open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Shulamith Nardi

**Shulamith Schwartz Nardi** (Hibru; April 23, 1909 - May 3, 2002) bụ onye ntụgharị asụsụ, onye odee, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi a mụrụ n'America, nke bi na Israel mgbe 1950 gasịrị.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Shulamith Schwartz na New York City, nwa nwanyị nke Avraham Shmuel Schwartz na Fannie Masliansky Schwartz. Nna ya bụ dọkịta na onye na-ede uri; nna nne ya bụ Zvi Hirsch Masliansky bụụrụ onye ndú nke Zionist Organization of America .  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard College n'afọ 1928. O nwetara nzere masta na Mahadum Columbia . 

## Ọrụ Ya
Shulamith Schwartz bụ onye isi oche nke mba nke Junior Hadassah site n'afọ 1931 ruo 1933. Ya na di ọhụrụ ya kwagara Tel Aviv n'afọ 1934. Ọ kụziri Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ma dee maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Jewish Frontier. Ọ kwuru banyere Palestine na Montreal n'afọ 1936,  ma bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya na ọgbakọ Zionist Congress nke iri abụọ ya emere na na Zürich n'afọ 1937. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ biri na New York ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Hadassah Newsletter  na onye òtù American Zionist Emergency Council .  Ọ gara njem na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ndị òtù obodo ndị Juu.   

Nardi laghachiri Israel n'afọ 1951, wee ghọọ ọkammụta asụsụ Bekee na Mahadum Hibru nke Jerusalem n'afọ %1953.  N'afọ 1961, ọ bụụrụ onye nnọchi anya ndị nnọchi anya Israel na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu .  Malite n'afọ ndị 1960, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na agọọmentị Israel dị ka onye ndụmọdụ onye isi ala na ihe gbasara ihe na-eme na mba ndị ọzọ. Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Zalman Shazar site na Hibru gaa na Bekee, nakwa otu n'ime Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ. O duziri otu òtù ọmụmụ banyere akwụkwọ ndị Juu. 

## Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara

* A Genesis Apocryphon: Akwụkwọ mpịakọta sitere n'ọzara nke Judaea (1956, nke Nahman Avigadi na Yigael Yadin, nke Shulamith Nardi sụgharịrị) 
* *Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Asaa* (1957) 
* Women Build a Land (1962, nke Ada Maimon, nke Nardi sụgharịrị) 
* Morning Stars (1967, nke Zalman Shazar, nke Nardi sụgharịrị) 
* Isiokwu ndị Juu na Contemporary World Literature (1969) 
* Ebe Nsọ nke Akwụkwọ na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta ya (1970) 
* *Ụwa na-abịa Jerusalem: nchịkọta foto * (1983, nke Sarah na Eli Ross, nke Nardi dezigharịrị) 
* A maliteghachiri ya na Jerusalem: Ncheta nke onye na-ede uri na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị (nke Asenath Petrie dere, nke Nardi dezigharịrị) 

## Ndụ onwe onye Ya
Schwartz lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, onye nkuzi a mụrụ na Kiev bụ Noah Nardi, n'afọ 1933. A mụrụ ụmụ ha nwanyị Meira na Zvia na New York n'afọ ndị 1940. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2002, mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na atọ. 

## Edensibia
Asụsụ kanayatn

**Kendayan**, ma ọ bụ **Salako** (Selako), bụ asụsụ Dayak Malaịk nke Borneo. A ka amabeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu, mana a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ dị ihe dịka 350,000. 

A na-ahọrọ aha *Kendayan* na Kalimantan, Indonesia, na *Salako* na Sarawak, Malaysia. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ ya , karịsịa na Bengkayang Regency na mpaghara dị nso na Singkawang City.  Olumba ndị ọzọ nke Kendayan gụnyere Ahe, Banana na *Belangin.* Ndị na-asụ olumba ọ bụla nwere ike ịghọta ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọzọ.

## Ọnọdụ asụsụ
thumb| Onye na-ekwu okwu Bedamea.
A na-asụ Salako na steeti Sarawak na Malaysia na mpaghara West Kalimantan na Indonesia.  Enwere ndị na-ekwu okwu na Sambas na Bengkayang Regencies yana na Singkawang. A na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ na Pontianak, Bengkawang na Landak Regencies nke West Kalimantan.

A na-ekwu na Singkawang dị na ndịda Sambas bụ ebe ndị na-asụ Salako si malite.

Ndị Indonesian nke bụ asụsụ mba Indonesia emetụtala olumba ndị a na-asụ na West Kalimantan . Nke a bụ asụsụ a na-eji eme ihe n'ọnọdụ gọọmentị, ụlọ akwụkwọ, mgbasa ozi na n'ime ụka.  Na Sarawak, mmetụta nke Malay adịchaghị mkpa, ebe ọ ghọrọ asụsụ obodo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. 

Kendayan bụ asụsụ dị mkpa nke a na-eji n'ime obodo na n'ụlọ. A na-asụkwa ụdị Ahe dị ka asụsụ asụsụ site n'aka ndị na-asụ obodo nwere otu Land Dayak .  Agbanyeghị, ndị na-eto eto na-agụkarị akwụkwọ site na Indonesian site na ime obodo, nke nwere ike imetụta ike asụsụ n'ọdịnihu. 

## Tụnyere asụsụ ndị agbata obi ndị ọzọ

## Ntụaka
olumba ndị a na-asụ na West Kalimantan . Nke a bụ asụsụ a na

## Isi mmalite

* 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Alexander Adelaar. 2006. Ebee ka Belangin bụ? . Na Fritz Schulze na Holger Warnk (eds.), *Insular Southeast Asia: Ọmụmụ asụsụ na omenala na Honor nke Bernd Nothofer*, 65-84. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
* Burkhardt, Jey Lingam. 2007. Usoro mmekọrịta otu dị ka a hụrụ na mmemme mmụta nkịtị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Salako tupu agụ akwụkwọ/ọkara agụmagụ .
* Dunselman, Donatus. 1949, 1949, 1950. *Bijdrage tot de kennis van de taal en adat der Kendajan Dajaks van West-Borneo* . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-India 105, 105, 106. , ,  .
* Herman, Paulus. 1988. Ọmụmụ ihe dị iche na consonants Kendayan na Bekee maka amụma nke isi ike ịkpọ okwu. Usoro mmụta MA, Ngalaba Bekee, ngalaba nka na akwụkwọ ozi, kọleji nkuzi nkuzi (IKIP), Yogyakarta.
* Hudson, Alfred B. 1970. Ihe ndetu na Selako: Asụsụ Malaịk Dayak na Ala Dayak na Western Borneo. *Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarawak* 18. 301–318.
* Lansau, Donatos. 1981. *Struktur bahasa Kendayan* . Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
* Josef, Thomas. 1984. *Morfologi dan sintaksis bahasa Kendayan* . Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
* Sukamto. 1993. *Tata bahasa Kendayan* . Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengemban gan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Asụsụ Mro-Khimi

**Mro-Khimi**  (nakwa **Mro**,  **Khimi**, **Mro Chin**, **Mro-Khimi Chin** ) bụ asụsụ Kuki-Chin nke Burma nke ndị Mro-Khimi na-asụ.  Ụdị Mor-Khimi na-ekekọrịta 91% ruo 98% myirịta okwu okwu .  Mro-Khimi bụ 86%-90% lexically yiri ụdị Likhy nke Eastern Khumi, 81%-85% nwere ụdị Lemi nke Eastern Khumi, yana 77%-81% na Kaladan Khumi. 

## Nkesa ala
A na-asụ Mro-Khimi n'obodo ndị a dị na Mianmaa ( *Ethnologue* ).

* Chin State : Paletwa obodo
* Rakhine State : Kyauktaw, Buthidaung, Ponnagyun, Pauktaw, Mrauk U, na obodo Maungdaw .

## Olumba
Enwere isi olumba anọ nke Mro-Khimi ( *Ethnologue* ).

* Arang (Ahraing Khami, Areung, Aroeng)
* Xengna (Hrengna)
* Xata
* Vakung (Wakun, Wakung)

Wakun (Vakung) bụ olumba a na-asụ na nke aghọtakarị (Horney 2009:5). Horney (2009:5) depụtakwara Aryn, Dau, Khuitupui, Likhy, Pamnau, Tuiron, Xautau, na Xienau dị ka olumba khami. Horney (2009) kọwara ụda olu olu Wakun na Xautau. 

## Ntụaka
n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia
Asụsụ Gadsup

**Gadsup** bụ asụsụ Kainantu nke ndị otu aha na-asụ na Papua New Guinea .

## fonology

### Consonants

*  become plosives  when preceded by , but initially and medially they are .

phonology nke Akuna Gadsup yiri Ontena Gadsup, ma e wezụga plosives na-enweghị olu na-adịghị lenite na mbụ, ma ha na-eme medially. 

### Udaume

 can also be heard as .

## Ntụaka
n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia
Lama asụsụ

**Lama** bụ asụsụ Gur nke ndị Lamba na-asụ na Togo, Benin, na ndị mmadụ ole na ole na Ghana na-asụ.

## fonology
Isi mmalite: 

### Consonants

### Udaume

### Ụda

## Alphabet

## Ntụaka
n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia
Aguna

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb
**Aguna**, ma ọ bụ **Awuna**, bụ asụsụ Gbe nke Benin na Togo . Na Benin, a na-asụ ya n'ime obodo Agouna, Koutagba, Gangan, Sankpiti, Djégékpodji na mpaghara ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu na Agouna arrondissement na n'ime obodo; Tchie, Kokoroko, Aklienme, Vevi na Outo (Hounto) na Outo arrondissement, ma na Djidja commune nke Zou Department .

Na Togo, a na-asụ asụsụ n'ime ime obodo; Glitto, Dasagba na Coufota (Koufota) na mpaghara Anié . 

## Ntụaka
n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia
Asụsụ Lama (Bai)

**Lama** bụ asụsụ Bai a na-asụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Lancang (elu Mekong ) na Lanping County na Weixi County, na ọdịda anyanwụ Yunnan, China .  

Ruo mbipụta nke 16 nke *Ethnologue* (2009), e kenyere koodu `lay` na "Lama (Myanmar)", depụtara na ndeksi asụsụ nke CF Voegelin na FM Voegelin (1977) dị ka asụsụ Nungish nke Myanmar nwere ndị na-asụ 3,000. N'afọ 2013 ka agbanwere aha koodu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Bai, Lama", na-akọwapụta otu n'ime asụsụ abụọ Northern Bai, nke ọzọ bụ Panyi Bai. 

## Ntụaka
n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia
Asụsụ Lomavren

**Lomavren** ( Armenian   *lomavren* ) bụ asụsụ ndị Lom na-asụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ, nke sitere na mmekọrịta asụsụ dị n'etiti asụsụ Romani na Domari  na asụsụ Armenian . A na-akpọkwa asụsụ ahụ **Bosa** na **Bosha** . 

## Njirimara asụsụ
O nwekwaghị ihe gbasara grammatical okike ma nwee mkpụrụ edemede asaa; ụtọ asụsụ ya nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Erzurum nke Armenia, ebe okwu ya na-abụkarị naanị Indic .

Ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ Romani, Domari na Lomavren, nwere ụdị Sanskrit, Hindi, Odia, Bengali, Persian na Sinhala maka ntụnyere. Agụnyekwara Grik na Latịn .

## Ntụaka
n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia
Asụsụ Kintaq

**Kintaq**, ma ọ bụ **Kentaq Bong**, bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụ na Malaysia na Thailand . Ọ bụ ngalaba mpaghara Northern Aslian nke asụsụ Aslian . Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà okwu na-ebelata.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo

## Njikọ mpụga

* RWAAI (Ebe nchekwa na ebe ọrụ maka ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya)
*  Kintaq na RWAAI Digital Archive
Asụsụ Dhao

Asụsụ **Dhao**, nke ndị si mba ọzọ mara nke ọma site na aha Rotinese ya  (Ndaonese, Ndaundau), bụ asụsụ Ndao Island na Indonesia. Na omenala ekesara dị ka asụsụ Sumba n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesia ( Papuan ).  A na-ewerebu ya dị ka olumba Hawu, mana ọ naghị aghọta n'otu n'otu .

## fonology
phonology Dhao yiri nke Hawu, mana ọ dị mgbagwoju anya karịa na consonants ya.

Udaume bụ , na  e dere ⟨ ⟩ . Ụdaume ogologo ụdaume na diphthong bụ usoro ụdaume. A na-emesi ike mkpụrụ edemede/ụdaume penultimate. (Udaume ọ bụla bụ syllable.)

 'this.OBJ',  'this',  'thinking',  'senile',  'wind'.

Schwa nrụgide na-agbatịkwu consonant ndị a:  'ụnyaahụ',  'abalị'.

Mkpuruokwu bụ ụdaume-ụdaume ma ọ bụ naanị ụdaume.

f, q, v, w, x, y na z ka a na-eji naanị okwu mbinye ego na aha mba ofesi.

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Dhao nwere usoro nhọpụta – isiokwu na-ebo ebubo – ngwaa–okwu ihe, n’adịghị ka Hawu. N'ime akpaokwu okwu, ndị mgbanwe na-agbaso aha. Enwere aha nnọchiaha nọọrọ onwe ya, yana kwa otu mkpọ aha clitics .

Mgbe a na-eji clitics mee ihe, enwere ụdị proximal na onye nke atọ,  'Nke a' na  'ndị a', nke ikpeazụ bụkwa maka mkpokọta mkpokọta . Mgbe eji maka isiokwu na ngwaa na-amalite na ụdaume, ha na-atụfu ụdaume ha n'ụzọ ole na ole:   'ịmara'. Ọtụtụ okwu ndị na-asụgharị preposition na bekee bụ ngwaa na Dhao, ma na-atụgharị dị ka nke a. Dhao nwekwara otu ngwaa '  ',  'ịga', nke clitics na-eso:  ma ọ bụ  ( NA )  .

Ihe ngosi na-amata ọdịiche dị nso (ebe a, ugbu a, nke a), distal (ebe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, nke ahụ), na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ (n'ebe ahụ, yon).

Nkejiokwu atụ ( Grimes (2006) ). 
      

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
 n'ime ezinụlọ Austronesia, ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ na-abụghị nke Austronesiabolumba ndị a na-asụ na West Kalimantan . Nke a bụ asụsụ a na

## Njikọ mpụga

* Alphabet na ịkpọ okwu
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Asụsụ Binandere

**Binandere** bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na "ọdụ" nke Papua New Guinea .

## fonology
Binandere nwere consonants iri na otu: bibials na-enweghị olu, alveolars na velars; ụda labial na alveolar nasals; ihe mkpuchi / ɾ/; fricative bilabial a na-ekwupụta /β/ na palatal dị nso /j/. 

Binandere nwekwara ụdaume 5 nkịtị /ɑ eiou/ na ogbo imi ha ise. 

Enwere ike ijikọ ụdaume ndị a ka ọ bụrụ diphthong iri na otu nwere ike:

* Ọnụ: /iu/ /ei/ /eo/ /eu/ /ɑi/ /ɑe/ /ɑo/ /ɑu/ /oi/ /oe/ /ou/
* Nasal: /ẽĩ/ /ɑ̃ĩ/ /ɑ̃õ/ /õũ/

N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ echiche nke proto-Trans-New Guinea nke Pawley (2012) tụpụtara: 

## Ntụaka
alveolars na velars; ụda labial na alveolar nasals

## Njikọ mpụga

* Doregari Kotopu Anglican Holy Communion na Binandere, Richard Mammana na Charles Wohlers mebere ya.
* Benunu tepo ae sakrament da kandoari ae ekalesia da jimbo nenei ainda book England da ekalesia da jimbo ango (1959) Book of Common Prayer digitized by Richard Mammana
* King, Copland. 1927. *Grammar na Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke asụsụ Binandere, Osimiri Mamba, North Division, Papua* . Sydney: DS Ford. http://www.sil.org/pacific/png/abstract.asp?id=599
*
Asụsụ Odoodee

**Odoodee** (Ododei) bụ asụsụ Trans–New Guinea nke New Guinea, nke a na-asụ na mbara ala ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Osimiri Strickland . A na-akpọkwa ya *Tomu*, n'azụ osimiri nke a chọtara ya, na *Nomad* . O nwere olumba abụọ, olumba Hesif na olumba Kalamo.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo unu
Asụsụ Ipili

**Ipili** bụ asụsụ Engan nke East New Guinea Highlands na Enga Province, Papua New Guinea . Aha asụsụ ahụ pụtara 'ndị nnu' na asụsụ Huli .  Enwere ndị ọkà okwu Ipili 26,000. 

Enwere olumba abụọ, Porgera-Paiela na Tipinini. Nke ikpeazụ yiri Enga . Onye ozi ala ọzọ Terrance Borchard duziri ntụgharị asụsụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Paiela. Ha na ebo Ipili na-arụkọ ọrụ, ha mepụtara mkpụrụedemede na asụsụ edere, nke a na-asụbu. Ọ malitere ọrụ na 1969 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Aug. 2014. rụpụtara ọrụ ịgụ akwụkwọ.

## fonology

Ipili nwere ụdaume ise (/a, e, i, o, u/) na consonants iri na atọ (/p, t, k, mb, nd, nj, ŋg, m, n, s, l, y, w/).  A na-akọ na Ipili nwere ike inwe ọdịiche ụda olu.  

Na Ipili consonant ụyọkọ anaghị eme. 

### Morphonology
Enwere ike ịhụ mmekọ na-aga n'ihu na mweghachi azụ na Ipili. 

Ipili nwere nkwekọ n'ịdị elu ụdaume, ebe ụdaume dị elu na nke etiti na-adịkarịkebe n'akụkụ ibe ya. N'ụzọ dị iche, ụdaume dị ala 'a' nwere ike ịdị n'akụkụ ụdaume ọ bụla, ya mere a na-achọta okwu ahụ *mugalo* 'a ụdị dị iche iche nke achara' nke nwere ma ụdaume dị elu na etiti. 

## Ụtọ asụsụ

### Ngwaa
A na-atụgharị ngwaa Ipili maka ike, ọnọdụ, akụkụ, mmadụ na ọnụọgụ site na mgbakwunye .  A na-ekewa suffixes ndị a ụzọ abụọ, suffixes siri ike na suffixes mmadụ. A na-ebute suffix mmadụ site na suffix siri ike. 

Enwere ọnụọgụ grammatical atọ: otu, dual na plural. Mmadụ atọ na-akpụgharị ngwaa, mana a naghị ekewapụta onye nke abụọ na nke atọ n'ime nke abụọ na ọtụtụ. 

Enwere ọtụtụ oge na akụkụ dị ka ihe dị ugbu a, oge atọ gara aga  na oge abụọ n'ọdịnihu . 

### Syntax
Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi bụ isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa .  Nkejiokwu Ipili si otu a tinye ngwaa nwere oke na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ. 

## Akwụkwọ
Ndị Ipili nwere akụkọ ọdịnala a na-akpọ *tindi* . Ọdịnaya nwere ike ịnwe ihe anwansi. 

## Hụkwa

* Porgera Gold nke m

## Ntụaka
mechiri emechi n'etiti bilabial trill na consonant alveolar na-esote, na in non asụsụ obodo unu dị iche, ụdaume
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Armenian

**Armenian Sign Language** () bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ndi nti chiri Armenia.  

## Nhazi
Wittmann (1991)  kwuputara na ArSL bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ (asusu akara 'prototype').

## Hụkwa
 

* Asụsụ Armenian
* Asụsụ Ogbi nke Caucasus
* Ntị ntị chiri
* Asụsụ nke Armenia
* Asụsụ nke Europe
* Ndepụta asụsụ ndị ogbi
* Asụsụ Ogbi

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Makyam

**Makyam Naga** (Lasam, Macham Naga, Makyan, Pongnyun, Paung Nyuan) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet a na-asụ na Myanmar . Olumba Western Makyam Naga na-ekekọrịta 99% myirịta okwu okwu . 

Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Konyak ndị ọzọ. Makyam bụ 31%–35% lexically yiri ya na Ponyo-Gongwang Naga, 29%–36% na Leinong Naga, na 27%–28% na Lao iche iche nke Konyak Naga . 

## Nhazi
Makyam bụ nke obere ndị Khamniungic n'ime otu asụsụ Konyak –Chang (Naw Sawu 2016:6).  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Leinong karịa na Khamniungan .

* Khamniungic
** *Khiamniungan Naga*
** Leinong-Makyam
*** *Leinong Naga*
*** *Makyam Naga*

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Makyam n'ime obodo iri na atọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Lahe Township na Hkamti Township, Sagaing Division, Myanmar ( *Ethnologue* ). Isi asụsụ dị iche iche bụ n'etiti obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Makyan na obodo Kuku.

A na-asụ Makyam n'ime obodo iri na asatọ ndị a, nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Lahe na Lahe Township, Ngalaba Sagaing, Myanmar. Ha gbakwụnye na ngụkọta nke ezinụlọ 1,026 na mmadụ 4,994 (Naw Sawu 2016:8).  A na-enye aha obodo ochie n'ụba.

* San Tong (Nouk Hai)
* Makyam (Ngaung Ke)
* Kha Lai (Khun Old Kha Lai)
* New Kha Lai (Pyan Kha Lai)
* Long Khin (Long Nouk)
* Lun Htaung
* Wutha (Zay Tam Nouk)
* Kuku Nokkon (Khaunouk Hai)
* Myang Kuku (Khaunouk Suam)
* Ahang Kuku
* Iwu Taw (Wuta Ọhụrụ)
* Pin Htaung Lon Tie mkpu
* Lepandar
* Zi Phyu Kone, Kham Ti Township
* Sin Te
* Ma Kyam Kha
* Lahe
* Ma Kaw Rain

Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Makyam nwekwara ike ịsụ Leinong, dịka a na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'otu mpaghara (Naw Sawu 2016: 10).

## fonology

* /ə/ na-egosi naanị n'ime mkpụrụokwu mepere emepe.

Na mgbakwunye, a hụla diphthong ndị a: /ia/, /ua/, /uo/, /oa/, /ue/, /ɔu/, /uɛ/, /ei/, /ea/, /ie/, /iɛ/, /ou/, /au/, /ai/.

Makyam nwekwara ụda ise: 

* [˧˩] - etiti ọdịda
* [˧˥] - n'etiti-ebili
* [˧] - etiti, larịị
* [˥˩] - elu-ada
* [˥] - elu, ọkwa

## Ntụaka
plural, yana dị iche iche onye nke mbụ gụ n'ebe ugwu Tamur, n'ebe ọdịda anyanw

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọnụọgụ dị na Makyam
Asụsụ Maʼya

**Ma ʼ ya** bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke agwaetiti Raja Ampat dị na Southwest Papua, Indonesia. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu mpaghara South Halmahera–West New Guinea (SHWNG) na ihe dị ka mmadụ 6,000 na-asụ ya n'ime ime obodo dị n'ụsọ osimiri dị n'agwaetiti Misool, Salawati, na Waigeo,  n'ókè dị n'etiti asụsụ Austronesian na asụsụ Papuan . 

## Olumba
Ma ʼ ya nwere olumba ise: atọ dị n'àgwàetiti Waigeo ( Laganyan, Wauyai, na Kawe ), otu na Salawati, na otu na Misool .  Olumba a ma ama bụ nke dị na Salawati. Ụdị dị &#x5B; &#x5D; ** na-asụ na Salawati na Misool bụ ihe omume  ji mara. na  N'okwu ụfọdụ, ebe olumba Waigeo (na asụsụ SHWNG ndị ọzọ metụtara) nwere  na  n'otu n'otu. 

Na agwaetiti Waigeo, olumba atọ a bụ  : 6 

* Olumba *Kawe* dị na obodo Selpele na Salyo dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti ahụ.
* A na-asụ olumba *Laganyan* n'ime obodo Araway, Beo na Luptinol dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mayalibit Bay.
* A na-asụ olumba *Wauyai/Wawiyai* n'ime obodo Wawiyai dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kabui Bay.

### Consonants

* Enwere ike ịnụ consonants iri na abụọ ka palatalized  ;  ;  .
* Mgbe n'ọnọdụ okwu-ikpeazụ, plosive isii nwere ike ime dị ka ewepụtaghị , nakwa imi  .
*  enwere ike ịnụ ka retroflex  n'ọnọdụ okwu-ikpeazụ, na mgbe ejiri ụdaume azụ buru ya ụzọ.
*  enwere ike ịkpọ dị ka  mgbe n'etiti abụọ  ụdaume .
*  nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka trill , mgbe nọ n'ọnọdụ okwu-ikpeazụ.
*  enwere ike ịnụ dị ka velar , mgbe velar na-aga n'ihu.  nwekwara ike ịbụ fọnịm mbinye ego.
* Ihe nkwụsị glottal  a na-anụkarị na ụda ụda, n'ọnọdụ mmalite okwu tupu ụdaume mbụ.
* Ụda ndị ọzọ  nwekwara ike ime n'ihi okwu mbinye Arabic na Indonesian.

### Udaume

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Matbat, asụsụ agbata obi nwere mmetụta Papuan dị oke egwu yana ụda ise.

## Ntụaka
nwere, ma nwee ike igosi isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe dị na nkebiokwu ngwaa. Usoro

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Gimi

**Gimi,** makwaara dị ka **Labogai**, bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na Eastern Highlands Province na Papua New Guinea . Ndị na-asụ 23,000 (2000 kwuru) na-asụ asụsụ Gimi.

## fonology
Gimi nwere ụdaume ise na consonants iri na abụọ .  O nwere consonants glottal na -enweghị ụda olu ebe asụsụ ndị emetụtara nwere  na  . Glottal na-enweghị olu bụ naanị nkwụsị zuru oke  . Consonant ekwuputara na-eme ụda olu dị ka ebe nkwụsị nke glottal, mana enweghị mmechi zuru oke. N'usoro ụda olu ọ bụ ihe na-ada ụda glottal dị nso  . 

### Udaume

### Consonants

### Allophony
 occurs word initially only in loanwords.

 can surface as either  or  in free variation.

 becomes  before .

 and  tend to fluctuate with one another word initially.

### Mkpụrụokwu
Usoro mkpụrụokwu bụ (C)V(G), ebe G bụ  ma ọ bụ  .

### Ụda
Udaume ikpeazụ nke otu okwu na-ewe ogo ma ọ bụ ụda dara ada . A na-eji olu dị egwu dee ụda dara ada .

## Ọkpụkpụ
Gimi na-eji mkpụrụedemede Latịn . 

## Ntụaka
nwere, ma nwee ike igosi isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe dị na nkebiokwu ngwaa. Usoro
Asụsụ Musom

**Musom** bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ n'otu obodo nta nke Musom Aha ọzọ a na-akpọ Musom bụ Misatik, nke ndị ọgbọ ochie kpọrọ ya n'ihi na nke a bụ aha obodo nta ndị nna ochie biri na ya.[1] Musom bụ asụsụ dị n'ihe egwu ugbu a n'ihi na obodo 

## fonology

Na Musom, olu na-enweghị olu, olu na prenasalised bụ naanị usoro nkwụsị mgbe ọ na-abịakwute consonants.  Maka consonants Musom, ọ bụrụ na enwere nkwụsị ụda prenasalised, a na-ahụ ụdaume mgbe ọ gachara, ọ pụkwara ịdị ka imi naanị.  Allophones dị na prenasalised affricated alveolar stop /ndz/ nke na-eme na mbụ, medially, na mgbe ahụ [nts] ga-eme n'ikpeazụ. 

Maka consonants, /w, kw, gw/ ha anaghị eme na mbụ, n'etiti etiti na n'ikpeazụ, mana consonants ndị ọzọ na-eme.  Consonants ndị ọzọ na-adịghị eme n'ikpeazụ bụ /d, g, ndz/.  Mgbe okwu ahụ kwụsịrị na consonant ma okwu na-esote malitekwara na consonant, a na-etinye prothetic *a* n'etiti okwu.  Maka consonant /r/, o nwere allophone abụọ [r] na [l], mana ọ bụ naanị na mgbanwe n'efu. 

Mgbe a na-atụnyere Musom na Yabim, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ na Musom nwere ike inwe usoro ụdaume 7. 

## Nnweta
Ụdị ihe onwunwe nke mbụ na Musom nwere aha ndị na-apụghị ịpụ apụ.  Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke aha ndị a na-apụghị ịpụ apụ bụ okwu ikwu, akụkụ ahụ, aha, aha, enyi ma ọ bụ onye ahịa. 

Ụdị ihe onwunwe nke abụọ dị na Musom bụ ihe onwunwe Alienable.  Ụdị ihe onwunwe nke abụọ na-ejide aha niile na-adịghị na ụdị nke mbụ.  Akpaokwu nwere ike ịnwe aha ma ọ bụ nnọchiaha aha, yana prothetic *a* .  Mgbe ahụ, e nwere aha na-abụghị nke a na-akpọ akara akara nke bụ aha nwere.  Nke a bụ ọmụmaatụ ụfọdụ: 

* *wir a om ulo* m

*na a tahung* ya anwụrụ

*bụ kom/kom a bụ en* nkịta ha

## Nhazi ahịrịokwu

### Nchikota
N'asụsụ Musom, enwere ike ịmepụta ahịrịokwu site na iji njikọ dị ka *da* 'na, ma' na *ma* 'ma ọ bụ'.  Otu ihe atụ iji *da* bụ: 

* *Tse gak ga-bitsi ung da ga-hur*

weEXC P-SPP1-gaa P-SPP1-esi nri achịcha na P-SPP1-azụ

Anyị na-esi nri bred na azụ (maka azụ̀ crayfish) n'osimiri ahụ.

Otu ihe atụ iji *ma* bụ: 

* *Ingg ng-u-ak Madang ma ingg ng-u-ak*

youSG IRR-SPP2-go Madang ma ọ bụ gịSG IRR-SPP2-aga

Ị nwere ike ịga Madang ma ọ bụ ị nwere ike ịga Ramu.

### Ọnọdụ
Enwere ike ịhụ asụsụ Musom mgbe ị na-eji ahịrịokwu nwere ọnọdụ n'ụdị: 

*da* + Isiokwu 1 + *ng* -SPP-V *da* + Isiokwu 2 *bo-ng-* SPP-V

Ọmụmaatụ iji ahịrịokwu nwere ọnọdụ bụ: 

* *Da amik ng-i-ruk wir bo-ng-a-bum omb.*

na mmiri ozuzo IRR-SPP3-ọdịda m FUT-IRR-SPP1-anọ obodo

Ọ bụrụ na mmiri ezo, m ga-anọ n'ime obodo

## Ntụaka
n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị kanwere, ma nwee ike igosi isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe dị na nkebiokwu ngwaa. Usoro

* Wurm, SA nchịkọta akụkọ. *Asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Papua New Guinea: Kaki Ae, Musom, na Aribwatsa* . D-89, vi + 183 ibe. Pacific Linguistics, Mahadum Mba Ọstrelia, 1997.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Asụsụ Kemberano

G 

**Kemberano** bụ asụsụ Papuan nke Isi Bird Peninsula nke West Papua, Indonesia. 

## fonology

A na-anụkarị ụda prenasal /ᵐb, ⁿ̪d̪, ᵑɡ/ dị ka prenasal n'ọnọdụ mmalite okwu yana dịka a na-ekwusi ike [b, d̪, ɡ] ebe ọzọ.

* /ᵑɡ ~ ɡ/ nwere ike ịnụ dị ka [ŋ] mgbe consonant na-esote na okwu bụ /ᵑɡ ~ ɡ/ ma ọ bụ /n/.
* Kwụsị ụda /p, k/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka ụda mkparị [pᶠ, kˣ] na mgbanwe n'efu.
* A na-anụkwa fricatives /β, ð, ɣ/ dị ka nkwụsị nke enweghị nkọwa [b̚, d̪̚, ɡ̚] mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ.
* Glides [w, j] na-eme n'ihi ụdaume /i, u/ mgbe a na-ebute ụdaume ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ mkparịta ụka.

Udaume ise /i, e, a, o, u/ ka enwere ike ịnụ dị ka [ɪ, ɛ, ɑ, ɔ, ʊ] n'ọnọdụ enweghị nrụgide. Enwere ike ịnụ ha niile dị ka etiti etiti [ə] na mgbanwe n'efu na ọnọdụ enweghị nchekasị.

* Enwere ike ịnụ /a/ dị ka [æ] mgbe nọ n'akụkụ /i/.
* Enwere ike ịnụ /i/ ka [y] mgbe ọ nọ n'akụkụ /u/. 

## Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
Achọrọ aha Kemberano ka ọ nwee suffixes concord ndị a: 

* - *m* (aha nwoke)
* - *o* (aha nwanyi)

Ọmụmaatụ (site na Berry na Berry 1987: 86):
  

## Ntụaka
n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị ka
Asụsụ Galician

**Galice** / ɡəˈliːs / , ma ọ bụ **Galice-Applegate** ma ọ bụ **Upper Rogue River**, bụ asụsụ Athabaskan na- ekpochapụ otu oge nke ebo Upper Rogue River Athabaskan, ebo Galice ( **Taltushtuntede / Tal-tvsh-dan-ni** - "Ndị Galice Creek") na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Dakubet Oregon na Applegate ebo (Nabil.)  Ekwuru ya na "Galice Creek na Applegate River, tributaries of the Rogue River in southwestern Oregon. E nwere opekata mpe olu abụọ dị iche iche Galice Creek na Applegate, mana ọ bụ naanị asụsụ Galice Creek ka edere nke ọma." 

Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ nke ụyọkọ *Oregon Athabaskan* (Tolowa–Galice) nke asụsụ Athabaskan nke Pacific Coast .

## fonology

Ụda ụdaume bụ  ,  , , na  . Udaume ndị a nwere ike ịpụta na ụyọkọ ma nwee ike ịgbatị . 

Galice nwekwara ọtụtụ iwu gbasara ntinye nke consonants. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị mmekọ enweghị ike ịkwụsị azuokokoosisi, ọ nweghịkwa ike , , ma ọ bụ  . N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-ahụ ụfọdụ ụyọkọ consonant naanị na njedebe nke azuokokoosisi, dịka ọmụmaatụ ,  na  . 

## Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
Enwere ike itinye Morphemes na Galice n'otu n'ime ụdị anọ: ị ga, prefixes, postpositions na enclitics. Prefixes nwere ike ịbụ nke ewepụtara ma ọ bụ grammatical, ebe mwepụta na-enyere aka mejupụta ntọala okwu na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile n'ụdị CV. prefixes grammatical abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị mana enwere mgbanwe karịa n'ụdị ha 

Galice nwere klaasị okwu atọ bụ isi: aha, ngwaa na akụkọ. Enwere ike ịtụgharị aha naanị maka onye nwe ya, ebe a na-agbakwunye prefix. Enwere ike ịtụgharị ngwaa maka mmadụ na nọmba maka ngwaa neuter yana mgbakwunye maka akụkụ na ngwaa arụ ọrụ na nke na-agafe agafe. Aha nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị anọ dị iche iche: aha dị mfe, nke bụ otu morpheme; aha mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere usoro pụtara ìhè; ngwaa akpọrọ aha; na ogige, nke nwere ntọala abụọ (na mgbe ụfọdụ atọ) n'ime ụdị atọ ndị ọzọ. 

Ngwaa dị na Galice bụ nke nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa grammatical prefixes na efu ma ọ bụ karịa prefixes butere ya. Enwere ọnọdụ 10 n'ụdị ngwaa na nke ọ bụla nwere ike jupụta naanị site na ụdị prefixes akọwapụtara na ọ gaghị ejupụta ma ọlị.

### Onye
Galice nwere onye nke mbụ, nke abụọ, na nke atọ. Onye nke mbụ na nke abụọ n'otu n'otu na ọtụtụ ka akara na ọnọdụ 8. Onye nke atọ na-anọgide na-enweghị akara na otu, ma n'ụdị dị iche iche, a na-ede ya na ọnọdụ 4 site haa- ma ọ bụ ¬hii-. Akara onye otu nke mbụ na š- n'ihe niile. Enwere ike ịkara ọtụtụ mmadụ nke mbụ na id- ma ọ bụ i- dabere na klas nke ngwaa ahụ. Ọkpụkpọ imi na-apụta n'ọnọdụ asatọ mgbe a na-egosi onye nke abụọ otu, ebe mmadụ nke abụọ nwere ike iji oʔo-, ʔa-,ʔe-, ma ọ bụ ʔo- dabere na nganiihu bu ụzọ. 

## Ntụaka
Ekwuru ya na "Galice Creek na Applegate River, tributaries of the Rogue River in southwestern Oregon. E nwere opekata mpe olu abụọ dị iche iche Galice

## Njikọ mpụga

* Galice (Nabiltse, ndị India Applegate Creek)
* Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Galice
* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Galice na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Asụsụ Chepang

**Chepang** bụ asụsụ ihe ruru mmadụ 59,000 na-asụ na South-Central Nepal .  A maara ndị mmadụ dị ka Chepang . Randy LaPolla (2003) tụrụ aro na Chepang nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke otu nnukwu " Rung ". Otu ọzọ na-asụ Chepang, bi n'ofe osimiri Narayani, na-akpọ onwe ha Bujheli.

## fonology

### Consonants

#### Nghọta ụda olu
A na-enweta nkwụsị glottal n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị dị ka mmechi zuru oke ma na-egosipụta ya dị ka ụda dara ada, laryngealization, re-articulation, ma ọ bụ site na ịgbatị akụkụ ahụ tupu .  Edepụtara ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ nke ihe omume nwere ike ime n'okpuru:

* Mbipụta mkpụrụokwu
** Mmechi zuru oke [ʔ] na mmalite okwu - (ʔ / #__)
** Mweghachi [Ikpeazụ mkpụrụokwu
** Mmechi zuru oke na njedebe nke okwu — (ʔ / __#) ma ọ bụ mgbe ị na-eso ụdaume ma na-aga n'ihu consonant enweghị olu - (ʔ / V__C [-olu])
** Laryngealization na-eso ụdaume ma na-aga n'ihu nkwụsị nke glottal — (◌. / V__ʔ)
** Na na-ada ụda n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ niile

 Glottal fricative /h/ na-enweta n'ọtụtụ ụzọ na ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya na gburugburu ebe a na-ahụ anya na-eme. Ọmụmaatụ:

* N'ihe dị n'akụkụ abụọ na-agbagharị agbagharị, ọ bụrụ na n'isi mmalite okwu, fọnịm mbụ na-aghọ enweghị olu
* Ọ bụrụ na n'ọgwụgwụ okwu, ekwentị nke abụọ na-aghọ enweghị olu
** Okwu aal (nke pụtara 'egwu ma ọ bụ ísì anụmanụ') ka ejiri ụda olu dee ya dị ka [ḁal]
** na okwu samm (nke pụtara 'fuzz of bamboo') ka ejiri ụda olu dee ya ka [samm̥]
* Ọchịchọ siri ike na-apụta na ihe mgbochi na-enweghị olu
** A na-edegharị okwu ahụ phek (nke pụtara 'broom') n'ụzọ ụda olu ka [p h ek]
* Olu ume n'akụkụ mbụ nke syllable ahụ na gburugburu ebe ndị na-egbochi ụda olu
** Okwu gaŋ (nke putara 'oghere') ka edere dika [ɡ̈a̤ŋ]
* /h/ nwere ike ịghọ /s/ n'okwu ngwa ngwa mgbe ị na-eso /j/ na bu ụzọ /k/
* /h/ nwekwara ike ịghọ /x/ mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na /j/ na tupu /ʔ/

/w/ mgbe kpọmkwem na-esote ụdaume ihu dị ka labio-eze nso [ʋ] 

### Udaume

Nnyocha na-egosi na Chepang nwere ike inwe usoro ụdaume atọ n'otu oge.  Udaume ndị ahụ bụ /i/ /u/ na /ə/, nke a bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka usoro ụdaume atọ dịka ha na-enwekarị /a/ /i/ na /u/ dị ka a na-ahụ na Classical Arabic, Greenlandic na Quechua .

## Syntax
Enwere ike ịkọwa Chepang dị ka inwe usoro okwu bụ isi nke **S** isiokwu **O** bject **V** erb ( SOV ) nwere mgbanwe ụfọdụ n'ihi ọnọdụ. Ederede dị n'okpuru na-enye ọmụmaatụ:
 
Mana ọ siri ike ịkọwa isiokwu na ihe maka asụsụ ahụ na Chepang na enwere ike ịkọwa ya nke ọma dị ka asụsụ ngwaa-ikpeazụ. Ngwaa ahụ na-esokarị nkebiokwu aha ya na ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ịhụ NP na-agbaso ngwaa a na-eji dị ka echiche emechaa.
 

## Nkesa ala
A na-asụ Chepang na mpaghara ndị a na Nepal ( *Ethnologue* ).

* Mpaghara Makanpur, Bagmati Province
* Chitwan District, Bagmati Province
* Southern Dhading District, Bagmati Province
* Southern Gorkha District, Gandaki Province

Olumba bụ Western Chepang na Eastern Chepang.

## Ntụaka
plural, yana dị iche iche onye nke mbụ gụ n'ebe ugwu Tamur, n'ebe ọdịda anyanw
Asụsụ Mansim

**Mansim**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Borai** ma ọ bụ **Moi Brai**, bụ asụsụ West Papuan nke ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi Bird Peninsula nwere njikọ chiri anya na Hattam . Dị ka nke 2010 e nwere asịrị nke 50 ndị agadi ọkà okwu. 

## fonology
Mansim nwere ụdaume ise: /a, e, i, o, u/, na consonants 16. [ 2 ]

Ọkwa /c, ɟ, h/ ejighị n'aka, n'ihi otu ihe atụ na ederede nkwado.

Dịka asụsụ Papuan ndị ọzọ, Mansim enweghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti /r/ na /l/.

### Nchegbu
Mansim nwere ike inwe ọdịiche ụda dị n'etiti homophones, ebe ọ bụ na ụdị *mmanya* dị iche iche () na *tan* ('n'ime,' 'tere,' 'egwu') nwere ike ịchọ iji ọkwa dị iche, mana nke a anaghị ahụ na data ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro ya. O yiri ka etinyere nrụgide n'ụkpụrụ iambic n'elu nkebiokwu ahụ, na-etinye nrụgide na syllable nke abụọ. Nke a pụtara na prefixes na mkpịrịsị mkpịrịsị nke mbụ nke mkpụrụokwu polysyllabilic, ewezuga nnochiaha onwe zuru oke, enweghị nrụgide. Enwere ike imesi akara nrịbama na nnochiaha nwere, mana isi edemede dịka aha na ngwaa anaghị adọta isi mgbakasị ahụ.

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro usoro okwu nke Mansim bụ SOV (isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa) . N'ahịrịokwu aha, nnọchiaha nke nwere na-esochi ọnọdụ aha. [ 2 ]

## Ntụaka
n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị kaKherwarian languages

*
Asụsụ Olo

**Olo** (Orlei) bụ onye na-abụghị onye Ọstrelia, asụsụ Torricelli nke Papua New Guinea . A na-asụ asụsụ a n'ime obodo 55, site na Aitape Township (n'ebe ugwu) ruo Sandaun Province (ndịda), na ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi.  Ekwenyere na Olo bụ asụsụ ịgbalite ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nke pụtara na onye na-ekwu okwu na-ahọrọ okwu ha na echiche nke ihe ha na-agbalị imezu n'uche onye na-ege ntị,  nke a ka akpọpụtara dị ka echiche ntụgharị uche. E kewala echiche ntugharị aka ụzọ anọ, ha niile na-abịa na adịghị mma, ihe ngosi, mmemme, ama ama, na ịgbalite ncheta.

## Nhazi
**Olo** nwetara n'asụsụ Torricelli Phylum ma bụrụ nke ezinụlọ Wape. Olumba abụọ a na-asụ bụ Payi()Pay) na Wapi (Wape). Oke olumba abụghị nke zuru oke ma dabere na ọdịiche pụtara ìhè na ụtọ asụsụ. N'agbanyeghị ndịiche dị, ha na-ekekọrịta ịgbụ olumba.

## fonology

### Aha aha
Nhazi ọtụtụ aha gụnyere: 

### Consonants
Chaatị dị n'okpuru gụnyere consonants ejiri n'asụsụ Olo, /p,t,k,f,s,m,n,ŋ,w,y/. A na-eji ụdị imi atọ eme ihe mgbe ị na-asụ asụsụ a, alveolar, bibial, na velar. Alveolar nasals na-apụta n'akụkụ ezé, /n/, imi bilabial na-apụta na ala ire dị nso na elu ọnụ ọnụ na mmalite nke akpịrị, na imi na-apụta na egbugbere ọnụ. Iwu nke Olo bụ na imi na-eme naanị tupu velar kwụsị. A naghị egbu nkwụsị na ume iku ume, na-eme ka ha na-ekwu okwu na-adịghị ike.

#### Suffixes ihe
Suffixes, na ụfọdụ infixes, na-egosi ihe nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ ma na-emetụta ngwaa niile na-agbanwe agbanwe. Mgbe a na-eji infix kọwaa onye mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ ihe, ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụokwu nke mbụ nwere */a/* ma ọ bụ */e/*, mgbe ahụ ọ na-agbanwe ghọọ */ei/* .

Enwere ọdịiche dị mkpa n'etiti *-(w) o* na *-o, -o* na-agbaso ụdaume */i/* na *-wo* na-esote n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ niile *.*

## Ntụaka
n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị kan'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị ka
Asụsụ Kherwarian

**Asụsụ Kherwarian** nwere asụsụ ndị na-abụghị Korku North Munda nke a na-asụkarị na steeti ọwụwa anyanwụ India nke Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Chhattisgarh na mba ndị gbara agbata obi nke Bangladesh, Nepal na Bhutan . Ọnụ, Korku na asụsụ Kherwarian na-etolite ngalaba nke North Munda nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

Ndị Kurukh na-asụ Dravidian na mpaghara Ranchi anabatala olumba nke Kherwarrian Mundari nke akpọrọ Keraʔ Mundari. Ụdị ọdịdị ọnụ ya adịchaghị mgbagwoju anya karịa nkezi asụsụ Kherwarian Austroasiatic. [ 4 ] [ 5 ]

## Ụdị ụdị
Nkwekọrịta ụdaume na mgbakwunye Kherwarian na-ewepụta ụfọdụ ndịiche dabere na ọdịdị nke ụdaume nke ngwaa ahụ, ebe ndị ọzọ adịghị. Enwere affixes harmonic na ndị na-abụghị nke harmonic. N'okwu nke ụda olu, dissyllables nwere ụfọdụ mmachi ụdaume.

A na-ewepụtakwa nrụgide na nkeji nkeji nke abụọ. LH (adịghị ike-ike) ụkpụrụ okwu prosodic juru ebe niile ọbụlagodi n'okwu morphological. N'adịghị ka Korku, asụsụ Kherwarian enweghị ụda ụda ụda, na-enye ezi ihe kpatara Korku-Kherwarian nhazi nke North Munda.

Dịka ọtụtụ asụsụ Munda ndị ọzọ, asụsụ Kherwarian bụ asụsụ akpọrọ aha nwere usoro nkwekọrịta ọnụ dị mgbagwoju anya. Idebanye nkwekọrịta okpukpu abụọ na atọ na arụmụka nke atọ ma ọ bụ enweghị arụmụka ga-ekwe omume, na ntinye aka nke arụmụka nke atọ na-agụnyekarị onye nwe ya.
 
2). Santali
 
3). Ho (olumba Mayurbhanj )
 

## Ihe ohuru ohuru
Mmepụta ọhụrụ obere obere ọkwa nke asụsụ Kherwarian gụnyere:

* Olu na-arụ ọrụ **-ˀt*
* Ihe na-akpata *-ocho* & *-rika*

## Asụsụ

* Santali
** Mahali
** Karmali
* Mundari
** Keraʔ Mundari (Kurukh creole)
* Ho
* Koda
* Korwa
* Koraku
* Kol
* Asuri
* Bhumij
* Turi
* Birhor
* Bijori ?
* Agariya ?

## Ntụaka
n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị  obodo ha. A na-eji ya dị ka asụsụ asụsụ n'ahịa karịa n'ụlọ.
Asụsụ Tangkhul

**Tangkhul** bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke ngalaba Tangkhul, nke a na-asụ n'obodo dị iche iche nke Ukhrul district, Manipur, India. Okwu a bụ "Tangkhul" sitere na okwu asụsụ Meitei, tāng ( , '   ) na khūl ( , '   ).  Dị ka echiche ọzọ si kwuo, okwu ahụ bụ "Tangkhul" sitere na "Thankhul", nke pụtara "Than obodo" n'asụsụ Meitei .   

Tangkhul ghọrọ asụsụ edere na nke mbụ ya n'afọ 1897, mgbe William Pettigrew chịkọtara *"Tangkhul Primer na Catechism"* n'oge ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst . 

Ngalaba nhazi asụsụ na mmejuputa gọọmentị nke Manipur na-enye nchikota ₹ 5,000    ., nye onye ọ bụla na-amụ asụsụ Tangkhul, n'okpuru usoro na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. 

Tangkhul na-eketa 93%-94% myirịta lexical na ụdị Somra dị iche iche nke Tangkhul, 31% na Tangkhul Naga na-asụ na India, 51%-52% na Akyaung Ari Naga, na 29%-32% na Koki Naga . 

## fonology

### Consonants

* Kwụsị ụda /pt tʃ k/ nwere ike kwupụtala allophones [bd dʒ ɡ] na mgbanwe efu.
* Enwere ike ịnụ /m/ dị ka [ɱ] mgbe ọ na-ebu ụzọ /f/ ma ọ bụ /ʋ/.
* Enwere ike ịnụ /r/ dị ka [r] ma ọ bụ [ɾ] na mgbanwe n'efu.

* /ieau/ nwere ike ịnwe ụda allophone nke [ɪ ɛ ɯ] na mgbanwe efu. 

## Ntụaka
kammadụ 443 ndị a nyochara na-ekwu na ha na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị ka asụsụ
Asụsụ Krenak

**Asụsụ Krenak**, bụkwa **Borum** ma ọ bụ **Botocudo**, bụ asụsụ naanị otu ezinụlọ na-adị ndụ nke a kwenyere na ha bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Macro-Gê . Ndị Botocudo kwuru ya n'otu oge na Minas Gerais, mana ndị inyom meworo agadi mara ya taa.

## fonology

/h/ nwekwara ike ịnwe allophone nke velar [x]. 

## Ntụaka
kammadụ 443 ndị a nyochara na-ekwu na ha na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, asụsụ
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Chiriqui

Asụsụ Ogbi Chiriqui (Spanish: Lengua de Señas de Chiriquí, LSCH) bụ asụsụ ndị ogbi ndi nti chiri bụ́ isi nke ógbè Chiriquí na Panama.O doghị anya ma ọ bụ ihe jikọrọ ya na Asụsụ ogbi nke Panama, bụ́ nke ya na ya na-aghọtachaghị;   ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, ọ ga-abụkwa ihe jikọrọ ya na Asụsụ Ogbi nke America. 

## Ntụaka

# Parks, Williams &Parks (2014) Perfil  Sociolinguistico de los sordos de Panama ewetara 2019-01-03 na  Way back Machine
Asụsụ Omagua

**Omagua** bụ asụsụ Tupi-Guarani nwere njikọ chiri anya na Cocama,  nke so na otu obere Group III nke ezinụlọ Tupí-Guaraní, dịka nhazi nke ezinụlọ Aryon Rodrigues siri kwuo. Aha ndị ọzọ maka Omagua gụnyere: Agua, Anapia, Ariana, Cambeba, Cambeeba, Cambela, Campeba, Canga-Peba, Compeva, Janbeba, Kambeba, Macanipa, Omagua-Yete, Pariana, Umaua, Yhuata. 

## Nkesa akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ọgbara ọhụrụ
Mgbe mbụ ndị Europe rutere n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Amazon Basin na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama na njedebe nke 17th na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 18, ihe dị ka 100,000 ndị mmadụ na-asụ Omagua na mpaghara abụọ bụ isi: n'akụkụ Osimiri Amazon kwesịrị ekwesị, n'etiti ọnụ nke Napo River na Jutaí River, na n'akụkụ Osimiri Aguarico, nke dị n'elu Osimiri Naguarico. N'oge a, mgbe ahụ, ndị na-asụ Omagua bi na mpaghara ndị kwekọrọ na ọwụwa anyanwụ Peruvian Amazonia nke oge a, ọdịda anyanwụ Amazonia Brazil, na ọwụwa anyanwụ Ecuadoran Amazonia.

Ebibiri ndị Omagua ndị a site n'ọrịa, mwakpo ndị ohu Portuguese, na esemokwu ha na ndị ọchịchị Spanish na-achị na mmalite narị afọ nke 18, na-ahapụ ha belata nke ukwuu. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2011, "ndị agadi na-erughị iri" na-asụ Omagua na Peru,  na ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ dị nso na obodo Tefé na Brazil, bụ ebe a maara asụsụ ahụ dị ka **Cambeba** (Grenand na Grenand 1997).

## Jenesis nke Omagua
Ọrụ ntụnyere nke Cabral (1996) gosipụtara na Omagua (na asụsụ nwanne ya nwanyị Cocama) na-egosipụta mmetụta nhazigharị grammatical dị ịrịba ama n'ihi mkparịta ụka siri ike n'etiti asụsụ Tupí-Guaraní na ndị na-asụ otu asụsụ ma ọ bụ karịa na-abụghị Tupí-Guaraní. Rodrigues na Cabral (2003) n'ihu na-atụ aro na Cocama (na site na ndọtị, Omagua) nwere ike na-atụle ga-esi na ngwa ngwa creolization. Cabral (1996) rụrụ ụka na kọntaktị asụsụ a mere na njedebe narị afọ nke 17 na ebe ndị Jesuit mission, ebe Michael (2014)  na-ekwu na ọnọdụ kọntaktị asụsụ nke kpatara mmalite nke Omagua na Cocama mere n'oge oge Pre-Columbian.

## fonology

### Consonants

## Ntụaka
ike n'etiti asụsụ Tupí-Guaraní na ndị na-asụ otu asụsụ ma ọ bụ karịa na-abụghị Tupí-Guaraní. Rodrigues na Cabral (2003) n'ihu na-atụ aro na Cocama (na site na ndọtị, Omagua) nwere ike na-atụle ga-esi na ngwa

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Cabral, Ana Suelly. 1995. Asụsụ kpalitere kọntaktị na Western Amazon: Asụsụ Kokama na-abụghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Mahadum Pittsburgh, akwụkwọ nyocha PhD.
* .
* Grenand, F. na P. Grenand. 1997. Thesaurus de la langue omawa (famille tupi-guarani, Brésil): Nyochaa comparée des données disponibles entre 1782 na 1990. Ndị ọkà mmụta America. Paris: Center d'Etudes des Langues Indigènes d'Amérique (CELIA); Center National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
*
Asụsụ ndịda

**Sudest**, makwaara dị ka **Tagula**, bụ asụsụ Oceanic nke Papua New Guinea.

## Aha
Aha *Sudest* bụ okwu pụtara 'ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ' na French ma ọ bụ Italian . &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## fonology

### Consonants

*  is heard as a glottal  before  or .
*  is heard as , in free variation within different dialects.
*  are originally bilabial, although many speakers under the influence of English pronounce them as labio-dental .

### Udaume

## Njikọ mpụga

* Paradaịsc nwere nchịkọta abụọ nke ihe Arthur Cappell ( AC1, AC2 ) na otu nchịkọta Malcolm Ross 's ( MR1 ) nke gụnyere ihe asụsụ Sudest.

## Ntụaka
n'agbanyeghị na ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị asụ ya dị ka
Asụsụ Timbira

**Timbira** bụ olumba continuum nke otu asụsụ Northern Jê nke asụsụ Jê ̣( Macro-Jê ) a na-asụ na Brazil . Olumba dị iche iche dị iche iche nke na a na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche mgbe ụfọdụ. Ụdị ndị bụ isi, **Krahô** / ˈkrɑː h oʊ / [  (Craó), na **Canela** / kæ ˈ n ɛlə / [  (Kanela), nwere ndị na-asụ 2000 n'otu n'otu, ole na ole n'ime ha na-asụ Portuguese. Pará Gavião nwere ndị ọkà okwu 600–700. Otú ọ dị, Krẽje fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laa n'iyi, na-enwe nanị ndị ọkà okwu 30 na 1995.

Timibir enweela mmekọrịta chiri anya n'asụsụ Tupi-Guarani dị iche iche nke mpaghara Tocantin - Mearim dị ala, dị ka Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, na Urubú-Ka'apour . Ararandewára, Turiwára, Tupinamba, na Nheengatu e kwuwokwa okwu na mpaghara ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị bi n’ebe ahụ na-echetakwa Anambé na Amanajé . 

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Ụdị asụsụ Timbira gụnyere: 

* Canela (nke e kewara n’ime Apanjêkra na Mẽmõrtũmre (aka Ràmkôkãmẽkra)), ndị ọkà okwu 2,500 na Maranhão.
* Krahô, 2,000 na-ekwu okwu na Tocantins
* Krĩkatí, nke a na-asụ na Terra Indígena Krikati, Maranhão
* Pykobjê, ndị na-ekwu okwu 600 na Terra Indígena Governador nke dị nso na Amarante, Maranhão
* Parkatêjê, ndị ọkà okwu 12 na Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará
* Kỳikatêjê, Ndị na-ekwu okwu 9 na Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, Pará
* Krẽje, n'okpuru 30 ọkà okwu na Maranhão na Pará

### Loukotka (1968)
Loukotka (1968) kewara ebo Timbira ụzọ abụọ, Timbirá ( Canela ) na Krao .  Ọtụtụ ndị gụnyere n'okpuru Timbira:

; Timbira ( Canela )
:

* *Mehin, Tajé* (Timbirá)
* *Kreapimkatajé* (Krepúnkateye)
* *Krenjé* ( Krẽyé )
* *Remkokamekran* (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime)
* *Aponegicran* (Apáñekra)
* *Krenkatajé* (Canella, Kenkateye)
* *Sakamekran* (Chacamecran, Mateiros)
* *Purekamkran, Makamekran* (Pepuxi)
* *Apinagé, Karaho* (Carauau)
* *Menren* (Gaviões, Augutjé – naanị okwu ole na ole mara)
* *Meitajé*

; Krao
:

### Ramirez et al. (2015)
Ramirez et al. (2015) na-ewere Timbira-Kayapó ka ọ bụrụ olumba continuum, dị ka ndị a: 

: Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do Sul

Ewezuga Kapiekran, ndị ISO ghọtara ụdị Krao niile. N'okpuru otu Timbira, Loukotka gụnyere ọtụtụ asụsụ a na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ihe e dekọrọ maka ya: *Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé* (Ñurukwayé). *Poncatagê* (Põkateye) bụkwa ihe a na-apụghị ịmata.

Mgbakọ ọzọ a na-ahụkarị maka nkewa, ọ bụ ezie na mpaghara ala karịa asụsụ, bụ *Western Timbira* (Apinayé naanị) vs *Eastern Timbira* (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, na ndị ọzọ).

*Gurupy* bụ osimiri, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ezo aka na Krenye .

### Nikulin (2020)

## Ntụaka
iche iche nke mpaghara Tocantin - Mearim dị ala, dị ka Guajajára, Tembé, Guajá, na Urubú-
Marrithiyel

Marrithiyel (Marithiel, kwa Maridhiel, Maridhiyel), nke a na-adị ka Berringen (Bringen, Brinken), bụ Asụsụ Aborigine nke Australia nke Ndị Marrithial na-asụ.

Asụsụ ndị ọzọ e wezụga Marrithiyel bụ Nganygit, Marri Amu (Marriammu, Mare-Ammu), Maridjabin (Maredyerbin, Maretyabin, Maridyerbin, Maritjabin), Marridan (Meradan), Marramanindjdji (Marramaninydyi, Marimanindji), na Mariyedi.

 Asụsụ Marri Amu bụ ụgwọ nke ọrụ mweghachi ụgwọ iji akara ngosi ndị n'ihe ize ndụ.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, Marri Amu bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ iri abụọ a na-ebute ụzọ dị ka nke Priority Languages ​​Support Project, nke First Languages ​​Australia na-eme ma na-akwado ya site na Ngalaba nke Communications na Arts.  logo ọrụ a bụ "ịchọpụta na idepụta ndịyọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ - ncheta ndị nwere obere ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọ bLọ, ebe a na-edeghị ihe egwuregwu ọ ALA, mana ebe e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ndụ".

## Ụda

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* A pụkwara idekọ ụda olu /ɳ Ō/.
* A pụkwara ịnụ ụda alveolar /t/ dị ka [[.
* A pụkwara ịnụ fricative ezé /θ/ dị ka nkwụsị [t̪].

### Mkpụrụedemede

* A na-anụkwa ụdaume ọzọ dị n'etiti [ɜ] n'etiti olumba.
* /i u/ nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka [ɪ ʊ].
* /u/ nwekwara ike ịnwe allophone nke [ɔ].
* /a/ nwere ike ịnwe allophones n'ihu na n'etiti nke [a ɒ].

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Marrithiyel na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dalylanguages.org.
* Marri Tjevin (asụsụ nke Marrithiyel) na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dalylanguages.org.
* Marri Ammu (asụsụ nke Marrithiyel) na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dalylanguages.org.
* Marri Dan (asụsụ nke Marrithiyel) na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dalylanguages.org.
* Marramaninjsji (nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Marrithiyel) na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dalylanguages.org.
Asụsụ Lauje

Lauje bụ asụsụ Celebic nke Sulawesi na Indonesia.  Ampibabo, nke a na-asụ na Mpaghara Ampibabo, nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Kulung (Nepal)

Kulung (autonym: Kuluラ, [kulu rɪŋ]) bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ Kiranti.  A na-eme emu na mmadụ 33,000 na-asụ ya.  Van Driem (2001) egwu Chukwa dị ka olumba.

## Ebe ndị a na-anọ
Kulung n'ihe dị ka obodo iri dị n'elu nọrọ Hoṅgu ma ọ bụ Hoṅgu (nke na-esite na Dūdhkosī), na Solukhumbu District nke Sagarmāthā Zone, Nepal.  Obodo ndị isi na-asụ obodo Kulung bụ Chhemsi na Chheskam.  Ndị Kulung na-ewere otu olumba nke akara a na-asụrụ n'obodo abụọ a dị ka ụdị ịkpọ aha.  N'okpuru mmirika, n'ụdị nke osimiri Huṅga, n'ime obodo ndị a na-akpọ Luchcham, Gudel, Chocholung, Nāmluṅg, Pilmo, Bung, Chhekmā, na Sātdi, a na-asụ ụdị Kulung ndị na-adịabụ mma..

* Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Hongu, Ógbè Solukhumbu, Ógbè Sagarmatha: Bung, Pelmang, Chhemsing, Chheskam, Lucham, Chachalung, Satdi, Gudel, Namlung, Sotang, na obodo Chekma
* Mpaghara Sankhuwasabha, Mpaghara Kosi: Mangtewa, Yaphu, na Seduwa VDCs
* Mpaghara Bhojpur, Mpaghara Kosi: Phedi, Limkhim, Khartanga, na Wasepla VDCs

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Asụsụ Kulung egwu Sotang (Sotaring, Sottaring), Mahakulung, Tamachhang, Pidisoi, Chhapkoa, Pelmung, Namlung, na Khambu.  Kulung na-eme ka ndụ dị n'etiti ụkwụume na ụfọdụume iri na otu.  E nwere usoro ụzọ atọ: dorso-Velar, ezé, na egbugbere ọnụ, usoro ọ elelu nwere olu na-Enweghị ume, olu na-ahụ mma, na ụdị olu na-azụ ume.  E nwere atɔ voiced imi, anɔ approximants, otu vibrant, otu fricative, na atɔ affricates..

### Mkpụrụedemede
Kulung nwere ụdaume isii dị mkpirikpi na ụdaume isii ogologo:

* Mkpụrụedemede ihu na nke etiti anaghị agba gburugburu, ebe ụdaume azụ na-agba gburugburu.

### Mkpụrụ okwu






## Ọdịdị aha
N'ime ụdị aha ndị a bụ akụkụ ndị na-esonụ nke okwu: aha, adjectives, nnọchiaha na nọmba. E nwere ụkpụrụ ọdịdị doro anya maka ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti aha na ngwaa. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịdepụta aha maka ikpe na ọnụọgụ, a na-edepụta ngwaa maka onye, ọnụọgụgụ, na oge. Enweghị okike na asụsụ na Kulung.

### Aha nnọchiaha
Ndị akụkụaha Kulung iri nwere ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, na ọtụtụ) mbụ na mmadụ atọ (onye nke abụọ na onye nke atọ) yana nke zuru oke / naanị.  Enweghị Ọdịiche nwoke na mmanya.

### Ikpe
Kulung nwere ikpe iri na atọ.  A na-akpata njedebe ikpe na aha nwere ma ọ bụ na-emetụta mmetụta na- otu.  Allomorphy nke njedebe ikpe dabere na ma aha ahụ na-agwụ na ikeume ma ọ bụ ikeume.  N'okpuru ebe a na-egosi njedebe nke aha lam 'okporo ụzọ'.

## Ọdịdị okwu
A na-eji usoro dị ime anya nke pronominalisation mara ngwaa Kulung, nke a na-ahụ mgbidi nke isi.  Njedebe onwe onye nwere morphemes na- echiche dị ka oge, onye ọrụ, onye ọrịa, ọnụ ọgụgụ, na iche.  Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okwu na ọnọdụ ha na okwu, ngwaa ọ blá na Kulung bụ nke otu ụdị mgbanwe.[1]  A na-egosi njikọ zuru oke nke ngwaa ndị sitere na ụdị dị iche iche iche na ihe mgbakwunye nke abụọ.  Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ Kiranti, a na-ahụ ngwaa dị iche iche na Kulung.  Ngwakọta ngwaa ndị nwere ogwe aka ngwa na-ahụ nke na- echiche echiche semantic na ngwaa bụ isi.  Okwu ndị ọzọ a na-ahụ na Kulung bụ gerund, imperative, supine na infinitive.

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ

## Njikọ mpụga

* WALS - Kulung
* Himalayan Languages Project[usurped]
Tupi languages

Asụsụ **Tupí** ma ọ bụ **Tupinambá** (a makwaara dị ka **Tupi–Guarani III** ) bụ otu obere ezinụlọ asụsụ Tupi–Guarani . 

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Tupi bụ: 

* Tupi ochie (olumba franca Tupí Austral )
* Tupinambá (olumba: Nheengatu a.k.a. Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára )
* Cocama - Omagua
* Tupiniki

## Ntụaka
ike n'etiti atụle ga-esi na ngwa
Asụsụ Kopka

Kopkaka (Kopka) bụ asụsụ Ok a na-asụ na mpaghara Seredala, Yahukimo Regency, Highland Papua.  Obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ a bụ Seredala, Moruf, Mosomduba, Burupmakot na ndị ọzọ.[1]

## Ihe odide