Ngwá ọrụ iku ume

[áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|[Poland|Polish Au-2 mgbapụ iku ume]]
**Ngwá ọrụ iku ume** mgbapụ, nke a na-akpọkwa **Ndị na-eku ume** mgbapụ mgbapụ, ihe mgbochi mgbapụ, mkpuchi onwe onye, ihe na-azọpụta ndụ mberede (**ELSA**), ihe na-eku iku ume mgbapụta mgbapụ mberede (**EEBD**), na Respiratory Protective Smoke Escape Devices (RPED),  bụ ngwa iku ume a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke na-enye onye na-eyi ya nchekwa iku ume ruo oge a kapịrị ọnụ, nke e zubere maka ịgbapụ site na ma ọ bụ site na gburugburu ebe ikuku ikuku na-enweghị ikuku ikuku. Nke a gụnyere ịgbapụ site na mmiri na ebe nwere gas ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ikuku ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ ozugbo maka ndụ ma ọ bụ ahụike (IDLH). 

Ngwa iku ume mgbapụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha nke na-enye ikuku dị jụụ. Ha nwere ike iji ihe mkpuchi iku ume, ihe na-eme ihu ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ọnụ na ihe na-eme ka imi dị ka ihe na-eme ka onye ọrụ nwee iku ume. Ngwa na-enye ikuku nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku dịghachi ọhụrụ nke nwere oxygen kemịkalụ ma ọ bụ nke a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ, ngwa mkpa nrụgide dị mma, ma ọ bụ ngwa na-eme ka ikuku dị elu na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile. Enwere ike izere mmetọ nke gas iku ume site na ịdabere na ezigbo akara gburugburu njikọ iku ume onye ọrụ, ma ọ bụ site na obere nrụgide dị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere gburugburu..

A naghị eji ngwá ọrụ iku ume maka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ karịa ịgbanahụ ebe dị ize ndụ. A na-akọwa ihe na-eku ume naanị dị ka "ihe na-eku iku ume nke e bu n'obi iji mee ihe naanị maka ọpụpụ mberede".

## Ngwa
thumb|Ngwá Ọrụ iku ume nke US Navy Emergency Escape (EEBD)
thumb|Uwe mgbapụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Russia gụnyere rebreather mgbapụ.
Ngwá ọrụ iku ume mgbapụ bụ ụdị ikuku na-enye onwe ya ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha maka iji ya mee ihe na mberede, nke e bu n'uche ikwe ka onye ọrụ gafee ebe na-enweghị ikuku na-eku ume gaa n'ebe nchekwa dị mma ebe ikuku dị mma maka iku ume. Ndị a bụ usoro nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi, ma gụnyere:

* Helikọpta mgbapụ
* Ebe a na-agbapụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe
* Ụgbọ mmiri na-agbapụ n'okpuru mmiri
* Ngwá Ọrụ Mgbapụ Tank Amphibious
* Okpu anwụrụ ọkụ
* Okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị Ụgbọ okporo ígwè dizel na-eji

Ngwunye mgbapụ mbụ na-abụkarị rebreathers ma jiri ya mee ihe iji gbapụ n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-enweghị ike ịpụta n'elu mmiri. A na-ejikwa usoro mgbapụ n'ụsọ osimiri, na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe, na ndị agha maka mgbapụ site na tankị.

Obere oghere oghere oghe Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device nwere ebumnuche yiri nke ahụ nke inye gas iku ume iji gbapụ na helikọpta.

### Nhọrọ
Ngwaọrụ iku ume mgbapụ nwere ọrụ nke ikwe ka mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe dị nchebe, oge zuru oke iji gbanahụ ihe egwu iku ume nke nwere ike ime na-enweghị ịdọ aka ná ntị zuru oke iji pụọ na-enweghị nchekwa iku ume. Ya mere, nhọrọ dabere na oge achọrọ iji gbanahụ, yana ohere nke IDLH ma ọ bụ enweghị oxygen, kama ihe nchekwa enyere..

Nkọwa nke oge nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mgbapụ na ụzọ mgbapụ a tụrụ aro ya bụ ọrụ nke onye were ya n'ọrụ, ọ ga-eburu n'uche ihe mberede a na-ahụ anya nke nwere ike ịchọ mgbapụ.

Igwe iku ume nke na-eme ka ikuku dị ọcha nwere ihe nzacha ma ọ bụ katrij na-amịkọrọ mmiri nke dabara adaba maka gburugburu ebe e zubere iji ya. Ha adịghị mma maka ịgbapụ site na gburugburu ebe ikuku oxygen na-agwụ. Igwe iku ume nke na-enye gas na-anaghị achịkwa onwe ya ga-enye onye ọrụ ohere ịgbapụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị chọrọ naanị nchekwa iku ume. Ha na-adịkarị na ọkwa ntachi obi site na nkeji 3 ruo 60. Nkeji 10 na 15 bụ nkọwapụta ndị a na-ahụkarị."Choosing Escape Breathing Apparatus". */www.ashsafety.com*. Ash Safety. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023. Ihe na-eku ume anaghị enye nchedo kemịkal ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ahụ onye ọrụ ahụ, a ghaghịkwa ịtụle mkpa ọ dị ichebe anya mgbe ị na-ahọrọ onye ọrụ na-eku iku ume.

## Ụdị

### Mmiri na-enye ume n'onwe ya
Ngwaọrụ iku ume ndị a na-ebu gas iku ume nke a gbakọrọ iji zuo maka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ịgbapụ n'ime oge a kapịrị ọnụ. 

#### Ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe
 
Ikuku ikuku nwere ihe dị ka pasentị 21 nke oxygen. N'iku ume nkịtị, ahụ na-eji ihe dị ka pasentị 4 nke oxygen dochie ya ma jiri carbon dioxide dochie ya. Enwere ike iku ume ọtụtụ ugboro tupu ikuku oxygen ya agwụ, mana carbon dioxide na-agbakọta ka oxygen na-agwụ, ọ na-akpatakwa ahụ erughị ala na nsogbu iku ume, yabụ a ga-ewepụ ya na usoro iku ume. E nwekwara ihe egwu na mgbe ọkwa oxygen dị ala, onye ọrụ ga-efunahụ onwe ya n'ihi hypoxia, ma nwee ike iku ume, yabụ a ga-enye oxygen iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ojiji ya. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Ihe na-amịkọrọ ihe eji eme ihe maka ịmịkọrọ carbon dioxide na-adịghị emegharị eme ka ọ bụrụ Sodalime, ma ọ bụ ihe dabere na sodalime. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Rebreathers na-eji mmepụta ikuku oxygen nwere ike ịdị obere, dị mfe ma dị mfe iyi. Ha nwere ike iji ụdị usoro iku ume pendulum, nke nwere ohere nwụrụ anwụ buru ibu karịa ụlọ ọrụ loop otu ụzọ, mana ọ dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala iji mepụta. Nkwụsi ike na-adịkarị site na nkeji 20 ruo 100 Oxygen na-emepụta site na mgbanwe kemịkal n'etiti carbon dioxide na potassium superoxide absorbent, nke na-ewepụ carbon dioxide ma na-enye obere oxygen iji dochie nke e ji mee ihe."Choosing Escape Breathing Apparatus". */www.ashsafety.com*. Ash Safety. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.

Otu isi nwere ike iji ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe na-akpụ akpụ n'imi, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịgụnye ugogbe anya ma ọ bụ okpu ma ọ bụrụ na nchebe anya dị mkpa. Ụfọdụ nkeji nwere cartridge iji mee ka akpa ahụ na-afụli elu mgbe mbụ ejiri ya mee ihe, mana nke a bụ iji nye obere olu na counterlung, nke nwere ike belata mmetụta nke gas na-ezughị ezu na mmalite mgbe akpa ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe efu."Choosing Escape Breathing Apparatus". */www.ashsafety.com*. Ash Safety. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.

Ntọala ndị a nwere ike inye ntachi obi ogologo oge, a pụkwara ịkọwa ha dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ iku ume, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, enwere ike iyi ha iji rụọ ọrụ, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ntụrụndụ mgbapụ nke bụ naanị maka mgbapụ. Oge ntachi obi na-emetụta site na mgbalị. Ọrụ siri ike na-abawanye ojiji oxygen na mmepụta carbon dioxide, nke abụọ na-eji kemịkal na scrubber. Gas a na-ebute nwere ike ịdị ọkụ nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ọ gaghị adị mma iku ume n'ebe na-ekpo ọkụ. A na-emekarị setịpụrụ maka otu ojiji naanị ka ime ka ọ rụọ ọrụ maka mgbaàmà ụgha ma ọ bụ iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịnwe mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma site na ọnụ. Potassium superoxide na-emeghachi omume n'ụzọ siri ike na mmiri, ọ pụkwara ịdị ize ndụ maka usoro mgbapụ nke nwere ike ịgbapụta mgbe a na-etinye ya n'ime mmiri.

Oxygen rebreathers nwekwara ike iji obere ihe na-emeghachi omume nke na-ewepụ carbon dioxide, mana mgbe ahụ, ha ga-enwerịrị ikuku oxygen ọzọ, nke na-abụkarị gas siri ike site na cylinder dị elu.

Ihe mgbapụ n'okpuru mmiri nwere ọnụ, yabụ onye na-eji ya ga-eyi imi mkpuchi imi iji gbochie iku ume mmiri site n'imi. Nkwụsi ike nke mgbapụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri dị n"etiti nkeji iri na ise na nkeji iri anọ na ise. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &#x5B;**&#x5D;

#### Ngwá ọrụ iku ume na-emeghe circuit
Ngwaọrụ iku ume nke na-emeghe nwere ike ịbụ ihe achọrọ ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu."Choosing Escape Breathing Apparatus". */www.ashsafety.com*. Ash Safety. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.

Ngwá ọrụ na-eme ka ikuku na-emeghe nke nwere ihe nkpuchi ihu zuru oke na-enye ọkwa kachasị elu nke nchebe megide gburugburu ebe obibi na-egbu egbu, mana ọ dị mgbagwoju anya, dị oke ọnụ, ma chọọ ikike ka ukwuu iji mee ihe nke ọma. Ha na-enye ikuku na-eku ume site na cylinder dị elu nke onye ọrụ na-ebu, nke a na-enye site na onye na-ebelata nrụgide na valve chọrọ, na ihe nkpuchi nke na-ekpuchi ihu dum, ma ga-adaba nke ọma iji gbochie gas na-emebi site na mgbapụta. A na-enye ikuku na nrụgide dịtụ elu karịa gburugburu iji hụ na ọ bụla na-agbapụta n'èzí. Ịkwụghachi ụgwọ dị mfe ma dị ọnụ ala. Ịhụ site na ihe nkpuchi na-adịkarị mma, nkwurịta okwu olu na-adịkwa mma. ntachi obi na-adabere na nha cylinder na nrụgide ọrụ, ịdị irè nke akara ihu, na ọkwa mgbalị na nchegbu nke onye ọrụ. 10 ruo 15 nkeji bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume karịa."A Guide to Escape Breathing Apparatus". *www.mrsl.co.uk*. 27 July 2021. Archived from the original on 18 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.

Enwere ike inwe ihe isi ike na-eme ka ntutu ihu, na iyi iko anya. A chọrọ nkà ndị ọzọ iji jiri ụdị iku ume a mee ihe n'enweghị nsogbu ma dị irè, karịsịa n'ihi mkpa ọ dị itinye ihe nkpuchi ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi.

Ngwaọrụ na-emepe emepe na-enye ikuku na-agbanye site na cylinder nchekwa na ihe dị ka lita 40 kwa nkeji, n'agbanyeghị ọrụ onye ọrụ ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka ntachi obi bụrụ nke a na-ahụ anya n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma dabere na olu cylinder na nrụgide chaja. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-enyekarị ha okpu na akara n'olu, ha na-anabata ntutu ihu na enyo anya, mana nnukwu okpu na ebe a na-ele anya plastik dị nro anaghị enye ọhụụ dị mma, ebe ọ nwere ike ịnya ma na-agbawa, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịrụsi ọrụ ike iji chọọ ikuku karịa ka onye na-achịkwa ga-enye. Nkwurịta okwu olu na-egbochi akwa okpu dị nro na mkpọtụ gas na-aga n'ime okpu ahụ.

Mmiri na-enye na-esikarị na 200 bar aluminum, ígwè ma ọ bụ eriri-wund composite cylinder. A 2 litre cylinder ga-enye ihe dị ka 10 nkeji ntachi obi, na 3 litre cylinders ihe dị ka 15 nkeji na 35 ruo 37 litres kwa nkeji. Ihe mgbochi olu rọba na-enyere aka inye nrụgide dị mma n'ime okpu ahụ. Ngụkọta nke ịdị arọ nke setịpụrụ, zuru ezu na akpa na-ebu sling na-adịkarị n'usoro nke 5 ruo 7 kilogram.

### Njem na-aga n'ihu Escape-SCBA
Ngwá ọrụ iku ume na-aga n'ihu (SCBA), nke na-enwekarị okpu, bụ ụdị ngwá ọrụ iku ume mberede.

## asambodo
Ndị na-eku ume ga-enweta asambodo site n'aka ikike mba yiri nke United States' National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) maka iji ya mee ihe na ụdị ikuku nke a na-ezube iku ume. Ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ na-emetụta ọkwa nchebe maka onye ọrụ, ndị ọzọ na-emetụtakwa nchekwa dị n'ime ngwá ọrụ maka iji ya na ikuku na-ere ọkụ na nke nwere ike ịgbawa. Ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ bụ nke afọ ofufo, na-agafe ihe kacha nta achọrọ nke ikike mba dịka NIOSH. Enwere ike igosi nkwekọrịta na ụkpụrụ afọ ofufo site na asambodo ngwaahịa nke atọ dịka ndị nke Safety Equipment Institute (SEI) nyere.

Dabere na ụlọ ọrụ a na-eji ha eme ihe, ndị na-eku ume nwere ike ịgbaso, ma ọ bụ kwado ya n'ihe gbasara, otu ma ọ bụ karịa nke: 

* ASTM E2952-23 - Nkọwa ọkọlọtọ maka Air-Purifying Respiratory Smoke Escape Devices (RPED) 
* NFPA 1981-19 - Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) maka Ọrụ Mberede 
* NFPA 1984-22 - Standard on Respirators for Wildland Fire-Fighting and Wildland Urban Interface Operations 
* NFPA 1986-23 - Ụkpụrụ maka Ngwá Ọrụ Nchedo iku ume maka Ọrụ na Nkà 
* NFPA 1987-23 - Standard on Combination Unit Respirator Systems for Tactical and Technical Operations 
* EN 402:2003 - Ngwá ọrụ nchebe iku ume - Ihe akpịrị na-achịkwa chọrọ Ngwá ọrụ iku ume na-emeghe onwe ya nke nwere ihe mkpuchi ihu zuru ezu ma ọ bụ ọnụ maka mgbapụ. 
* ISO 23269-1:2008 - Ụgbọ mmiri na teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri - Ngwá ọrụ iku ume maka ụgbọ mmiri - Akụkụ 1: Ngwá ọrụ ume mgbapụ mberede (EEBD) maka iji ụgbọ mmiri.  
* ISO 23269-4:2011 
* EN 1127-1:2011 - Ọnọdụ mgbawa - Mgbochi mgbawa na nchebe - Akụkụ 1: Echiche na usoro
* EN1146:2005 
* EN 13463-1:2009 - Ngwá ọrụ na-abụghị eletrik maka iji ya mee ihe na ikuku nwere ike imebi - Akụkụ 1: Ụzọ na ihe achọrọ 
* IEC/TS 60079-32-1:2013 - Mpaghara mgbawa - Akụkụ 32-1: Ihe ize ndụ electrostatic, nduzi 
* SOLAS Isi nke Abụọ-2, Ntuziaka Ngwá Ọrụ Mmiri  na Ntuziaka Ngwaọrụ Pressure. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mmepe nke ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mbụ bara uru n'agha tupu Agha Ụwa Mbụ welitere ajụjụ banyere nnapụta na ịgbapụ ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ enweghị ike ịpụta n'elu mmiri. Robert Henry Davis na Henry A. Fleuss mepụtara rebreather, nke bara uru na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe na n'okpuru mmiri.

Otu ihe atụ bụ Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus. A na-ejikwa usoro mgbapụ mee ihe n'ikpere mmiri, dịka na ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe, na maka mgbapụ site na tankị (Amphibious Tank Escape Apparatus).

* 1903: Siebe Gorman malitere ime ka iku ume a setịpụrụ na England; n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, a meziwanyere ya, ma mesịa kpọọ ya Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus.
* 1905: Ihe ọhụrụ dị mkpa: valves na-atụle iji chịkwaa inye oxygen. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nabatara nke a ozugbo nke mere usoro mgbapụ.
* 1907: Draeger nke Lübeck mepụtara *U-Boot-Retter* = "onye nnapụta n'okpuru mmiri".

: Usoro abụọ ahụ dabere na inye ikuku oxygen site na cylinder dị elu na ịmịkọrọ carbon dioxide n'otu oge site na cartridge jupụtara na sodium hydroxide.

* 1916: Ụdị Draeger DM 2 ghọrọ ngwá ọrụ ọkọlọtọ nke ndị agha mmiri Germany.
* 1926: Draeger gosipụtara ihe na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ike igwu mmiri nke onye na-eyi ya nwere ike igwu egwu. Ọ bụ ezie na ngwaọrụ ndị gara aga na-arụ ọrụ naanị maka ịrịgo n'elu ma e mekwara ka ha nwee ike ịba n'elu mmiri ka onye na-eyi ya wee rute n'elu n'enweghị mmegharị mmiri, usoro mmiri ahụ nwere ihe dị arọ, nke mekwara ka o kwe omume iji ya banye n'ime ala, ịchọ ma napụta mgbe ihe mberede gasịrị.
* 1939: Hans Hass mepụtara site na mgbapụ setịpụrụ ụdị rebreather na akpa ya n'azụ ya na tubes iku ume abụọ mana enweghị igbe akpa azụ. Ihe ndị a na-apụta nke ukwuu na fim na akwụkwọ ya.

### Na mgbasa ozi a ma ama
A na-eji ihe nkiri ndị a eme ihe:

* *Das Boot* (Johann das Gespenst na-egbochi mmiri ịbanye n'okpuru injin dizel)  
* Haie und kleine Fische [de] (ọpụpụ a na-achịkwa site na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri na-adaba n'okpuru mmiri) [ihe odide dị mkpa] 
* In Enemy Hands (Iji lanarị n'ime mmiri ruo ogologo oge mgbe onye na-ebibi ihe na-awakpo ya) [ihe odide dị mkpa] 

## Hụkwa

* Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus - Oxygen rebreather
* Smoke hood - Ngwaọrụ iji chebe onye ọrụ pụọ na iku ume anwụrụ ọkụ n'ọnọdụ mberede
* Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment - Uwe na-ekpughe ahụ dum nke na-enye ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru mmiri ohere ịgbapụ n'ụgbọ mmiri mmiri na-adaba

## Edemsbia



 
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