Sokoto River

thumb|Osimiri Sokoto Map
Pịa Sokoto, (nke a na-akpọbu Gulbi 'n Kebbi ), bụ osimiri dị na ugwo egwu egwu Naijiria na nke dị na osimiri Niger .  [1] Isi iyi osimiri ahụ dị nso na Funtua na ndịda steeti Katsina, ihe dị ka 275 kilomita (171 mi) n'ahịrị kwụpụta ɔ si Sokoto .  Ọ na-aga n'ebe ugwu ụjọ ahụ na-agafe Gusau na Zamfara State, ebe Gusau Dam na-mmiri mmiri na-enye obodo ahụ mmiri.  [2] N'ụdị ala nke osimiri ahụ batara steeti Sokoto ebe ọ kpọrọ Sokoto wee banye n'osimiri Rima wee ọmụmụ na ndị nta akụkọ Birnin Kebbi na steeti Kebbi .  [3] Ihe dịka 120km (75 mi) south nke Birnin Kebbi, o rutere n'osimiri Niger . 

A na-akọ ala dịdị n'àgwà ahụ nke ọma ma na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe dị ka isi iyi mmiri mmiri.  Aha ahụ bụkwa ụzọ dị mkpa eji ebu njem.  [1] Mmiri mmiri Bakolori, ihe dịka 100 kilometers (62 mi) upstream site na Sokoto, bu nnukwu mmiri mmiri n'osimiri Sokoto .  O nwela ike dị ukwuu n'ịkọ ubi ide mmiri dị n'okpuru. 

## Mmetọ
A na-akpọ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị na mmiri dị n'ime alafo ihe a na- six na mmiri dị ka "mmetọ mmirika" ma nwee ike ekiri ndụ ize na gburugburu ebe obibi na/ma ọ  bụ ụmụ.  A otu iwere kemịkalụ ịrịbare n'ime mmiri n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ mmadụ na-eme dị ka ụdị mmetọ mmirika.  N'agbanyeghị ihe ihe ha nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ, ihe ọla na-egbu egbu na- mmirika 

## Ihu igwe
Otu n'ime obodo kacha ewu ewu na Nigeria bụ Sokoto, nke nwere okpomọkụ nke 28.3 Celsius C (82.9 Celsius F), oge okpomọkụ na-adịkarị n'afọ n'ozuzu n'okpuru 40 Celsius (104.0 ° F), ọnwa ndị na-ekpotụ ọkụ bụ February. ruo Eprel ebe okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 40 Celsius (104.0 Celsius F). 

## Ebe dị mma maka nchekwa mmiri na Basin Sokoto
Na nlebanya a, e sere ebe ezi uche dị na ya maka ebe nchekwa nchekwa mmiri n'efere Sokoto-Rima site na isonye n'ụdị ngwaahịa ngwaahịa a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa na nchọcha chọrọ maka nhazi mmiri .  Ihe ndị a tụlere bụ iji ala / mkpuchi, ala,Ụ ala, slant, plumfu, ụgbọ lineament, anya iji seepage na mmiri ozuzo .  E ji mara ihe ahụ na klaas ọ blela ekenyela ntụ ntụ n'ihi ndị sitere na nyọcha gara aga yana ozi na mpaghara mpaghara.  Achịkọbara ihe ndị a site na nyọpụta ihe dị arọ site n'iji ibu ibu ibu ụzọ ndị edebanyere aha site na Logical Order Interaction.  Nsonaazụ nke nsogbu ezi uche na a na-ele 3% (131.89 km2) nke nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima ka ọ dabara nke ọma, 9% (486.19 km2) nke mpaghara efere dabara nke ọma, 11% (596.05 km2) nke ọma.  mpaghara nnukwu efere.  nwere obere nkwụsi ike maka oyiyi ala mmiri ebe 77% (3967.62 km2) nke nnukwu efere adịghị mma.  Ngwakọta ọzọ nke oyi akwa dị mkpa, ihe seepage, ụdị nke ahụ nke emepụtara site na ụdị ihe elu kọmpụta ma dị na Unpredictable Organization (TIN) na-enye ike mpaghara isii a na-atụ anya ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịrị elu ntọala.  , elu mpụta, mpaghara elu, oke nkwakọba na Achọpụtara ogo idei mmiri.

Ịgbanwe ihe atụ nke mmiri mmiri na-ebilite n'ụwa nile na-egosi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a dị adị (Dore, 2005).  Okpomọkụ na-agbasawanye na-ebute n'iyi dị elu, si otú a na-akpọsa elu elu, nke na-ewulite ogologo oge na ike nke oge ọkọchị (Kevin, 2005).  Oke ikuku nke na-ejide mmiri na- Bri site na ihe dị ka 7% kwa 1 Celsius C, nke na-ebute uzu mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-enye mkpuchi mma na mmiri ozuzo.  Ọnọdụ ikuku ọ mgbasa na-ewe iwe, ịka ka ọ na-emetụta elu ụwa, nke na-enye site na iru mmiri na-agbasawanye, na- oge mmiri mmiri mpaghara nke bụ ihe na-emekarị ugbu a, ebe na mpaghara ebe.  mmiri mmiri niile na-adabere.  Nke a butere ihe egwu idei mmiri .  Nhazi mmiri ozuzo a na-agbanwe n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-agbasawanye nkụ na mpaghara akọrọ (site na nnukwu ebe niile) na mpaghara mmiri na-aghọ mmiri mmiri, na-eme n'etiti etiti dị elu (Kevin, 2005)

Na Naijiria, mgbochi gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe oke mgbochi na gburugburu gburugburu mmiri mmiri.  Ndị a na-agụnye akọrọ akọrọ, na-ekiri evaporating nke mmiri na glimmer idei mmiri na ugwu ibe nke mba ahụ, mgbe ndị na-etinye aka na okwu nke oké osimiri ịrị elu, nnu mmiri mmiri, rikpuru odida obodo na-ahụhụ  ka mma mmirika n'elu na na.  subsurface (Akujieze et al., 2003, Bello, 1998, Danladi et al., 2017).  ihu igwe siri ike na-emetụta gburugburu na-egosi na-egosi, na-esite na mgbaàmà nsogbu na eze na nke ego na-ike nri na ịma aka, nke ihe ike ịga ihe na North Nigeria (Urama na Ozor, 2010).

Oria Sudano - Sahelian nke Nigeria nwere ihe mere eme na-adịgide nke ịgbasa achịchị ma zutewo ogologo oge ọkọchị na-agbasawanye site na gburugburu ebe obibi (James, 1973, Mortimore, 1973, Ola-Adams na Okali, 2006, Olofin  , 1985).  Ọnọdụ dị na mpaghara Sudano-Sahelian nke Nigeria bụ nke na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ Sahara na ịgbasa na-eme ka ቀጣ buru ibu nke ikpe ikpe na ala a na-akụ ihe na-aghọ.  ihe na- ike ike na mpaghara uru (Ajaero et al., 2015).  A na-ekwu na ihe ndị mere n'oge ọkọchị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria bụ na ọ bụ nkụda ikwu nke mmiri ozuzo na-ebute site n'Oké eji Atlantic iji bata nke ọma na mpaghara ahụ.  Ọzara mmiri n'aka nke ndị ọzọ, ejikọrọ na àmà dị iche iche nke ndị eze nke ịbụ ala, ọgba aghara nke usoro ndu site na iji ala na-adịghị mma, agha, shu ala, mkpali ihu igwe nke okike, na mgbasa ozi ekiri nke ịbụ ala.  nke a na-achọ ka emechara ya na akụ ala ala ike.  maka ihe eji arụ ọrụ ugbo iji gboo mkpa nri na-eto eto (Oladipo, 1993).

ugwo atụmatụ nke Nigeria ahụla furutị, nha na mmega ahụ dị ka ihe owuwu, okporo ụzọ, ụzọ ihe, na igbutu ụfọdụ n'ụdị mmemme ndị ọzọ gbasara mmadụ nke nnukwu mgbasawanye na ọha mmadụ.  Nke a ewetala maka mmiri maka ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ime ime obodo, ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke mepere emepe.  Enweghị mmiri zuru oke iji nye nri maka ihe ndị a n'ozuzu na-eme ka ule dị ụkọ n'oge ọkọchị.  Enweghị ike nọrọ maka ojiji ihe mgbanaka ime obodo na-ebute na mgbasa ọrịa na nri, dịka ọmụmaatụ, eriri afọ na ụgbụgbọ na ọgbụgbọ na-eme ka afọ ojuju onye na-emebi emebi na mpaghara ahụ.

Ịbanye na mmiri dị mma n'ime nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima nwere ike dị egwu na mmepụta, ọrụ ego na afọ ojuju nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.  Ịkwado mkpa a bụ nnukwu nsogbu na-eche mpaghara ihu.  Ihe Jụrụ 70% nke ezina mmetụta na mpaghara mmetụtarute n'ihu nwere mmiri mmiri (Salih na Al-Tarif, 2012).  Ha na-adabere nanị na isi iyi efu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri ozuzo, iyi na-adịgide adịgide, ɔdɔ mmiri na olulu mmiri na-agụnye ihe, nke na-eme ka ha mba ndị ọrịa na-ebute mmiri dị ka typhoid fever,  cholera na eriri afọ.  N'ihe ka ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na-ekere òkè n'ịkọ ihe, iwu dị ma na-agbasasị na nnukwu mpaghara, na-eme ka mmiri na-ebu ọkpọkọ na-enye nsogbu (Ishaku et al., 2011).  Arịrịọ ndị na-alụ na- egwu ugboro ugboro ule nke ajụjụ mmirika nhazi nke olulu mmiri na olulu mmiri .  N'ụzọ dị mwute, mgbochi maka mmiri dị n'ime ala siri ike gburugburu ebe a.  Ọnọdụ ala siri ike na dị elu nwere nnukwu ihe ịma aka aka hydrogeological na-eweta nnukwu ndakpọ, ebe ụfọdụ olulu mmiri bara uru na-amịpụta obere mmiri ma ọ bụ obere mmiri n'oge ọkọchị nke na- akwado ndị mmadụ, na  - mmasịte ọnọdụ na mmiri mmiri (Akujieze et al).  ., 2003).  Ọnọdụ a dị ugbu a na-edozi ma na-enye ezi ihe aka aka ụmụaka na-ama ụda ume n'ịga ogologo oge n'oge ọkọchị iji gbaa mmiri maka ụlọ.  Enweghị ike nke mmiri mmiri na-enye ume ọkụ na-egbo mkpa na-arrị elu echiche nke nhọrọ okike nwere uru dị na ogologo ogologo.  Ọ bụ ihe dị iji mkpa mkpali nke mkpagharị ihe ndị dị ugbu a yana ịgbasa mkpali n'ime.  Mmiri iwe ihe ubi na-eji usoro ikike eme ihe na-eleba anya na otu n'ime nhazi ngwa ngwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe ọ bụ na ọrụla ebe nchekwa dị oke mkpa na-ewere dị oke mkpa na nche gburugburu ebe.  obibi, na-agbasawanye na-ahụ anya Sahara Africa (Cofie na Amede, 2015).

mmetụta ntụlegharị maka igbu ihe a bụ nnukwu efere iyi Sokoto-Rima (Fig 1) nke nwere ebe niile dị 126,174 km2.  Ọ na-ekpuchi steeti anọ dị na igwu egwu Naijiria wee dị na mpaghara nke nwere nkụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara Sudano-Sahelian nke dị ka IPCC (2007) si dị na-ebelata ihuenyo mgbochi gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ekpuchiri mpaghara ahụ n'ụzọ zuru oke na osisi osisi, osisi na osisi ndị nwere nkwanye.  Ọkachamara ikuku na-amachibido gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ama oge a na-enwe, bụ oge ọkọchị na mmiri .  Igwe ikuku bụ Tropical Oceanic na Tropical Mainland, na-efepụ site na Atlantic na Ọzara Sahara iche.  mgbaàmà a na-ezute oge ọkọchị na-egbu oge nke uzuzu uzu na-ekpukarị site na Ọktoba ruo ụgbọ.  Nri kacha mma na-ejighị n'aka na-adị na oke egwu ugwu Nigeria nke àmà nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima.  Dị ka US Office for Worldwide Turn of events (USIAD) (2012) si kwuo, mpaghara ahụ so na mpaghara "gbasara" n'okpuru ọnọdụ nchekwa nri nke afọ 2012 na Naijiria ga-enwe nnukwu nsogbu n'oge na-adịghị anya anya  .  Ọdịda dị n'otu n'otu na-agha ala (40%) maka dị mkpa nke awụ ma eso oge mmiri mmiri mgbe ọ na-arrịgoro na 80%.  Nkwenye nke a bụ isi n'azụ ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkụchi nke mpaghara na mpaghara ugwu, bụ nke dị iche na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nke dị mmiri ozuzo nwere na mpaghara Nigeria (Kowal na Knabe  , 1972).  ami nleba anya ruru n'etiti scopes 10°N na 14° N na longitudes 3°E na 9°E.  A na-e usoro mkpofu site na Waterway Rima framework nwere nnukwu feeders dị ka Gawon, Zamfara na Gubinka.  Ndị na-eri nri a na-arrịgoro na mpaghara Storm cellar Complex nke Sokoto steeti wee na-awụga n'ebe ike iji ngwaọrụ Waterway Rima.  Ka o sina dị, na ụgwọ ndị nke efere ahụ, e nwere iyi ndị ọzọ na-adị mkpa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Danzaki, Pop na Kasanu, nke niile na-aṣọba iji ngwaọrụ Waterway Rima (Ojo, 2014).  Enwere ike ike efere Sokoto Rima ka ọ bụrụ ntụ atɔ, ya bụ.  elu ugwu riri site were iche translucent nkume na mkpọda ugwu na ulo ịrị elu (inselbergs) na-eme na ndị na ndị na-eme egwuregwu, ubi na-eme n'ebe ugwu na-anya anya, na osimiri apịtị nke Niger na ala Rima .  na-eme n'ebe ahụ egwuregwu (Swindell)., 1986).

A na-asachapụ ihe omume site na ụzọ mmiri n'ụzọ sara mbara ma njikere ihe na-agụnye ọka, owu, groundnut, owuwe ihe ubi tuber na osisi shuga.  Mmiri dị oke mkpa maka ụzọ mgbagharị a na-edozi n'ụdị mpaghara a, ebe ọ na-emetụta ụdị ole na ole nke nkwado, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ego, mmetụta, gburugburu ebe obibi na echiche ọha mmadụ (WWAP, 2015)  ).  Mmasị na-arrị elu na nri na-achọ ogbugbu na ịgbasi ike nke mmemme agribusiness, nke na-ebute ụzọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na gburugburu mmiri.  Ịchịkọta mmirika na ebekọba ihe, dị ka ọmụmaatụ, ɔdɔ mmirika, ,, mmiri mmiri na obere obere nwere ike mechaa nye nke mmiri mmiri a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-ahụ-ahụ ihe a na-ahụ n'efere Sokoto-Rima.  Ọzọkwa, ọrịa ike iji ndị a mee ihe iji obi ụtọ ihe omume nke idei mmiri na-mịkalụ (Saher et al., 2013) mmetụta oke mmiri ozuzo dị ma dị oke egwu nke akara ngosi ahia na nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima site n  'ịchịkwa oke mmiri dị na-ahọda n'okpuru mmiri mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo nchebe (Ola- Adams na Okali, 2006), na n'otu aka ahụ show mmiri dị n'ime ala na-akpọghachi ume n'ihi akwụkwọ nke mmiri ruo eruo.  ogologo oge. 

## General Hydrolọji nke Sokoto Basin
Sokoto Bowl nke dị n'ebe ugwu mgbanaka Nigeria dị na mpaghara ndịda Sahara Sudan nke ike isi Africa na mpaghara nke mpaghara dị ka savannah.  Mmiri mmiri, nkezi ihe dị ka 30 inches or 760 millimeters kwa afọ na dị mkpa nke nnukwu efere ahụ, na-eme n'oge mmiri mmiri nke na-adị site na May ruo October.  Oge ọkọchị na-egbu oge na-erute site na Ọktoba ruo ọkọlọtọ na-ekpur site na mgbagọ uzuzu uzu sitere na ihe elu ọmụmụ.  akpụkpọ na Mee bụ nwanyị kacha ekpo ọkụ, mgbe njọ na-erute 105 kwa mgbe mmiri na-arrị elu nke nnukwu efere Sokoto bụ ihe na-e ikpe n'elu ala.  Dị na nnọọ a dị na nke nke compass, lekọta site n'ala-mmiri ntọhapụ si sedimentary nkume, bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide.  N'ime efere Stream Zamfara, ntọhapụ mmiri nke ala na-enye ihe dị ka 1 inch or 2.5 centimeters nke 3.33 inches or 8.5 centimeters na-arrị nke zuru oke kwa afọ.  Sokoto dị nso, iyi Rima na-aṣọfe n'afọ niile site na ntọhapụ mmiri sitere na mmiri ala gbanyere ndị ọrịa na nkume nzu nke nhazi Kalambaina.  N'elu nkume translucent ebe ihe ka ukwuu n'ime iyi na-ebili, ihe niile na-agbapụta kwa afọ nwere ike ịfe 5 inches or 12.7 centimeters, nke dị ụgbọ n'ime ya bụ ntọhapụ mmiri nke ala.  Nkume sedimentary nke nnukwu efere sitere na Cretaceous ruo Tertiary ma bụrụ nke a na-eme maka ọtụtụ saịtị na ajị ọnụ ọnụ, apịtị, na ụfọdụ nkume nzu;  akwa ndị ahụ na-agbada nke ọma n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu.  Alluvium nke Quaternary age na-adabere na swamps nke Stream Sokoto (nke dị ugbu a Sokoto) na ndị na-azụ ya.  Nkume ndị nwere nwere isi iyi artesian atọ dị ama, n'agbanyeghị mmiri ala na-achọ na mpaghara isi niile, yana mmiri gbanyere mgba na mpụtapụta Kalambaina.  Isi iyi Artesian na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe na Gundumi Arrangement, Rima Gathering, na Gwandu Development ma na-ekewapụ onwe ya site na akwa apịtị dị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke Mgbakọ Rima na Nhazi Dange.  N'ebe dịpụrụ, ụwa dị n'usoro ihe egwu na-akwadokwa mmiri siri ike nke malitere Kalambaina.  Mmepe Gundumi, nke na-edobe n'elu akpụkpọ mmiri mmiri, sitere na ụwa, aja na nkume nwere agba dị iche iche. . 

## Ntụaka

* *Hydrology na Plankton nke River Sokoto* . J. Holden, J. Green. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Animal Ecology, Vol. 29, Nke 1 (Mee, 1960), p.&nbsp;65–84. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2271
* *Isotope na Geochemical Characterization Of Surface and Subsurface Waters in the Semi-Arid Sokoto Basin, Nigeria*, Adelana et al., African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST), Science and Engineering Series Vol. 4, Nke 2, p.&nbsp;80–89, Disemba 2003 https://web.archive.org/web/20060619110516/http://www.ansti.org/volume/adelana-final.pdf