Bill Freund (onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme)

**William Mark Freund** (6 Julaị 1944  17 Ọgọst 2020) bụ onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a maara karịsịa dị ka onye nwere ikike na akụkọ akụ na ụba na ọrụ nke Africa.   Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na South Africa. Maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, ọ kụziri na Mahadum Natal na ụlọ ọrụ nọchiri ya Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal.

Onye na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "onye na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe", a maara Freund nke ọma maka The Making of Contemporary Africa (1984) nke a na-eto n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nyocha nke agụmakwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na oge ndị ọchịchị na-achị. O dere ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ọrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo ukwu n'Afrịka. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Freund na Chicago, Illinois na 6 Julaị 1944. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị Juu gbara ọsọ ndụ si Austria bụ ndị bịarutere na United States na 1939. [1] Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Chicago ma mesịa bụrụ Mahadum Yale ebe ọ nwetara PhD na 1971 na Ọchịchị Dutch na Cape n'okpuru Batavian Republic (1803-06). O mechara kwuo na Eric Hobsbawm bụ otu agụmakwụkwọ.  Freund mechara rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpirikpi na United States na Africa, ọkachasị na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello na Naịjirịa site na 1974 ruo 1978 na obere oge na Mahadim Dar es Salaam na Tanzania. Otú [1] dị, ọ gbalịrị inweta ọkwa ruo mgbe e bipụtara The Making of Contemporary Africa (1984) nke a kọwara dị ka "ihe ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa".

The Making of Contemporary Africa nyere nkọwa zuru ezu banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụ na ụba nke ndị na-achị ala ọzọ na ndị na-eme ala ọzọ na-achị mba ọzọ ma na-eto ya nke ọma maka omimi nke nyocha ya, gụnyere akwụkwọ ya nke gbara peeji 55.  kọwawo ya dị ka "akwụkwọ na-akọwa ndụ ya".

E nyere Freund ọkwa prọfesọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Natal (mgbe e mesịrị Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal) na Durban, South Africa na 1986, wee nwee mmasị na Ọmụmụ mmepe.  so guzobe akwụkwọ akụkọ Transformation n'otu afọ ahụ, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ New Left Review.

[1] maara Freund nke ọma dị ka Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na ụba, ọkachasị mmasị na Nchịkọta ego na mmekọrịta ọrụ.  kọwara ụzọ nke ya dị ka "onye na-ahụ ihe onwunwe" kama ịbụ onye Marxist n'ụzọ doro anya. Ọrụ mbụ  bụ Capital and Labour in the Nigerian Tin Mines (1981), nke ọrụ Charles van Onselen kpaliri. O biputara ihe omuma nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ na The African Worker (1988) yana akụkọ ihe mere mere eme nke obodo ukwu n'Africa, ọkachasị akụkọ ihe mere anya nke Durban n'onwe ya.

N'etiti njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa, Freund jere ozi dị ka ọkachamara na akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na kọmitii ndị African National Congress guzobere iji kwurịta Iwu akụ na ụba n'ọdịnihu.  bụ ezie na ọ na-enwe ọmịiko maka ịhụ mba n'anya n'Africa, Freund lere ANC anya n'ụzọ dị anya ma nwee obi abụọ banyere iwu mmepe ya. A raara otu festschrift Njem ya na 2006 ma wepụta mbipụta pụrụ iche nke African Studies maka nyocha nke ọrụ ya.  [1] dere Akụkọ ndụ onwe onye nke akpọrọ Bill Freund: An Historian's Passage to Africa nke pụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 2021. Ọ nwụrụ na Durban na 27 Ọgọst 2020.

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

* Isi obodo na ọrụ na Nigerian Tin Mines (Humanities Press, 1981) 
* The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society since 1800 (Macmillan, 1984), na mbipụta ọhụrụ na 1998 na 2016;
* *Onye Ọrụ Africa* (Cambridge, 1988) 
* Ndị nọ n'ime na ndị nọ n'èzí: The Indian Working Class of Durban, 1910-1990 (Mahadum Natal, 1995) 
* *Obodo Afrịka: Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme* (Cambridge, 2007) 
* *Narị Afọ nke Iri Abụọ South Africa: Akụkọ Mmepe* (Cambridge, 2018).
* Bill Freund: Akụkọ ihe mere eme gara Africa (Wits University Press, 2021) 

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