open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ogige Ntụrụndụ Rosario

**Ogige Ntụrụndụ** El Rosario (Spanish pronunciation: ) dị na El Petén, Guatemala, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Sayaxché.  (Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ezie na  / 16.527163°N 90.160017°W / 16. 527163; -90.160017 (El Rosario National Park)). A na-akpọ ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ aha laguna El Rosario, obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ókèala ya, ọ bụkwabu ụlọ ọrụ National Forestry Institute (INAB) nke steeti nwere. N'afọ 1980, a mara ya dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ mba. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 11.05 km2, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri El Rosario, nke nwere mpaghara elu nke 4 hectare n'oge ọkọchị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ buru ibu n'oge mmiri ozuzo.

## Ihe odide
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ala Agustín Codazzi

thumb|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ala Agustín Codazzi
 
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The Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi (Spanish: Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi, IGAC), bụ ngalaba nke Gọọmenti Colombia na-ahụ maka imepụta maapụ gọọmentị na ihe osise bụ isi nke Colombia, na ijikwa akụrụngwa cadastral nke mba na nyocha ala ala.  A na-ebokwa ya ebubo ịkwalite nyocha mpaghara maka mmepe obodo, na ịkụziri na ịzụ ndị ọkachamara na teknụzụ ozi mpaghara.[1]  IGAC na-ekesakwa data mpaghara n'ụdị ọnụ ụzọ ịntanetị ya, SIGOT

.Emepụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-eso agha Colombia-Peru na okike nke Institutelọ Ọrụ Ndị agha nke Geography (Instituto Geográfico Militar) na Ọgọst 13, 1935, site na Decreto 1440 de 1935, ma nyefee ya na Ministri agha.  Na Jenụwarị 31, 1940, Decreto 153 de 1940 mezigharịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọrụ cadastral site na ijikọta ya na ngalaba National Cadastre (Sección Nacional de Catastro), wee nyefee ya na Ministry of Finance na Credit Public, na-akpọghachi ya ndị agha na Cadastral Geographical.  Ụlọ ọrụ (Instituto Geográfico Militar na Catastral).  Na Nọvemba 8, 1957, site na Decreto Ley 0290 de 1957, a kpọgharịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ aha Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi na ebe nchekwa nke onye na-ese foto Agostino Codazzi na na ncheta nke narị afọ nke narị afọ nke Chorographic Commission, nnukwu mbọ nke chọrọ imepụta.  nyocha ala ala nke mpaghara Neogranadine, yiri ya na ebumnuche ya na njem Lewis na Clark na United States.  IGAC wee bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa n'okpuru alaka ụlọ ọrụ ruo 1999 mgbe enyere ya na Ngalaba Nchịkwa Ọchịchị Mba (DANE) site na Decreto 1174 de 1999.
Osimiri Grijalva

thumb
thumb|Osimiri Grijalva
Grijalva River

The cliffs at Sumidero Canyon overlook the Grijalva River

Location of Grijalva in Mexico

Native name	Río Grijalva or Río Seleguá (Spanish)

Location

Country	 Guatemala

 Mexico

Physical characteristics

Mouth	 

 • location	Gulf of Mexico

 • coordinates	18°36′10″N 92°41′33″W﻿ / ﻿18.60278°N 92.69250°W

 • elevation	0 m (0 ft)

Length	480 km (300 mi)

Basin size	134,400 km2 (51,900 sq mi)

Discharge	 

 • minimum	87 m3/s (3,100 cu ft/s)

 • average	3,079 m3/s (108,700 cu ft/s)

 • maximum	6,286 m3/s (222,000 cu ft/s)

**Osimiri Grijalva**, nke a maara n'oge gara aga dị ka ***Osimiri Tabasco***, (Spanish: Río Grijalva),  a makwaara dị ka Río Grande de Chiapas, Río Grande na **Osimiri Mezcalapa**) bụ osimiri dị  480 (300 mi) n'ogologo na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico. A na-akpọ ya aha Juan de Grijalva onye gara ebe ahụ na 1518. A mụrụ osimiri a na Sierra de los Cuchumatanes na ngalaba Huehuetenango na Guatemala, ebe a maara ya dị ka Río Seleguá ma bụrụ otu n'ime **osimiri** kachasị mkpa na mba ahụ. 

Osimiri ahụ na-esi na Río Grande de Chiapas na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Chiapas na-esi Chiapas na steeti Tabasco gafee Sumidero Canyon banye na Bay of Campeche. Malite dị ka "Río Grande de Chiapas" ma ọ bụ "Río Mezcalapa", mgbe e mesịrị, a na-akwụsị Río Grande na Angostura Dam (Mexico), otu n'ime ọdọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu na Mexico, mgbe ahụ a na-akpọ ya ugbu a "River Grijalva". Mmiri mmiri  osimiri ahụ bụ 134,400 km2 (51,900  mi) n'ogo. N'ihi njikọ chiri anya na Osimiri Usumacinta (ha abụọ jikọtara, na-asọba na Gulf of Mexico n'otu delta), a na-elekarị ha anya dị ka otu ọdọ mmiri, Osimiri Grijalva-Usumacinta. Río Grande de Chiapas na-arịgo na Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, Huehuetenango; na Guatemala na-enweta aha "River Selegua" ma bụrụkwa nnukwu osimiri.

Mgbe ọ na-esi n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nezahualcoyotl, ọdọ mmiri aka mere nke mmiri Malpaso Dam mepụtara, Osimiri Grijalva na-aga n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-agbakọta na ókèala steeti Chiapas-Tabasco. Ọ na-agafe Villahermosa (ebe, na 2001, e wuru àkwà mmiri ọhụrụ iji gafee osimiri ahụ) ma na-abanye na Gulf of Mexico, ihe dịka kilomita 10 (6.2 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ  Frontera. Osimiri ahụ nwere ike ịgafe site na ụgbọ mmiri na-adịghị omimi maka ihe dịka 100 mi (160 km) n'elu mmiri.

## Ihe ngosi

## Hụkwa

* Àkwà mmiri Chiapas
* Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị kasị ogologo na Mexico

## Ihe odide
Geoscience Australia

thumb|Geoscience Australia
 
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.Geoscience Australia bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Australia. Ọ na-eme nchọpụta geoscientific. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ọrụ gọọmentị n'akụkụ niile nke geoscience, yana onye na-elekọta data ala na ala na ihe ọmụma nke mba ahụ.

## Strategic priorities
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere akụkụ isii dị mkpa dị mkpa:[1]

# building Australia's resource wealth in order to maximise benefits from Australia's minerals and energy resources, now and into the future;
# ensuring Australia's community safety so that Australian communities are more resilient to natural hazards;
# securing Australia's water resources in order to optimise and sustain the use of Australia's water resources;
# managing Australia's marine jurisdictions in order to maximise benefits from the sustainable use of Australia's marine jurisdiction;
# providing fundamental geographic information in order to understand the location and timing of processes, activities and changes across Australia to inform decision-making for both natural and built environments; and
# maintaining geoscience knowledge and capability in order to maintain an enduring and accessible knowledge base and capability to enable evidence-based policy and decision-making by government, industry and the community.

Geoscience Australia bịara na 2001 mgbe Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) jikọtara na Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO).  Akụkọ ya malitere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Federation na 1901 mgbe e kpebiri ịhapụ ala maka isi obodo.  Mkpebi a mere ka e guzobe Officelọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọstrelia na 1910, mgbe a malitere nyocha maka Isi Obodo Ọstrelia.

The BMR was a geological survey with the main objective was the systematic geological and geophysical mapping of the continent as the basis for informed mineral exploration.

Geoscience Australia's activities have expanded and today it has responsibility for meeting the Australian Government's geoscience requirements. This role takes the Agency well beyond its historic focus on resource development and topographic mapping to topics as diverse as natural hazards such as tsunami and earthquakes, environmental issues, including the impacts of climate change, groundwater research, marine and coastal research, carbon capture and storage and vegetation monitoring as well as Earth observations from space. Geoscience Australia's remit also extends beyond the Australian landmass to Australia's vast marine jurisdiction.
Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa (Malta)

**Moviment għall-Ambjent**, Friends of the Earth Malta (nke e guzobere n'afọ 1985), nke a na-akpọbu Ż Cold-Ambjent. E guzobere otu ahụ na mbụ dị ka nzukọ nche anwụ maka ndị ntorobịa na ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ ụdị ya ugbu a.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere otu a na 1985 ka ọ bụrụ otu nche anwụ maka ndị ntorobịa dị iche iche na otu gburugburu ebe obibi, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, ha malitere ịghọ kọmitii nke ndị na-eme ihe ike. Ebu ụzọ nweta aha ọma na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na Nọvemba 1985, mgbe a wakporo ndị otu ahụ n'oge ngagharị iwe megide mmepe n'ụsọ osimiri na n'ime ime obodo. Kemgbe ahụ, ihe omume lekwasịrị anya karịsịa n'ihe gbasara iji ala eme ihe, ihe iyi egwu ndị njem nlegharị anya, ume, mmetọ, ihe mkpofu na ebe obibi na-adigide.

Na 1991, Moviment għall-Ambjent ghọrọ akụkụ nke Friends of the Earth International, netwọk nke otu sitere na mba 71. FoE Malta bụ otu nọọrọ onwe ya, dị iche na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla. Ọ bụghị kpọmkwem ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ gburugburu ebe obibi na Malta, Otú ọ dị, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọzọ NGO na akpan akpan okwu nke nkịtị.

FoE Malta natara Julian Manduca Award maka enyemaka dị ịrịba ama ha nyere na gburugburu ebe obibi na Malta na Golden Star Award site na European Commission maka ọrụ ha "New European Citizens! Arụmụka telivishọn na International Workshop".

FoE Malta bụ akụkụ nke òtù mba 30 nke ndị enyi nke ụwa Europe na-anọchite anya ma na-ejikọta na ọkwa Europe.

## Mgbasa ozi
Isi okwu mkpọsa nke Friends of the Earth Malta bụ:

* Mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Nsogbu ala
* GMOs
* Mmiri
* Ihe mkpofu
* Kemịkal ndị dị nchebe karị
* Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Friends of the Earth International
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Europe
Geospatial Information Authority nke Japan

thumb
thumb|Geospatial Information Authority nke Japan
The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (国土地理院, Kokudo Chiri-in), ma ọ bụ GSI, bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba na-ahụ maka nyocha na maapụ ala mba Japan.  Aha mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ site na 1949 ruo Machị 2010 bụ Geographical Survey Institute; [1] n'agbanyeghị ahagharị ya, ọ na-ejigide otu mkpụrụedemede.  Ọ bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Tsukuba City nke Ibaraki Prefecture

E tinyela sistemu nlekota MT na-akwụsị na Japan kemgbe Eprel 1996, na-enye ndekọ na-aga n'ihu nke akara MT na Mizusawa Geodetic Observatory na ọdụ Esashi nke GSI.  Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-atụ ngbanwe dị na mbara ala electromagnetic nke kwekọrọ na ọrụ seismic.  Data usoro oge geophysical raw sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ndị a na-enweta n'efu maka ndị sayensị, na-eme ka ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe omume EM na ọrụ ala ọma jijiji.  Data usoro oge MT sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nlekota ala ọma jijiji GSIJ dị na ntanetị na  2016-10-13 echekwara na Wayback Machine
Ọrụ Geographical nke Ndị Agha Gris

## History
Ntọala guzosie ike na 1889 dị ka "Geodetic Mission" na ebumnuche nke ịchịkọta "Topographic na Cadastral Map of the Country", ọrụ ahụ nwetara aha ya ugbu a na 1926. Taa, ọ na-akwado ma ndị agha Greek na ọha na eze na ngwaahịa cartographic.  [1]

Site na 1966 ruo na 1980s, ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke ndị agha, onye mgbasa ozi steeti nke abụọ nke Gris n'akụkụ National Radio Foundation.

## Maps

### City plans

* 1:5.000 scale: covers 20 cities in Greece
* 1:10.000 scale: covers 16 cities in Greece
Staatsbosbeheer

thumb|Logo nke Staatsbosbeheer na akara mbata nke Olandenever Hollands Diep
**Staatsbosbeheer**, nke e guzobere na 1899, bụ òtù gọọmentị Dutch maka ọrụ ọhịa na njikwa nke ebe nchekwa okike.

Staatsbosbeheer na-elekọta ugbu a karịa hectare 250,000 na Netherlands. Ọtụtụ mgbe ala a na-emeghe ọha na eze maka ebumnuche ntụrụndụ, mana mgbochi na-emetụtakarị. Ọmụmaatụ bụ mmanye iji leash mgbe ị na-ebuta nkịta, ma ọ bụ ịnweta naanị ụbọchị.

A katọrọ nzukọ a maka na ha anaghị elekọta ala ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ maka itinye aka na mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mana akụkọ akụkọ na-adịkarị mma ma ọ bụ na-akọ akụkọ ozi ọha sitere na nzukọ ahụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ntụgharị nkịtị nke aha ahụ ga-abụ 'State Forest Management', ọhịa na-eme naanị 900 square kilomita nke ala niile dị n'okpuru nlekọta. Ala fọdụrụnụ nwere ọdịdị ala dịgasị iche iche dị ka dunes, polders na ala mmiri.

## Ndị isi oche

## Ebe ndị a ma ama n'okpuru nlekọta nke Staatsbosbeheer

* Bargerveen
* Site na Biesbosch
* Ịnyịnya ibu Laagten
* Oostvaardersplassen
* Strubben-Kniphorstbos
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Heuvelrug nke Utrechtse
* Ndị Wierickerschans

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* (in Dutch) Staatsbosbeheer, official website
Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa (HK)

Friends of the Earth (HK) Charity Limited (FoE (HK)) bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi nke Hong Kong nke e guzobere na 1983. A maara ya dị ka ndị enyi nke ụwa (HK) ma ọ bụ FoE (HK), ọ nwere ndị otu ihe karịrị mmadụ 12,000.

Dị ka FoE (HK) na-enwetaghị ego ọ bụla site n'aka gọọmentị, ọ na-adabere na onyinye sitere n'aka ọha na eze na ọrụ afọ ofufo.

Nzukọ a na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mgbasa ozi gburugburu ebe obibi na mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụghị otu ndị enyi nke ụwa International, n'ihi nghọtahie gbasara amụma nke ikpeazụ megide nkwado azụmahịa.

## Ịdu
Onye bụbu onye nduzi, Oriakụ Mei Ng, nwetara nkwado maka ọrụ ya na nzukọ ahụ mgbe a họpụtara ya na United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honor na World Environment Day na 2000.

## Ọrụ na China
Kemgbe 1992, ndị otu FoE (HK) China na-akpakọrịta na mpaghara China na otu ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ akwụkwọ, agụmakwụkwọ, NGO, cadres na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị. A na-edebanye aha ọtụtụ narị mmadụ na China dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ na ndị otu nsọpụrụ. FoE (HK) enyewokwa ndị mmadụ "Award Award" nyere ndị raara onwe ha nye ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.

## Hụkwa
 

* Ihe ndị dị ndụ
* Ụkpụrụ Omume Nchekwa
* Mgbalị Nchekwa
* Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ịhụnanya maka gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi
* Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi
* Freeganism
* Nchekwa ebe obibi
* Ebe okike
* Isi obodo
* Ihe ndị sitere n'okike
* Ihe onwunwe a na-agbanwe agbanwe
* Ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide
* Nkwado

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndị enyi nke Ụwa (HK) - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha na Mapping nke India

## History
Nnyocha nke India, National Survey Organisation nke Gọọmenti India malitere na 1767. Na Post-independence India, ọrụ mmepe na mkpa maka njikere nchekwa wetara mkpa dị ngwa inye ọzụzụ nye ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ na akụkụ dị iche iche nke nyocha na nkewa na  teknụzụ ọgbara ọhụrụ.  N'ebumnobi a, e hiwere Center for Survey Training na Map Production na Hyderabad na 1967 ya na Human Resource Development Institute n'ime nyocha nke India n'okpuru enyemaka aka nke United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).  Ụlọ ọrụ Indian Institute of Surveying & Mapping (Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Na-ahụ Maka Nleba Mbụ) nke ewelitere na 6 Mee 1967 bụ ugbu a ka a ghọtara dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ n'ọhịa nke nyocha na eserese iji nye ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ nyocha nke India na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ọzọ ọzụzụ.  Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na ndị ọkà mmụta si mba Afro-Asia ndị ọzọ

N'ozuzu, ethos nwere ike ịsị na isi ihe abụọ kpatara ya - Ọmụmụ nyocha, n'onwe ya, na-adịghị ewu ewu dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nke sayensị na enweghị ụkpụrụ nkịtị iji chịkwaa omume nke ịnakọta data gbasara oghere.  Ọtụtụ data gbasara ohere nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-eji teknụzụ dị elu site n'aka ndị ọrụ a na-azụghị, na-ekwekọghị n'eziokwu na enweghị njikọ na ụkpụrụ meta-data ọ bụla n'ihi enweghị nlekọta ọkachamara, enweghị ike itinye ya n'ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọtụtụ ọzụzụ.  gburugburu ebe obibi.

Survey Education deals with the concepts and methodologies of gathering, processing and representing geo-spatial data in a defined form and format. It encompasses education on theories and practices in disciplines of geodesy, geo-physics, photogrammetry, land surveying, cartography and reprography. With the introduction of computers and change of emphasis from analogue to digital technology and high expectations from GIS, computer sciences and various systems for generation of spatial data bases have become an integral part of survey education.
Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve

thumb|Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve
Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve

IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)

Laguna Miramar in Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve

Location of Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve in Mexico

Location	Chiapas, Mexico

Coordinates	16°40′N 91°00′W﻿ / ﻿16.667°N 91.000°W

Area	3,312 km2 (1,279 sq mi)

Designation	UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve (international) biosphere reserve (national)

Designated	1979 (international) 2000 (national)

Administrator	National Commission of Natural Protected Areas

**Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve** bụ ebe a na-echebe ihe okike na steeti Chiapas nke ndịda Mexico. Ogige ahụ na-echebe 3312 km2 nke Lacandon Jungle, oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala.

## Ọdịdị ala
Ogige Montes Azules Biosphere dị n'akụkụ Lacan-Tun Biosphere Reserve n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ma nwee oke Osimiri Lacantun, nke bụ isi iyi nke Usumacinta, n'ebe ndịda.

## Flora na anụmanụ
Ogige ahụ nwere ụdị osisi 500.

E dekọrọ ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 390 na ebe nchekwa ahụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ụdị niile a maara na Mexico. E nwere ụdị anụmanụ 116 na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere peccary na-acha ọcha (*Tayassu pecari*) na tamandua ugwu (*Tamandua* mexicana). Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ gụnyere agụ iyi Morelet (Crocodylus moreletii).

## Nchekwa
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ọhịa ahụ eme ihe maka chicle na mahogany. A na-eyi ebe nchekwa ahụ egwu ugbu a site na igbu osisi na ndị mmadụ na-agba ọhịa ọkụ iji kpochapụ ebe maka ịzụ ehi na ọrụ ugbo.

## Ihe odide
Quercus acherdophylla

***Quercus acherdophylla*** bụ ụdị osisi oak nke dị na Mexico.

## Nkọwa
*Quercus acherdophylla* bụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ruo mita 25 n'ogologo. Ọdịdị ya yiri *Quercus laurina*, ọkachasị ogo akwụkwọ ya. Akị nke *Q*. acherdophylla na-eto kwa afọ, n'adịghị ka akị nke Q, laurina.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
*Quercus acherdophylla* bi n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndịda Sierra Madre Oriental na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt na steeti Hidalgo, Puebla, na Veracruz, na-agbasa n'ebe ugwu Sierra Madre de Oaxaca nke ugwu Oaxaca steeti.

Ọ na-ebi na ndagwurugwu na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu n'etiti 1800 na 2500 mita elu. Ndị bi na ya nwere ike ịdị obere n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ebe obibi ya. Ọ bụ ụdị dị n'elu ugwu dị na Sierra Madre de Oaxaca nke Huautla de Jiménez, Oaxaca.

A mụọla ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Q. acherdophylla nke nta.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Quercus affinis

***Quercus affinis*** bụ ụdị osisi oak nke dị naanị na Mexico, ọkachasị n'ọhịa Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak. 

## Nkọwa
Quercus affinis bụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-eto ruo mita 16 ma ọ bụ 20 n'ogologo. Akwụkwọ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma na-egbuke egbuke na ọnụ ezé. A na-eme ka akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto bụrụ ọla nchara mgbe ụfọdụ. Osisi na-amịpụta okooko osisi na catkins n'oge opupu ihe ubi, nke n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ na-etolite n'ime obere, ahịhịa gbara gburugburu ruo 1.5cm n'ogologo. Site na akwụkwọ ya yiri laurel, enwere ike ịgbagwoju ya anya na onye ikwu ya Q. laurina, nke ya na ya na-agwakọta n'ụzọ dị mfe n'ọhịa.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
*Quercus affinis* gafere ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico, n'etiti mita 1200 na 2600 elu. Mpaghara ya gụnyere Sierra Madre Oriental nke Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Hidalgo, na Veracruz steeti, ọwụwa anyanwụ Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt nke Veracruz na Puebla, na Sierra Madre de Oaxaca nke Puebla na Oaxaca, na ụfọdụ ndị bi na Sierra Madra del Sur nke Guerrero.

A na-ahụkarị *Quercus affinis* n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii, nke a na-ejikọkarị na *Liquidambar styraciflua*. A na-ahụkwa ya n'ọhịa oak, n'ọzara pine-oak, na n'ọ ọhịa pine. Ọ na-akwado ala limestone karstic na-adịghị omimi na pH acid.

## Nchekwa
A na-egbutu osisi pine-oak nke Mexico maka osisi, nkụ, na icheku ọkụ. Ihe egwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọnwụ ebe obibi site na mkpocha ọhịa maka ịta ahịhịa ehi na ọrụ ugbo.

N'agbanyeghị igbu osisi na mfu nke ebe obibi ya n'ofe ya, a na-ewere ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị ka nke kwụsiri ike.

## Ịkọ ugbo
Ọ nwetara onyinye Royal Horticultural Society nke Garden Merit.

## Ihe odide
Quercus delgadoana

***Quercus delgadoana*** bụ ụdị osisi oak nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ezinụlọ Fagaceae, nke a chọtara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico. A na-akọwa ya na mbụ dị ka ndị ọzọ so n'ụdị *Quercus*, mana e kpebiri ya dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ na 2011.

## Nkọwa
Ndị nke ụdị a bụ osisi oak na-eto ruo ita 5 (82 ụkwụ) n'ogologo ma nwee ogwe osisi 0.5-1.2 m (1+1⁄2-4 ) n'obosara. Osisi oak ndị a na-abụkarị otu n'ime osisi kachasị elu n'oké ọhịa ugwu. A na-amata ha site na .8-4-millimetre (1⁄16-5⁄32-inch) nnukwu alaka na akwụkwọ dị ka lance na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ha na-amị mkpụrụ dị ka mkpụrụ osisi ma nwee okooko osisi pistillate na mkpirikpi 1.5-8  (⁄16-5⁄16 in), nke nwere 1 ma ọ bụ 2 okooko osisi.

E kpebiri *Quercus delgadoana* dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ n'ihi na, n'adịghị ka Q. *eugeniifolia* nwere mkpụrụ osisi na-eto kwa afọ, ụdị a nwere mkpụrụ osisi nwere ntozu afọ abụọ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ọhụrụ a na ụdị ndị ọzọ yiri ya dịka Q. *laurina* na Q. *affinis* n'ihi na ọ nwere ọtụtụ akwara nke abụọ, *akụkụ* dị n'akụkụ, na ala akwụkwọ adaxial na-enweghị trichomes.

Okooko osisi nwere ike itolite na Machị, mana ọ bụ naanị okooko osisi pistillate ka a pụrụ ịhụ; a pụrụ ịchọta mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto ugboro abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba. Mkpụrụ osisi na-ewe afọ abụọ iji tozuo ma na-egosi ya na alaka ikpeazụ.
## Nchịkọta
A na-akpọ *Quercus delgadoana* aha Alfonso Delgado Salinas, iji kwado onyinye ya na taxonomy osisi na agbamume na ọzụzụ ọ nyere ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na mpaghara ọmụmụ a. A na-etinye ya na mpaghara  .

## Ebe obibi na nkesa
*Quercus delgadoana* bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị na Sierra Madre Oriental, na steeti Hidalgo, Puebla, na Veracruz.

A chọtawo ya na obodo ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na oké ọhịa ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na elu nke 1,400-2,210 m (4,590-7,250 ). A na-ahụkarị ụdị a na ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ nke otu ụdị dịka Q. *[[Quercus affinis|affinis]]* na Q. *[[Quercus lancifolia|lancifolia]]*, mana a na-ahụkwa ya na ndị otu dị iche iche dịka *Fagus grandifolia* (North American beech).

## Nchekwa
E nyere ụdị ahụ nhazi mbụ nke Endangered (EN) dịka ụkpụrụ IUCN Red List nke afọ 2001 si dị. Oké ọhịa ndị a na-enwe nsogbu nke ukwuu n'ihi iwepụta nkụ, iwepụ oké ọhịa maka ịta nri, na nguzobe ubi kọfị. N'ihi ya, a na-atụ anya na ihe karịrị 50% nke ndị bi na ya ga-ebelata. Na mgbakwunye, ọdịda nke ebe obibi n'ọdịnihu ga-ekwe omume.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* IUCN Red Ndepụta nke Ụdị Ndị Na-eyi Egwu
* Ụdị osisi ọhụrụ na fungus achọpụtara
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mapping nke Etiopia

.Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese Etiopia, nke a maara nke mbụ dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Mapping na Geography nke Etiopia, nke dị na Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti na-ahụ maka eserese, nyocha na ihe omume nhụta anya na Etiopia.  E hiwere nzukọ a na 1954 n'okpuru ọchịchị Emperor Haile Selassie I dị ka ngalaba na Ministry of Education nke Imperial Etiopia.  Ewubere ya na mbụ ka o wepụta ihe eserese na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ala maka ebumnuche mmụta.  N'ime afọ ndị mbụ ya, EMA ritere uru na enyemaka United States, ma n'ihe gbasara enyemaka ego sitere na mmemme Point Four yana ọrụ nhazi ntọala obodo nke United States Army mere.
National Geographic Institute nke Guatemala

National Geographic Institute of Guatemala (na Spanish: Instituto Geográfico Nacional "Ingeniero Alfredo Obiols Gómez" (IGN)) bụ ụlọ ọrụ sayensị nke gọọmentị Guatemalan.

.Emebere IGN na 29th nke Disemba 1964. N'ime 1930s, a rụrụ ọrụ eserese site na ụlọ ọrụ maapụ ad hoc bụ nke bụ isi maka nyocha oke ala.[1]  Ngalaba Map na Cartography (na Spanish: Departamento de Mapas y Cartografia) ka emebere na 1945 wee mepụta Instituto Geográfico Nacional na 1964.[1]

.N'afọ 1982, a kpọgharịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Instituto Geográfico Militar (IGM) mgbe njikọta na Ọrụ Cartographic ndị agha, wee bụrụ ndabere nke Ministry of Defence.[1]  Na Jenụwarị 1998, na-eso mwepu nke ụlọ ọrụ steeti akọwapụtara na nkwekọrịta udo, eweghachiri IGN dị ka ndabere nke Ministry of Communications, Infrastructure and Housing, wee bụrụ ndabere nke Ministry of Agriculture na Septemba 2006.
Persea schiedeana

***Persea schiedeana***, **coyo**, bụ osisi na-ebi n'ihe ize ndụ, osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ezinụlọ laurel (Lauraceae), nke a mụrụ n'oké ọhịa ndịda Mexico na Central America. Mkpụrụ ya a na-eri eri yiri nke avocado (*Persea americana*), osisi yiri ya na ụdị *Persea*. Aha ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị gụnyere aguacate de montaña, ***aguacatón***, ***chinini***, na ***yas***.

A mụrụ Coyo n'ebe ndịda Mexico na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Central America. Ọ na-eme n'ebe dị elu ruo mita 2,800 na ala dị ala na oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ugwu. A na-akụ ya maka mkpụrụ osisi ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nkedo maka avocado nkịtị.

Osisi ahụ na-eto ruo ihe dị ka mita 20 n'ịdị elu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-eru mita 50. Alaka ndị na-eto eto nwere ntutu dị ukwuu. Akwụkwọ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na okooko osisi na-acha odo odo, na-acha uhie uhie ka afọ na-eto. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, nke yiri nke avocado, na-adịkarị ka pear, nwere akpụkpọ anụ siri ike, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, akpụkpọ anụ. Anụ ahụ nwere mmanụ na mmiri ara ehi ma na-atọ ụtọ dị ka avocado ma ọ bụ akị bekee. A na-eche na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ dị ka pear bụ avocado. Otú ọ dị, o nwere mkpụrụ dị n'etiti buru ibu. Anụ ahụ nwere mkpụrụ ndụ nkume na ọdịdị siri ike nke a na-ewere n'ozuzu ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma maka oriri oriri, n'agbanyeghị ụtọ ya na-adọrọ mmasị. Cotyledons, n'adịghị ka nke avocado, na-acha pinki pinki n'ime.

Ụmụ anụmanụ ọhịa na-eri mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-agbasa mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, gụnyere tepezcuintle (*Cuniculus paca*), tejón coati (*Nasua narica*) na agoutis (*Dasyprocta* sp.Ọpụpụ ọzọ

A na-ewere ụdị a dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi mfu nke ebe obibi ka a na-ewepụ ọhịa maka ọrụ ugbo.

## Ihe odide
Nnyocha Ala nke Ireland

.Geological Survey Ireland[1] ma ọ bụ Geological Survey nke Ireland[2] (Irish: Surveireight Gheologia Éireann), tọrọ ntọala na 1845, bụ National Earth Science Agency nke Ireland.

## Overview
Geological Survey Ireland bụ ngalaba nke ngalaba nkwukọrịta, omume ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe dabere na Beggars Bush Barracks na Dublin.  Ndị ọrụ ya multidisciplinary na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba dị ka mmiri dị n'ime ala, nkewa akwa (nke nwere akwa akwa na quaternary/geotechnical), njikwa ozi, ihe nketa, mmiri na mineral.  Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịnye ndụmọdụ na ozi gbasara ala, yana maka inweta data maka ebumnuche a.  Geological Survey Ireland na-emepụta mapụ, akụkọ na ọdụ data, ma na-eme dị ka ebe ihe ọmụma na onye mmekọ ngo n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Geology Irish.
Podocarpus matudae

***Podocarpus matudae*** bụ ụdị conifer n'ezinụlọ Podocarpaceae. A na-ahụ ya na Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras na Mexico.

## Nkọwa
*Podocarpus matudae* bụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọ nwere ike itolite ruo n'ókè buru ibu, na bole ruru 150 cm n'obosara. 

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
A na-ahụ *Podocarpus matudae* n'ugwu ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ndịda, na ọdịda anyanwụ Mexico na n'ebe ugwu Central America, ebe ọ na-ebi n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii n'etiti mita 800 na 2400 elu. Ọ na-eto n'ebe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị nro na mmiri ozuzo nke 1,500 ruo 3,000 mm kwa afọ, gụnyere igwe ojii na-enwekarị n'ebe dị elu. *Podocarpus matudae* na-eto n'ozuzu ya na obere osisi ndị gbasasịrị n'etiti osisi ndị ọzọ dị n'oké ọhịa, ọkachasị osisi oak (*Quercus* spp.), yana ụdị Liquidambar, *Magnolia*, *Ostrya*, na *Clethra*.< A na-ahụkwa ya na ndagwurugwu na n'akụkụ iyi dị n'ọhịa pine-oak. Na Jalisco na Nayarit na ọdịda anyanwụ Mexico, a na-ejikọta ya na *[[Clusia salvinii]]*, *Pinus herrerae*, *Pinus douglasiana*, *[[Abies guatemalensis]]*, na Acer sp.

Ebe ọ dị na ya gụnyere ndagwurugwu ndị chere ihu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Sierra Madre Occidental na Sierra Madre de Oaxaca site na Tamaulipas ruo n'ebe ugwu Oaxaca, na ugwu Sierra de Los Tuxtlas dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Veracruz. A na-ahụkwa ya na Chiapas Highlands nke steeti Chiapas nke Mexico na Sierra Madre de Chiapas nke Chiapas, Guatemala, na El Salvador. A na-ahazi ndị a dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda dị ka subspecies *Podocarpus matudae* subsp. *matudae*.

A na-ewere ndị si n'ugwu Jalisco na Nayarit steeti dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Mexico dị ka ụdị dị iche, *Podocarpus matudae* subsp. *jaliscanus*.

## Ihe odide
Persian liebmannii

***Persea liebmannii*** bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinụlọ Lauraceae. A mụrụ ya na Mexico, Guatemala, na Belize.

## Ihe odide
Quercus crispipilis

***Quercus crispipilis*** bụ ụdị osisi oak nke dị na steeti Chiapas na ndịda Mexico na Guatemala.

A na-etinye ya na mpaghara  .

## Nkọwa
*Quercus crispipilis* bụ osisi dị n'etiti nke na-eto ruo mita 27 n'ogologo, na ogwe osisi nke 30 ruo 60 cm n'obosara mgbe ọ tozuru.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
A na-ahụkarị *Quercus crispipilis* n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii, nakwa n'oké osimiri oak na oké ọhịa oak-pine, n'etiti 750 ruo 2,700 mita elu. A na-ahụ ya n'ọhịa ndị mechiri emechi, ma na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ n'ọzara na ubi ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ.

A mụrụ ya na Chiapas Highlands nke etiti Chiapas, Sierra Madre de Chiapas nke Chiapas na Guatemala, na Guatemala Highlands of Central Guatemala.

## Nchekwa na ihe iyi egwu
Ndị bi n'oké ọhịa dị elu nke Chiapas na Guatemala etinyela aka n'ịgbanwe ọrụ ugbo ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ. Q. crispipilis na-eweghachi ngwa ngwa n'ebe ndị e kpochapụrụ karịa n'oké ọhịa ndị tozuru etozu, ma na-ezigharị ebe ndị e kpochapụ ozugbo a gbahapụrụ ha. N'oge ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a gbanwere ebe obibi ugwu ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-azụ anụ na ọrụ ugbo, na-eduga na mmebi ebe obibi na nkwarụ.

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eyi ụdị ahụ egwu. A na-eme atụmatụ na osisi ahụ nwere ike ịhapụ 13.1% ruo 48.4% nke ebe obibi ya kwesịrị ekwesị ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050, dabere na ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Ihe odide
National Geographic Institute (Spain)

thumb|300x300px|Headquarters (Madrid)
).National Geographic Institute (NGI) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Spanish dabere na Ministry of Public Works nke Spain.  Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese mba maka Spain, yana National Center for Geographic Information (CNIG).

Kemgbe 2015, ọtụtụ n'ime ngwaahịa ya (gụnyere MTN50 na MTN25 topographic map, na foto ikuku PNOA) dị na ntanetị n'efu, ma nweta ikikere n'okpuru ikikere CC-BY-4.0, dịka iwu FOM/2807/2015 chọrọ ka ewepụtara n'okpuru akwụkwọ ikike efu.  [1][2]

## Roles

# Astronomic observations and research. Manages the Yebes Observatory, devoted to radio astronomy.
# Observation and maintenance of the national geodetic networks
# Making and updating the cartography for the country (including official National Topographic Maps, called MTN50 (1:50,000 scale) and MTN25 (1:25,000 scale))
# Making and maintaining the IDEE or Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de España, the Spanish Spatial Data Infrastructure
# R&D and application of teledetection systems
# Geophysics and gravimetry
# Seismographic and volcanic activity analysis
Oreopanax sanderianus

***Oreopanax sanderianus*** bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinụlọ Araliaceae. A na-ahụ ya na Guatemala, Honduras, na Mexico. Ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.

## Ihe odide
Kadaster

thumb|The headquarters of Kadaster in Apeldoorn.
Dutch Cadastre, Ala Ndebanye aha na National Mapping Agency na Netherlands.  Okwu Cadastre sitere na mbibi Latin ochie, sitere na Greek καταστιχον (acrostic cover), frame, ma ọ bụ Latin capitatrastum (isi), ụtụ isi ndị Rome dabere na ihe onwunwe.

Cadastre bụ ọrụ nke Ministri nke ime ime na mmekọrịta ala eze.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị na Apeldoorn.
National Institute of Population Studies

.Ụlọ ọrụ French Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke French na-ahụ maka ọnụọgụ mmadụ na ọmụmụ ihe n'ozuzu ya.

Na 1941, onye meriri Nobel Prize Alexis Carrel, onye na-akwado mmalite nke eugenics na euthanasia, kwadoro ka e mepụta French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems. Ọmụmụ nsogbu mmadụ), na-eji njikọ na ụlọ ọrụ Pétain.  E boro ya ebubo na "ọmụmụ ihe, n'akụkụ ya niile, nke usoro iji chebe, melite na ịzụlite ndị France na ọrụ ya niile", e mere ntọala site na iwu nke ọchịchị Vichy na-emekọ ihe na 1941, a họpụtara Carrel ka ọ bụrụ 'regent. '[1]  Ntọala ahụ nwekwara oge dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu François Perroux.

The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the "prenuptial certificate", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to insure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular with regard to sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and "life hygiene". Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" (*"livret scolaire*"), which could be used to record students' grades in French secondary schools, and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported the 11 October 1946 law instituting occupational medicine, enacted by the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) after the Liberation.
Kọmitii Rice nke Mba Nile

International Rice Commission (IRC) bụ ọgbakọ gọọmentị etiti na-emepụta osikapa. Ọ bụ ọgbakọ enyemaka nke Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). IRC na-akwalite nkwado mba ụwa na mmepụta, nchekwa, nkesa na oriri osikapa.

Ndị nnọchi anya nzukọ FAO gbasara osikapa na Philippines tụpụtara nguzobe nke IRC na Mee 1948. N'April 1948, FAO Council gbasoro ndụmọdụ a site n'imepụta nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke a maara dị ka Constitution of the International Rice Commission. Iwu ahụ malitere na 4 Jenụwarị 1949 na nnọkọ mbụ nke IRC mere na Bangkok mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị. Ndị otu 12 tọrọ ntọala bụ Burma, Ecuador, Egypt, France, India, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka na Thailand. IRC na-ezukọ na nnọkọ oge niile opekata mpe otu ugboro n'afọ anọ.

IRC na-emeghe maka ndị otu niile na ndị mmekọ nke FAO. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2013, IRC nwere mba 62 na-anọchite anya ihe karịrị pasent 98 nke mmepụta osikapa zuru ụwa ọnụ:

 

## Njikọ mpụga

* International Rice Commission, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Iwu nke International Rice Commission, fao.org
* Ọnọdụ iwu, fao.org
Ndị otu akụ na ụba nke Ịtali ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ

The Italian Society of Economics, Demography and Statistics (SIEDS) bụ obodo mmụta na-achọ ịkwalite ọmụmụ akụ na ụba, igwe mmadụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ na iji guzobe mmekorita na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'etiti ndị ọkachamara na isiokwu ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu gbasara sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.  Ndị obodo na-achụso ebumnuche a site na:

* organising seminars, congresses, or scientific meetings for analysing and discussing problems concerning its activity;
* implementing scientific surveys, enquires and researches and promoting, training activities (courses, seminars, etc.);
* publishing the *Rivista italiana di economia demografia e statistica*, a series of studies and monographs on specific items concerning the scientific interest of the society, as well as the proceedings of its congresses and seminars.
Ocotea puberula

***Ocotea puberula*** bụ ụdị osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ụdị osisi Ocotea nke ezinụlọ Lauraceae. A na-ahụ ya na Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Peru, na Suriname.

## Ihe odide
National Center for Social Research

National Center for Social Research (NatCen) bụ ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ọha na eze kacha nwee onwe na UK.[1][2][3]  Ọrụ ebere nchọcha tọrọ ntọala na 1969 site n'aka Sir Roger Jowell[4] na Gerald Hoinville n'ebumnobi nke ime nchọpụta amụma mmekọrịta siri ike iji kwalite ọha mmadụ.

.A maara NatCen nke ọma maka nyocha Àgwà Ọhammadụ nke Britain kwa afọ.  Nyocha gbasara àgwà ọha mmadụ nke Britain bụ nyocha nke Britain na-eme kwa afọ maka àgwà ọha na-enwe ike ịnweta maka nyocha site na Ọrụ Data UK.  Ọ na-eji usoro ihe gbasara nke puru omume na ajụjụ ọnụ ihu na ihu na ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,000 iji hụ na ọ nwetara ihe nlele nke na-anọchite anya Britain.[3]  Òtù nwanne nwanyị NatCen, Scottish Center for Social Research (ScotCen), na-eme otu nnyocha e mere na Scotland, nke a na-akpọ nyocha echiche nke Scottish Social Attitudes.[4][5]

Na mgbakwunye na nyocha echiche ọha mmadụ nke Britain, NatCen na-anakọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche n'aha gọọmentị UK na ndị otu gọọmentị.  Ndị a gụnyere nyocha ahụike maka England, [1] nyocha ụlọ obibi Bekee, [2] nyocha nri na nri nke mba [3] na ọmụmụ nke mmụta na mmepe mmalite (SEED).[4]  N'afọ 2015, NatCen mekwara nyocha nke panel ọhụrụ akpọrọ NatCen Panel, nke bụ nyocha nke mbụ na UK iji usoro nke puru omume..
Mahonia a na-ejighị n'aka

***Mahonia*** incerta bụ obere osisi a kọwara dị ka ụdị na 1901. Ọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico, nke a maara site na Steeti Hidalgo na Veracruz.

## Ihe odide
ScotCen Social Research

ScotCen Social Research bụ ngalaba Scottish nke United Kingdom nnukwu ebe maka nyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze, NatCen Social Research

.Dabere na Edinburgh, ScotCen Social Research bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ.  Ndị ọrụ gụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka usoro nyocha, ndị nyocha data na ndị ọkachamara n'ọnụọgụgụ na ndị nyocha qualitative.  Ọ bụ ndị gọọmentị na ndị ọrụ ebere nyere ya iwu ka ha nyochaa echiche ọha mmadụ gbasara ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.[1][2]

.A maara Center ahụ maka ịrụ ọrụ ubi na ịkọ akụkọ banyere ọmụmụ gụnyere nyocha ahụike Scottish kwa afọ, [1] [2] nyocha echiche mmekọrịta ọha na eze Scottish, [3] [4] na ọmụmụ ihe na-eto eto na Scotland ogologo oge.[5] [6] ]

* .Children and young people
* Communities
* Families
* Crime and justice
* Equality and diversity
* Health and wellbeing
* Housing
* Income and work
* Schools, education and training
* Social and political attitudes
* Transport
Mahonia gracilis

***Mahonia gracilis*** bụ ụdị osisi a mụrụ na Mexico, nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe site na Tamaulipas ruo Oaxaca.

*Mahonia gracilis* bụ obere osisi. Akwụkwọ ya nwere 4-7 abụọ nke akwụkwọ mpịakọta gbakwunyere akwụkwọ mpịịakọta buru ibu, niile lanceolate nwere ezé n'akụkụ. Okooko osisi bụ okooko osisi na-acha odo odo nke nwere akụkụ isii, nke a na-ebute n'ime raceme dị ogologo. Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma nwee ọdịdị àkwá.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* foto nke herbarium specimen na Missouri Botanical Garden, ''Mahonia gracilis'' anakọtara na Nuevo León, Mexico
International Analog Forestry Network

thumb|Logo IAFN ugbu a
**International Analog Forestry Network** (**IAFN**) bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGO) nke na-achọ ichekwa ma weghachite ụdị dị iche iche n'ụwa niile site na itinye n'ọrụ nke ọhịa analog. IAFN na-ejikọ ọtụtụ obodo, gọọmentị, na òtù onwe onye (29 dị ka nke Nọvemba, 2012), yana ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, ndị na-etinye omume na ụkpụrụ nke analog forestry n'ọrụ ha.

E hiwere IAFN na 1995 iji mee ka mgbanwe nke ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọhịa analọgụ na iji kwalite usoro ahụ. IAFN na-akwado ndị mmekọ ya site na mmepe nke akwụkwọ ntuziaka nka na ihe nkwado, ọzụzụ, nyocha na ịmepụta ohere ịzụ ahịa ka mma. IAFN hibere ma na-enyocha ọkọlọtọ ngwaahịa ubi ọhịa ugbu a, ọkọlọtọ asambodo maka ngwa ahịa emepụtara n'ime ubi ọhịa, nke gụnyere ihe achọrọ nke ọtụtụ asambodo organic mana nwere ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ iji gaa n'ihu na nchekwa nke ụdị dị iche iche. A na-emegharị ụkpụrụ FGP iji gosipụta mineral ndị 'ejisiri ike gwupụta,' yana ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ngwaahịa, dị ka kredit carbon.

Ọfịs nke IAFN dị ugbu a na London, Puntarenas, Costa Rica.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Magnolia vovidesii

***Magnolia vovidesii*** bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Magnoliaceae. A mụrụ ya na Sierra Madre Oriental nke Veracruz steeti dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico.

## Nkọwa
*Magnolia vovidesii* bụ osisi na-eto site na mita 15 ruo 25 n'ogologo. Ọ na-amụkarị site na ndị na-amị ara.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
*Magnolia vovidesii* bụ nwa amaala Sierra Madre Oriental nke Veracruz steeti, ebe a maara ya site na ebe atọ dị nso na Ixhuacan de los Reyes. Ụdị ahụ nwere atụmatụ na ọ ga-apụta (EOO) nke 85 km2.

Ọ na-eto n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii, na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu dị elu na ndagwupụta, n'etiti mita 600 na 1,700 n'ịdị elu. Ọ na-etolite n'okpuru *ọhịa* nke ụdị *Weinmannia*, Liquidambar, *Styrax*, na Ternstroemia jupụtara.

## Nchekwa
A na-enyocha ọnọdụ nchekwa nke ụdị dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. A na-eyi ya egwu site na mmebi ebe obibi na nkwarụ site na owuwe ihe ubi osisi na nkụ na ntụgharị gaa na ahịhịa, ubi kọfị, na ebe obibi. Ihe karịrị 70% nke oké ọhịa igwe ojii nke Veracruz agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ na anụ ụlọ.

## Nchịkọta
A na-akpọ ụdị ahụ *Magnolia dealbata* ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.

## Ihe odide
Koodu INSEE

Koodu INSEE (/ ɪnseɪ/ in-SAY) bụ koodu ntinye ọnụọgụgụ nke French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) na-eji achọpụta ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere obodo na ngalaba.  A na-ejikwa ha dị ka nọmba njirimara mba enyere ndị mmadụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na taa a na-eji nọmba njirimara mba a na-elekọta mmadụ na France ma dị na kaadị nchekwa mmadụ nke onye ọ bụla (carte vitale), e kere ya na mbụ n'oge Vichy France n'okpuru aha nke Nọmba Ndebanye aha (NIRPP ma ọ bụ Natural Persons Register Registration Number). naanị NIR).  A ga-eji nke ikpeazụ mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ ndị agha na-ewe ndị agha zoro ezo, mana n'ikpeazụ jere ozi iji chọpụta ndị Juu, ndị gypsies na ndị ọzọ "na-achọghị" n'okpuru echiche Vichy.  Nọmba mbụ nke NIR bụ 1 maka nwoke Europe, 2 maka nwanyị Europe, 3 maka nwoke Muslim, 4 maka nwanyị Alakụba, 5 maka nwoke Juu, 6 maka nwanyị Juu, 7 maka nwoke mba ọzọ, maka nwanyị mba ọzọ, ebe 9 na 0 ka edobere maka ndị nwere ọkwa agbụrụ a na-amachaghị.
Magnolia vazquezii

***Magnolia vazquezii*** bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Magnoliaceae. Ọ dị na Sierra Madre del Sur nke Guerrero steeti dị na ndịda Mexico.

## Nkọwa
*Magnolia vazquezii* bụ osisi na-eto n'etiti mita 14 na 18 n'ogologo mgbe o toruru. Ọ na-agbasa okooko osisi na mkpụrụ osisi site na Machị ruo Mee, a hụwokwa ya na mkpụrụ osisi ruo na Nọvemba. *Magnolia vazquezii* dị iche na ụdị *Magnolia* ndị ọzọ n'inwe okooko osisi ndị a chịkọtara ọnụ karịa ndị nọ naanị ha, na okooko osisi ikpeazụ toro karịa ndị dị n'ime. O nwere sepals anọ karịa atọ nkịtị.

A na-ahazi ụdị ahụ dị ka *Magnolia schiedeana*, nke sitere na Sierra Madre Oriental, ruo mgbe a matara ya dị ka ụdị dị iche.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
*Magnolia vazquezii* bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodo San Luis Acatlan na Sierra Madre del Sur nke Guerrero steeti na ndịda Mexico. E mere atụmatụ na ụdị ahụ (EOO) erughị 500 km2.

Ọ bụ ụdị ọhịa igwe ojii, na-eto n'ebe dị n'etiti mita 2,150 na 2,342. Ọ na-eto n'ala nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, nke jikọtara ya na osisi *[[Clethra mexicana]]* na ụdị osisi pine, oak, na *Oreopanax*.

## Nchekwa
*Magnolia vazquezii* nwere obere ọnụọgụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ebelata nke e mere atụmatụ na mmadụ 300 tozuru etozu. A na-enyocha ọnọdụ nchekwa nke ụdị dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

## Ihe odide
Kọmitii nke Injinia

thumb|Kọmitii nke Injinia
**Commission des Titres d'Ignénieur (CTI) bụ kọmitii bụ isi na-ahụ maka nyocha na nzere nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu maka ọzụzụ nke ndị injinia ọkachamara na France.  Ọ na-achịkwa inye ubre nke Injinia na iji aha agụmakwụkwọ nke "Injinị gụsịrị akwụkwọ" (onye injinia ruru eru).**

N'ịbụ nke iwu kwadoro na 10 Julaị 1934, CTI adịghị adị dị ka ikike nchịkwa nọọrọ onwe ya, mana ka ọ bụ usoro kwụụrụ onwe ya n'ime Ministry of Higher Education and Research.  Na France, CTI bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mkpa na-ahụ maka ịme usoro nyocha nke na-eduga na nzere nke ụlọ ọrụ iji nye nzere injinia "aha nke injinia gụsịrị akwụkwọ".
Magnolia zamudioi

***Magnolia zamudioi*** bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Magnoliaceae. A na-ahụkarị ya na Mexico, ebe a na-ahụ ya n'ugwu ndịda Veracruz na Chiapas.

