Ada Salter

Ada Salter (née Brown; 20 Julaị 1866 – 4 Disemba 1942) bụ onye ndozigharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze Bekee, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na-akwado udo Quaker, onye isi otu Women's Labour League na onye isi oche nke National Gardens Guild. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ chịrị London, nwanyị mbụ onye isi obodo London na nwanyị mbụ onye isi obodo nke British Islands.

## Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye
A mụrụ Ada Brown na 20 Julaị 1866 n'ime ezinụlọ Methodist na Raunds, Northamptonshire. O nwere ọtụtụ ụmụnne nwanyị - Mary, Beatrice, Alice na Adelaide - na nwanne nwoke, Richard, onye ghọrọ onye ozi na Lancaster.[1] Ada Brown na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụka Methodist na onye siri ike nke Liberal Party tupu ọ kwaga London. N'ebe ahụ, ọ sonyeere West London Mission na Bloomsbury ịrụ ọrụ dị ka 'Sister of the People' na ogige St Pancras. Ọ bụ Katherine Hughes, nwunye onye hibere ozi ahụ Hugh Price Hughes na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Ndị Kraịst n'onwe ya na-edu ụmụnna nwanyị ahụ. Na 1897, mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị Mary Baldwin lụrụ, [1] Ada kwagara na Bermondsey Settlement, ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ London. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Alfred Salter, onye na-ekweghị na Chineke na onye ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, bụ onye ya na ya bi ma na-eme nchọpụta ahụike banyere ọrịa na-efe efe n'ugbo dị na Sudbury (ugbu a Wembley), Middlesex. N'okpuru mmetụta ya, Alfred ghọrọ Onye Kraịst wee sonye na Liberal Party. Ha abụọ tinyere onwe ha na Society of Friends (Quakers) wee malite ịga nzukọ Deptford. Ha lụrụ na Raunds na 22 Ọgọst 1900.

## Bermondsey
Ada kwusiri ike ibi na ịda ogbenye, n'etiti ndị ogbenye, kemgbe ọ rutere London. Ugbu a ọ siri ọnwụ ịnọ na Bermondsey, bụ́ ebe ọ hụrụ n’anya n’agbanyeghị oke ịda ogbenye ya. Alfred, onye bụ ezigbo dọkịta nke gaara enweta ego dịka onye ndụmọdụ, guzobe usoro GP na Jamaica Road. Ọ na-ana naanị obere ego maka ndị ọrịa dara ogbenye, ọ dịghịkwa ihe ọ bụla maka ndị ogbenye. Ada gara n'ihu dị ka onye ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na Bermondsey Settlement, bụ ebe o nwere aha ọma maka klọb ọ na-agba ọsọ, karịsịa ndị "kasiri ike na nke siri ike" nke ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Na 1902 ọ hapụrụ omume ahụ nwa oge mgbe di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa.

Ada bụ onye isi oche nke Women's Liberal Party na Bermondsey na Rotherhithe mana n'afọ 1906 ọ hapụrụ Liberal Party mgbe ọ na-emezughị nkwa ya inye ụmụ nwanyị votu wee bata n'oge na-adịghị anya na Independent Labour Party. ILP bụ otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị kacha nwee oke ma chọọ ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị, gụnyere Ada, na ntuli aka kansụl na-esote. Nke a tinyere Alfred, onye ndụmọdụ Liberal na London County Council (LCC), n'ọnọdụ siri ike. N'afọ 1908, ọ hapụrụ Liberal, ka ọ bụrụ ngalaba Bermondsey nke ILP. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ Ada mepere ụzọ maka ya. Na Nọvemba 1909, a họpụtara Ada ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ ime obodo maka ILP, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ onye ndụmọdụ na Bermondsey, onye kansụl Bermondsey mbụ, na otu n'ime ndị kansụl nwanyị mbụ na London. Otú ọ dị, na 1910, ọdachi onwe onye dakwasịrị mgbe nanị otu nwa Salters mụrụ, Joyce, bụ́ onye dị afọ asatọ mgbe ahụ, nwụrụ n'ihi ahụ́ ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie n'otu n'ime ọrịa na-efe efe nke gabigara n'ala ahụ, ebe ọ butere ọrịa ahụ ugboro abụọ gara aga.[1] Ifuru na ivy na-achọ ihe osise Joyce mma kwa ụbọchị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Alfred.

Ada zaghachiri site na itinye onwe ya n'ọrụ nke Women's Labour League, nke ya na Margaret MacDonald, nwunye nke onye na-eto eto nke Labour, James Ramsay MacDonald, guzobere na 1906. Ọ bilitere ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba mba ya na 1914 onye isi ala ya, onye ndú nke ụmụ nwanyị niile nke Labour Party na Britain. WLL ejikọghị ya na otu òtù ọ bụla ma Ada kwadoro Women's Freedom League na-abụghị nke na-eme ihe ike, nke enyi ya Charlotte Despard na-edu, kama ịkwado usoro nke Women's Social and Political Union nke Emmeline Pankhurst na-edu.

Na WLL Ada rụrụ ọrụ nyocha mbụ banyere ụlọ ọha, na-achọ ọ bụghị naanị ịkwatu ubi kamakwa ịwụnye ụlọ kansụl ha nlereanya (ndị mmegide na-akwa emo dị ka Utopias) wuru kpọmkwem na mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'uche. Iji mee ka mbibi ahụ dị ngwa ngwa, ya na ndị enyi ya WLL kpọrọ oku maka Green Belt gburugburu London, iji jikọta ebe ndị mmadụ juputara na ubi. Ada soro John Ruskin na ikwere na ikuku dị ọcha na mmekọrịta na okike mere ka ndị mmadụ dịkwuo mma ọ bụghị nanị n'anụ ahụ kamakwa n'echiche na omume. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-akwado ọrụ ubi nke obodo mepere emepe, na onye ọsụ ụzọ na mkpọsa a haziri ahazi megide mmetọ ikuku na London.

Otú ọ dị, ihe mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama tupu afọ 1914 bụ Nnupụisi Bermondsey nke 1911. N'afọ 1910, ọ malitere iwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị n'ógbè ahụ n'otu òtù ọrụ, National Federation of Women Workers, nke Mary Macarthur duziri. Na mbụ, nsonaazụ ya bụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ, mana n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 1911, ụmụ nwanyị 14,000 gbara arụkwaghịm iji mee mkpesa megide ọnọdụ ọrụ ọjọọ. Ha meriri. ILP na WLL toro Ada dị ka ihe na-akpali nnukwu nzọụkwụ a maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị otu ihe) na maka nke a, yana nnukwu mgbalị nhazi gụnyere ihe anyị ga-ewere ugbu a dị ka ụlọ akụ nri ezinụlọ n'oge ọgbaghara ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke 1912 (lee Ben Tillett), ndị otu ọrụ aka nke a maara taa dị ka Unite na GMB sọpụrụ ya. Ada kwuru maka ịha nhata n'etiti ndị ọrụ, ọ bụghị naanị n'ebe ọrụ kamakwa n'ime òtù ndị ọrụ:"Mgbe òtù ndị ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-aghọta nke ọma na ndị ọrụ niile, ndị ikom na ndị inyom, ndị ntorobịa na ụmụ agbọghọ, bụ ndị otu ibe ha, mgbe ahụ ha ga-anụ ihe karịrị mkpọtụ nke mgbanwe n'ebe dị anya, mgbanwe ga-adị ebe a. "

## Agha Ukwu na ọrụ ndị na-emegide udo
Ada na-emegide agha kemgbe ọ bụ nwata na ịbụ onye Quaker mere ka mkpebi ya maka udo sikwuo ike. N’ihi ya, 1914 bụụrụ ya ọdachi. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILP) na site na 1916 ya na Alfred rụrụ ọrụ maka enweghị nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta. Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị Britain gbochiri ya ịga nzukọ udo nke Hague na 1915, o jisiri ike gaa Berne, Switzerland, dị ka onye nnọchi anya ILP, ịga nzukọ ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị International Socialist nke atọ nke haziri mmegide megide Agha Ụwa Mbụ. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbagoro megide Lenin, bụ onye kpebisiri ike ịnweta ogbako ahụ maka votu maka mgbanwe agha. Ada na onye nnọchi anya WLL, Margaret Bondfield, kwụsiri ike wee merie Lenin. Na njedebe nke agha ahụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchiteanya Britain na ogbako International League Women na Zürich (1919) na Vienna. Ọnọdụ mba ụwa ya bụ nke Vienna International, nke nwara ime ka mba nke abụọ (Labor) na nke atọ International (Communist) dị n'otu ma o meghị ka ha laghachite ọnụ.
thumb|Ada na-emeghe ogige egwuregwu site n'ịkụ osisi. Alfred nọ n'aka ekpe ya.
A họpụtara ya ọzọ na Kansụl Bermondsey na 1919, a họpụtara Ada ka ọ bụrụ onye isi obodo na 1922, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi obodo London na nwanyị mbụ bụ ndị isi obodo na Britain. Ada jụrụ ihe niile nke akara ma ọ bụ uwe elu, wee jiri ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara dochie Union Jack na akara Bermondsey, St Olave na Rotherhithe na ụlọ nzukọ obodo. Ọ malitere na 1920 Kọmitii Beautification ya a ma ama ma ugbu a ọ malitere mkpọsa ụlọ ya, na-ebibi ogige ndị a ga-ebibi ma na-achọ ogige ndị na-enweghị ike ime ka ha chọọ mma. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ ndị 1930 ọ kụrụ osisi 9,000, jiri igbe windo chọọ ụlọ mma, ma jiri okooko osisi jupụta oghere niile, ihe dị ka osisi 60,000. N'ịchọ ọ bụghị naanị maka ịchọ mma nke okporo ámá kamakwa maka ịchọ mma maka ahụ, uche na mkpụrụ obi onye ọ bụla, ọ haziri kọntaktị egwu niile, asọmpi nka, egwuregwu, egwuregwu na ogige ụmụaka. Mgbe agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike gasịrị, o wuru ụlọ kansụl 'utopian' ya mara mma na Wilson Grove, nke Ewart Culpin rụrụ, ebe ha ka na-eguzo taa dị ka ụlọ nlereanya. Nsonaazụ ntuli aka ya dị egwu, na-enweta votu kachasị elu nke onye kansụl ọ bụla na London. Mgbe oge ya n'ọchịchị gwụrụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-emefu ego ọ bụla nke onye isi obodo. Na ntuli aka nke London County Council n'afọ 1925, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Hackney South. N'afọ 1932, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala nke National Gardens Guild .  N'ikpeazụ, mgbe ntuli aka nke 1934 London County Council, mgbe Labour nke Herbert Morrison duziri weghaara ikike, Ada nwere ike ịgbasa echiche ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na akụkụ ọ bụla nke isi obodo ahụ. Iwu kwadoro Green Belt na 1938.

Ada chere na agha 1939 bụ ọdachi dị ka nke 1914. N'afọ 1942, a tụrụ Ada na Alfred bọmbụ n'ụlọ ha dị na Storks Road mgbe ha jụrụ ịhapụ Bermondsey maka ọdịnihu ya, dịka ndị ọzọ mere. Ọ nwụrụ, ụmụnne ya nwanyị lekọtara ya, na Balham Park Road, Battersea, na 4 Disemba 1942 ma nye ya olili ozu Quaker na Peckham Meeting-House, ebe ọ bụ okenye. E nwekwara ozi ncheta na chọọchị parish nke St James Bermondsey nke Church of England. Nwoke di ya nwụrụ kwuru otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị: "Okpuru onwe onye na-etowanye ma ghara ibelata n'ụzọ dị nta ka oge na-aga. Mgbe ụfọdụ ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịnagide, mana m ga-amụta ịnagide ya. "

## Nkwenkwe onwe onye
Nkwenkwe onwe onye nke Ada Salter sitere na nnwere onwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Hugh na Katherine Hughes gaa na ụkpụrụ omume nke ILP. Dị ka Alfred, ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Giuseppe Mazzini na arịrịọ ya maka ịdị n'otu na nha nhata nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ niile. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkwenye Quaker ya na "e nwere ihe Chineke n'ime onye ọ bụla. " N'omume ihe ọ pụtara site na 'omume' bụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ebere, ihe ọ pụtara na 'socialism' bụ netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta. O kwenyere na ndị mmadụ ga-aghọ mmadụ n'ezie naanị site n'ịkwalite okike na iji ibe ha kpọrọ ihe. N'ịkọwa ihe okike, okwu ya a ma ama bụ: "Ịzụlite okooko osisi na osisi bụ ọrụ obodo. "N'ihe banyere iji ndị ọzọ kpọrọ ihe, o kwenyere na nke a dabere ọ bụghị naanị na mgbalị nke onye ọ bụla kamakwa ọ gụnyere nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọrụ, ndị kwesịrị ịbụ ndị enyi na-emegide mmegbu. O kwekwaara na ụkpụrụ omume nke onye kwuo uche ya na-enweta obi ụtọ onwe onye, ma ọ bụrụhaala na onye na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ omume gbasoro ihe bụ eziokwu yana ịkwanyere ndị ọzọ ùgwù: "Mee dị ka eziokwu na ụkpụrụ si dị". Ọ dụrụ ya ọdụ, "Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ emee nke ahụ, ọ gaghị adị mkpa inwe nchegbu ma ọ bụ nchegbu. "

## Ihe ncheta Alfred na Ada Salter
thumb|Ogige Ada Salter
E meghere ogige mara mma, nke na-ele anya n'ọdọ mmiri, nke Ada n'onwe ya mepụtara ma lekọta, na 1936 n'ime Southwark Park, na mpaghara Old Surrey Docks. Ndị obodo ahụ kpọrọ ya 'Ada Salter Garden' na 1943 LCC nabatara aha ahụ.

E meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Alfred Salter na 1995 iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na Rotherhithe, n'ihi mmepe nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ochie. Àkwà mmiri Alfred Salter bụ àkwà mmiri na-eduga na Watermans Lane, n'etiti Stave Hill na Redriff Road, nso Greenland Dock dị ka akụkụ nke Russia Dock Woodland . 

E nyere iwu ka e mee ihe oyiyi na 1991, na-egosi Dr Salter ka ọ na-anọdụ ala n'elu bench na-eche ihu na Thames, obere Joyce na-eguzo n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, na nwamba nọ n'elu mgbidi. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2011, e zuuru ihe ndị a, ikekwe maka uru nke ọla nchara. Òtù Salter Statues Campaign nwetara £ 60,000, nke Southwark Council kwekọrọ, iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ihe oyiyi nke Diane Gorvin, a kpughere ha na 30 Nọvemba 2014. Ihe oyiyi Ada bụ naanị ihe oyiyi ọha na eze nke iri na ise na London maka nwanyị.
thumb|173x173px|Ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ maka ADA SALTER 1866-1942 Onye na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi obodo London biri ebe a
A Salter Memorial Lecture na-akwalite site Quaker Socialist Society kwa afọ dị ka ihe omume dị n'akụkụ na Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).  A na-akpọ ọnụ ụlọ Ada Salter na Friends House, London, UK aha ya.

N'afọ 2015, Lynn Morris mere egwuregwu banyere Ada Salter, Red Flag over Bermondsey, na mba ahụ dum. N'afọ 2016, akụkọ ndụ mbụ ya zuru ezu pụtara: Ada Salter, Pioneer of Ethical Socialism nke Graham Taylor dere.

Na Jenụwarị 2023, English Heritage mara ọkwa na a ga-ekpughe ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ na Southwark nke Salter biri na ya na ngwụcha afọ 1890. A kpughere ihe ncheta ahụ na Machị 2023 na 149 Lower Road na Rotherhithe ebe Salter biri na ngwụcha afọ 1890. 

## Hụkwa

## Edensibia