Robert S. Duncanson

**Robert Seldon Duncanson** (ihe dị ka  - Disemba 21, 1872) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu nke ndị nna nna Europe na Africa. N'ịbụ onye ndị America a ma ama na-ese ihe n'ala dị ka Thomas Cole kpaliri, Duncanson mepụtara ihe osise ala a ma ama ma were ya dị ka onye na-ese egwu nke ọgbọ nke abụọ nke Hudson River School. Duncanson nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ya na Cincinnati, Ohio ma nyere aka zụlite ọdịnala ọdịdị ala Ohio River Valley.[2] Dị ka onye ojii nweere onwe ya na America, Duncanson tinyere ndị abolitionist na America na England iji kwado ma kwalite ọrụ ya. A na-ewere Duncanson dị ka onye na-ese ihe Africa-America mbụ a maara n'ụwa niile.[3] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mpaghara ọdịbendị nke Cincinnati, Detroit, Montreal, na London. Arụmụka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà na ụzụ nke dabeere na Duncanson na-emetụta ọrụ nke okwu agbụrụ nke oge a rụrụ n'ọrụ ya. Ụfọdụ Ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka Joseph D. Ketner, kwenyere na Duncanson jiri ihe atụ agbụrụ mee ihe na nka ya,  ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka Margaret Rose Vendryes, na-egbochi ndị na-ekiri ya ịbịaru nka ya nso na echiche agbụrụ. 

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Robert Seldon Duncanson na Fayette, New York,  n'ihe dị ka afọ 1821.  Duncanson bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwoke ise nke John Dean Duncanson (ihe dị ka  - 1851), onye ọchụnta ego ojii n'efu, na Lucy Nickles (ihe dịka  - 1854).  Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ekwu na nna Robert bụ onye Scot-Canada; Otú ọ dị, ọ nweghị ihe akaebe iji kwado nkwupụta a, ọ bụghịkwa mgbe ma ọ bụ ebe isi mmalite nke nkwupụta ahụ malitere. Ihe akaebe niile na-egosi na Robert Seldon bụ nwa nke Ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ na Virginia. Nna John Dean, Charles Duncanson, bụbu ohu si Virginia nke onye nwe ya tọhapụrụ n'agbụ. Charles nwetara ihe ùgwù pụrụ iche, gụnyere nnwere onwe ya na ohere ịmụta ọrụ nkà, n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ nwa amuma nke onye nwe ya.[3] Mgbe ha nwetasịrị nnwere onwe, Charles na nwa ya nwoke John Dean biri dị ka ndị nweere onwe ha na Virginia. Otú ọ dị, na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, mmegide ndị ọcha megide ndị isi ojii nweere onwe ha toro na Upper South. Na nzaghachi, Charles, nwa ya nwoke John Dean, na nwunye ya Lucy Nickles, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị Africa America nweere onwe ha, kwagara n'ebe ugwu. Ezinụlọ Duncanson biri na Fayette, New York, ebe a mụrụ Robert Seldon. Ihe ọmụma Charles banyere ịkwa nkà na ise ihe n'ụlọ gafere nwa ya nwoke, John Dean, na ụmụ ụmụ ya. Ihe ọmụma a ga-emecha nye Robert Seldon Duncanson ohere ịzụlite dị ka onye ọrụ aka ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-ese ihe.

WeN'afọ 1840, Duncanson dị afọ iri na itoolu hapụrụ Monroe wee kwaga Mount Pleasant, Ohio, obodo dị n'ebe ugwu Cincinnati nke e mechara mara dị ka Mount Healthy, iji malite ọrụ ya na nka. Cincinnati bụ obodo na-eto ngwa ngwa - ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ si na 43,000 ruo 115,000 n'etiti 1840 na 1850. Karịsịa, Cincinnati dọtara ọtụtụ ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ ma ọ bụ gbapụ na-achọ obodo ọhụrụ. Obodo a nwere otu n'ime obodo ndị Africa America kachasị ukwuu na US.[2] Mgbe Duncanson rutere, ndị Afrịka-Amerịka bi n'obodo ahụ dị ihe dịka puku atọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Africa America 3,000 bi na Cincinnati bụ ndị ohu n'oge gara aga. Ka ọ na-erule 1870, obodo ahụ nwere ndị Africa America 5,900, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 216,000.

## Ọrụ

### Ihe osise na-agagharị agagharị
Robert Seldon Duncanson enweghị agụmakwụkwọ nka, ya mere ọ ghaghị ịkụziri onwe ya site na iṅomi Ihe osise, iṅomi ọrụ ndị Europe, ise ihe site na okike, na ise ihe osise. N'afọ 1840, Duncanson rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na-agagharị agagharị, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrịka n'oge ahụ, na-eme njem n'etiti Cincinnati, Detroit, na Monroe, Michigan. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ site na 1841 - The Portrait of a Mother and Daughter . Ọrụ a yiri ụdị nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a, na-egosi ahụmịhe mmụta Duncanson site na iṅomi ọrụ ndị ọzọ.[1] N'afọ 1842, Duncanson nwere foto atọ - Fancy Portrait, Infant Savior, otu, na *Miser* - nabatara na ngosi nke abụọ nke Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts kwadoro.[1] (p. 15) Ọ bụ ezie na a nabatara ọrụ Duncanson n'ime ihe ngosi ahụ, a nabatara ya nke ọma, o yikarịrị ka ekweghị ka Duncanson gaa nkuzi nka na Academy n'ihi agbụrụ ya. Ihe ngosi a bụ nke mbụ ya n'ihu ọha n'ụwa nka, mana ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ezinụlọ Duncanson ka e kwere ka ha gaa ihe ngosi ahụ n'ihi agbụrụ ha. Nne ya, mgbe ọ na-enweghị ike ịga ihe ngosi ahụ, a kọrọ na ọ sịrị "Amaara m ihe ha dị ka ...Amaara m na ha nọ ebe ahụ! Nke ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa".

### Ihe osise ala
Ihe osise ala bụ ụdị dị mkpa site na 1830s ruo 1900s.  Onye na-ese ihe Thomas Cole na ndị ọzọ so na Hudson River School jiri okike nye echiche banyere America na echiche ya. Duncanson nwere mmasị na eserese ala. Ka ọ na-apụ n'ọrụ foto, Duncanson nwere mmasị na mbipụta njem, ọkachasị akwụkwọ nyocha nke John Stevens na Frederick Catherwood, Incidents of Travel in the Yucatan .  Ihe odide ndị dị n'akwụkwọ ndị a kpaliri Duncanson ịnwale iji gosipụta ebe ndị dị iche iche na mmepeanya echefuru echefu n'ọrụ ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Cincinnati ma jupụta n'ike mmụọ nsọ ọhụrụ, ọ natara ọrụ site n'aka Charles Avery, onye ụkọchukwu abolitionist Methodist, na 1848. Ọ bụghị naanị na Cliff Mine, Lake Superior - ọrụ Duncanson mepụtara maka Avery - kwadoro ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ala, ọ kwadokwara ya n'ime netwọk nke ndị na-akwado abolitionist bụ ndị kwadoro ọtụtụ ọrụ ya.

N'afọ 1861, Duncanson mepụtara "ọrụ kachasị ukwuu" ya: Land of the Lotus Eaters .  Ihe osise a bụ ọrụ Duncanson a ma ama. Ọzọkwa, Duncanson bu n'obi ka ọrụ ahụ nweta nnukwu otuto a. O mere atụmatụ igosi ọrụ ahụ na njem njem Europe tupu ya amalite ise ya. [1]

#### Njem Europe na Ihe osise nke Romance
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise Duncanson, dị ka Land of the Lotus Eaters, nwere mmetụta nke ọrụ nke ndị na-ede uri Romantic nke Britain iji tinye isiokwu akụkọ ifo. Mmasị a na uri na akwụkwọ akụkọ Europe mepụtara site na ọtụtụ njem Duncanson gara Europe n'ime afọ 20. Ndị na-akwado Abolitionist dị ka Nicholas Longworth na otu Anti-Slavery league kwadoro njem ndị a. Ohere ndị "nnukwu njem" ndị a nyere na Europe nyere Duncanson ikike ịmụ ọrụ nke Old Masters ka ọ na-enyocha ọdịdị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime obodo Europe. Abụọ n'ime ọrụ ndị sitere na njem Duncanson na Europe bụ Italian Landscape na Italian Landscope with Ruins . 
thumb|Ala nke Ndị Na-eri Lotus, 1861

## Ihe Nketa
Robert Seldon Duncanson bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'ala ndị Africa America nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ọ nwetakwara ihe ịga nke ọma ndị ọgbọ ya na-amaghị. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1860, akwụkwọ akụkọ American Press kwupụtara na Duncanson bụ "onye na-ese ihe kachasị mma n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ" na akwụkwọ akụkọ London weere ya dịka ndị na-ese egwu ndị ọzọ na Britain n'oge ahụ. Richard Powell nke American Visions na-ekwu na ihe ịga nke ọma Duncanson bụ "mmeri n'elu echiche ọha mmadụ banyere ihe onye na-ese ihe n'Afrịka-Amerịka kwesịrị ịmepụta". [1] Duncanson ghọrọ onye a ma ama na mba na mba ụwa maka ihe osise ala ya nke yiri omenala Hudson River School, a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ya mepụtara ụdị nka nke Ohio River Valley. Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Joseph D. Ketner na-ekwu na onyinye kachasị ukwuu Duncanson nyere na nka bụ "echiche ya dị iche iche nke ihe osise ala na-ezo aka na akwụkwọ ịhụnanya a ma ama". 

Isi esemokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Duncanson gbara gburugburu bụ ma ọ na-anọchite anya okwu agbụrụ na nka ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme, dị ka Ketner, na-ekwu na e nwere nkọwa agbụrụ zoro ezo na ihe osise ya, ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka Vendryes, na-ewere ala ya dị ka "enweghị agbụrụ". Ketner na-ekwusi ike na ọrụ nka Duncanson bụ nnọchiteanya nke ọdịbendị na agbụrụ ya. Vendryes na-ekwu na Duncanson anaghị anọchite anya nsogbu agbụrụ nke oge a n'ụzọ doro anya n'ọrụ ya, ma dọọ ndị na-ekiri aka ná ntị ka ha ghara ịkọwa Duncanson na nka ya naanị site na oghere nke agbụrụ ya, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike igbochi nghọta onye na-ekiri ya banyere ọrụ ya.

## Ndepụta dị mkpirikpi nke ihe osise

* *Portrait of a Mother and Daughter,* 1841 (Fulton County Arts Council, Hammonds House, Atlanta, Georgia)
* *Trial of Shakespeare*, 1843 (Douglass Settlement House, Toledo, Ohio)
* *Roses Fancy Still Life*, 1843 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
* *Mt. Healthy, Ohio*, 1844 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
* *Drunkard's Plight*, 1845 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
* *At the Foot of the Cross*, 1846 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
* *Cliff Mine, Lake Superior*, 1848 (F. Ward Paine, Jr., Portola Valley, California)
* *Mayan Ruins, Yucatan*, 1848 (Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio)
* *The Belmont Murals*, –1852 (Taft Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio)
* *Blue Hole, Flood Waters, Little Miami River*, 1851 (Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio)
* *View of Cincinnati, Ohio From Covington, Kentucky*, 1851 (Cincinnati Historical Society)
* *The Garden of Eden* (after Cole), 1852 (High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia)
* *Dream of Arcadia* (after Cole), 1852 (Private Collection, New York City)
* *Uncle Tom and Little Eva*, 1853 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
* *Italianate Landscape*, 1855 (California African American Museum, Los Angeles, California)
* *Robbing the Eagle's Nest*, 1856 (National Museum of African American History and Culture)
* *Untitled (Landscape)*, late 1850s (Princeton University Art Museum)
* *Landscape with Rainbow*, 1859 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
* *Land of Lotus Eaters*, 1861 (Collection of His Royal Majesty, the King of Sweden)
* *Faith*, 1862 (National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, Wilberforce, Ohio)
* *Vale of Kashmir*, 1863 (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio)
* *Silver River, North Carolina*, 1863 (The Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, South Carolina)
* *Lake Beauport*, 1864 (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada)
* *Lake Saint-Charles*, 1864 (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada)
* *A Dream of Italy*, 1865 (Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama)
* *Cottage Opposite Pass at Ben Lomond*, 1866 (Museum of Art, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, purchase)
* *Mountain Landscape with Cows and Sheep,* 1866 (Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey, purchase)
* *Loch Long, Scotland*, 1867 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
* *The Caves*, 1869 (Amon Carter Museum of American Art)
* *Dog's Head Scotland*, 1870 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts)

## Edensibia

* American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, akwụkwọ ngosi sitere na The Metropolitan Museum of Art (nke zuru oke n'ịntanetị dị ka PDF), nke nwere ihe gbasara Duncanson (lee ndepụta) 
* Nchịkọta Ohio, Dayton Museum of Art
* nkà ihe ọmụma
* Mahadum Long Island