José Luis Cuevas

**José Luis Cuevas** (February 26, 1934 &#x2D; July 3, 2017) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Mexico, ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ise ihe, onye edemede, onye na-ede ihe, onye na'ese ihe, onye eserese, na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ. Cuevas bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-ama ndị na-ahụ maka muralism na Mexico aka n'oge ahụ dị ka onye ama ama nke Generación de la Ruptura (English: Breakaway Generation). Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya, nke ụdị ya na mmetụta ya na-ejikọta n'akụkụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke ndụ, na-egosipụtakarị ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ na mmebi nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye na-ese okwu n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị maka ihe oyiyi ya na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, kamakwa maka mmegide ya na ndị edemede na ndị na-ese ihe ọ na-eche na ha na-ekere òkè na nrụrụ aka ma ọ bụ na-emepụta naanị maka ego. N'afọ 1992, e meghere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie José Luis Cuevas n'etiti akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico City na-ejide ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nka nke onwe ya. Nwa nwa ya Alexis de Chaunac bụ onye na-ese ihe n'oge a.

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Oge ọ bụ nwata
A mụrụ José Luis Cuevas na Febụwarị 26, 1934, n'ezinụlọ nọ n'etiti na Mexico City. A mụrụ ya n'elu ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na pensụl nke nna nna ya, Adalberto Cuevas.

Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, ọ malitere ịmụ ihe na National School of Painting and Sculpture "La Esmeralda", ọ malitekwara ise ihe osise na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ. Otú ọ dị, a manyere ya ịhapụ ọmụmụ ya na 1946 mgbe ọ butere Ọrịa rheumatic fever. Ọrịa ahụ hapụrụ ya n'àkwà ruo afọ abụọ. N'oge a, ọ mụtara ọrụ ịkpụ ihe nke Lola Cueto nke Mexico City College kụziiri.

### Ọrụ mmalite
Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ gbazitere ohere n'okporo ámá Donceles iji mee ihe dị ka ụlọ ọrụ kama ịlaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na ahụike ya na-adịghị mma pụtara na ọ maghị ogologo oge ọ ga-adị ndụ. O kpebiri na ọ ga-aka mma itinye onwe ya na nka ya. Cuevas mụtara otu esi agba ịnyịnya na ịkpa nkata maka ego. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe osise maka The News, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ọzụzụ, ọ kụziri klas *Akụkọ* nka na Coronet Hall Institute. Otu akụkụ nke ọzụzụ ya bụ ohere ileta ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka La Castaneda ebe nwanne ya nwoke na-arụ ọrụ iji dọta ndị ọrịa.

### Ọgbọ nke Nkwụsị
A na-akọwa Cuevas mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye efu, onye ụgha na hypochondriac, nke na-arịa ọrịa na ọnwụ, ọkachasị nke ya. Onye edemede René Avilés Fabila kwuru n'otu oge na "Ịhụnanya kasịnụ nke José Luis Cuevas bụ José Luis Cuavas, n'ihi na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe hụrụ onwe ya n'anya karịa ọrụ ya. "Ihe kpatara nke a bụ na o meela ọtụtụ foto onwe ya nke na ọ dị ka inwe ọtụtụ enyo. Cuevas kwuru na ya ekwenyeghị na ọ bụ ihe efu ma kwuo na echiche ahụ malitere na 1955 mgbe o kpebiri iwere foto onwe ya kwa ụbọchị, nke ọ nọgidere na-eme ruo ọgwụgwụ ndụ ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto nke oge a na Mexico. Otu akụkọ na-enweghị isi na-ekwu na ọ gara "ụlọ ndị akwụna" ebe ha na-akpụ akpụ ma na-akpọrọ ndị ahịa.   Akụkọ ọzọ na-akọwa ya na nwanyị dị afọ 70 aha ya bụ Gloria onye ọ nwara ịrata na onye ọzọ nke Marlene Dietrich tụbara onwe ya n'ebe ọ nọ. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>O kwetara na ọ bụ onye na-atụ ụjọ na onye na-agbachitere onwe ya, na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ịbụ onye a tụbara n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.   O kwuru na Julio Scherer García bụ onye iro maka itinye aka n'ọrụ edemede ya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;Ya na onye na-ese ihe Rufino Tamayo nwekwara esemokwu. O kwuru na José Chávez Morado, Guillermo González Camarena na "Frente Popular de Artes Plasticas" na-enwere ya anyaụfụ nakwa na ha boro ya ebubo na ya na CIA na-arụ ọrụ n'afọ ndị 1950 mgbe ọ na-achọ ndị omenkà. Ọbụna n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, o mere nsọpụrụ site na imeghe ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ya nye ndị enyi ya niile mana ndị ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị iro anaghị ekwe ka ha banye.

N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ gara Morocco ịmụ nka Islam, izute onye na-ese ihe Francis Bacon na Tangier. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke mgbe nne ya nwụsịrị n'afọ ndị 1970. Site na 1976 ruo 1979, ọ "gbapụrụ onwe ya", hapụ Mexico gaa France, na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ dị iche iche, serigraphs na lithographs maka mbipụta. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Mexico, o gosipụtara ihe ngosi "José Luis Cuevas. El regreso de otro hijo pródigo." (José Luis Fuevas. Nlaghachi nke nwa ọzọ na-enweghị ego).

N'agbanyeghị amụma ya na ọ ga-adị ndụ ruo ihe karịrị otu narị n'ihi na ọgụgụ tarot dị iche iche gwara ya, Cuevas nwụrụ na July 3, 2017, na Mexico City mgbe ọ dị afọ 83.

## Alụmdi na nwunye
thumb|Bertha Riestra de Cuevas, 1982
thumb|José Luis Cuevas, ngosi na Galeria de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público, Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México, 1984.
Cuevas lụrụ nwunye mbụ ya, Bertha Riestra, na 1961. Ọ zutere Bertha n'ụlọ ọgwụ La Castaneda mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ obodo na eserese. Nne na nna ya abịaghị agbamakwụkwọ ahụ n'ihi na ha anabataghị ya ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe. N'agbanyeghị na ọ lụrụ di, ọ nwetara aha dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike, nke a na-akpọ "gato macho" (nwoke nwamba) ma ọ bụ onye na-eduhie ụmụ nwanyị, nke o ji mee ihe iji kwalite onwe ya. N'otu akwụkwọ akụkọ Mexico City nke o dere, o kwuru na ya nwere ihe karịrị 650 mmekọahụ. Ọ na-ekwu na e kweghị ka Bertha nwee otu nnwere onwe ahụ nakwa na ọ maghị banyere ihe omume ya n'agbanyeghị ihe odide ya banyere ha. Ya na Bertha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Mariana, Ximena na María Jose. N'afọ 2000, Berta Riestra, nwunye ya na, n'oge ahụ, onye nduzi nke José Luis Cuevas Museum, nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa ara na leukemia. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ zutere Beatriz del Carmen Bazán, onye ọ lụrụ na 2003 na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.

Cuevas na nwunye ya bi na mpaghara San Ángel nke Mexico City. E wuru ụlọ ahụ maka Cuevas n'afọ ndị 1970 site n'aka ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Abraham Zabludovsky na Teodoro González de León n'ụdị na-echetara Luis Barragán. Mgbidi ndị ahụ bụ ụcha na-acha ntụ ntụ na ahịrị kwụ ọtọ. Ihe dị n'ime ya bụ minimalist na ihe osise nke onye na-ese ihe na mgbidi na oche osisi na akwa Mexico. Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ahụ dị ọcha ma dị n'usoro, oghere a raara nye dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ya bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, jupụtara na akwụkwọ, ígwè ọrụ ochie, onyokomita, enyo, ọtụtụ foto na ihe ndị ọzọ.

## Ihe ngosi
thumb|Ogige nke José Luis Cuevas Museum na "La Giganta"
N'ime ọrụ nke gafere ihe karịrị afọ iri asaa, Cuevas bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye edemede, onye na-ede ihe, onye na'ese ihe, na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ. E nweela ihe ngosi onwe onye na ọrụ Cuevas na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na gallery n'ụwa niile. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya bụ mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ iri na anọ na Seminario Axiologico mana ọ dịghị onye bịara, ọrụ ndị ahụ si na mgbidi pụta ma gaa n'ihu. Ihe ngosi mbụ ya nke ọma bụ na Galería Prisse nke Mexico City na 1953, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. N'afọ 1954, ọ zutere onye nkatọ Jose Gomez-Sicre onye kpọrọ ya ka ọ gosipụta na Panamerican Union na Washington, DC. Oge a, ihe ngosi mbụ ya na US, rere n'abalị mmeghe ma mee ka ọ gbaa Time na Washington Post ajụjụ ọnụ, nke kpọrọ ya "nwa nwoke ọlaedo", na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ ma na-enyere aka ire ihe osise ya. N'afọ 1955, o sonyere na Salón de Arte Libre nke mbụ nke Galería Proteo haziri, ebe ọ zutere David Alfaro Siqueiros. N'ime afọ ndị fọdụrụnụ na 1950, o gosipụtara na Havana, Caracas, Lima na Buenos Aires, ebe ọ zutere Jorge Luis Borges.

N'afọ 1960, o gosipụtara na David Herbert Gallery, Oge NY Times jiri ya tụnyere Picasso. N'afọ 1961, abụọ n'ime ọrụ ya na Galería del L'Oblisco na Rom, Los Funerales de un Dictador na La Caída de Franco kpatara esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Spain nke rịọrọ ka ewepụ ihe oyiyi ahụ. N'afọ 1962, o gosipụtara usoro ọrụ ndị dabeere na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Tilman Riemenschneider ọ hụrụ na Munich. Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ Cuevas gosipụtara site n'oge a gụnyere otu na Silvan Simone Gallery na 1967.

N'ime afọ ndị 1970, o gosipụtara foto onwe ya 72 na Centro Cultural Universitario na UNAM, ma gosipụta ọrụ ndị ọzọ na San Francisco Museum of Art, Museo de Arte Contemporáneo na Caracas, Phoenix Art Museum, Musee d'Art Moderne na Paris na Museo de Arte Moderno na Mexico City. N'afọ 1976, o nwere ụmụ nwanyị anọ egbugbu na atụmatụ mbụ nke ya, ka nka ahụ "ga-etolite na ya" Nke a n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na egbugbu bụ iwu na-akwadoghị na Mexico n'oge ahụ. N'afọ 1979, Jose Luis gosipụtara ihe osise mmiri 50 na ihe osise tinyere akwụkwọ ozi ndị e sere na Tasende Gallery, La Jolla, California.

N'afọ 1981, ọ meghere ihe ngosi "Signs of Life" nke nwere karama nwere ọbara ọcha ya na electrocardiogram e weere mgbe ọ na-enwe mmekọahụ. O kwuru na broshuọ nke ihe ngosi ahụ na ọ ga-etinye ime nwanyị ọ bụla rịọrọ ya ime otú ahụ, mana Secretaría de Gobernación mere ka o wepụ broshuọ ahụ n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dị ka omume ịgba akwụna. N'afọ 1982, ụlọ ngosi iri na anọ dị na Mexico City, Barcelona, Paris na ndị ọzọ nwere ihe ngosi nke "Marzo. Mes de José Luis Cuevas" ("March. Month of Jose Luis Cueves.") Site na 1984 ruo 1988, usoro ihe osise 50 buru ibu a na-akpọ "Intolerance" gara mahadum na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na US, Canada, Mexico na Europe. Ihe osise ndị a sitere na onyinye Jose Tasende nyere Cuevas nke akwụkwọ "The Witches' Advocate" nke Gustav Henningsen. N'afọ 1985, ya na Henry Moore na Eduardo Chillida gosipụtara na ngosi Figure Space Image na Tasende Gallery, La Jolla, California. A na-egosipụta akwụkwọ ozi ndị o degaara onye na-ere ahịa ya JM Tasende n'oge ọ na-esi na Mexico na Tasende Gallery tupu ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

N'afọ 1991, "Celebrating 25 Years with Jose Luis Cuevas" meghere na Tasende Gallery, La Jolla. O mepụtara ihe osise Talavera nke e debere na Mpaghara Rosa Rosa na 1995. N'afọ 1997, o gosipụtara na Tasende Gallery, West Hollywood, California. N'afọ 1998, o gosipụtara "Retrospectiva de Dibujo y Escultura" na Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía. N'afọ 1999, Pablo Picasso Foundation gosipụtara ihe ngosi "José Luis Cuevas. Ọrụ eserese".

N'afọ 2001, o nyere obodo Colima ihe a tụrụ atụ a na-akpọ "Figura Obscena" (Obscene Figure). Ihe a a tụrụ atụ ghọrọ etiti ihe ihere na 2006. Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ sitere na afọ 2000 gụnyere na 2005 "Jose Luis Cuevas na Drawing and Sculpture" na Latin American Art Museum na Long Beach, California. "Ihe osise na Watercolors ahọpụtara" Tasende Gallery, West Hollywood, California. N'afọ 2006, o meghere Paseo Escultórico Nezahualcóyotl na ihe a tụrụ atụ aha ya bụ nwunye ya nke a na-akpọ "Carmen". Retrospective Exhibition na Museum of the Palace of Fine Arts na Mexico City n'afọ 2008. "Exposición Siameses 50 Años de la Plástica del Maestro José Luis Cuevas" na 2009 na 2011 na "Dibujo y Escultura" na 2010. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egosipụta ọrụ ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọkachasị na Mexico.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
thumb|José Luis Cuevas
Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri na anọ, Cuevas sere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1957, ọ gara Philadelphia iji gosipụta akwụkwọ "The World of Kafka and Cuevas" maka Falcon Prest Publishers. Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ọ malitere ide ihe gbasara ọdịbendị maka mbipụta Novedades de México, ebe ọ zoro aka na ndị na-ese ihe n'oge ahụ dị ka Diego Rivera dị ka "cortina del nopal" (Nopal Cactus Curtain) ma kwado maka nnwere onwe nka ka ukwuu. Nkà ihe ọmụma a kpaliri ntọala na 1960 nke otu Nueva Presencia, nke ọ sonyeere maka oge dị mkpirikpi. Ìgwè ahụ kwalitere ngosipụta onwe onye na nka ihe atụ nke na-egosipụta ọnọdụ mmadụ nke oge a.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations