Henry Dumas

**Henry Dumas** (Julaị 20, 1934 - Mee 23, 1968) bụ onye odee na onye na-ede uri America. Akpọwo ya "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi zuru oke" site n'aka Toni Morrison,  onye dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nhazi na Random House bipụtara nchịkọta posthumous ma nke abụ uri ya, *Play Ebony, Play Ivory*,  na obere akụkọ ya, *Igbe nke ọkpụkpụ*, n'afọ 1974. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Dumas na Sweet Home, Arkansas, na 1934 wee biri n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, mgbe ọ kwagara New York City; otu o sila dị, ọ na-edobe ya mgbe nile omenala okpukperechi na ọdịnala nke obodo ya. Na Harlem, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha wee gụchaa na Commerce High School na 1953. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara City College of New York, tupu ọ banye na Air Force . Mana tupu ọ malite njem agha ya, ọ zutere otu nwanyị aha ya bụ Loretta Ponton na New York. Ha abụọ ga-anọgide na-akpọtụrụ, ịlụ di na nwunye na 1955 wee kwaga Lackland Air Force Base na San Antonio, Texas. Dumas nọrọkwa ọnwa iri na asatọ na Arab Peninsula, ebe ọ malitere inwe mmasị na omenala Arab. Ọ nọ na ndị agha ruo 1957, n'oge ahụ ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum Rutgers, ebe ọ gara dịka nwa akwụkwọ oge niile na nwa oge na-enweghị inweta akara ugo mmụta.   Dumas na Ponton nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ: David, a mụrụ na 1958, na Michael, a mụrụ na 1962.

N'afọ 1967, Dumas ghọrọ onye nkuzi-onye ndụmọdụ na onye nduzi nke nkuzi asụsụ na nnwale nke Mahadum Southern Illinois na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, na East St. Louis. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ n'okpuru nduzi nke Dr. Edward W. Crosby, onye bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke *Hiram Poetry Review* n'oge ahụ. E bipụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke Dumas na *Hiram Review*, nke nwere ike ịbụ otú ha abụọ si mara. Dumas ghọkwara onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke *Hiram Review* site na 1967 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1968. Mgbe Dumas nwụsịrị n'egbughị oge Dr. Crosby laghachiri na ndị ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke *Hiram Review* wee gbaa Eugene Redmond ume, otu n'ime ndị nkụzi ibe Dumas na onye na-ede uri, ka ya na Loretta Dumas kwurịta okwu banyere ibipụta ọrụ ya mgbe ọ gasịrị. A na-atụba ọnwụ ahụ, a na-eme ndokwa na enyemaka nchịkọta akụkọ nke Hale Chatfield, onye nchoputa nke *Hiram Poetry Review*, ọrụ Dumas bụ nke Southern Illinois University Press bipụtara.  

### Ọnwụ
Na Mee 23, 1968, n’ihe dịka elekere 12:15&nbsp;am, onye uwe ojii New York City Transit gbagburu Dumas n'ọnụ ọnwụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 33 n'elu ikpo okwu ndịda nke ọdụ 125th Street/Lenox Avenue nke ọdụ ụgbọ oloko New York City . Dị ka akụkọ Associated Press si kwuo, onye uwe ojii ahụ kwuru na Dumas ji mma yie nwoke ọzọ egwu. Onye uwe ojii ahụ kwuru na o nyere Dumas iwu ka ọ tụnye mma ahụ, ma na Dumas tụgharịrị, wakpoo onye uwe ojii ahụ ma gbuo onye uwe ojii ahụ ntì. Onye uwe ojii ahụ kwuru na ọ gbara egbe ugboro atọ. 

Ọnọdụ ịgba égbè ahụ ka edoghị anya, ebe ọ nweghị onye akaebe gbara akaebe  na enweghị ndekọ ọ bụla fọdụrụ kemgbe e bibiri ndekọ ndị uwe ojii Transit nke agbapụ ahụ mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na ngalaba ndị uwe ojii New York na 1995.  A na-akpọkarị ọnwụ Dumas "ihe gbasara njirimara hiere ụzọ".    

E liri Dumas na Long Island National Cemetery na Suffolk County, New York .  A kpọtụrụ ọnwụ ya na uri "An Alphabet of My Dead," nke Poet Laureate Robert Pinsky,  uri "Night, for Henry Dumas" nke Aracelis Girmay, na uri "Maka Henry Dumas" nke Stanley Cooperman .

## Nkwenye mgbe a nwụsịrị
E bipụtara obere ọrụ Dumas n'oge ndụ ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nta na akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1960. Ọ bụ isi site na mbọ Eugene B. Redmond, onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Dumas, ka ebipụtara nchịkọta dị iche iche nke ọrụ ya. E bipụtara *Poetry for My People* na 1970 site na Southern Illinois University Press, ebe Dumas rụrụ ọrụ tupu ọnwụ ya. Toni Morrison, mgbe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Random House, na-agụ *Poetry for My People* ma jiri mmetụta ya mee ka Random House bipụta nchịkọta abụọ nke Dumas nke e bipụtara na nke a na-ebipụtaghị na 1974, *Play Ebony, Play Ivory*, nke bụ ihe nbipụta nke *abụ maka Ndị m* na *Igbe ọkpụkpụ* .   Iji mee ka mmasị dị na Dumas, Morrison kwadoro oriri mmalite akwụkwọ na Ọktoba 13, 1974. N'ime ọkpụkpọ òkù ya, Morrison kwuru maka ọrụ Dumas na ọ bụ "ụfọdụ n'ime uri na akụkọ ifo ndị kacha mara mma, na-akpali akpali na nke miri emi nke m gụtụrụla na ndụ m."  Mgbe *Play Ebony, Play Ivory* pụtara na 1974, Julius Lester, na-ede na *New York Times Book Review*, na-akpọ Dumas "onye mbụ Afro-American poet nke sixties." 

N'afọ 1976, obere akụkọ Dumas "Thalia" meriri ihe nrite mbụ okike okike ' *Black Scholar*,  nke James Baldwin họpụtara.   Onye na-ede uri Eugene Redmond, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Dumas, nyere aka nweghachi mmasị na Dumas na 1988 site na mbipụta nke nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi *Goodbye Sweetwater*, nke nwere ma ndị e bipụtara na mbụ na ọrụ ọhụrụ. Redmond weputara mkpokọta nke abụọ, *Knees of a Natural Man*, na 1989. Na 2015, Redmond kwuru banyere olile anya ya na " Mgbagharị Black Lives Matter ga-enyere aka iwebata Dumas na ndị na-ege ntị ọhụrụ ma nyere aka kwalite ntọala nke oge ahụ dabere." 

Rapper Milo akpọtụla Dumas n'abụ ọtụtụ ugboro, ọkachasị na abụ "Napping Under the Echo Tree" nke aha ya bụ ntụaka na akwụkwọ Dumas *Echo Tree: The Collected Short Fiction of Henry Dumas* . A na-akpọkwa Dumas aha n'okwu egwu ahụ.

## Mmetụta
Dumas kọwara onwe ya dị ka ndị Nne Mabley na egwu ozioma na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ dị obere. Dumas ji nzụlite ime mmụọ ya yana ahụmahụ ya ndị ọzọ dị ka nwa ojii na-etolite na ndịda n'oge 1930 na 1940 ugboro ugboro n'ihe odide ya. 

Dumas nwere mmasị siri ike na egwu na ihe ndị mmadụ nwere njikọ siri ike na ahụmahụ ojii. Na 1960, ọ bịara na-amatawanye dị ka otu n'ime olu kachasị mkpa nke Black Power Movement na ihe ngosi nka ya, Black Arts Movement, na-emikpu onwe ya na egwu, karịsịa ozioma, spirits, jazz, na blues . Dumas gụrụ onye egwu jazz Sun Ra n'ime etiti 1960s. Abụ Dumas "Black Paladins" ghọrọ egwu egwu maka ndekọ nke Joseph Jarman na Famoudou Don Moye na 1979.  Dumas na-ekwukarị isiokwu ndị ọzọ juru ebe niile nke 1960s. N'abụ ya "Afro American," ọ na-anwa ịkọwa ọ bụghị naanị, ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ oji, kamakwa nke ihe nketa abụọ ma na-atụ aro ka a mata ma ihe nketa abụọ na nke onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị kere ya.

Onye edemede Margaret Walker na ndị na-egwu egwu James Brown na John Coltrane gosipụtara na ha bụ nnukwu mmetụta na ederede ya. Ihe dị iche iche nke Ndị Kraịst ojii, Islam, Sufi mysticism, okpukpe Hindu, okpukpe Buddha, akụkọ ifo ndị Amerịka, na akụkọ ifo Africa pụtara n'ọrụ Dumas. 

Ma akụkọ ifo ya na uri ya mepụtara isiokwu nke Black Arts ma ọ bụ Black Aesthetic movement . 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* *Abụ maka ndị m* (1970) (abụ)
* *Igbe nke Ọkpụkpụ na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ* (1974) (obere akụkọ)
* *Gwuo Ebony, Gwuo Ivory* (1974) (abụ)
* *Jonoah na Green Stone* (1976) (akwụkwọ akụkọ)
* *Ụdọ ikuku na akụkọ ndị ọzọ* (1979) (mkpụkọ akụkọ)
* *Goodbye, Sweetwater: Akụkọ ọhụrụ na ahọpụtara* (1988) (akụkọ mkpirisi)
* *Knees of a Natural Man: Nhọrọ nke Henry Dumas* (1989) (abụ)
* *Osisi Echo: Akụkọ ifo nke Henry Dumas anakọtara* ( Coffee House Press, 2003) (akụkọ mkpirisi) 

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Eugene B. Redmond, iwebata *Igbe nke Ọkpụkpụ na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ*, 1974.
* Carolyn A. Mitchell, "Henry Dumas", na *akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Literary Biography*, vol. 41, *Ndị uri Afro-American kemgbe 1955*, eds Trudier Harris na Thadious M. Davis, 1985, p.&nbsp;89–99.
* John A. Williams, "Henry Dumas: Black Word-Worker", na *Black American Literature Forum* Vol. 22, Nke 2 (Oge okpomọkụ 1988): 402–404.
* Eugene B. Redmond, "Olu Ochie na nso nso a n'ime Henry Dumas", mmalite nke *Goodbye Sweetwater*, 1988.
* Eugene B. Redmond, "Onye na-ede uri Henry Dumas: Onye na-agba ọsọ anya, Stabilizer, Distiller", mmeghe nke *ikpere nke nwoke okike: uri ahọpụtara nke Henry Dumas*, 1989.
* Dana A. Williams, "Ịme ka ọkpụkpụ dị ndụ ọzọ: A na-ele anya 'Ndị Ọkpụkpụ' na August Wilson 's *Joe Turner's Come and Gone* and Henry Dumas' *Ark of Bones* ", *College Language Association Journal* 42: 3 (March 1999) : 309–19 .
* Jeffrey B. Leak, ''Nwoke a na-ahụ anya: Ndụ nke Henry Dumas'' Archived   , Mahadum Georgia Press (2014), 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe uri America nke oge a
* Poets.org - The Academy of American Poets
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations