Eldzier Cortor

**Eldzier Cortor** (January 10, 1916 - Nọvemba 26, 2015) bụ onye omenkà na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ . Ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakarị ọnụ ọgụgụ gba ọtọ gba ọtọ na ntọala chiri anya,  na-emetụta ma nka ọdịnala ndị Africa na nke European surrealism .   A maara Cortor maka ụdị eziokwu ya nke na-eme ka ngosipụta ziri ezi nke ogbenye, ọnọdụ ndụ ojii dị oke egwu ka ọ na-agbagọ echiche. 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Cortor na Richmond, Virginia,   nye John na Ophelia Cortor.  Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Chicago mgbe Cortor dị ihe dị ka otu afọ, mechara biri na South Side nke obodo ahụ, ebe Cortor gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Englewood . Ezinụlọ ya bụ akụkụ nke Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the Industrial North.  Ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe na Englewood gụnyere ndị omenkà America-Amerika Charles Wilbert White na Margaret Burroughs .  Cortor gara Art Institute of Chicago, tinyere omenkà Gus Nall, nweta akara ugo mmụta na 1936.  Mgbe ọ nọ na Art Institute, Cortor gụchara mkpokọta ya nke ọma wee nwee ekele maka ọdịnala nke eserese Western.  Ịmụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị dị n'Africa n'ebe ngosi ihe ngosi na Field Museum gbanwere ọrụ ya.  O kwuru "Nke ahụ bụ mmetụta kachasị mkpa n'ọrụ m niile, n'ihi na ruo taa, ị ga-ahụ na njikwa m nke mmadụ na àgwà cylindrical na lyrical a kụziiri m ... iji nwee ekele na nkà Africa." 

N'ịbụ onye tolitere, ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke *Chicago Defender*, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama nke lekwasịrị anya n'ememe ọganihu nke ndị America America.  O nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma n'akwụkwọ ndị ọcha wee gosipụta ya na Chicago Tribune na 1939 n'ihi itinye aka ya na South Side Community Art Center .  A tụgharịrị nke a n'ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ isi okwu gbasara ihe osise ya, nke bụ igosi ndị America America n'ụzọ dị mma ma gosipụta ịma mma na mmezu ha. Maka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya, Cortor na-eji ihe nnọchianya dị iche iche nke nwanyị ojii na otu esi anọchi anya ike na ịma mma ya. Cortor hụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ndị na-ebu omenala ndị ojii. A na-akọwakarị ụdị ya dị ka ịnwale physiognomy ojii ka ọ na-etinye ya na surrealism.

## Ọrụ
Na 1940 ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Works Progress Administration (WPA),  ebe o sere ihe nkiri nke ịda mbà n'obi-era Bronzeville, agbata obi na Chicago's South Side. Cortor na-esekarị ihe nkiri chiri anya nke ụlọ ahụ. Ọrụ ntinye aka ndị a na-emesi ike ọrụ nke isiokwu a na ọha mmadụ na mmekọrịta ya na ụwa elu.  Na 1949, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Jamaica, Cuba, na Haiti na Guggenheim Fellowship,  wee kuziere na Center d'Art na Port-au-Prince site na 1949 ruo 1951.

Na 1944 na na 1945, Cortor meriri Julius Rosenwald Foundation Fellowships n'otu oge, nke nyere ya ohere ịga njem n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Georgia na South Carolina . Ndị Gullah bi n'agwaetiti ndị a na Cortor nwere mmasị karịsịa na mpaghara a n'ihi otú ndị ọcha na omenala America si emetụtaghị omenala ha. N'akụkụ a, Cortor kpebiri inyocha omenala ndị mba ọzọ dị n'Afrịka nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị Africa juru ebe niile na omenala ha.  Ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ ibi n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ wee mikpuo onwe ya na omenala Gullah. "Dịka onye na-ese ihe Negro, enwere m nchegbu karịsịa banyere ịse ụdị agbụrụ Negro ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ kama n'ihe metụtara nsogbu ụfọdụ na agba, imewe na nhazi ... enwere m mmasị pụrụ iche na ... site na ndị ọcha… ọ ga-amasị m ịse foto nke ga-egosipụta ụdị anụ ahụ na agbụrụ nke Gullahs." Cortor webatara nleba anya nke ndị Africa ọdịnala n'ime nka ya n'oge ọ nọrọ na agwaetiti Gullah. Ọ na-ese ndị nwere ogologo olu olu, ogwe aka, ụkwụ, na ihu. Ntugharị a bụ ụtụ maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ọdịnala ndị Africa nke na-etinyekarị elongation a. Cortor site na oge ya na ndị Gullah, nwere mmasị na ịma mma nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa, nke o kwuru n'ọtụtụ ihe osise ya. Ọ na-ese ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ụzọ iji kpuchie ịma mma ha, ọ chọrọ iweta ìhè na ịma mma nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ megidere ụkpụrụ ịma mma nke ya, dịka ọcha, ụkpụrụ Eurocentric bụ ọkọlọtọ. Cortor nupụrụ isi megide ọkọlọtọ a, ka ọ na-ese ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ụdị surrealistic, surrealism bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị bụ Europe, nke a gosipụtara ụda akpụkpọ anụ miri emi mara mma dị ka ụda akpụkpọ anụ. Ọ na-ese nwanyị ojii dịka o kwenyere na nwanyị ojii na-anọchite anya agbụrụ ojii n'ozuzu ya, o kwuru otu oge, "Nwanyị ojii na-anọchi anya agbụrụ ojii. Ọ bụ mmụọ ojii. Ọ na-enye mmetụta nke ebighị ebi na ndụ na-aga n'ihu."  "

A na-ewere Cortor dị ka onye mbụ na-ese ihe n'Africa nke gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị gba ọtọ dị ka isi okwu nke ọrụ ya. Nke a bụ nhọrọ na-adịghị amasị ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'oge ahụ dị ka mmeghachi omume na omenala ndị Europe na America na-achị n'oge ahụ (Farrington 2004: 20). Nke a adịghịkwa mma n'ihi ihe nketa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'oge ịgba ohu . Cortor na-agbagha echiche ndị a site n'igosi ahụ nwanyị ojii gba ọtọ dị ka isi iyi ike. Cortor kwenyekwara na nwanyị ojii ahụ na-enye echiche nke ebighi ebi na ịga n'ihu nke ndụ (Jennings 1988:, 47). Ihe atụ nke a bụ eserese Cortor ama ama nke aha ya bụ *Southern Gate*, nke e gosipụtara na foto 2. Isi ihe dị na eserese a bụ nwata nwanyị ojii gba ọtọ. Ihe ndabere nke eserese ahụ dị oke ọchịchịrị; ọnụ ụzọ ámá bụ mkpọmkpọ ebe na igwe ojii na-egosi oké ifufe. Ozugbo n'azụ nwanyị ahụ, enwere obere igwe ojii na ìhè ndị ọzọ, nke na-eme ka ọdịdị ya pụta ìhè. Nwanyị ahụ nwekwara ifuru na ntutu isi ya na nnụnụ n'ubu ya, ikekwe na-egosi chi ọbụbọ nke ụbọchị ọhụrụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị na eserese ahụ kwụsịrị, na-enye echiche zuru oke nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmeri ka na-eguzo n'oge mkpọmkpọ ebe niile na nkwụsi ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ozuzu (Dallow 2004: 98).

Ọrụ Cortor's 1948 *The Room No. VI* ka emepụtara mgbe oge Cortor na WPA na-emepụta ihe osise nke ndị mmadụ na Bronzeville. Cortor chọrọ igosi ọnọdụ obibi ndụ na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye, ndị ojii Chicago n'ụzọ na-adịghị erigbu ịda ogbenye ha.  Ọnụọgụ ndị dị n'ọrụ ahụ nwere ogologo oge na-ekwubiga okwu ókè na-echetara ndị dị n'ọkpụkpụ ndị Africa. Ọ bụ ezie na ahụ ndị a dị gịrịgịrị nke nwere ọgịrịga a na-ahụ anya, ihe ịrịba ama nke ịda ogbenye a na-agbakwụnye n'ahịrị mara mma nke ọrụ ahụ. Cortor na-ebufe obere ọnụ ụlọ ahụ site n'imezigharị ihe onyonyo a na idowe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'elu nke ọzọ nwere ahịrị echiche na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Usoro ndị a na-ese okwu na-akpalite ọdịnala ndị Afrịka America nke na-aga n'ihu nraranye Cortor n'ịkọwa ịma mma nke omenala ndị ojii. Ahụ anọ ahụ na-emepụta mmegharị anya okirikiri gburugburu ọrụ ahụ. Ahịrị kwụ ọtọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, akwụkwọ mgbidi, na ọkụ nkụ dị iche site na bọọdụ ala diagonal na usoro kwụ ọtọ. Ngwakọta a na-agbagwoju anya echiche nke oghere nke onye na-ekiri ya na-agbakwunye àgwà ntọhapụ na ibe ahụ. Ihe osise a na-egosi ịda ogbenye na-achọghị ọmịiko onye na-ekiri ya ma na-enye isiokwu ya ùgwù na amara. Malite n'afọ ndị 1950, Cortor nwetara n'ike mmụọ nsọ site na ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị Africa. Na ọrụ ndị a, onye nwere ike ịhụ na ọ na-arụ ọrụ karịa na cylindrical, amara na elongated aka. Nke a pụtara ìhè site na eserese Cortor's *Dance Composition No. 31,* nke emepụtara na 1978 dịka akụkụ nke usoro. A na-ahụta ya dị ka ngosipụta nke oge ya na ndị Gullah nọrọ. Na eserese a, ọ na-akpali nkata na ịgba egwu, nke bụ ihe omume abụọ a na-ewere dị mkpa nye ndị Gullah. Ahịrị ndị na-agbagharị agbagharị na ntinye dị nro nke agba dị egwu na-egosi mmetụta mmegharị anya nke ndị na-agba egwu (Bearden 1993: 57).  A na-egosipụta ihu ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe ọkpụkpụ, na-enye ha mmetụta marble n'ime eserese ahụ, na-ezo aka n'ihe osise ndị Africa yana ihe eji achọ mma. A na-ebutekwa ụmụ nwanyị na-akpụ akpụ na mmetụta udo. Nke a na-egosi etu nkata nkata na ịgba egwu si dị ndị Gullah na omenala ha mkpa. Ọrụ a bụ isi ihe atụ nke mkpa ọ dị igosipụta omenala ojii n'ọrụ Cortor. A na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ndị na-akụda omenala ndị a, na ịma mma anụ ahụ ha bụ mgbakwunye nke ịma mma omenala ha.

Ihe atụ ọzọ nke mgbanwe aghụghọ a na ọrụ Cortor bụ ihe osise nke aha ya bụ *Classical Study No. 34* nke e kere na 1968 nakwa akụkụ nke usoro dị iche iche. Na eserese a, nwanyị ahụ na-etinye isi ya n'aka na ihe nnọchianya profaịlụ. Cortor na-eji njirimara ya na-egwuri egwu ma na-eme ka ha dịkwuo ogologo, nke na-enye mmetụta ọkpụkpụ na isiokwu ahụ. Ọ na-eyikwa akwa ịchafụ na-acha uhie uhie, odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ ihe atụ nke ọkọlọtọ Pan-African, bụ nke na-asọpụrụ mgbọrọgwụ Africa. Ihe oyiyi ahụ yikwara ihe ọkpụkpụ mabul oge ochie, bụ́ ndị e ji eme ememe mmadụ n'oge gara aga. Ihe osise a na-anọchite anya ememe ịma mma na ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, mgbe ọ na-ekwusi ike na mgbọrọgwụ Africa ya.

Eldzier Cortor bụ onye ama ama maka mbipụta ya. Abụọ n'ime mbipụta ndị a bụ L'Abbatoire No. III  na L'Abbatoire No.I.  Cortor na-ejikarị usoro obibi akwụkwọ intaglio eme ihe, mana n'ime afọ 1950, ya na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ Japan Jun'ichiro Sekino mere ọtụtụ mbipụta osisi.  Mbipụta ihe mgbochi osisi bụ ụdị mbipụta enyemaka ebe a na-ebipụ naanị akụkụ ndị a na-agaghị ebi ebi. E jiri acid mee L'Abbatoire iji chịkọta atụmatụ na Cortor jiri formaldehyde gbochie ebu ka ọ ghara itolite na ọrụ ahụ.  Ihe abụọ a na-egosipụta nke ọma ụda nke mbipụta ndị a. Okwu French L'Abbatoire na-asụgharị ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-egbu anụ na bekee. A kpaliri ya ime usoro L'Abbatoire site n'ahụmahụ ya na Haiti mgbe ọchịchị aka ike nke François "Papa Doc" Duvalier gburu ọtụtụ ndị enyi ya. O mere ka ihe oyiyi ahụ dabere n'otu ụlọ anụ ndị ọ gara mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ.  The gore bụ ihe atụ nke obi ọjọọ nke mmadụ. N'ile anya nke ọma, ị nwere ike ịhụ ụdọ nko n'ime eserese, yana ọkụ dị n'aka nri nke na-egosi ebe a na-egbu anụ. Mbipụta dị n'aka ekpe na-echetara anụ rere ure ebe ebipụta n'aka nri yiri ka ọ dị ntakịrị ntakịrị. Ekwenyere m na nke a bụ ebumnobi dị ka e mere mbipụta dị n’aka ekpe ihe dị ka afọ iri ka e mesịrị ma na-egosipụta ka ihe omume ahụ siworo na-agbaba n’uche Cortor. N'aka nri ọ dị ka ihe oyiyi mmadụ na-ere ọkụ n'azụ. O kwere omume na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ ihe atụ nke ndị enyi ya. Foto abụọ a gụnyere nkọwa nke ozu na-edoghị anya, na kpọmkwem n'ime L'Abbatoire No. III, ị nwere ike ịhụ ihe dị ka ọgịrịga, okpokoro isi, na ọkpụkpụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche.

## Ihe ngosi na mkpokọta
Cortor gosipụtara na 1938 interracial show "Ihe ngosi na Nchekwa nke Udo na Democracy", nke Chicago Artists' Group kwadoro.  Na 1940 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe ngosi na "Ihe ngosi nke Art nke American Negro" na Chicago.  O nyekwara aka na ihe ngosi 1967 City College of New York "Evolution of Afro-American Artists: 1800 - 1950".  N'afọ 1976, e tinyere ihe osise ya *n'ime* ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County Museum of Art Exhibition " Centuries of Black American Art ", David Driskell chepụtara, bụ nke gara US na 1977.  Ihe ngosi otu 1988 "Master atọ", na New York's Kenkeleba Gallery, gosipụtara ọrụ Cortor n'akụkụ nke Hughie Lee-Smith na Archibald Motley . Michael Brenson, na *New York Times* nyochaa ihe ngosi ahụ, kwupụtara mmasị maka eserese ndụ ka dị ndụ nke Cortor, karịa ihe osise ya nke ndị mmadụ.  Ihe ngosi solo "Eldzier Cortor: Master Printmaker" bụ ihe ngosi na Boston Psychoanalytic Society and Institute na 2002.  Na 2010 ọrụ ya gụnyere na ihe ngosi na Library of Congress,  na nhọrọ nke ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ egosiri na Indiana University Art Museum .   N'afọ 2013, e gosipụtara mbipụta Cortor na ihe ngosi na San Antonio Museum of Art 

A na-eme ọrụ ya na mkpokọta nke Mahadum Howard,  Smithsonian American Art Museum  na Art Institute of Chicago, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. 

## Ihe nrite na mmekọ
* Onye nnata Bertha A. Florsheim ihe nrite Art Institute Chicago, 1945; onye natara William H. Bartels award, 1946, Carnegie Institute award, 1947; Julius Rosenwald ibe, Chicago, 1945–47; John Simon Guggenheim ibe, New York City, 1949–50. 

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

### Monographs

* Bearden, Romare, na Harry Henderson. *A History of African-American Artists: Site na 1792 ruo ugbu a.* New York: Akwụkwọ Pantheon, 1993. 978-0-394-57016-7  pp.&nbsp;272–279.
* Mahadum Bucknell. *Kemgbe Harlem Renaissance 50 Afọ Afro-American Art.* Lewisburg, PA. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Bucknell, 1985. pp.&nbsp;80–82, 119 
* Ọ dị mma, Elsa Honig. *The Afro American Artist: Achọ maka njirimara.* New York: Holt, Rinehart na Winston, 1973. ISBN&nbsp; 
* Gips, Terry, Adrienne L. Childs et al. *Akụkọ banyere nka na njirimara nke Africa American: mkpokọta David C. Driskell.* San Francisco, CA: pọmigranet, 1998. Katalọgụ nke ihe ngosi njem emere na mbụ na Art Gallery nke Mahadum Maryland, College Park, Maryland, Ọktoba 22-Dec. 19, 1998 et al.  
* Jennings, Corrine L. "Eldzier Cortor: The Long Consistent Road." *Nna-ukwu atọ: Eldzier Cortor, Hughie Lee-Smith, Archibald John Motley, Jr.: Mee 22, 1988-Julaị 17, 1988.* New York, NY (214 E. 2nd St., New York 10009): Kenkeleba Gallery, 1988. Katalọgụ ngosi. OCLC&nbsp;19323902
* Powell, Richard J. *Black Art na Culture na 20th Century.* New York, NY: Thames & Hudson, 1997. ISBN&nbsp; 
* Rogers, Denise. *[http://antpac.lib.uci.edu/record=b4388116~S7 Ịghọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii: Eldzier Cortor's visualization nke ahụ nwanyị ojii.]* Ph.D. Thesis/dissertation, Visual Studies University of California, Irvine: 2009. OCLC&nbsp;664275221
* Trachtenberg, Alan. *[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611544726 Ịgụ Foto ndị America: Foto dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme: Mathew Brady na Walker Evans.]* New York: Hill na Wang, 2008. ISBN&nbsp; 

### Akụkọ

* Backer, Matthew, Eldzier Cortor, na Jennifer Heusel. *[http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/6aa/6aa260.htm Mmụọ ojii: Na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ nke Eldzier Cortor.]* Bloomington, IN: IU Art Museum Publications, 2006. Ebipụtara ya na ihe ngosi emere na ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nka nke Mahadum Indiana, Maachị 7 ruo Mee 7, 2006. OCLC&nbsp;123470905
* Dallow, Jessica. " Iweghachite akụkọ ihe mere eme: Betye na Alison Saar, Feminism, na nnọchiteanya nke Nwanyị ojii. " *Ọmụmụ nwanyị.* Vol. 30, Nke 1. (Mmiri 2004): pp.&nbsp;74–113. OCLC&nbsp;671644729  JSTOR 317855
* Farrington, Lisa E. " Na-emeghachi onwe ya: Nwanyị nwanyị gba ọtọ. " *Akwụkwọ akụkọ nka nwanyị.* Vol. 24, Nke 2: (Mgbụsị akwụkwọ, 2003 - oyi, 2004): pp.&nbsp;15–23. OCLC&nbsp;5547916021  JSTOR 1358782

### Onyonyo

* Miller, Wayne. *Chicago's South Side, 1946-1948.* Berkeley: Mahadum California Press bipụtara na mkpakọrịta ya na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Journalism, Center for Photography, Mahadum California, Berkeley, 2000. ISBN&nbsp; 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ Eldzier Cortor na Smithsonian Archives of American Art
* Eldzier Cortor na Smithsonian Institution National Portrait Gallery
* Eldzier Coror na askART
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations