Robert Broom

**Robert Broom** FRS FRSE (30 Nọvemba 1866 - 6 Eprel 1951) bụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka ahụike na steingerving na Britain na South Africa. Ọ ruru eru dị ka onye dọkịta na 1895 wee nata DSc ya na 1905 site na Mahadum Glasgow.  

Site na 1903 ruo 1910, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke anụmanụ na geology na Victoria College, Stellenbosch, South Africa, ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-elekọta paleontology na South Africa Museum, Cape Town.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Broom na 66 Back Sneddon Street na Renfrewshire" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, nwa John Broom, onye na-emepụta ihe osise calico na Paisleys shawls, na Agnes Hunter Shearer.

N'afọ 1893, ọ lụrụ Mary Baird Baillie, onye ọ hụrụ n'anya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.

N'ọmụmụ ọgwụ ya na Mahadum Glasgow, Broom bụ ọkachamara na obstetrics. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1895 ọ gara Australia, na-akwado onwe ya site n'ịgwọ ọrịa. Ọ biri na South Africa na 1897,  obere oge tupu Agha Ndịda Afrịka amalite. Site na 1903 ruo 1910, ọ bụ prọfesọ nke Zoology and Geology na Victoria College, Stellenbosch (nke mechara bụrụ Mahadum Stellenbosch), mana a manyere ya ịpụ n'ọkwa a maka ịkwalite nkwenye na evolushọn. O hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ na mpaghara Karoo nke South Africa, ebe jupụtara na ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa. Dabere na ọmụmụ ihe ya na-aga n'ihu na ihe ndị a na-agwọ ọrịa anụmanụ, e mere ya onye otu Royal Society na 1920. Mgbe achọpụtachara nwa Taung, ọ malitere ịchọ ndị nna nna mmadụ ma malite ọrụ na ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya site n'ọgba dolomite dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Johannesburg, ọkachasị Sterkfontein Cave (nke bụzi akụkụ nke Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke Ebe Ihe Nketa nke Ụmụ Mmadụ). Na mgbakwunye na ịkọwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa anụmanụ site n'ọgba ndị a, o chọpụtara ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji agwọ ọrịa anụmanụ, nke kachasị zuru oke bụ okpokoro isi nke australopithecine, nke a na-akpọ Oriakụ Ples, na ọkpụkpụ akụkụ nke gosiri na australopithecines na-eje ije kwụ ọtọ.

Broom nwụrụ na Pretoria, South Africa na 1951.

## Onyinye
A maara Broom nke ọma maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọgwụgwọ ndị na-agwọ ọrịa. Mgbe Raymond Dart chọpụtara Taung Child, nwa ọhụrụ australopithecine, mmasị Broom nwere na nkà mmụta ihe banyere ọdịdị ala mụbara. Ọrụ Broom yiri ka ọ kwụsịrị, ọ na-adaba n'ịda ogbenye, mgbe Dart degaara Jan Smuts akwụkwọ gbasara ọnọdụ ahụ. Smuts, ndị na-etinye nrụgide n'ahụ gọọmentị South Africa, nwetara ọkwa maka Broom na 1934 ya na ndị ọrụ nke Transvaal Museum na Pretoria dịka onye enyemaka na Palaeontology.

A kọwawo Broom dị ka "otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Karoo (na, karịsịa, therapsid)", ebe o nwere ike ịkọwa ụdị holotypes therapsid 369 n'oge ndụ ya, nke o kwuru na ọ bụ ụdị ọhụrụ 168. A maara Broom dị ka "onye na-ekewapụ" nke mere ka a ka na-ewere naanị ihe dị ka 57% nke holotypes ya dị irè ruo 2003.

N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ya na John T. Robinson mere ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị egwu, gụnyere iberibe sitere na hominins isii dị na Sterkfontein, nke ha kpọrọ Plesianthropus transvaalensis, nke a na-akpọ Oriakụ Ples, mana nke e mechara kpọọ Australopithecus africanus okenye, yana nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na ebe ndị dị na Kromdraai na Swartkrans. Na 1937, Broom mere nchọpụta ya kachasị ama, site n'ịkọwapụta ụdị hominin siri ike nke Paranthropus site na nchọpụta ya nke Paranthropus robustus. Nchọpụta ndị a nyere aka kwado nkwupụta Dart maka ụdị Taung.

Maka mpịakọta ya, The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae, ebe ọ tụụrụ aro Australopitecinae subfamily, e nyere Broom Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal site na National Academy of Sciences na 1946. 

Ihe fọdụrụ n'ọrụ Broom lekwasịrị anya na nyocha nke saịtị ndị a na nkọwa nke ọtụtụ ihe ndị fọdụrụ na hominin mbụ a chọtara n'ebe ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ ruo ọgwụgwụ. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya, o dechara akwụkwọ edemede banyere Australopithecines ma gwa nwa nwanne ya nwoke:

:: "Ugbu a nke ahụ agwụla ... ya mere mụ onwe m. "

## Ọganihu Mmụọ
Broom bụ onye na-ekwenyeghị na ya ma nwee mmasị miri emi na paranormal na ime mmụọ; ọ bụ onye nkatọ nke Darwinism na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya. Broom bụ onye kwenyere na evolushọn ime mmụọ. N'akwụkwọ ya The Coming of Man: Was it Accident or Design?  (1933) o kwuru na "ụlọ ọrụ ime mmụọ" duziri evolushọn dịka ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi dị mgbagwoju anya nke ukwuu ka ha wee pụta na mberede. Dị ka Broom si kwuo, e nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ụdị ike ime mmụọ abụọ dị iche iche, ndị mmụọ nwere ike ịhụ ha. Broom kwuru na e nwere atụmatụ na ebumnuche na evolushọn nakwa na mmalite nke *[[Madụ̀|Homo sapiens]]* bụ ebumnuche kachasị n'azụ evolushọn. Dị ka Broom si kwuo "Ọtụtụ evolushọn dị ka a ga-asị na a haziri ya ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ, na anụmanụ na osisi ndị ọzọ iji mee ka ụwa bụrụ ebe kwesịrị ekwesị maka ya ibi".

Mgbe ọ chọtara okpokoro isi nke Mrs. Ples, a jụrụ Broom ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gwupụtara na mberede, Broom zara na mmụọ gwara ya ebe ọ ga-achọta ihe ọ chọpụtara.

## Nnyocha banyere ndị Khoisan
Broom nwere mmasị dị ịrịba ama n'ebe Ndị Khoisan nọ, nke gụnyere ịnakọta ozu ha, gụnyere nke ndị nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, yana igwu ili ochie. Broom malitere ịnakọta ozu mmadụ nke oge a na 1897, obere oge ka ọ kwagara South Africa. N'afọ ahụ, ọ chịkọtara ozu ndị agadi "Hottentot" atọ nwụrụ gburugburu Port Nolloth mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo gasịrị na mpaghara ahụ. Broom kwuru na ya "na-egbupụ isi ha ma sie ha n'ime ite paraffin na stovu kichin". E mechara zigara okpokoro isi ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke Mahadum Edinburgh,  n'akụkụ nwa e bu n'afọ dị ọnwa asaa, nke Broom wepụrụ ụbụrụ nke o chebere iche. Broom nwetakwara ozu ndị mkpọrọ nwụrụ anwụ, na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na onye mkpọrọ anwụọ ma ịchọrọ ọkpụkpụ ya, ma eleghị anya iwu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ guzo n'ụzọ, mana onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi anaghị echegbu onwe ya maka iwu ndị dị otú ahụ. " Broom kwuru na o liri ọtụtụ ozu n'ogige ya na-enye ha ohere ire ure tupu ha emesịa weghachite ọkpụkpụ ha. Ndị a gụnyere ozu ndị ikom abụọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Douglas: Andreas Links, onye dị afọ iri na asatọ ! Nwoke Ora, (nke edepụtara dị ka MMK 264), yana "bushman" a na-akpọghị aha nke sitere na Langeberg (nke edeputara dị ka MMM 283), onye e sere foto mgbe ọ dị ndụ na arịrịọ Broom, n'agbanyeghị na nke a megidere iwu. A gbakwunyere ọkpụkpụ nke ndị ikom abụọ ahụ na nchịkọta nke McGregor Museum na 1921. 

Broom kọwara ndị Khoisan dị ka "agbụrụ mebiri emebi" na "agbanyụ mebiri emebe", na-eche na 1907 na ha sitere na "agbamume nke wuru Pyramids" na "Mongoloids", mana ha "mebiri emebi' n'ihi ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke South Africa. N'ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, o kewara ndị Khoisan n'ime agbụrụ atọ, ndị Bushmen, Hottentot na Korana, dabere na ọdịiche dị iche iche,  na ụdị ụdị nke agbụrụ Korana bụ ọkpụkpụ nke Links.  Ndị ọzọ na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ n'oge a jụrụ atụmatụ nkewa a, ọkachasị agbụrụ Korana. Broom mechara kwuo na ya "mepụtara Korana". A na-emebi atụmatụ nkewa agbụrụ niile taa, n'ihi na ọ dabere na njirimara na-edoghị anya, na-eme ka nkewa siri ike bụrụ nke aka ike. Anatomist Goran Štrkalj dere na: "O doro anya na ọrụ anthropological nke Broom bụ ... mmetụta nke echiche agbụrụ na ajọ mbunobi nke ụbọchị ahụ".

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
thumb|Bust nke Robert Broom na Mrs. Ples
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ncheta dị n'ọgba Sterkfontein
N'etiti ọtụtụ narị isiokwu o nyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, ndị kachasị mkpa gụnyere:

* "Fossil Reptiles of South Africa" na *Sayensị na South Africa* (1905) 
* "Anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke Karroo Formation" na Geology of Cape Colony (1909) 
* "Ọganihu na ọdịdị nke Marsupial Shoulder Girdle" na Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1899) 
* "Ntụnyere nke anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ nke Permian nke North America na ndị nke South Africa" na Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (1910) 
* "Structure of Skull in Cynodont Reptiles" na Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society (1911).
* The South Africa Fossil Ape-Men, The Australopithecinae (1946).

**Akwụkwọ**

* Mmalite nke ọkpụkpụ mmadụ: mmeghe maka osteology mmadụ (1930) 
* Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ yiri anụ na-enye nwa ara nke South Africa na mmalite nke anụ na-enyara nwa ara (1932) 
* *Ọbịbịa nke mmadụ: ọ bụ ihe mberede ma ọ bụ imewe?* (1933)
* Anụmanụ a chọtara n'ala South Africa: Australopithecinae (1946) 
* Sterkfontein ape-man Plesianthropus (1949) 
* *Ịchọta njikọ furu efu* (1950) 

## Ihe Nketa
A na-eme ncheta Robert Broom n'aha sayensị nke ụdị agwọ kpuru ìsì Australia, Anilios broomi, [1] Triassic archosauromorph reptile Prolacerta broomi, rhinesuchid amphibian Broomistega, Permian dicynodont Robertia broomiana na millerettid Broomia na aloe osisi Aloe.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ebe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala * (nke nwere ndepụta njikọ) * 
* Ndepụta nke fossils hominin * (nke nwere ihe oyiyi) * 
* Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research
* John Talbot Robinson, onye nchọpụta nke Mrs Ples.
* Òtù Ndị Archaeological nke Pan-Afrịka

## Ihe edeturu na ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ ndụ: Robert Broom, TalkOrigins ArchiveEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie TalkOrigins
* Robert Broom: A Short Bibliography of his Evolutionary Works, MPRInstitute.org site.
* British metaphysics dị ka egosiri na Robert Broom's evolutionary theory, nsụgharị nke edemede nke Václav Petr bipụtara na Bulletin of the Czech Geological Survey, 75 (1): 73-85. Praha 2000. Ihe odide na foto gosipụtara n'ozuzu ya na saịtị MPRInstitute.org.

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations