Ụlọ dị n'ebe a na-ere nri

thumb|300x300px|Oast ọdịnala na Frittenden, Kent
Ụlọ oast, oast ma ọ bụ hop kiln bụ ụlọ emebere maka ikpo ọkụ (ịkpọ nkụ) hops dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ịme ihe. Enwere ike ịchọta ha n'ọtụtụ ebe na-eto eto (na nke bụbu hop-eto eto) ma na-abụkarị ezi ihe atụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Agbanwewo ọtụtụ oasts na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ. A na-eji aha oast na oast eme ihe na Kent na Sussex. Na Surrey, Hampshire, Herefordshire na Worcestershire a na-akpọ ha hop kilns.

Ha nwere ụlọ nwere akụkụ anọ ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ ("ihe mkpofu") na otu ma ọ bụ karịa kiln nke a na-agbasa hops ka akpọnwụ ya site na ikuku ọkụ na-esi na nkụ ma ọ bụ unyi n'okpuru. Ala ndị ahụ ihicha ahụ dị gịrịgịrị ma mebie oghere iji mee ka okpomọkụ gafere wee gbapụ n'otu ehi dị n'elu ụlọ nke ifufe na-atụgharị. A na-atụba hops ndị a kpụpụtara ọhụrụ n'ubi ka ha kpọọ nkụ wee wụsa ya ka ọ dị jụụ tupu ebuo ya ma ziga ya n'ebe a na-emepụta mmanya. A na-eji olumba Kentish kell mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka kilns ("Oast nwere kell atọ") na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ pụtara oast n'onwe ya ("Were nna gị nri ehihie a, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na kell"). Okwu oast n'onwe ya pụtakwara "kiln".

Ụlọ oast nke mbụ dị na Golford, Cranbrook dị nso na Tunbridge Wells. Ọ malitere site n'oge na narị afọ nke 17 ma na-egosipụta nke ọma akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ banyere oasts obere oge ka ewebata hops na England n'etiti narị afọ nke 16. Ụlọ ndị mbụ a na-adọba ụgbọala bụ ụlọ a na-emegharị emegharị, ma, ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 18, e mepụtala ụlọ ndị dị ogologo pụrụ iche nke nwere elu ụlọ conical iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo ogologo. Na mbụ, ndị a bụ square, ma gburugburu 1800 roundel kilns ka e mepụtara na nkwenye na ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ka na-ewu ewu karịa na Herefordshire na Worcestershire wee laghachi na ejiji na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na narị afọ nke 19 mgbe e mesịrị. N'afọ ndị 1930, e ji oghere ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ dochie anya ehi ndị ahụ ka ndị na-agba ọkụ eletrik na oven mmanụ dizel na-arụ ọrụ.

Hops taa akpọnwụwo n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọtụtụ ụlọ oast dị n'ugbo ugbu a agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi. Otu n'ime ụlọ oast kacha mma echekwara bụ na Hop Farm Country Park na Beltring.

## Ịkpọ nkụ
thumb|Castle Farm, Hadlow, Kent, na-egosi mmebi ọkụ
Ebumnuche nke oast bụ ịcha hops. A na-enweta nke a site na iji ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-agafe n'ọkụ, kama usoro ịgba ọkụ.

Ndị otu ndị na-atụtụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'otu akụkụ ma na-enweta ego a kapịrị ọnụ n'ubi hop. A na-etinye akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ hops n'ime nnukwu akpa hessian a na-akpọ pokes (na Kent) ma ọ bụ akpa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (West Midlands). A ga-ebuga ihe ndị a na oast ma weba ya n'ime ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ala mbụ. Ụfọdụ oasts nwere ihe mmadụ na-ebuli elu maka nzube a, nke nwere ihe ndọba ụgbọala nke dị ihe dị ka mita 1.52 n'elu axle nke e tinyere eriri ma ọ bụ yinye na ya.

The green hops mgbe ọhụrụ e wepụtara nwere mmiri dị n'ihe dị ka 80%. Nke a chọrọ ka e belata ruo 6%, ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ga-arị elu ruo 10% n'oge nchekwa.

A na-agbasasị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ hops na kilns. Ala ndị a na-abụkarị  1+1⁄4-inch (32 mm) battens square kpọgidere n'akụkụ aka nri n'ofe mkpọ ahụ, dọba ya ka e wee nwee oghere yiri nke ahụ n'etiti batten nke ọ bụla, ma were akwa ntutu inyinya kpuchie ya. A ga-agbasa hops ndị ahụ ihe dị ka sentimita iri na abụọ (300 mm) miri emi, mechie ọnụ ụzọ kiln na ọkụ ọkụ. Mgbe a na-ekpebi na a mịrị amị, a ga-emenyụ ọkụ ahụ ma wepụ ihe ndị ahụ na-esi na kiln na-eji scuppet, nke bụ nnukwu shọvelụ osisi nke nwere isi hessian. A ga-agbasa hops ndị ahụ n'ala ebe a na-ekpofu ihe ka ọ dị jụụ, a ga-etinyezi ya n'ime nnukwu akpa jute ndị a na-akpọ obere akpa na igwe hop. Akpa nke ọ bụla nwere ihe dị ihe dị ka 150 eze ukwu (5,500 L) nke hops ndụ ndụ. Ọ tụrụ otu narị arọ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ (140 pound (64  kg)) wee jiri nkọwa onye na-akụ osisi kanye ya, nke a chọrọ n'okpuru Iwu Hop (Mgbochi Wayo), 1866.

A na-ezigara akpa ndị ahụ n'ahịa, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya ga-azụta ha ma jiri hops kpọrọ nkụ mee ihe na usoro ime biya iji gbakwunye ụtọ ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe nchedo.

Oasts na-enwu ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mmebi ahụ na-ejedebe mgbe ụfọdụ na ọkụ (Castle Farm, Hadlow), ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-eduga na mbibi zuru oke nke oast (Stilstead Farm, East Peckham na Septemba 1983, na Parsonage Farm, Bekesbourne na Ọgọst 1996). [2][3]

## Oast ndị mbụ

### Mgbanwe n'Oasts
thumb|Ụlọ Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Great Dixter, East Sussex
N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-eji ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọrịta eme ihe n'oge gara aga. N'afọ 1779, a gbanwere Chapel St. Peter, Frindsbury ka ọ bụrụ oast. [5] A tọghatakwara ụlọ ekpere dị na Horton, dị nso na Canterbury.[6] Akụkụ nke Hastings Priory na-eje ozi dị ka oast na 1823.[7] A tọghatakwara ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Obí Bishọp, Bosbury, Herefordshire. [8]

A na-eme nke a site n'ịrụ ite ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ahụ, kewaa ya ụzọ atọ, a na-eji okpukpu nke elu anabata hops "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ", kpọọ ha ma pịa hops kpọrọ nkụ. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke ụdị ntọghata a na ebe Catt, Paddock Wood,  na Great Dixter, Northiam.[9][10]

Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na ụlọ obibi ga-abụ site na iwu ite ọkụ n'otu nsọtụ ụlọ ahụ, dịka a hụrụ na Biddenden, Kent, ma ọ bụ site na ịgbakwunye ite ọkụ n"èzí ụlọ ahụ dị ugbu a, dịka a hụ ya na Barnhill Farm, Hunton, nakwa na Sutton Valence, ma ọ bụghị ha abụọ, dịka aahụ ya na Ightham Mote.[11][12][13][14]

### Oasts e wuru maka ebumnuche
thumb|Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Golford
Nkwekọrịta maka iwu oast na Flimwell na East Sussex na 1667 nyere ogo ụlọ ahụ dị ka 30 site na 15 feet (9.1 site na 4.6  na nke ọzọ a ga-ewu n'ebe ahụ ga-ewu na 1671 bụ 32 site na 16 feet (9.8 site na 4.9  ma ọ bụ 17 feet (5.2 , nwere ite ọkụ abụọ.[15] Ebe mbụ e wuru maka nzube bụ na Golford, Cranbrook, nke e wuru na 1750. Obere osisi a dị 21 site na 15 feet (6.4 site na 4.6  na atụmatụ, ma nwee elu ụlọ nwere tebụl. O nwere otu ite ọkụ, na otu mkpuchi n'elu ụlọ ahụ.[16]

## Oast ọdịnala
thumb|Oast nwere ite ọkụ nwere akụkụ asatọ, ugbu a a a gbanwere ụlọ
Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a malitere iwu oast ọdịnala dịka anyị maara ugbu a. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nwere okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, nke nwere n'etiti otu na asatọ okirikiri. Ogologo ite ọkụ na-adịkarị site na ụkwụ 12 (3.66  ruo ụkwụ 18 (5.49  n'obosara, yana elu ụlọ conical. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e wuru square oven. Ihe ndị a na-adịkarị site na 16 feet (4.88  ruo 20 feet (6.10  square.[17] E wuru oast na Hawkhurst nwere ite ọkụ abụọ nwere akụkụ asatọ, 15 feet (4.57  gafee ala.[18]

## Oast nke oge a
thumb|Bell 5, Beltring, nke e wuru n'afọ 1935
Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, oasts laghachiri n'ụdị mbụ ya na ite ọkụ n'ime ụlọ na okpokoro n'elu ụlọ (Bell 5, Beltring). [19] Oasts ndị a buru ibu karịa ma jiri ihe ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ rụọ ha. E wuru Oasts na ngwụcha 1948 (Upper Fowle Hall, Paddock Wood),  ma ọ bụ 1950 (Hook Green, Lamberhurst).[20]

Oasts nke oge a yiri nke nta ka oasts ọdịnala. Nnukwu ụlọ ndị a nwere ike ịhazi hops site na ọtụtụ ugbo, dịka na Norton nso Teynham na Kent, nke e wuru na 1982.[21]

## Ihe owuwu

### Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
A na-eji ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere brik, osisi, ragstone, na sandstone, rụọ ihe owuwu.[22] Ihe mkpuchi nwere ike ịbụ osisi weatherboards, corrugated iron ma ọ bụ asbestos sheet.[23]

; Ebe a na-echekwa ihe

Ọtụtụ oasts bụ ụlọ e ji osisi rụọ, ọ bụ ezie na e ji brik wuo ụfọdụ kpamkpam, ma ọ bụ ragstone ma ọ bụrụ na nke a dị n'ógbè ahụ.[24][18] Ụfọdụ oasts bụ brik kpamkpam ma e wezụga n'ihu na ala, nke bụ osisi.[25]

; Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ

A na-eji osisi ma ọ bụ brik rụọ ite ọkụ n'ime.[24] A na-eji brik, ragstone na brik, flint, ma ọ bụ sandstone wuo ite ọkụ n'èzí.[22] Ojiji a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ na Tilden Farm, Headcorn ebe e ji Bethersden Marble wuo ọkụ ahụ.   N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, e ji osisi rụọ oghere ole na ole ma kpuchie ya na ígwè corrugated (Crittenden Farm, Matfield).[24]

; Elu ụlọ ọkụ

A na-ejikarị osisi rụọ elu ụlọ ọkụ, ebe ọkụ ahụ dị n'èzí ma kpuchie ya ma ọ bụ tebụl ma ọ bụ slate.[26] Ụfọdụ oasts nwere okpokoro okpokoro nke e ji brik rụọ, a na-ekpuchi ha na tar ma ọ bụ pitch iji mee ka ha ghara ihu igwe.[27] Oasts ole na ole nwere okpokoro square nwere elu brik, ọzọ kpuchiri ya na tar ma ọ bụ pitch.[28] N'elu elu ụlọ ahụ ghere oghe, ma na-ebu okpu ma ọ bụ ikuku.[29]

### West Midlands
A na-ejikarị brik ma ọ bụ nkume obodo rụọ ogige ntụrụndụ.

; Ebe a na-echekwa ihe

Brik bụ ihe a na-ejikarị ewu ụlọ ahụ, a na-eji osisi eme ihe naanị n'ala. A na-ejikwa nkume mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ (Madley). [30] Ụfọdụ oasts nwere ihe igwe cider n'ala ala nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (Little Cowarne Court, Little Cowarne). [31]

; Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ

thumb|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Munderfield, Herefordshire
Brik bụ ihe a na-ejikarị ewu ite ọkụ. E jikwa nkume mee ihe.[32]

; Elu ụlọ ọkụ

Elu ụlọ ọkụ nwere ike ịbụ osisi, kpuchie ya na tebụl ma ọ bụ slate, ma ọ bụ brik. Enwere ike ịcha elu ụlọ brik (Little Cowarne Court, Bromyard) ma ọ bụ hapụ ya (The Farm, Brockhampton). [33] A ga-eji okpu (Upper Lyde Farm, Pipe-cum-Lyde) ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-efe efe (Kidley, Acton Beauchamp) kpuchie elu ụlọ ahụ.[34][35]

## Ebe ndị a na-anọ
Enwere ike ịchọta oasts na UK na mba ofesi.

### Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ England
A na-ejikọkarị oasts na Kent, ụlọ oast bụ ihe nnọchianya jikọtara ya na obodo ahụ. A na-ahụkwa ha na Sussex, Surrey na Hampshire.

### West Midlands
Na West Midlands, ebe ndị isi na-eto hop bụ Worcestershire, Herefordshire na Gloucestershire. Na Worcestershire na Herefordshire, a maara ụlọ ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka ọkụ ọkụ.

### Europe
thumb|A na-eji ụlọ a dị na Spalt, Germany eme ihe maka ịcha hops.
Na Belgium, isi ebe a na-eto hop bụ gburugburu Poperinghe na Ypres, West Flanders. A na-akụkwa hops gafee ókèala na Nord, France. A na-akụkwa Hops gburugburu Aelst, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Brussels.[36] Ewezuga Nord, isi ebe na-eto eto na France dị gburugburu Haguenau, Bas-Rhin na gburugburu Dijon na Bèze, Côte-d'Or.[37]

Na Germany, a na-akụ hops gburugburu Tettnang, Baden-Württemberg; gburugburu Hallertau, Hersbruck, Illschwang na Spalt, Bavaria.[38] Na Czech Republic, a na-akụ hop gburugburu Roudnice, Hradec Králové Region na gburugburu Úštěk na Žatec, Ústí nad Labem Region. A na-akụkwa ha gburugburu Olomouc, Olomouic Region. Na Slovakia, a na-akụ hops gburugburu Trenčín, Trenčín Region. A na-akụkwa hops na Poland na Russia.[39]

### Australia

: *Hụkwa John Terry*

thumb|Ụlọ ndị dị na New Norfolk, Tasmania
A na-akpọkarị ụlọ ọkụ hop n'Australia. Tasmania bụ nnukwu mpaghara na-eto eto, dịka akụkụ Victoria. N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-akụ hop na Kentish kwagara, ma were hops na ha. Na mbido, a gbanwere oasts Tasmanian site na ụlọ ndị dị ugbu a (New Norfolk, Ranelagh) mana e mechara wuo oasts (Valley Field, Bushy Park). Oasts ndị a nwere ventilators na-ekpuchi ekpuchi kama ikpuchi. A gbanwere New Norfolk oast site na mmiri igwe ma bụrụzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ebe ọzọ nwere oasts bụ Tenna. E wuru oast nke oge a nke 400 site na 200 feet (120 site na 60  na Bushy Park na 1982.[40]

## Mgbanwe
Site na mmụba nke usoro hop-picking, ọtụtụ oasts dara n'ọrụ. A kwaturu ụfọdụ ma gbafuo ndị ọzọ. Mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka ụlọ emeela ka a gbanwee ọtụtụ ụlọ n'ụlọ. Ndị kansụl mpaghara n'oge a na-esikarị ike na ịma mma nke ntụgharị karịa ka ọ dị tupu iwu atụmatụ amalite. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a ga-ewu ụlọ ọkụ, a na-enyekwa akwa na oast ndị a gbanwere.[42]

Ihe atụ mbụ nke a na-agbanwe ụlọ bụ Millar's Farm oast, Meopham, nke Sir Philip Waterlow gbanwere ụlọ na 1903.[43]

Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke oasts maka ebumnuche ndị na-abụghị ebe obibi gụnyere ụlọ ihe nkiri (Oast Theatre, Tonbridge,[44] Oast house Theatre Rainham), ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ntorobịa (Capstone Farm, Chatham, ọzọ na Lady Margaret Manor, Doddington - ugbu a bụ ebe obibi maka ndị nwere nsogbu mmụta), ụlọ akwụkwọ (Sturry),  ụlọ achịcha (Chartham),[44] ebe ndị nleta (Bough Beechling Farm, Five Green, Wentley), na Museum,[3][47][47]>[49][50] 

National Trust nwere oast na Outridge, nso Brasted Chart, nke nwere oghere asatọ dị ụkọ,  otu na Castle Farm, Sissinghurst, gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ tii,  na nke ọzọ na Bateman, Burwash nke gbanwere ka ụlọ ahịa, na akwa a na-eji nduru dochie ya.[51][52]

### Oast ndị adịgboroja
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, e wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ iji yie ka ha bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ọ bụ ezie na n'eziokwu, nke ahụ abụghị eziokwu.[54] Ihe atụ nke a bụ:

* ụlọ ọha na eze nke Nnụnụ, Grove Green, Maidstone.
* Harrietsham, otu ọfịs.
* Ụlọ ọha na eze nke Oast House, Normanton.
* Ụlọ ọha na eze Oast House, Manchester.
* Langley Court, Beckenham, nke Wellcome Foundation wuru, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Glaxo Wellcome.
* Caring, Kent - Ụlọ ndị e wuru n'ụdị oasts.
* South Harrow, London - ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ e wuru n'ụdị oast (nke a kwatuchara ugbu a ma wughachi dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọhụrụ). 

Usòrò:Oast_House_in_Tudeley_Kent.jpg|alt=Oast House in Tudeley, Kent, now in residential use|Ụlọ Ọdịda AnyanwụTudeley, Kent, ugbu a na-eji ya eme ihe
File:Oast10.jpg|alt=Millar's Farm, Meopham|Ugbo Millar,Meopham
Usòrò:Oast1.jpg|alt=Castle Farm oast, Sissinghurst|Ugbo Castle oast,Sissinghurst
Usòrò:Oast7.jpg|alt=Fake oast at Harrietsham.|Oast adịgboroja naHarrietsham[en→ig].
Usòrò:Tonbridge_Oast_Theatre.JPG|alt=Oast Theatre, Tonbridge|[en→ig]Oast Theatre, [en→ig]Tonbridge


## Hụkwa

* malt" id="mwAcU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Malthouse">Malthouse - ụlọ yiri nke a na-eji emepụta ọka bali iji mee malt, nke bụkwa ihe eji eme biya.
* Chunche - ụlọ maka ịcha Mkpụrụ vaịn (iji ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ) na Xinjiang, China.

## Ebem si dee

## Ebe e si nweta ya

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