Iba N'Diaye

**Iba N'Diaye** (1928 &#x2013; Ọktoba 5, 2008) bụ onye na-ese ihe nke French- Senegal . N'ịbụ onye a zụrụ azụ na Senegal na France n'oge oge ọchịchị, N'Diaye jiri ọzụzụ nka ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Europe na-akọwapụta echiche ya banyere eziokwu ndị Africa. Ọ laghachiri Senegal na nnwere onwe ya, wee bụrụ onye isi ntọala ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta nka nka mba Senegal. N'ịbụ onye na-enweghị mmasị na ọnọdụ nkà na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke etiti 1960s Dakar, N'Diaye laghachiri na France na 1967 wee gosipụta gburugburu ụwa, na-alaghachi n'ebe ọmụmụ ya nke Saint-Louis, Senegal, iji gosipụta ọrụ ya na Senegal ọzọ naanị na 2000. N'Diaye nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Paris na October, 2008 mgbe ọ dị afọ 80. 

## Ndụ mmalite na ọzụzụ
Amụrụ na Saint Louis, Senegal, n'ezinaụlọ okpukperechi, ekpughere ya ngwa ngwa n'ihe osise Katọlik n'ime ụka nke obodo ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15 malitere ọmụmụ ya na Lycée Faidherbe a ma ama. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ ọ na-ese akwụkwọ mmado maka sinima na azụmahịa n'obodo ya. Ọ gụrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Senegal tupu ọ gawa France na 1948, ebe ọ malitere ịmụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na École des Beaux-Arts na Montpellier . Onye na-ese ihe bụ Ossip Zadkine webatara ya ihe akpụrụ akpụ ọdịnala ndị Africa, ma na-ejegharị na Europe dum, na-amụ nkà na ụkpụrụ ụlọ. N'Diaye na-agakarị ụlọ egwu jazz mgbe ọ nọ na Paris na 1940s, mmasị ya na onye mgbasa ozi na-aga n'ihu na-egosipụta onwe ya na ọrụ ya. Na Paris ọ gụrụ ezigbo nka na École des Beaux-Arts na Académie de la Grande Chaumière .

## Laghachi na Africa
Mgbe Senegal nwetara nnwere onwe na 1959, ọ lọghachiri na arịrịọ nke Onye isi ala Léopold Senghor, ka ọ chọta ngalaba nke Arts Plastic na National School of Fine Arts nke Senegal na Dakar . N'ebe ahụ, o gosipụtara ọrụ ya na 1962 wee rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi ruo 1966. Ọ kụziiri ma kpalie ọgbọ nke ndị na-ese ihe dị mma, gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Mor Faye .

N'Diaye, tinyere Papa Ibra Tall na Pierre Lods tọrọ ntọala Ecole de Dakar, ụdị nke jikọrọ eserese, ọkpụkpụ na nka n'ime mmegharị akwụkwọ nke Négritude : mgbalị iji kwupụta ụda olu Africa pụrụ iche na nkà, n'efu, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị. na-agbaziri ihe sitere na, ọdịnala nke mba ndị colonial. "Africanité" (Africanness) jikọtara Negritude nke Senghor na Pan-Africanism nke decolonialism . Otú ọ dị, N'Diaye nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ịkụzi ihe ndabere na usoro nke nkà Western, mgbe ụfọdụ na-etinye ya na ndị nkụzi ibe ya na ndị na-ese ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya. O dere maka ihe egwu dị na "Africanity" ịlaghachi azụ n'ụzọ dị mfe Noble obi ọjọọ onwe onye ma ọ bụrụ na ịjụ ụdị ọdịda anyanwụ pụtara ịjụ usoro ọrụ aka siri ike. Nchụso nke "mmetụta mmuo" Africa bụ ihe atụ kacha mma site n'aka Papa Ibra Tall, onye chere na ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa aghaghị 'ịmụta' àgwà ọdịda anyanwụ, na-eme ka ihe okike nke Africa pụta. Tall na N'Diaye bụ ndị ama ama na Senegal gụrụ akwụkwọ mara mma nke oge ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọhụụ Tall bụ imeri n'ime obere oge, 1970s na 80s hụrụ ntụleghachi nke ọnọdụ N'Diaye na n'ikpeazụ ịjụ "Africanité" steeti na-akwado nke ọma.  Onye isi ala Senghor, dị ka onye na-ede uri otu n'ime ndị malitere Negritude, tinyere ihe ruru %25 nke mmefu ego Senegal na nka ma hụ ya dị ka onye na-akwado ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Ecole de Dakar. Ngbaghara nke ndị na-ese ihe dị ka N'Diaye (yana mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe nkiri dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri / onye edemede Ousmane Sembène ) na-eri nri na Negritude na-emecha nwee ezumike okike, na 1970s nke Laboratoire Agit-Art obodo na Dakar na-eduzi. Iwe N'Diaye na ịlaghachi France na 1967 bịara nanị otu afọ ka e hiwere emume ụwa nke Black Arts na Dakar: mmeri nke nkà "Africanité". 

N'Diaye nwụrụ na Paris na October 4, 2008, mgbe ọ dị afọ 80 nke nkụda mmụọ.   Ministri Omenala Senegal na-ahazi ntinye ya, n'akụkụ nne ya, n'ili ili Katọlik nke Saint-Louis, Senegal .  Mgbe onye na-ese ihe nwụsịrị, Onye isi ala Senegal Abdoulaye Wade kpọrọ N'Diaye "Nna-onye nchoputa nke Senegalese Modern Art." 

## Mmetụta & Ọgụ
Iba N'Diaye so na ndị omenkà Afrịka ndị a tụrụ ụtụ maka ngwakọ, n'ihi ntụgharị sitere n'ụdị nka ọdịda anyanwụ yana nzụlite Senegalese nke ihe osise ya. Agbanyeghị, o kwuru na mmepe nke nka Africa nwere njikọ chiri anya na ihe nketa nke colonial, kamakwa site na mmekọrịta ya na ụwa, dịka o kwuru:

*"Echere m na onye ọ bụla bụ ngwakọ, ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị ụdị mmepeanya, nwere ike ikwu na mmalite ya bụ nanị mmalite nke ebe. Originality gafere ihe mbụ pụtara, ekele maka nnweta na kọntaktị na ndị ọzọ. Ya mere, enwere ngwakọta mgbe niile, ngwakọta bụ akụkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ịbụ mmadụ"* 

N'ihi ya, ọ megidere onwe ya megide Primitivism nke Africa nke na-achọsi ike na-ekwu na nkà Africa bụ nanị ndị Africa.

### Jazz
Ya mere, ọrụ N'Diaye gafere ihe mgbochi nke agbụrụ, omenala, ihe ịchọ mma, site n'iwepụta oge gara aga, ugbu a iji mee ka okwu dị adị pụta ìhè. Otu n'ime mmetụta ndị a ma ama na ọrụ ya, bụ Jazz . Site n'okporo ámá nke New Orleans ruo Harlem, na-agafe oké osimiri gaa Paris, mara dị ka isi obodo Jazz na Europe, onye na-ese ihe, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Africa ibe ya nọ ná mba ọzọ, ga-adị njikere ịdaba n'ịhụnanya na afro-americain rhythmics na spontaneousness. nke ụdị nke na-echeta ụda ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ Africa na nka nna ochie nke Griot . Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ya intrinsic connotation nke ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè, mwepu na N'Diaye gbalịrị attue olu ya, na ebumnuche idobe a dị ike ọwa nke mkpesa, recusant na nke autodetermination, na a-adịghị agafe agafe akụkụ, site na. iji amamihe nka nka mmuta ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ dị ịrịba ama na ọ bụ ịhụ pụtara ìhè uche N'diaye ka akọwa mmetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na burgeoning oge a Afro-American omenala, ma karịsịa na ha n'ihu ọnọdụ na-alụ ọgụ megide nkewa, nọchiri anya ya usoro on Jazz, karịsịa na "Hommage à Bessie Smith" (1986) > ma ọ bụ "Trio" (1999). Nke ikpeazụ a, nwere ike ime ka anyị tụgharịa uche gbasara ndị Jazz ndị nwanyị a mana ndị na-akwado ikike obodo na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka Billie Holiday na arụmọrụ ya ama ama nke "Mkpụrụ osisi siri ike", ma ọ bụ Nina Simone nwere "Young, talented and Black" nke ghọrọ egwu ikike obodo ama ama. N'ihi ya, N'diaye na-etinye onwe ya dị ka onye feminist ọgụgụ na-enye otuto na ọnọdụ nke nwanyị na Africa ọha mmadụ, ebe na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na afọ gara aga nke omenala na okpukpe brewing.

### Okpukpe
Na mgbakwunye, a na-ahụ mmetụta okpukperechi nke Islam - nke a mụrụ n'aka nna onye Alakụba - site na usoro "Tabaski" (ememe Alakụba nke nwa atụrụ). N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, N'diaye adịghị eme onye nkatọ Islam ozugbo; kama gbalịrị agba site na ingeniousness nke anụmanụ a raara onwe ya ahụhụ maka mmehie nke mmadụ, na-ebibi ọdịdị nke mmadụ, nhụjuanya, obi ọjọọ. Ihe osise a "La ronde, à qui le tour?" >, na-egosi ime ihe ike nke mmadụ na okike, karịa na ya. N'ezie, onye na-ese ihe chọrọ ịgwa onye nkiri ahụ na onye ọ bụla, ọbụna ya nwere ike ịbụ nwa atụrụ, dị ka Deleuze kwuru: " *La viande est la zone commune de l'homme et de la bête, leur zone d'indiscernabilité, elle est ce " ike », cet état même où le peintre s'identifie aux objets de son horreur ou de sa ọmịiko* ”  >. N'ihi ya, iji palette agba nke onye na-ese ihe na-egosi ebe a na-egbu anụ na-eme ka anyị mara banyere mmegbu a na-enweta na mgbukpọ, igbu ọchụ, mmegbu, dị ka o kwuru. : “ *Les éléments plastiques que sont la couleur du sang, le sol craquelé des latérites africaines, la ronde sacrificielle me sont apparus comme des traductions possibles de l'oppression d'un peuple sur un autre ou d'un individu sur un autre*  >.

### Africa & Europe
 
N'oge ọ na-emepe emepe na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Europe na Africa, Iba N'diaye na-enyocha oge gara aga site na mmepụta nka nke meriri site na Velasquez ruo Picasso, na ụfọdụ ihe mkpuchi na ihe ọkpụkpụ Afrika oge ochie. Site n'iji eserese na eserese, N'diaye nwere ihe ịga nke ọma iji mara ụdị na usoro eserese nke ọ hụrụ na nyocha ngwa ngwa. N'ịtụle " Onye isi nke Djem Statuette Nigeria " (1976) ma ọ bụ " Ọmụmụ ihe ọkpụkpụ Africa " (1977), ha na-egosipụta njikwa ike na eserese N'diaye, ma na-echetara ihe atụ dị n'etiti usoro mkpu nke Edvard Munch na ndị ahụ. nke N'Diaye; ọ bụ ezie na kpamkpam reappropriated na usoro nke ụdị, nkọwa na n'okpuru negro onodu nke nnwere onwe inweta. A na-atụle ajụjụ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ikpe na-ezighị ezi na eserese " Juan de Pareja wakporo Dog " (1986), ebe akụkọ Juan de Pareja, ohu moors nke e nyere nnwere onwe ekele maka nkà ya, na-emegharị na stolidness nke isiokwu nke na-ahọrọ ịghara ịza anụ ọhịa, ma ka talent ya na-ekwu maka onwe ya.

Ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe gosipụtara dị ka ihe ncheta, ebe eserese ndị dị na ya na-egosi ịdị arọ nke ahụmahụ ya site na ahịa obodo obodo Senegal ruo na ala ọzara ndị dị na Sahara ruo France. Site na mmetụta ndị a niile dị iche iche, Iba N'diaye na-eguzo ọ bụghị dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'Africa kama naanị dị ka onye na-ese ihe nke maara ihe siri ike nke ọdịnala chọrọ, iji kwupụta onwe ya site n'asụsụ nkịtị, onye nhazi ya na-ahapụ ya na mgbakọ. N'diaye, onye isi nka ya ebe ngwakọta omenala anaghị emegide kama ọ na-esonyere onwe ya maka ihe niile.

## Akụkọ ihe ngosi
Na-arụ ọrụ na Parisian ya "la Ruche Atelier" na ụlọ ya na Dordogne, N'Diaye na-ese ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya a kacha mara amara, usoro na isiokwu nke ememe igbu ọchụ nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ : usoro "Tabaski", na-egosipụta ha. Na Sarlat na 1970 na na Amiens na 1974.

N'Diaye gosipụtara eserese ya na New York City (1981), na Netherlands (1989); na 1990 na Tampere (1990), na na Museum Paleis Lange Voorhout na Hague (1996). Na 1987 bụ isiokwu nke nlegharị anya na Museum für Völkerkunde na Munich . Na 2000, ọ laghachiri na Saint Louis maka ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Senegal kemgbe 1981. Na 1977, ọ bụ isiokwu nke nlọghachi azụ na *Musée Dynamique*, mgbe na 1981, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na *Center Culturel Gaston Berger de Dakar* . Ebe ọ bụ na n'oge ahụ a na-egosipụta isi ọrụ ya na Senegalese *Galerie nationale* (2003) na *Musée de la Place du Souvenir* (2008), ha abụọ na isi obodo Senegal. 

## Ọrụ
N'ịbụ onye na-emetụtakwa ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ Modernism na ọdịnala Africa, otu onye nyocha kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-ese ihe na Senegal nke na-ekwusi ike na ndị na-ese ihe Africa nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọ bụla ha chọrọ ịbụ".  Ọrụ N'Diaye adịghị etolite n'usoro oge, kama n'usoro isiokwu nke a na-emepụta isiokwu ọ bụla n'ime oge niile, na-enye ohere ka e gosipụta pensụl nke onye na-ese ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ndị nkatọ na-ahazikarị ọrụ ya na isiokwu ndị a: Jazz, Tabaski, The Cries, Landscapes and Portraits. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ya banyere ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Africa egosila na ndị ọ na-achị, ma na-emeso ya na agba na ọnọdụ na -echetara okwu nkịtị . N'otu aka ahụ, ndị na-egwu Jazz, ndị na-ese na mmegharị na agba agba, abụwo ihe na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na ọrụ ya: "Hommage à Bessie Smith" ya bụ ma eleghị anya nke a maara nke ọma.

### Ọrụ ndị ama ama

* Tabaski la Ronde à qui le Tour - 1970
* Sahel - 1977
* The mkpu / isi nke a Djem Statuette Nigeria - 1976
* Ọmụmụ ihe ọkpụkpụ Africa - 1977
* Onye na-ese ihe na ihe nlereanya ya - 1979
* Ọmụmụ ihe nkpuchi Wé - 1982
* Jazz na Manhattan - 1984
* Big Band - 1986
* Nkịta wakporo Juan de Pareja - 1986
* The mkpu - 1987
* Hommage à Bessie Smith - 1987
* Trombone - 1995
* Trio - 1999

## Ntụaka
Senegal tupu ọ gawa France na 1948, ebe ọ malitere ịmụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na École des Beaux-Arts na Montpellier . Onye na-ese ihe bụ Ossip Zadkine webatara ya ihe akpụrụ akpụ ọdịnala ndị Africa, ma na-ejegharị na ESenegal tupu ọ gawa France na 1948, ebe ọ malitereSenegal tupu ọ gawa France na 1948, ebe ọ malitere ịmụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na École des Beaux-Arts na Montpellier . Onye na-ese ihe bụ Ossip Zadkine webatara ya ihe akpụrụ akpụ ọdịnala ndị Africa, ma na-ejegharị na Europe dum, na-amụ nkà na ịmụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na École des Beaux-Senegal tupu ọ gawa France na 1948, ebe ọ malitere ịmụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ na École des Beaux-Arts na Montpellier . Onye na-ese ihe bụ Ossip Zadkine webatara ya ihe akpụrụ akpụ ọdịnala ndị Africa, ma na-ejegharị na Europe dum, na-amụ nkà naArts na Montpellier . Onye na-ese ihe bụ Ossip Zadkine webatara ya ihe akpụrụ akpụ ọdịnala ndị Africa, ma na-ejegharị na Europe dum, na-amụ nkà naurope dum, na-amụ nkà na

* Akụkọ ndụ sitere na National Museum of African Art (United States).
* Elizabeth Harney. *Na Shadow Senghor: Art, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na Avant-Garde na Senegal, 1960–1995* . Mahadum Duke (2004)  p.&nbsp;56, 63–90, 142–151, 159–66, 229.
* Elizabeth Harney. Ecole de Dakar: Pan-Africanism na agba na akwa, African Arts, (Mgbụsị akwụkwọ, 2002)
* Maureen Murphy, Harney, Elizabeth. - N'onyinyo Senghor. Art Politics, na Avant-garde na Senegal, 1960-1995. Durham-London, Duke University Press, 2004, 316 p. , Cahiers d'études africaines, 182, 2006.
* Bernard Pataux. "Senegal Art Taa". *Arts Africa*, Vol. 8, Nke 1 (Mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1974), p.&nbsp;26–87
* R Lehuard. "L'art nègre chez Picasso vu par Iba N'Diaye peintre africain". *Arts d'Afrique noire*, 1986, Nke 58, p.&nbsp;9–22.
* Clémentine Deliss. "Dak'Art 92: Ebe Internationalism Falls Apart", *African Arts*, Vol. 26, Nke 3 (Julaị 1993), p.&nbsp;180–185.
* Okwui Enwezor and Franz W. Kaiser. *Iba N'Diaye, peintre entre continents: vous avez dit "primitif"?* (Iba N'Diaye, onye na-ese ihe n'etiti kọntinent: Primitive? Na-ekwu onye?), Paris: Adam Biro, 2002. ND1099. N43N3834 2002. OCLC 49199501.
* Ndị isi, Helene. "Iba Ndiaye: corps, lumière et embrasement ou la force du baroque". *Akwụkwọ akụkọ Ethiopique* nº83,2009.
* *Iba N'diaye.* *Peindre est se ncheta* . [sl]: NEAS-Sépia, 1994. (Conde-sur-Noireau (France): Corlet). ND1099. S4N332 1994 AFA. OCLC 32042768.
* A sụgharịrị akụkụ nke akụkọ a site na Wikipedia nke asụsụ French :fr:Iba N'Diaye .
* Iba N'Diaye - Biography and Paintings. "Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka - akụrụngwa nka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka. Weebụ. Eprel 8, 2011
* Grabski, J. na Harney, E. (2006). Ihe osise akụkọ ifo/esere akụkọ ihe mere eme: Ndị ọsụ ụzọ Modernist na Ecole Des Arts nke Senegal: [Na nkọwapụta]. *Arts Africa*, 39 (1), p.38-94. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20447750
* Wilson, Judith. "Iba Ndiaye: Evolution of a Style." *Arts Africa*, vol. 15, mba. 4, 1982, p.&nbsp;72–72. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3335818

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website of Iba Ndiaye .
* Resume na Association pour la Défense Et l'Illustration des Arts d'Afrique et d'Océanie .
* Ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Art: Akụkọ ndụ na onyonyo nke ụfọdụ ọrụ ya (nd).
* Nyochaa Franz Kaiser na Okwui Enwezor. Iba N'Diaye PRIMITIVE? ONYE SỊ? IBA NDIAYE, ONYE NA-ECHICHE N'etiti kọntinent . Adam Biro, Paris (2002),  .
* Gamlin A. Diop: Onyonyo anọ nke ọrụ Iba N'Diaye .
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations