Karl Bowman

**Karl Murdock Bowman** (November 4, 1888 - March 2, 1973) bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ọmụmụ nke ọria isi ndi mgaka. Site n'afo 1944 ruo n'afọ 1946 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke American Psychiatric Association .  A na-ekwukarị maka ọrụ ya na Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, schizophrenia, na ndina nwoke idina nwoke.

## Ezinụlọ na Agụmakwụkwọ
Bowman bụ onye amụrụ na Topeka, Kansas,  o gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Washburn. Aha ejiri mara ya na kọleji bụ "Tommy," dị ka akwụkwọ afọ 1910 nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ sịrị kwuo. Mgbe ọ nọ na Washburn, ọ bụ onye otu na onye isi oche nke Delta Phi Fraternity, onye mbụ na ngalaba Kansas Beta nke Phi Delta Theta fraternity. E dubayeru Bowman na Phi Delta Theta na nke ndị nna ntọala na October 1, 1910. N'afọ 1913, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum California, Berkeley na MD ya.

Bowman lụrụ onye bụbu Eliza Abbot Stearns. Ha mụtara ụmụ nwoke anọ na ụmụ ụmụ iri na atọ.

N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Bowman bụ onyeisi na Army Medical Corps site n'afo 1917 ruo n'afo 1919. 

## Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka
N'oge ọrụ ya Bowman rụrụ ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ na mmetụta ọrịa ndi isi mgbaka tụnyere mmanya, ọgwụ ọjọọ, na mmekọahụ. O mekwara nnyocha banyere schizophrenia na ojiji nke Ọgwụgwọ insulin shock. Ọ gbara akaebe na ikpe nke Nathan F. Leopold na Richard Loeb maka ogbugbu Robert Franks n'afọ 1924 yana n'ọtụtụ ikpe Ndị ọzọ a ma ama.

N'oge ọrụ ya, Bowman bụ onye isi ahụike nke Boston Psychopathic Hospital; osote prọfesọ nke psychiatry na Harvard Medical School (1921-1936); onye isi nke psychiistry na Bellevue Hospital (1936-1941); prọfesor nke psychiology na New York University Medical College (1936-1941). Onye isi oche mbụ na onye ntụziaka nke Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute (1941-1956); ma bụrụkwa prọfesara na Mahadum California, Berkeley. Ọ bụkwa onye isi nke Laguna Honda Psychiatric Hospital na San Francisco (1941-1967) 

Dị ka onye isi oche na-ala ezumike nká nke American Psychiatric Association n'afo 1946, o mere isi akụkọ mgbe o buru amụma na,  nde mmadụ iri na United States ga-achọ riri ụlọ ọgwụ maka nsogbu isi mgbaka n'oge ụfọdụ na ndụ ha. Bowman bụkwa onye otu American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.

### Mmanya na-aba n'anya
Bowman bụ onye isi nke Ngalaba Ọrịa ndi  isi mgbaka nke Bellevue Hospital na New York City mgbe Dr. Allen Gregg (Director of the Rockefeller Foundation) gwara ya ka ọ sonye na nyocha nke mmanya na-aba n'anya ọ na-akwadebe. Bowman nwere mmasị na ọrụ a mana ọ chọrọ ikere òkè onye isi na n'ịduzi ọmụmụ ihe ahụ. N'afọ 1938, Bowman sonyeere Moore Group. Otu a chọpụtara "Research Council on Problems of Alcohol" ma ọ bụ RCPA, nke bụ nzukọ yiri Alcoholics Anonymous. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e mepụtara ya, Bowman ghọrọ onye ndú nke nzukọ a. Ya na E. Morton Jellinek, onye sọrọ dee akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta n'afọ 1941, "Alcohol Addiction and Its Treatment," na-ejikọta ụdị mmanya na-aba n'anya na ịhazi ndị udi mmanya na-aba n'anya n'ụzọ anọ, nke bụ ihe ndabere nke ụdị ise nke Jellinek. Ọ chọpụtakwara ma dee banyere wii wii.

### Schizophrenia
Karl Bowman gụrụ akwụkwọ ya "The Modern Treatment of schizophrenia" naNew York Academy of Medicine di na New York na Febụwarị 17, 1939. N'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, Bowman kwuru, "ihe karịrị ọkara maka ndị bi n'ụlọ ọgwụ nke steeti" bụ ndị ọrịa a chọpụtara na ha nwere schizophrenia. O kwuru na nsogbu oria isi mgbaka a emeghị ka ndụ onye ọrịa ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ, mana ọ kpatara mmebi nke ụbụrụ onye ọrịa ahụ. N'isiokwu ya, Bowman na-ekwu maka ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche e ji eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji nyere aka gwọọ schizophrenia. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụgwọ ahụ ọku agụnye itinye ahụ ọkụ n'ime onye ọrịa ahu site na iji ụzọ dị iche iche, dị ka nje ịba, mana ọ rụpụtaghị nsonaazụ dị irè na ọgwụgwọ nke schizophrenia. A na-eme ọgwụgwọ ụra site na iji ihe na-akpata ụra dịka wii wii, opium, na somnifen. Bowman kwukwara okwu banyere ọgwụgwọ ihe mkpali; usoro a nwere mmetụta nani nwa oge. Bowman tụrụ aro usoro insulin dị ka nke dị irè, na mmetụta na-adịte aka na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ nke ọganihu ogologo oge. Bowman nwere nchekwube banyere ndị ọrịa schizophrenia ndị ọnọdụ ha ka mma ma ọ bụ gwọọla nakwa maka usoro ọgwụgwọ n'ọdịnihu maka ndị ọrịa schizoophrenia.

### Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwoke
N'ime afọ 1950 na 1960, Bowman jikọtara aka onu n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere nwoke idina nwoke ma dee akụkọ banyere ya maka steeti California. N'afọ 1953, na ihe nke "The Problem of Homosexuality," nke ya na Bernice Engle dere, ọ rụrụ ụka maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, gụnyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mana ọ tụnyere aro ka a mụọ castration dị ka ọgwụgwọ. Otú ọ dị na, n'afọ 1961 ọ pụtara na ihe ngosi telivishọn The Rejected na-egosi echiche na ndina nwoke na nwoke abụghị ọrịa isi mgbaka nke kwesịkwa ka ọ bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro.

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

### Akwụkwọ

* *Nsogbu Onwe Onye nke dị na etiti Ụmụ nwoke na Ụmụ nwanyị*. New York: Greenberg, 1931. OCLC 1114346. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] dị ka Towards Peace of Mind: Nsogbu Kwa Ụbọchị nke Ahụike Uche. London: Unwin, 1936. OCLC 2475650
* Akụkọ ikpeazụ gbasara nyocha nke California nke mgbagwoju anya mmekọahụ: Machị, 1954. Sacramento: Steeti California, 1954.
* Afọ m na ọrịa isi mgbaka, 1915-1968: ajụjụ ọnụ na Karl M. Bowman, MD, San Francisco, February 27 na 28, 1968. Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ịdị Ọdịmma ihe Uche nke California State. Sacramento: Steeti California, 1969. OCLC 58860757

### Isiokwu

* "Ihe ndị na-ekpebi mmepe nke Omume Okike na nke Na-abụghị nke Okike. " Dental Cosmos 70.1, Jenụwarị 1928. peeji nke 35-44&nbsp;
* "Practical Clinical Psychiatry for Students and Practitioners". *American Journal of Public Health* 21.9, September 1931. peeji nke 1074-75&nbsp;
* "The Sciences of Man in the Making: An Orientation Book". *American Journal of Public Health* 23.4, Eprel 1933. peeji nke 391&nbsp;
* "Modern Treatment of Schizophrenia" Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 15.5, May 1939. peeji nke 338-53. PubMed 1911385&nbsp;
* Mụ na Walter Goldfarb, Sam Parker, B. Krautman. "The Treatment of Acute Alcoholism with Glucose and Insulin". Journal of Clinical Investigation 18.5, Septemba 1939. peeji nke 581-84&nbsp;
* "Liquor, Ohu nke Mmadụ". *American Journal of Public Health* 30.3 (1940) 296
* mụ na Samuel Allentuck. "The Psychiatric Aspects of Marihuana Intoxication". *American Journal of Psychiatry* 99 (1942) 248-51. N'ịntanetị na UKCIA.org [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide]. 
* Mụ na E. Morton Jellinek. "Alcohol Addiction and Its Treatment". *Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol* 2 (1941) 98-176. pdf na Mahadum Wisconsin [njiko mmanya riri ahụ na mmanya na-egbu egbu]. E bipụtaghachiri ya na Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism. Mmetụta nke Mmanya Na-aba n'anya n'Onye: A Critical Exposition of Present Knowledge Mpịakọta 1. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] E. Morton Jellinek Kansụl Nnyocha na Nsogbu nke Mmanya na-aba n'anya, Kọmitii Sayensị. New Haven, Connecticut / London: Oxford, 1942. OCLC 63622529 
* "Psychiatric Aspects of Marihuana Intoxication" Journal of the American Medical Association 125.5 (1944) peeji nke 376. :&nbsp; 
* Mụ na Jurgen Ruesch. "Prolonged Post-Traumatic Syndromes Following Head Injury". *American Journal of Psychiatry* 102.2, September 1945. 145–63. abstract
* Mụ na Bernice Engle. "Nsogbu nke ndina nwoke na nwoke". Journal of Social Hygiene 39.1 (1953) 3-16.
* Mụ na Gene Gordon. "The Auxiliary Treatment of Psychotic Women - Group Therapy for Their Husbands". California Medicine 78.4, April 1953. peeji nke 303-08&nbsp;
* Mụ na Bernice Engle. "A Psychiatric Evaluation of Laws of Homosexuality". Temple Law Quarterly 29.3, Oge opupu ihe ubi 1956. peeji nke 273-326.&nbsp;
* 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọrụ nke Karl M. Bowman na OCLC WorldCat
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