International Seabed Authority

thumb|Logo
thumb|ISA Headquaters
International Seabed Authority (ISA) (French: Autorité internationale des fonds marins) bụ Kingston, Jamaica bụ otu gọọmentị etiti nke mba 167 na European Union guzobere n'okpuru 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) na ya. Nkwekọrịta 1994 na mmejuputa iwu. The ISA si dual ozi bụ ikike na ịchịkwa mmepe nke ịnweta metụtara ọrụ na mba seabed weere na "nkịtị nketa nke ihe nile a kpọrọ mmadụ" na-echebekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke seabed, oké osimiri n'ala na subsoil na "The Area" karịrị mba ikike. ISA ga-echekwa oke osimiri miri emi nke mba ụwa, mmiri dị n'okpuru mita 200 ma ọ bụ 656, bụ ebe ìhè na-ezughị ezu na-egbochi photosynthesis. Na-achị ihe dị ka ọkara nke mkpokọta mpaghara oke osimiri ụwa, ISA bụ iji nlezianya na-ahụ maka ihe omume ndị nwere ike imebi ụdị dị iche iche nke ndu na imebi gburugburu mmiri. Ndị ikike ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nzukọ mba ụwa kwụụrụ onwe ya na Mgbakọ, Kansụl na Ọfịs nke ya.

Kemgbe mmalite ISA na 1994, ndị ikike ahụ akwadola nkwekọrịta nyocha ihe ngwuputa ihe karịrị iri na abụọ na oke osimiri na Atlantic, Pacific na Indian Ocean, yana ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta maka nyocha na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton n'etiti Hawaii na Mexico, ebe polymetallic nodules nwere. ọla kọpa, cobalt na mineral ndị ọzọ eji eme batrị eletrik. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndị ikike ahụ enyeghị ikike nkwekọrịta ngwuputa azụmahịa ọ bụla ka ọ na-atụgharị uche maka ụkpụrụ n'etiti oku zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nkwụsịtụ n'ime ogbunigwe miri emi. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-adọ aka ná ntị na ngwungwu ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike imebi oke osimiri dị ka ebe ikuku carbon nke nwere ụdị dị ụkọ na ụdị dị iche iche. Ndị otu UNCLOS na ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ịgbapụta akụ na-akwado ISA ma bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu Michael Lodge, onye ọka iwu Britain na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nchịkwa mmadụ 47 ma nwee nkatọ maka njikọ chiri anya na ụlọ ọrụ Ngwuputa na nkwado maka nyocha ụgbọ mmiri miri emi. ịzụlite ume ọhụrụ.

## Mmalite
Ndị ikike ahụ mere ọgbakọ izizi ya na obodo ha nwere, Jamaica, na 16 Nọvemba 1994, ụbọchị Mgbakọ ahụ malitere. Emeela isiokwu ndị na-achịkwa ikike ahụ "na-achọpụta mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba, gụnyere ụzọ ndị ahịa na-adabere na ahịa, na-emetụta mmejuputa" nke mgbakọ ahụ. Ndị ikike ahụ nwetara ọkwa onye na-ekiri ya na United Nations na Ọktoba 1996. Ndị ikike ahụ nwere ndị otu 167 yana European Union, nke mejupụtara ndị otu niile na Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri. Ndị ikike ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site na nkwekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo na nke ọha na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-enye ha ikike inyocha, ma nwee ike irigbu, mpaghara akọwapụtara na oke oke osimiri maka akụrụngwa ịnweta, dị ka cobalt, nickel na manganese.

### "Ihe Nketa nke Ụmụ Mmadụ Nile"
N'okpuru UNCLOS, Nkebi nke XI, Nkeji 2. "Ebe na ihe onwunwe ya bụ ihe nketa nke mmadụ." N'ihi ya, ISA ga-ahụrịrị na a na-eme ihe omume na mpaghara ahụ naanị maka ebumnuche udo na maka ọdịmma mmadụ niile, na-ekekọrịta uru akụ na ụba n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nlebara anya pụrụ iche maka mkpa nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

### Ọchịchị na ọrụ
Tinyere onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu, akụkụ abụọ bụ isi na-eguzobe atumatu ma na-achịkwa ọrụ nke ikike: Mgbakọ, nke ndị òtù UNCLOS niile na-anọchi anya ya, na otu Council nke mmadụ 36 họpụtara.

#### Odeakwụkwọ ukwu
Nzukọ a na-ahọpụta onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ anọ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke ISA, na-elekọta ndị ọrụ ikike ma na-enye mkpesa kwa afọ nye Mgbakọ. Amachibidoro odeakwụkwọ ukwu ka ọ jide mmasị ego n'ọrụ ngwuputa ọ bụla nke ndị nwe obodo nyere ikike.

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2016, Mgbakọ nke ndị ọchịchị họpụtara Michael Lodge nke United Kingdom, maka afọ anọ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu malite na 1 Jenụwarị 2017. Ọ nọchiri Nii Allotey Odunton nke Ghana, onye jerela ozi afọ abụọ n'usoro afọ anọ kemgbe. 2008.

#### Mgbakọ
Mgbakọ ahụ, nke mejupụtara ndị otu niile nke ikike, na-ahọpụta Kansụl nwere ndị otu 36, yana odeakwụkwọ ukwu n'etiti ndị na-eme ntuli aka nke Kansụl tụrụ aro. Mgbakọ ahụ nwekwara ikike ịkwado ma ọ bụ jụ ndụmọdụ kansụl maka ihe ndị a: iwu na ụkpụrụ na-achịkwa ogbunigwe n'oké osimiri, nkesa uru ego enwetara site na ngwuputa ala ikike na mmefu ego afọ nke ikike.

#### Kansụl
Kansụl nke ndị otu 36, nke Nzukọ a họpụtara, na-enye ikike na nkwekọrịta na gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo iji nyochaa na igwu ala mmiri nke mba ụwa ma debe iwu na usoro, n'okpuru nkwado nke Mgbakọ, maka ọchịchị ISA. Kansụl ahụ na-ahọpụtakwa onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu, onye nzuko zuru ezu ga-ahọpụta ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ afọ anọ. A na-eme nnọkọ izugbe nke ISA kwa afọ, nke na-adịkarị izu abụọ na Kingston.

#### Òtù ndị ndụmọdụ
E hiwekwara ya bụ Kọmịshọna Iwu na nka nka nke mmadụ iri atọ na-adụ ọdụ kansụl na kọmitii ego mmadụ iri na ise na-ahụ maka mmefu ego na ihe ndị metụtara ya. Ndị otu niile bụ ndị ọkachamara gọọmentị họpụtara ma họpụta ha ka ha jee ozi n'ikike nke onwe ha.

#### Ụlọ ọrụ
Mgbakọ ahụ guzobekwara otu a na-akpọ Enterprise nke ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ngwuputa ihe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke nwere ike iwepụta "narị narị nde dollar n'ụgwọ eze" ka ha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe kerịta." Òtù gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Greenpeace ekwupụtala nchegbu maka ebubo ISA. esemokwu nke mmasị dị ka ma onye na-achịkwa na onye na-azụ ahịa, ọ bụ ezie na ISA na-agọnahụ esemokwu nke ụgwọ mmasị.

## Ọnọdụ
Ndị ikike ahụ nwere Ọfịs nke akwụkwọ ikike ikike 37 yana mmefu ego biennial 2022 nke ihe ruru $10,000,000.

## Ikike
UNCLOS na-akọwa mpaghara oke osimiri nke mba ụwa — akụkụ dị n'okpuru ikike ISA - dịka "ala oke osimiri na ala oke osimiri na ala ya, gafere oke ikike mba" UNCLOS na-akọwapụta mpaghara ikike mba dị ka "Oké Osimiri 12 nautical-mile; ihe Mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụiche ruru ihe dị ka 200 nautical miles na shelf kọntinent", ọ gwụla ma mba nwere ike igosipụta na shelf kọntinent ya na-adị ogologo oge karịa oke ahụ, ebe ọ nwere ike iru 350 nautical miles (650 km). ISA enweghị ọrụ n'ịchọpụta oke a. Kama, a na-ahapụrụ ọrụ a n'aka òtù ọzọ nke UNCLOS hibere, Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf, nke na-enyocha data sayensị nke steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nyefere na-ekwu na ha nwere ike iru.
thumb|250x250px|Mba ndị so na ya nọchitere anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; mba ndị na-ekiri ya na-acha odo odo (ihe edeturu: European Union nwekwara ndị otu)
thumb|Clarion Clipperton Zone, 1.7 nde square mile n'etiti Hawaii na Mexico, nke a maara maka nodules nke cobalt, nickel, manganese na ọla kọpa, yana ụdị ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe

## Nkwekọrịta nchọpụta na igwu ala azụmahịa

### Ahịa
Ọ bụ ezie na ISA anabatabeghị nkwekọrịta ngwungwu azụmahịa, ndị ikike ahụ na-atụ anya na Ngwuputa azụmahịa nwere ike ịmalite n'oge dị ka 2023-2024 na mmecha nke iwu ISA na-arụrịta ụka nke ukwuu. Na 2021, mba Pacific Island nke Nauru kpalitere oge imecha nke chọrọ ISA ka ọ kwado ụkpụrụ ngwuputa azụmahịa ikpeazụ ka ọ na-erule Julaị 2023 ma ọ bụ kwe ka ndị ọrụ ngo na-egwupụta ihe n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nhazi dị ugbu a.

### Nnyocha
Ngwuputa ihe ngwuputa na-agụnye "map nke miri emi, ụgbọ ala ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ala na-arụ ọrụ n'ime obodo, foto na vidiyo, na ngwaọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe."

#### Mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton
thumb|''Perlophiura profundissima'' dị na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton. Foto: Glover, Dahlgren & Wiklund, 2015. Ebe e si nweta ya: Glover A, Wiklund H, Rabone M, Amon D, Smith C, O'Hara T, Mah C, Dahlgren T (2016)
Ọtụtụ ebe a na-eme nchọpụta dị na Clarion-Clipperton Mpaghara (CCZ), na Equatorial North Pacific Ocean, ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Hawaii, n'etiti Hawaii na Mexico. CCZ dị jụụ, nke obosara dị ka kọntinent US, bụ ebe obibi nke nodules polymetallic ma ọ bụ puku ijeri ihe dị ka lumps nke nduku etolitela ọtụtụ nde afọ nwere nickel, manganese, ọla kọpa, zinc na cobalt, yana coral miri emi, sponges. na ụdị pụrụ iche ("ghost octopus", crustaceans, ikpuru na oké osimiri kukumba) na na nso ìhè-obere gburugburu ebe obibi itinye nkume-dị ka nodules maka ndo. Ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta chọrọ igwu nodules polymetallic maka nchekwa batrị maka ụgbọ ala eletrik, Smartphones na ike anyanwụ na ikuku.

#### Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-eme nchọpụta
E enyelakwa nkwekọrịta nyocha maka nodules polymetallic maka ndị ọrụ ngo na-arụ ọrụ na Central Indian Ocean Basin na Western Pacific Ocean. Ndị ISA enyela nkwekọrịta nyocha maka polymetallic sulphides na South West Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge na Mid-Atlantic Ridge, yana nkwekọrịta maka nyocha maka crusts bara ụba cobalt na Western Pacific Ocean.

#### Ihe ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta chọrọ
A chọrọ onye ọ bụla n'ime nkwekọrịta ka ọ mepụta atụmatụ nhụsianya ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-aga nke ọma n'oge nyocha, na-akọ akụkọ kwa afọ banyere ọrụ ya na mpaghara e kenyere ya ma tụọ usoro ọzụzụ maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.

#### Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta
A chọrọ onye ọ bụla n'ime nkwekọrịta ka ọ mepụta atụmatụ nhụsianya ma ọ bụrụ na ihe na-aga nke ọma n'oge nyocha, na-akọ akụkọ kwa afọ banyere ọrụ ya na mpaghara e kenyere ya ma tụọ usoro ọzụzụ maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.

Na 2001-2002 ISA bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na Yuzhmorgeology (Russian Federation); Interoceanmetal Joint Organisation (IOM) (Bulgaria, Cuba, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Poland na Russian Federation); Gọọmenti nke Republic of Korea; Ndị otu nchọpụta na mmepe nke China Ocean Minerals (COMRA) (China); Deep Ocean Resources Development Company (DORD) (Japan); Institut français de recherche pour l’exploitation de la mer (IFREMER) (France); gọọmentị India. Na 2006, ndị ikike bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ 15 na Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany.

Na 2008, ikike ahụ nwetara ngwa ọhụrụ abụọ maka ikike inyocha maka nodules polymetallic, na-abịa na nke mbụ site na ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo na mba ndị na-emepe emepe nke agwaetiti Pacific. N'ịbụ ndị gọọmentị ha na-akwado, ndị Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. na Tonga Offshore Mining Limited nyefere ha. Ndị ikike nyere Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. nkwekọrịta nyocha afọ 15 na 22 Julaị 2011 yana nye Tonga Offshore Mining Limited na 12 Jenụarị 2012.

A nyekwara G-TECH Sea Mineral Resources NV (Belgium) nkwekọrịta nyocha nke afọ iri na ise maka nodules polymetallic na 14 Jenụwarị 2013; Marawa Research and Exploration Ltd (Kiribati) na 19 Jenụarị 2015; Ocean Mineral Singapore Pte Ltd na 22 Jenụwarị 2015; UK Seabed Resources Ltd (nkwekọrịta abụọ na 8 February 2013 na 29 Maachị 2016 n'otu n'otu); Cook Islands Investment Corporation na 15 Julaị 2016 na nso nso a China Minmetal Corporation na 12 Mee 2017.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ abanyela nkwekọrịta asaa maka nchọpụta maka polymetallic sulphides na South West Indian Ridge, Central Indian Ridge na Mid-Atlantic Ridge na China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (18 November 2011); Gọọmenti Russia (29 October 2012); Ọchịchị nke Republic of Korea (24 June 2014); Institut français de recherche pour l’ exploitation de la mer (Ifremer, France, 18 Nọvemba 2014); Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Institute for Geosciences na Natural Resources nke Germany (6 May 2015); na Gọọmenti India (26 Septemba 2016) na Gọọmenti nke Republic of Poland (12 February 2018).

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nkwekọrịta ise maka nyocha nke cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts na Western Pacific Ocean na China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association (29 April 2014); Ụlọ ọrụ mba Japan mmanụ gas na ọla (JOGMEC, 27 Jenụarị 2014); Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation (10 March 2015), Companhia De Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais (9 November 2015) na Gọọmenti nke Republic of Korea (27 March 2018).

## Arụmụka

### Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na nsogbu ihu igwe
Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si mba 44, Google, BMW na Volvo, World Wildlife Fund na ọtụtụ mba Pacific, gụnyere Fiji na Papua New Guinea, akpọọla oku ka a kwụsị ọrụ ngwupụta ogbunigwe miri emi ruo mgbe a ga-eme nyocha sayensị karịa mmetụta ọ na-enwe na mmiri. gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ndị na-akwado maka igwu egwu mmiri miri emi na-arụ ụka na mwepu ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe dị oke mkpa maka batrị ụgbọ ala eletrik dị mkpa iji wulite akụ na ụba na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla.

Ndị mmegide na-arụ ụka n'igwupụta ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri nwere ike imebi oke osimiri nke ụwa, bụ́ nke na-eme ihe dị ka ikuku carbon na-amịkọrọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ikuku carbon n'ụwa kwa afọ.
thumb|Esperanza nke Greenpeace. Foto: Jean-Pierre Bazard
Òtù na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Greenpeace welitere mkpesa banyere ogbunigwe miri emi n'oké osimiri na-akpaghasị ebe obibi nke ụdị a na-akọ ọhụrụ, site na crabs ruo whale ruo ejula na-adị ndụ na-erighị nri ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ikuku ọkụ bioluminescent. Greenpeace agbaala ndị ISA ume ka ha mepewanye ụkpụrụ UNCLOS ntọala Nkeji edemede 136 "nke ihe nketa nke mmadụ niile" iji degharịa ụkpụrụ na ịtọ ebumnuche nchekwa. Na 2018 Greenpeace Research Laboratories na-akọ na nzukọ ahụ kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ichebe ụdị mmiri dị iche iche sitere na nsị ewepụtara n'oge a na-egwupụta ala mmiri maka gas sitere n'okike na ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe maka sel fotovoltaic. Greenpeace na-ekwusi ike na "pro-erigbu" ISA abụghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị iji dozie ogbunigwe miri emi (DSM). N'afọ 2019, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace mere mkpesa na mpụga nzukọ kwa afọ nke International Seabed Authority na Jamaica, na-akpọ maka nkwekọrịta oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ iji machibido igwu mmiri miri emi n'ebe nsọ oke osimiri. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike ejirila ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, Esperanza, si na "Lost City dị n'etiti Atlantic" gaa Jamaica, mpaghara Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ na-eyi egwu site na nyocha nke ISA nyere ikike.

Onye ode akwụkwọ ISA Michael Lodge kwuru na nkwado Greenpeace maka nkwekọrịta oke osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ bụghị ISA, iji chịkwaa ogbunigwe miri emi enweghị isi.

### Nchegbu maka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ pụta ìhè
Na 2022, The Guardian kọrọ na ISA agaghị emeghari nkwekọrịta maka Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB), nkewa nke International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), nke kpuchiri usoro gara aga iji nọgide na-edekọ aha ISA nọọrọ onwe ya. Mkpebi a bịara n'agbanyeghị ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na igwu mmiri n'oké osimiri azụmahịa "ga-abụ "ihe ize ndụ", "enweghị uche" na "enweghị mgbagha" na mmerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. The Guardian kọkwara na Germany na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi ewelitere ajụjụ gbasara enweghị nghọta site n'aka ISA's Legal and Technical Commission (LTC), nke na-eme nzukọ mechiri emechi iji tọọ ụkpụrụ na ịnye ụkpụrụ maka igwu ala mmiri.

Na nzaghachi na nkatọ, ISA Secretary General Michael Lodge gbachiteere ISA dị ka a " transperent ọha forum nke nkwenye-ewu."

### Ebubo nke esemokwu ọdịmma
Na 2022, akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles Times kọrọ na International Seabed Authority chere nkatọ ihu maka esemokwu nke mmasị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ LA Times kwuru na ISA na-akwado ịkwado ogbunigwe n'akụkụ oké osimiri, n'agbanyeghị nchegbu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eche banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye isi ISA Michael Lodge katọrọ otu ndị a, na-ekwu na e nwere "mgbanaka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto eto na nkwenkwe okpukpe na-adabere na fanaticism" ma na-arụ ụka na ogbunigwe n'oké osimiri bụ "nke a na-ebu amụma ma nwee ike ịchịkwa". Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị otu ndị ọrụ Lodge jụrụ mpụta Lodge na vidiyo ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta akụ na-achọ itinye ego na nyocha roboti maka mineral iji rụpụta ụgbọ ala eletrik. Na vidiyo ahụ, Lodge kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ya kwadoro nkwekọrịta nyocha nke afọ 15 n'ihi na "ihe ndị metụtara ala na-esiwanye ike ịnweta."

### United States na-anaghị anabata UNCLOS
Ndị na-emegide Iwu Nkwekọrịta Oké Osimiri bụ ndị na-enwekarị obi abụọ maka itinye aka n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States jụrụ ajụjụ kpọmkwem ụdị ọrụ ISA na ikike. N'afọ 2007, ọ bụ ezie na Kọmitii Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ nke United States kwadoro nkwado nke nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta, ndị Senate zuru ezu akwadoghị nkwekọrịta ahụ, ụfọdụ ndị Republican na-arụrịta ụka na UNCLOS nwere ike iyi egwu nchekwa obodo site na itinye aka na ọrụ agha oké osimiri ma gbochie ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta akụ mmiri site n'itinye ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. .

Otu n'ime arụmụka mgbochi nkwenye bụ ebubo na ISA nwere ntụpọ ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị mkpa. N'ụdị mbụ ya, Mgbakọ ahụ gụnyere ụfọdụ ndokwa ndị ụfọdụ chọpụtara na ọ dịghị mma, dịka:

* Ojiji nke ego anakọtara maka nkesa akụ na ụba na mgbakwunye na nchịkwa ISA
* Mbufe teknụzụ iwu

N'ihi nchegbu ndị a, United States kwadoro maka mgbanwe nke Mgbakọ ahụ, nweta Agreement 1994 na mmejuputa iwu nke na-ebelatatụ ha ma si otú a gbanwee ikike ISA. N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe a United States akwadobeghị Mgbakọ ahụ, yabụ na ọ bụghị onye otu ISA, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-eziga ndị nnọchi anya buru ibu isonye na nzukọ dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe.

Dị ka onye na-ekiri, ọ bụghị UNCLOS bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado, U.S. agaghị ekwe ka votu na nkwado nke ikpeazụ iwu Ngwuputa Ngwuputa azụmahịa na ha agaghị enwe ike ịkwado ụlọ ọrụ itinye akwụkwọ maka nkwekọrịta na mmiri mba ụwa. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ISA chọrọ ka steeti bụ ndị bịanyere aka na ya UNCLOS na-akwado ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. Onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta agha nke United States Lockheed Martin, agbanyeghị, na-ekere òkè na ọrụ ogbunigwe miri emi nke Britain abụọ.

## Ihe omume

### Iwu
Isi mmezu omebe iwu nke ikike ahụ bụ nnabata, n'afọ 2000, nke ụkpụrụ na-achịkwa nyocha maka nodules polymetallic. Ihe onwunwe ndị a, nke a na-akpọkwa manganese nodules, nwere manganese, cobalt, ọla kọpa na nickel dị iche iche. Ha na-eme dịka mkpọmkpọ nduku gbasasịrị n'elu ala oke osimiri, ọkachasị na etiti oke osimiri Pasifik na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton mana enwere ihe nkwụnye ego na oke osimiri India.

Na 2013, ISA kwadoro mmezigharị na Usoro Ngwuputa ya na nyocha miri emi nke oké osimiri, na-ekwu na onye na-atụ anya kwesịrị ime ụzọ nlezianya iji zere imetọ oké osimiri ma gwa onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu ozugbo maka ihe ọ bụla metụtara atụmanya nke na-eyi gburugburu mmiri mmiri egwu. Iwu ndị emegharịrị kwukwara na onye ọrụ ngo nwere ike nwetaghachi “ego ezi uche dị na ya” maka nnwale mana ọ bụghị maka ire ere.

N'ọnwa Julaị, 2019, Commissionlọ Ọrụ Iwu na Azụmaahịa ISA kwadebere "Iwu ụkpụrụ maka irigbu akụrụngwa ịnweta na Mpaghara."

N'afọ 2010, ISA nakweere Iwu na Nleba anya na Nchọgharị maka Polymetallic Sulphides.

N'afọ 2012, ndị ikike ahụ nakweere Iwu na Nleba anya na Nchọgharị maka Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts.

The Council nke Authority malitere ọrụ na August 2002 ọzọ set nke ụkpụrụ, na-ekpuchi polymetallic sulfides na cobalt-ọgaranya ferromanganese crusts, nke bụ ọgaranya isi iyi nke mineral dị otú ahụ dị ka ọla kọpa, ígwè, zinc, ọlaọcha na ọlaedo, yana cobalt. A na-ahụ sulphides n'akụkụ isi iyi ọkụ mgbawa ugwu, ọkachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oke Osimiri Pasifik, ebe ọnyà ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu oke osimiri na ebe ndị ọzọ n'ọtụtụ ebe gburugburu ụwa. Kansụl ahụ kpebiri na 2006 iji dozie usoro iwu dị iche iche maka sulphides na crusts, na-ebute ụzọ sulphides. O tinyere ọtụtụ n'ime oge ya na 2007 na 2008 n'ọrụ a, mana ọtụtụ okwu ka edozibeghị. Ndị isi n'ime ihe ndị a bụ nkọwa na nhazi nke mpaghara a ga-ekenye ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta maka nyocha, ụgwọ a ga-akwụ ndị nwe ụlọ na ajụjụ gbasara otu esi eme ihe nkwudo ọ bụla nwere ike ibilite. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Kọmịshọna Iwu na nka na ụzụ kọrọ ọganihu na eriri ferromanganese.

### Ọmụmụ ihe na nyocha
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ omebe iwu ya, ndị nwe obodo na-ahazi ọmụmụ ihe kwa afọ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke nyocha nke oke osimiri, na-emesi ike na usoro iji chebe gburugburu mmiri site na nsogbu ọ bụla. Ọ na-esi n'akwụkwọ na-ekesa nsonaazụ nke nzukọ ndị a. Nnyocha e mere n'ime ọtụtụ afọ na-ekpuchi isi ihe ịnweta mpaghara Central Pacific rụpụtara nyocha teknụzụ gbasara ụdị dị iche iche, ụdị dịgasị iche iche na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mpaghara abyssal Pacific nodule, na-ekwusi ike na ịkọ na ijikwa mmetụta nke igwu ala mmiri miri emi A ogbako na Manoa, Hawaii, n'October 2007 mepụtara echiche na ndụmọdụ maka nguzobe "ebe nchekwa nchekwa" na mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton, ebe a ga-amachibido ịkụnye nodule iji hapụ gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ISA kwadoro ogbako maka ịkwalite ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eduzi ọmụmụ sayensị miri emi, nlekọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe miri emi, usoro maka Africa na akụrụngwa na teknụzụ maka DSM na nnọkọ maka ịkekọrịta uru akụ na ụba nke DSM.

## Omume mba n'igwupụta ihe n'ala oké osimiri
Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmasị na ngwungwu miri emi nke oké osimiri, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ferromanganese crusts na polymetallic sulphides, ebutewo n'etiti ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na mmiri n'ime mpaghara mba Papua New Guinea, Fiji na Tonga. Papua New Guinea bụ mba mbụ n'ụwa nyere ikike ịnya ụgbọ ala maka nkwụnye ego sulphide nke oke osimiri mgbe o nyere ikike mbụ na Nautilus Minerals na 1997. Amụma oké osimiri ọhụrụ nke Japan na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ịzụlite methane hydrate na hydrothermal nkwụnye ego n'ime akụ na ụba Japan pụrụ iche. mpaghara ma na-akpọ maka ịzụ ahịa nke akụrụngwa ndị a n'ime afọ 10 na-esote. N'ịkọ akụkọ banyere ihe ndị a n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya kwa afọ nye ndị nwe obodo n'April 2008, odeakwụkwọ ukwu Nandan rụkwara aka n'ụzọ dị elu nke ọchịchọ na ọnụ ahịa maka cobalt, ọla kọpa, nickel na manganese, ọla ndị bụ isi nke a ga-esi na ngwuputa mmiri dị n'oké osimiri, na. o kwuru na teknụzụ ndị a na-emepụta maka ịwepụta n'ụsọ mmiri nwere ike ịmegharị maka igwu mmiri miri emi.

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, enweela mmasị dị ukwuu na ohere nke iji ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ oké osimiri dị n'oké osimiri Arctic, nke dị n'akụkụ Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Russia na United States (lee ihe na-ekwu na Territorial na Arctic). Na 2020, otu mba dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi gbara gọọmentị Norway ume ka ọ ghara ịhapụ naanị atụmatụ maka igwu mmiri miri emi n'okpuru ikike mba, kamakwa ikwu okwu megide DSM Arctic Ngwuputa n'ihu International Seaboard Authority.

## Ego inye onyinye
N'afọ 2006, ikike ahụ hibere ego onyinye iji kwado nyocha sayensị sayensị nke mmiri na mpaghara International Seabed. Ego a ga-enyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara nwere ahụmahụ sitere na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe aka isonye na nyocha miri emi nke ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na nke mba haziri. A malitere mkpọsa na February 2008 iji chọpụta ndị sonyere, guzobe netwọk nke òtù na-akwado ma na-achọ ego n'èzí iji kwalite onyinye mbụ $3 nde sitere na ikike.

## Nkwado afọ ofufo
Na 2017, ndị ikike debanyere nkwa afọ ofufo asaa na UN Oceans Conference for Sustainable Development Goal 14. Ndị a bụ:

# OceanAction15467 - Ime ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ dịkwuo mma na nyocha sayensị mmiri site n'ịmepụta ikike
# OceanAction15796 - Ịgba ume ịgbasa nsonaazụ nyocha site na ISA Secretary-General Award for Excellence in Deep-Sea Research
# OceanAction16538 - Abyssal Initiative for Blue Growth (na UN-DESA)
# OceanAction16494 - Ịkwalite imekọ ihe ọnụ iji kwalite mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke akụ na ụba miri emi nke Africa iji kwado akụ na ụba Africa Blue
# OceanAction17746 - Ịkwalite nyocha nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa nke oké osimiri miri emi site na ụlọ nyocha nke oké osimiri n'okpuru mmiri ogologo oge na mpaghara ahụ.
# OceanAction17776 - Ịkwalite nyocha dị iche iche nke mmiri site na ịmepụta atlas taxonomic n'ịntanetị metụtara ọrụ igwu ala miri emi n'Oké Osimiri na mpaghara ahụ

## Hụkwa

* UNCLOS (Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri)
* Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ókè nke Continental Shelf
* Ebe A Na-egwu Ala n'Oké Osimiri
* Mpaghara Clarion-Clipperton
* Mkpịsị ugodi dị iche iche
* Mmiri mba ụwa
* Nkwekọrịta Nchịkwa Ngwá Agha n'Anya Oké Osimiri
* Kansụl Nlekọta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu
* Ngalaba Nkwekọrịta Antarctic

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* International Seabed Authority
* Nchịkọta - Nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta ndị metụtara ya. UN: Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri (1982).
* Ịmepụta usoro nchịkwa maka mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ (Nkwado nye International Seabed Authority na akụkọ nye ndị otu ISA na ndị metụtara ya)
* DEEP TROUBLE: Ụwa gbara ọchịchịrị nke ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe n'oké osimiri (Greenpeace International, 2020)
* Usoro Nnyocha: Iwu Nnyocha (ISA, 2013)