John Gilchrist (onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ anụmanụ)

**John Dow Fisher Gilchrist** FRSSAf (1866-1926) bụ onye Scottish ichthyologist, onye guzobere ichthyology dị ka ngalaba sayensị na South Africa. O tinyere aka na mmepe nke bayoloji mmiri na South Africa na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke dabere na sayensị..

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Gilchrist na Anstruther, Fife, Scotland na 1866.Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Madras College, St Andrews, Scotland. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum St Andrews na Mahadum Edinburgh.,  na-agụsị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Science (BSc) na Master of Arts (MA). Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ nke sayensị (BSc) na nzere masta nke nka (MA). E nyere ya ohere agụmakwụkwọ ihe ngosi na 1851 maka ọmụmụ ihe na nyocha dị elu, nke mere ka o nwee ike ịmụ nri azụ mmiri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Munich na Mahadum Zurich, o nwetara PhD na geology na Mahadum Jena na 1894..
thumb|Mmeghe nke Nnukwu Ihe ngosi, 1 Mee 1851
Ọ gụrụ ihe ọmụmụ mmiri na Naples, Monaco na Isle of Man tupu ọ laghachi ịkụzi zoology na Mahadum Edinburgh .  N'ime ọnwa atọ ọ nọrọ na Naples (May ruo July 1893) ọ rụchara ọtụtụ n'ime nsụgharị nke Monismus als Band zwischen Religion und Wissenschaft, nke Ernst Haeckel, n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka *Monism dị ka ijikọ okpukpe na sayensị. *. Nkwupụta nke Okwukwe nke Nwoke Sayensị  (1894). Haeckel zigara Huxley otu nsụgharị Bekee ma mee mkpesa banyere ihe isi ike Gilchrist zutere mgbe ọ na-achọ ịchọta onye na-ebipụta ya.

A họpụtara Gilchrist ka ọ bụrụ Marine Biologist na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke Cape of Good Hope, Cape Colony na Disemba 1895 wee were ọnọdụ ahụ na mbido 1896. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ na Director of Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey of South Africa  ma malite nyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri na 1897, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri *Pieter Faure*, nke dugara na nchọpụta nke ngwaahịa ọhụrụ nke hake na nso Dassen Island na naanị ya nso Mossel Bay.A gbatịkwuru nnyocha ahụ na 1901 ruo n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Natal mana achọtabeghị ebe ọhụrụ a na-egbute azụ.

E wuru ụlọ nyocha maka nyocha mmiri na-elekwasị anya na Anụmanụ mmiri, okpomọkụ mmiri na nnu dị ka ụzọ isi mụọ mmiri nke oké osimiri, na St James na 1902 na arịrịọ Gilchrist. William Wardlaw Thompson bụ onye na-enyere ya aka maka ọtụtụ n'ime oge Gilchrist  na Thompson sooro ya dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dị mkpa, gụnyere The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa  na A catalogue of the sea fishes recorded from Natal.

Ihe atụ ndị a chịkọtara n'oge nnyocha mmiri mere ka a chọpụta ọtụtụ narị ụdị ọhụrụ na ọtụtụ ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime mmiri, gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị a na-ahụbeghị na mmiri South Africa mbụ. Gilchrist kọwara ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ọhụrụ ahụ n'onwe ya, ebe e zigara ndị ọkachamara si mba ofesi dịka G.A. Boulenger, G.B. Sowerby, T.R.R. Stebbing, S.J. Hickson na J. Stanley Gardiner, ndị e bipụtara nkọwa ha na mpịakọta isii nke nnyocha mmiri na South Africa (1902-1910), akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị mmiri mbụ na ndịda Africa, nke Gilchrist deziri ma nye ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ya. 

Gilchrist bụ onye nyocha maka Mahadum nke Cape of Good Hope na botany (1902-1903) na zoology (1903, 1912-1916). Mahadum nke Edinburgh nyere ya DSc na 1905  ma họpụta ya dịka onye nlekọta nke ọmụmụ mmiri na South African College . N'afọ 1907, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ nke zoology na South African College, na-anọchi Arthur Dendy. Onye na-enyere ya aka n'oge ahụ bụ J. Stuart Thompson. Ọ nọgidere na-abụ prọfesọ nke zoology ruo obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya na 1926.
thumb|Hemichordate (ikpuru)
Na 1907, a kagburu ọkwa nke Government Biologist mana Gilchrist nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nyocha mmiri nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo dịka Onyeisi oche nke Board Advisory Fishery. Na 1908, ọ kọwara ụdị hemichordates ọhụrụ. Mgbe 1910 gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Fisheries Survey nke Union of South Africa. Dịka onye ndụmọdụ azụ na Cape Provincial Administration, ọ chịkọtara Akụkọ Mmiri anọ nke Mmiri na-ekpuchi ọrụ n'ime afọ 1912 ruo 1917. 

Gilchrist gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya na Disemba 1910, mgbe a họpụtara onye nlekọta oge niile nke nchịkọta mmiri n'okpuru Union of South Africa. Ya na onye na-enyere ya aka, W.W. Thompson, Gilchrist bipụtara akwụkwọ zuru oke nke azụ ndị dị n'oké osimiri nke e dekọrọ site na Natal na Annals of the Durban Museum  N'afọ 1918, ọ kọwara ụdị ọhụrụ nke medusa na-agagharị agagharị ma nyochaa parasites trematode.

N'afọ 1920, Gilchrist duziri njem nyocha mmiri na onye na-egbu whale, Pickle. Njem ndị ahụ gara Laurenço Marques n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na Walvis Bay n'ebe ugwu. N'etiti nchọpụta ndị ọzọ bụ ebe ọhụrụ a na-egbute ụgbụ n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Cape Town. Ihe nchoputa ndi a juputara na akụkọ nke Fisheries and Marine Biological Survey maka afo 1920 rue 1925, nke Gilchrist weputara. N'afọ 1925, ọ chọpụtara enteropneust ọhụrụ.
thumb|Ndị ezinụlọ Herring.
Ọ bụ ose a ma ama maka ọtụtụ ụdị na ụdị azụ, dị ka *Paralichthodes algoensis*, flounder. Ndepụta ya n'okpuru International Code of Zoological Nomenclature bụ Gilchrist.

## Taxon aha ya bụ iji sọpụrụ ya

* A gụrụ ụdị *Gilchristella*, onye otu Clupeidae (herring), aha ya na 1935 iji sọpụrụ ya.
* A na-akpọ akpị Gilchrist, *Scorpaenopsis gilchristi*  (J. L. B. Smith, 1957)  aha ya.

Gilchrist dị umeala n'obi ma bụrụ onye a hụrụ n'anya n'agbanyeghị na a maara ya dị ka prọfesọ na-enweghị uche. Ọ lụrụ Elfreda R. Raubenheimer ma ha nwere otu nwa nwoke na otu nwa nwanyị. A manyere ya ịla ezumike nká na 1926 n'ihi ahụike ya na-adịghị mma. Ọ gara Europe na mgbalị ịgbake ahụike ya wee laghachi South Africa na July 1926. Ọ nwụrụ na ụlọ nyocha mmiri na Cape Town">Saint James, Cape Town, South Africa na 22 Ọktoba 1926.

## Ihe ndị ọzọ na-amasị sayensị
Gilchrist bụ onye otu Meteorological Commission nke Cape of Good Hope site na 1898 ruo 1908. N'afọ 1896, ọ sonyeere South African Philosophical Society (onye bu Royal Society of South Africa ụzọ) ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche, osote onye isi oche na onye na-ahụ maka akụ n'oge dị iche iche. N'afọ 1908 mgbe e guzobere Royal Society of South Africa, a họpụtara Gilchrist ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ntọala ma jee ozi na kansụl ya (1908-1910) na dịka onye isi ala (1918-1922). 

Ọ bụ onye guzobere South African Association for the Advancement of Science na 1902. N'afọ 1916, ọ ghọrọ onye otu ntọala nke South African Biological Society. Ọ bụ onye otu Zoological Society nke London, onye otu Linnean Society nke London.  Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Societe Centrale d'Aquiculture nke Paris.

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ
Gilchrist nyere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a, n'etiti ndị ọzọ:

* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South African Museum,
* *Mmekọrịta nke South African Philosophical Society*,
* *Mmekọrịta nke Royal Society of South Africa*, na
* *Akụkọ nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science*.

N'afọ 1905, ya na W. Flint bụ ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Science na South Africa. Ya na Cecil von Bonde dere Dissection of the platana and the frog (Cape Town, 1919) na Practical zoology maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike na ụmụ akwụkwọ (Edinburgh 1922). 

* *The Blenniidae of South Africa Akụkụ nke 2 nke Mpịakọta nke 6 nke Annals of the South African Museum* (Trustees of the South Africa Museum, 1908) (ya na William Wardlaw Thompson) 
* Zoology nke South Africa. Akwụkwọ ederede maka iji ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị nkuzi na ndị ọzọ na South Africa (Cape Town na Pretoria, 1912) 
* The Freshwater Fishes of South Africa: Mpịakọta 11, Akụkụ 5-6 nke Annals of the South African Museum (Trustees of the South Africa Museum, 1913) (ya na William Wardlaw Thompson) 

## Taxon ọ kọwara

* Lee Ụdị:Taxa aha ya bụ John Dow Fisher GilchristỤdị: Ụtụ isi nke John Dow Fisher Gilchrist kpọrọ

## Edemsibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations