Activin na inhibin

Activin na inhibin bụ ogige protein abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emegide mmetụta ndu. Achọpụtara na 1986, [1] [2] activin na-akwalite biosynthesis FSH na nzuzo, ma na-ekere òkè na nhazi usoro nsọ nwanyị. Achọpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ site na activin, gụnyere ọrụ na mgbasawanye cell, ọdịiche dị iche iche, apoptosis, [3] metabolism, homeostasis, nzaghachi mgbochi, nrụzi ọnya, [4] na ọrụ endocrine. N'aka nke ọzọ, inhibin na-ebelata njikọ FSH ma na-egbochi nzuzo FSH.[5] Achọpụtara ịdị adị nke inhibin dị ka n'oge 1916; Otú ọ dị, egosighi na ọ dị adị ruo mgbe ọrụ Neena Schwartz na Cornelia Channing n'etiti 1970s, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e ji mara protein abụọ ahụ n'ụdị molecular afọ iri ka e mesịrị.

Activin bụ dimer nke nwere akụkụ abụọ yiri ibe ha ma ọ bụ yiri ibe ha. Inhibin bụkwa dimer ebe akụkụ mbụ bụ beta subunit yiri ma ọ bụ yiri beta subunit na activin. Otú ọ dị, n'adịghị ka activin, akụkụ nke abụọ nke inhibin dimer bụ subunit alpha nwere njikọ dị anya. Activin, inhibin na ọtụtụ protein ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ dị ka hormone anti-Müllerian, protein morphogenetic nke ọkpụkpụ, na ihe dị iche iche nke uto bụ nke superfamily protein TGF-β.

## Ọdịdị ya
Ngwakọta protein activin na inhibin bụ akụkụ nke dimeric na nhazi ya, na, na mgbagwoju nke ọ bụla, monomers abụọ na-ejikọta ibe ha site na otu disulfide bond.[1]. Na mgbakwunye, ogige abụọ ahụ sitere n'otu ezinụlọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na protein metụtara mana ha dị iche na nhazi nke subunit ha.[2]. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke ogige inhibin na activin a na-ahụkarị na ihe mejupụtara ha:
 
Alpha na beta subunits nwere ihe dịka 25% nke usoro yiri, ebe ihe yiri n'etiti beta subunites bụ ihe dịka 65%.

N'imE B id="mwSw">A ndị na-enye nwa ara, akọwaala subunits beta anọ, a na-akpọ aC βA, activin βB, activin betaC na activin βE. B id="mwTw">A βA na βB yiri nke abụọ beta subunits nke inhibin. A kọwawo akụkụ nke ise, activin βD, na *Xenopus laevis*. B id="mwVA">A A nke activin βA na-ebute activin A, otu βA, na otu βB na-ebulite activin AB, na ihe ndị ọzọ. A kọwaala heterodimers dị iche iche, mana ọ bụghị ha niile ga-ekwe omume. A na-ejikọta subunits site na otu njikọ covalent disulfide.

SuB A class="cx-link" data-linkid="522" href="./INHBC" id="mwXA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="INHBC">βC nwere ike ịmepụta activin heterodimers na βA ma ọ bụ βB subunits mana enweghị ike iji inhibin α dimerize.

## Ọrụ

### Ihe na-akpali akpali
A na-emepụta activin na gonads, pituitary gland, Placenta, na akụkụ ndị ọzọ:

* Na follicle ovarian, activin na-eme ka njikọ FSH na FSH-induced aromatization dịkwuo elu. Ọ na-ekere òkè na njikọ androgen na-eme ka ọrụ LH dịkwuo mma na Ovary na testi. N'ime nwoke, activin na-eme ka spermatogenesis dịkwuo elu.
* A na-egosipụta activin n'ụzọ siri ike na akpụkpọ ahụ merụrụ ahụ, na ngosipụta gabigara ókè nke activin na epidermis nke òké transgenic na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ ọnyá dịkwuo mma ma na-emeziwanye mmepụta ọnyá. Ọrụ ya na mmezi ọnyá na morphogenesis akpụkpọ ahụ bụ site na ịkpali keratinocytes na mkpụrụ ndụ stromal n'ụzọ dabere na ọgwụ.
* Activin na-achịkwa morphogenesis nke akụkụ ahụ dị iche iche dị ka prostate, akpa ume, na karịsịa akụrụ. Activin A mụbara ọkwa ngosipụta nke ụdị-I collagen na-atụ aro na activin A na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpali Fibroblasts.
* Enweghị activin n'oge mmepe na-ebute nkwarụ mmepe akwara.
* Upregulation nke Activin A na-akpali mkpụrụ ndụ stem pluripotent n'ime akara mesoendodermal, ma si otú a na-enye ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ stem na mmepụta organoid.

### Inhibin
Na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke, inhibin na-egbochi mmepụta FSH. Inhibin anaghị egbochi mmepụta nke GnRH site na hypothalamus.  Otú ọ dị, usoro ahụ dum dị iche n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị:

#### N'ime ụmụ nwanyị
A na-emepụta inhibin na gonads, pituitary gland, Placenta, corpus luteum na akụkụ ndị ọzọ.

FSH na-akpali mmepụta nke inhibin site na mkpụrụ ndụ granulosa nke follicles ovarian na ovaries. N'aka nke ya, inhibin na-egbochi FSH.

* *Inhibin B* na-eru n'elu n'oge mmalite ruo n'etiti follicular, na n'elu nke abụọ na ovulation.
* *Inhibin A* na-eru n'ókè ya n'etiti oge ọgụ.

#### N'ime ụmụ nwoke
It is secreted from the Sertoli cells, located in the seminiferous tubules inside the testes. Androgens stimulate inhibin production; this protein may also help to locally regulate spermatogenesis.

## Usoro nke ọrụ

### Ihe na-akpali akpali
Dị ka ndị ọzọ so n'ezinụlọ ahụ, activins na-emekọrịta ihe na ụdị abụọ nke ndị na-anabata transmembrane n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ (Ụdị I na II) nke nwere ọrụ serine / threonine kinase intrinsic na ngalaba cytoplasmic ha:

* Activin ụdị 1 receptors: ACVR1, ACVR1B, ACVR1C
* Ndị na-anabata ụdị 2 nke Activin: ACVR2A, ACVR2B

Activin na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata Ụdị II ma malite mmeghachi omume cascade nke na-eduga na recruitment, phosphorylation, na ịrụ ọrụ nke onye na-anata ụdị I activin. Nke a na-emekọrịta ihe na phosphorylates SMAD na SMAD3, abụọ n'ime protein SMAD cytoplasmic.

Smad3 na-agagharị na nucleus ma na-emekọrịta ihe na SMAD4 site na multimerization, na-akpata mgbanwe ha dị ka ihe mgbagwoju anya nke transcription na-ahụ maka ngosipụta nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

### Inhibin
N'adịghị ka activin, a maghị ihe dị ukwuu banyere usoro ọrụ nke inhibin, mana ọ nwere ike ịgụnye ịsọ mpi na activin maka ijikọta na ndị na-anabata activin na / ma ọ bụ ijikọta ya na ndị na'anabata inhibin.

## Ihe ọ pụtara n'ihe gbasara ahụike

### Ihe na-akpali akpali
Activin A dị ọtụtụ n'ime abụba abụba nke ndị buru oke ibu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-adịghị ike. Activin A na-akwalite mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ nna adipocyte, ka ọ na-egbochi ọdịiche ha n'ime adipocytes. Activin A na-amụba cytokines inflammatory na macrophages.

mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka onye na-anabata activin ACVR1 na-ebute fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, ọrịa na-egbu egbu nke na-eme ka uru ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya anụ ahụ ọkpụkpụ. A na-akọwa ọnọdụ a site n'ịmepụta ọkpụkpụ ọzọ nke na-emepụta immobilization na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ site na iku ume. Mgbanwe na ACVR1 na-akpata activin A, nke na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-emegide onye na-anabata ma na-egbochi osteogenesis (ọkpụkpụ uto), iji mee ka onye na'ahụ maka onye na-anata ya ma mee ka ọkpụkpụ na-eto eto. Na 2 Septemba 2015, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals kwupụtara na ha mepụtara ihe na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ maka activin A nke na-agwọ ọrịa ahụ n'ụzọ dị irè na ihe nlereanya anụmanụ nke ọnọdụ ahụ.

A na-ejikọkwa mgbanwe na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ACVR1 na ọrịa kansa, ọkachasị diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG).

Ọnọdụ dị elu nke Activin B na ọkwa Activin A dị mma nyere ihe na-egosi ihe ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọrịa myalgic encephalomyelitis / ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala.

Activin A na-egosipụta oke n'ọtụtụ ọrịa kansa. E gosipụtara na ọ na-akwalite tumorigenesis site na igbochi mmeghachi omume mgbochi tumor na melanoma.

### Inhibin
Nkọwa nke inhibin A bụ akụkụ nke ihe nyocha quad tupu a mụọ nwa nke enwere ike inye n'oge ime n'oge afọ ime nke izu 16-18. Inhibin A dị elu (yana beta-hCG dị elu, AFP belatara, na estriol belatara) na-egosi ọnụnọ nke nwa e bu n'afọ nwere Ọrịa Down. Dị ka ule nyocha, a ghaghị ịgbaso nsonaazụ nyocha quad na-adịghị mma na nyocha ndị ọzọ doro anya.

A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi Ọrịa kansa ovarian.

Enwere ike iji Inhibin B mee ihe dị ka akara nke ọrụ spermatogenesis na enweghị ọmụmụ nwoke. Ọkwa ọbara inhibin B dị elu nke ukwuu n'etiti ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ime (ihe dị ka 140 pg/mL) karịa na ụmụ nwoke na-amụghị nwa (ihe dị ka 80 pg/ml).[1] N'ime ndị ikom nwere azoospermia, nyocha dị mma maka inhibin B na-ebuli ohere iji nweta afọ ime nke ọma site na mmịpụta sperm testicular (TESE), ọ bụ ezie na njikọ ahụ adịchaghị mkpa, na-enwe mmetụta nke 0.65 (95% oge ntụkwasị obi [CI]: 0.56 -0.74) na nkọwapụta nke 0.83 (CI: 0.64-0.93) maka amụma ọnụnọ nke spam na testes na azoospermia na-abụghị obstructive..

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