Asụsụ Kulina

**Kulina** (nakwa **Kulína**, **Kulyna**, **Culina**, **Curina**, **Corina**, **Korina**, **Culina-Madijá**, **Madijá**, **Madija**, **Madiha**, **Madihá** ) bụ asụsụ Arawan nke Brazil na Peru nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 4,000 Kulina na-asụ. Ebe ndị ọkà okwu ole na ole dị otú ahụ, a na-ewere Kulina dị ka asụsụ egwu. Kulina yiri asụsụ Deni, ebe a na-ewerekwa ha dị ka olumba dị iche iche nke otu asụsụ. Asụsụ abụọ ahụ nwere usoro okwu SOV,  yana ụdị consonants alveolar africate atọ. Ekwenyere na ọnụnọ nke phoneme ****s*** e wugharịrị n'ọnọdụ fricative ***s <sup>h</sup>** bụ ihe na-egosi asụsụ Kulina na Deni megidere asụsụ ndị ọzọ na ezinụlọ Arawan. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịdị ala
Ndị Kulina na-ebi na steeti Acre na Amazonas na Brazil na mpaghara Ucayali na Peru.  Na Acre na Ucayali, a na-ahụ obodo nta ndị ahụ n'akụkụ osimiri Purus na Envira. Na Amazonas, obodo nta ndị ahụ dị gburugburu osimiri Juruá, Tarauacá na Jutaí. 

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro ihe mejupụtara ya bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa . Ọ na-abụkarị asụsụ na-egosi akara nke nwere morphology agglutinative na ụfọdụ ngwakọta.  Kulina bụ asụsụ ikpeazụ ma nwee ọtụtụ suffixes karịa prefixes .  Enwere klaasị aha abụọ na okike abụọ na nkwekọrịta na ngwaa transitive na-ekpebi site n'ọtụtụ ihe dị mgbagwoju anya, ma syntactic na pragmatic.  N'ahịrịokwu ntụgharị, ngwaa na-ekwenye na ihe dị na okike na isiokwu ahụ n'onwe na ọnụọgụ. N'ahịrịokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe, ngwaa ahụ na-ekwenye na isiokwu ya na mmadụ, ọnụọgụ na okike. 

## fonology

### Consonants

Consonants na-ada /pʰ, t̪, d͡z, t͡s, t͡sʰ, ɾ, β~w/ nwekwara ike ịkpọ dị ka /ɸ~f, t͡ʃ, z~ɟ, s, sʰ~ʃ, l, v/.

### Udaume

Ụda [a] nwekwara ike iru na ụda [ ɨ ] . Ụda ụdaume [u] na-apụta naanị na diphthongs. 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Boyer, Cindy & Jim Boyer. 2000. *Ọkọwa okwu: (sic) Culina - Castellano.* Edemede edebeghị.
* Dinst, Stefan. 2014. *A Grammar nke Kulina* . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
* Dinst, Stefan. 2009. " Sative Verbs na Kulina ". *ReVel Revista Virtual nke Estudos de Lingaugem.*
* Daalụ, Stefan. 2008 a. "Mmetụta Portuguese na Kulina". Na Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker & Rosa Salas Palomo (eds.) *Akụkụ nke kọntaktị asụsụ.* Nchọpụta *usoro mmụta ọhụrụ*, *usoro na ihe nleba anya nwere nlebara anya pụrụ iche na usoro Romancisation*, 287-297. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
* Dinst, Stefan. 2008b. "Gịnị kpatara Kulina enweghị ihe mgbochi". *Amụma* 32: 27-36 .
* Dinst, Stefan. 2005. "Ihe ọhụrụ nke s na Kulina na Deni". *Ọkà mmụta asụsụ mmadụ* 52: 209-243.
* Monserrat, Ruth Maria Fonini & Abel O. Silva. 1986. *Gramática na língua Kulina.* *Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo* . Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
* Silva, Abel O. & Ruth MF Monserrat.1984. *Dicionário Kulina – Português e Português – Kulina.* *(Dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo)* . Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário.
* Tiss, Frank. 2004. *Gramática da língua Madiha (Kulina)* . São Leopoldo: Oikos.
* Wright, Pamela Sue. 1991. La hipótesis del inacusativo y los verbos mádija (culina). *Revista Latino-americana de Estudios Ethnolingüísticos* 6: 49-62.
* Wright, Pamela Sue. Madija kwuru. *Akwụkwọ ọrụ nke Summer Institute of Linguistics*, Mahadum North Dakota 39: 93-140.

## Ntụaka
na-ekwu na ya na Reginald na Ryan Dennis, emesịa gbawaa koodu na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Tahltan." [1] Dị ka asụsụ Dene, dị ka