezi, na-etinye mgbazi maka ịdị na ọnụ ọgụgụ oge.) Ịkwado nnukwu ego nke otu dị ugbu a iji jiri site na TDB ( Barycentric Dynamical Time ) na TCG bụ ọrụ dị egwu,  na dịka nke 2002, ọtụtụ nchịkọta na-aga n'ihu.  iji TDB n'ụdị ụfọdụ.
Babatunde Lawal Salako

**[[w:Babatunde Lawal Salako|Babatunde Lawal Salako]]** (amụrụ na 23 Julaị 1959) bụ onye okachamara na onye odee Naijiria bụ onye isi ọkachasị nke Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba Legọs. Salako jere ozi mbụ dị ka onye nduzi ahụike mbụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ mahadum Kọleeji, Ibadan, site n'afọ 1978 ruo 1984.

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Salako na 23 Julaị 1959 n'ime ezinụlọ Salako enwere ụmụaka iri na asatọ na Sango Ota na Steeti Ogun. Salako bụ nwa ikpeazụ.

Salako gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Ansar Ud-Deen Practicing School na Ansar-ud-deen College Offa maka asambodo Senior Secondary School tupu ọ gawa Kwara State College of Technology Ilorin wee nweta nzere B.Sc ya na Mahadum Ibadan.

### Ọrụ Ya
Salako bụ onye eweere n'ọrụ na Mahadum Ibadan, ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọkammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Nephrology na College of Medicine nke Mahadum ahụ wee nọrọkwa n'ọkwa Dọkịta Ọkachamara Honorary Consultant.
Salako bụ onye nlekọta ahụike ọsụ ụzọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ mahadum Kọleeji dị n'Ibadan site n'afọ 1978 ruo 1984 wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji mahadum ahụ site n'afọ 2014 ruo 2016.

Salako bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Nigerian Institute of Medical Research ugbu a.

### Òtù Ndị Ọ Nọgasị na Ha
Ọ bụ onye òtù Nigerian Academy of Science, International Society on hypertension in Blacks, African Society of Human Genetics, International Society of Nephrology, Global Forum for Health Research, na World Heart Federation.
Ọ bụ onye òtù maka ọzụzụ obibi na ngalaba nke ọgwụ na Mahadum Ibadan.

### Akwụkwọ Ndị O Bipụtara
* Health-related quality of life among children/adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Lagos State, Nigeria.
* *Diabetic nephropathy--a review of the natural history, burden, risk factors and treatment.*
* *A meta-analysis identifies new loci associated with body mass index in individuals of African ancestry*
* Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG among healthcare workers in Lagos, Nigeria.
* Empowerment Through Skill Acquisition and Its Impact on ART Adherence Among HIV-Positive Adults in Lagos, Nigeria during the COVID-19 Pandemic
* *Assessment of global kidney health care status.*
*
* *Blood pressure, hypertension and correlates in urbanised workers in Ibadan, Nigeria: a revisit*
* *Global kidney health atlas (GKHA): design and methods*

### Edensibia
Ikpuchi

thumb|200x200px| N'ime ụnwayọ Julaị 1997 a ka ewepụtara na vidiyo, ndị na- elele Aldebaran ka ebute na, gbara ụmụaka nke ụnwa na-ada ada n'oge mgbaasị a.
Mgbanwoke bụ ihe na-eme mgbe otu ihe zoro n'ebe onye na-ekiri ya nọ site na ihe ọzọ na-agafe n'etiti ha.  A na-ahụ okwu ahụ ahụ eme ihe na mbara igwe, ma mmetụta ike na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ ọ nzaghachi nke ihe dị n'ihu na-ama anya (nyocha) ihe dị n'azụ.  N'echiche a n'ozuzu, mgbanwoke na-emetụta ihe a na-ahụ anya nke a na-ahụ site na ụgbọ elu na-efe efe dị ala (ma ọ bụ ihe oyiyi kọmputa ) mgbe ihe ndị dị n'ihu na-  mkpuchi ihe ndị dị anya n'ike n'ike, ka ọnọdụ ahụ na- agbanwe ka oge na-aga.

Ọ bụrụ na ahụ dị nso ezobe nke dị anya kpamkpam, a na-akpọ ihe omume ahụ ụzọ njem .  Enwere ike ike ma ụzọ njem na mgbanaka n'ozuzu dịka occlusion;  ma ọ bụrụ na a tụba akwụkwọ na onye na-ekiri ya, a na-akpọ ya eklips .

A na- mgba okwu mgbaasị na-azọ ọrụ nke nwanyị, oge ndị ahụ na-ama mgbe nwanyị na-agafe n'ihu ndị n'oge ọ na-agbagharị gburugburu ụwa.  Ebe ọ bụ na ụnwa, na angular ọsọ n'ihe gbasara ozi nke 0.55 arcsec / s ma ọ bụ 2.7 μrad/s, nwere ike dị gịrịgịrị na-enwe nwere dayameta angular nke kacha 0.057 arcseconds ma ọ bụ 0.28 μrad, nke na-  ezo.  Ọnwa ga-enwe n'anya ma ọ bụ maliteghachi n'ime 0.1 nwa ma ọ bụ obere na nsõtụ ụgbụ, ma ọ bụ aka.  Ihe omume ndị na-eme n'ụkwụ nke ụnwa na-amasị ndị na-ekiri ya, n'ihi na ọkụ na-enye ọkụ nleba anya na oge dị mfe.
Hercules (ìgwè kpakpando)

Hercules bụ otu mkpị aha ya bụ Hercules, dike okpukpe ifo ndị Rom nke sitere na dike Gris Heracles .  Hercules bụ otu n'ime m ike 48 nke onye na-egosi mbara igwe nke ike afụ nke abụọ Ptolemy depụtara, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ike 88 nke oge a taa.  Ọ bụ nke kasị ukwuu nke m ike mgbo ọgbara ọhụrụ ma bụrụ nke kasị ukwuu n'ime 50 ndị na-mweghara na-pupụ pọpụ ka ọ nọmba +2.5.
áká_èkpè|thumb|305x305px
Hercules dị n'ókè Draco n'ebe ugwu;  Boötes, Corona Borealis, na Serpens Caput n'ebe ihe ọmụmụ;  Ophiuchus n'ebe ndida;  Akwịla n'ebe ndị na-eme egwuregwu;  na Sagitta, Vulpecula, na Lyra n'ebe ama ama.  Mkpokọta 1225.1 ogo square na 2.970% nke mbara igwe , ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke ise n'etiti m 88 n'ogo.  [1] Mbiri nke ụgbọala atọ maka mgbụsị akwụkwọ, dị ka International Astronomical Union nakweere na 1922, bụ 'Ya'.  [2] Oke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ, dịka Eugène Delporte debere na 1930, ka ejiri polygon nke ngwá 32 eji ( nke e eserese na igbe ozi ).  N'ime usoro nhazi nke equatorial, epoch 2000, nhazi nhazi nke ịrị elu nke egwuregwu ndị a dị n'etiti 16h 00 m 26.64 s na 18h 57 m 49.50 s, ebe nhazi nke dị n'etiti + 3.67 ° na + 51.32 °  .  [3] N'ebe etiti ugwu ugwu, a na-ahụ Hercules kacha mma site na etiti mmiri ruo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, na-ejedebe n'etiti enyi na June 13. [4]

. Hercules mbụ nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ .  Manuel, ọ nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ogo 4. Alfa Herculis, nke a na-akpọkarị Rasalgethi, bụ usoro usoro atọ, nke nwere ike idozi na obere teliskop ndị na-amu amu, afọ 359 site na mmetụta.  Aha a na-akpọkarị ya "isi onye".  [1] Nke bụ isi bụ mgbanwe agbanwe oge niile;  ọ bụ na-egosi nke nwere opekempe nke 4 yana oke nke 3. Ọ nwere dayameta nke ihe dị ka dayameta ọmụmụ 400. [2] Nke abụọ, ọnụọgụ abụọ spectroscopic nke na-agba ọsọ na nke mbụ kwa afọ 3600, bụ ike.  na-acha ọkụ nwere na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ oke 5.6.  Beta Herculis, nke a na-akpọkwa Kornephoros, bụ ọrịa na-akpa na Hercules.  Ọ bụ nnukwu odo nke ukwuu 2.8, 148 ìhè afụ site na mmetụta;  kornephoros onye na-ebu osisi.  [3] Delta Herculis A bụ okpukpu abụọ nke a na-ekewa na obere teliskop ndị amateur.  Nke mbụ bụ ndị na-acha ndị na-acha ọkụ ọkụ nke ogo 3.1, ma dị afọ 78 site n'ụwa.  Onye na-ahụ maka ngwa anya bụ oke 8.2.  Gamma Herculis bụkwa akwụkwọ nke abụọ nke a na-ekewa na obere teliskop ndị amateur.  Nke bụ isi bụ nnukwu ọcha dị nha 3.8, 195 ìhè afụ site na njikere.  The enyi anya, kewapụrụ ebe nile, bụ 10th magnitude.  Zeta Herculis bụ ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke na-ekewa na telescopes onye na-amu amu, ka ihe na-agụ ya na- ruo ruo ọnụ ha kacha elu na 2025. Usoro, 35 ìhè-afọ si , nwere oge nke 34.5 afọ.  Nke mbụ bụ ikike nke odo nke ogo 2.9 na nke abụọ bụ oroma nke ogo 5.7.  [4]

M13, nke a na-ahụ anya ma anya gba ọtọ na binoculars, bụ ụyọkọ globular nke ogo 6 nke nwere ihe karịrị kpakpando 300,000 yana 25,200 ìhè-afọ site na Ụwa. Ọ dịkwa oke ibu, nke nwere dayameta pụtara ìhè nke karịrị ogo 0.25, ọkara nke ọnwa zuru oke; dayameta anụ ahụ ya karịrị otu narị afọ ọkụ. Kpakpando n'otu n'otu na M13 nwere ike idozi ya na obere teliskop amateur.
Myr

Mya bụ ndebiri maka nde afọ gara aga, ndị oge ruru 1,000,000 afọ (ya bụ 1× 10 6 afọ), ma ọ bụ 31.556926 teraseconds .  Ọ dabara na otu megaannum (akara Ma), dabere na metric prefix mega- .

Myr (nde afọ) bụ ihe a na-eme ihe na mpaghara dị ka ihe ụwa na cosmology .  A na- nsogbu Myr na Mya ma ọ bụ Ma (nde afu gara aga).  Ha ọnụ na-eme usoro ntụaka, otu n'ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke ọzọ n'otu ebe n'ime usoro ọnụọgụ afọ nke bụ oge tupu ugbu a .

Akwụsịla Myr na geology, mana na mbara igwe Myr bụ ọkọlọtọ.  Ebe a na- ahụ "myr" na geology ọ na-ọkụ "Myr" (otu ndị nke mega-afọ).  Na ala igwe ọ na-ahụ "Myr" (nde awụ).

Na geology, isi ka na-ogụ gbasara Myr (oge) gbakwunyere Ma (nde afu gara aga) umbe iji naanị okwu Ma .  [1] [2] N'asụsụ ọ blla, a na-eji okwu Ma na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ala nke ngosi na ISO 31-1 (ugbu a ISO 80000-3 ) na NIST 811 na-atụ aro omume.  Edere akwụkwọ agụmagụ odịnaala ọdịnala
Laser Interferometer Space Antenna

thumb|Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
. The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna ( LISA ) bụ ihe na-atụ aro iji ntuziaka na ngwaọrụ ebili mmiri ndò n'ụzọ ziri ezi [1] —obere mgbịrịgba n'ụdị mbara igwe - site na isi akwụkwọ nke mbara igwe.  [2] LISA ga-abụ ụlọ mgbazinye nke ike ndoda dabere na oghere izizi .  Ọ na-achọ ebili mmiri ndòda site na iji interferometry laser .  Echiche LISA nwere ụgbọ elu atọ a haziri n'ime triangle nha nha nke nwere ike dị nde kilomita 2.5 n'ogologo, na-efe n' clip ala dị ka heliocentric orbit .  A na- anya nke ọma n'etiti satịlaịtị ka ike ebili mmiri ndòda na-agafe

Ozi LISA dị ka njikọ aka n'etiti NASA na European Space Agency (ESA).  achọ, na 2011, NASA﻿ [2] Ụbọchị a bụ osisi CERN amatara (RE8).  [3] [4] Atụ mụrụ gbadara agbadata nke mbụ dị ka New Gravitational-wave Observatory ( NGO ) ka otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ a dị na nna ogologo oge ESA.  [5] N'afọ 2013, ESA mgbaàmà 'The Gravitational Universe' dị ka isiokwu maka otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ atọ ya na 2030s [6] [7] ebe ọ na-agba mbọ ebe nleba anya ike ndoda dabere na oghere.  .

.  Emebere Medi LISA maka ụzọ nke ebili mmiri ndoda, nke bụ mgbagha nke mbara igwe na-agba ọsọ ọsọ .  Ịgafe ebili mmiri ndòda na- መሪ ụzo wee gbatịa oghere n'onwe ya site na obere ego.  A na-ebute ebili mmiri ndòda site na ihe omume dị ike na mbara igwe na, n'adịghị ka radieshon ọ mgbasa ọzọ, nwere ike ịgafe n'iche ihe site na mgbasa aka.  Mwepụta LISA ga- Stander na ike ndị na-egosi nwere ikike na ụwa wee ka nwee ike ikpughe ihe ndị a na-ahụghị ahụ anya na ìhè ahụ.
Usoro nhazi nke Supergalactic

thumb| Ụyọkọ ndị na-ahụ ụgbọala <50 Mly esi n'ụwa kpara nkata n'ogboelu supergalactic
The supergalactic ụgbọ elu, dị ka a na-ahụ anya, ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ obere perpendicular na ụgbọ elu nke Milky Way;  akara bụ 84,5 °.  Dị ka e si lee ya anya site n'ụwa, ụgbọ elu ahụ na-ahụ nnukwu ụgbọ na mbara igwe site na ndị butere ndị a:

N'afọ ndị 1950, onye na-ekiri mbara igwe Gérard de Vaucouleurs nwetara na ọ dị adị "nchịkọta mpaghara" gbawara agbawa site na Katalọgụ Shapley-Ames na gburugburu Milky Way.  Ọ ta na mmadụ na-akpa nkata akpa dị nso na 3D, ha na-edina mpaghara ma ọ bụ obere n'akpaelu.  William Herschel njikọ na mbụ nkesa nebulae gbawara agbawa.  Vera Rubin ụgbọ mmiri elu supergalactic na 1950, mana data ya ka adaghị.  [1] Ụdị elu nke ndị dị dị iche depụtara na 1976 equator nke supergalactic coordinate system de Vaucouleurs ozi.  N'ime afɔ mgbe nke ahụ mmemme, ndị ọrụ data nleba anya dị de Vaucouleurs' na Rubin ịhụnanya adị nke ụgbọ elu ahụ bụ eziokwu.
Ihe nnọchianya nke kpakpando

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe odide a sitere na 1833 Nautical Almanac na-egosi iji akara mbara igwe (n'elu aka ekpe) maka akụkụ nke ọnwa; na (n'aka nri) akara ọnụọgụgụ maka ọnwa na akara maka mbara ala na kpakpando zodiacal.
Akara igwe bụ akara ngosi ngosi na-anọ nke ejiri na-achọ anya ihe gbasara mbara igwe, usoro ihe na ihe nleba anya na mbara igwe nke Europe .  Ụdị mbụ nke akara ndị a nọmba n'ihe odide papaịrọs Gris nke e nwere n'oge ochie .  Koodu ndị Byzantium bụ ndị e debere ọtụtụ ihe odide papaịrọs Grik n’ime ha gara n’ihu ma gbatịkwuo nke akara mbara igwe.  [1] [2] Emepụtala akara ọhụrụ iji nọchite anya ọtụtụ mbara ala na obere mbara ala njikere na 18 ruo 21st.  ọtụtụ afọ.

Ndịiib na- stra mbara igwe, ndị na-agụ na-amu amu, ndị alchemists na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-ama akara akara ndị a.  Ọ bụ ebe na a ka na-iche ha eme ihe na almanacs na akwụkwọ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume ha na-akpa na nchacha na ederede gbasara mbara igwe na- nchekwa, [1] na ụfọdụ ndị dị ka akara akara, [1]  na ụwa na-iche na mbara igwe, na ụfọdụ akara zodiacal na-ekiri anya ya.  solstices na equinoxes.

. Unicode abanyela ọtụtụ n'ime akara ndị a, akara na akara ngosi dị iche iche, [1] akara dị iche iche na akụ, [2] akara dị iche iche na ụzọ, [3] na ihe akwụkwọ Alchemical
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope

. Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope ( FGST, [1] nakwa FGRST ), nke a na-akpọ Gamma-ray Large Space Telescope ( GLAST ), bụ ebe a na- mbara igwe nke a na-eji na-eme egwuregwu mbara igwe.  gamma-ray site na mbara ala dị ala .  mbụ ọrụ bụ Large Area Telescope (LAT), nke ndị na- mbara igwe na-achọ ime nyọka nke mbara igwe na-amụ ihe gbasara mbara igwe na-amụ mbara igwe dị ka oghere galactic na-arụ ọrụ, pulsars, isi iyi.  ndị ọzọ dị elu na ihe gbara mgbochi .  Ngwa ọzọ dị n'ime Fermi, Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM; nke bụbu GLAST Burst Monitor), ka a na-eji amu mgbawa gamma-ray [2] na ọkụ anwụ .

Fermi, onye aha ya bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ physics nwere ike dị elu, bụ Enrico Fermi, malitere na 11 June 2008 na 16:05 UTC n'ime rọketi Delta II 7920-H.  Ozi a bụ njikọ aka nke NASA, Ngalaba Energy United States, na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na France, Germany, Italy, Japan, na Sweden, [1] na-aghọ telescope gamma-ray kachasị mma na orbit, na-aga nke ọma INTEGRAL.  Ọrụ a bụ nnwale CERN amatara (RE7)
Ndepụta nke ebe ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe

Nke a bụ ndepụta nleba anya nke mbara igwe nyere iwu n'aha, yana ụbọchị mbụ nke ọrụ (ebe ezi ụbọchị dị) na ebe.  isi a gụụ afụ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na-akpazi arụ ọrụ.  Ọ bụ ebe na ndị isi ndị ọzọ, dị ka mgbawa ugwu na meteorology, na- anụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-akpọ observatories maka egwuregwu na nleba anya, ndepụta a na-ejedebe na ọrụ anya nke a na-eji ekiri ihe ndị dị na  mbara igwe.

Ọtụtụ teliskop na ihe nleba anya nke oge a dị na mbara igwe iji lelee ihe ndị na-na-egosi mbara igwe n'ogologo nke spectrum electromagnetic nke na ike ike na-enye mbara ikuku ụwa (dị ka radieshon ultraviolet, X-ray, na ụzarị  gamma ) ma ịhụnanya na ọ, ekwe omume ịhụ site na iji teliskop ndị na-egosi na ala.  .  [1] N'ịbụ ndị nọ n'elu ikuku, ndị a na-ahụ maka mbara igwe, ndị na-ahụ maka mbara igwe ọkụ ike ịgba nke ọgba aghara ikuku nke na-emetụta teliskop ndị mgbasa na ala, ọ bụ ebe na ọhụrụ nke teliskop optics na-  agbanwe agbanwe emewo ka ọnọdụ dị n'ala ire mma ahụ ahụ.  Oghere oghere dị elu na-ahapụkwa ndị na-enweghị site na ihe nke nna ochie n'ihi ihu igwe na-acha ọkụ, si otú ahụ na- die oge ọrụ.

N'ozo ihe mere eme, ndị na-ahụ maka mbara igwe na-ese n'otu ụlọ ma ọ bụ otu ụlọ ebe a na-ikọrọ ihe gbasara mbara igwe dị ka sunspots, mbara ala, asteroids, comets, mfọn, nebulae,  naafaafa n'ogologo a na-ahụ anya nke spectrum electromagnetic.  Na mbụ, ruo ọtụtụ puku awụ, e jiri anya gba ọlụ mee nyocha nke mbara igwe.  Mgbe ahụ saịtị ahụ na mkpa nke optics, saịtị n'ahụ nke ụdị teliskop dị iche nke refractor na emesịa jiri telescopes reflector .  Ojiji ha na-enye ikike ma ikike nnakọta na oke nri nke ukwuu, ndị na-ewepụta, gọnarị na nha anya nke ihe ahụ dị anya na-enye ha ikike ipu na-akpa nke ọma.  N'ịgbaso nke physics ọgbara ọhụrụ, arụrụla ụlọ nke ọhụrụ ala ga-eme n'ime redio na microwave nke ogologo ikuku elektrọn, nwere teliskop redio na teliskop microwave raara onwe ya nye.
James Webb Space Telescope

thumb|ugbo elu JWST
 

 James Webb Space Telescope ( JWST ) bụ teliskop oghere e mere iji duzie mbara igwe infrared.  ụzọ ọrụ ya dị elu na nke nwere ike dị elu na-enye ya nhọrọ ịhụ ihe ndị merela agadi, ndị dị anya, ma ọ bụ ndị dara mbà maka Telescope Hubble Space .  [1] Nke a na-enyere aka n'iche n'ọtụtụ ngalaba nke mbara igwe na mbara igwe, dị ka ọrụ nke ajụjụ mbụ na nguzobe nke ngwaọrụ mbụ, na mkpa zuru oke nke ikuku ikuku nke exoplanets nwere ike ibi . 

. Ewepụtarab na 25 Disemba 2021 na roket Ariane 5 sitere na Kourou, French Guiana .  Na January 2022 ọ bịarutere ebe ọ na-aga, ụgbọ dị nso na ebe Sun–Earth L 2 Lagrange, ihe dịka 1.5 nde kilomita (930,000 mi) site n'uwa.  E weputara ọhaneze onyonyo izizi telescope ahụ na 11 Julaị 2022

Ndị ọrụ US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) duuru imewe na ọrụ Webb wee soro ụlọ ọrụ abụọ bụ isi na-arụkọ ọrụ: European Space Agency (ESA) na Canadian Space Agency (CSA).  Ebe NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) dị na Maryland jisiri ike ike teliskop, ebe Space Telescope Science Institute na Baltimore na Homewood Campus nke Mahadum Johns Hopkins na-arụ ọrụ Webb.  Onye ọrụ mbụ maka ọrụ a bụ Northrop Grumman .  Akpọrọ teliskop aha James E. Webb, onye bụ onye ụmụaka NASA site na 1961 ruo 1968 n'oge mmemme Mercury, Gemini na Apollo .

.Ngosipụta mbụ nke Web nwere ihe 18 hexagonal mirror nke ejiri ọla edo -plated beryllium mee, nke ọnụ na-achọta 6.5-meter-diameter (21 ft) mirror, ma e jiri ya Hubble's 2.4 m (7 ft 10 na) .  Nke a na-enye Webb ebe a na-anakọta ọkụ dị ihe dị ka square mita 25, ihe dị ka okpukpu isii akụkụ Hubble.  N'ahụ ka Hubble, nke na-ahụ na ultraviolet dị nso ma na-ahụ anya (0.1 ruo 0.8 μm), na nso infrared (0.8-2.5 μm) [1] spectra, Webb na-ahụ obere ugboro ole na ole,  site na ìhè a na-ahụ anya ogologo ogologo (red) site na etiti infrared (0.6-28.3).  μm).  A Ike idobe teliskop ahụ nke ukwuu oyi, n'okpuru 50 K (-223 Celsius C; -370 °F), nke mere na ọkụ infrared nke igwe teliskop n'onwe ya na- sere ọkụ ọkụ ana ike.  Igwe anwụ anwụ nke nwere oyi akwa ise na-echebe ya n'ikpo ọkụ nke ehi, ụwa na ụnwa
GALEX

thumb|GALEX

. Galaxy Evolution Explorer ( GALEX ma ọ bụ Explorer 83 ma ọ bụ SMEX-7 ) bụ igwe onyonyo NASA na-efe efe efe nke e mere iji hụ na ala n'ogologo ultraviolet iji eserese ihe mere eme nke ike na mbara igwe.  Na mgbakwunye na imeghe ụzọ maka ọrụ ultraviolet n'etiti, teliskop ọhọre kwere ka ndị na-na- mbara igwe , ihe omimi mbụ ụwa mbụ na otú o si, yana pụta nke ọma dị ka oghere ojii na ihe gbara mgbochi .  A gbatịpụrụ ozi a ugboro atọ n'ime apụ iri tupu mmalite ya na June 2013. Emepụtara GALEX na 28 ụgbọ 2003 wee wepụrụ ya na June 2013

.ikike elu ahụ kwụsiri ike nke nwere axis atọ, na-enwe ike sitere na anọiche nke inwe .  ikike ala satịlaịtị sitere na Orbital Sciences Corporation dabere na OrbView 4 .  Igwe teliskop ahụ bụ 50 cm (20 na) Ritchey–Chrétien mesara nwere gris na- arọ.  GALEX jiri ọkụ ọkụ UV dichroic beam-splitter na-efegharị na mbara igwe na-eduzi foton na nso UV (175-280 nanometers) na Far UV (135-174 nanometers) ihe ihe efere efere microchannel .  Nke ọ bla n'ime ihe ngosi nke ahụ nwere 65 mm (2.6 na) dayameta.  ihe nke or bit bụ 670 km (420 mi) Ibe ma na- መሪ na 29.00° na equator .
Ịdị ike

An alidade ( / ˈæ.lɪ . d eɪd / ) (ụdị mgbe ochie ochie alhidade, alhidad, alidad ) ma ọ bụ bọọdụ ntụgharị bụ ngwaọrụ na-enye ndị mmadụ ịhụ ihe anya wee jiri ahịrị anya ọrụ.  Ụbọchị a nwere ike ịbụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, triangular ma na-arụ ọrụ dị na saịtị na iji mgba ọkụ elu nke ahịrị ndị na-agafe agafe na-ahụ nke ihe ahụ site na isi ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ígwè ọrụ na  ebe dị anya n'ihe ahụ site na pola ụfọdụ ebe ntụaka.  nha .  akwụkwọ a nwere ike ịbụ kehoraizin, kwụ ɔtɔ ma ọ bụ n'ogbo elu ọ alụa ọgụra.

Onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri alidade bụbu ụzọ nke ọtụtụ ụdị ngwá ọrụ ọrụ na mbara igwe.  N'otu oge, a na-akpọkwa ụfọdụ alidades, n'iji ngụsị akwụkwọ nri dị ka na mbara igwe, diopters .  [1] Site na ike ọgbara ọhụrụ, a na-etinye aha ahụ na ngwa ndị zuru oke dịka 'plan table alidade'.

Okwu a na Arabic ( الحلقة العضدية , al-ḥilqa al-ʿaḍudiyya , lit. ' ), na-egosi ngwaọrụ otu ahụ.  Na Grik na Latin, a na-akpọ ya δίοπτρα , " dioptra " , na linea fiduciae , "ahịrị ndakpọ".

Alidades mbụ nwe mbụ, gụnyere ma ọ bụ ihe ndị yiri ya nwere vane na nstụtụ okwu elala.  Vane nke ọ slo (nke a na-akpọkwa pinnule ma ọ bụ pinule) nwere oghere, oghere ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke mmadụ nwere ike isi lee ihe dị anya.  Enwere ike mmetụta ntụnye ma ọ bụ ihe nrụtụ aka na alidade iji gosi ọnọdụ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀.  Ejiri osisi, ọdụm, ọla na ihe ndị ọzọ mee Alidades.
Diana na ụmụ agbọghọ ya na-apụ maka ịchụ nta

thumb|350x350px|''Diana na ụmụ agbọghọ ya na-apụ maka ịchụ nta'' (1623-1624)
Diana na Nymphs ya Leaving for the Hunt bụ mmanụ 1623-1624 na panel painting nke Peter Paul Rubens (ihe oyiyi) na Jan Brueghel the Elder (ọhịa na anụmanụ). Diana Ọ dị ugbu a na Musée de la Chasse et de la Nature na Paris.   oge ndụ ya, Rubens nwere ike ịgba ume ise ihe osise nke kamera nta.

Ndị Rubens sere ihe atụ a, ebe odida ọbọdọ na anụmanụ dị n'aka Brueghel. A na-arụ ọrụ ahụ na panel nke 57 x 98 cm ma nwee ike ịhụ ya na Musée de la Chasse et de la Nature na Paris.

Enweela  ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka banyere ogo na ebe ihe osise ahụ si. Ọ bụghị ihe dị mma ma ka Rubens ịbịanye aka n'ọrụ ya, nke bụ eziokwu na ihe osise a. Brueghel bịanyere aka n'ọrụ ya. Ihe osise ahụ abụghịkwa ihe atụ nke ụdị Rubens. Ọ dị oke egwu ma buru oke ibu ma ka nke ahụ. Brushstrokes abụghị nnukwu ma bụrụ nke nwere nkà, nke bụ ihe e ji mara Rubens. Ka o sina dị, ihe osise ahụ bụ ihe atụ nke njikọta zuru oke n'etiti Rubens na Brueghel.

A maara Brueghel ma ka eserese mara mma nke ọdịdị ala, anụmanụ na ifuru. Ma ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe jikọrọ aka, dị ka ọ dị ebe a. Brueghel na Rubens na-arụkọkarị ọrụ tupu nke ikpeazụ apụọ Italy na 1610.

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Palais des Beux-Arts de Lille (2004) RUBENS.
Catherine Gage

**Catherine Gage** (18 Mee 1815 - 16 Febụwarị 1892) bụ onye Irish botanist, botanical na ornithological illustrator. 

## Ndụ
thumb|Ụlọ Gage, Manor House, Rathlin Island

A mụrụ Catherine Gage na County Down na 18 Mee n'afo 1815,  nwa nwanyị nke Rev. Robert Gage na Catherine Boyd.  Gage biri ndụ  niile n'ụlọ ezinụlọ, Manor House na Rathlin Island. Gage nwụrụ  16 Febụwarị n'afọ 1892 ma lie ya na Rathlin Island.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Plate si na The Birds of Rathlin

## Ihe osise
Gage yiri  o tinyere akụkụ dị ukwuu nke ndụ ya iji gosipụta akwụkwọ nwanne ya nwoke Robert Gage dere banyere nnụnụ nke Rathlin Island nke a na-ebipụtaghị. A na-akpọ akwụkwọ ahụ na nke John James Audubon's The Birds of America .   oge ọrụ a, o mepụtara ihe karịrị narị ise nke nnụnụ.  gosikwara ihe osise nke osisi ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ, na-emepụta ndepụta ma ka Botanical Society of Edinburgh, nke e bipụtara na 1850 Annals and Magazine of Natural History.  na nwanne ya nwanyị, Barbara Gage (1817-1859), rụkwara ọrụ, na-ese onyinyo osisi na anụmanụ.

Mgbe  na-ere akwụkwọ nke ihe osise nnụnụ na 2010, a na-erekwa ha ma ka €13,500.

## Edemsibe
Nhazi nke oge

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| The nhata nke oge — n'elu axis a sundial ga-apụta ''ngwa ngwa'' ikwu na a elekere na-egosi mpaghara pụtara oge, na n'okpuru axis a sundial ga-apụta ''ngwa ngwa'' .
. Ngụkọta oge na-ahụ ndụ dị n'etiti ụdị abụọ nke oge ọmụmụ .  A na-eji okwu nhatanha mee ihe n'uche nke oge ochie nke "mme mmekọrịta nke ndụ".  The ugboro ndị dị iche bụdị iche bụ nwa ọkụ anwụ, nke Forex tracks nke diurnal nke nke Sun, na egwuregwu oge, nke tracks usoro iwu ejiji Sun na edo ukporo Celestial equator .  Enwere ike ike oge egwuregwu oghere site n'ụtụ ọnọdụ dị ugbu a ( n'akuku elekere ) nke Sun, dị ka ikera (na oke izi ezi) site na askar anwụ .  Ogologo oge anwụ, maka otu ebe ahụ, ga-abụ oge elekere kwụsiri ike na-egosi ka n'ime afọ, na oge anwụ ga-abụ ihe efu.

.  Ngụkọta oge bụ ndị na-eche ma ọ bụ inwe egwuregwu nke analemma, mgbanaka na--ahụ anya nkwụghachi azụ nke site na ọnọdụ ya poly na mbara igwe dị ka e si ele anya ụwa.  Edepụtara nha nha oge maka ụbọchị ọ ALA n'afọ, nke ndị mgbasa mbara igwe chị achị, n'ọtụtụ ebe na almanacs na ephemerides. &#x3A;&#x200A;14&#x200A;

] N'ime otu afọ nha nha oge na-adịgasị iche dịka egosiri na ike;  akara ya site n'otu afụ gaa n'ọzọ dị ụgbọ.  Oge agba ìhè, na anwụ anwụ, nwere ike ikike n'ihu (ngwa ngwa) ihe ruru 16 min 33 s (ihe dị ka 3 Nọvemba), ma ọ bụ n'azụ (nwayọọ) ihe ruru 14 min 6 s (ihe dị  ka afọ 11 Febhụrị).  Ngụkọta oge nwere zeros nso 15 Eprel, 13 June, 1 Septemba, na 25 Disemba.  N'ileghara mgbochi dị ọrụ na mgbagharị ụwa na ntụgharị anya, a na-emeghachi ihe omume ndị a n'otu oge n'afọ ọ ALA nke akwụkwọ .  atụmatụ, n'ihi ọnụọgụgụ ụfọdụ mmekọ aka na afã, ụbọchị ndị nwere otu ike agụgasị iche site na otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ site n'afọ ruo n'afọ.  [n 1]