Asụsụ Tuareg

**Tuareg** asụsụ bụ otu asụsụ na olumba Berber nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ndị Tuareg Berber na-asụ ha n'akụkụ buru ibu nke Mali, Niger,Algeria, Libya, na Burkina Faso, nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu ole na ole, ndị Kinnin, na Chad.[1]

## Nkọwa
Olumba Tuareg so na South Berber na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ya dị ka otu asụsụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ site na Karl-Gottfried Prasse ). A na-eji mgbanwe ụda ole na ole mara ha nke ọma (karịsịa na-emetụta mkpọpụta *z* na *h* mbụ). Ụdị ndị Tuareg bụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụzọ ụfọdụ; ha na-ejigide ụdaume abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ ebe asụsụ Northern-Berber nwere otu ma ọ bụ nke ọ bụla, ma nwee oke nrịanrịa nke okwu mgbazinye Arabic karịa ọtụtụ asụsụ Berber. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

A na-edekarị asụsụ Tuareg n'ụdị mkpụrụedemede Tifinagh . Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikarị edemede Arabic eme ihe na mpaghara ụfọdụ (ma ọ dị kemgbe oge ochie), ebe script Latin bụ ọrụ na [[Mali]] na [[Niger]] . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Nkewa nke ntakiri
 
Ndị na-ekwu okwu Tin Sert (Tetserret) na-akọwapụta dị ka Tuareg, mana asụsụ a bụ Western Berber .

## Ọkpụkpụ
Enwere ike iji script Tifinagh (Libyco-Berber) oge ochie dee asụsụ Tuareg, script Latin ma ọ bụ nke Arabic . Mmemme mmuta nke mba Mali DNAFLA ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka mkpụrụedemede Latịn, nke a na-eji emezigharị na Prasse's *Lexique* na mmemme mmuta gọọmentị na Burkina, ebe na Niger ejiri usoro dị iche. Enwekwara ụfọdụ mgbanwe na Tifinagh na n'edemede Arabic. [ 5 ]

Achọtala ojiji mbụ nke edemede Tifinagh na nka nkume na n'ili dị iche iche. N'ime ndị a bụ ili ncheta afọ 1,500 nke Tuareg matriarch Tin Hinan, bụ ebe a chọtara ihe odide Tifinagh n'otu mgbidi ya. 

Amachibidoro ojiji Tifinagh ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ ịde usoro anwansi, na-ede n'ọbụ aka mgbe achọrọ ịgbachi nkịtị, yana n'edemede leta.  Ndị ebo na-etinye aka na mmụta islam na-ejikarị eme ihe n'asụsụ Arabik, mana amachaghị maka mgbakọ ya. 

## fonology

### Udaume
Usoro ụdaume gụnyere ụdaume ogologo ise,  na ụdaume abụọ dị mkpụmkpụ,  (na ibe a,  a na-eji anọchi anya IPA  ). Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdaume ahụ nwere ụda olu mepere emepe nke na-eme ozugbo tupu consonants na-ekwusi ike, dabere na mgbanwe olumba. Allphones ndị a gụnyere  maka  na  (n'agbanyeghị  nwere ike ghara imeghe),  maka  na  (n'agbanyeghị  nwere ike ghara imeghe), na  maka  . [ 17 ] Karl Prasse rụrụ ụka na /e/ na-alaghachi na Proto-Berber, ebe /o/ sitere na /u/.  Ihe akaebe atụnyere na-egosi na /ə/ na-enweta site na njikọta nke Proto-Berber */ĭ/ na */ŭ/.

Sudlow na-eji ụdaume were were klaasị "semivowels" /w, j/, wee detuo diphthongs ndị a nwere ike ime: /əw/ (> [u]), /ăw/, /aw/, /ew/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /əj/ (> [i]), /j /j/ij/, /aj/, /e, /j. [ 19 ]

### Consonants
Ndepụta nke consonant yiri nke ukwuu nke Arabic: ụda olu dị iche; uvulars, pharyngeal (nke a na-akpọkarị emphatics)  ; na-achọ ka akwara pharynx gbakọọ ma na-emetụta ịkpọpụta ụdaume na-esote, na enweghị olu bilabial plosive . [ 22 ]

Nkwụsị glottal abụghị ụda ụda. Ọ na-apụta na mmalite nke ụdaume-mbụ okwu iji mejupụta ebe consonant mbụ dị n'usoro mkpụrụokwu (lee n'okpuru), ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụrụ na okwu a na-ebute ụzọ na okwu na-agwụ na consonant, ọ na-eme njikọ kama. Nkebiokwu-ikpeazụ /a/ na-esotekwa ụda ụda glottal nkwụsị . [ 23 ]

Gemination dị iche. [ 24 ] Dịkarịa  na-aghọ ,  na-aghọ , na  na-aghọ  . [ 24 ]  na  na-karịsịa geminate. Na mgbakwunye, na Tadɣaq  na-abụkarị geminate, mana na Tudalt singleton  nwere ike ime. [ 24 ]

Nkwekọrịta olu na-eme, yana consonant nke mbụ na-ewere olu nke abụọ (dịka  >  ). [ 25 ]

Mbelata ụyọkọ tụgharịrị okwu/morpheme-ikpeazụ  banye  na  banye  (dịka  >  'Tamasheq' [ ndetu 2 ] ). [ 26 ]

### phonotactics
Nhazi mkpụrụokwu bụ CV(C)(C), gụnyere glotal stops (lee n'elu). [ 23 ]

### Suprasegmentals
Nchegbu na-emegiderịta onwe ya nwere ike ime na akụkụ nke ngwaa. [ 17 ]

### Ndịiche olumba
Olumba dị iche iche nwere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịza ajụjụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndịiche ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Proto-Berber **h* na-efukarị na Ayer Tuareg, ebe a na-echekwa ya n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla na Mali Tuareg. Olumba Iwellemmeden na Ahaggar Tuareg dị n'etiti ọnọdụ ndị a. [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Consonant Proto-Berber **z* na-apụta n'ụzọ dị iche na olumba dị iche iche, mmepe nke na-egosipụta ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'aha olumba. Achọpụtara ya dị ka *h* na Tamahaq (Tahaggart), dị ka *š* na Tamasheq na dị ka *z* dị mfe na olumba Tamajaq Tawallammat na Tayart. Na abụọ ikpeazụ, ** z* na-aghọta dị ka *ž* n'ihu palatal ụdaume, na-akọwa ụdị *Tamajaq* . Na Tawallammat na karịsịa Tayart, ụdị palatalization a anaghị ejide onwe ya na *z* . N'olumba ndị a, eze n'ozuzu na-ada ụda tupu  na  . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọ *tidət*  na Tayart. 

Ndịiche ndị ọzọ nwere ike ị nwetaghachi n'ụzọ dị mfe na ibiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agbaziwo pharyngeal Arabic *ħ* na *`* yana okwu mbinye ego Arab site n'olumba ndị ọkachamara na mmụta Islam ( Maraboutic ). Olumba ndị ọzọ na-eji *x* na *ɣ* dochie *ħ* na *ʻotu* n'otu.

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro usoro okwu bụ isi na Tuareg bụ ngwaa–isiokwu–ihe . Enwere ike ịchịkọta ngwaa n'ime klaasị morphological iri na itoolu; Enwere ike ịkọwa ụfọdụ n'ime klaasị ndị a n'usoro n'usoro. Ngwaa na-ebu ozi gbasara isiokwu nke ahịrịokwu n'ụdị akara aha. Ọ dịghị mfe adjectives dị na Tuareg asụsụ; A na-akọwapụta echiche adjentival site n'iji ngwa ngwa ikwu na-akpọkarị 'participle'. Asụsụ Tuareg emetụtala asụsụ Northern Songhay dị ka Sawaq, ndị na-asụ ya bụ omenala Tuareg mana na-asụ Songhay; mmetụta a na-agụnye isi okwu phonology na mgbe ụfọdụ ụtọ asụsụ yana ọtụtụ okwu mgbazinye ego.

### Syntax
Tamasheq na-ahọrọ usoro VSO; otu o sila dị o nwere nhazi okwu-okwu (dị ka n'asụsụ ogbi nke America, Hibru ọgbara ọhụrụ, Japanese na Russian), na-enye ohere ka ebu ụzọ tinye echiche ahụ e mesiri ike, ma ọ bụ isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe, nke ikpeazụ na-enye mmetụta dị ka nke Bekee. [ 30 ] Sudlow na-eji ihe atụ ndị a, ihe niile na-egosipụta echiche bụ "Ndị ikom anaghị esi nri porridge" (e na-egosi Sudlow's schwa):

Ọzọ dị ka Japanese, a na-eji "pronoun/particle 'a' na nkebi ahịrịokwu na-esonụ iji weta aha na nkebiokwu na mmalite maka imesi ike," ihe owuwu nke a pụrụ iji mesie ọbụna ihe nke prepositions. [ 31 ] Ihe atụ Sudlow (s na-egosi palato-alveolar fricative na-enweghị olu):

Ihe nrịbama ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè na-ewere ụdị i/y na Tudalt na e/y na Tadɣaq. [ 32 ]

### Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ
Dị ka mgbọrọgwụ na ụkpụrụ, ma ọ bụ asụsụ templaịt, mgbọrọgwụ atọ n'otu n'otu (base consonant bases) bụ nke a na-ahụkarị na Tamasheq. Niels na Regula Christiansen na-eji mgbọrọgwụ ktb (ide) iji gosipụta njikọ akụkụ emechara gara aga:



Nkwekọrịta ọnụ na ojiji nke akụkụ; Tamasheq na-eji anọ, dịka Sudlow depụtara:

# Zuru oke: omume zuru oke
# Stative: "State na-adịgide adịgide dị ka nsonaazụ na-aga n'ihu nke mmemme emechara."
# Ezughị okè: omume n'ọdịnihu ma ọ bụ omume nwere ike ime, "a na-ejikarị ngwaa na-egosipụta mmetụta, mkpebi ma ọ bụ echiche," enwere ike iji "'ad'" (akpụkpọ ya na "'a-'" na prepositions).
# Cursive: omume na-aga n'ihu, na-emekarị ihe.

A na-egosipụta iwu na ọnọdụ dị mkpa, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụdị nke akụkụ ahụ na-ezughị okè, ọ gwụla ma a ga-emeghachi omume ahụ ugboro ugboro ma ọ bụ gaa n'ihu, na nke a na-ahọrọ akụkụ nke cursive. [ 35 ]

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Bouchiche, Lamara. (1997) *Langues et litteratures berberes des sitere na nos jours.* *Bibliographie internationale et systematique.* Paris: Ibis Press.
* Chaker, Salem, ed. (1988) *Etudes touaregues.* *Bilan des recherches en Sciences sociales.* Travaux et Documents de iREMAM no. 5. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM/LAPMO.
* Leupen, AHA (1978) *Akwụkwọ akụkọ des populations touaregues: Sahara et Soudan centraux.* Leiden: Afrika Studiecentrum .

### Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Peeji 247 nke ''Dictionnaire Touareg–Français'' nke 1951, na-egosipụta aka ọdịde ọma nke De Foucauld tinyere nkọwa zuru ezu nke ' ''osisi'' ụlọikwuu' na usoro iwu ụlọ ntu ndị ọzọ nke ''Kel Aggar'' .

* Charles de Foucauld (1951–1952) *Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu touareg–francais* . 4 vol. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France. [mbipụta facsimile mgbe anwụchara (onye edemede dec. 1916); olumba nke Hoggar, ndịda Algeria]
* Jeffrey Heath (2006) *Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu tamachek–anglais–Français* . Paris: Karthala. [na-ekpuchi olumba nke ugwu Mali]
* Motylinski, A. (1908). Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs . Alger: P. Fontana.
* Karl-G Prasse, Ghoubeid Alojaly na Ghabdouane Mohamed, (2003) *Dictionnaire touareg–francais (Niger)* . Edegharịrị mbipụta nke abụọ; 2 vol. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, Mahadum nke Copenhagen. [1st mbipụta 1998; na-ekpuchi olumba abụọ nke Northern Republic of Niger]

### Asụsụ asụsụ

* Christiansen, Niels, na Regula. "Ụfọdụ njirimara ngwaa morphology nke Tadaksahak." Akwụkwọ ọrụ SIL Electronic. 2002. Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International. Disemba 2, 2007 < http://www.sil.org/silewp/yearindex.asp?year=2002 .
* Hanoteau, A. (1896) *[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1047497 Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek' : refermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg]* . Alger: A. Jourdan.
* Galand, Lionel. (1974) 'Mmalite grammaticale'. Na: Petites Soeurs de Jesus, *Contes touaregs de l'Air* (Paris: SELAF), p.&nbsp;15–41.
* Heath, Jeffrey. 2005. *Grammar nke Tamashek (Tuareg nke Mali)* . (Mouton Grammar Series.) na Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
* 
* Prasse, Karl G. (1973) *Manuel de grammaire touaregue (tahaggart)* . 4 vol. Copenhagen.

### Ederede

* Ag Erless, Mohamed (1999) *"Il n'y a qu'un soleil sur terre".* *Contes, ilu na devinettes des Touaregs Kel-Adagh.* Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM.
* Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed & Jeannine Drouin (1979) *Omenala touarègues nigériennes.* Paris: Harmattan.
* Albaka, Moussa & Dominique Casajus (1992) *Poésies et chant touaregs de l'Ayr.* *Tandis qu'ils dorment tous, je dis mon chant d'amour* . Paris: Harmattan.
* Alojaly, Ghoubeïd (1975) *Ǎttarikh ən-Kəl-Dənnəg – Histoire des Kel-Denneg.* Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
* Casajus, Dominique (1985) *Peau d'Âne et autres contes touaregs* . Paris: Harmattan.
* Chaker, Salem & Hélène Claudot & Marceau Gast, eds. (1984) *Ederede touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucauld et.* *A. de Calassanto-Motylinski.* Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
* Na-egwu touaregs. Recueillis na traduits nke Charles de Foucauld. Paris, Albin Michel, 1997
* Foucauld, Charles de (1925) *Poésies touarègues.* *Olumba de l'Ahaggar.* Paris: Leroux.
* ''Lettres ma ọ bụ marabout.'' ''Ozi touaregs ma ọ bụ Père de Foucauld'' . Paris, Belin, 1999
* Heath, Jeffrey (2005) *Tamashek Ederede sitere na Timbuktu na Kidal* . Usoro asụsụ Berber. Cologne: Koeppe Verlag
* Louali-Raynal, Naïma & Nadine Decourt & Ramada Elghamis (1997) *Littérature orale touarègue.* *Contes na ilu.* Paris: Harmattan.
* Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (1989) *Poèmes touarègues de l'Ayr.* 2 vol. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
* Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (2003) *əlqissǎt ən-təməddurt-in – Le récit de ma vie.* Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
* Nicolaisen, Johannes, na Ida Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society. Vol. 1,2. New York: Thames na Hudson, Inc, 1997. 2 mpịakọta.
* Nicolas, Francis (1944) *Folklore Twareg.* *Poésies et Chansons de l'Azawarh.* BIFAN VI, 1–4, p.&nbsp;1–463.

### Isiokwu asụsụ

* Cohen, David (1993) 'Racines'. Na: Drouin & Roth, ed. *À la croisée des études libyco-berbères.* *Mélanges na-enye Paulette Galand-Pernet na Lionel Galand* (Paris: Geuthner), 161–175.
* Kossmann, Maarten (1999) *Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère* . Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
* Prasse, Karl G. (1969) *A propos de l'origine de* h *touareg (tahaggart)* . Copenhagen.

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Souag, L.: Ide asụsụ Berber
Otú:All articles with unsourced statements
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations