open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Usoro Nkwurịta Okwu Ụwa Nile

Global Telecommunication System (**GTS**) bụ netwọk nkwukọrịta dị nchebe nké na-eme ka mgbanwe ógè nke data ihu igwe site na ọdụ ihu igwe, satellites na ébé amụma ihu igwe, na-enye amụma ihu igwe dị oke egwu, ịdọ áká ná ntị, na ịdọ áká na ntị. Ọ bụ World Meteorological Organization guzobere ya n'afọ 1951 n'okpuru mmemme World Weather Watch màkà mgbanwe n'efu na nke na-emeghe nkè ozi ihu igwe.

GTS nwèrè netwọk jikọtara ọnụ nke sekit site n'otu isi gaa n'otu, na sekit dị ichè íchè nke jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta ihu igwe. Okporo ụzọ nke GTS nwèrè njikọta nke njikọ nkwukọrịta ala na satellite. Ha na-agụnye sekit site n'otu isi gaa n'otu, sekit site na ọtụtụ isi màkà nkesa data, sekit dị ichè iché site na isi ruo n'isi màkà nchịkọta data, ya na sekit abụọ nwèrè ọtụtụ isi. Meteorological Telecommunication Centres na-ahụ màkà ịnata data ma na-eziga ya na GTS circuit. A na-ahazi GTS na ọkwa atọ:

* Main Telecommunication Network (MTN)
* Regional Meteorological Telecommunication Networks (RMTNs)
* National Meteorological Telecommunication Networks (NMTNs)

A na-ejikọta nchịkọta data na / ma ọ bụ usoro nkesa data na GTS dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke ọkwa ụwa, mpaghara na mba nké GTS. Usoro nchịkọta data na-arụ ọrụ site na geostationary ma ọ bụ nke dị nso na mbara igwe na-agba gbụrụ-gbúrụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé ebe obibi, gụnyere Argos System, a na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe màkà nchịkọta data site na ikpo okwu nchịkọta data. A na-anakọta data mmiri site na International Maritime Mobile Service na Inmarsat satellites.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
WMO (2013) *Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na Global Telecommunications System* WMO mbipụta 386 E debere ya  Wayback Machine  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Global Telecommunication System nke WMO
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ GTS nke WMO
GME nke Deutscher Wetterdienst

**GME** (Globales Modell) bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile nke na-arụ n'ọrụ site na Deutscher Wetterdienst, ọrụ ihu igwe nke mba Germany. A na-agba ihe nlereanya ahụ site na iji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu grid icosahedral-hexagonal. Usoro GME grid point zere ọghọm nke usoro spectral yana nsogbụ pole na latitude longituditude grids ma na-enye usoro data dabara nke ọma màkà ịrụ ọrụ dị elu na kọmputa ndị na-ekesa ebe nchekwa. GME nọchiri ụdị abụọ gara-aga (GM na EM), ma bụrụ nké izizi n'ubochi mbu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1999.

## Ụzọ e si eme ya
A ga-eji usoro GME na grid zuru ụwa ọnụ mee ihe site nà Flow-following, finite-volume Icosahedral Model (FIM), ihe nlereanya nnwale na-eme ugbua na United States.

E ji ụdị ICON (Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic) dochie GME n'ubochi irí abụọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2015. ICON na-eji otu usoro icosahedral, mànà o nwèrè mkpebi dị elu na kilomita iri na atọ. Ébé nrụọrụ weebụ dị íchè íchè na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-ekesa data nlereanya ICON, gụnyere Tropical Tidbits na Windy.

## Edensibia
GrADS

Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) bụ ngwá ọrụ desktọọpụ na-emekọrịta ihe nke a na-eji màkà ịnweta, njikwa, na ịhụ **ihe** ọmụma nkè data sayensị ụwa. Usoro nkè data nwèrè ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ binary, GRIB, NetCDF, ma ọ bụ HDF-SDS (Scientific Data Sets). E mejuputala GrADS n'ụwa niile na sistemụ arụmọrụ dị íchè ichè a na-ejikarị eme ihe ma na-ekesa ya n'efu na Ịntanetị.

GrADS na-eji gbụrụ-gbúrụ data 4-Dimensional: longitude, latitude, ọkwa kwụ ọtọ, na ógè. A na-etinye data n'ime oghere 4-D site na iji faịlụ nkọwa data. GrADS na-akọwa data ọdụ ya na data gridded, na grid nwèrè ike ịbụ ógè niile, nke na-abụghị nke dị n'usoro, Gaussian, ma ọ bụ nke mkpebi dị iche iche. Enwèrè ike ikpuchi data sitere na data dị íchè íchè, na ndebanye aha oghere na ógè ziri ezi. Ọ na-eji usoro *ctl* sonye na usoro data dị íchè íchè. A na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ mmekọrịta site na itinye okwu yiri FORTRAN na akara iwu. A na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị e wuru n'ime, mànà ndị ọrụ nwekwara ike ịgbakwunye ọrụ nke ha dị ka usoro mpụga edere na asụsụ mmemme ọ bụla.

Enwèrè ike igosi data site na iji usoro eserese dịgasị iché ichè: akara na mmanya eserese, eserese na-agbasa, contours dị nro, contours shaded, streamlines, wind vectors, grid boxes, grid bocks, shaded grid boxes. Graphics nwere ike ịpụta na PostScript ma ọ bụ usoro ihe oyiyi. GrADS na-enye ọdịdị ọdịdị ọdịiche nke ọdịdị ala, mànà ónyé ọrụ nwèrè nhọrọ ịchịkwa akụkụ niile nke mmepụta eserese.

GrADS nwèrè interface a na-eme atụmatụ (asụsụ edemede) nké na-enye ohere màkà nyocha dị mgbagwoju anya na ngwa ngosi.  Ihe odide nwéré ike igosi bọtịnụ ma wepụ menus yana ndị na-ese onyinyo, wee mee ihe dabere na akara na ịpị onye ọrụ. Enwèrè ike ịgba ọsọ GrADS n'ọnọdụ batch, na asụsụ édémédé na-eme ka ọ dị mfe iji GrADS rụọ ọrụ batch ogologo ógè. Ka ọ na-erule mbipute 2.2.0, a na-ejikwa ngosipụta na mbipụta ugbu a dị ka plug-ins onwé ha. E webatara mgbatị C-asụsụ Python màkà GrADS a na-akpọ GradsPy na mbipute 2.2.1.

## Hụkwa

* Ngwá Ọrụ Nnyocha Ihe Ọmụma Ihu igwe
* Giovanni (ihe gbasara ihu igwe)
* IDL (asụsụ mmemme) na GNU Data Language
* MATLAB na GNU Octave
* Asụsụ Iwu NCAR

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ GrADS
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ OpenGrADS
* HiGrads - Ọbá akwụkwọ ọrụ edemede GrADS maka ijikwa subplots na chaatị
Grasshopper (robot weather station)

thumb|Ndị US Navy na-eme mgbanwe na Grasshopper na Antarctica
**Grasshopper** bụ ọrụ nkè United States Air Force na United States Navy iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe robot a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke parachute si n'ụgbọ elu dị ányá na mmalite afọ 1950. E mèrè Grasshopper ka e jiri parachute tinye ya n'ókèala ndị iro na redio weghachite ozi ihu igwe màkà mwakpo ikuku.

Site na USAF Grasshopper mgbè a tụpụrụ ya site na ụgbọ elu dị ányá, obere bọmbụ na-agbawa agbawa na-agbanyụ parachute mgbè ọ kụrụ n'ala. Mgbè ógè a họọrọ, bọmbụ nke abụọ ga-agbasa ụkwụ nke otu ahụ mgbè ọ na-edozi ya n'ala. N'ikpeazụ, ụgwọ nke atọ na-agbawa agbawa ga-agbatị antenna ma mee ka otu ahụ dị njikere ịmalite ịtụle ihu igwe, na-agbasa ha ugboro atọ n'ụbọchị na ógè ahọpụtara (ka ụgbọelu ndị ọzọ wee nwee ike iburu mgbaàmà dị mkpirikpi). Akụkọ kwukwara na enwere ike iji Grasshopper mee ihe iji duzie ụgbọ elu na-alụ ọgụ na elekere dị n'ime màkà ógè ụgbọ elu ahụ ga-eru nso ébé a chọrọ.

## Edensibia

* "Grasshopper" Spies On The Enemy" , June 1951, Popular Science the USAF development, na otu n'ime isiokwu ole na ole a maara na isiokwu ahụ na foto ndị dị oke ụkọ
* "Air Dropped Robot Broadcast Weather" , Jenụwarị 1956, Popular Mechanics US Navy mepụtara Grasshopper, gbanwere maka nyocha Antarctic
Oké Iju Mmiri nke 1771

thumb|250x250px|Àkwà mmiri Corbridge (e wuru na 1674), naanị àkwà mmiri dị n'Osimiri Tyne nke lanarịrị Oké Iju Mmiri nke 1771
Nnukwu Iju Mmiri nkè afọ 1771 metụtara ọtụtụ osimiri, gụnyere Tyne, Tees, Wear na Eden na ébé obibi gafee n'ebe ugwu England site n'ubochi irí na isii nakwa irí na asaá n'ọnwa Nọvemba 1771. Ihe kpatara ya bụ mbuze na mberede nke ice n'elu Teesdale, igwe ojii gbawara na Pennines na ógè mmiri ozuzo na-aga n'ihu.

N'Osimiri Tyne na Newcastle n'elu Tyne ogidi etiti na abụọ n'ime ogidi ndị dị nso n'akụkụ Gateshead dara n'isi ụtụtụ  ụbọchị iri na asaá n'ọnwa Nọvemba. Dị ka ọtụtụ àkwà mmiri nkè ógè ahụ, e nwèrè ụlọ na ụlọ ahịa na àkwà ifufe ahụ."Great Flood of 1771". University of Newcastle. Retrieved 22 February 2021.  N'elu mmiri, e bibiri ọtụtụ n'ime obodo Styford dị n'akụkụ ugwu.  N'ozuzu, mmadụ iri abụọ na ise nwụrụ na àkwà mmiri iri na atọ ma ọ bụ iri na anọ, gụnyere Hexham Bridge, mebiri na North, South na isi osimiri Tyne.

N'osimiri Wear n'obodo Durham, e bibiri arches atọ nkè Elvet Bridge, na Prebends Bridge nke afọ 1574 ka e kpochapụrụ."Great Flood of 1771". University of Newcastle. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'osimiri, ụlọ ọrụ ọka nké obodo ahụ mebiri nkè ukwuu ma chọọ ka e wughachi ya.

N'osimiri Tees, ihe igwe ihe na ụlọ furu efu, a kọkwara na osimiri ahụ dị kilomita 0.5 (0.8 ) n'obosara na Low Coniscliffe."Great Flood of 1771". University of Newcastle. Retrieved 22 February 2021. Yarm bụ otu n'ime ébé kachasị njọ, ébé osimiri ahụ gbawara n'akụkụ ya n'ọtụtụ ébé.  Mmiri dị mita 6.1 kpuchiri akụkụ ụfọdụ nkè High Street."The Great Flood of Yarm - 1771". Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council. Retrieved 22 February 2021.  Dị ka akụkọ si kwuo, Yarm dum dị n'okpuru mmiri, ụlọ ọ bụla metụtara, ụlọ isii mebiri ma hapụ ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ha ghara ibi. A na-asa mmiri na Shambles ma mebie nnukwu ụlọ ụka obodo ahụ. Mmadụ itoolu n'ime ndị obodo ahụ nwụkwara.

N'ébé ọdịda anyanwụ, Osimiri Eden bilitere ma metụta Carlisle na Botcherby Mill, na-ekpuchi ụlọ ụka ahụ. dị ka Solway Moss, na-eme ka ugbo na ébé obibi dị n'ógbè ahụ jupụta.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Oké Ifufe nke 1824

**Oké Ifufe nkè 1824** (ma ọ bụ Great Gale) bụ ajọ ifufe na **oké ifufe** nke metụtara ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda England site n'ubochi irí abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba 1824.

Na Sidmouth, mmiri rikpuru ụlọ ndị dị ala n'akụkụ Esplanade, ụlọ ndị dị na njedebe ọdịda anyanwụ mebiri.  E bibiri ihe dị n'oké osimiri dị mita iri na abụọ na Chit Rock.

O bibiri esplanade na Weymouth; ọ gbawara Chesil Beach na Fleet Lagoon, ọ fọrọ nkè nta ka ọ bibie obodo Fleet na Chiswell.
Na Lyme Regis ọ nọ n'elu Cobb, ma bibie ihe dị ka mita iri itoolu nkè ogologo ya.

Ụgbọ mmiri dị n'etiti Isle nkè Portland nà isi ala ahụ kpochapụrụ.

E meriri ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Weymouth na ọtụtụ ihe onwunwe dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri na ọtụtụ n'ime akụkụ ala nké obodo ahụ jupụtara na iju mmiri ahụ. Ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ọnụ ụzọ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ mebiri nkè ukwuu, ébé ebili mmiri na-eburu ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri n'okporo ámá, ébé ha na-agagharị n'enweghị enyemaka.

## Edensibia
Ebe Nnyocha N'ụsọ Oké Osimiri Anheuser Bouch

↵Anheuser – Busch Coastal Research Center bụ ọdụ ọdụ ndụ ndụ dị na Oyster, Virginia nke Mahadum Virginia na-arụ.  Ọ bụ onye otu na Organisation of Biological Field Stations (OBFS).  Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ebe nyocha maka Mmemme Nchọpụta Ihe Ecological Ogologo Ogologo Oge Virginia Coast Reserve.  Ụlọ nyocha na ebe obibi ọhụrụ $2.5 ka ewepụtara na Ọgọst 26, 2006.

Ebe a dị n'ime Virginia Coast Reserve, ebe nchekwa biosphere nke Nature Conservancy na-arụ ọrụ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists

**American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists** bụ òtù ọkachamara maka parasitology anụmanụ. N'agbanyeghị aha ahụ, ọ na-ejere United States na Canada ozi na obere ụwa dum. AAVP na-ejikọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa anụmanụ na ibe ha ma na-enye ndụmọdụ maka nyocha na ụzọ omume.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ
Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ mmepe ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ AAVP na-ebipụta:

* Anụmanụ Parasitology na Elsevier

## Edensibia
Haar (fog)

thumb|Haar na-abanye na Firth nke Forth, na-ekpuchi Forth Bridge.
thumb|Haar na-agafe n'elu Àkwà Mmiri Forth
Na ihu igwe, **haar** ma ọ bụ sea fret bụ alụlụ oyi nkè oké osimiri.  Ọ na-emekarị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nké Great Britain n'etiti ọnwa Eprel na Septemba, mgbè ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-agafe Oké Osimiri North oyi. A makwaara ókwú ahụ dị ka harr, hare, harl, har na hoar.

## Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya
A na-emepụta Haar n'elu oké osimiri ma ifufe na-ebugharị ya n'ala. Nké a na-emekarị mgbè ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi n'elu Oké Osimiri North nké dị jụụ na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ikuku na-agbakọta, na-emepụta haar.

Ifufe mmiri na ifufe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-eweta haar n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa Anyanwụ Scotland na North-East England ébé ọ nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ kilomita n'ime ala.  Nke a nwèrè ike ịbụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ọkọchị UK mgbè okpomọkụ nke ala na-emepụta ikuku oké osimiri, na-eweta haar site n'oké osimiri ma n'ihi ya nwéré ike belata okpomọkụ dị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị dị naanị kilomita ole na ole n'ime ala.

## Nomenclature
A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ *haar* mee ihe n'akụkụ ala ụfọdụ dị n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri North, karịsịa n'ébé ọwụwa anyanwụ Scotland na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa Anyanwụ England. Ụdị dị íchè íchè nkè ókwú ahụ na Scots na Northern English gụnyere har, hare, harl, harr na hoar. Mmalite ya nwèrè njikọ na Middle Dutch haren, na-ezo aka n'ikuku oyi, nké dị nkọ. Na Yorkshire na Northumberland a na-akpọkarị ya fret mmiri.

## Edensibia
HadGEM1

**HadGEM1** (mbido màkà *Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model*, version 1) bụ ihe nlereanya ihu igwe jikọtara ọnụ nkè e mepụtara na Met Office Tian Hadley Centre n'afọ 2006 ma jiri ya mee ihe na IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on climate change. Ọ na-anọchite ányá ọganihu sayensị dị ịrịba ama na ónyé bu ya ụzọ, HadCM3. HadGEM1 na-enyekwa ihe ndabere màkà mmepe nké ụdị, ọkachasị na-agụnye mkpebi ka mmá na nhazi zuru oke nke usoro ụwa.

Ụdị nké ugbu a bụ HadGEM3.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007): Model UKMO-HADGEM1, mgbanwe ngalaba
Hector (igwe ojii)

thumb|Hector lere anya site na Stokes Hill Wharf na Darwin na-ele anya n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ n'ebe dị anya nke ihe dị ka  80 (50 mi)
**Hector** bụ ụyọkọ égbè eluigwe cumulonimbus nké na-eme mgbè niile ihe fọrọ nkè nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ehihie ọ bụla na Tiwi Islands na Northern Territory nke Australia, site na ihe dịka n'ọnwa Septemba ruo Machị kwa afọ. A maara Hector, ma ọ bụ mgbé ụfọdụ "Hector the Convector", dị kà otu n'ime nnukwu égbè eluigwe kachasị n'ụwa; kpọmkwem, obere usoro convective mesoscale (MCS) ma ọ bụ nnukwu égbè mmírí nké nwéré ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ na-eru ihe dị ka kilomita iri abụo (ukwu puku iri isii na isii ).

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb|Hector si Gunn Point, Northern Territory
Ndị na-anya ụgbọelu na-akpọ ya n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọnọdụ nke égbè eluigwe ahụ mèrè ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi màkà ndị na-anya mmírí na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe a na-eme na mesoscale, Hector na-esite na mgbagwoju ányà nkè ọtụtụ ókèala ikuku nkè oké osimiri gafee agwaetiti Tiwi ma márá ya màkà ịdị n'otu na ike ya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọkụ ọkụ na ọsọ ọsọ bụ akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nkè égbè eluigwe a ma n'oge afọ 1990s *National Geographic* bipụtara nyocha zuru oke nke oké ifufe ahụ na foto nke osisi mebiri emebi na nkọwa nke ọsọ ọsọ na ntinye áká na ihe omume tornadic. [citation needed] Ọdịdị nke ihe omume ahụ sitere na ọnọdụ ikuku na-eme ugboro ugboro n'ihi oké osimiri na n'ihi ọdịdị ala, na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ebe obibi dị n'okpuru ya bụ microclimate pụrụ iche (nke bụ  a na-ahụkarị na agwaetiti ndị dị mkpa na-egosipụta ọnọdụ dị mkpa). 

Kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1980s, mgbagwoju ányà nke égbè eluigwe abụwo isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihu igwe, ọtụtụ na-elekwasị ányà na Hector n'onwe ya, kamakwa na-eji ịdị n'otu nkè mkpụrụ ndụ oké ifufe iji mụọ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke égbè mmiri, àmụ̀mà, ókè ikuku, na mmetụta mmírí na ala na ikuku.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ụdị igwe ojii
* Igwe ojii nke Ebube Ụtụtụ
* Lightning nke Catatumbo

## Edensibia
Ịdọ aka ná ntị snow siri ike

Ịdọ áká ná ntị snow siri ike bụ nkwupụta ihu igwe dị ize ndụ nkè ụlọ ọrụ Weather Forecast Offices nkè National Weather Service (NWS) na United States wepụtara nké na-egosi na nnukwu snow na-ada ma ọ bụ na-atụ ányà na ọ ga-eme.  N'ozuzu, a na-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị màkà snow na-ada nke sentimita isii (sentimita iri na isé ) ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime awa irí abụọ, ma ọ bụ sentimita asatọ (irí abụọ ) maọ bụ karịa n"ime awa irí abụọ na anọ.

A kwụsịrị ịdọ aka ná ntị a malite na ógè oké ifufe oyi nkè afọ 2008 na 1909, jiri ịdọ akaebe oké ifufe n'oge oyi dochie ya màkà nnukwu snow.

Na Canada, Environment Canada nyèrè ịdọ áká ná ntị yiri nke ahụ site na Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC).

## Ihe Nlereanya nke Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị nke Oké Snow

```
URGENT - WINTER WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE FAIRBANKS AK
221 PM AST SUN DEC 9 2007

.A STORM SYSTEM MOVING NORTH OVER THE CENTRAL BERING SEA WILL MOVE
TO SOUTHWEST OF SAINT LAWRENCE ISLAND MONDAY AFTERNOON. THE STORM
WILL BRING SNOW AND EAST WINDS OF 30 TO 45 MPH TONIGHT OVER MUCH
OF WESTERN ALASKA FROM THE YUKON DELTA TO THE SEWARD PENINSULA
TONIGHT. WINDS WILL DIMINISH EARLY MONDAY BUT SNOW IS EXPECTED TO
CONTINUE THROUGH MONDAY AFTERNOON.

AKZ212-100600-
/X.CON.PAFG.HS.W.0011.071210T0000Z-071211T0200Z/
EASTERN NORTON SOUND AND NULATO HILLS-
INCLUDING...UNALAKLEET...STEBBINS...ST MICHAEL...ELIM...KOYUK...
SHAKTOOLIK
221 PM AST SUN DEC 9 2007

...HEAVY SNOW WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 5 PM AST MONDAY...

A HEAVY SNOW WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT UNTIL 5 PM AST MONDAY.

SNOW WILL SPREAD INTO THE AREA SOUTH OF UNALAKLEET THIS
AFTERNOON...AND WILL SPREAD NORTH TONIGHT...AND CONTINUE INTO
MONDAY. SNOWFALL ACCUMULATION OF 6 TO 10 INCHES ARE EXPECTED WITH
HIGHEST AMOUNTS ACROSS THE NULATO HILLS. EAST WINDS WILL INCREASE
TONIGHT TO 25 TO 35 MPH AND SOME VISIBILITIES WILL BE REDUCED TO
ONE-QUARTER MILE AT TIMES IN BLOWING SNOW.

A HEAVY SNOW WARNING MEANS HAZARDOUS WINTER WEATHER IS EXPECTED.
THE ACCUMULATION OF NEW SNOW WILL MAKE TRAVEL DIFFICULT.

$$
```


## Hụkwa

* Okwu ihu igwe siri ike (Canada)
* Okwu ihu igwe siri ike (United States)
* Oké ifufe nke oge oyi

## Njikọ mpụga

* National Weather Service
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mberede Federal
* Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe nke Canada
Haines Index

Haines Index (nkè a makwaara dị ka Lower Atmosphere Severity Index) bụ **ndepụta** ihu igwe nke onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe Donald Haines mepụtara n'afọ 1988 nké na-atụle ikike màkà ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, nke na-adịghị akwụsi ike iji nye ákà na mmepe nkè nnukwu ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọhịa.  A na-enweta ndepụta ahụ site na nkwụsi ike (ọdịiche okpomọkụ n'etiti ọkwa dị íchè íchè nke ikuku) na mmiri dị n'ime (mgbaji ntụpọ) nke ikuku dị ala. Enwèrè ike inweta data ndị a na radiosonde ma ọ bụ mepụta ya site na ụdị amụma ihu igwe. A na-agbakọ ndepụta ahụ n'elu ọnụọgụ atọ nkè nrụgide ikuku: ịdị elu dị ala (950-850 millibars (mb)), ịdị elu dị n'etiti (850-700 mb), na ịdị elu dị elu (700-500 mb).

A Haines Index Nké isií pụtara ikike dị elu màkà ọkụ dị ugbu a ịghọ nnukwu ma ọ bụ gosipụta omume ọkụ na-adịghị mma, isé pụtara ikike dị n'etiti, anọ pụtara ikike dị ala, na ihe ọ bụla na-erughị anọ pụtara ikike pere mpe.

## Edensibia

## Hụkwa

* Nkọwa ihu igwe ọkụ ọhịa
* Ihe ngosi nke ọkụ ọhịa
Bakeys

Bakeys (nke a makwaara mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka **Bakey's**) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe oriri na-eri eri nke India nke dị na Hyderabad, Telangana.Emebere Bakeys na 2010 site n'aka onye nyocha ICRISAT bụbu Narayana Peesapaty dị ka ihe mgbakwunye enyi na enyi maka arịa enwere ike iji rọba, osisi na achara kwadebere, dị ka chopstick achara.

## Enweghị azụmahịa
Kemgbe 2017, emebeghị ka Kickstarter jikọtara na azụmaahịa ahụ dị ọhụrụ n'ihi mgbagwoju anya na aghụghọ, dịka e kwuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ a.

## Ngwaahịa
Ndị na-eme achịcha na-eji ụdị ntụ ọka dị iche iche na-esi nri ngaji, ndụdụ na chopsticks a na-eri nke a ga-eri ma e jiri ya mee ihe. Kemgbe afọ 2010, ọ rere ihe karịrị nde 1.5 nke ite na India dum. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ere naanị spoons a na-eri eri, mana ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịgbasa ọrụ ya iji malite nkesa nke forks na chopsticks na ego sitere na mkpọsa ego Kickstarter. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ebubata ngwaahịa ya n'ime India.

Ngwaahịa ndị ahụ bụ akwụkwọ nri, a na-ejikwa ihe niile sitere n'okike, (karịsịa) sorghum (jowar), na ụdị ntụ ọka ndị ọzọ dị ka ọka wit, osikapa na millet. spoons ndị ahụ nwere ndụ nke ọnwa 24 ma mee ya nke mere na ha ga-eresị n'etiti ụbọchị 3 na 7 mgbe ejiri ya ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya. A na-emepụta spoons n'ọtụtụ ụdị, dị ka cumin, mint-ginger, carrot-beetroot na shuga.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Narayana Peesapathy guzobere Bakeys n' afọ 2010 na Hyderabad. N'ọnwa Eprel 2016, ọ nwetara ego nke ihe dị ka ₹ 25 lakh (US $ 31,000) site na ndị nkwado 1500+ site na Ketto na ebumnuche mbụ ya bụ naanị ₹ 1 lakh ( US $ 1,300). N'ịgbaso nkwado a, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere mkpọsa Kickstarter iji mụbaa iru ya. N'ọnwa Eprel  nke afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ iri atọ. Ka ọ na-erule Mee 2017 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ amalitebeghị izipu ndị na-akwado mkpọsa Kickstarter, ọ bụ ezie na izipu spoons nye ndị ahịa na India gara n'ihu n'enweghị nsogbu. Na Jenụwarị, n'afọ 2019, e jidere Narayana Peesapaty maka ebubo ịghọ aghụghọ na Bank of Maharashtra nke ₹2.5 crore ( ₹2.6 crore  US $ 330,000 na 2020).

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Held-Hou Model

Ihe nlereanya HeldīHou bụ **ihe nlereanya** màkà mgbasa nké ikuku Hadley nké ga-adị na enweghị ọgba aghara ikuku. Ọ bụ Isaac Held na Arthur Hou mepụtara ihe nlereanya ahụ n'afọ 1980.

Isi ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ na ikuku na-esi n'elu na equator na-echekwa ike ya ka ọ na-aga n'ihu. Nke a nke ifufe, n'aka nke ya, na-ekpebi nkesa nke okpomọkụ, nké na-ekpebe oke latitudinal nke mgbasa site na ịchọ nchekwa ike. Nke a dị iche na echiche mbụ nke George Hadley banyéré mgbasa ozi, nke o kwùrù na ọ rùrù n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Mgbasa ozi Hadley nwèrè mmetụta na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ na nso na equator na mmetụta na-ekpo ọkụ na latitudes dị elu n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ Hadley. Enwèrè ike ịgbanwe njem ike a ka ọ bụrụ njem buru ibu, iji chọpụta ike nkè mgbasa ahụ, site na ịhazi ya site na nkwụsi ike kwesịrị ekwesị. A mụọla mmetụta nkè mmiri na oge na ihe nlereanya ahụ. 

Ikuku nké ụwa na-emebi echiche ndị dị n'okpuru ihe nlereanya ahụ: anaghị echekwa ike oghere na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ anaghị emechi. N'ihi nkea, ihe nlereanya HeldīHou bụ ihe nlereanya echiche nké na-adịghị eme amụma ziri ezi nkè ọnụ ọgụgụ nkè mmetụta nkè mgbasa Hadley na mgbanwe na parameters ikuku.

## Edensibia
Hemiboreal

thumb|Oké ọhịa Hemiboreal deciduous na Latvia. Latvia, dị ka mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na hemiboreal, nwekwara oke ọhịa coniferous.
Hemiboreal pụtara **ọkara** n'etiti mpaghara okpomọkụ na mpaghara subarctic (mà ọ bụ boreal). A na-ejikarị ókwú ahụ eme ihe nà ọnọdụ ihu igwe nà gburugburu ebe obibi.

## Botany
Oké ọhịa hemiboreal nwèrè ụfọdụ njirimara nkè oké ọhịa boreal n'ebe ugwu, yana otu njirimara na oké ọhịa dị N'ébé ndịda.  Osisi Coniferous na-ebute ụzọ na mpaghara hemiboreal, mànà ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị deciduous, dị ka aspens, oaks, maples, ash trees, birches, beeches, hazels, na hornbeams, gbanyekwara mkpọrọgwụ ébé a.

## Ọnọdụ ihu igwe
Ókwú a na-egosi mgbé ụfọdụ ụdị ihu igwe nke mpaghara nke oké ọhịa hemiboreal kpọmkwem, ihu igwe a họpụtara *Dfb*, *Dwb* na *Dsb* na atụmatụ nhazi ihu igwe Köppen.  Mgbé ụfọdụ, a na-etinye ya n'ébé niile nwéré ogologo ógè oyi na ógè okpomọkụ (ma ọ bụghị okpomọkụ) nke gụnyere ébé ndị na-adịghị arid(BS) na arid(BW) dabere na mmiri ozuzo kwà afọ. A pụkwara itinye ya n'ọrụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ nwere ihu igwe subpolar oceanic (*Cfc*), ọkachasị ndị nwéré njirimara ihu igwe nke kọntinent.

## Ihe Nlereanya
thumb|N'akụkụ ndịda nke Finland, oké ọhịa coniferous na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na osisi ndị dị mma na-eto ebe a na ebe ahụ. Oké ọhịa coniferous hemiboreal na Helsinki Central Park; rịba ama ụdị osisi dị n'ọhịa.
Ihe atụ nke ébé nwéré ihu igwe hemiboreal ma ọ bụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi gụnyere: 

* Ọtụtụ n'ime ndịda Canada (nké ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada niile ma e wezụga akụkụ ndịda Ontario yana mpaghara Prairie dị n'etiti na mpụga ala ahịhịa)
* N'ime United States: ọtụtụ akụkụ nkè Michigan, Wisconsin, na Minnesota, tinyere ọwụwa anyanwụ North Dakota na Adirondacks nkè New York State na Northern New England. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ugwu ugwu dị na ọdịda anyanwụ United States.
* Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Southern Siberia na Russia gụnyere oké ọhịa hemiboreal.
* Akụkụ nkè ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ China nké dị n'ókè Russia
* Ébé ugwu nke Japan gụnyere Hokkaido
* Akụkụ ndịda Norway na Southern Sweden ma e wezụga obodo ndịda.
* Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus na Estonia.
* Mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na agwaetiti Turku na Finland na mpaghara Åland.
* Alps nké Australia dị N'ébé ọwụwa anyanwụ Victoria na ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ New South Wales, nke mejupụtara obere akụkụ na mpaghara ndịda ọ bụla nke kọntinent ahụ, na Central Highlands na Tasmania.
* Southern Alps na South Island nke New Zealand.
* na mpaghara Wet Andes nke dị na Southern Cone nke South America, ọ nwèrè njirimara nke ihu igwe nke Mediterenian na-emetụta

## Edensibia
Himalayan Alpine Dynamics Research Initiative

The **Himalayan Alpine Dynamics Research Initiative** (HIMADRI) na-agụnye usoro ébé ndị a na-etinye n'ọrụ ma na-enyocha iji hụ ngafe nkè ụdị osisi n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.  "E guzobere n'afọ 2013, mmemme ahụ elekọtawo oghere na nlekota Himalaya India.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E bu ụzọ kwurịta échichè nkè nyochaa obodo osisi alpine n'afọ 1996 n'ogè ọmụmụ ihe na Kathmandu.  Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị malitere ịme nnwale na ébé obibi alpine iji chọpụta ihe ezigbo usoro nnwale nwèrè ike ịbụ.  N'afọ 2001, a malitere GLORIA-Europe.  Ọrụ mbụ a, nke nwéré saịtị iri na asatọ na mba iri na atọ dị íchè íchè na Europe, bụ ụzọ iji nwalee echiche ahụ tupu ọ gaa ụwa niile.  Kemgbe ógè opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2004, GLORIA anọwo na-agbasawanye na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. Otú ọ dị, Indian Himalaya nọgidere na-abụ oghere nkè a na-ejupụta site na netwọk HIMADRI.

## Hụkwa

* Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa
HIRLAM

HIRLAM, High Resolution Limited Area Model, bụ usoro amụma amụma ihu ígwé (NWP) nkè mmemmé HIRL AM nkè mba ụwa mepụtara.

## Òtù Ndị Jikọrọ Aka
Ihe omume HIRLAM bụ mmekorita n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ihu ígwé ndị a na Europe: 

* Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI)(Denmark)
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mmanụ na Mmiri nkè Estonia (EMHI) (Estonia)
* Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) (Finland)
* Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) (Iceland)
* Lithuanian Hydrological and Meteorological Service (LHMS) (Lithuania)
* Met Éireann (ME) (Ireland)
* Norwegian Meteorological Institute (MET) (Norway)
* Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) (The Netherlands)
* Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET), nké bụbu INM (Spain)
* Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) (Sweden)

Na mgbakwunye, Météo-France (France) bụ ónyé mmekọ nyocha nà mmekọrịta mba ụwa HIRLAM.

## Ihe Omume
Ebumnuche nké mmemmé HIRLAM bụ ịzụlite ma debe usoro amụma ihu igwe dị mkpirikpi màkà iji ụlọ ọrụ ndị sonyere rụọ ọrụ. Njikọ ahụ, nke malitere n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 1985, gụnyere usoro ọrụ afọ atọ n'etiti afọ 1985 na 2005, na mmemme afọ ise HIRLAM-A (2006X2010) na HIRL AM-B (2011X2015). Njikọ ahụ mèrè ka ọ gaa nkè ọma na mmalite nke ụdị Nkọwa Ọnọdụ Ọnọdụ Ọnwụ (NWP), usoro amụma HIRLAM, nke ejirila na ọrụ ndị otu HIRL AM màkà amụma ihu igwe nke ruo ụbọchị atọ na mkpebi grid nke ato ruo kilomita irí na isii. Kemgbe afọ 2006, mmekorita HIRLAM gbanwere anya ya na mmepe nke usoro amụma ihu ígwé nke meso-scale (convection-permitting) (HARMONIE Archived  at the Wayback Machine) site na mmekorita chiri anya na ALADIN consortium (nke Meteo France duziri) na ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting). Usoro amụma HARMONIE bụ usoro amụma ihu ígwé na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ihu igwe HIRLAM na mkpebi grid nkè 2.5 km. Site na mmekorita ya na ndị otu ALADIN, usoro ihe omume HIRLAM mepụtara usoro amụma Pan-European Grand Limited Area Ensemble Prediction System (GLAMEPS). Site na mkpebi nke ihe dị ka 8 km grid size GLAMEPS anọwo na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe afọ 2013, iji gboo mkpa nke amụma ụbọchị 2 na ọrụ ndị otu HIRLAM na ALADIN.

Usoro ihe omume HIRLAM na-achịkwa site na kansụl HIRL AM, nké nwéré ndị nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị sonyere. Ọ bụ ndị otu njikwa na-achịkwa mmemme ahụ nké nwéré: 

* Jeanette Onvlee, KNMI, Onye Nlekọta Ihe Omume
* Jelena Bojarova, met.no, ónyé ndu oru ngo na data assimilation na ojiji nke ihe ndị a chọpụtara
* Mariano Hortal, AEMET, ónyé ndu oru ngo na dynamics
* Laura Rontu, FMI, ónyé ndu oru ngo na physics
* Inger-lise Frogner, met.no, ónyé ndu oru ngo na amụma nwèrè ike ime
* Xiaohua Yang, DMI, ónyé ndu oru ngo na nkwenye dị mma na mmekorita arụmọrụ
* Ulf Andrae, SMHI, ónyé ndu oru ngo na usoro

Kọmitii ndụmọdụ sayensị na teknụzụ na-enye ndị otu njikwa ndụmọdụ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi HIRLAM E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
Eprel Salome Forest Management Area

April Salome Forest Management Area nke a makwaara dị ka April Salumei Rainforest bụ mpaghara nlekọta ọhịa na **Eprel** nke Salumei na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka hekta  narị ise na iri abụọ na otu, narị ise na iri asaa na otu

na Ambunti-Dreikikir District nke East Sepik Province, nke Papua New Guinea. Oké ọhịa ahụ dị na ndagwurugwu nke osimiri abụọ: April na Salumei.  Obodo Ambunti na-eje ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ mbata na April Salome Forest Management Area.

## Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya
A na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ Puku iri abụọ  bi n'ógbè a na obodo 164 na-adabere n'oké ọhịa. Ebe ndị mmadụ bi gụnyere Nakek na Uwu.

## Ọdịdị ala
Eprel Salome Forest Management Area dị na ndagwurugwu osimiri Sepik. Sepik tributary, osimiri April bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ógbè ahụ.

## Arụmụka nke mmemme REDD nke United Nations
Ugbu a Eprel Salome Forest bụ ọrụ pilot maka atụmatụ REDD site na Mgbakọ Framework nke United Nations na mgbanwe ihu igwe n'okpuru mmemme REDD nke United Nations. 

Ọ bụkwa ihe na-ezighi ezi na ihe ngosi nrụrụ aka. 

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Papua New Guinea
* Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na Papua New Guinea

## Edensibia
Allogenic succession

Na gburugburu ebe obibi, usoro allogenic bụ **usoro** nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpali. N'ụzọ dị iche, usoro nke autogenic na-akpali ihe ndị dị ndụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Enwere ike ibido usoro allogenic n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nke nwere ike ịgụnye:

* Mgbawa ugwu
* Mmanụ igwe ma ọ bụ kpakpando
* Idei Mmiri
* Oké ọkọchị
* Ala ọma jijiji
* Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abụghị nke mmadụ

Usoro Allogenic nwere ike ime n'ogo oge nke dabara na ọgba aghara ahụ.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro allogenic nke bụ nsonaazụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na-abụghị nke mmadụ nwere ike ime karịa ọtụtụ puku afọ.

## Ihe Nlereanya
Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mmepe Salt Marsh na-abịa site na usoro ihe nketa.  Mmiri na-anọgide na-ahụ na mpaghara intertidal na-eme ka ala nke nnu na-agbanwe ka oge na-aga.  Nke a na-ebute sedimentation na nutrition build nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebuli elu ala.  Ihe malitere dị ka ala ájá nwere ọkwa pH dị elu, n'ikpeazụ na-aghọ ala ụrọ nwere ọkwa pH na-anọpụ iche.  N'ime oge a, ala-salinity ga-agbanwekwa site na ịmalite ala na-emecha na-ebili n'ogo dị elu site na ikpughe mmiri mmiri na-aga n'ihu.

Glacier forelands bụ ihe atụ ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke sitere na autogenic ma bụrụkwa akụkụ nke allogenic succession.  A na-eme atụmatụ na mkpa nke dị elu karịa na ọkwa ndị gara aga, gbasara ọdịdị nkume, akụkụ ndagwurugwu na ihe ndị dị n'ala.

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ

*  Ecology portal

## Edensibia
{{Reflist|refs=
Blackwater (coal)

Blackwater bụ ụdị mmetọ a na-emepụta na nkwadebe coal.  N'ime ime ka ọ dị ọcha, a na-egbutu coal n'ụlọ ọrụ na-akwadebe coal wee kewaa ya ma buru ya dị ka slurry coal, Site na slurry, a na'iwepụ ihe ndị na-adịghị agba ọkụ ma nwee ike ịhazi coal.  MMgbe mgbake nke coal ahụ site na slurry a, mmiri fọdụrụnụ bụ oji, nwere ezigbo ahụ nke coal.  Enweghị ike ịhazi mmiri ojii a n'ebe a na-edozi mmiri.?&#x5D;

## Ọdachi Ndị Ọdachi
Mgbochi maka nchekwa nke mmiri ojii na ihe mkpofu coal ndị ọzọ nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enwe nsogbu na-enwekarị nnukwu nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi.i.

N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1972, a tọhapụrụ ihe mgbochi mmiri atọ na-ejide ngwakọta nke coal slurry na Logan County, West Virginia n'usoro: US gallons Otu narị nde na iri atọ (490,000 m3) nke mmiri na-egbu egbu na Buffalo Creek Flood.  Dị ka a tụlere n'akwụkwọ The Buffalo Creek Flood: An Act of Man, n'ime mmadụ 5,000, mmadụ 125 nwụrụ, 1,121 merụrụ ahụ, na ihe karịrị Puku anọ enweghị ebe obibi. Idei mmiri ahụ kpatara mmebi nde dollar iri ise. N'agbanyeghị ihe akaebe nke ileghara anya, ụlọ ọrụ Pittston Coal Company, nke nwere mmiri ahụ, kpọrọ ihe omume ahụ "Omume Chineke".

N'afọ 2002, ndagwurugwu dị mita 900 (270 ) n'ịdị elu, mita puku abuo (610 m) n"ogologo jupụtara na Lyburn, West Virginia dara ma gbadaa n'ime ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ mkpịsị ụkwụ nke jupụtara, na-emepụta nnukwu ebili mmiri na sediment nke bibiri ọtụtụ ụgbọala na ụlọ.

### Ọdachi ndị ọzọ na-eme mkparị

* Iju Mmiri nke Buffalo Creek
* Ọdachi Aberfan
* Mmiri na-awụfu na Martin County
* Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill
* Ọdọ Mmiri Little Blue Run

## Nkà na ụzụ ọdịnihu
Ihe ngwọta kachasị maka nsogbu mmiri ojii bụ ịhazi coal na-enweghị iji mmiri.  Nkà na ụzụ nkewa mmiri dị otú ahụ na-emepe emepe.

## Edensibia

## Ihe edeturu

* Ahụike Ọha & Coal Slurry > Coal Slumry ::: Njem Up Coal River
* Mmetọ coal na ikuku Union of Concerned Scientists
* Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Akụkọ nke Black Water Task Force. Rep. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchebe Ọha, 2005. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ 27 Jenụwarị 2013.
* Hales, Simon, J. Gohlke, A. Pruess-Ustun, D. Campbell-Lendrum, na A. Woodward. "Mitigation nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mbelata nwere ike ime na mmetụta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetọ ikuku site na Coal Fired Power Station". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6.58 (2009): 582014. Mbipụta.
* King, A. J., Tonkin, Z., na Lieshcke, J. (2012). Mmetụta dị mkpirikpi nke ihe omume mmiri ojii na-adịte aka na anụmanụ mmiri na Osimiri Murray, Australia: nchebara echiche maka ihe omume n'ọdịnihu. Nnyocha Mmiri na Mmiri Dị Mmiri 63, 576 Xi 586.
* Orem, Williams. Research Geochemist, USGS. Coal Slurry: Geochemistry na Mmetụta na Ahụike Mmadụ na Ọnọdụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi.
* Ryan, Barry, Ross Leeder, John T. Price, na John F. Gransden. "Mmetụta nke nkwadebe coal na ogo nke coal na coke dị ọcha". Nabata na US Petabox. British Columbia Geological Survey, n.d. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ 27 Jenụwarị 2013.
* "Ojiji nke Coal." Òtù World Coal. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Web. 28 Jenụwarị 2013.
Mmiri ojii (ihe mkpofu)

**Mmiri ojii** n'ihe gbasara ịdị ọcha na-egosi mmiri na-adịghị mma site na ụlọ mposi nke nwere ike ịnwe pathogens nke nwere ike ịgbasa site na ụzọ fecalā. Mmiri ojii nwere ike ịnwe nsị, mamịrị, mmiri na akwụkwọ mposi site na ụlọ mposi. A na-eji mmiri ojii dị iche na mmiri isi awọ, bụ́ nke na-abịa site na sink, ebe ịsa ahụ́, igwe ịsa ákwà, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na kichin ma e wezụga ụlọ mposi.  Mmiri isi awọ na-esite na ịsa nri, uwe, efere, yana ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ ịsa ahụ.

A na-edebe mmiri ojii na mmiri ntụ ntụ dị iche na "ụlọ gburugburu ebe obibi", dị ka ụlọ ndị na-achị onwe ha. Ụgbọala ntụrụndụ na-enwekarị tankị dị iche iche maka mmiri isi awọ sitere na mmiri ịsa ahụ na sink, na mmiri ojii sitere na mposi.

## Nkọwa
Dị ka otu akwụkwọ si kwuo:
 
A na-akpọ mmiri na-abịa site na ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ụlọ mposi (dịka, ịsa ahụ, ịsa mmiri, sinks, igwe ịsa ahụ). N'ime usoro nhicha ụfọdụ, ọ ka mma idobe mmiri isi awọ na mmiri ojii iji belata oke mmiri nke na-emerụ emerụ na ime ka usoro ọgwụgwọ dị mfe maka mmiri isi awọ.

## Okwu
Blackwater bụ okwu sitere na ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ ndị 1970 ma, na ojiji mpaghara Hong Kong, okwu ọzọ maka mmiri ojii bụ "mmiri ala".

## Usoro ọgwụgwọ
Blackwater nwere pathogens nke ga-ere ure tupu a tọhapụ ha n'enweghị nsogbu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ na-esiri ike ịhazi blackwater ma ọ bụrụ na ọ nwere nnukwu mmiri na-ebufe mmiri, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na a ga-edozi ya ngwa ngwa, n'ihi nnukwu ihe ndị dị na organic.

### Ime compost
Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na mmiri ojii enweghị mmiri karịrị akarị, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ọ na-enweta ọgwụgwọ mbụ na mmiri, mgbe ahụ, ọ dị mfe nhazi site na composting.  Okpomọkụ nke sitere na microorganisms thermophilic na-eme n'okike ga-eme ka compost dị ọkụ karịa 60 °C (140 ), ma bibie pathogens nwere ike. [citation needed]

Enwere ike izere ọgbọ mmiri ojii site na iji ụlọ mposi composting na ụlọ mposi vermifilter. N'ime ụlọ ụfọdụ na-achị onwe ha, dị ka ụgbọ alanke a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile ma na-enye ohere ka mmiri dị mkpa nke ụlọ ahụ (nke, na ala ala, na-emepụta onwe ya) na-ebelata nke ukwuu.  E wezụga ichekwa mmiri, ime ụlọ mposi na-eme ka onye ọrụ nwee ike ijikwa ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ dị na ya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ/osisi).

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ

* Mmanụ algae
* Mmiri dị ọcha nke na-adabere na container
* Ala mmiri e wuru
* Mmiri dị ọcha
* Ala abalị

## Edensibia
Nchịkwa Olulu Mmiri

thumb|Cofferdam containment dome na-ewu na Wild Well Control na Port Fourchon, Louisiana na Eprel 26, 2010.
Wild Well Control bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa nke ọma na Houston, Texas nke na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ọtụtụ okwu nchịkwa olulu mmiri dị elu gụnyere ọkụ mmanụ Kuwaiti na mmanụ Deepwater Horizon.

Dị ka webụsaịtị ya si kwuo, ọ zaghachila ihe omume njikwa ọma na njikwa nrụgide 2,700 gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu ọnọdụ mberede mba ụwa.

Ọ bụ enyemaka nke Superior Energy Services.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Tọrọ ntọala n'afọ 1975, Wild Well bụ onye na-eweta ihe n'ụwa maka nzaghachi mberede na-achịkwa **olulu mmiri**, **njikwa** nrụgide, atụmatụ olulu enyemaka, injinia, na ọrụ ọzụzụ. Ọ bụ Joe R. Bowden Sr. guzobere Wild Well Control n'afọ 1975 (July 15, 1932 na November 12, 2006).  Nnukwu asọmpi ya bụ Red Adair and Company. N'afọ 1991, ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị e ji kpuchie ọkụ mmanụ Kuwait. Mmetụta ya bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Fires of Kuwait .  N'afọ 2001, Superior Energy Services nwetara ya.

N'afọ 2008, ọ natara nkwekọrịta maka $ 750 nde iji wepụ ikpo okwu asaa dara ada na ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara ya dị na Louisiana nke BP, Chevron, na ndị ụlọ ọrụ Apache.

N'afọ 2010, BP họpụtara ya ka ọ bịa n'ụzọ iji kpuchie mmanụ Deepwater Horizon.

## Edensibia

* wildwell.com
MV Waily

**MV** Waily bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ibu nke Saint Vincent na Grenadines nke Treasure Marine Ltd. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ so na ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ nke Malaysia *MT Bunga Kelana 3* na 25 Mee 2010 na Singapore Strait nke mere ka a tọhapụ tọn puku abuo nke mmanụ ala.

## Edensibia
Obodo Parisi

Vila Parisi bụ "favela" (slum) na Cubatão, Brazil, nke ahụ bụ ebe nnukwu ọkụ ọkụ na-agbapụta na Febụwarị 25, 1984. A tọhapụrụ lita gas 700,000, e bibiri ụlọ 1,000, na mmadụ 100 nwụrụ. Ọnọdụ ala nke Cubatão gbochiri mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke ikuku na-emetọ ikuku nke sitere na mmanụ ọkụ. Onye German sociologist Ulrich Beck ji okwu banyere Vila Parisi ("Obodo kemịkalụ kacha ruru unyi n'ụwa") dị ka ihe atụ nke "ike mbibi nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe egwu mepere emepe."na

## Edensibia


## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Mmanụ Sliedrecht na-awụfu

**Mmanụ Sliedrecht na-awụfu** n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Table Bay, nso Cape Town na mmiri South Africa na ngwụcha afọ 1953. Ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ Dutch *Sliedrecht* "gwara" ma tụfuo "nnukwu" mmanụ. . Ọ ji ụgbọ mmiri dị kilomita 60 n'akụkụ osimiri iji wepụta 1,000 tọn mmanụ e ji mmiri dị n'oké osimiri metọọ.  Ihe ọghọm nke mwụfu mmanụ ahụ gụnyere nnụnụ, penguin, azụ na ndụ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-asa mmiri na Table Bay, ebe slick ahụ mekwara n'akụkụ osimiri.

## Edensibia
Mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri

Mmiri ikuku (VI) bụ usoro nke kemịkal dị n'ala ma ọ bụ **mmiri** dị n'okpuru ala - ọkachasị Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) - na-akwaga na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ n'elu ebe emetọ.

## Nkọwa
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States na-akọwa intrusion nke ikuku dị ka "ịkwaga nke kemịkal na-agbaze agbaze site na mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ala emetọ n'ime ụlọ dị n'elu". Chemicals nwere ike ịbụ nke dị iche iche gụnyere volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ụfọdụ semi-volatile organic compound (SVOCs) na inorganic chemicals, dị ka elemental mercury, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), na-apụta na radon, na hydrogen sulfide.

## Nchegbu
N'ụzọ kachasị njọ, ikuku ikuku nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ nchekwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ihe na-ere ọkụ na-etinye aka n'ụdị mgbawa.
Mmiri na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta ahụike, ma ọ bụ nke siri ike dị ka nsogbu CNS dị ka isi ọwụwa ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ọnọdụ uche, ha nwekwara ike inwe mmetụta ahụike na-adịghị ala ala, dịka radon, nke nwere ike ịkpalite ọrịa kansa akpa ume.
N'ikpeazụ, anwụrụ ọkụ nwere ike ịbụ "nsogbu mara mma" siri ike, dịka, ísì sitere na hydrogen sulfide.

Na United States, a na-edozi ntinye nke uzuoku na steeti ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu n'ụzọ dị iche iche..

Ngalaba Ahụike nke New York wepụtara ntụziaka na-emeghe ụzọ na intrusion nke ikuku n'afọ 2006.

Na June 2010, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM International) wepụtara azụmahịa "Standard Guide for Vapor Encroachment Screening on Property Involved in Real Estate Transactions" (ASTM E 260010).

N'afọ 2002, US EPA nyere ntuziaka mbụ ya na isiokwu ahụ. Nchịkwa George W. Bush kwụsịrị ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 2003, ọ bụkwa naanị n'afọ 2013 ka onye Obama họpụtara dị ka onye enyemaka nchịkwa EPA na Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe kachasị mkpa iji mezue akwụkwọ ahụ. Na June 11, 2015, EPA wepụtara ntụzịaka nka nka na vapor intrusion ikpeazụ ya, yana ntuziaka nka maka ị na-agwa okwu ntinye vapor Petroleum na saịtị ebe nchekwa nchekwa dị n'okpuru ala.  Ntuziaka abụghị ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ, kama ọ bụ nduzi.

## Hụkwa Ihe Ọzọ

* Superfund maka ndepụta nke Ebe Ọrụ Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Superfund
* Trichloroethylene (TCE) maka mkparịta ụka banyere kemịkalụ ahụ
* Steam Intrusion (DTSC)

## Edensibia
Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|240x240px|Iwepụ mmetọ uranium na saịtị UMTRA Project
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ike na United States (DOE) mepụtara **Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action** (UMTRA) Project iji nyochaa nhicha nke uranium mill tailings.

N'afọ 1978, US Congress weputara iwu Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) nke e nyere DOE ọrụ nke ime ka ọ kwụsie ike, kpochapụ, na ịchịkwa ihe ndị na-emetọ uranium mill na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta na nhazi uranium mill gbasaa gafee steeti iri na ihe dị ka ihe puku ise na narị abuo metụtara ya. N'okpuru UMTRCA, DOE mepụtara UMTRA iji wepụ ihe igwe uranium iri abuo na anọ ma kpochapụ ihe igwe ha fọdụrụnụ. A na-echekwa ihe ndị a n'ime ụlọ nkwakọba ihe a rụpụtara, nke akọwapụtara n'afọ 1995 40 CFR 192 (60 FR ). nke e mere iji belata mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, yana iguzogide mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri, iguzogide "oké ala ọma jijiji", ma ọ ga-aka mma inwe ndụ nke afọ otu puku. A na-emekwa mkpuchi ahụ iji belata ikuku radon. Mkpụrụ ndụ mkpofu dị n'ebe igwe ihe ma ọ bụ n'ime kilomita ise, ma ọ bụrụ na o kwere omume.

## Edensibia
Rudnaya Pristan

**Rudnaya Pristan** (Russian) *Ore* Wharf) bụ obodo (selo) dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Rudnaya, n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific nke Primorsky Krai . Ọ dị kilomita iri atọ na ise n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Dalnegorsk (nakwa na Primorsky Krai) na ihe dịka kilomita narị ịse na iri na anọ n'ebe ugwu Vladivostok. Ndị bi na ya bụ Puku abụọ na narị na asaa n'afọ 2010, Puku abụọ na narị abụọ na iri asatọ na itoolu n'afọ 2002, na Puku abụọ na narị itoolu na iri anọ na asaa n'afọ 1989.

Ịgbaze anwụrụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ bụ isi n'obodo ahụ kemgbe e wuru ụlọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ n'afọ 1930. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enyewo ọrụ na-aga n'ihu maka ọtụtụ ezinụlọ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ kemgbe oge ahụ, mana ọ na-efu nnukwu ego ma maka ahụike nke ndị bi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị bi ebe ahụ na-arịa ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike, gụnyere oke ọrịa kansa, ala ahụ emetọwokwa nke ukwuu na ihe ndị metụtara isi. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ Blacksmith kwupụtara Rudnaya Pristan, tinyere Dalnegorsk, otu n'ime ebe iri kachasị emetọ n'ụwa,ọ bụ ezie na Anatoly Lebedev, onye ndú nke ecological NGO BROK, na-arụ ụka na nsonye aka a.

N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ya dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Rudnaya Pristan anọgidewo na-emepebeghị emepe, ihu igwe ya dịkwa njọ, nke nnukwu usoro nrụgide Siberia na-achịkwa n'oge oyi na ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. Nchikota a na-ebute oke oyi, oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke na-enwekarị oke ifufe, na oge okpomọkụ nke na-enye ọnọdụ dị mma maka ọmụmụ anwụnta..

## Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

## Ihe odide
1996 Ihe mberede radiotherapy na San Juan de Dios

thumb|Cobalt-60 Teletherapy Capsule
**Ihe mberede radiotherapy na Costa Rica** mere na ngalaba radiotherapy Alcyon II na San Juan de Dios Hospital na San José, Costa Rica. Ọ nwere njikọ na isi iyi cobalt-60 nke a na-eji maka radiotherapy n'afọ 1996.  A chọpụtara na ndị ọrịa radiotherapy na-agwọ ọrịa n'oge Ọgọstụ na Septemba 1996. N'oge usoro nhazi nke emere mgbe mgbanwe nke isi mmalite 60Co na 22 Ọgọstụ 1996, e mehiere na ịgbakọ ọnụego ọgwụ, na-eduga na oke oke oke nke ndị ọrịa. A chọpụtara njehie nke calibration na 27 Disemba 1997. N'oge ihe mberede ahụ, ndị ọrịa Otu narị na iri na anọ nwetara oke radiation na Iri na ato nwụrụ site na mmerụ ahụ metụtara radiation.

N'afọ 2001, onye ọkà mmụta redio, onye ndudue ya kpatara oke ọgwụ radieshon, boro ebubo igbu ọchụ iri na isii ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ isii.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe mberede Goiânia
* 1962 Ihe mberede radieshon na Mexico City
* Ndepụta nke ihe mberede radieshon ndị nkịtị
* Ihe mberede radiotherapy na Zaragoza
* X-ray
* Nchebe nuklia
* Ndị na-eme mkpesa banyere nuklia

## Hukwa Ihe Ọzọ
Ihe mberede radieshon na Morocco nke Afọ 1984

N'ọnwa Machị afọ 1984, nnukwu ihe mberede radieshon mere na Morocco, na ụlọ ọrụ ike Mohammedia, ebe mmadụ asatọ nwụrụ site na ọbara ọgbụgba nke akpa ume kpatara site na ikpughebiga radieshon site na isi iyi iridium-192 furu efu. Ndị ọzọ nwetakwara oke ọgwụ radieshon nke chọrọ nlekọta ahụike.  E zigara mmadụ atọ n'ụlọ ọrụ Curie dị na Paris maka ọgwụgwọ nsị radieshon.

A na-eji isi iyi ahụ mee ihe iji mee radiograph welds ma kewapụ ya na akpa ya. Dị ka isi iyi, pellet iridium, n'onwe ya enweghị akara na-egosi na ọ bụ radiation, onye ọrụ kpọgara ya n'ụlọ, ebe ọ nọrọ izu ole na ole, na-ekpughe ezinụlọ ahụ radiation. Onye ọrụ ahụ, ezinụlọ ya, na ụfọdụ ndị ikwu ya bụ ọnwụ asatọ ahụ ihe mberede ahụ kpatara..

## Hụkwa

* Ihe mberede nuklia na radieshon
* Ihe mberede Goiânia
* Ihe mberede radiotherapy na Costa Rica
* Ihe mberede radiotherapy na Zaragoza

## Edensibia
Ihe mberede radieshon na Mexico City nke afọ 1962

thumb|Otu capsule cobalt-60, nke nwere:(A) Onye na-ejide isi mmalite mba ụwa (na-eduga), (B) mgbanaka na-ejigide, na (C) teletherapy "isi iyi" nke mejupụtara (D) abụọ na-enweghị ígwè na-agbanye ọkụ na-agbakọta na abụọ (E) mkpuchi ígwè na-enweghị ihe na-agbatị (F) ọta dị n'ime (na-abụkarị uranium metal ma ọ bụ tungsten alloy) nke na-echebe (G) cylinder nke ihe na-emepụta radiation.<br /><br /><br /><br />
N’agbata March na Julaị 1962, ọkụ ọkụ na Mexico City mere mgbe otu nwata nwoke dị afọ iri weghaara ebe a na-emepụta redio ụlọ ọrụ nke na-enweghị ihe nchebe kwesịrị ekwesị ya. Mmadụ ise nwetara oke radiation site na 200-gigabecquerel cobalt-60 capsule, anọ n'ime ha nwụrụ.

Akụkọ dị iche iche banyere ebe isi iyi ahụ si: a chọtara ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, chọtara ya na ubi, ma ọ bụ na ọ dịlarị n'ogige ụlọ ahụ mgbe ezinụlọ ahụ nwere nsogbu batara ma "a hapụrụ ya n'aka ezinụlọ ka ọ debe ya ma na-ele ya anya n'enweghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ezinụlọ ahụ maara kpọmkwem ihe akpa ahụ bụ". Akụkọ UNSCEAR mere n'afọ 2008 kwuru na onye injinia hapụrụ ya, n'enweghị nchebe, n'ogige ahụ.

E kwenyere na nwata nwoke ahụ nwetara isi iyi ahụ oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ banyere n'ụlọ ahụ na Machị 21. O debere ya n'akpa uwe ya ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị. N'April 1, nne ya tinyere ya na kọbọd kichin nke ụlọ ha, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo July 22. Nwa nwoke ahụ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọnwa Eprel. N'ikpeazụ, nne ya dị ime ọnwa isii n'oge ahụ nwụrụ na Julaị 19; nwanne ya nwanyị dị afọ abụọ nwụrụ na Ọgọstụ 18; nne nne ya, onye ya na ezinụlọ ahụ bi kemgbe Eprel 17, nwụrụ na Ọktoba 15 n'afọ ahụ. Nna nwa nwoke ahụ nwetakwara ọgwụ radieshon dị ịrịba ama;  ọ bụ ezie na a hapụrụ ya amụghị nwa na-adịgide adịgide, ọ dị ndụ, ikekwe n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ na ihe ngosi ya dị ala.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ihe omume ụmụ mgbei
* Ciudad Juárez cobalt-60 ihe mere na mmetọ
* 1990 Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke Zaragoza radiotherapy ihe mberede
* Ihe mberede Goiânia
* Ndepụta nke ihe mberede radieshon ndị nkịtị
* Ihe mberede nuklia na radieshon na ihe omume
* Nchebe na nchekwa nuklia

## Edensibia
Ice cloud

**Igwe ojii ice** bụ ihe mkpuchi nkè ice na-agbasa n'ikuku. A na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe iji zoo áká na igwe ojii nkè mmiri ice na carbon dioxide ice na Mars.
Ígwé ojii dị otú ahụ nwèrè ike ibu ma sie ike iji mee ka onyinyo dị n'elu Martian.

Cirrus na igwe ojii noctilucent n'ụwa nwèrè ice particles.

## Hụkwa

* IceCube (spacecraft), satellite eji eme map nke igwe ojii ice

## Edensibia
Nnyocha nke Oké Osimiri India

**Nnyocha nke Oké Osimiri India** (**INDOEX**) bụ nyocha sayensị nkè mba dị ichè ichè nkè afọ 1999 e mèrè iji tụọ njem nke mmetọ ikuku site na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia banye n'Oké Osimiri India. Veerabhadran Ramanathan duziri ọrụ ahụ.

## Ihe ndị a chọtara

* Akpụkpọ nkè sulfates, anwụrụ ọkụ, na aerosols ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka mmadụ na-efegharị n'Oké Osimiri India na-egbochi ìhè anyanwụ ma na-akwalite mmepụta ígwé ojii.
* Ọnụ ọgụgụ nkè ìhè anyanwụ na-eru n'elu ụwa ejiri pasent iri belata.

## Hụkwa

* Igwe ojii na-acha nchara nchara nke Eshia
* Veerabhadran Ramanathan

## Edensibia