Daphne Osborne

**Daphne J. Osborne** (7 March 1930 – 16 June 2006) was a British botanist. Her research in the field of plant physiology spanned five decades and resulted in over two hundred papers, twenty of which were published in *Nature*. Her obituary in *The Times* described her scientific achievements as "legendary"; that from the Botanical Society of America attributed her success to "her wonderful intellectual style, combined with her proclivity for remarkable and perceptive experimental findings".

Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na homonụ nke osisi, usoro ihe ọmụmụ mkpụrụ na nrụzi DNA osisi. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ethylene gas, karịsịa maka igosi na ethylene bụ hormone osisi sitere n'okike, nakwa na ọ bụ isi ihe na-achịkwa ịka nká na ịkwasa akwụkwọ na mkpụrụ osisi. O mebekwara echiche nke cell lekwasịrị anya dị ka ihe atụ maka ịghọta ọrụ homonụ osisi.

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
A mụrụ ya na India, ebe nna ya bụ onye nchịkwa nke ọchịchị, Osborne gara The Perse School na Cambridge. BSc ya na chemistry na MSc na botany sitere na King's College London. PhD ya na isiokwu nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi sitere na Mahadum London na Wye College, Kent, ebe onye nlekọta ya bụ Ralph Louis Wain. Ọkwa mbụ ya na postgraduate bụ na Ngalaba Biology nke California Institute of Technology, USA, dị ka onye ọkà mmụta Fulbright, ebe ya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ Frits Warmolt Went rụkọrọ ọrụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

A nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ Osborne na Council Research Council (ARC), emesịa degharịa aha Council Research Council nke Agricultural and Food (AFRC). N'afọ 1952, ọ sonyeere ARC Unit of Experimental Agronomy na Mahadum Oxford, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe mmechi nke otu ahụ na 1970. Ọ weghaara ọkwa osote onye isi na ngalaba ọhụrụ ARC nke Developmental Botany na Mahadum Cambridge.  N'oge ọ nọ na Cambridge, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nọ na Kọleji Churchill ma lekọta nwa akwụkwọ PhD mbụ nke kọleji. Mgbe e mechiri ngalaba ahụ na 1978, ọ sonyeere AFRC Weed Research Organization na Begbroke na mpụga Oxford, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe e mechiri ya na 1985, wee nweta ọkwa osote onye isi sayensị, ọkwa dị elu na British Civil Service.<

N'afọ 1985, Osborne lara ezumike nká na Civil Service, wee ghọọ prọfesọ nleta na Ngalaba Sayensị nke Mahadum Oxford, yana onye nchọpụta nsọpụrụ nke Mahaduma Open na Somerville College, Oxford. N'afọ 1991, ọ kwagara na Oxford Research Unit nke Open University na Foxcombe Hall, Boars Hill, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2006. N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Open, ọ duziri ọrụ nyocha mba ụwa nke Royal Society, ma dọtakwara ego site na Unilever, Wellcome Trust na Biotechnology na Biological Sciences Research Council. n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge ọrụ ya, na-ejide ọkwá dị mkpirikpi na Princeton na California Institute of Technology na USA, na-eleta Argentina, Australia, India, Israel, Malaysia, Nigeria na South Africa. O mekwara ọtụtụ mmekorita mba ụwa, emesịa ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na China na Ukraine. N'afọ 1988, ọ haziri ogbako mba ụwa nke NATO na-aga nke ọma na Turin, Ịtali. 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|100x100px|Ethylene, ihe dị mkpa na-emepụta ihehormone osisi

## Nnyocha
The hormonal akara nke uto, iche na mmepe na osisi bụ Osborne si ndụ ogologo mmasị mmasị. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-egosi na ethylene gas bụ hormone osisi sitere n'okike, ọ bụghị ihe sitere na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ihe na-emetọ ya, na maka igosi na ethylene, kama abscisic acid, bụ isi nchịkwa nke senescence (ịka nká) na abscission (ịwụfu akụkụ dị ka akwụkwọ). O mere nnyocha dị ukwuu banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ethylene na auxin (ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa) n'ịchịkwa ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mmepe osisi. Ọrụ a mere ka ọ zụlite echiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ a na-achọ dịka ihe nlereanya maka otu obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hormone osisi nwere ike isi nwee ọtụtụ mmetụta dị iche iche, echiche ọ kọwara n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2005, Hormones, Signals and Target Cells in Plant Development (nke ya na Michael McManus dere).
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|171x171px|Mmanụ nkwụ nke Afrịka
Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa nke nchọpụta Osborne bụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Onye ọkachamara na mmebi nke mkpụrụ na mmezi DNA nke osisi,  Osborne nyochara mmetụta nke mmebi DNA, mmezi na ogologo telomere na ndụ nke mkpụrụ.  N'afọ ndị 1970, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ nwara ikewapụ nucleic acid site na mkpụrụ oge ochie, na-achọpụta na ọ bụ naanị iberibe dị mkpirikpi ka a ga-ewepụ site ntụ ọka si n'ili ndị Ijipt. Otu n'ime ọrụ nyocha ikpeazụ ya bụ nyocha nke mmetụta na mmezi DNA na mkpụrụ na pollen nke ikpughe na radiation fallout mgbe Mgbawa nke Chernobyl nuclear reactor. 

Osborne mụrụ ụdị osisi dịgasị iche iche, site na liverwort nke mmiri ruo na nkwụ mmanụ dị mkpa nke Afrịka. Isiokwu ndị ọzọ nke nyocha n'ime sayensị osisi gụnyere auxin herbicides; ụra na tubers poteto; nchịkwa uto na osisi mmiri na nke ọkara mmiri; ijikọ ultrastructure osisi na physiology na Biochemistry; na protein na RNA synthesis na osisi. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mbara igwe, na-emepụta ọrụ maka Spacelab na-amụ ọrụ nke ikike ndọda na mmepe na ahịhịa,  ma na-eje ozi na Royal Society British National Committee on Space Research ruo afọ iri. 

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na mmetụta nke homonụ osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ, na-egosi na ndị gibberellins na-achịkwa ntozu mmekọahụ n'ogwu ọzara, nke mere na iri ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'okpuru gibberellines nwere ike igbochi ụmụ ahụhụ ịghọ ndị tozuru oke mmekọahụ n'Oge ọkọchị.

## Onyinye na nsọpụrụ
E nyere Osborne ọkwa prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv na Ukraine iji kwado nyocha ya na ọdachi Chernobyl, yana nkwado nyocha nsọpụrụ site na Somerville College, Oxford. Ọ natara nzere doctorate na UK's Open University na Mahadum Natal, South Africa.   E nyere ya Sircar Memorial Gold Medal maka nyocha na Physiology nke Mahadum Calcutta na 1983.  A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Botanical Society of America na 1996.  Na Jenụwarị 2008, e bipụtara mbipụta ncheta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Annals of Botany iji sọpụrụ ya. 

## Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa

### Akwụkwọ

* Osborne DJ, McManus MT. Hormones, Signals and Target Cells in Plant Development (Developmental and Cell Biology Series no. 41) (Cambridge University Press; 2005) ( )  

### Akwụkwọ nyocha

* Boubriak II, et al. (2008) Mgbanwe na mmebi nke ọrụ mmezi DNA na pollen nke *Betula verrucosa* na mkpụrụ nke *Oenothera biennis* sitere na ebe dị iche iche radionuclide-emetọ nke Chernobyl. Annals of Botany 101: 267-276 (pdf) 
* 
* Cheah KSE, Osborne DJ.  (1978) Mmerụ ahụ DNA na-eme na enweghị ike ịdị ndụ na embryo nke mkpụrụ rye na-eme agadi. Nature 272: 593-599 (ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe) 
* Osborne DJ, Wright M. (1978) Gravity mere ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbasaa. Ihe omume nke Royal Society of London B 199: 551-564
* Knee M, Sargent JA, Osborne DJ.  (1977) Mmetabolism nke mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi strawberry. *Journal of Experimental Botany* 28: 377-396 (abstract) 
* Osborne DJ, Jackson MB, Milborrow BV.  (1972) Njirimara ahụike nke onye na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa site na akwụkwọ ndị na-eme agadi. Nature New Biology 240: 98-101
* Jackson MB, Osborne DJ.  (1970) Ethylene, onye na-achịkwa ihe *Okike* nke abscission akwụkwọ. Nature 225: 1019-1022 (ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe) 
* Ridge I, Osborne DJ.  (1970) Hydroxyproline na peroxidases na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nke *Pisum sativum*: nhazi site na ethylene. *Journal of Experimental Botany* 21: 843-856 (abstract) 
* Horton RF, Osborne DJ.  (1967) Senescence, abscission na ọrụ cellulase na *Phaseolus vulgaris*. Nature 214: 1086-1088 (ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe) 
* Ellis PE, Carlisle DB, Osborne DJ.  (1965) Igurube ọzara: ntozu mmekọahụ na-egbu oge site na iri nri na ahịhịa na-eme agadi. *Sayensị* 149: 546-547 (abstract (na njikọ na pdf)) 
* Fletcher RA, Osborne DJ.  (1965) Nchịkwa nke protein na nucleic acid synthesis site na gibberellin n'oge senescence akwụkwọ. *Okike* 207: 1176-1177
* Osborne DJ, Hallaway HM.  (1964) Auxin, 2-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dị ka onye na-achịkwa njikọ protein na senescence na akwụkwọ *Prunus*. Ọkà mmụta ahịhịa ọhụrụ 63: 334-347
* Osborne DJ.  (1962) Mmetụta nke kinetin na protein & nucleic acid metabolism na akwụkwọ *Xanthium* n'oge senescence. Physiology nke osisi 37: 595-602
* Osborne DJ.  (1955) Ịgba ọsọ nke abscission site na ihe ndị dị na akwụkwọ ndị na-eme agadi. *Okike* 176: 1161-1163

## Ndụ onwe onye
Site na 1959 ruo 1961 ọ lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ọkụkụ David Cecil Smith. Nke a mechiri na ịgba alụkwaghịm.

## Ihe odide na ihe odide

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations