open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ ndịda Bauchi

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ndị isi na-asụ asụsụ Chadic na Naịjirịa
Asụsụ South Bauchi (nke a na-akpọkwa **B.3** West Chadic ma ọ bụ **Asụsụ Barawa**) bụ alaka nke Asụsụ West Chadic nke a na-asụ na Bauchi State na Plateau State, Nigeria.

Kiyoshi Shimizu mere nnyocha zuru oke nke asụsụ South Bauchi site na 1974 ruo 1975.  Nnyocha ọzọ m bụ nke Gowers (1907), nke gụnyere asụsụ 42 nke Bauchi.

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ ndịda Bauchi gụnyere: 

## Nchịkọta n'ime

### Shimizu (1978)
 (1978) kewara asụsụ South Bauchi dị ka ndị a: A na-egosipụta asụsụ ọ bụla na italiki.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

; Mkpụrụ okwu

Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na West Chadic, asụsụ ndịda Bauchi nwere ndepụta ụdaume bara ọgaranya.  na-enwekarị fricatives n'akụkụ /ɬ, ː/, ebe asụsụ West Chadic A echebeghị ụdaume ndị dị otú ahụ.

* Ebe nkwụsị: p t k b d g ʔ
* N'imi: m n ɲ ŋ
* Ihe omuma: ɓ ɗ
* Nkọwa: f v s z (ʃ) (ʒ) ɣ (h) 
* Ihe a na-akpọ: r
* Ihe ndị na-eru nso: l j w
* Mkpịsị aka n'akụkụ: ɬ Ō

; Mkpụrụedemede

 (2020) na-atụ aro na Proto-South Bauchi nwere usoro ụdaume isii nke nwere /i, ɨ, u, ɛ, ɔ, a/, nke nwere ọdịiche dị ogologo.

; Ụda ụda

Asụsụ ndịda Bauchi nwere ọkwa ụda 2-3, na Proto-South Bauchi nwere ike ịnwe ụda atọ dị ka Asụsụ A3 West Chadic dị nso. Asụsụ ụfọdụ nwekwara ụda olu (na-ada ma ọ bụ na-arị elu). 

## Ọdịdị
 ka Asụsụ A3 West Chadic ndị agbata obi mana n'adịghị ka Hausa, asụsụ South Bauchi anaghị enwekarị ọtụtụ aha, ọ bụ ezie na okwu ụfọdụ maka ndị mmadụ dịka 'nwa nwanyị', 'nwa', na mgbe ụfọdụ 'nwoke / onye' nwere ụdị aha.  (2021) na-ekwu na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na Asụsụ Adamawa.

Kwụsị ụdaume  njedebe nke morphemes enweghị olu.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta okwu South Bauchi (Wiktionary) 
* Nrụzigharị Proto-South Bauchi (Wiktionary) 

## Edensibia
Kiyoshi Shimizu mere nnyocha zuru oke nke asụsụ South Bauchi site na 1974 ruo 1975.  Nnyocha ọzọ m bụ nke GowersIsiokwu a gụnyere ederede dị n'okpuru ikikere CC BY 3.0. 

## Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Ɓarawa: ndepụta okwu nke asụsụ asatọ nke South Bauchi (West Chadic): Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Sayanci na Zul site na Ronald Cosper, Munich: LINCOM EUROPA, 1999. Chadic Newsletter, 23: 46-80.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Barawa lexicon: ndepụta okwu nke asụsụ asatọ South Bauchi (West Chadic) *; Boghom, Buli, Dott, Geji, Jimi, Polci, Sayanci na Zul.  (LINCOM Studies in African Linguistics, 39.) München: Lincom.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Chadic Wordlists: Mpịakọta nke Mbụ (Plateau-Sahel) *. Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde: Serie A: Afrika, 23. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Map nke asụsụ South Bauchi nke Roger Blench
Asụsụ Bole-Tangale

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Ndị isi na-asụ asụsụ Chadic na Naịjirịa
**Asụsụ Bole-Tangale** (nke a makwaara dị ka asụsụ **A.2** West Chadic) bụ alaka nke Asụsụ West Chadic nke a na-asụ na steeti dị iche iche nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.

## Asụsụ
Asụsụ Bole-Tangale bụ: 

* **Bọl** (**Bole-Tangale**) (A.2) 
** Ebe ugwu (Bọl n'onwe ya): Bure, Bole, Gera, Geruma, Deno, Galambu, Giiwo, Kubi, Ngamo, Maaka (Maagha), UK, Daza (Dazawa), ? Pali, Karekare
** Ma (Tangale): Kwaami, Pero, Piya-Kwonci, Kulung, Kholok, Nyam, Kushi (Goji), Kutto (Kupto), Tangale, Dera (Kanakuru) 

Karekare bụ asụsụ kachasị dị iche n'ime alaka Bole, ebe Dera bụ asụsụ kachasị iche n'etiti alaka Tangale.

## Aha na ebe
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019). 

## Edensibia
Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede dị n'okpuru ikikere CC BY 3.0. 

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Yobe Languages Research Project site na onye nwụrụ anwụ Russell G. Schuh nke UCLA
* Ihe onwunwe West Chadic na africanlanguages.org
Asụsụ Tala

**Tala** bụ asụsụ sitere na Alaka West Chad nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Chadic .  A na-asụ asụsụ ahụ na mpaghara etiti nke Naịjirịa, ma nwee ihe dịka 1000 ndị na-asụrụ ya na 1993. Asụsụ a edeghị ede.

## Nchịkọta
Tala  akụkụ nke Guruntum (Gurdung dị ka ọrụ Roger Blench si dị) nke otu asụsụ South Bauchi, ya mere ọ dị ka asụsụ Guruntum, Tala, na Zangwal.

## Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu
A na-asụ asụsụ Ju n'obodo nta Kuka na Talan Kasa, nke dị na ndịda Bauchi. Obodo nta a dị na Mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Bauchi na steeti Bauchi . 

Tala na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke West Chadic nwere ókèala asụsụ; Zangwal n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, Ju n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. 'ebe ndịda, Ju na-ejikọta sprachbund nke Asụsụ Dulbu.

N'afọ 1993, Ethnologue mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ dị otu puku,  na Joshua Project mere atụmatụ na ọnụọgụ ndị na-ekwu ya dị puku abụọ. 

## Edensibia
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
*
Tambas

Tambas (nke a makwaara dị ka Tambes, Tembis) bụ asụsụ West Chadic a na-asụ na Plateau State, Nigeria.

## Ihe edeturu
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019N'okpuru eb

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* *[https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/88591 A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Rom (Tambas)  Asụsụ nke Plateau State, Nigeria]*
Tal

Tal bụ asụsụ Afro-Eshia a na-asụ na Plateau State, Nigeria .  A na-asụ Tal n'ime obodo 53 dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụzọ Panyam-Shendam.  nwere asụsụ isii nke Tal, ya bụ Bongmuut, Buzuk, Nbaal, Muɗak, Muɗong, na Takong.

## Ihe edeturu

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2017. Ethnozoology nke Tal, ndị na-asụ Chadic nke ọdịda anyanwụ-etiti Nigeria.
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019
Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ijo

**Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ijo** bụ Asụsụ Ijaw a na-asụ na ndịda Naịjirịa. E nwere olumba abụọ, Nembe (Nimbe) na Akassa (Akaha).

## Edensibia
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019N'okpuru ebe a
Sur

**Sur-**Myet****, nke a makwaara dị ka **kuSur** (Nsur), **Tapshin**, ma ọ bụ Myet, bụ obere asụsụ Plateau nke Bauchi na Plateau steeti, Naịjirịa. E nwere asụsụ abụọ yiri ibe ha, Súr na Myet.

 nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Sur-Myet 16,000. Ndị -asụ asụsụ Sur gbara ndị na-asụrụ asụsụ Ngas gburugburu, ndị na-akpọ Sur **Dishili**.  o sina dị, Sur bụ asụsụ dị mkpa a ka na-enyefe ụmụaka, ọ bụghịkwa ihe ize ndụ ozugbo.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
 na-asụ Sur n'obodo nta ndị a.

* Kancak
* Targal
* Kantem
* Shishir
* Gyasham Sakiya
* Kalep
* Mashekarah
* Bussa
* Kocten Angwan Gyad
* Shikanyan
* Bakin Kogi Pwai
* Bada Koshi
* Nasarawa Pwai
* B. Kogi Tapshin (a makwaara obodo Tapshin dị ka Ngotuk) 

A na-asụ Myet n'obodo nta ndị a. 

* Myet
* Gat Myet
* Dasham
* Dasham Yelwa
* Pukdi
* Yimi
* Nkandim

## Edensibia
Ngas gburugburu, ndị na-akpọ Sur Dishili.  o sina dị, Sur bụ asụsụ dị mkpa a ka na-enyefe ụmụaka, ọ bụghịkwa ihe ize ndụ ozugbo
Asụsụ ụmụ nwanyị

Wemale bụ asụsụ Austronesian nke a na-asụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Seram Island na Indonesia. Collins kewara  (1983) dị ka onye otu Central Maluku subgroup.

Asụsụ ahụ kewara 'asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda, nwere ụdị dị iche iche a maara dị ka Honitetu, Oemale, na Tala. Ihe  ka mmadụ 5,000 na-asụ Northern Wemale, ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,700 na-asụrụ Southern Wemale.

* Ụmụ nwanyị
* Hainuwele

## Edensibia
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ Bole-Tangale, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* Nkwado nke Ụmụ nwanyị na SIL
Tep

**Tep** bụ Asụsụ Mambiloid nke Naịjirịa. Ethnologue na-ewere ya dị ka olumba nke Mambila, dịka ndị na-ekwu okwu na-akọwa dị ka Mambila, mana ọ bụ asụsụ dị iche.

## Edensibia
ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche.

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 'Ndị otu na usoro dị n'ime Bantoid na ókèala ya na Bantu'. Bantu IV, Mahadum Humboldt, Berlin.
Tera

**Tera** bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Blench depụtara ụdị asụsụ ndị a dị ka akụkụ nke ụyọkọ asụsụ Tera. 

* Nyimatli
* Pidlimdi
* Bura Kokura

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

: A na-eji obere ụdaolu eme ihe ma a naghị ewepụta ya tupu ụdaume ọzọ. 
:   na  nwere  na / dʒ/ n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka allophones mana ụzọ abụọ ahụ kewara; Otú ọ dị, alveolar plosives anaghị ebute ụdaume ihu na post-veolar affricates anaghị ebute ihe ọ bụla ma e wezụga ụdaume ihu. 
:  bụ ụdaume ọhụrụ, na-apụta na okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Bekee Ndị Hausa. 
:  /jī/ sitere na  nke na-enweghị njikọ alveolar ya mgbe ọ na-ejigide ọrụ palatal na glottal. 

thumb|250x250px|Monophthongs nke Tera, site na Tench (2007:230)
thumb|250x250px|Diphthongs nke Tera, site na Tench (2007:231)

* Mkpụrụedemede etiti  bụ eziokwu-etiti. 
* Mkpụrụedemede  bụ etiti  . 

na-egbochi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ụdaume na okwu monosyllabic na-enweghị ụdaume coda.

Mkpụrụedemede niile ma e wezụga  na  na-emeghe na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi dịka na [[[ikpu') na  ('ikpu ofe').  na  na-abụkarị n'ihu  mgbe ha na-agbaso ụdaume palatalized.

Diphthongs, nke nwere otu ogologo dị ka ụdaume ogologo, nwere ụdaume na-abụghị elu na ụdaume dị elu: 

* 'ụzọ ụdaolu, okwu ndị a bụ [eɪ, oɪ, ɐɪ, ʊ] .

### Ụda
Tera bụ Asụsụ ụda olu, na-eme ka ụda dị elu, dị n'etiti na nke dị ala.  naghị egosi ụda olu n'ụzọ orthographic ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị obere trios dị; enwere ike ịmata obere ụzọ abụọ site na ihe gbara ya gburugburu.

## Orthography
Mbipụta mbụ na Tera bụ *Labar Mbarkandu nu Yohanna Bula Ki*, nsụgharị nke Oziọma Jọn, nke guzobere usoro orthographic. 'afọ 2004, e dezigharịrị usoro orthographic a.

## Edensibia
ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche.

## Akwụkwọ
Asụsụ Tarama

**Asụsụ Tarama** bụ asụsụ ndị Japan a na-asụ n'àgwàetiti Tarama na Minna fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ na-ebighị na ya, abụọ n'ime Agwaetiti Miyako nke Japan. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Miyakoan, mana nghọta dị ala. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị ndị agadi na-asụ ya.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụedemede
Tarama nwere ụdaume anọ bụ isi, na ụdaume atọ dị n'akụkụ  dị na okwu ndị a kpaara ókè. 

 bụ  n'etiti ụdaume na-enweghị olu, ma ọ bụghị ya  mgbe plosives gasịrị, na [ɨ] n'ebe ọzọ:

: [ps̩tu] 'onye',  'acha odo odo',  'aka nri'

 , ,, **lɨ/ anaghị eme.  agbanweela , , na .

### Mkpụrụ okwu
Tarama kwuru na ọ kwụsịrị:

'l' bụ retroflex lateral flap, nke a na-ahụkwa n'Asụsụ Irabu (Jarosz p. 43).  na-apụta dị ka mkpụrụedemede codas, dị ka *paịl* 'to grow' (Japanese *haeru*), *psks* 'to pull' (Japanish hiku). 

Anụ abụọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ syllabic, dịka na *mm* 'poteto' na *Nna* 'ụdọ'. 'Onsets' gụnyere ụdaume geminate, dị ka na *ssam* 'efu' na faub 'nwa'. Ma ọ bụghị ya, naanị ụyọkọ ụdaume bụ /Cj/, dịka na *kjuu* 'today', *sjata* 'sugar'. Sonorants nwere ike ị*m* mkpụrụedemede na okwu, dịka na *kan* 'crab', mim 'ear', na *tul* 'bird'. Usoro ụdaume gụnyere ụdaume ogologo Vː na 'diphthongs' Vi, na Vɨ. A na-enyocha usoro a dị ka mkpụrụedemede, mana ụdaume geminate mbụ, ụdaume ogologo na diphthongs niile bụ bimoraic, na codas bụkwa moraic, nke mere na dịka *ssam* bụ moras atọ (. Okwu phonological ga-abụrịrị ogologo abụọ.

## Orthography

## Edensibia
ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị icụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche.he.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ Miyako, Okinawa Center of Language Study
* Aleksandra Jarosz, Nikolay Nevskiy's Miyakoan dictionary (PhD dissertation on Nikolai Nevsky's draft manuscript dictionary of Miyakoan) 

Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements
Asụsụ Temne

**Temne** (nke a na-akpọkwa Themne, Timne; [t̪emnɛ] bụ asụsụ nke alaka Mel nke Ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo. Ndị na-asụ Temne na-ebikarị na Northern Province na Western Area, Sierra Leone. A pụkwara ịchọta ndị Temne n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, gụnyere Guinea na Gambia. Ụfọdụ ndị Temne akwagala n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka na-achọ ohere agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ, ọkachasị na Great Britain, United States, na Egypt.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Temne bụ Asụsụ ụda, nke nwere ụda anọ. 'etiti ụdaume, Temne na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ezé na alveolar, mana, n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụdaume ezé bụ apical na ụdaume alveolars bụ laminal (ma dị ntakịrị affricated), ihe megidere usoro ahụ n'ozuzu, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụkwa ya n'asụsụ dị nso Limba.

### Mkpụrụ okwu

### Mkpụrụedemede
thumb|250x250px|chaatị ụdaume Temne

## Ide ihe
Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nke Temne gụnyere ihe odide na digraphs ndị a: 

N'oge gara aga, a na-eji ya eme ihe kama iji ya mee ihe

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

## Edensibia
ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche.

## Akwụkwọ

* Bai-Sharka, Abou (1986) Aha na ilu Temne (Akụkọ na abụ sitere na Sierra Leone mpịakọta 19). Freetown: Òtù Mmụta Ndị Mmadụ nke Sierra Leone.
* Kamarah, Sheikh Umarr (2007) *Nkọwa ụtọ asụsụ nke KʌThemnɛ (Temne) *. Munich: Lincom Europa.
* Peace Corps (1987) Sierra Leone Temne Language Manual. *[http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED290325.pdf *Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Asụsụ Temne nke Sierra Leone*]. Washington, DC: Peace Corps.*
* Turay, Abdul Karim (1989) *Akụkọ Temne*. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Wilson, W.A.A. (1961) Nkọwapụta nke asụsụ Temne. London: Mahadum nke London / SOAS.
* Yillah, M. Sorie (1992) Temne phonology and morphology [Unpublished thesis. New York: City University of New York]. Ann Arbor: UMI.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Okwu na ahịrịokwu Temne
* Grammar nke asụsụ Temne, 1864 - Rev. C. F. Schlenker
* CIA Sierra Leone faịlụ
* PanAfrican L10n peeji na Temne
* Ihe Nlereanya nke Ịge Ihe Nlereanya: Kassirie Stories
* Peeji Temne na JoshuaProject.net
* Ihe onwunwe n'asụsụ Temne
* Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Timne
* 
* Peeji Glottolog maka Timne
* Peace Corps Sierra Leone Temne Language Manual
* Ka anyị mụta Thaymneh (Temne)
Teshenawa

**Teshenawa** bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic nke a na-asụbu n'obodo Teshena nke Kafin Hausa LGA, Jigawa State, Nigeria . 

## Ihe edeturu
anya. N'ime afọ ole na ole gara Claude Rilly si kwuo, Meroitic bụ akụkụ nke asụsụ Nilo-Sahara, ma nwee njikọ pụrụ iche na alaka North Eastern Sudan
Asụsụ Dani

Asụsụ **Dani** ma ọ bụ Baliem Valley bụ ezinụlọ nke Asụsụ Trans-New Guinea ndị Dani na ndị yiri ya na-asụ na Baliem Valley na Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003)  na-ewere ọnọdụ asụsụ Trans-New Guinea ha ka e guzobe.  Ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Paniai, mana nke a edoghị anya. Capell (1962)  kwuru na ndị ikwu ha kacha nso bụ Asụsụ Kwerba, nke Ross (2005) jụrụ.

## Asụsụ
Larson (1977)  kewara ezinụlọ ahụ n'ime alaka atọ dabere na lexicostatistics, e mesịkwara tinye Nggem dị ka nke anọ. Asụsụ Ngalik enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike.

* **Ezinụlọ Dani**
** Wano
** Nggem
** Central Dani: Grand Valley Dani (elu, ala, na etiti), Hupla, Western Dani-Walak
** Ngalik: Nduga, Silimo, Yali (ìgwè asụsụ) 

 (2020) na-eweghachi ndepụta ụdaume dị ka ndị a: Nke a yiri nke nrụzigharị nke Bromley (1966-1967)  ma e wezụga ịgbakwunye ụdaume ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe *pw, *mbw, na ụdaume ọzọ *ɐ.

Na diphthongs *ei, *ou, *ai, *au.

## Aha nnọchiaha
Ross (1995)  na-eweghachi nnọchiaha ndị nweere onwe ha na prefixes nke Central Dani dị ka: 

## Ntụnyere nke okwu
Okwu ndị na-esonụ sitere na Bromley (1967)  na Voorhoeve (1975),  dị ka e depụtara na nchekwa data Trans-New Guinea: 

## Ọdịdị
Mmetụta Dani nke proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma bụ: 

Asụsụ Grand Valley Dani:

*  'man' < 
*  'tongue' < 
*  'hair' <  ( is 1sg possessor)
*  'come' < 
*  'new' < 

Asụsụ Western Dani:

* ap 'nwoke' < *ambi
* (n) (n) ti < *iti[C]
* meli 'asụsụ' < *me (l,n) e*m (l,n) na
* nweta 'ihe ọhụrụ' < *kVndak
* Okpu 'ụkwụ' < *k (a,o) gi[V]*k (a,o) ọdịda[V]
* kat (lo)  'akpụkpọ ahụ' < * (ŋg,k) a (nd,t) apu
* idu 'osisi' < *inda

Asụsụ Ngalik:

* idu (k) etu 'osisi' < *inda
* (nak) amu 'obi' < *amu
* tokon 'jupụtara' < *tVkV[ti]
* kopu 'smoke' < *kambu

## Edensibia
aga, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ abịala n'echiche na Meroitic oge ochie nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọtụtụ asụsụ a ka na-asụ taa. Dị ka onye France na-amụ banyere ihe ochie
Asụsụ Tarjumo

**Tarjumo** bụ Asụsụ liturgical Kanuri nke Naịjirịa.  na-akpọkwa ya "Kanembu oge ochie", ọ bụ ụdị nke oge a nke Old Kanembu site na c. 1400 OA ma bụrụ nke a na-apụghị ịghọta aghọta na Kanembu ma ọ bụ Kanuri nke oge a. Aha ahụ sitere na ngwaa Arabic *tarjama* (ترجم), nke pụtara "ịsụgharị." Ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta Alakụba na-eji ya eme ihe maka nkọwa nke kor'an (*tafsir*) na ihe odide Arabic ndị ọzọ.

## Edensibia
ụyọkọ asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa n'ebeebe ugwu na n'ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Gombe Steeti na Borno Steeti.  (2006) kwenyere na Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect bụ asụsụ dị iche.
Asụsụ Maɗa

**Maɗa** bụ Asụsụ Chadic a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu Cameroon. Ọ nwere ndị ọkà okwu 17,000.

Ndị Maɗa (ndị na-asụ ya dị puku iri na asaa) bi na Maɗa massif, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Mandara, n'etiti ugwu Wuzlam n'ebe ugwu na ugwu Zélgwa massif n'ebe ndịda.  bi na canton nke Madakalkoss, arrondissement nke Tokombere, ngalaba nke Mayo-Sava, Far North Region.

## Mkpụrụedemede
Maɗa nwere ụdaume asaa.

## Mkpụrụ okwu
Maɗa nwere ụdaume iri abụọ na ise n'ozuzu, gụnyere implosives, fricatives n'akụkụ, na nkwụsịtụ prenasalized.

## Ihe edeturu
anyanwụ Thailand, ma ọ bụ "Kasong" Chong, nke a na-ahazi ha abụọ dị ka "Central Chong" tinyere Samre, yabụ ma eleghị anya a ga-ewere ha dị ka olumba Samre karịa nke Chong. N'otu aka ahụ, asụsụ ndị a na-akpọ "Chung" na

## Edensibia

* Daniel Barreteau na André Brunet 2000. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Maza. Berlin: Ịlọghachi.
* http://pbase.phon.chass.ncsu.edu/asụsụ/322
Asụsụ Rubruba

**Rubaruba** (tuRubaruba) bụ asụsụ Kainji nke Naịjirịa nke so na asụsụ Kamuku. Blench na-akọ Rubaruba (2012), mana anaghị ekpuchi ya na Ethnologue ma ọ bụ Glottolog.

## Edensibia
anyanwụ Thailand, ma ọ bụ "Kasong" Chong, nke a na-ahazi ha abụọ dị ka "Central Chong" tinyere Samre, yabụ ma eleghị anya a ga-ewere ha dị ka olumba Samre karịa nke Chong. N'otu aka ahụ, asụsụ ndị a na-akpọ "Chung" na
Asụsụ Putai

**Putai** nke a makwaara dị ka ***Marghi West*** bụ asụsụ Afro-Asia nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịdị na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa. Asụsụ ahụ -anwụ ma bụrụ nke Kanuri nọchiri.

## Hụkwa

* Marghi Central
* Marghi South

## Ihe edeturu
Polci, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ South Bauchi West, enweghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ma ọ bụ klas aha ma dị ka iwu, aha ole na ole na-emepụta ọtụtụ (morpho-lexical plural). A na-egosipụta ọnụọgụ dị n'ime NP (okwu aha) site na ndị na-agbanwe aha. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ngwaa na arụmụka ya. Otú  dị, otutu na-apụta na ngwaa
Asụsụ Pyapun

**Pyapun** bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic a na-asụ na Plateau State, Nigeria .   na-asụ ya n'ihe dị ka obodo nta iri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụzọ Panyam-Shendam.

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* *[https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/88034 Profaịlụ Sociolinguistic nke Piapung (Pyapun)  Asụsụ nke Plateau State, Nigeria]*

## Ihe edeturu
Polci, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ South Bauchi West, enweghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ma ọ bụ klas aha ma dị ka iwu, aha ole na ole na-emepụta ọtụtụ (morpho-lexical plural). A na-egosipụta ọnụọgụ dị n'ime NP (okwu aha) site na ndị na-agbanwe aha. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ngwaa na arụmụka ya. Otú  dị, otutu na-apụta na ngwaa
Asụsụ Putukwam

**Putukwam** (Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike) bụ Asụsụ Bendi nke Obudu LGA, Cross River State, Nigeria.

## Asụsụ
Ethnologue na Glottolog depụtara ire okwu dị ka:

* Afrike (Aferike, Utumane) 
* Irungene (Mbe Afal, Mbe East, Mbube Eastern, Obe, Upper Mbe) 
* Mgbenege (Ngbenege) 
* Okworogung (Ukworogung) 
* Ukwortung (Okorotung) 
* Utugwang (Otukwang, Utukwang) 

Roger Blench (2019) depụtara olumba dị ka: 

* Obe
* Mgbenege
* Utugwang
* Okwọrọgung
* Okwọrọtung

## Edensibia
Polci, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ South Bauchi West, enweghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ma ọ bụ klas aha ma dị ka iwu, aha ole na ole na-emepụta ọtụtụ (morpho-lexical plural). A na-egosipụta ọnụọgụ dị n'ime NP (okwu aha) site na ndị na-agbanwe aha. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ngwaa na arụmụka ya. Otú  dị, otutu na-apụta na ngwaa
Asụsụ Pongu

**Pongu** (Pangu), ma ọ bụ **Rin**, bụ asụsụ Kainji a na-asụ na Naịjirịa. E nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 20,000. Isi obodo  dị n'obodo Pangu Gari nke Niger State, ihe dị ka kilomita 20 n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Tegina.

## Ezinụlọ
E nwere agbụrụ 8 nke Rin. na-asụ asụsụ dịtụ iche ma ha na-aghọta ibe ha.

* Ca-su
* Ca-undu
* A-Swapụ
* Ca-gere = Ca-majere
* A-baba = U-bwɔbwɔ
* A-wusi = A-kwa
* A-zhiga
* A-waga = Awәgә

**Awagị** nwere ike ịbụ agbụrụ dị iche nke a nabatara n'ime ndị Rin. Awәgә bụ asụsụ dị iche iche metụtara Rin, a na-asụkwa ya n'obodo ụfọdụ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Zungeru. Otú ọ dị, taa ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị. Blench (2012) nwere ike idekọ ọkara ọkà okwu n'obodo Dikko, nso obodo Luwa, Rafi LGA.  kọrọ na mmadụ abụọ na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma na Gidan Gambo, nso Pongu Gari.

## Akwụkwọ

* Dettweiler, Stephen na Sonia Dettweiller (2002) 'Nnyocha asụsụ nke ndị Pongu', SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2002-040

## Edensibia
Polci, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ South Bauchi West, enweghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ma ọ bụ klas aha ma dị ka iwu, aha ole na ole na-emepụta ọtụtụ (morpho-lexical plural). A na-egosipụta ọnụọgụ dị n'ime NP (okwu aha) site na ndị na-agbanwe aha. Enweghị nkwekọrịta n'etiti ngwaa na arụmụka ya. Otú  dị, otutu na-apụta na ngwaa

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* *[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9113 Nnyocha asụsụ na mmekọrịta nke ndị Pongu]*
Piti Asụsụ

**Piti** (Pitti, Bishi, Bisi) bụ obere Asụsụ Kainji nke Kaduna Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ndị na-asụ Bishi bi na ọ dịkarịa ala obodo iri abụọ na isii.

**Ngmgbang** (Riban, Rigmgbang) edepụtara n'oge gara aga dị ka olumba nke Bishi, mana o doro anya na ọ bụ asụsụ dị iche n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere njikọ.  na-asụ ya n'obodo nta ole na ole na Kaduna Steeti.

## Edensibia

ndị a bụ ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa, gụnyere Northern Nigeria (Hausa na Fulani), Northern Cameroon, Southern Niger, Southern Chad, Central African Republic
Pero asụsụ

**Asụsụ Chadic**

Asụsụ Chadic  otu n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa. Asụsụ Chadic bụ akụkụ nke alaka Afroasiatic nke a na-akpọkwa Afro-Chadic.  ndị a bụ ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa, gụnyere Northern Nigeria (Hausa na Fulani), Northern Cameroon, Southern Niger, Southern Chad, Central African Republic, na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ nke Africa.

## Edensibia
ndị a bụ ndị a ma ama n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Africa, gụnyere Northern Nigeria (Hausa na Fulani), Northern Cameroon, Southern Niger, Southern Chad, Central African Republic
Nupe

**Nupe** (nke a makwaara dị ka Anufe, Nupenci, Nyinfe, Tapa) bụ asụsụ Volta-Niger nke alaka Nupoid nke ndị isi na-asụ ya. Nupe people nke mpaghara North Central Nigeria. Nkesa ala ya na-agbatị ma na-akwado ọkwa mbụ na steeti Niger yana Kwara, Kogi, Nasarawa na  Federal Capital Territory.

## Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ
Nupe bụ asụsụ Ndị Nupe na-asụ,  ndị bi na Niger State na Naịjirịa, na-ebi n'ala dị ala nke ihe dị ka square kilomita 18,000 (6,950 square miles) na Niger Basin, ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ebe ugwu nke osimiri dị n'etiti Kontagora na Guara na-agbakọta site na Kainji ruo n'okpuru Baro, yana Kwara State, Kogi State na Federal Capital Territory.

A na-asụkarị Nupe na Bida, Niger State na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. A na-asụkwa ya n'obodo nta ndị dị na Osimiri Benue dị nso na Ibi na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Lafia. Nupe amụtawo n otu asụsụ dị ka ndị Benu nke Kutigi (nke na-asụ asụsụ Kanuri na mbụ), na ndị Gbagyi na Lemu.

**Nupe-Tako** (nke pụtara 'The Nupe Below"; nke a makwaara dị ka Bassa Nge) bụ nke Ndị Bassa Nge na-asụkwa Bassa Nge ma ọ bụ Bassa Nupe dialect nke Asụsụ Basa ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na etiti Nupe.

## Nchịkọta
Asụsụ Nupe bụ nke Alaka Nupoid nke otu asụsụ Benue-Congo. Asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ìgwè ahụ bụ Igbira (Ebira), Gade, na Kakanda. Nupe nwere njikọ chiri anya na Kakanda na nhazi na okwu. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala asụsụ abụọ dị iche iche: Nupe central na Nupe Tako . 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Ilu
Okwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-abịa n'ụdị *egankogi* (ihe atụ), *gangba* (ịdọ aka ná ntị), *egancin* (asụsụ), *ecingi* (ihe omimi / akụkọ) na *eganmagan* (okwu).    &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

''Eganmagan'' (okwu, ọtụtụ ''eganmaganzhi) '' bụ okwu amamihe a na-ekwu n'etiti Nupes. Ha bụ ilu nkuzi nke na-akụziri, na-atọ ụtọ, ma na-akụzi omume ọma. Ha bụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ omume nke ndị Nupe, a na-enyekwa ha site n'otu ọgbọ gaa na nke ọzọ site na abụ, akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ọdịnala, akụkọ ifo.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Dị ka ilu ndị ọzọ nke Africa, ilu Nupe na-ejikọta ma ọ bụ na-akọwa ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi ha iji kọwaa ma ọ bụ dozie ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ụkpụrụ, nsogbu, ma ọ bụ nsogbu. Ha na-enyekwa nghọta, na-adọ aka ná ntị ma na-enye ndụmọdụ, ma ọ bụ na-akụzi asụsụ iji gbanwee nghọta nke ekwere na ọ ga-abụ eziokwu.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* PanAfriL10n peeji na Nupe
* Takada nya Aduwa Eza nya Kama kendona zizi nya Anglican Church yi na Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Nupe (1955) digitized by Richard Mammana
Asụsụ Nam

N**Aha** bụ asụsụ a na-amaghị ama nke e chekwara na transcriptions Tibet n'ọtụtụ iberibe Ihe odide Dunhuang. A na-edebe iberibe ihe odide ahụ na British Library na Bibliothèque nationale de France.

## Nchịkọta
Dị ka Ikeda Takumi si kwuo, nchọpụta nke F. W. Thomas, nke e bipụtara na 1948, kwubiri na Nam "bụ otu n'ime *Qiang [asụsụ]* ochie a na-asụ gburugburu ugwu Nam dị nso na Koko ma ọ bụ na mpaghara Qinghai", nke jikọtara ya na mba a na-akpọ *Nam tig* nke a kpọtụrụ aha na ụfọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otú  dị, Ikeda gara n'ihu kwuo na a katọrọ nkwubi okwu Thomas n'ọtụtụ ebe.

*Glottolog* kwenyere na ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala Sino-Tibetan.

## Akwụkwọ Nsọ
Wen (1981: 18-19) depụtara ihe ndị na-esonụ, nke e si na Thomas (1948: 399-451).

## Edensibia
 ihe dị ka square kilomita 18,000 (6,950 square miles) na Niger Basin, ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ebe ugwu nke osimiri dị n'etiti Kontagora na Guara na-agbakọta site na Kainji ruo n'okpuru Baro, yana Kwara State, Kogi State na Federal Capital

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Nyingwom

Asụsụ **Nyingwom** ma ọ bụ Kam bụ asụsụ Niger-Congo a na-asụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.  (2019) depụtara ndị ọkà okwu bi n'obodo nta ndị dị na Mayo Kam na Kamajim na Bali LGA, Taraba State. Lesage na-akọ na a na-asụ Kam n'obodo nta 27 nke Bali LGA. 

A na-akpọ Nyingwom dị ka alaka "G8" na atụmatụ ezinụlọ Adamawa nke Joseph Greenberg. Nchịkọta ziri ezi nke Kam bụ ihe nyocha ugbu a.

Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-akpọ onwe ha na asụsụ ha *Nyí ŋwɔ̀m*. Kamajim (Kam: *àngwɔ́g ɲí* 'ụlọ ndị mmadụ') bụ isi obodo ọdịnala nke Kam na ala ọdịda anyanwụ nke ugwu dị n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Kam. Ndị Kam  ndị Kororofa Jukun anọwo na-emekọrịta ihe nke ọma.

## Nbudata
Kam ma ọ bụ Nyingwom na-asụ ihe dị ka ndị na-erughị 5,000 na-asọpụta na ebe obibi nke: 

* Sarkin Dawa (70) 
* Mayo Kam (150) 
* Garin Hamza (700) 
* Din Kamaajin A, B, C, D (3,000) 
* Garin Laa (300) 
* Garin Bandari (300) 

Otú  dị, Jakob Lesage na-eme atụmatụ 20,000-25,000 ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ime obodo 27 na Mee 2017.

N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Niger-Congo ndị ọzọ, Kam enweghị usoro klas aha.

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Lesage, Jakob. 2019. Akwụkwọ Kam ahọpụtara (nke nwere ọdịyo) . Pangloss Collection: Ihe ncheta maka asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria, Vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.

## Edensibia
ihe dị ka square kilomita 18,000 (6,950 square miles) na Niger Basin, ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ebe ugwu nke osimiri dị n'etiti Kontagora na Guara na-agbakọta site na Kainji ruo n'okpuru Baro, yana Kwara State, Kogi State na Federal Capital

## Njikọ mpụga

* Kam, nke Jakob Lesage dere. AdaGram
Majuba: Heuwel van Duiwe

***Majuba: Heuwel van Duiwe*** (Majuba: Hill of Doves), bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke 1968 nke David Millin duziri ma Roscoe C. Behrmann na Hyman Kirstein mepụtara.  -eme ihe nkiri bụ Roland Robinson, Reinet Maasdorp, na Patrick Mynhardt na-eduzi ọrụ tinyere Siegfried Mynhardt, Anna Neethling-Pohl na Morné Coetzer na-akwado ọrụ.

Ihe nkiri ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe ndị mere n'oge Agha Boer nke Mbụ nke gụnyere Agha Bronkhorstspruit, Agha Laing's Nek na Agha Majuba Hill. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma ma nweta ọtụtụ onyinye na mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa.

Ihe nkiri mbụ a tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ awa atọ ma ndị na-ekesa ya n'ógbè ahụ belatara ihe nkiri ahụ iji nwetakwuo ihe ngosi kwa ụbọchị n'ihi na ọ na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu: mbipụta dị mkpirikpi bụ ihe niile fọdụrụ na nke mbụ a na-ebipụ na ihe nkiri ahụ echebeghị.

## Mmetụta
E debere ya n'oge Agha Anglo-Boer mbụ 1880-1881 na-akọwa ihe omume ndị dugara n'agha ikpeazụ a na-agwụ na otu n'ime mmeri kachasị ihere maka Britain n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

## Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri

* Roland Robinson dị ka Dirk van der Berg
* Reinet Maasdorp dị ka Lena du Toit
* Patrick Mynhardt dị ka Rolf du Toit
* Siegfried Mynhardt dị ka Philippus du Toit
* Anna Neethling-Pohl dị ka Katryn du Toit
* Morné Coetzer dị ka Louis du Toit
* James White dị ka Boetie van der Berg
* Tromp Terre'blanche dị ka Groot Dirk van der Berg
* Virgo du Plessis dị ka Aunt Johanna van der Berg
* Thandi Brewer dị ka Klein Johanna
* Francis Coertze dị ka Aunt Martha
* Petrina Fry dị ka Oriakụ Brenner
* Eric Cordell dị ka Maazị Brenner
* Kerry Jordan dị ka Colonel Philip Anstruther
* Pieter Hauptfleisch dị ka Commandant Frans Joubert
* June Neethling dị ka Stephanie
* Morrison Gampu dị ka Reuter
* Hugh Rouse dị ka Lieutenant - Doornkloof
* Anthony James dị ka Maj. Gen. Sir George Pomeroy Colley
* Ian Yule dị ka onye ọpụpụ
* George Jackson dị ka Deserter Thomas
* Peter Tobin dị ka Col. Stewart
* Willie van Rensburg dị ka Commandant Smit
* Lance Lockhart-Ross dị ka Maj. Fraser
* Lourens Schultz dị ka Commandant General Piet Joubert
* Esmé Euvrard dị ka Spotter
* Adrian Steed dị ka Melton Prior, onye nta akụkọ agha
* Elizabeth Hamilton dị ka Edith Colley
* Kenneth Baker dị ka Capt. Lang
* Brian Brooke dị ka Captain - Brennersdorp
* Johan du Plooy dị ka Hans
* Jaco van der Westhuizen dị ka Willem

## Edensibia
n'oge Agha Anglo-Boer mbụ 1880-1881 na-akọwa ihe omume ndị dugara n'agha ikpeazụ a na-agwụ na otu n'ime mmeri kachasị ihere maka Britain n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* YouTube.com/watch?v=yCDJSVmxHkg" id="mwbA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">*Majuba: Heuwel van Duiwe* na YouTube
Asụsụ Sillok

**Sillok** (*Aka*) bụ asụsụ Nilo-Sahara nke Ndị Sillok nke Sudan na-asụ. Ihe  ka mmadụ 300 na-asụ ya na steeti Blue Nile, ọkachasị na Ugwu Silak (*Jebel Silak*), ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ugwu Ingessana.

Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, asụsụ ahụ na-anwụ anwụ, ebe Asụsụ Berta dị nso na-emetụta ya nke ukwuu. Ndị Sillok -asụ asụsụ ahụ bụ otu ìgwè fọdụrụnụ.

## Edensibia
2021, Simon Sauls nwụrụ, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwanyị, Katrina Esau dị afọ 88, dị ka onye ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. Ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto nke São Khomani bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nama na-akpa nganga ma nwee obere njikọ na São Khoman. Isọ  nwa nwa ya nwanyị meghere ụlọ

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ a na-akpọ isi na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Asụsụ Yakamul

**Yakamul**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Kap** ma ọ bụ **[[Agwaetiti Ali|Ali]]**, bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na East Aitape Rural LLG, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea.  A na-asụ ya n'obodo Yakamul ( 142°40′36′′E / 3.271334°S 142.676556°E / -3.271334; 142.67 6556 (Yakamul 1)) n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu na n'àgwàetiti Ali, Angel, na Seleo. 

## Edensibia
2021, Simon Sauls nwụrụ, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwanyị, Katrina Esau dị afọ 88, dị ka onye ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. Ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto nke São Khomani bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nama na-akpa nganga ma nwee obere njikọ na São Khoman. Isọ  nwa nwa ya nwanyị meghere ụlọ

## Ihe onwunwe

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Asụsụ Yangere

**Yangere** bụ Asụsụ Ubangian nke Central African Republic . Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Central Band.

## Edensibia
agụnye Zande n'etiti Asụsụ Ubangian, ọ bụ ezie na Moñino (2010) anaghị agbakọta ya n'ime asụsụ Ubangian. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ onye otu ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, ma ọ bụ ebe
Ogwe aka asụsụ ogbi

**glove Asụsụ ndị ogbi** bụ ngwaọrụ eletrọniki nke na-anwa ịgbanwe mmegharị nke asụsụ ndị ogbe n'okwu edere ma ọ bụ nke a na-ekwu. Ụfọdụ ndị na-akatọ teknụzụ dị otú ahụ ekwuola na ikike nke gloves ndị nwere ike ime nke a na-ekwukarị ma ọ bụ na-aghọtaghị nke ọma, n'ihi na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ogbi nwere ụtọ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke gụnyere iji oghere akara na ngosipụta ihu (ihe ndị na-abụghị nke aka). 

Ngwaọrụ a na-eyi nwere ihe mmetụta ndị na-agafe mkpịsị aka anọ na mkpịsị ụkwụ ukwu iji mata okwu, ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla dịka emere ya n'asụsụ ndị ogbi enyere.A na-eziga akara ndị ahụ na-enweghị eriri na smartphone, nke na-asụgharị ha n'okwu a na-ekwu na ọnụego nke otu okwu kwa sekọnd.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na UCLA, ebe e mepụtara otu n'ime ọtụtụ ọrụ, kwenyere na ihe ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike inye ohere maka nkwurịta okwu dị mfe maka ndị ntị chiri. "Olileanya anyị bụ na nke a ga-emeghe ụzọ dị mfe maka ndị na-eji asụsụ ndị ogbi na-ekwurịta okwu ozugbo na ndị na-abụghị ndị ogbi n'enweghị mkpa ka onye ọzọ sụgharịa maka ha, "ka onye nchọpụta Jun Chen kwuru.

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta gbakwunyere ihe mmetụta na ihu ndị mmadụ na-anwale ngwaọrụ ahụ - n'etiti ntì ha na n'otu akụkụ ọnụ ha - iji jide ihe ndị na-abụghị nke aka nke asụsụ ahụ.

## Edensibia
Leading Lady (ihe nkiri)

Leading Lady bụ Ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke afọ 2014 nke Henk Pretorius duziri, nke Llewelynn Greeff mepụtara, na Katie McGrath, Bok van Blerk na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Canada Gil Bellows dị ka onye na-emegide ihe nkiri ahụ, Daniel Taylor, onye nduzi ihe nkiri Hollywood.

E mere ihe nkiri ahụ na South Africa ma wepụta ya na 29 Nọvemba 2014. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ Pretorius na Greeff mepụtara ọnụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ha, Dark Matter Studios.

## Nchịkọta atụmatụ
Leading Lady na-akọ akụkọ banyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Britain, Jodi Rutherford (Katie McGrath), onye mere ka Kobus Willemse (Bok van Blerk), onye ọrụ ugbo Afrikaner si Brandfort, kwadebe ya maka ọrụ na nnukwu ihe nkiri dị ka onye na-Asụsụ Afrikaans nke Agha Anglo-Boer nke Abụọ. Na nzaghachi, Jodi na-ekwe nkwa ịhazi ma duzie egwu kwa afọ na ugbo Willemse. Mmekọrịta Jodi na ụmụ amaala Brandfort na Kobus siri ike na-akụziri ya na e nwere ihe karịrị ndụ Hollywood: ọkụ, igwefoto, na ihe omume. ma ọ bụ na ọ dị ebe ahụ?

## Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri

* Katie McGrath
* Bok van Blerk
* Gil Bellows
* Brümilda van Rensburg
* Craig Palm
* Mary Twala
* Eduan van Jaarsveldt
* André Stolz
* Ilze nke Plooy
* Jana Strydom

## Nbudata
A tọhapụrụ Leading Lady na sinima na South Africa na 29 Nọvemba 2014 ma nweta ngụkọta nke R7.9 nde na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, MarVista Entertainment na Tomcat Films wepụtara Leading Lady na North America dị ka ndị na-ekesa ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ahịa DVD na South Africa enwetala ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị nkeji 20,000 n'ógbè ahụ, ntọhapụ nke North America nwetara nkesa karịsịa site na ntanetị ntanetị ntanetị, ya bụ Netflix na Amazon Prime Video na mpaghara USA na Canada.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Mmeghachi omume
 Thangevelo nke *IOL* dere, sị: "Leading Lady bụ akụkọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke na-emetụta ọdịbendị nke mba abụọ, na-enye ọtụtụ oge na-atọ ọchị n'etiti ihe dị egwu. Ọ naghị anwa ịbụ ihe ọ bụla karịa ihe na-enweghị mgbagwoju anya, nke a na-emetụ n'ahụ na nke na-atọ ụtọ. "

Nnyocha site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ntụrụndụ Spling na-ede, sị: "Leading Lady bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-akpali akpali na ọrụ ịhụnanya site na Henk Pretorius. Site na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ruo ndị ọrụ, enwere nghọta na ịhụnanya maka ndị na-ese onyinyo na ihe nkiri, na-enye akụkọ na-atọ ụtọ, ọchị na uru ntụrụndị siri ike, ihe nkiri na-akwasị anya na ihe nkiri 'rom' na-atọ ọchị ma na-eju afọ ojuju. " 

Mike McCahill nke *The Guardian* dere "Ma ndị kasị dị nro na ihe nkiri banyere ime ihe nkiri nke na-egosipụta enweghị mmetụta maka ụzọ e si eme ihe nkiri. " "Ịga site na A gaa na B na-achọ ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na-enweghị isi, ma mgbe onye nduzi Henk Pretorius jupụtara na etiti ahụ na veldt, ọhụụ mbụ nke Big Ben na-eme ka enweghị oké ọchịchọ. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri ndị njem nleta, maka anya a na-apụghị ịgbagha". 

## Edensibia
2021, Simon Sauls nwụrụ, na-ahapụ nwanne ya nwanyị, Katrina Esau dị afọ 88, dị ka onye ikpeazụ na-asụ asụsụ ahụ. Ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto nke São Khomani bụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nama na-akpa nganga ma nwee obere njikọ na São Khoman. Isọ  nwa nwa ya nwanyị meghere ụlọ

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* Nwanyị Na-eduganaTomato rere ure
Asụsụ nke Senegal

thumb|Map agbụrụ na asụsụ nke Senegal
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe ọmụma nke asụsụ French na Senegal. N'afọ 2005, 10% nke ndị Senegal na-asụ French n'ụzọ zuru oke, na 21% na-asụrụ French. Atụmatụ nke Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie mere.
Senegal bụ mba na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ: Ethnologue depụtara asụsụ 36, Wolof bụ asụsụ a na-asụrụkarị.

French, nke e ketara site n'oge ọchịchị, bụ nke gọọmentị na-eji ma ghọta site na 15-20% nke ụmụ nwoke niile na ihe dị ka 1-2% nke ụmụ nwanyị niile. Senegal bụ onye otu mba nke Organisation internationale de la Francophonie . Onye Senegal, Abdou Diouf, nọ n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ ya n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2014.

Ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ Senegalese nwere ọnọdụ nke "Asụsụ mba": Wolof, Balanta-Ganja, Arabic, Jola-Fonyi, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon (Serer-Noon), Pulaar, Serer, na Soninke.

N'ihe gbasara ojiji, Wolof bụ Asụsụ a na-asụkarị na Senegal, dị ka asụsụ mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ (80%). 

Asụsụ Mande a na-asụ gụnyere Soninke, na Mandinka. Jola (Diola) bụ asụsụ bụ isi na mpaghara Casamance. A na-asụkwa olumba Guinea Creole, nke dabeere na Portuguese na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2008, a nabatara Senegal, n'ihi njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ọchịchị Portuguese na Casamance, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries).

Mmụta maka ndị ntị chiri na Senegal na-eji asụsụ ogbi America, nke onye ozi ala ọzọ America ntị chiri bụ Andrew Foster webatara. Asụsụ obodo bụ Asụsụ Ogbi Mbour.

Akụkọ maka Kansụl Ukwu nke Francophonie na Paris kwuru na 1986 na Senegal, mmadụ 60,000 na-asụ French dị ka asụsụ mbụ na 700,000 na-asụrụ French dị ka okwu nke abụọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị  na Senegal n'oge ahụ bụ 6,500,000.

## Asụsụ ndị a na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ
French bụ ihe mmụta ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, ebe ọ bụ asụsụ gọọmentị nke Senegal.  na-akụzi Bekee dị ka isiokwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gafee mba ahụ.

## Asụsụ

* Arabic
* Asụsụ Ogbi nke America
* Badyara
* Banyum
* Balanta
* Bandial
* Bassari
* Bayot
* Bedik
* Guinea-Bissau Creole (Asụsụ Creole nke Casamance) 
* French
* Fula
* Gusilay
* Hassaniya Arabic
* Jola-Felupe
* Jola-Fonyi
* Kasa
* Karon
* Kassonke
* Kobiana
* Kwatay
* Laalaa
* Mandinka
* Manjak
* Maninka
* Mankanya
* Asụsụ Ogbi nke Mbouti
* Mlomp
* Ndut
* Nko
* Oge ehihie
* Palor
* Pulaar
* Pular
* Safen
* Serer
* Soninke
* Wamey
* Wolof
* Yalunka

## Edensibia
Portuguese na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2008, a nabatara Senegal, n'ihi njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ọchịchị Portuguese na Casamance, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] French na asụsụ Africa na Senegal. Paris: AACT na Karthala.

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Map asụsụ nke Senegal na Muturzikin.com
* Akụkọ asụsụ obodo site na Peace Corps Senegal
* Ethnologue peeji na Senegal
* PanAfrican L10n peeji na Senegal
* Ọnọdụ asụsụ na Senegal (N'asụsụ French)
Mgbasa ozi asụsụ ogbi

mgbasa ozi Asụsụ ndị ogbi bụ mgbasa ozi dabere na usoro mgbasa ozi maka asụsụ ndị ogbe. A na-ewu Njikọ na mgbasa ozi asụsụ ndị ogbi na nhazi ụtọ asụsụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke asụsụ ndị ogbe. N'ozuzu, a na-ewu mgbasa ozi maka asụsụ a na-ekwu okwu ma ọ bụ asụsụ edere ede, ọ na-esokarịkwaghị na asụsụ ndị ogbi.

Mgbasa ozi asụsụ ndị ogbi nwere **njirimara** ụfọdụ:

* Ụda adịghị, ma ọ bụ na frequency dị ala (bass).
* Mba, ma ọ bụ obere, a na-eji ederede eme ihe.
* Otu igwefoto pụrụ iche maka foto nso.

## Ihe ịrịba ama

* **Oge analogo:**
** Ihe nkiri - A mụrụ mgbasa ozi asụsụ ogbi. E mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi na 1902. 
** Vidio - A na-ekesa magazin asụsụ ndị ogbi na vidiyo.
* **Oge dijitalụ:**
** Vidio dijitalụ na ngwanrọ - A na-emepụta interface asụsụ akara iji nyochaa ọdịnaya.
** World Wide Web - Ozi na asụsụ ndị ogbi na-adị maka onye ọ bụla.
** Vidio na kamera - Nkwurịta okwu asụsụ ogbi na-aghọ ihe kwere omume.
** Ekwentị vidio mkpanaka - UMTS na-enye nkwado maka nkwukọrịta asụsụ ndị ogbi.
** Vlogs - Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-asụ asụsụ ndị ogbi malitere ịba ụba na ngagharị iwe megide Jane Fernandes.
**  nke vidiyo asụsụ ndị ogbi site  iji avatar ndị kọmputa mepụtara kama ihe oyiyi nke ezigbo onye.
**  na-emepụta vidiyo asụsụ ndị ogbi [1] n'ụdị ihe ịrịba ama dị iche iche site na iji ezigbo Ndị ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ogbi
**  ike igosi asụsụ ndị ogbi  ụlọ ihe nkiri site na ihuenyo nke abụọ a na-etinye n'oche, na-egwu egwu egwu egwu nke asụsụ ndị ogbe na ihe nkiri ahụ kwekọrọ. [1] [2]

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ntụgharị uche na Mgbasa Ozi Asụsụ Ogbi
* Mgbasa ozi Asụsụ Ogbi
* ASL Vlog nke Joey Baer
* Ndepụta ihe nkiri nke Asụsụ Ogbi
* Asụsụ Ogbi Mgbasa Ozi na Film/TV
* Média'pi!: mgbasa ozi 

## Edensibia
Portuguese na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2008, a nabatara Senegal, n'ihi njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ọchịchị Portuguese na Casamance, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Ụbọchị Asụsụ Ogbi nke Mba Nile

A na-eme emume International Day of Sign Languages (IDSL) kwa afọ n'ụwa niile na 23 Septemba kwa afọ yana International Week of the Deaf.

Nhọrọ nke  Septemba bụ otu ụbọchị ahụ e guzobere World Federation of the Deaf na 1951. 

## Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Asụsụ Ogbi
A na-ekwupụta ihe a na-ahụ anya site na Asụsụ ndị ogbi. A maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ ndị a n'ụwa. Ọtụtụ mba nwere asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ha. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, enwere ọtụtụ. Akụkọ asụsụ ndị ogbi nwere ike ịbụ ihe ị nwere mmasị ịmụta karịa. Ìgwè ndị ntị chiri ejirila asụsụ ndị a mee ihe kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. 'ezie, Cratylus nke Plato site na narị afọ nke 15 BC nwere otu n'ime ihe atụ mbụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi n'akwụkwọ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ ndị ogbi tupu narị afọ nke iri na itoolu aghọtaghị nke ọma. Ihe onwunwe a na-ejedebe na mkpụrụedemede aka, nke a na-akpọkwa usoro mkpịsị aka. E mepụtara ihe ndị a iji sụgharịa okwu site na asụsụ a na-asụ n'asụsụ ndị ogbi.  na-eche na Pedro Ponce de Leon mepụtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ntuziaka mbụ.

Abbé de l'Épée guzobere ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ na Paris maka ụmụaka ntị chiri. Onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama na klas a, nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1755, bụ ma eleghị anya Laurent Clerc. Ya na Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, gara United States wee guzobe American School for the Deaf na 1817.  ọrụ ahụ, nke nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 174 ugbu a, dị na West Hartford, Connecticut, ọ bụkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide kachasị ochie maka ndị ntị chiri na US.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti asụsụ a na-asụ na asụsụ ndị ogbi dị mgbagwoju anya ma dịgasị iche site na mba karịa site na asụsụ a na'asụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-asụ Bekee n'ọtụtụ ebe na US, UK, Canada, Australia, na New Zealand. Otú ọ dị, Asụsụ Ogbi French bụ ebe Asụsụ Ogwe American (ASL), nke a na-eji na United States na Canada na-asụ Bekee, malitere. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Britain, Australia, na New Zealand. A na-eji akara mba ụwa eme ihe na nzukọ mba ụwa, dị ka nzukọ Deaflympics na World Federation of the Deaf. Gestuno bụ aha mbụ maka nke a.

## Isiokwu

* **2018**: *Site na Asụsụ Ogbi, Onye ọ bụla gụnyere!* 
* **2019**: *Ikike Asụsụ Ogbi Maka Mmadụ Nile!* [1]
* **2020**: *Asụsụ Ogbi bụ maka Onye Ọ bụla!*
* **2021**: Anyị bịanyere aka na ikike mmadụ! [1]
* **2022**: *Asụsụ Ogbi Jikọtara Anyị!*
* **2023**: Ụwa ebe ndị ntị chiri n'ebe niile nwere ike ịbịanye aka n'ebe ọ bụla! 

## Edensibia

Portuguese na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2008, a nabatara Senegal, n'ihi njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ọchịchị Portuguese na Casamance, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Okwu (asụsụ akara)

N'Asụsụ ndị ogbi, **okwu** bụ ọnọdụ ahụ pụrụ iche na ihu ihu nke na-eso akara aka, nke dị mkpa iji mepụta okwu n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Nkwupụta bụ otu n'ime ihe ise dị na akara, tinyere SIG_language)" id="mwBw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Handshape (sign language)">ọdịdị aka (DEZ), ORI_(sign_language)" id="mwCQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Orientation (sign language)">ntụziaka (ORI), ebe (TAB), na mmegharị (SIG). Akụkụ dị mkpa nke nkwupụta bụ ọnụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe ịrịba ama niile nwere ngosipụta sitere n'okike.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Edensibia

Portuguese na mpaghara ahụ. N'afọ 2008, a nabatara Senegal, n'ihi njikọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ọchịchị Portuguese na Casamance, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries
Asụsụ Ungkue

Asụsụ ma ọ bụ olumba nke mpaghara Osimiri Vaal nke South Africa, ebe a na-asụ ya na Warrenton. Ọ bụ Carl Meinhof dere ya, ọ bụkwa ya na asụsụ dị nso (ma ọ bụ olumba) nke Dorothea Bleek dere; ha nwekwara njikọ na Nyang, nke nwere otu onye na-ekwu okwu fọdụrụ na 2023. O nwere akara Bleek *SIIb*.

Dị ka a, a na-eji nnọchiaha 'na-agụnye' maka isiokwu ndị dị mgbagwoju anya:

 

## Akwụkwọ edemede
Güldemann (2019) depụtara akwụkwọ edemede ndị a: 

## Edensibia
asụ ya na Warrenton. Ọ bụ Carl Meinhof dere ya, ọ bụkwa ya na asụsụ dị nso (ma ọ bụ olumba) nke Dorothea Bleek dere; ha nwekwara njikọ na Nyan
Asụsụ Yugh

***'Yug***' (//'juːɡọ// YOOG; Yug) bụ asụsụ Yeniseian, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Ket, nke Ndị Yugh na-asụbu, otu n'ime ndịda ndịda n'akụkụ Osimiri Yenisei na etiti Siberia. A na-ewere ya dị ka olumba nke Asụsụ Ket, nke a na-ewere dị ka asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, ya mere a na-akpọ ya *Sym Ket* ma ọ bụ *Southern Ket*; Otú ọ dị, Ket weere ya dị ka asụsụ pụrụ iche. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1990, e nwere naanị mmadụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na-asụ ya nke ọma fọdụrụ, asụsụ ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị.  ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke afọ 2010 naanị otu agbụrụ Yugh ka a gụrụ.

## Ihe edeturu
dịpụrụ adịpụ, ya mere a na-akpọ ya Sym Ket ma ọ bụ Southern Ket; Otú ọ dị, Ket weere ya dị ka asụsụ pụrụ iche. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1990, e nwere naanị mmadụ abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na-asụ ya nke ọma fọdụrụ, asụsụ ahụ

## Edensibia

* Vajda, Edward J., Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide, Curzon Press: 2002  .  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Yugh na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Asụsụ a na-asụ

A na-asụ asụsụ ma ọ bụ olumba na-adịghi zi adị nke ezinụlọ a na-asụ rụọ na nso mba Tsolo na Umtata District na South Africa, n'ebe ndịda Lesotho. A na-agba aka ebe ya nke ọma, naanị ihe bụ okwu 140 anakọtara site na ndị ọkà okwu abụọ na 1931. 

Dị ka a na-ewere ya dị ka "onye ọzọ" n'etiti asụsụ ndị a na-asụ n'asụsụ ndị a na Güldemann (2005, 2011), mana edepụtara ya dị ka ụdị ọzọ nke asụsụ ndị a n'asụsụ Güldemann (2019).

## Edemsibịa