open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tsay Chung-han

**Tsay Chung-han** (;  or ; amụrụ n'afo 1943) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Taiwan. Ọ bụ onye òtù Legislative Yuan site n'afọ 1987 ruo 2005.

### Ndụ onwe Onye
Tsay bụ onye Amis. O nwetara nzere masta na ọmụmụ mba ụwa na Mahadum Soochow, wee nwetakwuokwa nzere ọkankuzi ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Tokyo,  ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime mmadụ iri abụọ na otu sitere na ụmụ amaala gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka akwụkwọ nke akporo *The Story of their Lives: the Academic Path of Taiwan's Aboriginal Doctorate Holders,* nke kwuru na, site na 1945 ruo 2004, e nwere ụmụ amaala iri abụọ na atọ nwetara nzere doctorate.  Ọ kụziri na Social Science Center na Mahadum National Chengchi, jere ozi dị ka osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Tamkang, prọfesụ nleta na Mahadum Peking, na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Ryutsu Keizai.

## Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
A họpụtara Tsay ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Yuan nke mbụ n'afo 1986 na 1990, dị ka onye nnọchi anya ihe ghọrọ Lowland Aborigine Constituency, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Kuomintang. Ọ nọgidere na-esonyere Kuomintang n'oge nnọkọ nke abụọ na nke atọ nke ndị omeIwu Yuan.  N'afọ 1987, e wepụrụ iwu ndị agha, nke Tsay ghọkwara onye na-akwado ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri e jidere n'oge ihe omume Tuapse. Mgbalị ya na mgbasa ozi ya site na ''Independence Evening Post'' mere ka Onye isi ala Lee Teng-hui tọhapụ ndị niile fọdụrụ n'agha na 1988.   Tsay meriri nhọpụta ọzọ dị ka onye nwere onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afo 1998,  na-arụ ọrụ na Democratic Non-Partisan Alliance . N'afọ 2001, Tsay laghachiri na Legislative Yuan site na ndepụta nke People First Party. 

Dị ka onye omeiwu, nke Tsay keere òkè dị mkpa na nyocha nke ụkpụrụ ọdịmma ụmụ amaala,  ma kwuo maka nyocha nke biomedic metụtara ụmụ amaala.  N'afọ 2004, Tsay sonyere na ngagharị iwe nke mere mgbe osote onye isi ala Annette Lu kwuru na ụmụ amaala Taiwan abụghị ndị mbụ bi na Taiwan, gụnyere ọgbaghara agụụ.

N'afọ 2004, Liu Wen-hsiung, Jaw Shaw-kong na Tsay boro Chen Shui-bian ebubo na ọ na-enye Mireya Moscoso nsogbu mmekọ ahụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, Chen na Moscoso gbara ndị na-ebo ebubo atọ ahụ akwụkwọ. Ụlọ ikpe Mpaghara Taipei wepụtara mkpebi banyere ikpe Chen megide Liu, Jaw, na Tsay na onwa Jenụwarị afo 2006, na-ekpebi na ikpe amaghị Jaw, mana na Liu na Tsay ga-ebipụta mgbaghara n'ihu ọha na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị isi asụsụ Chinese. 

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Tebul

Asụsụ Ogbi Tebul (French: Langue des signes de Tebul) bụ asụsụ ogbi obodo nke obodo Uluban na mpaghara Dogon nke Mali, n'etiti ndị na-asụ Tebul Dogon .

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Ogbi nke Bamako

## Ntụaka

# Asusu ogbi Tebul na Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Asụsụ Blaan

**Blaan**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Bla'an**, bụ asụsụ Austronesian nke ndịda Philippines nke otu agbụrụ agbụrụ nke otu aha ahụ bi n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Soccksargen na Davao Occidental na-asụ.

## Nhazi
Blaan so na obere microgroup Bilic nke obere asụsụ Philippine, yana Giangan Manobo, Tiruray na Tboli . 

## Nkesa
Enwere ụdị isi abụọ nke Blaan: Koronadal Blaan (Tagalagad) na Sarangani Blaan (Tumanao).

Dị ka *Ethnologue* si kwuo,  asụ Koronadal Blaan na:

* Eastern South Cotabato Province
* Mpaghara Sarangani
* Sultan Kudarat Province ( Lutayan mpaghara)
* Mpaghara Davao Occidental 
N'otu aka ahụ dị ka asụsụ Austronesia ndị ọzọ nwere ụdị Philippine, Blaan na-eji morphology okwu gosi olu (ma ọ bụ itinye uche, dịka a na-akpọkarị ya na akwụkwọ).  Nke a bụ ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ ụdị olu/ndokwa anya na Blaan:
  

## Okwu okwu

## Ntụaka
nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ
Asụsụ Samu

**Samu** (autonym: **' ; Chinese ) asụsụ, ma ọ bụ **Samatao** ( **' ; Chinese 撒马多*Samaduo* ), nke a makwaara dị ka **Eastern Samadu**, bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ndị okenye na-asụ na Zijun Village 子君村 (nke a na-akpọ Da'er), Yiliu Township 矣六乡, Guandu District官渡区, Kunming, China .  Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ndị agbụrụ 2,465 na 1999, ọ dịghị ndị na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma na-erubeghị afọ 50. 

## Ntụaka
okenye na-asụ na Zijun
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Wanib

**Asụsụ Ogbi nke Wanib** bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi a kọrọ na ya, ikekwe asụsụ ndị ogbi nke obodo, n’otu ógbè na-asụ Heyo na Papua New Guinea. A na-asụ ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Asụsụ Ogbi Mehek, mana asụsụ abụọ ahụ na-egosipụta asụsụ dị iche iche a na-asụrụ n'obodo ha: Wanib SL na-agbaso usoro okwu SVO nke Heyo, ebe Mehek SL na-agbaso usoro okwu SOV nke Mehek. 

## Ntụaka

# Reed, Laura; Rumsey, Alan (2019). asụsụ ndị ogbi na papua New Guinea na solomon. John Benjamins Publishing company.p. 150. ISBN 9789027261823..

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe Nlereanya nke Asụsụ Ogbi Wanib
Asụsụ Kazhuoish

**Asụsụ Kazhuoish** bụ ngalaba nke asụsụ Loloish nke Lama (2012) tụpụtara. E nwere asụsụ ise.

* Katso
* Samu
* Sanie
* Sadu
* Meuma

Samei nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Kazhuoish ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị abụ.

Otú ọ dị, Bradley (2007) na-ekewa asụsụ Kazhuoish dị ka Northern Loloish, ma na-ewere Samu na Sanie ka ha na Nasu nwere njikọ chiri anya. 

## Ntụaka
bụ ihe ahụ. Mgbe ma isiokwu ahụ na ihe ahụ bụ

*
Asụsụ Ogbi nke South Rupununi

**Asụsụ Ogbi nke South Rupununi** bụ asụsụ ogbi nke obodo a na-eji opekata mpe obodo asaa Wapishana nwere nnukwu ntị chiri. Obodo ndị a dị na ndịda obodo Lethem na Rupununi savannah nke Guyana na Brazil. 

## Ntụaka

## Njiko mpụga

* Ben Braithwaite, Lily Kwok & Rehana Omardeen, Documenting sign language in South Rupununi, Guyana
Asụsụ Ogbi nke São Tomé na Príncipe

**Asụsụ Ogbi nke [[São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé na Príncipe]]** (LGSTP) bụ asụsụ ogbi obodo na-apụta na steeti São Tomé na Príncipe nke dị n'agwaetiti, na ihe dị ka akara 500 ka edekọwo ugbu a. Enweghị ndị ntụgharị okwu, enweghị ọzụzụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi maka LGSTP.

Akụkọ ụfọdụ ekwuola na LGSTP yiri akara Portuguese na ọtụtụ n'ime ya na akara Portuguese nwere nghọta. 

## Ntụaka

* Ana Mineiro, Patrícia do Carmo, Cristina Caroça, Mara Moita, Sara Carvalho, João Paço & Ahmed Zaky (2017) Ihe ndị na-apụta na asụsụ Sao Tome na Principe Sign Language. Asụsụ Ogbi & Asụsụ 20, 109-128.
Asụsụ Miju

Asụsụ **Miju** (Midžu, Miju, Mijhu), **Kaman–Meyor**,  **Midžuish**, **Southern Mishmi**, ma ọ bụ asụsụ **Geman** bụ obere ezinụlọ akwadoro nke asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke ndị Kaman (Miju Mishmi) nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet na Arunachal Pradesh na-asụ. Asụsụ ndị a bụ Kaman (Midzu/Miju) na Zakhring (Meyor) .  Ọ bụ ezie na Zakhring yiri ka ọ bụ Sino-Tibet, Kaman nwere ike ịdị iche karị. Blench na Post (2011) kwenyere na Zakhring bụ asụsụ East Bodish nke Midzu ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ metụtara, ebe Kaman nwere ike bụrụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ . 

Blench (2015) na-atụ aro na Meyor (Zakhring) na Kman nwere ike bụrụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ .  Blench na-arụ ụka na myirịta nke myirịta dị n'etiti Kaman na Zakhring bụ ịgbazinye ego, na Zakhring agbaziri nnukwu ego n'aka Kaman na Tibetic, ma mesịa gbazite n'asụsụ Naga na Jingpho.

N'agbanyeghị, ha na Northern Mishmi nke a makwaara dị ka asụsụ Digaro enweghị njikọ chiri anya.

## Ntụaka
arụ ụka na myirịta nke myirịta dị n'etiti Kaman na Zakhring bụ ịgbazinye ego, na

* George van Driem (2001) *Asụsụ nke Himalaya: Akwụkwọ ntuziaka asụsụ agbụrụ nke Greater Himalayan Region.* Brill.
Asụsụ Samatu

**Samatu** (Samadu) bụ asụsụ Loloish na-efe efe nke ndị okenye na-asụ na mpaghara Zhenkang na Yongde na Yunnan, China. 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Sherdukpen

**Sherdukpen** (autonym: **Mey** ) bụ obere asụsụ India. Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Kho-Bwa .  Enwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, Mey nke Shergaon na Mey nke Rupa. Aha *Sherdukpen* sitere na okwu Shergaon na *Tukpen* (aha Monpa maka Rupa) (Blench & Post 2011:3). Ndị na-asụ asụsụ a maara dị ka *Mey nyuk* .

## Olumba
Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)  depụta olumba Sherdukpen ndị a.

* **Rupa** : a na-asụ na obodo Rupa na obodo abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ isi, yana obodo ndị dị nso. O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 3,000.
* **Shergaon** : a na-asụ n'obodo Shergaon. O yikarịrị ka ihe ruru 1,500 ọkà okwu.

## Ebe
A na-asụ Sherdukpen na Shergaon, South West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh (Dondrup 1988), nke dị na ndagwurugwu osimiri Tengapani na ndịda Bomdila.

*Ethnologue* depụtara Rupa (Kupa), Sheinthuk (Shergaon), Jigang (Jigaon), na obodo Thungree, nke dị na ndịda Bomdi La Range na ndagwurugwu osimiri Tengapani na West Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh .

## Ntụaka
asụsụ India na China. Ogologo oge a na-eche na ọ bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet, ọ

* Dondrup, Rinchin. 1988. *Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na asụsụ Sherdukpen* . Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Arunachal Pradesh Gọọmenti.
Asụsụ Idu Mishmi

**Asụsụ Idu Mishmi** bụ obere asụsụ ndị Idu Mishmi na-asụ na mpaghara Dibang Valley, Lower Dibang Valley district, Lohit district, East Siang district, Upper Siang nke steeti India nke Arunachal Pradesh yana na Zayü County nke Tibet Autonomous Region, China . Enwere ndị ọkà okwu 8569 na India na 1981 na ndị ọkà okwu 7000 na China na 1994. A na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dị ize ndụ .

## Okpukpe
Ha na-agbaso Animism na Shamanism . Ini Mashelo-Zinu na Nani Intaya bụ chi kacha elu a na-efe ofufe. Idu Mishmis kwenyere na ha kere eluigwe na ụwa na ụmụ mmadụ. Ha kwenyekwara na anyanwụ pụrụ ime ihe nile na mmụọ nsọ nke na-achị eluigwe na ala, ndị mmụọ na-achị ihe e kere eke ma nwee okwukwe siri ike na ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị na ndị nduzi mmụọ. Ha na-efe ndị mmụọ ozi, gụnyere ndị na-eme ebere na ndị na-eme omume ọjọọ, ma kwere na mmụọ dị adị. A na-akpọ Shaman nke ebo Idu Mishmi Igu, na-eme ememe na ịgba egwu iji hụ na nchekwa na ahụike nke ezinụlọ na ezinụlọ ha. Ndị Igu na-eyi uwe, akwa ukwu, na uwe yiri uwe, na-eji ngwa egwu na-agba egwu, na-abụ abụ, na-abụkwa abụ.

## Olumba

## Na-edebanye aha
Idu nwere ndekọ dị iche iche a na-eji n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere: 

* ndebanye aha shamanic, nke a maara dị ka *Igu* 
* ndekọ ịchụ nta
* ndekọ ọnụ ọnụ
* ndebanye mgbasa ozi
* ndekọ iru uju
* ndekọ okwu baby
* ndebanye aha ọchị

## Ntụaka
asụsụ India na China. Ogologo oge a na-eche na ọ bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet, ọ nwere ike ịbụ

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Blench, Roger. 2017. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Idu, asụsụ Arunachal Pradesh . Roing, Arunachal Pradesh: Mishmi Publishing House.
* Blench, Roger. 2016. Mgbalị ịde asụsụ Idu na atụmatụ maka ịde ederede ọgbara ọhụrụ .
* Blench, Roger. 2016. Ịchụ nta n'etiti ndị Idu, ndị Arunachal Pradesh .
* Blench, Roger, Mite Linggi, Hindu Meme, na Apomo Linggi. 2016. Ịgụ na ide Idu: akwụkwọ ozi . Roing, Arunachal Pradesh: Kọmitii mmepe asụsụ Idu.
* Ihe ndetu mbido na ụda olu Ida Mishmi 
* Nchọpụta - Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe egwu
* mkpụrụedemede Idu mishmi
*
Asụsụ Bipi

Asụsụ Bipi bụ Asụsụ West Manus nkuzi n'ebe-amata.  Ihe dị ka mmadụ 1200 na-asụ ya na Bipi na Sisi Islands n'ụbọchị oké osimiri àmà nke Manus Island, Manus Province nke Papua New Guinea.  Ọ nwere Usoro Okwu SVO.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere ihe gbasara asụsụ Bipi.
Asụsụ Elu (Papua New Guinea)

Elu bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụrụ n'oke osimiri nke Manus Island, New Guinea .  [1] Ojiji a na-eji akwụkwọ ahụ eme ihe aanọwo na-adị n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Zakhring

**Zahkring** (nakwa Eastern Mishmi ma ọ bụ Zaiwa; mara dị ka **Meyor** na India na **Zha** (Zhahua 扎话) na China) bụ asụsụ Arunachal Pradesh na obodo 3 dị na Tibet. 

## Nhazi
Ahaziri Zakhring dị ka asụsụ Midzuish .  Blench na Post (2011) na-atụle Zakhring ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ East Bodish nke Midzu na-emetụta (nke ha na-ekewa dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ) ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche nke mpaghara ahụ.  Na 2015, Blench na-atụ aro na Zakhring nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.  Blench na-arụ ụka na Zakhring agbaziri nnukwu ego site na Midzu na Tibetic, ma mesịa gbazite n'asụsụ Naga na Jingpho.

Scott DeLancey (2015)  na-ewere Meyor ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke otu nnukwu Central Tibeto-Burman .

## Aha
Li and Jiang (2001)  na-akọ na ndị Zakhring enweghị aha ha n'ezie, mana ndị agbata obi Taraon, Kaman, Idu, na ndị Tibet na-ezo aka n'aha dị iche iche.

* **' (Taraon exonym)
* **' (Kaman exonym)
* **' (Tibet exonym)
* **' (Idu exonym; ndị Idu dị na Upper Zayü Township, 上察隅乡)

Dị ka Li na Jiang (2001) si kwuo, okwu ndị Kaman maka ndị Tibet nke Bomi County (波密县) bụ **' . Ndị Taraon na-ezo aka na ndị Tibet dị ka **', ebe Kaman na-ezo aka na ndị Tibet dị ka ** .

## Nkesa
Na China, a na-asụ Zakhring na Songgu (松古村), Lading (拉丁村), na Tama (塔玛村) obodo dị na Lower Zayü Township (下察隅乡), Zayü County (察隅县), Tibet . {{Cite journal|autho

Na India, a na-ahụ obodo Meyor n'ime obodo 15 ndị a nke Kibthoo Circle na Walong Circle nke Anjaw District, Arunachal Pradesh . Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo nta ahụ ruru 376 ka nke May 2001. 

* gburugburu Kibthoo
** Kahao
** Mosai
** Danbari
** Kundan
** Khroti
** Yaiking
** Bara Kundan
** Kunjuk
* Walong Circle
** Walong
** Tinai
** Dong
** Tilam
** Sapkung
** Pangung

## Hụkwa

*  (Wiktionary)

## Ntụaka
n'ezie, mana ndị agbata obi Taraon, Kaman, Idu, na ndị Tibet na-ezo aka n'aha dị iche iche.
Asụsụ Hixkaryana

**Hixkaryana** / ˌ h ɪ ʃ kær i ˈɑːnə / [ 1  otu n'ime asụsụ ndị Cariban, nke ihe karịrị narị mmadụ ise na-asụ n'osimiri Nhamundá, nke dị na Osimiri Amazon dị na Brazil . Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ iri na abụọ nke akọwara dị ka ndị nwere ihe-ngwaa–okwu usoro okwu (nke mbụ onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Desmond C. Derbyshire ). 

## fonology
Hixkaryana nwere consonant fọnịm ndị a:

*  is a retroflex tap with a lateral release.

Hixkaryana nwere ụdaume ụdaume ndị a:

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Na Hixkaryana, a na-edepụta arụmụka na ngwaa ahụ site na nganiihu mmadụ. Nganiihu ndị a na-etolite ụkpụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke etinyere arụmụka kachasị na ọkwa nke abụọ> 1st> nke atọ na ngwaa. Ọ bụrụ na ihe ngwaa na-agafe agafe karịrị isiokwu a dịka usoro nhazi a siri dị, a na-eji prefix O-ntụpọ kwesịrị ekwesị; ma ọ bụghị ya, a na-eji prefix A.

Ngwaa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ewere prefixes na-adịkarị ka prefixes transitive enyere n'elu, nwere ihe na-arụ ọrụ-sative . A na-edepụta ọnụọgụ grammatikal arụmụka na ngwaa ahụ site na suffixes portmanteau na-ejikọta ike, akụkụ, ọnọdụ, na ọnụọgụ.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, onye ahụ prefixes na-achọpụta nke ọma n'ime arụmụka bụ isiokwu na nke bụ ihe ahụ. Mgbe ma isiokwu ahụ na ihe ahụ bụ mmadụ nke atọ, Otú ọ dị, prefix onye ahụ erughị eru ikpebi n'ụzọ zuru ezu njirimara nke arụmụka ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ya mere, usoro okwu dị oke mkpa n'ịchọpụta njirimara ha. Hixkaryana nwere ike inwe usoro okwu ihe-ngwaa-okwu . Ihe atụ dị n'okpuru, "toto yonoye kamara", enweghị ike ịnye akwụkwọ AVO "nwoke ahụ riri jaguar"; ọgụgụ OVA - "jaguar riri nwoke ahụ" - bụ naanị ihe nwere ike ime.
 
Ihe ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè, agbanyeghị, soro isiokwu a:
 
Ọzọkwa, usoro okwu na nkebiokwu na-enweghị ngwụcha bụ SOV.  Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwere ihe na-ebute ụzọ ngwaa ahụ, ọ bụ postposition .

## Ntụaka
nke a na-asụ na Muli County, ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan, bụ ihe ahụ. Mgbe ma isiokwu ahụ na ihe ahụ bụ

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Metathesis na Hixkaryana
* Hixkaryana na SAILS nchekwa data dị na asụsụ ndịda America
Asụsụ Mishmi

**Asụsụ Mishmi** nwere asụsụ Sino-Tibet ole na ole nke ndị Mishmi bi na Tibet, China na Arunachal Pradesh, India na-asụ. Ha esoghị n'otu alaka ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ mkpokọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, kama ọ bụ otu omenala nke asụsụ Sino-Tibet dị iche iche nke na-enweghị njikọ chiri anya. Asụsụ ndị a bụ:

 India na-asụ. ihe nketa, kama ọ

## Hụkwa

* Mishmi (mgbagwoju anya)
* Asụsụ Arunachal
* Asụsụ Songlin
Asụsụ Hus

Andra-Hus bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụ n'achọetiti ndị a na-akpọ otu aha, n'ikpo oké osimiri dị n'ebe ugwu nke Manus Island, New Guinea .

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Digaro Mishmi

**Digaro**, nakwa **Taraon**, **Tawra**, ma ọ bụ **Darang**, bụ asụsụ Digarish nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Arunachal Pradesh, India na Zayü County, Tibet, China.

## Aha
Dị ka Jiang si kwuo, et al. (2013:2), akara aka ha bụ **' ma ọ bụ **', na ọzọ **' (Deng 登, 僜) na China. Ndị Kaman ( [[Asụsụ Miju|Miju]] ) na-akpọ ha **', ndị Idu na-akpọ ha **, na ndị Assamese na-akpọ ha *Digaro Mishmi* .

## Nkesa

### India
Na Arunachal Pradesh, India, a na-asụ Digaro Mishmi na Hayuliang, Changlagam, na gburugburu Goiliang na mpaghara Amjaw ( *Ethnologue* ). A na-asụkwa ya na mpaghara Dibang Valley na Assam .

### China
Jiang, et al. (2013:2) na-akọ na na Zayü County, Tibet, a na-asụ Taraon n'ime obodo ndị a.

* Mmiri mmiri E River 额河流域
** Obodo Jiyu 吉玉村 (nke a na-akpọ Juyu 巨玉)
** Obodo Ciba 次巴村
** Obodo Rusu 如苏村
** Obodo nta Demen 德门村
** Obodo nta Zigeng 自更村
** Obodo Xiani 下尼村
** Ba'antong 巴安通
** Obodo Xin 新村
* Osimiri Sang'ang 桑昂河流域
** Obodo Gayao 嘎尧村
* Osimiri Chayu 察隅河流域
** Dongchong 洞冲, Lower Chayu Town 下察隅镇

### Udaume

* /ɨ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [ɯ].
* /a/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [ʌ] tupu /k/.

## Ntụaka
na China. Ndị Kaman ( Miju ) na-akpọ ha

* Evans, Jonathan P.; Manyu, Johakso (2021). "Ụda nke Tawrã (Digaru-Mishmi), asụsụ Tibeto-Burman". Ọmụmụ asụsụ nke mpaghara Tibeto-Burman. 44 (1): 1–26.
* Jiang Huo [江获], Li Daqin [李大勤], Sun Hongkai [孙宏开]. 2013. *Ọmụmụ nke Taraon* [达让语研究]. Beijing: Ụlọ mbipụta nke agbụrụ [民族出版社]. ISBN&nbsp;

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Blench, Roger. 2017. *[http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/NEI/Mishmi/Tawra/Tawra%20Dictionary.pdf Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Tawrã, asụsụ Arunachal Pradesh]* .
* 
* Chakravarty, LN (1963). *Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Asụsụ Taraon* . NEFA.
* Pulu, Jatan (1991). *Akwụkwọ nkebiokwu n'asụsụ Taraon* . Ọchịchị Arunachal Pradesh.
* Sastry, Garimella na Devi Prasada (1984). *Mishmi Grammar* . CIIL.
* Sastry, Garimella na Devi Prasada (1991). *Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Mismi-Bekee-Hindi* . CIIL.
*
Asụsụ Digaro

Asụsụ **Digaro** (Digarish), **Northern Mishmi** (Mishmic), ma ọ bụ **Kera'a–Tawrã**  bụ obere ezinụlọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke ndị Mishmi nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Tibet na Arunachal Pradesh na-asụ.

Asụsụ ndị a bụ Idu na Taraon (Digaro, Darang). Myirịta lexical ka amachibidoro na ngalaba semantic, yabụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha anaghị enwe obi abụọ. 

## Mmekọrịta mpụga
Ha emetụtaghị asụsụ ndịda Mishmi Midzu, ewezuga ịbụ ndị Sino-Tibet. Otú ọ dị, Blench and Post (2011) na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike ọ gaghị abụdị Sino-Tibet, kama ọ bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ nke onwe ha.

# okwu nkịtị
# okwu nke ndị dinta: ngbanwe lexical, nnọchi aha anụmanụ na ndị ọzọ site n'ụdị lexical pụrụ iche, na mgbe ụfọdụ obere abụ.
# okwu nke ndị ụkọchukwu/shaman: mgbagwoju anya karịa, gụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ nke siri ike nghọta, yana nkọwa ogologo nke anụmanụ eji achụ àjà.
# ndekọ uri / uri (ọ bụghị na Idu, kama ọ pụtara na Kman )
# ndekọ mgbasa ozi (naanị n'Idu ?)
# ndekọ okwu baby

## Ntụaka
na China. Ndị Kaman ( Miju ) na-akpọ ha
Asụsụ Kele (New Guinea)

Kele ma ọ bụ Gele" bụ akara a na-asụrụ n'ikiri mmalite nke Manus Island, New Guinea . [1] Aha ya sitere na okwu Kele maka "ebe ahụ".

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ọdịdị nke Kele bụ (C) V (C).

 na-abụkarị trilled [bī dr]. Tụkwasị na nke a,  na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'ihu ụdaume ọzọ.

## Asụsụ
Kele nwenwere ụdị na otu onye, ​​na-eme ka onye mbụ na-egosi aha yana ọnụọgụ na ọnụọgụ abụọ.  Enwere ike ike dị iche iche iche nke akụkụaha ọ mpaghara iji isiokwu ahụ ma tinye ya na njedebe iji ike ihe.  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaa niile ederede prefix isiokwu bu ụzọ;  Otú ọ dị, ngwaa ole na ole mmetụta suffix onye nwe ya iji isiokwu ahụ.

## Nkọwa okwu

### Aha

### Ngwaa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Robert Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere
Asụsụ Khehek

Khehek bụ akara Oceanic nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 1600 na-asụ na Manus Island, Manus Province nke Papua New Guinea.  O nwere olumba abụọ, Drehet na Levei, nke a na-ewere mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka akwụkwọ dịiche iche.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Nkọwa na-esonụ bụ nke asụsụ Drehet.

### Mkpụrụ okwu

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Robert Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere ihe  na ihe ọdịyo na olumba Levei yana ihe edere ede na ihe ọdịdị na olumba Drehet
Asụsụ Hrusish

Asụsụ **Hrusish** ma ọ bụ **Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Kamengic**  nwere ike bụrụ ngalaba Sino-Tibet na Arunachal Pradesh, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ India . Ha bụ Hruso (Aka) na Mijiic .  Na Glottolog, Hammarström, et al.  anaghị anabata Hrusish, ma na-ewere myirịta dị n'etiti Hruso na Miji n'ihi okwu mgbazinye ego.

## Aha
George van Driem (2014) na Bodt & Lieberherr (2015)  na-eji aha *Hrusish*, ebe Anderson (2014)  na-ahọrọ *Southeast Kamengic* .

## Okwu atụnyere
Tebụlụ nkọwa okwu ndị a na-esote nke ihe okwu Hrusish (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso ) sitere na Anderson (2014), yana mgbakwunye Bangru data sitere na Li (2003).  Hruso data Anderson's (2014) sitere na ndetu ubi Anderson na nke Simon (1970).  Anderson's (2014) data Miji sitere na ndetu ubi nke ya yana Simon (1979)  na Weedall (2014).  Data Bangru sitere na Ramya (2011, 2012).  

## Nrụgharị
Bodt & Lieberherr wughachiri ya Proto-Hrusish (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) rịba ama na Proto-Hrusish na-egosiputa mgbanwe ụda sitere na Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to *t* -, nke ha mara na emewokwa n'asụsụ Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga na Karbi. Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l na -r furukwa na Proto-Hrusish.

Ụdị Proto-Hrusish arụgharịrị arụgharịrị site na Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) ka enyere n'okpuru.
 

## Hụkwa

*  (Wiktionary)

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. *[https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/75982 Nnyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'etiti otu ahọpụtara na Western Arunachal Pradesh: Na-eme ka Monpa pụta ìhè]* . Akụkọ nyocha eletrọnịkị SIL 2018-009.

## Ntụaka
asụsụ India na China. Ogologo oge a na-eche na ọ bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet, ọ nwere ike ịbụ

* Anderson, Gregory DS 2014. *Na nhazi nke asụsụ Hruso (Aka)* . Akwụkwọ ewepụtara na 20th Himalayan Symposium Languages, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
* 
* George van Driem (2001) *Asụsụ nke Himalaya: Akwụkwọ ntuziaka asụsụ agbụrụ nke Greater Himalayan Region.* Brill.
Asụsụ ndị na-anọ nanị ha

Asụsụ Hermit bụ Asụsụ West Manus nke a na-asụbu na Hermit, Luf na Maron Islands na-emeka Manus Province, Papua New Guinea.  Seimat esewo ya.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ ndị a na-akpọ Cerrado

**Asụsụ Cerrado** (a na-akpọkwa **Amazonian Jê**  : 549 ) bụ alaka nke asụsụ Jê nke asụsụ Goyaz Jê na Akuwẽ (Central Jê) mebere.  : 14–5 

## Ụda na-agbanwe site na Proto-Jê gaa na Proto-Cerrado
Ekwenyere na omume nke consonant */g/ na Proto-Cerrado (dị ka ọ dị na **/g/õt* 'ịrahụ ụra', **/g/õ* 'inye', **/g/aj' *' ị') bụ ihe ọhụrụ; ekwuru na etinyere ya n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-enweghị mgbakasị ahụ.  : 85 

Proto-Cerrado diphthongs **wa* na **ja* kwenye na ha ga na-aga n'ihu Proto-Jê monophthongs, nke e wughachiri dị ka **ô* na **ê₂* . Udaume ndị ọzọ ekwuru na ha emeberela na Proto-Cerrado bụ:  : 88 

* **ô* (na-alaghachi na ụdaume a na-edoghị okirikiri, e wugharịrị dị ka Proto-Jê **ə̂₁* );
* **u* (mmekọrịta nke mbụ **u₁* na **u₂*, nke a ma ama n'asụsụ ndịda Jê dị ka *o* na *u*, n'otu n'otu);
* **ũ* (mmekọrịta mbụ **ũ₁* na **ũ₂*, dị iche dị ka *ũ* na *ỹ* na Kaingang na dị ka *ũ* na *õ* in Laklãnõ );
* **ə̃* (mmekọrịta nke mbụ **ə̃* na **ỹ*, nke a ma ama dị ka *ỹ* na *ĩ* na Kaingang na dị ka *õ* na *ẽ* na Laklãnõ );
* Udaume niile dị na Proto-Jê unstressed syllables nke shape **pV-* bụ ndị a na-ewepụ n'asụsụ Cerrado: Proto-Cerrado **pᵊ-* (> Proto-Goyaz Jê **py-/*pu-*, Proto-Akuwẽ **pi-* ).

### Nuclei
E wughachiri ngwa ahịa nke Proto-Cerrado monophthongs dị ka ndị a.

Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike wughachi diphthong abụọ, */wa/ na */ja/.

Tebụl na-esonụ na-egosi ntulegharị mbụ nke Proto-Cerrado nuclei na Proto-Goyaz Jê na na Proto-Akuwẽ . Ndị nke ikpeazụ na-egosi mgbanwe ụdaume nke a na-akpọ *Akuwẽ/Central Jê vowel shift* .  : 61  : 164 

### Codas

## Ntụaka
nke e wughachiri dị ka *ô na *ê₂ . Udaume ndị ọzọ
Asụsụ Kyirong-Kagate

**Kyirong–Kagate** bụ otu obere asụsụ Tibetic a na-asụ na Nepal, nwere otu narị ma ọ bụ karịa na-asụ n'ofe oke na Tibet.

: Kyirong (Lende), Kagate, Tsum, Langtang, Yolmo (Helambu Sherpa), Nubri, Gyalsumdo

N'agbanyeghi na enwere nghota di iche iche n'etiti ndi di iche iche,  a na-ewere ha dika asusu di iche iche site n'onu ogugu ha. E nwekwara ụfọdụ nnukwu ndịiche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Kyirong nwere usoro ụda atọ  ebe Yolmo na Kagate nwere usoro ụda abụọ.  Asụsụ Gyalsumdo dị iche iche a na-asụ na mpaghara Jikwaa Nepal na-egosi myirịta siri ike na Kyirong, yana Nubri, yabụ na ọ ga-abụ na a ga-ekewa ya na otu "Kyirong–Kagate". 

## Mmachi njedebe
Ezinụlọ asụsụ a kacha ele anya dị ka Kyirong–Yolmo n'ezie.  Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe; Nke mbu, enwere ihe ruru ndi mmadu 1000 mara dika Kagate, otutu n’ime ndia na-ewerekwa onwe ha dika Yolmo. Nke abuo, a na-eji Kagate eme ihe mgbe nile iji mata obodo na Ramechhap, ebe Yolmo nwere ike ihu na Melamchi, Helambu, Ilam, Lamjung na ebe ndi ozo. Nke atọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ewere aha Kagate dị njọ, n'ihi na ọ na-ezo aka n'ọrụ dị ala nke ime akwụkwọ.

## Ọdịiche n'etiti asụsụ
Ụdị ndị a niile nwere njikọ doro anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme,  mana ụfọdụ yitere karịa ndị ọzọ. Kagate na Yolmo na-ekekọrịta ọtụtụ njirimara, na enwere ike were ya dị ka olumba nwere nghọta.   Nubri na Gyalsumdo yikwara ka ha nwere njikọ chiri anya, dabere na nyocha mbụ.  Ọ bụ ezie na Yolmo na Kyirong yiri ibe ha karịa ka ha dị na Standard Tibet, ha dị iche iche nke ọma ka e were ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche. 

## Ntụaka
njirimara, na enwere ike were ya dị ka olumba nwere nghọta. [1] [2] Nubri na
Asụsụ Salumá

**Salummá** bụ asụsụ Carib nke Brazil . Glottolog na-ewere ya dị ka ihe dị egwu, na-atụ aro Tiriyó ma ọ bụ Waiwai kama. 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Parukotoan

**Asụsụ Parukotoan** bụ otu obere ezinụlọ asụsụ Cariban . A na-asụ asụsụ ndị a na Brazil, Suriname, na Guyana .

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Parukotoan bụ:    

* Waiwai
* Sikiana, Hixkaryana

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Palmela

**Palmela** bụ asụsụ Cariban na-apụ n'anya na akwadoghị nke ọma. Kaufman (2007) kwuru na ọ dị iche na ụda olu . 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Pawishiana

**Pawishiana** (Pauixiana) bụ asụsụ Cariban ekpochapụla n'ime otu obere Paravilyana. 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Tenetehara

Asụsụ **Tenetehára** ma ọ bụ **Teneteharan** (a makwaara dị ka **Tupi–Guarani IV** ) bụ otu obere ezinụlọ asụsụ Tupi–Guarani . 

Tinyere asụsụ Timbira na Northern Tupi–Guarani, asụsụ Tenetehara bụ akụkụ nke mpaghara asụsụ Tocantin dị ala - Mearim . 

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Tenetehara bụ: 

* Akwá (olumba: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã)
* Avá-Canoeiro
* Tapirape
* Tenetehára (olumba: Guajajara, Tembé)
* Turiwára

## Ntụaka
olumba: Asuriní, Suruí asụsụ
Asụsụ Paravilyana

**Paravilyana** (Paravilhana) bụ asụsụ Cariban na-apụ n'anya na akwadoghị nke ọma.  Kaufman (2007) debere ya na ngalaba Pawishiana ya.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Kurti

Kurti bụ akara Austronesian a na-asự n'oke osimiri nke Manus Island na Papua New Guinea.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Robert Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere ihe edere na asụsụ Kurti na
Asụsụ Leipon

Leipon, ma ọ bụ Pityilu, bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụ na mbu Hauwai, Ndrilo, na Pityilu.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Robert Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere
Asụsụ Likum

Asụsụ Likum bụ Asụsụ West Manus nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 80 na-asụrụ n'ebe ahụ ike Manus Island, Manus Province nke Papua New Guinea.  Ndị na-asụ ya na- ike Nyindrou.  A na-hazi Likum dị ka "nke doro anya na-eyi egwu" site na Atlas of the World's Languages ​​in Danger nke UNESCO.[1]  Ọ nwere Usoro Okwu SVO.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Robert Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere ihe  na ihe ọdịyo Likum
Asụsụ Pekodian

**Asụsụ Pekodian** bụ otu obere ezinụlọ asụsụ Cariban . A na-asụ asụsụ ndị ahụ na steeti Mato Grosso na Pará dị na Brazil ma mejupụta alaka ndịda Cariban. 

Meira na Chousou-Polydouri (2015) tụlere na Pekodian sitere na njem ndị Cariban sitere na ugwu, ebe asụsụ Cariban dị iche iche gbadoro ụkwụ na ugwu South America. 

Okwu *Pekodian* bụ nke Meira na Bruna Franchetto chepụtara na 2005 na ndabere nke okwu ọnụ maka 'nwanyị' a chọtara n'asụsụ ndị a, n'otu n'otu Bakairi *pekodo* na Ikpeng *petkom*, mana ahụghị n'asụsụ Cariban ọ bụla ma e jiri ya tụnyere ha. 

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Pekodian bụ:   

* Bakairi
* Ikpeng
* Pará Arára
* Yarumá (Suyá)
* Amonap (Kuikuro–Kalapalo, Matipuhy)

## Nhazi nke ime
Carvalho na-ahazi asụsụ Pekodian dịka ndị a. 
 
Okwu *Kampot* bụ Carvalho (2020) chepụtara site na ihe ọhụrụ lexical *kampot 'fire' na-akọwa ụyọkọ olumba.

## Mgbanwe ụda
A na-ekekọrịta ọtụtụ mgbanwe ụda n'etiti Bakairí na Ikpeng: 

* N'ọnọdụ intervocalic, Proto-Cariban *p na-aghọ w, *t ga-aghọ d (na-etolite n'ihu na r na Ikpeng), na *k na-aghọ g.
* Proto-Cariban *r na-aghọ l na mpaghara ụfọdụ (dị ka akọwapụtabeghị) gburugburu.
* Proto-Cariban *w na-aghọ p okwu-mbụ (n'agbanyeghị na e nwere ụfọdụ ewepụrụ na Ikpeng).
* Proto-Cariban *t palatalizes ka tʃ tupu e na i. (Bakairí na-etolite tʃ ka ʃ, ʒ, s, ma ọ bụ z.)
* Enwere ike, usoro Proto-Cariban * nu-ru belatara ruo * n-ru, na-enye Bakairí nu na Ikpeng ŋ-ru, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ike ịkọwa nsonaazụ ndị a n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ.

## Ntụaka
nwanyị' a chọtara n'asụsụ ndị a, n'otu n'otu Bakairi
Asụsụ Mokerang

Mokerang bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Los Negros Island, n'ebe ọmụmụ nke Manus Island na Manus Province, Papua New Guinea..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Manus Koro

Asụsụ Koro bụ Asụsụ East Manus nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 900 na-asụ n'ebe ugwu-amụ Manus Island na Los Negros Island n'ebe ekiri Manus Province nke Papua New Guinea.   Ọ nwere Usoro Okwu SVO.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Mondropolon

Asụsụ Mondropolon bụ Asụsụ West Manus nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 300 na-asụ n'ebe ugwu etiti Manus Island, Manus Province nke Papua New Guinea.  Ndị na-asụ ya na-ahụ Kurti.  Ọ nwere Usoro Okwu SVO.

## Ihe odide

* Kaipuleohone nwere ihe echekwara na Modropolon gụnyere ihe  na ihe
Asụsụ Taranoan

**Asụsụ Taranoan** bụ otu obere ezinụlọ asụsụ Cariban . A na-asụ asụsụ ndị a na Brazil, Suriname, na Colombia . 

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Taranoan dịka Sérgio Meira (2006) siri kwuo bụ:  : 169 
 
N'ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ 2,000, Tiriyó bụ naanị asụsụ na-adịghị nso ikpochapụ. Akuuriyó na Karihona nke ọ bụla nwere nanị ndị ọkà okwu merela agadi ole na ole fọdụrụ.

## Ntụaka
000, Tiriyó bụ naanị
Asụsụ Nali

Nali bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na agwaetiti Manus, Papua New Guinea.  Olu.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Asụsụ Opón

**Opón** (Opone) bụ asụsụ Cariban dị iche iche nke Colombia.

## fonology
Marshall Durbin na Haydée Seijas nwetara phonology ndị a dabere na data 1958 sitere na Giraldo na Fornaguera. 

# [ʔ] nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ụda ụda, ọ na-apụta naanị na oke morpheme.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Cariban ndị ọzọ, anaghị edekọ ụdaume imi n'Opón.

## Ntụaka
ọzọ sitere na ụ n’àgwàetiti ahụ, bụ́ nke nyere aka mee ka 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta mkpụrụokwu nke asụsụ Cariban, gụnyere Opón
Asụsụ Proto-Algic

**Proto-Algic** (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọchi **PAc** ) bụ asụsụ proto nke sitere na asụsụ Algic ( asụsụ Wiyot, asụsụ Yurok, na Proto-Algonquian ) rịdata. A na-eme atụmatụ na e kwuru ya ihe dị ka afọ 7,000 gara aga n’ebe dị na Northwest America, ikekwe gburugburu Columbia Plateau .      Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ proto-larịị nke abụọ (asụsụ proto-asụsụ nke nrụzigharị ya dabere na data sitere na proto-asụsụ ọzọ, ya bụ asụsụ sitere na ya Proto-Algonquian ) nke ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ọ dị adị.  Onye isi nyocha ya bụ Paul Proulx . 

## Udaume
Proto-Algic nwere ụdaume anọ bụ isi, nke nwere ike ịdị ogologo ma ọ bụ mkpụmkpụ:

: ogologo: *i·, *e·, *a·, *o·
: mkpirisi: *i, *e, *a, *o

## Consonants
Proto-Algic nwere consonants ndị a:

: 1 Aha nke consonant a ejighị n'aka kpamkpam; na Proto-Algonquian, a na-ewughachi ya mgbe ụfọdụ ka **θ* /θ/.

Amabeghị ma ** č / tʃ/* bụ fọnịm nọọrọ onwe ya ma ọ bụ naanị allophone nke **c* na/ma ọ bụ **t* na Proto-Algic (dị ka ọ dị na Proto-Algonquian). Na 1992, Paul Proulx chepụtara na Proto-Algic nwekwara fọnịm **gʷ*, nke ghọrọ **w* na Proto-Algonquian na *g* na Wiyot na Yurok.

Nkwụsị na mmekọ niile dị na chaatị dị n'elu nwere ndị mmekọ nwere mmasị na ya, na consonants niile, ma e wezụga fricatives, enweela nke ukwuu. Proto-Algonquian belatara usoro a nke ukwuu site n'iwepụ ekwentị ekwentị niile glottalized na nke a na-achọsi ike. 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Algic
* Asụsụ Algonquian
* Asụsụ Proto-Algonquian

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Timoric

Asụsụ Timor bụ otu Asụsụ Austronesian (nke dị na Central-Eastern subgroup) nke a na-asụ n' ụmụetiti Timor, Wetar dị nso, na (dabere na nkewa) Southwest Maluku n'ebe ndụ akwụkwọ.

N'ime otu ahụ, ndi a na-asảkarị bụ Uab Meto nke West Timor, Indonesia na Tetum nke East Timor, nke ọ ከላ nwere ihe dị ka ọkara nde ndị na-asụrụ ya, ọ bụ ebe na Tetum bụ ọrụ na akara a na-abụ n'etiti ndị na-azụ Tetum East Timorese.

## Asụsụ

### Hull (1998) & van Engelenhoven (2009)
Geoffrey Hull (1998) na-atụ aro otu ndị Timor dị ka ndị a:
 
Van Engelenhoven (2009) nabatara nhazi Hull, mana ọ na-agụnye Makuva na asụsụ Luang-Kisar (Kisar, Romang, Luang, Wetan, Leti) na alaka ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Timoric A.

### Taber (1993)
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Asụsụ nke Àgwàetiti Timor
N'ime nhazi lexicostatistical nke asụsụ nke Southwest Maluku, Taber (1993:396) na-etinye alaka "Southwest Maluku" nke asụsụ Timoric, nke gụnyere asụsụ niile nke mpaghara ahụ, ma e wezụga West Damar na Asụsụ Babar.
 

### Edwards (2021)
thumb|Asụsụ Timor dị ka Edwards si kwuo (2020)
[[Faịlụ:Metos_cluster_according_to_
Edwards_(2020).pdf|
thumb|Map nke ụyọkọ asụsụ Meto 
Edwards (2021) kewara akwụkwọ Timor na Southwest Maluku n'ime alaka abụọ, Central Timor na Timor-Babar: 
 

## Ihe odide

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. "Ihe ndị bụ isi na-emetụta asụsụ Austronesian nke Timor: nyocha mbụ". Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor 1:97-202.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku". 32, Nke 2 (Winter, 1993), peeji nke 389-441. &nbsp;Mahadum nke Hawaii.

## Njikọ mpụga

* LexiRumah (akụkụ Ebe nchekwa data asụsụ Lesser Sunda) 
* Ịrụzigharị ihe gara aga site na asụsụ nke oge a: Lesser Sunda Islands
* Asụsụ nke East Timor: Ụfọdụ Eziokwu Ndị Dị Mkpa (Revised 24.8.2004) Geoffrey Hull
Asụsụ Wutun

**Asụsụ Wutun** ( Chinese    ) bụ asụsụ Mandarin – Amdo – Bonan creole . Ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,000 na-asụ ya, ndị gọọmentị China na-ekewa ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị ka Monguor (Tu). Ndị na-asụ Wutun bi n'ime obodo abụọ (Upper Wutun 上五屯 na Lower Wutun 下五屯) nke Tongren County, mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Qinghai, China .   A na-akpọkwa ya asụsụ Ngandehua. 

Obodo Wutun abụọ, yana obodo ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ahụ, nọ n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Mongol ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị gọọmentị na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ndị otu agbụrụ Mongol. Agbanyeghị, ha na-amata onwe ha dị ka ndị Tibet . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Atụpụtala ọtụtụ echiche gbasara mmalite nke ndị obodo Wutun, na olumba ha pụrụ iche. Ọkammụta asụsụ China bụ Chen Naixiong na-ekwu site na nkesa ụdaume nke mkpụrụokwu ndị China n'okwu Wutun na ọ ga-abụ na ndị nna nna ha sụrụla olumba ochie Nanjing . Ndị ọzọ na-eche na ha nwere ike ịbụ otu ndị Hui (ndị Alakụba na-asụ Chinese) sitere na Sichuan bụ ndị, n'ihi ihe ndị a na-amaghị, ghọrọ ndị Buddha Tibet ma kwaga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Qinghai . N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka 1585 na-egosi ịdị adị nke obodo Wutun. 

Wutun nwere udaume isii bụ isi, /aeiou ə/ nke na-emetụta ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ site na gburugburu ebe obibi ha.  Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, ụdaume ka a na-agbanye [ˠ] tupu "k", dị ka ọ dị na "ek" [əˠ] 'abụọ' ma ọ bụ "maidok" [metoˠ] 'ifuru'.

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Ụtọasụsụ Wutun na-enweta site na Amdo Tibet . Enwekwara mmetụta Bonan . 

## Okwu okwu
Akụkụ kacha ukwuu nke ngwa okwu Wutun bụ Chinese (mana ụda ha furu efu); nke nta, sitere na Amdo Tibet, asụsụ obodo; na ihe dị obere karịa sitere na asụsụ Mongolian Bonan . 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Tangwang
* Asụsụ Dao (China)
* Asụsụ Selibu

## Ntụaka
n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Mongol ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị gọọmentị na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ndị otu ike ịbụ otu ndị Hui (ndị Alakụba na-asụ Chinese)

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Slater, Keith (2009).  *Echiche Eshia Highlands*, 1: 367–371.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nchekwa ELAR nke Wutunhua (五屯話) data isi
Asụsụ Ponam

.Ponam bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Ponam Island, na Manus Island na Papua New Guinea.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Osimiri Wilson

**Asụsụ Wilson River**, nke a makwaara dị ka **"Oge a" Wankumara** (Wangkumara/ Wanggumara), bụ asụsụ ndị Aborigine Australia nke ezinụlọ Karnic . Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ kwuru ya n'akụkụ Osimiri Wilson dị na Queensland. N'ime ndị a, ndị Wanggumara (Wangkumara) na Galali nwere ike isi n'Osimiri Bulloo kwaga ma gbahapụ asụsụ ha mgbe ha rutere.

## Ndị na-ekwu okwu
Na 1981, ndị mmadụ anọ nke obodo Wangkumara gburugburu Cooper Creek, Osimiri Thomson, na Warry Warry Creek ka na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, obodo Eromanga na Nuccundra .  Ọ dị ka ọ ga-apụ n'anya na 2005. 

* /d̪/ nwere ike ịnwe allophone nke [ð] mgbe emechara / l̪/.
* Enwere ike ịgbatị ụda / b, ɟ, ɡ/ dị ka fricatives [β, ʒ, ɣ] mgbe nọ n'ọnọdụ intervocalic ma ọ bụ mgbe ụda mpụta gasịrị. 

### Udaume

Ụda ụdaume bụ usoro ụdaume atọ. A naghị ekesa ogologo ụdaume nke ọma, mana a na-anụkarị ụda ụda mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ mgbanaka ụda olu. Allphones nwekwara ike ime. 

## Ntụaka
ike ịbụ otu ndị Hui (ndị Alakụba na-asụ Chinese)

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ngwaa na-agbakọta n'asụsụ etiti Australia.
* Akwụkwọ edemede nke ndị Bundhamara na akụrụngwa asụsụ, na ụlọ akwụkwọ Australian Institute of Aboriginal na Torres Strait Islander Studies.
Asụsụ Sori-Harengan

Asụsụ Sori-Harengan bụ Asụsụ West Manus nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 570 na-asụ na Sori na Harengan Islands, n'ebe ugwu-ama egwuregwu n'afọ nke osimiri nke Manus Island, na n'ebe ahụ ike Manus Island.  Ọ nwere Usoro Okwu SVO.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Yugur nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ

**Eastern Yugur** bụ asụsụ Mongolic a na-asụ n'ime obodo Yugur . Asụsụ ọzọ a na-asụ n'ime otu obodo bụ Western Yughur, nke bụ asụsụ Turkic . Usoro ndị ahụ nwekwara ike igosi ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị a, nke na-edeghị ha abụọ.  N'ọdịnala, a na-egosipụta asụsụ abụọ ahụ site na okwu Yellow Uygur, site na aha Yugur kwụụrụ onwe ya. Ekwuru na ndị na-asụ Yugur ọwụwa anyanwụ nwere asụsụ abụọ na-agafe agafe na Mongolian Inner, ọkọlọtọ a na-asụ na China . 

## fonology

fọnịm /c, çʰ, ɕ, ɕʰ, ʂ, ʑ/ pụtara naanị na okwu mbinye ndị China. 

A na-ekesakwa ogologo ụdaume.

## Ntụaka
n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Mongol ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị gọọmentị na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ndị otu

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
Asụsụ Juma (Carib)

**Juma** bụ asụsụ Cariban ekpochapụla nke ọma. Kaufman (2007) debere ya na ngalaba Arara ya. 

Na narị afọ nke 15, asụsụ Juma bụ asụsụ na-adọrọ adọrọ nke a na-asụ na mpaghara Amazon nke steeti ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Brazil nke oge a (1419-1899). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụrụ osisi a maara dị ka soursop na bekee, nke nwere ike ịbụ obodo na mpaghara ahụ, bụ nke a maara dị ka paw-paw. Ọchịchị obi ọjọọ na mmeri nke ndị Portuguese, na mgbe e mesịrị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke gọọmenti Brazil na ụlọ ọrụ Indigenous Affairs (IPAMA) mere ka ndị Juma na asụsụ kwụsị.

## Ntụaka
ike ịbụ otu ndị Hui (ndị Alakụba na-asụ Chinese)
Asụsụ Nubri

thumb| Nkesa ala asụsụ Tibetic nke Nepal (gụnyere Nubri)
**Nubri** ( Tibet : ནུབ་རི; Devanagari   ) bụ asụsụ Tibeto-Burman nke ihe dị ka ndị Tibet 2000 bi na Ndagwurugwu Nubri na ugwu Central Nepal,  ugwu Gorkhā District nke Gandaki Province na-asụ.  Nubri nwere opekata mpe olu atọ dịka ụdị obodo Prok, Lho na Sama si egosipụta.  Nubri bụ nke enweghị akwụkwọ na enweghị nkọwa, ewezuga lexicon .   Ma eleghị anya, Nubri nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Tsum agbata obi yana ụdị Kyirong dị iche iche nke Tibet a na-asụ n'ofe oke na Tibet . E kwuwokwa na ya na Gyalsumdo nwere njikọ chiri anya. Dị ka asụsụ ndị a, ọ bụ ụda ụda ma na-ekerịta ọtụtụ njirimara ụtọasụsụ Tibeti, mana ọ dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.

Ọrụ asụsụ Nubri malitere na 2017 na Mahadum Hong Kong (HKU) na ebumnuche nke ịmụ na ide asụsụ a. Ọrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gụnyere ọmụmụ banyere akara ikpe  na ụda   yana nyocha mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndagwurugwu nke kwadoro nhazi ya dị ka "dị ize ndụ."   N'ịwulite site na nke a, mbọ na-adịbeghị anya maka mmezi asụsụ gụnyere ịmalite mkparịta ụka obodo gbasara usoro ederede maka Nubri. Emere nke a na Mee 2019 yana njikọ ụlọ ọgwụ cataract nke otu onyinye HKU Knowledge Exchange (PI Cathryn Donohue) kwadoro.

## Ntụaka
n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Mongol ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, ndị gọọmentị na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ndị otu
Asụsụ Tulu-Bohuai

Asụsụ Tulu-Bohuai bụ West Manus nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 1400 na-asụ na Central Manus Island na Peli Island, Manus Province, Papua New Guinea..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Tiverikoto

**Tiverikoto** (Tivericoto) bụ asụsụ Cariban na-apụ n'anya na akwadoghị nke ọma. Terrence Kaufman debere ya na Yao na otu Yao ya. 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Piaroa-Saliban

**Piaroa–Saliban**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Saliban** (na spanish : *Sálivan* ), bụ obere ezinụlọ asụsụ a tụrụ aro nke etiti Orinoco Basin, bụ nke mebere agwaetiti nweere onwe ya n'ime mpaghara Venezuela na Colombia (n'ebe ugwu *llanos* ) nke ndị obodo Carib na Arawakan na-achị.

Betoi nwere ike ịbụ njikọ. 

## Asụsụ
Piaroa na Wirö (ma ọ bụ "Maco") na-etolite alaka ezinụlọ Piaroan.

Asụsụ Ature na-ekpochapụ, nke a na-asụ n'otu oge na Osimiri Orinoco dị nso na mmiri mmiri nke Atures, Venezuela, bụ nke a na-akọwaghị ma ekwuru na ọ 'dịtụ iche' na Saliba, ya mere ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ alaka ezinụlọ Saliban. 

## Mmekọrịta dị n'èzí
Zamponi (2017) kwuru myiri n'etiti asụsụ Betoi na-ekpochapụ na Piaroa–Saliban. Ọ na-ewere mmekọrịta usoro ọmụmụ dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya, n'agbanyeghị na data Betoi dị ụkọ. 

E nwere myirịta n’asụsụ Hotï (Jodï), a sụgharịwokwa nke a dị ka ihe àmà maka ezinụlọ asụsụ Jodï–Saliban .   Otú ọ dị, a kọwakwara myirịta ndị ahụ dị ka kọntaktị. 

Jolkesky (2009) gụnyere Piaroa-Saliba, Betoi na Hodi n'ime ezinụlọ Duho yana Ticuna-Yuri .

## Okwu okwu
Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu maka asụsụ Piaroa–Saliban. 

Rosés Labrada (2019)  : 280–281 depụtara ihe ndetu Swadesh ndị a na-arụzigharị na Proto-Sáliban.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Duho

## Ntụaka
ike ịbụ otu ndị Hui (ndị Alakụba na-asụ Chinese) usoro ọmụmụ dị

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Benaisa, T. (1991). Vocabulario Sáliba-Español Español Sáliba. Lomalinda: Alberto Lleras Camargo.
* Feddema, H. (1991). Diccionario Piaroa - Español. (Ihe odide).
* Krute, LD (1989). Piaroa nominal morphosemantics. New York: Mahadum Columbia. (Nka mmụta doctoral).
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Akụkọ gbasara asụsụ na South America: Ihe anyị maara na otu esi amatakwu. Na DL Payne (Ed.), *asụsụ Amazonian: Ọmụmụ n'asụsụ ndịda America dị larịị* (p.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: Mahadum Texas Press. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). Asụsụ ala nna nke South America. Na C. Mosley & RE Asher (Eds.), *Atlas nke asụsụ ụwa* (p.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta okwu n'asụsụ Spanish na Bekee
* PROEL: Familia Piaroa–Saliva
Asụsụ Purukotó

**Purukotó** (Purucotó) bụ asụsụ Cariban na-apụ n'anya . Kaufman (2007) debere ya na ngalaba Pemong ya.

## Ntụaka
Igwe okwu nke
Asụsụ Sapará

Sapará bụ asụsụ Cariban ekpochapụla nke ọma. Kaufman (2007) debere ya na ngalaba Paravilyana ya.
## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Proto-Admiralty Islands

Proto-Admiralty Islands (nke a dị ka Proto-Admialty ma ọ bụ Proto-Adminalties ma ọta dị ka PAdm) bụ nna nke Asụsụ Admiralty Islands nke Admiralty Island, nke dị na Papua New Guinea.  Ọ bụ nke alaka Oceanic nke Asụsụ Austronesian.

Robert Blust wu iche ya na 1978 onye egwu na egwu ndị na-agbasa obere m n'ime Oceanic.[1]   Malcolm Ross kwuru ya n'ụzọ ezu na 1998, onye chepụtara njikọ ya na Asụsụ St. Matthias abụọ (Mussau na Tenis).

## Ụmụ ya
Proto-Admiralty Islands kewara n'asụsụ abụọ: Proto-Eastern Admiralty na Proto-Western Admirlity.  Taa, ihe dị ka iri atọ (lee Asụsụ Admiralty Islands) mgbo Admiralty Island subgroup nke Oceanic.  A na-ekwu na Yapese bụ nwa ma ọ bụ nwanne nwanne nke Proto-Admiralty Islands. 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu
Mkpụrụ okwu nke Proto-Admiralty Islands, dị ka Ross si kwuo, bụ (parenthesis na-egosi allophone):

* /*c/, dị ka Proto-Oceanic, na-apụta naanị n'ọnọdụ okwu.
* [*f] bụ allophone nke /*p/ na ọnọdụ okwu etiti.
* /*ʀ/ nwere ike ịbụ [x] ma ọ bụ [ɣ]. N'asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Admiralty, mmeghachi omume na-abụkarị [j], ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ [w] tupu /o/, ebe n'asụsụ ndị Admiralty nke Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọ na-apụ kpamkpam.
* O yikarịrị ka a na-eme ka okwu ndị a kwupụtara bụrụ ndị a kwadoro.

## Ihe ọhụrụ
Ross (1988) na-akọwa ihe ọhụrụ na-ekewa Proto-Admiralty Islands na Proto-Oceanic.

N'ụzọ ụda olu, ha bụ:

* Proto-Oceanic **R* furu efu n'ihu ụdaume dị elu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, POc *Rumaq "ụlọ" ghọrọ PAdm **um (a) *, mana POc * **Rapi* "evening" > PAdm** (pa) Rafi*.
* Proto-Oceanic **p* ghọrọ **f* okwu-etiti. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, POc **Ropok* "ịnya ụgbọ elu" ghọrọ PAdm **Rof (o) *.
* Mfu nke ụdaume ikpeazụ niile nke Proto-Oceanic, ihe ọhụrụ a na-ahụkarị n'Oceanic. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, POc **boRok* "ezì" ghọrọ PAdm *bou.

* A na-eji ndị na-ahazi ọnụọgụ na usoro ọnụọgụ + onye na-ahapụ (nke ya na Mussau na-ekerịta), nke na-emepụta otu okwu.
* A na-eji "Otu" eme ihe dị ka isiokwu a na-ahụkarị, ma dị ka isiokwu na-enweghị njedebe na nke doro anya (nke ya na Mussau kerịkwara).
* A na-efunahụ nsonaazụ nnọchiaha na-abụghị nke otu onye nke Proto-Oceanic ma jiri nnọchiaha disjunctive dochie ya.
* **-ña* "onye nke atọ na-anọghị n'otu" na-aghọ **-na* (Proto-Admiralty Islands ejikọtaghị **n* na **ñ*, dị ka POc *poñu "turtle" > PAdm *poñ (u)).
* **kita* "onye mbụ na-agụnye ọtụtụ disjunctive" na-aghọ **ta* (maka a tụrụ anya **ita* na ọnwụ nke ụdaume mbụ).
* Verbs reduplication, nke a na-eji eme ihe iji mepụta akụkụ na-aga n'ihu, furu efu. Asụsụ ụmụ nwanyị na-emekarị akụkụ na-aga n'ihu site na ịgbakwunye ngwaa enyemaka nke pụtara "ịnọ".
* Coalescence nke isiokwu **na* na aha nkịtị, na-akpata mgbanwe na ụdaume mbụ.

*
Asụsụ Mawayana

**Mawayana** (Mahuayana), nke a makwaara dị ka **Mapidian** (Maopidyán), bụ asụsụ Arawakan na-enweghị isi nke ugwu South America. Mawayana na-asụbu ya ndị bi n'ime agbụrụ Wai-wai na Tiriyó dị na Brazil, Guyana na Suriname .  [ 2 ] N'afọ 2015, ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ ikpeazụ bi na Kwamalasamutu . [ 6 ] [ 2 ]

## Nhazi
Aikhenvald (1999) depụtara Mawayana (na ikekwe Mawakwa dị ka olumba) yana Wapishana n'okpuru alaka Rio Branco (North-Arawak) nke ezinụlọ Arawakan. Carlin (2006:314) kwuru na Mawayana “bụ Wapishana" na dị ka Ramirez (2001:530) ha na-ekere òkè dịkarịa ala 47% nke ha lexicon.

## fonology
Mawayana nwere, n'etiti consonants ya, implosive abụọ,  na , na ihe akọwara dị ka "retroflex fricativised rhotic", nke nọchiri anya ya na ⟨ rž ⟩, na ọ na-ekerịta Wapishana . Usoro ụdaume nwere ụdaume anọ (  ), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ogbo nasalised. 

### Consonants

## Morphosyntax
Mawayana nwere morphology polysynthetic, tumadi akara isi yana ya na suffixes, n'agbanyeghị na enwere mkpọmkpọ okwu. A na-edepụta arụmụka okwu ọnụ na ngwaa ahụ site na suffixes isiokwu na ngwaa intransitive, ebe ndị nnọchite anya prefixes na ihe suffixes na ngwaa transitive. [ 8 ] : 319 
   

## Ihe ndetu
n'agbanyeghị na enwere mkpọmkpọ okwu. A na-

## Ntụaka

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ikpeazụ nke Mawayana nke *akwụkwọ akụkọ Unravel*
Asụsụ Kaniet

Asụsụ Kaniet bụ abụọ n'ime akara anọ nke Western Admiralty Islands, otu n'ime ndị Admiralty Island, abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ Wuvulu-Aua na Seimat.  A na-asụ ndị a na Kaniet Islands (Anchorite Islands) na egwuregwu ahụ Manus Province nke Papua New Guinea ruo n'afọ 1950. 

A na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, otu nke Thilenius kọrọ na otu nke Dempwolff.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Lenkau

Lenkau bụ akara Oceanic nke a na-asụ n'otu obodo nta na Rambutyo Island na Manus Province, Papua New Guinea.  A na-asụ ya n'obodo Lenkau (2°20′28′S 147°42′58′′E/2.341166°S 147.716064°E / -2.341166; 147.71664 (Lenkau)), Rapatona Rural LLG.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Robert Blust nke Kaipuleohone gụnyere
Asụsụ Yaio

**Yao** (Jaoi, Yaoi, Yaio, Anacaioury) bụ asụsụ Cariban na-ekpochapụ nke Trinidad na French Guiana, gbara akaebe na otu ndepụta okwu 1640 nke Joannes de Laet dekọrọ. A na-eche na ndị Yao si na Orinoco kwaga n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ ikekwe otu narị afọ tupu mgbe ahụ, mgbe Kaliña .  Aha 'Anacaioury' bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị isi zutere ihe karịrị otu narị afọ ma ọ bụ karịa.

Yao bụ nke na-adịghị mma gbara akaebe na nkewa n'ime Cariban nwere obi ike ọ bụla, ọ bụ ezie na Terrence Kaufman jikọtara ya na Tiverikoto kpochapụrụ .  Ole na ole n'ime okwu ndị a gbara akaebe bụ:  ' ma ọ bụ *noene* 'moon', *weyo* 'sun', *capou* 'céu', *chirika* 'kpakpando', *pepeïte* 'ifufe', *kenape* 'mmiri ozuzo', *soye* 'ụwa', *parona* 'oké osimiri', *ouapoto* 'ọkụ', *aroua* 'jaguar', *pero* 'nkịta' (si Spanish). &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ntụaka
n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ ikekwe otu narị afọ tupu mgbe ahụ,
Asụsụ Tamanaku

**Tamanaku** ( Tamanaku   ) bụ asụsụ Cariban nke Venezuela kpochapuru .

Gilij bipụtara ndepụta okwu mbụ nke Tamanaku na 1780, site na afọ 20 ọ nọrọ n'etiti Tamanku malitere gburugburu 1750. 

## fonology

### Consonants

Nkwụsị nwere ike kwupụtala allophones nke [bd ɡ]. Igwe okwu nke /p, n, r/ gụnyere [β h ɲ l]. 

### Udaume

## Ntụaka
Igwe okwu nke
Asụsụ Wajumará

**Wayumara** bụ asụsụ Cariban ekpochapụla nke ọma. Kaufman (2007) debere ya n'alaka ya Makiritare dịka onye ikwu nke Ye'kuana . 

## Ntụaka
n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ ikekwe otu narị afọ tupu mgbe ahụ,