## Nkọwa
*Magnolia zamudioi* bụ osisi na-eto site na mita 15 ruo 30 n'ogologo. Ọ nwere akwụkwọ elliptic na lanceolate, 10 - 13 cm ogologo na 3.5 - 5.5 cm n'obosara. Ọ na-ama ifuru site na Machị ruo Juun ma na-amị mkpụrụ site na Ọgọst ruo Disemba. Okooko osisi nwere 90 ruo 100 stamens na 26 - 32 carpels.

A na-ahazi ụdị ahụ dị ka *Magnolia schiedeana* ruo mgbe a matara ya dị ka ụdị dị iche. Ọ nwere ọdịdị yiri nke *Magnolia faustinomirandae*, mana ọ dị iche n'inwe obere akwụkwọ, na obere stamens na carpels.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
A maara *Magnolia zamudioi* site na ebe abụọ, Tecpatán na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chiapas Highlands nke Chiapas, na Sierra de los Tuxtlas dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ndịda Veracruz. Na Tecpatán ọ bara ụba gburugburu elu Cerro Mono Pelón, ebe ọ na-eto n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na *[[Geonoma interrupta]]* n'etiti mita 800 na 850 n'ịdị elu, na n'oké osimiri oak-Liquidambar styraciflua na mita 800 n'ịgba elu. Na Sierra de los Tuxtlas, a chọtawo ya na ihe dị ka mita 800 n'elu n'akụkụ ụzọ na Catemaco Municipality, na Mecayapan n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu dị elu nke Volcán Santa Marta.

## Ihe odide
Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha na Economics na Statistics

Center for Research in Economics and Statistics (CREST) ​​bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke INSEE, National National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies.  Ebe nyocha a jikọtara ya na ENSAE Graduate School.  Arnak Dalalyan na-eduzi ya kemgbe afọ 2020. Tupu Dalalyan, Francis Kramarz duziri ya kemgbe.

Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ụlọ nyocha na econometrics, macroeconomics, microeconomics, statistics, Finance, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na sociology.

## Objectives
This general goal can be broken down into four more specific objectives:

* The training of graduate students
* The production and diffusion of research
* The exchange and management of visitors programs
* The links with firms and public administrations

CREST na-ahazi nkuzi PhD dị elu ma sonye na nlekọta nke akwụkwọ edemede.  Ihe karịrị ụmụ akwụkwọ nyocha iri anọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na ntinye akwụkwọ ha na etiti.  Ụmụ akwụkwọ French na ndị mba ọzọ ma na-achọ maka mkpakọrịta CREST.
Magnolia tarahumara

***Magnolia tarahumara*** bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Magnoliaceae. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Mexico, ebe ọ na-apụta n'ebe ndị dịgasị iche iche na Sierra Madre Occidental nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Sonora, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Chihuahua, Sinaloa, na ndịda ọdịdịda anyanwụ Durango.

## Nkọwa
Ọ bụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na akwụkwọ ndụ siri ike, nke na-acha odo odo na glaucous n'elu abụọ ahụ. Okooko osisi ya buru ibu ma na-acha ọcha, na-apụta na March na April ma na-arị elu na May tupu ọ pụọ na July. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-amị site na Machị ma ọ bụ Eprel n'afọ na-esote, ma daa n'ala ebe ọ nwere ike itolite na oge okpomọkụ. Ọ nwere ike itolite ruo mita 50 ma ọ bụ 60 n'ịdị elu, na-ewere ọdịdị dị mkpụmkpụ n'ebe ugwu na ọdịdị sara mbara na-aga n'ihu n'ebe ndịda.

## Nhazi
A na-ahụ osisi ahụ na ndagwurugwu Pacific (ebe ọdịda anyanwụ) nke Sierra Madre Occidental, site na mita 900 ruo 1980 n'ịdị elu. Ndị bi n'ebe ugwu na-apụta n'ebe ndị dịgasị iche iche na Sierra Saguaribo n'ókè Sonora na Chihuahua, na Sierra de Álamos 40 kilomita n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sierra Saguarbo. N'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sinaloa na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Durango, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya buru ibu ma na-aga n'ihu.

## Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi
Ọ na-eto n'ime ndagwurugwu ndị dị jụụ nwere mmiri n'afọ niile na Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forest ecoregion. Ọ na-abụkarị osisi okpokoro n'ime ọhịa oak nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ya na ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ dị larịị nke *Clethra*, *Ficus*, *Oreopanax*, *Quercus*, na *Platanus*.

Mkpụrụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie na-anọgide na-arapara na mkpụrụ osisi ka ha na-ada n'ala, nnụnụ ndị obodo ahụ na-enwekwa mmasị na ha gụnyere guan (*Penelope purpurascens*), grosbeak (*Hesperiphona abeillei*), tityra masked (Tityra semifasciata), chachalaca rufous-bellied (*Ortalis wagleri*), na jays.

## Ihe odide
Ndị INSEE

Corps nke INSEE bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nka nke steeti nwere National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE).

Ndị otu ya bụ ndị ọrụ ọha mara dị ka ndị nchịkwa INSEE.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụ ọrụ maka INSEE ma ọ bụ na French Ministry of the Economy.

Ndị mmadụ na-abanye na Corps na-agụ akwụkwọ na National School of Statistics and Economic Administration-ENSAE.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ha si na Polytechnic School ma mara dị ka X-INSEE.  Ndị ọzọ na-abịa site na Higher Normal School, usoro ọmụmụ oge niile nke ENSAE (National School of Statistics and Economic Administration), ENSAI ma ọ bụ nkwalite n'ime.
Magnolia rzedowskiana

***Magnolia rzedowskiana*** bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Magnoliaceae. A mụrụ ya na Sierra Madre Oriental nke San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, na Hidalgo steeti dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico.

## Nkọwa
*Magnolia rzedowskiana* bụ osisi nwere ike itolite ruo mita 20 n'ogologo. O nwere nnukwu okooko osisi mara mma, nke na-apụta n'ọnwa Eprel na Mee. Osisi na-amị mkpụrụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ na Septemba.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
A maara *Magnolia rzedowskiana* site na ebe atọ na Sierra Madre Oriental - nso La Joya del Hielo na Sierra Gorda nke Querétaro, na Sierra de Xilitla nke San Luis Potosí, na nso Chapulhuacán na Hidalgo. Ụdị ahụ nwere atụmatụ na ọ ga-apụta (EOO) nke 145 km2.

A na-ahụ ya n'ala calcareous n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii dị n'etiti mita 800 na 1,950 n'ịdị elu, gụnyere oké ọhịa oak-Liquidambar styraciflua na Chapulhuacán, na oké ọhịa pine-cypress na La Joya del Hielo.

A na-akụ ya n'akụkụ Hidalgo na Veracruz.

## Nchịkọta
A na-akpọ ụdị ahụ aha onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ Jerzy Rzedowski. Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka a na-akpọ ya *Magnolia dealbata*.

## Nchekwa
A na-enyocha ọnọdụ nchekwa nke ụdị dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. O nwere obere ọnụ ọgụgụ na obere ebe. A na-eyi ya egwu na ebe obibi ya ga-efu site na mgbukpọ ọhịa, na ndị mmadụ na-egbutu osisi dum iji nweta okooko ya.

## Ihe odide