Chavrusa

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|''Khaveyrim'' (ndị mmekọ ọmụmụ) na-anọdụ ala n'ihu ibe ha ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ n'akụkụ na ''Bet midrash'' nke Yeshiva Gedola nke Carteret.
***Chavrusa***, a na-akpọkwa chavruta ma ọ bụ ḥavruta (Aramaic nke ndị Juu nke Babilọn: חַבְרוּתָא, nke e dere na roman: ḥāḇruṯā, nke e dere na lit. "mmekọrịta"; pl.: חַבְרָוָותָא, ḥāḇrāwāṯā), bụ ụzọ ọdịnala nke ndị rabaị si amụ Talmud ebe obere ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ (na-abụkarị 2-5) na-enyocha, na-atụle, ma na-arụrịta ụka banyere ederede a na-ekerịta. Ọ bụ ụzọ mmụta bụ isi na yeshivas na kollels, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ejikọkarị ndị mmekọ ọmụmụ ihe mgbe niile nwere ihe ọmụma na ikike yiri nke ahụ, ndị na-abụghị ebe yeshiva, n'ọrụ, n'ụlọ, na ebe ezumike na-emekwa ya. Okwu ọdịnala bụ ịmụta b'chavrusa (בְחַבְרוּתָא bəḥāḇruṯā "na mmekorita"); Okwu a sitere na metonymy iji kpọọ onye mmekọ ọmụmụ ihe ahụ onye ọ bụla, mana ọ ga-akọwa ụzọ dị mma karịa.

N'adịghị ka mmekọrịta onye nkuzi na nwa akwụkwọ, nke nwa akwụkwọ na-eburu n'isi ma na-ekwughachi ihe ahụ n'ule, mmụta chavrusa na-etinye nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla n'ọnọdụ nke nyochaa ederede, na-ahazi echiche ha n'ime arụmụka ezi uche dị na ya, na-akọwara onye mmekọ ha echiche ha, na-anụ echiche nke onye ibe ha, na ịjụ ajụjụ ma na-eme ka echiche nke ibe ha dị nkọ, na-abịakarị nghọta ọhụrụ kpamkpam banyere ihe ederede ahụ pụtara.

## Nkọwa
 
**'chavrusa**' bụ okwu Aramaic nke pụtara "enyi"  ma ọ bụ "enyi".  Ndị rabaị nke Mishnah na Gemara na-eji okwu yiri ya *chaver* (חבר, "enyi" ma ọ bụ "enyi" na Hibru) na-ezo aka na onye onye mmadụ na-amụ Torah.> N'iji ya eme ihe n'oge a, a na-akọwa chavrusa dị ka "mmekọrịta ọmụmụ".   

*chavrusa* na-ezo aka na ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ na-amụta otu otu. Mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa na-amụta ọnụ, a na-akpọ ha chavura (Hibru: חַבוּרָה, otu; kwa *chabura*).  N'obodo ụfọdụ, echiche nke chavrusa nwere ike ịgụnye mmadụ abụọ, atọ, anọ ma ọ bụ ọbụna ise na-amụkọ ọnụ. Ndị Reform na Conservative agbasawo echiche nke chavura na agụmakwụkwọ na uri nke oge a  (Rịba ama na chavura (Nkọwapụta Ashkenazic: *chevra*) nwekwara ike izo aka n'otu ìgwè ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ nke bụ akụkụ ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ òtù ekpere, akụkụ klọb mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ). A na-akpọ otu ọmụmụ ihe (nke ka mma) na Yeshiva mgbe ụfọdụ "Kibbutz" - lee dịka ọmụmaatụ Sunderland Talmudical College § The Kibbutz - karịsịa n'iji ya eme ihe, tupu ojiji nke okwu ahụ maka obodo ọrụ ugbo.

## Mmalite
  
Based on statements in the Mishnah and Gemara, *chavrusa* learning was a key feature of yeshivas in the eras of the Tannaim (Rabbis of the Mishnaic period, 10-220 CE) and Amoraim (Rabbis of the Talmudic period, 200 to 500 CE). The Rabbis repeatedly urged their students to acquire a study partner; for example, Rabbi Yehoshua Ben Perachia enjoined students to "Make for yourself a Rav and acquire for yourself a *chaver*", and Rabbi Yose ben Chalafta told his son Rabbi Abba that he was ignorant because he did not study with someone else. The choice of *chavrusas* seems to have been based on friendship or social proximity; thus, *chavrusas* fulfilled a social as well as an educational need.

Ọ bụ ezie na mmadụ nwere ike ịhọrọ ịmụ Talmud naanị ya, a na-akụda ya mmụọ nke ukwuu. Na Talmud, e hotara Jose bar Hanina ka ọ na-ekwu na "ndị ọkà mmụta na-anọdụ ala naanị ha iji mụọ Torah . . . na-aghọ ndị nzuzu" (Berakhot, 63b). Ka o sina dị, e nwere ihe akaebe na ịmụ ihe abụọ abụghị mgbe niile ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ na yeshivas, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Volozhin Yeshiva a ma ama nke narị afọ nke 19 Lithuania, enwere ihe akaebe maka na ịmụ ihe n'otu n'otu kama ịmụ ihe abụọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.

Mmụta **'chavrusa**' dị mma karịsịa maka ọmụmụ Talmud, ebe ọ bụ na nke ikpeazụ bụ ederede jupụtara n'echiche ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha na nkwupụta ndị yiri ka ha na-emegide ụkpụrụ nke iwu ndị Juu. E wezụga ịgbaso arụmụka azụ na azụ, nwa akwụkwọ Talmud ga-enwe ike nyochaa echiche ọ bụla ma gosipụta echiche iji dozie ya na ìhè nke ndị ọzọ. Mmekọrịta chavrusa na-enye nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla ikpo okwu iji mee ka ọnọdụ ha doo anya ma kọwaa onye mmekọ; mgbe ahụ, ha abụọ na-aga n'ihu ịjụ ajụjụ, ịgbachitere, ime ka o kwenye, gbanwee, gbanwee nke ọma, ọbụnakwa nweta nkwubi okwu ọhụrụ site na mmekorita ọgụgụ isi siri ike.

## Uru agụmakwụkwọ
N'adịghị ka mmụta klas nkịtị, ebe onye nkuzi na-agwa nwa akwụkwọ na nwa akwụkwọ okwu.  Na-eburu n'isi ma na-ekwughachi ozi ahụ n'ule, na n'adịghị ka seminarị agụmakwụkwọ, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme nnyocha onwe ha,  mmụta chavrusa na-ama nwa akwụkwọ aka inyocha ma jiri ọnụ kọwaa ihe ahụ, gosipụta njehie na arụmụka onye ibe ya, ma jụọ ma mee ka echiche nke onye ọ bụla dị nkọ, na-abịakarị nghọta ọhụrụ kpamkpam banyere ihe ederede ahụ pụtara.

A *chavrusa* helps the student stay awake, keep his mind focused on the learning, sharpen his reasoning powers, develop his thoughts into words, and organize his thoughts into logical arguments. This type of learning also imparts precision and clarity into ideas that would otherwise remain vague. Having to listen to, analyze and respond to another's opinion inculcates respect for others. It is considered poor manners to interrupt one's *chavrusa*. The *chavrusa* relationship also strengthens the student's personal commitment to his studies, as he is loath to disappoint or cancel on his *chavrusa*.
Some early research has shown that the use of this study modality within a traditional Yeshiva education can aid students later succeed in law school -- although it remains an open question as to whether that relationship is causal or merely correlative.

## Omume
Mmụta **'chavrusa**' na-ewere ọnọdụ na usoro iwu kwadoro nke yeshiva ma ọ bụ kollel, yana na ọmụmụ Talmudic nke mmadụ na-eme n'oge ọ bụla n'ụbọchị. Ọ bụ ezie na nwoke nwere nkà mmụta nwere ike ịmụ isiokwu ụfọdụ n'onwe ya, mmekọrịta chavrusa na-ahọrọ iji nyere ha aka ime ka echiche ha pụta ìhè.

N'ime ọnọdụ yeshiva, ụmụ akwụkwọ na-akwadebe ma na-enyocha *shiur* (okwu) na *chavrusa* ha n'oge ọmụmụ ụtụtụ, n'ehihie, na n'oge mgbede a maara dị ka *sedarim*. Na nkezi, nwa akwụkwọ yeshiva na-etinye awa iri kwa ụbọchị na-amụ ihe na *chavrusa*. Ebe ọ bụ na inwe *chavrusa* ziri ezi na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti inwe afọ dị mma na afọ ọjọọ, ndị rabaị klas nwere ike ịgbanwe *chavrusa* ugboro asatọ ma ọ bụ itoolu na klas nke ụmụ nwoke 20 ruo mgbe mmekọrịta ahụ na-arụ ọrụ maka akụkụ abụọ ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na chavrusa ejide n'ihe siri ike ma ọ bụ chọọ nkọwa ọzọ, ha nwere ike ịgakwuru ndị rabaị, ndị nkuzi, ma ọ bụ *sho'el u'mashiv* (n'ụzọ nkịtị, "jụọ ma zaa", onye rabaị nke maara nke ọma ederede Talmudic a na-amụ) bụ ndị ha nwere n'ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe n'oge *sedarim*. Na mmemme yeshiva ụmụ nwanyị, ndị nkuzi nọ n'aka iji duzie chavrusas.

## Ịhọrọ ''chavrusa''
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụbọchị ọgba aghara na Beth Medrash Govoha
Pairing up study partners has been compared to making a *shidduch* (marriage match), as the skills, interests, temperament and schedule of each person must be taken into consideration. Good friends do not necessarily make good *chavrusas*. If the *chavrusas* spend too much time chatting or joking with each other at the expense of their study time, they are advised to find different study partners.

In the yeshiva world, the brightest students are highly desirable as *chavrusas*. However, there are pros and cons to learning with *chavrusas* who are stronger, weaker, or equal in knowledge and ability to the student. A stronger *chavrusa* will correct and fill in the student's knowledge and help them improve their learning techniques, acting more like a teacher. With a *chavrusa* who is equal in knowledge and ability, the student is forced to prove their point with logic rather than by right of seniority, which improves their ability to think logically, analyze other people's opinions objectively, and accept criticism. With a weaker *chavrusa*, who often worries over and questions each step, the student is forced to understand the material thoroughly, refine and organize their thoughts in a logical structure, present their viewpoint clearly, and be ready to justify each and every point. The stronger *chavrusa* helps the student acquire a great deal of information, but the weaker *chavrusa* helps the student learn *how* to learn. Yeshiva students are usually advised to have one of each of these three types of *chavrusas* in order to develop on all three levels.

A maara Beth Medrash Govoha na Lakewood Township, New Jersey maka "ụbọchị ọgba aghara" ya na mbido *z'man* ọ bụla (semester), mgbe ọtụtụ puku ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agwakọta n'èzí na ebumnuche nke ịhọrọ *chavrusa* maka okwu ọhụrụ ahụ. "Ụbọchị ọgba aghara" yiri nke a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'etiti ọtụtụ narị ụmụ akwụkwọ na isi Brisk yeshiva na Jerusalem,  na Mir na Jerusalem.

*Chavrusa* na-etolite ọbụbụenyi na-adịgide adịgide. Nkwekọrịta a na-ekerịta maka agụmakwụkwọ na uto ọgụgụ isi na-emepụta njikọ chiri anya n'etiti ndị mmekọ ọmụmụ ihe  nke a sịrị na ọ dị nso karịa nke ọtụtụ di na nwunye. 

## ''chavrusa'' ụmụ nwanyị
thumb|Ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị na-amụ ihe gbasara ''chavrusa'' na Midreshet Shilat na Israel
Yeshivas ụmụ nwanyị nke gụnyere ọmụmụ Talmud na usoro mmụta na-emekarị oge ọmụmụ chavrusa maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ha. Na seminarị ụmụ nwanyị Ọtọdọks, a na-ejikọta ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị mmekọ ọmụmụ nwere ike hà nhata ma ọ bụ karịa iji mụta Halakha, Chumash, Nkà ihe ọmụma ndị Juu, ma ọ bụ isiokwu ọ bụla ọzọ na okpukpe ndị Juu.

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a kwalitela mmekọrịta ọmụmụ ekwentị maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka *Kiruv* (Okpukpọ ndị Juu Ọtọdọks) na Israel  na dị ka nhọrọ maka ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike. 

Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld, Chief Rabbi of Mandatory Palestine, na-akọ na ya na nwunye ya na-eme chavrusa ọkara awa, n'oge ha na-amụ *Orach Chayim*.

## Ekwentị na ''chavrusa'' n'ịntanetị
thumb|Otu esi emepụta nkuzi na ekwentị nke mmụta mishna
N'afọ 1997, Partners in Torah bụ nzukọ mbụ wepụrụ ụdị mmụta *chavrusa* site na yeshiva na ụlọ nzukọ wee banye na ọmụmụ ekwentị. N'ime afọ 2000, ọtụtụ ọrụ Ịntanetị n'efu malitere ijikọ ndị mmekọ ọmụmụ gburugburu ụwa site na iji videoconferencing na Skype hook-ups.

### Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ekwentị''chavrusa''

* TorahMates, mmemme chavrusa n'efu nke mba na-enweghị uru Oorah, na-enye ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nwere ihe ọmụma na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-adịghị ike iji mụọ isiokwu ndị Juu ọ bụla ha họọrọ, na ndị nhazi na ndị ọrụ iji hụ na mmekọrịta ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.
* Ndị mmekọ na Torah - nke e guzobere na 1991 dị ka mmemme ọmụmụ otu onye maka ndị nne na nna ụlọ akwụkwọ ụbọchị ndị Juu n'okpuru nchebe nke Torah Umesorah, National Society for Hebrew Day Schools. Na mbụ, mmemme ahụ nyere naanị mmụta n'onwe ya mana ọ gbakwunyere mmekọrịta ọmụmụ ekwentị na 1997. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2017, ihe karịrị ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị 72,000 sitere n'obodo 2,337 dị na mba 39 esonyewo na mmekọrịta ọmụmụ ekwentị kwa izu. N'afọ 2016, ndị mmekọ na Torah ghọrọ otu nwere onwe ha. 
* Jnet - nke e guzobere na 2006, ọrụ a nke Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch jikọtara ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Chabad maka mmụta ndị Juu  

### Akpụkpọ ụkwụ n'ịntanetị''chavrusa''

* Chavrusamatch - nke onye nkuzi Baltimore Torah malitere na 2012, ọrụ a na-ejikọta ma ụmụ nwoke ma ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmekọ mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke ụwa n'ịntanetị, site na ekwentị, ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu vidiyo 
* D.A.F. Online *chavrusa* Database - na-enye postings n'ịntanetị nke ndị mmadụ na-achọ chavrusa, onye nkuzi, ma ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ 
* International Chevruta Exchange - na-ejikọ ndị mmekọ mmụta site na mkparịta ụka vidiyo n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ teleconferencing, yana onye nduzi nwere ike ịza ajụjụ gbasara ihe a na-amụ 
* Israel Chavruta Initiative - ọrụ nke Yeshivat Hesder Nahar-Deiah nke Naịariya 
* Chavrusa n'ịntanetị - na-ejikọ ndị mmekọ ọmụmụ site na Skype 
* Project Zug - na-ejikọta ụmụ akwụkwọ na chavrusa dabere na mmasị ha nyere n'oge ndebanye aha, ma ọ bụ na-enye ha ka ha sonyere enyi ha, ma na-enye akwụkwọ na nduzi  
* Virtual Chavruta - na-enye ndị nkuzi site na videoconferencing 
* TorahMates - ọrụ nke Oorah, na-enye *chavrusa* n'ụlọ, site na ekwentị, na n'ịntanetị, ma na-enyekwa ihe mmụta n'efu 
* WebYeshiva - nke e guzobere na 2007, ọrụ a na-enye yeshiva na *chavrusa* mmụta n'ịntanetị  
* The Pearl Matlin Lev L'Lev Program - Ndị mmekọ na Torah maka Ụmụaka na Ndị okenye nwere mkpa pụrụ iche, site na Skype ma ọ bụ na ekwentị.

## Ọrụ Limmud Chavruta
E hiwere ọrụ Limmud Chavruta na mba United Kingdom n'afọ 1996 ma malite ya n'ụwa niile n'afọ 2009, ọ na-emepụta ntuziaka ọmụmụ kwa afọ maka mmụta ụdị chavrusa. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, nke gụnyere ederede isi mmalite gbasara isiokwu dịka "Ọrụ", "Ihe Okike", "Oge", na "Ego", ka a na-ewepụta na ogbako kwa afọ nke òtù mmụta Britain-Juu..

## Ojiji ndị ọzọ

### Echiche ndị Zionist
Onye na-eche echiche banyere okpukpe Zionist bụ A. D. Gordon jiri okwu ahụ bụ chavrusa zoo aka na ọha mmadụ, dịka moshav, kibbutz, ma ọ bụ njikọ ndị ọrụ, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka njikọ agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye na usoro agụmakwụkwọ mmekọrịta ọha na eze buru ibu. N'echiche ndị Zionist, chavrusa bụ "ngwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọgụ maka mweghachi nke ndị Juu, mweghachi nke onye ọ bụla, na isi ihe dị mkpa nke echiche nke 'ọrụ'. Ọ bụ ngosipụta kachasị elu nke mgbalị pụrụ iche nke onye Juu iji mee ka onwe ya dịghachi ọhụrụ site na 'ọrụ', iji jikọta ya na okike, na ịkụ osisi nwere ọtụtụ alaka nke mba ya n'ala ebe ewepụrụ ya.".

### Magazin ''Chavrusa''
*Chavrusa* bụ aha magazin nke Rabbinic Alumni nke Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary, nke e bipụtara kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1950.

### Magazin ''Havruta''
*Havruta* magazine is a publication of the Pardes Institute of Jewish Studies.

## Hụkwa

* *Chaber*
* *Talmid Haver*
* Ọmụmụ Torah
* Usoro ihe omume abụọ

## Edemsibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* ''"Havruta: Gịnị ka anyị maara na Gịnị ka anyị nwere ike ịtụ anya ịmụta site n'ịmụ akwụkwọ na Havruta?"'' nke Elie Holzer na Orit Kent. International Handbook of Jewish Education, Vol. 5, 2011, peeji nke 407-417, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0354-4_24&nbsp;
* "'Ma ọ bụ onye mmekọ Hevruta ma ọ bụ ọnwụ': Echiche dị oke egwu na akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Hevruta Learning" nke Elie Holzer. Journal of Jewish Education, Vol. 75, Mbipụta 2, 2009, peeji nke 130-149, DOI 10.1080/15244110902856492&nbsp;
* "Ọ nwere ike ịbụ omume kachasị mma na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu?" nke Barbara Pinkerton Blumenfeld dere. *Willamette Journal of International Law & Dispute Resolution*, 2010
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations