V. G. Braun-Dusemond

**Valentin Gerhard Braun-Dusemond** (amụrụ **Gerhard Braun** ; 1919–1998), bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ere nka German. Ọ dịrị ndụ ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere Kenya na Malta, na ọrụ ya nabatara ma Abstract Expressionist na Impressionist styles.

## Ndụ mmalite na mmetụta
A mụrụ Braun-Dusemond na Cologne, Germany, ebe nna ya, Dr Siegfried Braun, bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Juu. Ọ si na Nazi Germany gbapụ na Kenya na 1939. Ọ hapụrụ Africa na 1963, o biri na Malta wee were aha **Dusemond** . Nke a bụ aha obodo nta nke dị na Mosel nke ezinụlọ nna ya si bịa. Mond bụ nwa agbọghọ aha nne ya, onye si Werl na Westphalia bịa.

Ọ bụ nhụta Braun-Dusemond na German Expressionist, Ludwig Meidner nke mbụ kpaliri ya ịghọ onye na-ese ihe. Meidner abiawo n'obodo Braun-Dusemond nke Cologne, n'afọ 1935, iji nweta ọkwa dịka onye na-ese ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Juu, Javneh. Nzaghachi nke ịnụ ọkụ n'obi Meidner na eserese na eserese nke nwa okorobịa ahụ gbara ya ume ịzụlite nkà ya. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Tesis Dr Braun dị na onye nkatọ nka na onye nkatọ, Konrad Fiedler (1841–1895) onye, na *Kunstwissenschaft ya,* mepụtara echiche nke ụdị dị ọcha, na-ajụ echiche nke Mma na Art. Ebe ọ bụ na Fiedler kwenyere na ọrụ nke Art adịghị emepụta mmetụta, ọ leghaara mkpa mmetụta dị na ekele ha anya. Esemokwu ebumpụta ụwa Braun-Dusemond nwere na echiche ndị dị otú ahụ mere ka ọ nabata mmetụta nke German Expressionism na-emesi ike na mkpa kachasị mkpa nke mmetụta onwe onye nke onye na-ese ihe.

## Ndụ na ọrụ

### Ịpụ na Nazi Germany
Na 1939 Braun-Dusemond gbanarịrị ndị Gestapo wee gbaga Kenya, ebe ekele maka ọzụzụ mbụ ya na Silesia na Groß Breesen Jewish Farm School for Prospective Migrants (Judische Auswandererlehrgut), e nyere ya ikike ịkwaga. Ndị otu Plow Settlements Association nke London kwadoro ọpụpụ ya bụ nke, na-esochi ogbako Evian na 1938, meghere East Africa maka mmezi nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Juu iri isii. N'ime ọnwa ole na ole ọ bịarutere Kenya, Braun-Dusemond etinyere ya dịka onye iro nọ n'ogige ụlọ ọrụ Britain dị na Nakuru, Nairobi na Kabete . N'ebe a, ndị mkpọrọ ibe ya tụgharịrị na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst - ndị Italian Consolata Missionary - na Septemba 1940 wee nakweere aha Valentin kemgbe a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị Valentine .

### Ụlọ ọrụ Art
N’agbanyeghi na ihere nke ịbụ onye a dọọrọ n’agha nke ndị o si nweta nzọpụta, Braun-Dusemond, enwechaghị nkụda mmụọ site n’ahụmahụ ya n’ogige ndị ahụ. N'ịbụ onye a tọhapụrụ n'egwu nke mkpagbu ndị Nazi na nchegbu banyere ego, ọ na-enwe ike ịse na eserese n'efu. O tinyere mmetụta uche nke ọnọdụ ya kpatara n'imepụta usoro eserese na ihe osise. E gosipụtara nzaghachi nka nka na ndọrọ n'agha n'ụzọ atọ - ihe ezi uche dị na ya na nke na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ndị bi n'ogige (clowns na masks na-ejupụta na ihe nkiri mmadụ a dị ịtụnanya), ihe ngosi nke ụwa nrọ gafere ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ mkpọrọ (Africa na agba agba). na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst nke ọnọdụ ya—Kraịst dịka onye dọọrọ n’agha na ndọkpụ n’agha.

### Kenya (1946-1963)
Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị Braun-Dusemond laghachiri na Nairobi iji guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, na-eguzogide mgbalị niile gọọmentị German na-eme iji debanye aha ya n'ọrụ mba ọzọ eweghachiri ọhụrụ. Na-ese ihe mgbe ọ bụla o nwere ike, ọ meriri ihe mgbochi ndị kpatara enweghị ntozu ya na obodo ya ma jisie ike nweta ndụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ (na-ede maka *Der Spiegel* na Reuters ), onye na-azụ anụ, onye ntụgharị na onye na-ahụ maka sinima. N'afọ 1950, ọ ghọrọ onye malitere ụlọ ihe nkiri nke Nairobi Puppet. Ọ na-ese ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri na Donovan Maule Theatre. Ọ bụ ezie na Braun-Dusemond rụpụtara ọtụtụ ihe osise mara mma nke gburugburu ya, ọchịchọ nka ya na-elekwasị anya mgbe niile na ihe ngosi.

Ná mmalite 1951, o weere ihe osise ya na London, bụ ebe o gosiri Sir William Coldstream, onye nduzi nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Slade nke Fine Art . Coldstream masịrị ya nke ukwuu nke na ọ nakweere ya ozugbo, na-ahapụ ma ule mbata na ụgwọ maka okwu abụọ. Braun-Dusemond nwetara ego n'aka Society of Friends (Quakers) na onyinye sitere na Helen Hay Whitney Foundation . N'ịlaghachi n'Africa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1951, a họpụtara Braun-Dusemond ka ọ nọrọ na kọmitii nhọrọ nke Kenya Arts Society nke ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche. Ihe osise Braun malitere ire ma na Kenya ( George Vamos, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ nke multi-racial United Kenya Club, bụ otu n'ime ndị ahịa ya) na John Whibley Gallery, London. Ọ na-eme ihe ngosi ugboro ugboro na The Atelier dị na Nairobi ma nwee ihe ngosi na East Africa dum. Mgbe ọ na-ewepụta aha maka onwe ya Braun-Dusemond, na-echeta mmekọ nke ya na ajọ mbunobi, chọkwara ịgba ndị na-eto eto n'Africa ume. Ajụjụ ọnụ site na *magazin Drum*, na 1959, Braun-Dusemond kwuru, sị, 'Ka anyị na-enweta ngwa ngwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na agbụrụ agbụrụ, ọ ga-aka mma maka anyị niile.' N'afọ 1959, o meghere New Stanley Art Gallery na Nairobi nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-achụ nta ọcha na-agakarị.

### Mediterranean (1963-1976)
Na 1963, na-atụ egwu ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-esochi nnwere onwe Kenya, Braun-Dusemond hapụrụ azụmahịa ya na-aga nke ọma wee gaa South Africa, Israel na Saịprọs ịchọ ebe ọhụrụ ọ ga-ese. A ghaghị ịhapụ atụmatụ iji guzobe gallery na Dome Hotel, Kyrenia, n'ihi na ha dabara na mgbawa nke ime ihe ike na Saịprọs. Braun-Dusemond na nwunye ya (Ruth Hornby-Waring) na ụmụ ya abụọ ka e ji ụgbọ ala Embassy Germany kpọpụta na Kyrenia. Braun-Dusemond mechara biri na Malta na 1966. N'ebe ahụ, o hiwere Mdina Gallery wee kpọọ onwe ya Dusemond.

Site na mgbanwe aha, mgbanwe nke ụdị bịara ka ọ na-apụ na mpaghara Abstract nke Africa ya n'ime imepụta mbara ala Mediterranean na nrọ. N'ịhapụ mmanu dị iche iche na-egbuke egbuke na nnukwu akwa akwa nke oge ntorobịa ya, Braun-Dusemond malitere eserese na agba mmiri na gouache. Ebufere echiche efu ya nke Africa Tachiste ka ọ bụrụ odida obodo pụrụ iche nke a na-asa ahụ na ocher na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma jiri ọla edo na-agbagọ agbagọ. Ìhè dị nkọ nke equator emewo ka ụda ogbi nke Oké Osimiri Mediterenian pụta. Braun-Dusemond bi na ezinụlọ ya na-eto eto (o nwere ụmụ isii) na Palazzo Gourgion na ndò nke Katidral nke 'obodo nkịtị' Mdina. Ndị ahịa ya - ọkachasị ndị njem nlegharị anya German - nwere mmasị na àgwà Braun-Dusemond na akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka mmalite nke ọrụ ya. O nwere ezigbo kọntaktị na Ụlọ ọrụ Embassy German dị na Malta nke gbara ya ume ịga nke ọma. Na 1976 ọ nabatara onye bụbu Chancellor German, Willy Brandt, na Mdina. O jigidere njikọ ya na ihe ngosi nka nke Europe site n'aka ndị ahịa ya. Onye nta akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka nka, Hans Wallenberg, onye na-ese ihe Katerina Wilczynski na onye na-ese ihe bụ Trude Bunzl zụrụ ọrụ ya. yana ịzụlite ọrụ nke ya Braun-Dusemond chọsiri ike ịkwado usoro ihe nkiri Maltese na-eto eto, gụnyere John Borg Manduca na Mary de Piro .

## Mpụga mba ọzọ, ezumike nka na ọnwụ
Idyll Mediterranean akwụsịghị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Na 1976 Prime Minister, Dom Mintoff, chụpụrụ Braun-Dusemond na ezinụlọ ya na Malta. Braun-Dusemond nwere iwu ịlaghachi Germany. Enweghị ike ịbanye na Germany n'ihi nhụjuanya nke ncheta ya (ọtụtụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya lara n'iyi na Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ ), Braun-Dusemond kwagara Britain ebe ọ nọgidere na-ere ihe osise ya nye ndị ahịa na mba ọzọ - karịsịa na Germany ebe o nwere abụọ ya. ihe ngosi ikpeazụ na Berlin (1977) na Hamm (1981). Ọ nọrọ afọ ikpeazụ ya ndụ ọzọ na ndò nke katidral - nke ugbu a nke Wells na Somerset.

## Osisi na ngosi ihe mgbe ochie

* Afọ 1950
** John Whibley Gallery, London
** ICA (ndị na-ese ihe na-eto eto), London
** Ụlọ ihe nkiri Sorsbie, Nairobi
** Ụlọ ihe nkiri Atelier, Nairobi
** Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Uganda, Kampala
** Thamos Papadopolous Museum, Tanga
** Imperial Museum of Fine Arts, Addis Ababa
** Mkpokọta Block, Nairobi
** Nchịkọta Na-adịgide adịgide Kenya Arts Society
* Afọ 1960
** Ụlọ ihe ngosi Stanley ọhụrụ, Nairobi
** Ụlọ ihe nkiri Pelikan, Baden-Baden
** Grehan Museum, Beirut
** Ụlọ ihe nkiri Harwood, Los Angeles
* 1960-1980s
** Ụlọ osisi Mdina, Malta
** Osisi Mignon, Bath
** Galerie Brigitte Wolffer, Berlin
** Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Gustav-Lubcke, Hamm

## Edensibia

* *Magazin Drum* August 1959
* *Akwụkwọ akụkọ* (Malta) Ọgọst 1972
* *Berliner Morgenpost* 16 Jenụwarị 1977
* *anwụ Welt* 21 Jenụwarị 1977
* *Westfalenpost* 28 Febrụwarị 1981
* "Ịmeghachi ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi na Mdina" nke Lisa Gwen Baldacchino dere, *The Times of Malta* 4 Maachị 2010
* "Ụlọ ọrụ Britain nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Nazi Germany na Kenya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" nke Jutta Vinzent nọ na *ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Europe ndị Nazi ji na mba Britain dị na Overseas Territories* (Leiden: Brill, 2020): 159-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004399532_010
* "Mdina, Malta Foto Gallery" nke Brian McMorrow na pbase.com
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations