Zephaniah Swift

Zephaniah Swift (February 27, 1759 - Septemba 27, 1823) bụ onye edemede America nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, onye ọka iwu, onye ọka iwu, onye ọka ikpe, onye nzuko omeiwu, prọfesọ iwu, onye nnọchi anya mba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Windham, Connecticut.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya US sitere na Connecticut na Onye ọka ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke steeti.  O dere akwụkwọ akụkọ iwu mbụ e bipụtara na America.

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Onye-isi-nduzi John Adams họpụtara ya onye odeakwụkwọ nke Fada ntọala Oliver Ellsworth na Treaty of Mortefontaine, na mkparita uka ya na Eze Joseph Bonaparte.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Swift na Wareham, Massachusetts, nke Rowland Swift na Mary (Dexter) Swift. Ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Lebanon, Connecticut. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Yale College na 1778.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu, a nabatara ya n'ụlọikpe wee malite ọrụ iwu na Windham, Connecticut.

## Ọrụ
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Connecticut site na 1787 ruo 1793, na-eje ozi dị ka ọkà okwu na 1792, na odeakwụkwọ nke ụlọ nke ala maka nnọkọ anọ. Mgbe mkpọsa abụọ na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka U.S. House na 1792,   a họpụtara Swift dị ka onye na-akwado nchịkwa na Nzukọ nke Anọ na ntuli aka pụrụ iche maka oche abụọ na-abaghị uru, na oche nke ọzọ Joshua Coit meriri,  na dị ka Onye Federalist na-azọ ọkwa nke anọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Congress site na Machị 4, 1793, ruo Machị 3, 1797.  Mgbe oge nke abụọ ya na ndị omeiwu gwụsịrị, ọ laghachiri Connecticut ma họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Nzukọ Ezumezu.

Na 1795, Swift dere "A System of the Law of the State of Connecticut", Akwụkwọ iwu mbụ e bipụtara na America.  Na 1796, ebe ọ jere ozi na kọmitii Congress, ọ chịkọtara ma dezie mbipụta mbụ nke "The Laws of the United States of America". Ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, a na-ekwu na ọrụ Swift na mbipụta a bụ nke onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, Richard Folwell, ruo mgbe ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Clarence E. Carter chọpụtara na Zephania Swift kwesịrị otuto maka ọrụ ahụ.

Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Congress, Swift maliteghachiri ọrụ iwu na Windham ma tinye aka n'ọrụ edemede. O dere "A Digest of the Laws of the State of Connecticut" nke e bipụtara na 1820. A na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu obodo nwere ihe ndị dị mma "ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere oche nwere ụkwụ atọ na Swift's Digest". O dekwara akwụkwọ edemede America mbụ gbasara iwu ihe akaebe. A na-akpọ ya "American Blackstone"  .

A na-akwanyere akwụkwọ Swift anya nke ọma gburugburu United States ma ka na-ehotakwa ya taa.[1]  Ọ bụ ezie na "System of Laws" Swift lekwasịrị anya na iwu Connecticut, ọ na-ekwu okwu n'iwu America n'ozuzu ya, e bukwara ya maka ndị na-ege ntị mba.

Swift gbakwara ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu na-aga nke ọma ruo ọtụtụ afọ n'ọfịs ya, nke a bịara mara dị ka Swift's Law School.[1]  N'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya bụ Charles J. McCurdy onye ghọrọ onye ọka ikpe Connecticut na Rufus P. Spalding bụ onye otu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Ohio.[2]  Ọ bụkwa onye otu kansụl ndị enyemaka Connecticut na 1799 na 1801.

Swift jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke ndị France na 1800 nye Oliver Ellsworth, ebe Onye isi ala Adams họpụtara ya, ya na Chief-Justice Ellsworth, William Vans Murray na Patrick Henry.[1]  Ebumnuche nke ozi ahụ bụ ịgbalị iji udo dozie agha Quasi nke a na-ekwupụtaghị na France nke bilitere n'ihe metụtara XYZ Affair.  Mkparịta ụka na-aga nke ọma na Napoleon na Taleyrand rụpụtara na Mgbakọ nke 1800, nke a makwaara dị ka Nkwekọrịta nke Mortefontaine.[3]  N'ụzọ siri ike, ikike iji nweta nkwekọrịta a na Napoleon na 1800 na ihe ọma ọ ga-esi na ya pụta ga-emeghe ụzọ maka ịzụrụ Louisiana na 1803.[4]  Onye-isi-nduzi Adams kwenyere na nkwekọrịta a bụ otu n’ime ihe kacha mkpa nke onye isi ala ya rụzuru.  Dị ka Adams si kwuo, "Achọghị m ihe ọzọ e dere n'elu nkume ili m karịa 'Lee John Adams, bụ onye weere n'onwe ya ọrụ maka udo na France n'afọ 1800.

Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu Connecticut (nke a maara n'oge ahụ dị ka Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Njehie) malite na 1801 wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ọka ikpe site na 1806 ruo 1819.[1]  A họpụtara Swift ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya na Mgbakọ Hartford site na 1814 ruo 1815, bụ nke n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ na-arụrịta ụka nkewa nke megidere Agha 1812.[2]  Mgbe a nabatara Iwu Connecticut na 1818, ọ tụfuru ọkwá ya n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu wee laghachi n'Ụlọ Omeiwu.

Zephaniah Swift bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ịzụlite iwu obodo America dị iche na England."[1] N'oge ọchịchị, ọ bụ ihe a na-emekarị na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ndị sitere n'ụlọikpe Bekee. "N'afọ 1795, Swift dere ederede mbụ na iwu America, nke a na-akpọ 'A System of Law,' nke kwuru n'echiche ya iwu nkịtị nke Connecticut bụ, dabere n'ihe ndị ikpe Connecticut na-eme n'ezie.  Ọ bụ ọpụpụ siri ike site na usoro Bekee, ma bụrụkwa ọpụpụ kwesịrị ekwesị ma ọ bụrụ na 'Mgbanwe' ga-enwe ihe ọ pụtara.

N'oge ahụ, a na-ere akwụkwọ iwu site na ndenye aha.  Ndepụta aha ndị na-edebanye aha nke Swift na "Sistemụ Iwu" gụnyere President Washington, Vice President Adams, Cabinet na ọkara nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, yana James Madison, John Monroe, Aaron Burr, na ndị nna ntọala ndị ọzọ (Edmund Randolph - Attorney General na onye na-eweta atụmatụ Virginia na Mgbakọ Ọchịchị; Robertnci Morris na Revolution)  onye na-eweta atụmatụ Connecticut; Charles Lee - Attorney General) na ndị bịanyere aka na nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe.[1]  Edepụtara ndị debanyere aha site na steeti ọ bụla, gụnyere mpaghara 13 mbụ, Vermont, Kentucky na Tennessee, nke ghọrọ steeti nke iri na isii mgbe ebipụtara mpịakọta nke abụọ.

N'okwu mmeghe nke "A System of Law" ọ kọwara na nwa amaala ọ bụla kwesịrị inweta ihe ọmụma nke iwu ndị ahụ na-achịkwa omume ha kwa ụbọchị na "ichekwa ngọzi bara uru nke ndụ, nnwere onwe na ihe onwunwe.

Dị ka Swift si kwuo, usoro kachasị mma iji gbasaa ihe ọmụma a bụ "ịme ka ọ dị mfe" na "fyftematize" (usoro) iwu.[1]  N'okwu mmeghe ya Digest of the Law of Evidence Swift dere na "Ọ dịghị ihe dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ, karịa ụkpụrụ iwu nke e hiwere na ụkpụrụ nke ikpe ziri ezi, ma na-akpọsa na echiche dị otú ahụ, na nkenke, na a pụrụ ịghọta ha ngwa ngwa, na n'otu n'otu."[2] Ọ kọwakwara na ime nke a "na-enye ndị mmadụ nchebe dị irè, na nnwere onwe nke nnwere onwe" naanị maka nnwere onwe ha.  enweghị mmasị, ma na-egbochi mmetụta ọjọọ nke mmụọ otu

Swift bụ onye na-akwado mmalite nke nnwere onwe ikpe ikpe, nke nwere ike ịbụ ihe kacha mkpa mere na a na-ahọpụtaghị ya na oche na 1818. O kwusiri okwu ike n'ịkatọ nnyonye anya ndị omebe iwu na ụlọikpe, gụnyere ikike inye ikpe ọhụrụ na ịhapụ ikpe.[1].  Mgbe ndị omebe iwu tinyere aka iji gbanwee ikpe mpụ na ikpe Lung, ikpe ikpe nke Justice Swift nọ n'isi, ọ laghị azụ ikwupụta iwe ya na ndị omebe iwu.  N'akwụkwọ nta nke isiokwu ya bụ "Vindication etc.", Justice Swift kọwara na ndị omebe iwu ekwesịghị "ịnagide ikike nke Ụlọikpe."  Mgbe o kwuchara echiche a, a họpụtara ya ọzọ n'oche oche.  Ka o sina dị, echiche Swift gbasara mkpa ọ dị ichekwa nnwere onwe nke ikpe ka ejiri nkwado nke Iwu 1818 kwadoro.  Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme achọpụtala na Swift bụ "ike na-akpụ akpụ" n'ịkpọkọta mgbakọ nke 1818 iji depụta iwu iwu mbụ nke Connecticut.

Swift bụ onye nkwuwa okwu nkwuwa okwu banyere ịgba ohu, nke ọ kọwara dị ka “omume nke bụbu ihe ihere nye ọdịdị mmadụ ogologo oge.”[1] Ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Connecticut Society for the Promotion of Freedom and Relief of Persons Jide n'ụzọ megidere iwu.  A na-ewere adreesị ọ kpọsara na 1791 na Hartford Society dị ka otu n'ime ihe mere Connecticut ji nakweere ụkpụrụ na 1792 iji gbaa ndị nwere onwe ha ume site n'ịgbapụta ndị nwebu na ụgwọ ịkwado ndị ohu ha a tọhapụrụ.  Ndị Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya Connecticut weghaara ụgwọ iji kwụsị ịgba ohu, mana ọ nataghị ikike nke ụlọ elu.

Swift kwadoro iwu mpụ ime ka ọ dị nro site n'ime ka ụlọ mkpọrọ dịkwuo mma yana site n'ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmejọ nke ntaramahụhụ ọnwụ ga-ata.[1]  N'ụbọchị Swift, a naghị ele ya anya na ọ dị mma ka onye ọka ikpe nye ndị juri ntụziaka gbasara iwu.  Ọ rụrụ ụka megide mmachi a, nke bụzi ọrụ ikpe a nabatara na nke dị mkpa

Na 1815, Swift nwetara nzere nsọpụrụ nke Doctor of Laws na Yale College.  Swift jere ozi ọzọ dị ka onye otu ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya steeti, na-eje ozi site na 1820 ruo 1822. 

Swift bụ onye na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na Federalist maka Gọvanọ nke Connecticut na ntuli aka 1822 na 1823.

Swift lụrụ Jerusha Watrous Swift (1763–1792) na ha nwere otu nwa nwoke ọnụ, Henry Swift.  Swift mechara lụọ Lucretia Webb Swift (1775–1843) na Maachị 14, 1795. Ha mụrụ ụmụ asaa ọnụ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ aha ya bụ George, Edward, Lucretia, Emily, Lucien na Julia Swift.

Julia lụrụ Dr. Winslow T. Huntington, nna nna Alice Louise, onye lụrụ nwa nke Mayor George W. Gardner, onye mmekọ azụmahịa mbụ nke John D. Rockefeller na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Senator Mark Hanna, Onye isi oche nke ndị Republican. 

Zephaniah Swift nwụrụ na Septemba 27, 1823, mgbe ọ na-eleta ụmụ ya na Warren, Ohio. E liri ya na Oakwood Cemetery na Warren.

## Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara

* "A System of the Law of the State of Connecticut" (1795) 
* "A Digest nke Iwu nke Steeti Connecticut" (1820) 
* "A Digest of the Laws of Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases" (1810) 
* Nchịkọta ma dezie onye ọrụ mbụ, nke nwere ikike nke "The Laws of the United States of America" (1796), nke a na-akpọkarị "Folwell's Statutes" dabere na njirimara nke onye na-ebipụta Richard Folwell.

## Ihe edeturu
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## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Dexter, Franklin Bowditch *Akụkọ ndụ nke ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Yale College: July 1778 - June 1792*, Holt, 1907

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ ndụ nke United States Congress: SWIFT, Zephaniah, (1759-1823)
* Zephaniah SwiftnaChọta Ili
* Ọbá akwụkwọ Iwu nke alaka ikpe nke Connecticut: Ihe odide Iwu Mbụ nke Zephaniah Swift na America
* Litchfied Historical Society: Zephaniah Swift
* Ili ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: Swift, Zephaniah (1759-1823)
* Govtrack.us: Rep. Zephaniah Swift