William Bleckwenn

William Jefferson Bleckwenn (Julaị 23, 1895 - Jenụwarị 6, 1965) bụ ọkà mmụta akwara ozi nke America, dibia bekee, na dibịa agha, onye nyere aka n'ịzụlite ọgwụgwọ a maara dị ka "narcoanalysis" ma ọ bụ "narcosynthesis", nke a na-akpọkwa 'ezigbo serum'.

A mụrụ Bleckwenn na Astoria, Queens, New York City, na 1895. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ elementrị na nke sekọndrị n'ebe ahụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'elu klas ya..  Ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Wisconsin na 1913, na-enweta B.S.-Med.  ogo na 1917 dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ ahụike ngwa ngwa.  Dị ka onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, Bleckwenn bụ onye na-eme egwuregwu nke ọma na egwu & ubi, karịsịa na hama.  Bleckwenn debanyere aha na Mahadum Columbia nke ndị dọkịta na ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ.  Ọ natara MD ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1920. Bleckwenn wee gbasoo ọzụzụ obibi na ụlọ ọgwụ Bellevue dị na New York yana na Wisconsin Psychiatric Institute (WPI) na Madison.  Na WPI, ọ bịara n'okpuru nduzi nke William Lorenz na Hans Reese.

## Ọrụ na neurology na psychiatry na Mahadum Wisconsin
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya, a gwara Bleckwenn ka ọ sonyere Lorenz na Reese na ndị ọrụ WPI, nke ghọrọ akụkụ nke Ngalaba Neuropsychiatry nke UW. Ọ nwetara nkà ngwa ngwa dị ka onye nchịkwa na onye nchọpụta, wee bụrụ osote onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1920. N'oge ahụ, Bleckwenn malitekwara nyocha nyocha banyere ojiji nke barbiturates iji gwọọ mutism catatonic, ụdị na-eme ka ọrịa schizophrenia nwee nkwarụ. Ya na Lorenz chọpụtara na sodium amytal intravenous (amobarbital) dị irè n'ịmepụta "ogologo oge doro anya," ebe ndị ọrịa catatonic nwere ike ikwurịta okwu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, zaa ajụjụ n'ụzọ dabara adaba, na-agagharị, ma nye ozi gbasara usoro echiche ha na nzụlite nke ọ gaghị ekwe omume inweta. E nyere uru ikpeazụ nke ọgwụgwọ ahụ aha "narcoanalysis" ma ọ bụ "narcosynthesis". N'oge dị mkpirikpi, "ogologo oge" nke amytal kpatara ghọrọ ule na-egosi na ọ dị mma maka nchọpụta nke catatonia.

Bleckwenn bipụtara nchọpụta ya na isiokwu a na 1930, na akwụkwọ ndị dị ịrịba ama na Wisconsin Medical Journal;  Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA),  na Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry,  Na akwụkwọ JAMA, o kwuru na "onye ọrịa catatonic egosila mmeghachi omume na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-adọkpụ [na intravenous amytal]. Oge site na awa iri na anọ nke oge dị mma abụwo nsonaazụ ọgwụgwọ ahụ. "  Bleck na-eche echiche n'ihu banyere akwụkwọ nke mmetụta ndị a, na-eme ka usoro mmegharị ahụ. N'ime ndị ahụ, Fink na-ekwu na "Ihe nkiri ya na-adịghị ekwu okwu na-egosi ndị ọrịa dị ka ndị ogbi, ndị kwụ ọtọ, ndị isi ha si na pillow, wee meghachi omume n'ụzọ dị egwu na ọgwụgwọ amobarbital. Ihe nkiri ndị ahụ na-eme ka o kwenye, a na-ejikwa amobarbitale mee ihe ngwa ngwa ma jiri ya mee ihe iji nweta akụkọ ahụike na ikwe ka ha na-eri nri na nlekọta onwe onye. "  Ndị dọkịta isi mgbaka n'ụwa niile ghọrọ ihe na-anụ ọkụ n'obi site na ọgwụgwọ sodium amytal. N'ihe odide ya nke akpọrọ "A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry," Shorter na-ekwu na *"Ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ na-ele usoro Bleckwenn anya dị ka ezigbo mmalite nke psychopharmacology".*

Dị ka mgbatị nke ọrụ ya na ọgwụgwọ barbiturate, Bleckwenn na Mabel Masten mụtakwara mgbanwe nke oke ọgwụgwọ site na amobarbital n'etiti afọ 1930. Ha chọpụtara na ihe ngwọta intravenous nke picrotoxin (cocculin) - ihe ọkụkụ na-akpali akpali - dị irè dị ka ihe ngwọtaa na ọnọdụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ka oge na-aga, windo ọgwụgwọ dị warara nke jikọtara ya na nchịkwa picrotoxin - nke nwekwara ike ịkpata nkụchi - mere ka ọ ghara iji ya mee ihe.

## Ọrụ agha na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ
Bleckwenn debanyere aha na Wisconsin Army National Guard dị ka nwa akwụkwọ, ma akwụkwọ na Reserve Medical Corps mgbe ọ ozizi akwụkwọ ya.  O akara na akara ndị agha US na 1940 na 1941 na etiti Louisiana ("Louisiana Maneuvers" ) n'okpuru iwu nke Lt. Gen. Stanley Embrick, nke emere n'ihi itinye aka US na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. N'afọ 1941, a kpọrọ Bleckwenn ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ma tinye ya na 135th medical regiment. Otu ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka akụkụ nke U.S. Sixth Army ma nye ya ọrụ ijikwa ndị nwụrụ n'ihu. Mgbe United States banyere n'agha ahụ, e zigara nke 135 na Pacific Theater of Operations na Machị 1942. Bleckwenn bụ onye isi ya, na ọkwa nke Colonel (O6). Nke 135 hụrụ ọrụ na New Guinea, Tarawa, Kwajalein, Philippines, na Saipan. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nchịkwa ya, Bleckwenn rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agwọ ọrịa akwara na onye na-ahụ maka isi mgbaka;  o sonyekwara n'ịtọlite "usoro ndụmọdụ" nke nlekọta isi mgbaka ndị agha, n'okpuru ntụziaka zuru oke nke Brig. Gen. William Menninger.

Maka onyinye ya n'oge agha ahụ, e nyere Bleckwenn onyinye nke Legion of Merit (ya na Oak Leaf Cluster) (lee foto dị n'aka nri)
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|'''U.S. Legion of Merit'''
"  Bleckwenn nwekwara Ihe nrite mmeri nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ihe nrite Asia-Pacific.

Bleckwenn laghachiri na UW na mbido 1946 iji maliteghachi ọrụ ya na ọrụ nkuzi ya dị ka Prọfesọ nke Neuropsychiatry. Ọ gara n'ihu na nyocha banyere ọgwụ ọjọọ na ojiji nke usoro ịwa ahụ na-elekwasị anya na njikwa ihe mgbu na-adịghị ala ala. Dị ka ndị ọzọ na-ahụ uche - dị ka insulin shock, Ọgwụgwụ electroconvulsive, na ndị na-agbanyụ uche - ihe ndị na-egosi na ọrịa uche, Bleckwenn jikwa ọrụ dị ukwuu n'iji ha eme ihe na nyọcha ha..

## Ọrịa, ọnwụ, na ezinụlọ
N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Oge na-eme egwuregwu na obi ụtọ, Bleckwenn butere ịsa obi siri ike na nwa afọ 1950.  N'olileanya na mgbanwe nke ebe ga-eme ka ahụike ya dịkwuo mma, ọ kwagara Winter Haven, Florida, na 1954. Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dị mma iji rụọ ọrụ na neurology ma ọ bụ psychiatry ọzọ, na-amanye ịla ezumike nká. Ọ nwụrụ na aortic aneurysm na Jenụwarị 6, 1965. Ọ na-akwadebe maka ịwa ahụ na aneurysm site n'aka enyi ya, dọkịta na-awa ahụ obi a ma ama, Michael Debakey. A kpọtụrụ ọnwụ ya aha na ngalaba Milestones nke Time Magazine na redio mba CBS. E liri Bleckwenn na Forest Hill Cemetery na Madison, Wisconsin, ya na nwunye ya Marion (née Dougan, 1896-1982) na nwa ya nwoke William Jr. (1923-1947).  Bleckwenns nwekwara ụmụ abụọ ọzọ, Jane na A. Theodore (Ted). 

## Edensibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations