Umi Dachlan

**Umi Dachlan**, amuru **Umajah Dachlan**, (13 August 1942 - 1 Jenuarị 2009),  bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Indonesian na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke Fine Arts na Design na Bandung Institute of Technology ITB na 1968 dị ka nwanyị nke atọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ebe ọ bụkwa onye nkuzi nwanyị mbụ. A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka nkwupụta okwu Abstract na Lyricism ihe atụ. 

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Umi Dachlan na 13 Ọgọst 1942 na Cirebon dị ka nke itoolu n'ime ụmụaka iri. Nna ya, Muchamad Dachlan, bụ onye Alakụba ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe na onye ọchụnta ego, onye nwụrụ mgbe Umi dị nanị afọ asaa. Nne ya, Rogayah gbalịsiri ike ịzụlite na ịkụziri ụmụ ya ihe n'oge siri ike n'oge ndị Japan na-arụ ọrụ Dutch East Indies . Cirebon bụ ntọala maka ike ndị Japan na West Jawa, yanakwa ebe mgbagide. Nke a mere ka ndụ sie ike karịsịa n'oge njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ndị Japan na-arụ ọrụ na Mkpọsa nke Independence Indonesia na 1945, na njedebe nke ọrụ Dutch nke Dutch East Indies na 1949.

Ụlọ ezinaụlọ ahụ nwere nnukwu ogige, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe nkiri Cirebonese omenala, dị ka egwu egwu Topeng omenala, ihe ngosi anwansi Barong Kepet, na omume Martial Arts, nke masịrị Umi karịsịa. Ihe omume ndị a kpughere ya na nka dị iche iche site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ebe o gosipụtara nkà ya maka eserese, karịsịa ịhụnanya o nwere n'ịse ihe. 

Mgbe nne ya chọrọ ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ iwu, Umi Dachlan gbasoro ịhụnanya ya maka nka. Ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà ihe osise abụọ bụ isi Indonesian Institute of Arts, Yogyakarta (nke a na-akpọ ASRI) na Ngalaba Nhazi nke ITB na Bandung (FSRD), bụ ebe o debanyere aha na 1962. 

Akọwapụtara àgwà Umi Dachlan dị ka onye na-azụlite, guzosie ike na ezi site n'aka ndị enyi ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya. Kemgbe 1997, o biri n'ụlọ nrọ ya na okporo ụzọ Tamansari dị n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ Design na Bandung, ebe ọ natara ezigbo ndị enyi ya na ezinụlọ ya. Onye na-ese ihe na onye mmebe ime ụlọ bụ Prọfesọ Imam Buchori Zainuddin, onye rụkwara ọrụ na ITB, haziri ụlọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eke ìhè na oghere oghere mgbe ọ na-eji ihe ndị sitere n'okike.  Emechara ụlọ ahụ na 1997 na ngwá ụlọ nke Farouk Kamal mere, onye na-emepụta ngwá ụlọ Indonesia mgbe oge a na nwa klas Buchori na ITB mere.  Ụlọ ya gosipụtara ihe ụtọ ya abụọ kachasị mma, ọdịdị na egwu, karịsịa Jazz, bụ ndị dị mkpa maka ọrụ nka ya. 

Umi Dachlan alụghị nwunye, ma ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 66 na 1 Jenụwarị 2009 n'ụlọ ya na Bandung.  E liri ozu ya n'ili ọhaneze Jabangbayi dị na Kesambi, Cirebon. 

## Na-arụ ọrụ
Ọrụ nka nke Umi malitere site n'ịmụ ụkpụrụ na usoro ndị nka nka na ndị nkuzi nka na ITB, Ahmad Sadali .  AD Pirous, Mochtar Apin, Popo Iskandar, Srihadi na Yusuf Affendi nyekwara ya ndụmọdụ.  Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe dịka Heyi Ma'mun, Sam Bimbo, Seriawan Sabana na Sunaryo na-akwanyere ya ugwu ma hụkwa ya n'anya.

Umi Dachlan gụchara akwụkwọ ya na Bandung Institute of Technology ITB na 1968.  N'oge mahadum, ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-emekọ ihe / onye na-emepụta ihe na otu n'ime nkà nke nkà. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ na-ese ọtụtụ kọmitii eserese maka ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka Pertamina Dumai Office, Archive of Indonesian Armed Forces na Bandung, na n'ụlọ omeiwu Indonesian MPR/DPR dị na Jakarta, bụ ebe ọ kwadoro ntinye ya. Onye nkuzi Ahmad Sadali yana ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. 

N'ime otu afọ ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, a họpụtara ya onye nkuzi na Faculty of Fine Arts, ITB. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ nwetakwara ihe nrite Hadiah Memorial Wendy Sorensen maka eserese kacha mma.  Wendy Sorensen bụ nwunye onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme Indonesian, Abel Sorensen, onye Onye isi ala Sukarno họpụtara ka ọ chepụta Hotel Indonesia maka egwuregwu 4th Asia na 1960.

Umi Dachlan so na ọgbọ nke abụọ ụmụ nwanyị Indonesian nka, bụ nke tolitere n'ime 1960s. Ya na Erna Pirous, nwunye AD Pirous, Kartika Affandi, ada nke Indonesia's Premiya Artist Affandi, Rita Widagdo  na Nunung WS, otu ahụ metụtara nkà Indonesian nke oge a.  Akwụkwọ *Image and Abstraction* nke sochiri ihe ngosi nke onye isi obodo mbụ nke Umi Dachlan na 2000, gosipụtara foto banyere otu ụmụ nwanyị ise niile na-ese ihe n'oge njem ha na Mills College Museum na Auckland, California na 1990s. (Mamannoor, p.&nbsp;32)

### Ọrụ mbụ (1962-1976)
Ihe osise Batik ọdịnala na ọrụ teepu na eserese odida obodo metụtara ọrụ mbụ Umi Dachlan. Helena Spanjaard na-akọwa ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, ihe egwu egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na njikọ siri ike na mmemme ya na nhazi akwa na mkpokọta.  Mgbe Umi Dachlan nwere mmetụta siri ike site na ngalaba ya na ITB, Bandung, o nwekwara ọtụtụ kọntaktị nka na ụlọ ọrụ nka nke abụọ na Indonesia, Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia (ASRI) na Institution of Arts Indonesia, Yogyakarta . Kemgbe e guzobere Republic of Indonesia mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a gosipụtara okporo ụzọ abụọ nke mkparịta ụka a na-akpọ "East vs West".

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma na-eme njem ugboro ugboro na mba ofesi iji kwalite nka na ahụmịhe ya. N'afọ 1969, otu n'ime ihe ngosi mbụ ya na mba ọzọ wetara ya, na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe, na New York dịka akụkụ nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke First Lady Siti Hartinah, nwunye nke President Suharto, maka ememe nke 25th ncheta nke United Nations. N'oge njem a, ekpughere ya na ụdị nka America, gụnyere Abstract expressionism, ụdị nka mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị nke hiwere nke ọma n'oge ahụ. Ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Frank Stella ma ọ bụ Robert Motherwell nọ n'isi ha, nke a maara nke ọma na mba ụwa. N'afọ 1970, Umi sonyeere onye nkuzi ya Ahmad Sadali dị ka onye ọrụ nke ndị otu nhazi maka Pavilion Indonesia na Expo '70 na Osaka, Japan. 

Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka a na-akatọ onye nkụzi ya, ITB dị ka Westernized dịka onye na-ese ihe Dutch bụ Ries Mulder na-edu ya kemgbe njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mkpọsa nke Indonesian Republic. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ebe a na-ele ASRI dị na Yogyakarta anya dị ka ihe ngosi nke ụmụ amaala, ezigbo nkà Indonesia. N'afọ 1954, ihe ngosi nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 11 nke Ries Mulder na ITB amalitela arụmụka ahụ, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na onye nkatọ Trisno Sumardjo kpọrọ ọrụ ha dị ka "enweghị ọbara, usoro iwu, ndị na-eche naanị onwe ha na nke na-abụghị eziokwu na ọnọdụ dị na mba ahụ" . N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Trisno leghaara na nkatọ ya na karịsịa ihe osise abstract-expressionist nke AD Pirous, Ahmad Sadali na mgbe e mesịrị Umi Dachlan ji ọtụtụ na ike Indonesian ọcha, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme geometrical ụdị, Balinese-Chinese mkpụrụ ego na okpukpe akara.   Na 1971, Umi sonyeere otu ndị nka 18 na ITB nke kpọrọ onwe ya *Group 18* . Ha wepụtara serigraph nke enyo enyo iji mee ka ọrụ ha na ụdị ha mara mma, bụ nke egosiri n'Ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi Taman Izmail Marzuki dị na Jakarta.  A maghị ma ọ bụrụ na nhọrọ nke ndị na-ese ihe 18 kpachapụrụ anya ịtụgharị uche na The Irascible 18, otu ìgwè nke 18 Abstract, Modernist artists na 1950 na New York bụ ndị jụrụ nnọchiteanya ha site na ụlọ ọrụ nka n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, taa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị òtù *The rascible 18* bụ ndị kasị oké ọnụ artists n'ụwa nile, na n'otu aka ahụ, *Group 18* artists taa so na ndị kasị emetụta Indonesian nka kemgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ihe osise ha, ihe oyiyi na nkuzi ha bụ isi nkuku nke nka Indonesian ọgbara ọhụrụ.

N'afọ 1974, esemokwu "East vs West" na ilekwasị anya na ụdị nkà oge ochie dị ka ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ mere ka ntọala nke Indonesian New Art Movement, Gerakan Seni Rupa Baru nke a na-ahụ anya dị ka mmalite nke nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ Indonesia. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'otu n'otu nke ITB ahụghị ọrụ ha dị ka ihe ngosi ma ọ bụrụ na *East vs West*, gụnyere AD Pirous na Umi Dachlan bụ ndị nọ nso na ọtụtụ ndị ASRI Artists, dị ka Fadjar Sidik, Handrio na Nasirun, ndị mesịrị nwee ọtụtụ nke ọrụ ya n'oge ikpeazụ. Umi Dachlan gosikwara ọtụtụ oge na gallery na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Yogyakarta kemgbe 1968, gụnyere na Affandi Museum .

N'afọ ndị mbụ ndị a, ọ bụ ntụzịaka nke ndị nkuzi Umi Dachlan yana nzụlite nka ya mere ka ọ dị ya. Karịsịa na eserese ala ya, ọ na-eji palette agba na oghere yiri nke ọzọ na-eduga nwanyị Muslim onye na-ese ihe, onye edemede Lebanon na onye na-ese ihe osise Etel Adnan . Dị ka Umi Dachlan, Etel Adnan kere eserese na teepu na-egosi odida obodo,  na-enweta nkwanye ugwu na-eto eto n'ụwa niile kemgbe mmalite narị afọ 21st. 

### Ọrụ etiti ọrụ (1977-1987)
Njem njem ya na ọmụmụ ihe mechara kpọga ya Asia na Europe, gụnyere Netherlands, France na Spain, bụ ebe ọ na-etinye aka na nka na omenala ndị Europe. Site na 1977 ruo 1979, Umi gụrụ akwụkwọ na Amsterdam na Gerrit Rietveld Academie . N'oge ọnụnọ a, ọ debakwara aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Design Academy Eindhoven . 

Na mgbakwunye na agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi, ndị nkuzi ibe ya Ahmad Sadali na AD Pirous na-emetụta ọrụ ya n'etiti ọrụ. Umi bụ onye nketa ọdịnala abstraction nke "Sekolah Bandung" nke AD Pirous na Achmad Sadali sụrụ ụzọ. A na-ahụ nke a nke ọma n'ọrụ ya nke pụtara dị ka mbọ iji nweta izu oke mma Sadali. Umi na Sadali dị nso, ma n'ihe gbasara ịbịaru nso na onyonyo mara mma, enweghị mgbagha, na ụghalaahịa ya na-echetara Sadali. Na eserese ya, dị ka nke Sadali, Umi na-eji ngwa agba na-enweghị onwe ya nwere ọtụtụ agba. 

Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Australia, Prọfesọ Astri Wright na-akọwa ụdị Umi Dachlan na 1998 dị ka "Onye na-ese ihe na-adịghị adị ọcha n'etiti ọgbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Indonesian na-ese ihe ugbu a":*Ihe odide Umi Dachlan nwere oke nha nha na iji ọla edo ya na-agba akaebe na ọkaibe ya.* *O doro anya na o ji Sadali ụgwọ nke ọ megharịrị ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ nke ya.* *Ogologo Umi na pallet, Otú ọ dị, na-amata ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ya na nke onye nkuzi ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.* *Mmekọrịta siri ike dị n'etiti nka ya na ime akwa akwa na-ahụ anya n'ime egwu egwu ya, nke sitere na mpaghara ala.* Ọ bụ ezie na Umi jụrụ omenala okpukpe siri ike nke ezinụlọ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ha rụrụ ọrụ ime mmụọ na okpukpe dị mkpa n'ọrụ na ndụ ya n'etiti na n'azụ oge. Akọwara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpukpe Alakụba ya na nka ya n'akwụkwọ ndị enyi ya, E. na M. Bolansee:*"Ọrụ Umi Dachlan na-emetụta okpukpe. Nkwekọrịta na nrubeisi nye Allah juru ebe niile dị ka ọrụ ya n'ezie bụ ụtụ maka Onye Okike Ukwu."* Ọrụ ya n'oge a na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ nke nkà ihe ọmụma Islam ma na-egosipụta site na mmekọrịta ime mmụọ ya na ọdịdị na egwu. Karịsịa n'ime oge a, e jiriwo ọrụ ya tụnyere ndị na-ese ihe na Europe dị ka Antoni Tàpies, Jean Fautrier na Pablo Picasso, na karịsịa na Mark Rothko, n'ihi na ọ na-eji ihe atụ yiri nke ahụ metaphysical na ime mmụọ na eserese ya dị ka Rothko ji mee ihe maka ime mmụọ ya miri emi. na-arụ ọrụ.  Yiri onye na-ese ihe Australian Kudditji Kngwarreye, bụ onye na-atụnyere Rothko site na ndị ọbịa si mba ọzọ  Umi nwere ike ọ maghị maka ntụnyere a, na-achọ echiche nke onwe ya, nke onwe ya.

### Ọrụ ikpeazụ (1988-2009)
Mgbe onye ndụmọdụ ya Ahmad Sadali nwụsịrị na 1987, ọ malitere n'ụdị nke ya. Na 1992, ọ gara Hajj na Mekka, ebe ọ nwetara ọzara. Mgbe ahụmihe ndị a gachara, ọ gbakwunyere agba na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ụwa na palette nka ya, dị ka ocher. Otu isiokwu na-adịghị adị n'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ ya bụ "ogidi", isiokwu nke ndị ndụmọdụ ya dịka AD Pirous na Sadali jirikwa ya ugboro ugboro. Ihe osise ya *Ogidi ise* yiri ka ọ na-egosipụta Ogidi ise nke Islam . Palette agba ya na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ụwa na-echetara nnukwu onye Spen Abstract Expressionist Antoni Tàpies. Mgbanwe nka ọzọ a na-ahụ anya bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke eserese ihe atụ, dị ka usoro *Matador* ya, metụtara *corridas*, nke masịrị ya. N'afọ 2000, onye nkatọ nka na nka, Mamannoor dere akwụkwọ sochiri nnukwu ihe ngosi Solo nke Umi Dachlan mere na Andi Galeri na Jakarta.  Ọrụ matador anọ dị iche iche, na mkpokọta 75 n'ime ọrụ ya ka egosiri na mbipụta Mamannoor.

## Akwụkwọ

### Monographs

* "Umi Dachlan: Onyonyo na Abstraction." Monograph nke Mamannoor, Andi Galeri, Jakarta, 2000. Indonesian na Bekee, ibe 172, efere 101 nwere ọrụ 75 na foto 26 nke Umi Dachlan
* "Umi Dachlan: Mythomorphic". Monograph nke Selasar Sunaryo Art Space, 2009. Indonesian, ibe 55
* "Umi Dachlan: Metaphors For Humanity". Monograph nke Vivian Yeo Jin Wen, Agenda Art Editorial, SEA, Singapore, 2021. Bekee, Indonesian na Chinese, ibe 248, efere 170 nwere ọrụ na foto Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;

### Akwụkwọ nka izugbe

* "Bandung: Laboratory nke West?". Helena Spanjaard na: *Art Indonesian Modern, 1945-1990*, Peeji 54–77. E bipụtara Fischer, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1990. Gụnyere eserese 2 nke Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;
* "Masterpieces of Contemporary Indonesian Painter". Esmeralda na Marc Bollansee. Ndị mbipụta Times bipụtara, Singapore, 1997. Gụnyere eserese 5 yana CV nke Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;
* " Ihe Nketa Indonesian: Art Visual" . Hilda Soemantri, nke mbipụta Didier Miller, Singapore, 1998 bipụtara. Na-agụnye eserese 1 na nkọwa nke ụdị Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;
* "Ndị na-ese ụmụ nwanyị Indonesia - ákwà mgbochi ahụ na-emepe" Carla Bianpoen, Farah Wardani, Wulan Dirgantoro, Heather Waugh. Yayasan Senirupa bipụtara, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2007. Gụnyere eserese 5 yana CV nke Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;
* "Nkà Indonesian nke oge a: Site na Raden Saleh ruo ụbọchị dị ugbu a." Koes Karnadi et al., Nke Koes Artbooks bipụtara, Denpasar, Bali. Mkpukpu nke abụọ. Ed. 2010. Gụnyere eserese 1 na nkowa dị nkenke gbasara Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;
* "Ndị na-ese ihe na mkpali ha. Nduzi Site na Akụkọ ihe nkiri Indonesian (1930-2015)." Helena Spanjaard. Ndị mbipụta LM, Volendam, Netherlands, 2016. Gụnyere eserese 1 na foto 1 nke Umi Dachlan. ISBN&nbsp;

### Ntụaka

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations