Donald F. White

**Donald Frank White** (1908 – 2002) bụ onye amuru Canada na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na injinia, sitere na agbụrụ Africa.  Ọ bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ojii mbụ debara aha na steeti Alabama (na 1935) na Michigan (na 1939).  Ọ bụbu onye mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ **White & Griffin Architecture-Engineering Associates** ; ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ **Giffels & Vallet**, na **Nathan Johnson & Associates** .  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na 1950s maka gọọmentị United States n'ichepụta ihe owuwu na Liberia.  White bụ onye mbụ Black gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of Architecture (ugbu a Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning) na Mahadum Michigan, ma na undergraduate na gụsịrị akwụkwọ mmemme.  Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ na isi Detroit nke American Institute of Architects (AIA), na onye mbụ so na isi obodo.  

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Donald Frank White na Mee 28, 1908 na Canada, ma zụlitere ya na Cicero, Illinois .  Nne na nna ya bụ Ada Perry na Ferry White, nna ya rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe maka ebe a na-emepụta isi awọ .  Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Pontiac, Michigan mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Pontiac wee gụchaa na 1927. 

Ọ lụrụ Susie Taylor gburugburu 1936, ọ si Sparta, Georgia .  Ọ dịghị mgbe ha mụrụ ụmụ.  White gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na architecture (1932) na Mahadum Michigan dị na Ann Arbor, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye Africa mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba ahụ.   N'afọ 1934, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta sayensị nke Master na architecture site na Mahadum Michigan's Rackham School of Graduate Studies .  

## Ọrụ
Site na 1931 ruo 1933, White tinyere aka dị ka onye enyemaka ubi n'okpuru Fredrick Earnest Giesecke .  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ogo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1934, White sonyeere ngalaba na Tuskegee Institute (ugbu a Mahadum Tuskegee), na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta nke George L. Washington .  N'afọ sochirinụ, na 1935, ọ ghọrọ onye America mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike na Alabama.  Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Tuskegee Institute, White na-arụ ọrụ na Louis Edwin Fry Sr. iji chepụta ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nso; gụnyere Alabama State Teacher's College (ugbu a Alabama State University) na Montgomery, na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Maka Ndị Ntị na Ugwu Meigs . 

Na 1939, White hapụrụ Tuskegee ma kwaga Detroit, ebe ọ mepere ihe omume onwe na Michigan Chronicle Building.  Ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ndị Africa America nwere ikike na Michigan na 1939.  Ọfịs ya goro ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ojii, ndị na-ese ihe, na ndị injinia, gụnyere Helen Eugenia Parker .  Na 1943–1944, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Wayne County Better Homes, Inc., ọrụ otu azụmahịa Booker T. Washington, ebe White haziri atụmatụ ala iri.  

Na 1944, White sonyeere isi Detroit nke American Institute of Architects (AIA); na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye isi obodo ojii mbụ, yana ma nke abụọ   ma ọ bụ onye otu mba Black nke atọ.   N'afọ 1944, ọ ghọrọ onye injinia obodo na nhazi ụlọ edebanyere aha na steeti Michigan.  Ya na Francis Eugene Griffin jikọrọ aka n'etiti 1946 na 1968 iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ White & Griffin Architecture-Engineering Associates.   O mechara rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Giffels & Vallet, na Nathan Johnson & Associates, Inc., ha abụọ na Detroit. 

White jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke National Technical Association site na 1949 ruo 1951, nzukọ a bụ ndị injinia America, ndị sayensị na ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ.  Ọ bụkwa onye so na Economic Club nke Detroit, National Society of Professional Engineers, NAACP, Albany Inter-Racial Council, na Booker T. Washington Business Association . 

Site na 1953 ruo 1958, White bụ osote onye isi nke ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na Harbel, Liberia.  Ọrụ a bụ njikọ aka n'etiti gọọmenti United States, ọchịchị Liberia, na Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University iji mepụta Booker T. Washington Institute, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọrụ aka na-agbaso usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji nke United States. 

Site na 1952 ruo 1955, White rụrụ ọrụ na imewe maka akwa mmiri Tappan Zee .  Na 1958, ọ kwagara Troy, New York ka ọ bịaruo ezinụlọ nso.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka Ngalaba Ọha Ọha na steeti New York na Albany, New York; mgbe ọ natachara ikikere steeti New York ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ na injinia.  Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1968. Otú ọ dị mgbe ọ dị afọ 72, na 1980, ọ si na ezumike nká pụta ka ọ bụrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ maka Ngalaba mmepe obodo Albany (na Albany, New York).  Ọ laghachiri ezumike nka ya na 1995.

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
White nwụrụ n'April 23, 2002 na Troy; E mere ozi ya na Fifth Avenue AME Zion Church na Troy, New York. 

Ọ bụrụla mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ojii mbụ na 1940 na 1950.    E hiwere mmekorita Donald F. White na 2003 na Mahadum Michigan, maka ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ije.  Akọwapụtara White na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu *[[Ndị African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865-1945|ndị Africa American Architects: A Biographic Dictionary, 1865–1945]]* (2004).

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ndị White dị na Detroit nke Black Bottom na Ndagwurugwu Paradaịs ka ebibiri na 1950s na 1960 n'oge ọrụ mmeghari ohuru nke obodo. 

* 1931, Prairie View A&M College (ugbu a Prairie View A&amp;amp;M University ) ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-edeba aha, Prairie View, Texas 
* 1932, Prairie View A&M College dorms maka ndị nwoke na-alụbeghị di
* 1933, Prairie View A&M College duplex, Prairie View, Texas
* 1934, Tuskegee Institute (ugbu a Mahadum Tuskegee ) Chambliss Hotel alterations, Tuskegee, Alabama
* 1934, Tuskegee Institute Cottage No. 34, Tuskegee, Alabama
* c. 1934, Tuskegee Institute Kay Barn, Tuskegee, Alabama
* c. 1934, Tuskegee Institute Russell Barn, Tuskegee, Alabama
* c. 1934, Tuskegee Institute Tompkins Dining Hall, Tuskegee, Alabama
* 1938, Sanitarium, Selma, Alabama
* 1938, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mt. Meigs Maka Ndị Ntị, Ugwu Meigs, Alabama; dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ
* 1940, mgbakwunye St. Stephens African Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, Michigan
* 1944, Paradaịs Bowling Alley, Detroit, Michigan (bibiri n'ime ọkụ na 1950) 
* 1944, Enyi Baptist Church Ụlọ Nzukọ, Detroit, Michigan
* 1944, Milton Medical Clinic, Detroit, Michigan
* 1950, Aịjalon Baptist Church, Detroit, Michigan 
* 1954, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum Lincoln, Jefferson City, Missouri; dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ
* c. 1960, Rightway Baptist Church, Detroit, Michigan

## Hụkwa

* African-American architects

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations