open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ntinye aka na Nepali

Ndị Nepali nwere aka ma ọ bụ ndị Nepali nwere nkwado aka, bụ ụzọ nkwurịta okwu nke ndị na-anụ aka na mmekọrịta ha na ndị ntị chiri na-ejikarị eme ihe, ma ọ bụ site na ndị ntị dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Nepali n'ihi ihe ọ bụla wee nweta asụsụ ogbi Nepali n"ikpeazụ, ma ọ bụkwa site na ndị ogbi nwere ntị dị mma nke a na-ekpebi na ha anaghị eme nke ọma (ya bụ Asụsụ Ogbi nke Nepali). 

Nepali bịanyere aka na ya bụ ụdị pidgin nke Asụsụ ogbi nke Nepal nke ndị mmadụ na-anụ ihe na-ejikarị (n'aha) na-abanye na mmekọrịta ha na ndị ntị chiri. Ndị ogbi bụ́ ndị nwetara Asụsụ ogbi nke Nepal n’oge ndụ ha na-ejikwa ya na-ejikarị ya eme ihe, bụ́ ndị Nepali bụ asụsụ mbụ ha (L1) na asụsụ ndị ogbi Nepal bụ asụsụ nke abụọ (L2). Ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị ntị chiri na Nepal na-eji Asụsụ ogbi nke Nepal eme ihe dị ka usoro ntụziaka ha (n'akụkụ Nepali edere), n'omume na n'ezie, a na-eduzi ọtụtụ klaasị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke Nepali na-akwado Sign-Supported, dị ka a na-eme nkwurịta okwu nke otu oge (ma ọ bụ nke a na-akpọ mkpokọta nkwurịta okwu). (Emere omume ndị dị otú ahụ site na Hoffmann-Dilloway (2008). Mba Nepali na-akwado ya.[1]

N'ikwu ya n'ozuzu, asụsụ Nepali abụghị asụsụ Nepali ma ọ bụ asụsụ ogbi Nepali, kama ọ bụ nkwekọrịta n'etiti ha abụọ, na-eji okwu nke ikpeazụ (ma obere ma ọ bụ enweghị nke ụtọ asụsụ ya), na usoro okwu (na ụfọdụ, mana n'omume anaghị adịkarị, nke ụtọ asụsụ) nke mbụ. N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ihe na-erughị asụsụ zuru ezu, na-enweghị ma ọdịdị na nhazi okwu, ya mere n'ozuzu ya anaghị aghọta ya nke ọma nye ọtụtụ ndị ntị chiri. N'ime nke a, ọ dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ ejiri aka dee, dị ka nsụgharị dị iche iche nke Signed English.

## Edensede
Akara German

Na obodo mba Germani, German bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ, nke a maara na German dị ka Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden ma ọ bụ Lautbegleitende Gebärden (LBG, "Akara ngosi na-eso okwu"), bụ ụdị German ejiri aka tinye akara nke na-eji akara nke asụsụ ogbi German na-eji na Germani.[1] A na-eji asụsụ ndị ogbi Switzerland-German eme ihe na German Switzerland, ebe Austria na akụkụ ndị na-asụ German nke Ịtali na-eji Asụsụ ogbi obodo nke Austrian.[2] German bịanyere aka na ya, n'adịghị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ mbinye aka nke a na-eji asụsụ obodo na ndị na-ebu omenala,[3] bụ nke a na-ejikarị dị ka àkwà mmiri na asụsụ German na agụmakwụkwọ na maka ntụgharị oge site na German, ọ bụghị dị ka ụdị nkwurịta okwu dị n'etiti ndị ntị chiri. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]

## Edensede

## Njikọ mpụga
Usoro Asụsụ Ogbi

Sistemụ Asụsụ ogbi, [a] makwaara dị ka Asụsụ Ebinyere Aka[b] ma ọ bụ Polish mbinye aka, bụ ụdị Polish ejiri aka tinye akara nke na-eji akara nke Asụsụ ogbi nke Polish. A na-ejikarị ya maka "nsụgharị" nke Polish ka ọ bụrụ akara.[1]

N'afọ 2011, a nabatara usoro asụsụ ogbi Polish n'ụzọ iwu. 

## Ihe edeturu
.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman}

## Edemsibịa
Usoro akara Gorman

Sistemụ nrịbama Paget Gorman, nke a makwaara dị ka Paget Gorman Signed Speech ma ọ bụ Paget Gorman Systematic Sign Language bụ ụdị ejiri aka tinye akwụkwọ nke asụsụ Bekee, emebere ka ejiri ya na ụmụaka nwere nsogbu ikwu okwu ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu.

## Ọganihu
Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta gbasara gbasara mmadụ bụ Sir Richard Paget malitere na Britain na 1930s, [1] na nwunye ya bụ Lady Grace Paget na Dr Pierre Gorman mechakwara.[2] E hiwere usoro a n'echiche bụ na ụdị okwu mbụ niile bụ asụsụ ogbi na o tolitela ruo n'ókè nke na ọ nwere usoro akara ụtọ asụsụ nke ya.[2]. A na-amata ya mgbe mbụ a tụrụ ya n'ihi otu o si webata ogo aka ike.[3] Ọ dabere na usoro nhazi ọkwa [3] ma na-eji akara ngosi 37 bụ isi na ọnọdụ aka ọkọlọtọ 21, nke enwere ike ijikọta iji gosipụta nnukwu okwu nke okwu Bekee, gụnyere njedebe okwu na ngwa ngwa.

Usoro a juru ebe niile na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri na UK site na 1960 ruo 1980, mana kemgbe mmalite nke Asụsụ ogbi nke Britain na BSL dabeere na Bekee na agụmakwụkwọ ntị chiri, ejiri ya mee ihe ugbu a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ngalaba okwu na nsogbu asụsụ ma dị ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-amụ ihe agawo usoro ntụziaka.[1]

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Ogbi nke Namibia, asụsụ sitere na PGSS
* Makaton

## Edemsibịa
Asụsụ eji aka dee na South Africa

Na mba South Africa, a na-eji asụsụ ejiri aka mee ihe na agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka àkwà mmiri dị n'etiti Asụsụ ogbi nke South Africa (SASL) na asụsụ iri na otu gọọmentị nke mba ahụ. Koodu ndị a na-etinye akara SASL na ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ ọnụ, nke na-ebute Bekee , Signed Afrikaans, Signed Xhosa, Signed Zulu, wdg Ha abụghị ụdị nkwurịta okwu sitere n'okike n'etiti ndị ntị chiri. 

A na-ejikarị asụsụ ejiri aka tinye koodu kama SASL maka ntụgharị otu oge site n'asụsụ ọnụ ka ọ bụrụ akara, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Mgbakọ Deaf nke a na-eme kwa afọ na ebe dị iche iche na Western Cape. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ na, ebe ndị ntị chiri si n'obodo dị iche iche nwere ike ịkparịta ụka n'etiti onwe ha n'enweghị ihe isi ike na SASL, ha enweghị ike ịghọta ndị ntụgharị "asụsụ ogbi" ọ gwụla ma a gụchara ha akwụkwọ n'asụsụ ejiri aka mee nke onye ntụgharị okwu na-eji. Ya bụ, ebe ha na-asụ otu asụsụ na SASL, ha dị iche na nghọta ha gbasara English Signed, Signed Afrikaans, Signed Xhosa, wdg, nke na-abụghị ụdị nzikọrịta ozi nkịtị maka onye ọ bụla. Nke a na-ebute echiche na-ezighị ezi n'etiti ọbụna ndị ogbi South Africa na e nwere asụsụ ndị ogbi dị iche iche na mba ahụ, ebe n'ezie e nwere nanị otu.[1]

Ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche nke ejiri aka tinye akara bụ okwu, ihe enyemaka maka agụpụta nke emepụtara maka Afrikaans, South African English, na Setswana.

## Edensede
Akara Spanish

Binyere aka Spanish na Binyere aka nke ọmaSpanish bụ nke ọ mgbasa n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị Spanish eji aka dee nke na-etinye okwu (ihe ọmụmụ ama) nke Asụsụ ndị ogbi mba na usoro ma ọ bụ mma Spanish. Na Mexico, Signed Spanish na-eji ihe ụzọ ama nke Asụsụ Ogbi nke Mexico; [1] na Spain, ọ na-eji akara nke Asụsụ Ogbi nke Spanish, ma akara Katalan nke na-eji Ihe Ihe ama Catalan na okwu Catalan. A na-eji Spanish eme ihe na ntụgharị na ntụgharị n'otu oge, ọ bụghị dị ka ụdị n kpọ okwu n'etiti ndị ntĩ chiri. Ihe dị iche n'etiti Signed Spanish na Signed Exact Spanish bụ na ọ bụ ebe na Signed Spanish jiri akara (ma ọ bụghị nhọrọ) nke Spanish Sign Language, ma jiri akara maka Spanish dị ka -dor na -ción, yana akara aka maka isiokwu naaha, Signed Exact Spain (na Signed Exact Catalan) nwere akara ndị ọzọ maka mụta ịhụnanya nke Spanish.[2] Ụdị akara niile nke Spanish na-ahapụ mmeri nke nhọrọ nke ndị ogbi ha na-ewere okwu ha.

* Asụsụ Bekee a bịanyere aka na Asụsụ Bishọn ziri eziNtinye aka ziri ezi n'asụsụ Bekee

## Edensede
Don Harlow

thumb|Harlow na 2005
 
Donald Harlow (July 8, 1942 - January 27, 2008) bụ onye Esperantist na-arụsi ọrụ ike na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Esperanto-USA (E-USA, bụbu Esperanto League for North America ma ọ bụ ELNA), yana onye bụbu nchịkọta nke magazin ELNA Esperanto USA. O dere akwụkwọ banyere n'onwe ya mgbaàmà akwụkwọ akụkọ n'onwe ya dịka Esperanto movement, nke dị n' ịntanetị. Site ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Esperanto Access (Eperanto pages for Ndị na-asụ Bekee)) na Literaturo en Esperanto, ndepụta sara mbara nke Akwụkwọ Esperanto n' ịntanetị.[1]

N'afọ 2007, a gbanwere aha asọmpi ntụgharị ELNA kwa afọ iji sọpụrụ ya na Harlow Prize (ma ọ bụ Premio Harlow). [1] E guzobere ya iji mee emume ma kwalite ntụgharị nke akwụkwọ America n'asụsụ Esperanto.

## Edensebia
Tecknad svenska

**<span cx-link="" data-linkid="6" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Swedish_language" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Swedish language">Swedish-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''Tecknad svenska''</span>
**ma ọ bụ Binyere aka  ,  bụ ụdị Swedish eji aka dee nke na-eji ihe ịrịba ama nke Swedish Asụsụ ogbi maka okwu okwu okwu, gbakwunyere ihe ịrịbaanya ndị ọzọ maka okwu ụtọ asụsụ na njedebe ntụgharị. E mepụtara ya n'afọ ndị 1970 na-enwe olileanya ime ka ndị ntị chiri nwee ike ịnweta Swedish, mana e mechara gbahapụ ya maka ịdị nwayọ na enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ ụdị nkwurịta okwu sitere n'okike n'etiti ndị ntị chiri.

## Edensede

## Njikọ mpụga

* Linus Glansholm (1993) ''Teckenspråket och de dövas ọnọdụ, förr och nu''
Ivy Kellerman Reed

thumb|Ivy Kellerman Reed
**Ivy Kellerman Reed** (July 8, 1877 - February 7, 1968) bụ onye edemede America na asụsụ Esperanto nke mba ụwa.

Onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ nwere nzere agụmakwụkwọ anọ maka ọrụ na Latịn, Grik, Sanskrit, na Persian na ọkara iri na abụọ nke asụsụ nke oge a, Reed bụ onye Esperantist siri ike.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Reed dere ụtọasụsụ abụọ maka Esperanto. The Complete Grammar of the International Language, nke e bipụtara na 1910, bụ nyocha nke ụtọ asụsụ Esperanto iji na mahadum- na ụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji, karịsịa ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịnọgide na-amụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ. The Practical Grammar of the International Language, nke e bipụtara nke mbụ ya na 1915,[1] nke gbagoro na mbipụta dị iche iche, bụ maka ọha na eze.

## Ọrụ
Reed dere ụtọ asụsụ abụọ maka Esperanto. The Complete Grammar of the International Language, nke e bipụtara na 1910, bụ nyocha nke asụsụ Esperanto maka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum na kọleji, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịga n'ihu na-amụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ. Grammar Bara Uru nke Asụsụ Mba Nile, nke e bipụtara na 1915,  nke gbara ọtụtụ mbipụta, bụ maka ọha na eze.

Reed bụ onye ntụgharị ya na Ralph A. Lewin, nke mbipụta Esperanto a ma ama nke Winnie-the-Pooh. Ọ sụgharịrị Shakespeare's As You Like It, nke mbụ e nyere na World Esperanto Congress nke isii na Washington D.C. na 1910.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke American Esperantist, ọ bụkwa nnukwu onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Delta Delta Delta site na 1900 ruo 1902. Ọ gara ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'egwuregwu abụọ na Washington, D.C., na 1913.

## Akwụkwọ

* Asụsụ zuru oke nke Esperanto

## Ntụgharị

* *""*, (1911) nsụgharị nke The King of the Golden River nke John Ruskin dere
* *"Kiel Pla trial al Vi"*, (1910) nsụgharị nke As You Like It nke William Shakespeare
* *""*, (nke e bipụtara na 1972) nsụgharị nke *Winnie-the-Pooh* nke A. A. Milne

## Ndụ nke onwe onye
Ivy Kellerman lụrụ Edwin C. Reed na 1909. Ọ nwụrụ na La Jolla, California na 1968, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90.

## Edensebia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Works by Ivy Kellerman ReednaỌrụ Gutenberg
* Works by or about Ivy Kellerman ReednaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
* Works by Ivy Kellerman ReednaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) 
* JSTOR.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Ivy%20Kellerman%22&wc=on&so=new" id="mweA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Isiokwu na JSTOR
* "Cheta Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ anyị", na "Esperanto USA", nke nwetara ozi ya site na A History of the Esperanto League for North America, Inc.,  . 
* Winnie-la-Pu na Esperanto
* "Mkpa asụsụ mba ụwa" na "Popular Science", 1909.
Paul University, Awka

**Mahadum Paul, Awka** (PUA) dị na Awka, Steeti Anambra na Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ Mahadum Ndị Kraịst nkeonwe. Ndị Bishọp nke mpaghara ụka ise nke Chọọchị Anglican dị n'Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Niger hiwere ya na 2009 iji nye ọzụzụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nkà, Sayensị Okike na nke etinyere n'ọrụ, Sayensị Mmekọrịta na Njikwa.

mahadum nke bụ ebe obibi zuru oke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị debanyere aha nke ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 400 (a na-atụ anya iru 3,500) ma dochie St Paul's University College nke Church Missionary Society nke Church of England guzobere na 1904 iji zụọ ndị ọrụ na ndị nkuzi.

Ọ bụ ezie na Mahadum Paul Awka bụ Mahadum nkeonwe, gọọmentị Anambra Steeti n'okpuru Gọvanọ Peter Obi nyere ego na ụgbọala maka mmelite na mmepe ya. Ọzọkwa na 2025, Maazị Peter Obi nyekwara onyinye nke N30 nde naira na Mahadum Paul. O kwuru ka ọ na-enye onyinye, "site na itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ, anyị na-emeghe ikike dị ukwuu nke ndị anyị ịghọ ndị na-arụpụta ihe na ọha mmadụ ma, si otú a, na-akwadebe ụzọ maka ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-agụnye. "

Mahadum Paul nwere ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmekọ dị ka Institute of Theology, nke onye nduzi, Ven Dr Rex Kanu na-eduzi. Prọfesọ Obiora Nwosu, bụ osote Onye isi ala ebe Prọfesụ Chinyere Stella Okunna bụ osote osote onye osote onyeisiala (Academics) na Prọfesị Godwin Onu bụ osote onyeisi ala (Administration), na ikike adjunct.

Onye isi oche mbụ nke Naịjirịa, Dr Alex Ekwueme (GCON) duziri. O wuru Ọfịs Nchịkwa ebe Ụlọ Nzukọ Senate dị.

## Ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ
Mahadum Paul, Awka nwere ngalaba atọ ugbu a, ngalaba ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ ọmụmụ. Ngalaba ndị a bụ Ngalaba nke Sayensị ikike na nke A na-etinye n'ọrụ, Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha, na Ngalaba nke Nkà. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-agba ọsọ Institute of Theology, nke ọ ketara site na St. Paul's University College, ma na-anabatakwa ụmụ akwụkwọ na JUPEB  na Continuing Education Programme (CEP).

ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye ọrụ nke ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ, cyber cafe, sayensị kọmputa  na ebe ọzụzụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

Ndepụta nke ọmụmụ a na-enye na oge ha, na ogo enyere edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a, site na ngalaba.

### Ngalaba nke Sayensị Okike na nke A Na-etinye n'Ọnụ

### Ngalaba nke Nchịkwa na Sayensị Ọha

### Ngalaba nka

### Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ
E hiwere Ọbá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Paul na 30 Nọvemba 2009 iji kwado ma mee ka ọrụ nkuzi, mmụta, nchọpụta na ntụrụndụ nke Obodo Mahadum dị mfe. Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ ketara nchịkọta nke Kọleji St. Paul nke mbụ, Awka, nke na-agbasa ma na-agbasa ka Ọbá Akwụkwọ kọleji na-agbanwe ghọọ Ọbá Akwụkwọ Mahadum, na-edozi Sayensị na-elekwasị anya na Sayensị Nkà, Mmekọrịta Mmadụ na Nwanyị na Sayensị Njikwa..

Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum nwekwara ngalaba E-Library. Nke a bụ akụkụ nke ọbá akwụkwọ ebe a na-echekwa nchịkọta na usoro mgbasa ozi eletrọniki (dị iche na mbipụta, ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ) ma nwee ike ịnweta site na kọmputa. A na-eme ka ndị a dị ma nwee ike ịnweta ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ.

## Edemsibia

 *2.student/Ngoka Sunday nke ngalaba akụ na ụba 2014* 3.*www.pauluniversity.edu.ng*

Otú:Ȯra Anambra
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Edward Kimbark

**Edward Wilson Kimbark** (September 21, 1902 - February 7, 1982) bụ onye injinia ike a ma ama na prọfesọ nke Injinia eletrik na Mahadum Northwestern.

A mụrụ Kimbark na Chicago, Illinois na Edward Hall na Maude (Wilson) Kimbark. Na 1920 Kimbark debara aha ya na Mahadum Northwestern ebe ọ nwetara B.S. ya na 1924 na E.E. ya na 1925. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ abụọ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na onye na-enyere aka na nyocha maka ụlọ ọrụ Public Service Company nke Northern Illinois na Evanston, na afọ abụọ dị na onye nkuzi na Mahadum California, Berkeley.

Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka   Onye nlekọta  maka Chicago Museum Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Sayensi na Industrylọ ọrụ, Nkewa nke

Kimbark malitere izi ihe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ natara Sc. D., malite na Polytechnic ụlọ ọrụ nke Brooklyn. N'afọ 1939, ọ laghachiri Northwestern iji kụzie ihe. N'ebe a, o mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba na-eme ihe nkiri, dezie ma kụzie site na akwụkwọ nkuzi akpọrọ " ukpuru  nke Radar" na MIT's Radar ụlọ Akwụkwọ.

N'afọ 1950, Kimbark kwagara Brazil iji nyere aka malite mmemme injinia eletrik na Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica São Paulo. Ọ kụziri injinia usoro eletrik maka afọ ise sochirinụ, na-eji ederede asụsụ Bekee nke ya ma na-akụzi ma na-eduzi ule na Portuguese onwe ya.  (Ọ makwaara French, German, na Russian nke ọma, ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado Esperanto kemgbe ndụ ya.) 

Kimbark laghachiri na United States na 1955 maka ọnọdụ na Mahadum Seattle dị ka Dean nke. Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke injinia Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Seattle, ọ ghọkwara onye ndụmọdụ maka Bonneville Power Administration na Portland, Oregon. N'afọ 1962, Kimbark malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka BPA oge niile dị ka onye isi nke Network Analog Group.

Nwunye mbụ Kimbark bụ Ruth nwụrụ n'afọ 1976. Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ oge niile na BPA n'otu afọ ahụ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na BPA ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1982. Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ Iris hapụrụ ya.

* "Ntinye ọkụ eletrik nke ike na mgbaàmà" (1955) 
* "Nkwụsi ike nke usoro ike" (1948) 
* "Direct Current Transmission" (1971) 
* "Ụkpụrụ nke Radar"

## Edemsibịa

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032429/http://www.bpa.gov/corporate/
Njikọ nke Ndị Nkọwa Asụsụ Anya nke Canada

Ndị otu Canada nke ndị ntụgharị asụsụ ogbi (CASLI), nke a na-akpọbu Otu ndị ntụgharị asụsụ a na-ahụ anya nke Canada (AVLIC), bụ mba, ndị na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka asambodo maka ndị ọkachamara n'Asụsụ ogbi nke America-Bekee, ndị ntụgharị asụsụ ogbi Quebec-French na Canada.[1][2][3]

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere nzukọ a na 1979 dị ka  Otu ndị ntụgharị asụsụ a na-ahụ anya nke Canada (AVLIC),  [1] [2] na na 2018 ka ahagharịrị aha ya na ọtú nke Canadian Association nke asụsụ onwe .[3] Dịka nke 2022, ọ bụ naanị otu mba na-anọchite anya ndị ntụgharị okwu na Canada.[4][5]

## Ọchịchị na mmekọrịta
CASLI na-enye ndị ntụgharị ọkachamara, ụmụ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ịghọ ndị ntụgharị, na ụfọdụ ndị ntị chiri. Enwere ike inye ndị ntụgharị ndị na-agụsịbeghị akwụkwọ na mmemme ọzụzụ ntụgharị site na usoro ọzọ. E nwere ụkpụrụ omume na ntuziaka maka omume ọkachamara maka ndị otu.

Nzukọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ mba nwere isi mpaghara (dịka, AQILS na Quebec). CASLI na-enwekwa mmekọrịta dị mma, dịka na AQILS kemgbe 2016 na ndị otu ndị ntị chiri dịka CAD na CCSD.   Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ onye  Òtù Mba Ụwa nke Ndị Ntụgharị Asụsụ Ogbi .. 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Ogbi nke America (ASL) 
* Òtù Ndị Ogbi nke Canada
* International Federation of Translators
* Asụsụ Ogbi nke Quebec (LSQ) 

## Edemsibịa

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ebe (asụsụ akara)

N'asụsụ ogbi, ọnọdụ, ma ọ bụ taabụ, na-ezo aka n'ebe ụfọdụ aka na-eji emepụta akara. Na okwu Stokoe a maara ya dị ka taabụ, mbiri nke tabula. Ebe bụ otu n'ime akụkụ ise, ma ọ bụ paramita, nke akara, yana aka (dez), nghazi (ori), mmegharị (sig), na njirimara ndị na-abụghị nke aka. Enwere ike were nkọwapụta nke otu ebe dị ka igbe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nsọ nke isi dị ka fọnịm. Asụsụ ogbi dị iche iche nwere ike iji ebe dị iche iche. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, asụsụ ogbi dị iche iche nwere ike ịnwe ngwa ekwentị dị iche iche nke ọnọdụ.

## Ebe Ndị Agba nke America
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|240x240px|Onye ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ogbi na ngosi. Ebe ahụ bụ aka na-adịghị achịkwa.
Asụsụ Ogbi nke America na-eji ebe iri na abụọ ewezuga aka n'onwe ha: ihu / isi dum; ihu ma ọ bụ ihu; anya ma ọ bụ imi; ọnụ ma ọ bụ ntì; arụsị, ntì ma ọ bụ ntị (n'akụkụ isi); olu; ogwe aka (ubu ruo úkwù); aka elu; ogwe ụkwụ ma ọ bụ ogwe aka, azụ nke aka, na n'ime aka. Na mgbakwunye, na akara aka abụọ na-enweghị atụ, aka na-achịkwa na aka na-abụghị nke na-achị, nke na-eje ozi dị ka ebe akara ahụ dị. A pụkwara ịkọwa akara n'ime oghere na-anọpụ iche, nke a na-ewere dị ka ebe ndabara na ụfọdụ ụdị ụdaolu asụsụ ndị ogbi.  

## Edemsibịa
Ịgagharị (asụsụ akara)

N'asụsụ ogbi, mmegharị, ma ọ bụ akara, na-ezo aka na omume aka pụrụ iche na-etolite okwu. Na okwu okwu William Stokoe, ọ bụ akara, mbiri nke mbinye aka. Ntugharị bụ otu n'ime akụkụ ise nke akara-nwere njiri aka (dez), nghazi (ori), ọnọdụ (taabụ), na njirimara ejighị aka. Asụsụ ogbi dị iche iche na-eji ụdị mmegharị ahụ dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ ọgwụgwọ na-amata mmegharị na ijide - akara, ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke akara, nke gụnyere mmegharị na ndị na-ejide aka.

## Omume n'Asụsụ Ogbi nke America
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|240x240px|Onye ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ogbi na ngosi. Aka na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-adịghị mma emetụla aka na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, nke dị larịị.
Asụsụ Ogbi nke America na-eji ihe dị ka iri abụọ eme ihe. Ihe ndị a gụnyere mmegharị n'akụkụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche, ịgbagọ aka (ịkwado ma ọ bụ na-eme ka aka dị nro), ịgbagọ ogwe aka, imeghe ma ọ bụ mechie aka site na ma ọ bụ n'ime ụdị aka dị iche iche. Enwere ike ikwughachi ihe ndị a ma mee ka ha buru ibu ma ọ bụ obere ma nwee ogo dịgasị iche iche nke ọsọ, mberede, na ike.

## Edemsibịa
Elbaz

**El-Baz** (Arabic: الباز, Hebrew: אל Gai,a kpọkwara Elbaz, Al-Baz, El Baze, Albaz maọbụ ElBez (nkpọpụta Arabic: [elˈbæːz]) bụ aha nna Arabic, nke pụtara "ahịhịa" maọbụ "ahịhịa" ("Baz" na-ezo aka na goshawk n'asụsụ Arabic, nakwa na ahịhịa ma ọ bụ kestrel n'asụsụ Hibru).

## Ndị ama ama

* Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن باز; 1910&#x2013;1999), Saudi Arabian Salafi or Wahhabi Islamic scholar
* Farouk El-Baz (Arabic: فاروق الباز; born 1938), Egyptian-American scientist
* Osama El-Baz (Arabic: أسامة الباز; born 1931), Egyptian diplomat
* Rania al-Baz, Saudi Arabian television presenter and domestic abuse victim

### Elbaz

* Alber Elbaz (1961-2021), onye Moroccan-Israel na-emepụta ejiji
* André Elbaz (amụrụ n'afọ 1934), onye na-ese ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Morocco
* Cheb na Sabbah (1947-2013), a mụrụ Haim Serge El-Baz, Algeria club DJ
* David Elbaz (amụrụ n'afọ 1966), onye France na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe na onye edemede
* Gad Elbaz (amụrụ n'afọ 1982), onye na-agụ egwu Israel
* Gil Elbaz, onye ọchụnta ego America, onye guzobere AdSense
* Nathan Elbaz (1932-1954), onye agha Israel Defence Forces
* Stéphanie Elbaz, onye France na-akpọ piano
* Vincent Elbaz (amụrụ n'afọ 1971), onye France na-eme ihe nkiri

## Hụkwa

* Baz (disambiguation) 
* Albats
Attali

**Attali** (ibu: אטָּלי או אטָ trading)bụ aha nna ndị Juu sitere na okwu Arab "عتال attâl" (porter).[1] Ndị a ma ama nwere aha nna gụnyere:

* Bernard Attali (amụrụ n'afọ 1943), onye ọchụnta ego French
* Charley Attali (amụrụ n'afọ 1930), onye injinia ụgbọelu nke France na Israel
* Jacques Attali (amụrụ n'afọ 1943), onye Algeria-French na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na ọkà mmụta

## Edemsibia
Sayegh

**Sayegh** (Arabic) bụ aha nna Arabic nke pụtara onye na-akpụ ọlaedo. O nwekwara ụdị dị iche iche, dịka Saieg ma ọ bụ Sayigh. Ọ na-adịkarị na Levant. Ndị a ma ama nwere aha nna gụnyere:

## Sayegh

* Abdul Nasser Al-Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1959), onye Kuwait na-agba égbè
* Adnan Al-Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1955), onye na-agụ egwu Iraq
* Ahmad Ali Al Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1962), onye ọchụnta ego Emirati na onye isi oche Ike Dolphin Energy
* Bashar Al-Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1977), onye nta akụkọ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kuwait
* Daud as-Sayegh, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Iraq
* Fayez Sayegh, onye nkuzi Palestine-America
* Fayez Sayegh (1922-1980), onye nkuzi na onye ọrụ gọọmentị nke Palestine-America
* Faisal Al Sayegh, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Druze nke Lebanọn
* Hani al-Sayegh, nwa amaala Saudi, na onye a na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ onye otu Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
* Jean Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1981), onye na-egwu egwuregwu polo mmiri na Canada
* Jim Sayegh, onye nduzi telivishọn America
* Joe Sayegh, (1884-1946) Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego a mụrụ na Siria
* Maximos nke Anọ Sayegh (1878-1967), kadinal Siria
* May Sayegh (1940-2023), onye Palestine na-ede uri, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye edemede
* Nader Sayegh, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jordan-American, onye ọka iwu, na onye nkuzi
* Patricio Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1967), onye na-agba bọọlụ n'òtù ndị ọkachamara nke Argentina
* Percy Sayegh (amụrụ n'afọ 1965), onye Lebanọn na-egwu mmiri
* Salim Sayegh, onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Lebanọn
* Salim Sayegh (bishọp Katọlik)  (amụrụ n'afọ 1935), Onye isi ndị bishọp nke Jọdan na Onye isi ndị Latin nke Jerusalem
* Tony Sayegh, osote odeakwụkwọ nke Treasury maka ihe gbasara ọha na eze na United States

## Sayigh

* Anis Sayigh (1931-2009), ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Palestine
* Fayez Sayigh (1922-1980), onye nkuzi Palestine
* Rosemary Sayigh (amụrụ n'afọ 1935), onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ nke Britain na Palestine
* Tawfiq Sayigh (1923-1971) onye nkuzi Palestine, onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ.
* Yezid Sayigh (amụrụ n'afọ 1955), ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Palestine
* Yusif Sayigh (1916-2004), onye Palestine na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba
Ntuziaka (asụsụ akara)

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|240x240px|Onye ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ogbi na ngosi. Aka na-eche ibe ha ihu n'ụzọ: otu bụ aka elu, nke ọzọ bụ aka ala.
N'asụsụ ndị ogbi, nghazi (ori) bụ ogo ngbanwe dị iche iche nke ngbanwe aka mgbe ị na-edebanye aha.[1] Nhazi bụ otu n'ime akụkụ ise nke akara, yana aka (dez), ọnọdụ (taabụ), mmegharị (sig), na njirimara ejighị aka.

## Hụkwa

## Edemsibịa
Mkpụrụ okwu ụdaume

Nkà mmụta semantic" ihe atụ maka asụsụ ogbi "phonology" nke William Stokoe tụpụtara (1991)[1] Ọ na-anọchi anya ọpụpụ pụtara ìhè site n'ụdị nke afọ 30 gara aga, bụ nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'akụkụ buru ibu na ụdị mbụ a na-akpọ "cherology" mana n'oge na-adịghị anya emegharịrị baptizim " phonology asụsụ ogbi". Stokoe bu ụzọ tụpụta ihe nlereanya a.

N'okpuru ihe nlereanya ọhụrụ a, a na-enyocha akụkụ nke a na-akọwa n'okpuru ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ka ọdịdị aka bụ n'ezie isiOkwu (ma ọ bụ, dịka (Morgan 2009)  na-arụ ụka na ihe zuru oke - ya bụ isiokwu nke ngwaa na-adịghị agafe agafe na ihe nke ngwaa agafe agagharị) na ihe bụ akụkụ nke a a na-anwale mgbe ọ na-anọchite anya ngwaa. Ya mere, ọbụna akara okwu na-anọchite anya amụma zuru oke.

Ihe nlereanya "Nkà mmụta semantic"" elegharala anya site na isi okwu asụsụ ndị ogbi,  nke na-aga n'ihu na-agbaso ihe nlereanya karịa na "tune" na ụdị phonological na-emepụta nke sitere n'otu ọdịnala Structuralist dị ka cherology mbụ nke Stokoe. 

## Edemsibịa
Asụsụ Nadëb

**Nadëb** ma ọ bụ **Kaburi**  bụ Asụsụ Nadahup nke Amazon  Brazil, n'akụkụ osimiri Uneiuxi, Japura, na Negro. Aha dị iche iche maka ya gụnyere *Nadöbö, Xïriwai, Hahöb, Guariba/Wariwa, Kaborí, Anodöub*, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-gbakọta ya na okwu *Maku*, dịka ọ dị na Maku do Paraná Boá-Boá mgbe otu n'ime osimiri dị na mpaghara Nadëb.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Udaume niile ma e wezụga /e, ə, o/ nwere ọgbọ imi imi.

### Mkpụrụ okwu

## Edemsibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Nadëb dị na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Elharar

**E**Lharar**** (nke a na-akpọkwa **El Harar**, Lharar ma ọ bụ L'Harar) bụ aha nna ndị Juu a na-ahụ n'etiti ndị Juu Morocco. Ọ pụtara "Ndị Nnwere Onwe" na asụsụ Arabic nke Judeo-Moroccan. Aha a sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Juu na Morocco. Ndị Barbary corsairs ga-atọrọ ma gbapụta ndị ha dọọrọ n'agha. Ezinụlọ na obodo ga-azụta nnwere onwe nke ndị a tọọrọ, omume ndị Juu a na-akpọ pidyon shevuyim. Ezinụlọ ndị ga-azọtaghachi ndị ahụ a tọọrọ ka e nyere aha nna "Ndị Nnwere Onwe."".

* Dudu Elharar (amụrụ n'afọ 1945), onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-eti egwu na Israel
* Karin Elharar (amụrụ n'afọ 1977), onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Israel

## Hụkwa

* Pidyon shvuyim

## Edemsibia
Bensaid

Bensaïd ma ọ bụ **Bensaid** (Arabic, Hebrew) bụ aha nna nke sitere na Ugwu Afrịka nke pụtara "nwa Said" ma ọ bụ "mkpụrụ Said". Ndị a ma ama nwere aha ahụ gụnyere

* Adlène Bensaïd (amụrụ n'afọ 1981), onye Algeria na-agba bọọlụ
* Boualem Bensaïd (amụrụ n'afọ 1967), onye na-eyi ọha egwu na Algeria
* Daniel Bensaïd (1946-2010), onye Trotskyist na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke France
* Jean Daniel Bensaid aka Jean Daniel (1920-2020), onye nta akụkọ Algeria-French na onye edemede
* Mohamed Mehdi Bensaid (amụrụ n'afọ 1961), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Morocco
* Samira Bensaïd (amụrụ n'afọ 1960), onye na-agụ egwu na Morocco
Asụsụ Otomákoan

Otomaco na Taparita bụ asụsụ abụọ na-adịghịzi adị nke Venezuelan Llanos,   nke mejupụtara ezinụlọ asụsụ **Otomakoan**.

Na mgbakwunye na Otomaco na Taparita, Loukotka (1968) depụtakwara Maiba (Amaygua), asụsụ a na-ekpochapụ nke a na-asụbu na Steeti Apure, Venezuela n'etiti Osimiri Cunaviche na Osimiri Capanaparo.

## Okwu
Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị na-esonụ maka Otomac na Taparita. 

Edenyere  okwu ndị ọzọ maka Otomaco na Taparita na Rosenblat (1936). 

## Edemsibia
Asụsụ Otomaco

**Otomaco** bụ asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke Venezuelan Llanos.

A maara Otomaco naanị site na otu ihe odide ederede  nke Nna Gerónimo José de Luzena dere na Disemba 1788, nke na-eme ugbu a na Royal Palace Library nke Madrid.  Rosenblat (1936), enyochala ndepụta okwu ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu.

## Edemsibia
Anthony Traill (onye na-asụ asụsụ)

**Anthony Traill** (27 Febụwarị 1939 - 27 Eprel 2007) bụ onye South Africa, ọkammụta asụsụ, phonetician, na prọfesọ. Ọ bụ onye isi n'ụwa na ! Xóõ, Asụsụ Tuu n'ime nnukwu ngalaba Khoisan. O bipụtara ọtụtụ ihe gbasara asụsụ ahụ, nke gụnyere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu.

Akwụkwọ Traill bipụtara lekwasịrị anya na fonetiks nke ! Xóõ na njikọ ya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Khoisan. O nyekwara aka n'ụzọ dị mkpa n'agụmagụ fonetik nke Khoisan na Bantu na ụda olu gbasara olu na olu na-eku ume.

Traill bụ Prọfesọ Nnyocha na Mahadum Wits ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri kemgbe ọ bụ Prọfọfesọ na Onye isi oche nke Sayensị asụsụ (ruo 1998), na Ngalaba Lingwistiks, na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. Ọ na-asụ Xóõ nke ọma! , ebe o mere nnyocha na  Obodo !Xóõ nke Botswana" id="mwKQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Botswana">Botswana na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ  njem otu narị n'ime ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'isii. Ọ na-asụkwa Zulu, Tsonga, Tswana na Afrikaans.

Traill nwere ụdọ na olu ya ka ọ sụchara asụsụ ahụ ogologo oge, nke bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n’etiti ndị toro eto bụ ndị a mụrụ na !Xóõ., mana ọ bụghị ụmụaka,  ihe akaebe maka oge ọ nọrọ na asụsụ ahụ.

Mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge, Traill nwụrụ na 27 Eprel 2007, na Johannesburg, ọ hapụrụ nwunye ya, Jill, na ụmụ Stephen, Carol na Patrick.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *A! Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Xóõ.*  (nke Rainer Vossen dezigharịrị). Mahadum Frankfurt/Main: Johann Wolfgang Goethe.  ,  . Mpịakọta nke 9 nke "Research in Khoisan Studies", nke nwere  .   
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ọmụmụ ụdaolu na ụdaolu nke ! Xóõ Bushman*  (Quellen Zur Khoisan-Forschung, No 1), John Benjamins, Jenụwarị 1, 1986,  . 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe osise Mbụ nke ! Xu) phonetics. Ngalaba asụsụ nke Mahadum Edinburgh na-arụ ọrụ na ọganihu 6:1-23.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Phonetic na Phonological Studies na ! Xoo Bushman Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
* 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] (1995). Asụsụ Khoesan. Na Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Asụsụ na South Africa. 27–49. Cape Town: Cambridge University Press.
* 

## Edensibia
Catherine Callaghan (onye ọkammụta asụsụ)

**Catherine A. Callaghan** (Ọktoba 31, 1931 - Machị 16, 2019) bụ ọkammụta asụsụ n'America nke nọrọ ọtụtụ oge agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ka prọfesọ na Mahadum Ohio Steeti . 

O nwetara Ph.D. na asụsụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley na 1963. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya bụ ụtọ asụsụ nke Lake Miwok,  nke e dere n'okpuru nlekọta nke Mary Haas. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Lake Miwok, nke e bipụtara na 1965.  A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ nke Sayensị asụsụ na Mahadum Ohio Steeti na 1965 ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. A kpọrọ ya Fellow nke American Association for the Advancement of Science na 1969.

N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, nyocha Callaghan lekwasịrị anya n'Asụsụ Penutian nke California, ọkachasị njikọ dị n'etiti Yokuts na Miwok. Ọ pụtara n'oge dị mkpirikpi na ihe ngosi, How Dead do I Look? ,  nke e mere na 2014. A na-anakọta akwụkwọ ya na asụsụ Miwok na California Language Archive . 

Na 1973, Callaghan bụ otu n’ime ndị guzobere Feminists for Life, otu nzukọ ndị inyom na-anaghị anata ụgwọ na-emegide  iwepu afọ ime. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Callaghan nwụrụ na Machị 16, 2019, na Columbus, Ohio . 

## Mbiputa ndị dị mkpa

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Lake Miwok Dictionary. Mahadum nke California Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Bodega Miwok Dictionary*. Akwụkwọ na Linguistics 60. Mahadum nke California Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Miwok nke dị larịị. Akwụkwọ na Linguistics 105. Mahadum nke California Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Northern Sierra Miwok Dictionary*. Akwụkwọ na Linguistics 110. Mahadum nke California Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Proto-Utian Grammar and Dictionary na nkọwa gbasara Yokuts. Omume na Linguistics Documentation 31. Berlin: Site na Gruyter Mouton.

## Edensibia
Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec

**Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec** bụ Asụsụ Chinantecan nke Mexico, nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu Oaxaca n'obodo San José Chiltepec, San Juan Bautista Tlacoatzintepec, San Pedro Alianza, Santiago Quetzalapa, na San Juan Zapotitlán. Ụdị abụọ bụ , Chinantec na Tlacoatzintepec, ha nwere nghọta dị n'akụkụ. Ha dị nso na Sochiapan Chinantec.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ihe ndị na-esonụ bụ ụda nke Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec: 

### Mgbochiume

: 1. Ụda ndị a na-akpọ parenthesised bụ mgbazinye ego, allophones, ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche n'efu
: 2. /r/ bụ flap alveolar na mkpụrụedemede a na-emetụbeghị; a retroflexed alveopalatal grooved affricate na mkpụrụedemade a na-emesi ike
: 3. /t, ts, θ, l, s, n, ŋ, k, ɡ, h/ nwere ike ịbụ palatalised n'ihu ụdaume /j/
: 4. /p, ŋ, k, ɡ, h/ nwere ike ịbụ labialised n'ihu semivowel /w/

### Udaume

: 1. A naghị agba gburugburu ụdaume ndị dị n'aka ekpe nke ntụpọ mgbọ; n'aka nri agba gburugburu

## Edemsibia
Ọrụ Ngwa Dijitalu na Nchekwa Asụsụ Igbo

Mmalite 

Asụsụ Igbo, nke ọtụtụ ndi mmadụ na-asụ n'Ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjịrịa na na mba ofesi, na-agabiga nnukwu ihe ndọchigha azụ n'oge agburu ọhụrụ a. Ka ị́chịkọta ụwa niile ọnụ na-aga n'ihu, ọtụtụ ndị ntorobịa na-abakwuru Inglishi iji mụọ akwụkwọ na iji zụọ ahịa. 

N'agbanyeghị nke a, mpulite a akụrụngwa dijitalu na-epulite na senchụrị nke iri abụọ na otu, emeela ka e nwee "mmụnwo dijitalu" n'asụsụ ahụ, na-enye ụzọ ọhụrụ idekọ ihe, ịkụzi na ịgbasa omenala Igbo n'ụwa niile. 

1. Ndekọ na Nchekwa Ihe Ochie n'Ụzọ Dijitalu 

Dị ka o siri dị oge mbụ, e nyefere akụkọ gbasara Igbo na amụmamụ asụsụ Igbo site n'akụkọ ọnụ ma ọ bụ site n'akwụkwọ a na-ahụ anya, ndị nke nwere ike ífù. Taa, detabeesi dijitalu na ogo dị ka Wikipedia na Wikitionary enyela ohere ka a na-edokọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu mkpụrụokwu Igbo, ilu, na akụkọ ifo. 

*Wikipedia Igbo: Ọ naghị enye naanị ohere ebe e ji ọmụma eme ihe kama e jikwa asụsụ olu ndị be anyị ekepụta ya bụ mmụta. 

*Nchekwa (archive) ụda: Ngwa ndekọ ụda nke dijitalụ na-enye ndị ọkà sayensị asụsụ ohere inweta olu ndị dị iche iche (dị ka Ọnicha, Owere, na Igbo Izugbe) ịhụ na e nweghị nghọta ụda okwu a ga-elozọ. 

2. Atịfịshal inteligens na Meshin Lenin

Mwebata e webatara Igbo n'ekosistem tek nke ụwa niile abụrụla oge mgbanwe. 

* Ngwa Ntụgharị: Ogo dị ka Google Translate na Microsoft Translator ewebatala Igbo ugbu a, nke mere ya ka ọ dị mfe ndị anaghị asụ Igbo iji ya mee ihe nakwa ka ndị nwe asụsụ ahụ wagharia na weebụ. 

* Nhazi Asụsụ Ebumpụta Ụwa (NLP): Ótù dị ka Lelapa AI na Masakhane na-arụ ọrụ maka atụmatụ AI ka o si gbasatara asụsụ ndị mba isi ojii, na-emekwa ọtokọrekti, amụma okwu, na olu-gaa-na-ederede dịkwuo mma n'asụsụ Igbo. 

3. Sọshịal Midia na Ntịnye Aka Ndị Ntorobịa 

Akụrụngwa dijitalụ ewefeela asụsụ Igbo site n'ama ime obodo nye n'ihu ekwentị agbụrụ ọhụrụ. 

* Okike Ihe: na TikTok, Instagram, na YouTube, ndị ntorobịa na-ekepụta ihe na-eji asụsụ Igbo n'ihe ọchị, egwu na ịkọ akụkọ, mee ka asụsụ ahụ na-adaju obi ma na-ewu n'etiti ndị Jen Zi. 

*Ngwa Mmụta Asụsụ: Ngwá dị ka Duolingo ma ọbụ uTalk emeela ọmụmụ Igbo bụru egwuregwu, nye ndị Igbo bi na mba ụwa dị iche iche ohere ijikọta ọzọ na mgbọrọgwụ ha n'ebe ọ bụla n'elu ụwa a.

4. Ihe Ịma Aka na Nkewa Dijitalụ

N'agbanyeghị uru a na-enweta na ya, nchekwa ihe n'ụzọ dijitalụ na-ezutekwa ọgbatauhie. 

*Ohere Iji Kibọdụ Arụ Ọrụ:
Ọtụtụ kibọdụ izuzugbe akwadoghi akara edemede (kpọm na akara dị ka ị, ọ, ụ na akara ụdaolu), nke nwere ike ibute "ederede-asụrụasụ" ga-eleghara ụtọasụsụ ziri ezi anya. 

*Mmlebere Alugoridim: Igwe nchọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ ka na-ebute asụsụ bekee ụzọ, nke na-eli akụrụngwa Igbo mara mma n'ala, oge ụfọdụ. 

Nchịkọta 

Ngwá dijitalụ abụghị naanị gajet; ha bụ ọja agbụrụ ọhụrụ na-akpọ ndị Igbo òkù ịlachigha na mgbọrọgwụ ọmụmụ asụsụ ha. 

Ebe nkanụzụ agaghị anọchinwu anya ụlọ dị ka ebe mbụ a na-amụ asụsụ, ọ na-eweta ihe ndị ahụ dịgasịrị mkpa ịhụ na Igbo bụ asụsụ dị ndụ, na-eku ume n'agbụrụ dijitalụ a. Ọ bụ nkụ dị na mba na-eghere mba nri, maka na nke m ji ka.
Bruce Bagemihl

**Bruce Bagemihl** bụ onye Canada na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na onye dere akwụkwọ Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity . 

## Ndụ na ọrụ
Ọ gụsịrị BA ya na Mahadum Wisconsin-Milwaukee na 1981,  ma jee ozi na ngalaba nke Mahadum British Columbia, ebe ọ kụziri asụsụ na sayensị cognitive.  O nwetara Ph.D. na asụsụ site na UBC na 1988, na edemede akpọrọ Alternate phonologies and morphologies .

Biological Exuberance depụtara ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere ihe karịrị ụdị nari anọ na iri ise (lee Ndepụta nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-egosipụta omume nwoke idina nwoke) na-egosi na omume nwoke idine nwoke na nwanyị idina nwoke ma na-atụ aro echiche nke omume mmekọahụ nke ịmụ nwa bụ naanị otu n'ime ọrụ ya. Bagemihl na-atụ aro na ịdị n'otu ìgwè na ibelata esemokwu, nke a na-ahụ dịka ọmụmaatụ n'etiti bonobos, bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke omume mmekọ nwoke na nwaanyị. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ekwukwa na mmetụta omume mmekọahụ n’etiti ụmụ anụmanụ nke otu okike n’alaeze anụmanụ dum nwere n’ebe mmadụ nọ bụ “nnukwu nke ukwuu.”.

Akwụkwọ ya banyere ndina ụdị onwe n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ ka American Psychiatric Association na ndị otu ndị ọzọ depụtara na mkpirikpi ha na United States Supreme Court na Lawrence v. Texas,  ikpe nke mechara kpochapụ Iwu sodomy gafee United States.  Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere maka ihe ngosi nka Against Nature?. 

O biputara otutu edemede na akwukwo sayensị banyere okwu ndi metụtara asụsụ, ihe ndi ozo, okike, na mmekọahụ.

## Mbiputa ndị a họọrọ

* Bruce Bagemihl 1988. Ọdịdị na ụdaolu nke Katajjait (egwuregwu akpịrị nke Inuit). *Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Magazin asụsụ nke Canada* 33 (1), 1-58.
* Bruce Bagemihl 1999. *Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality na Natural Diversity.* Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ St. Martin.
* Bruce Bagemihl 2001. Ụmụ anụmanụ Na-eme Ya. Alternatives Journal 27 (3), 36.

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Wayne Suttles

**Wayne Suttles** (1918-2005) bụ onye America na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na asụsụ.

Ọ bụ onye isi na ethnology na asụsụ nke ndị Coast Salish nke Northwest Coast nke North America.

Wayne Suttles tolitere n'ugbo mmiri ara ehi na Bothell, Washington, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'obodo ahụ tupu ọ gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Washington. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1941 nweta nzere na anthropology. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ agha mmiri na-ahụ maka asụsụ Japan na Okinawa n’oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, tupu ọ laghachi na Mahadum Washington n’afọ 1946 iji malite ịmụ maka nzere Ph.D. ya na ọmụmụ gbasara mmadụ. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ nke Erna Gunther na Mahadum Washington, Suttles na 1951, bụ onye mbụ e nyere Ph.D. na anthropology n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ sooro ndị Northwest Coast rụọ ọrụ ethnographic, ọkachasị Coast Salish, malitere n'etiti afọ 1940 na ọrụ asụsụ malitere n'etiti oge 1950. Mbiputa ya gbasara Coast Salish, gụnyere nkọwa ya banyere mmekọrịta dị n’etiti omenala na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụdị netwọk mmekọrịta mmadụ, enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n’ọrụ ethnọgrafi na nke arịa ihe ochie na mpaghara ahụ. Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Vol. 7, Northwest Coast, nke Handbook of North American Indians, Suttles nyere aka n'ime ka ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụdị nchọcha dị iche iche mara ọrụ nke ibe ha. Ọ gbakwara akaebe dị ka onye akaebe ọkachamara n'ọtụtụ ikpe gbasara ikike ụmụ amaala na Washington State na British Columbia, nke kachasị mkpa bụ R. v. Sparrow, nke guzobere ikike ụmụ amaala ịkụ azụ  gafee Canada. Asụsụ ya nke asụsụ Musqueam nke afọ 2004 bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ Salish.

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

* (2004) Musqueam Reference Grammar. Vancouver: Mahadum nke British Columbia Press.
* (1998) Ihe Ethnographic pụtara na Fort Langley Journals. peeji nke 163-210 na The Fort Langley Journals, 1827-1830, nke Morag Maclachlan dezigharịrị. Vancouver: Mahadum nke British Columbia Press.&nbsp;
* (1987) Coast Salish Essays. Vancouver: Talonbooks; Seattle: Mahadum Washington.
* (1974) *Ndụ akụ na ụba nke Coast Salish nke Haro na Rosario Straits*. New York: Garland.

## Edensibia
Hans Vogt (onye nyocha asụsụ)

**Hans Kamstrup Vogt** (1 June 1903 - 25 September 1986) bụ onye ọkammụta asụsụ Norwegian ma bụrụkwa onye ọkachamara n'Asụsụ Caucasian, ọkachasị Georgian. O mekwara ọrụ mbụ dị ịrịba ama na Asụsụ Kalispel ma mepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na-adọrọ mmasị n'Asụsụ Ubykh.

Ọ bụ onye otu Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters kemgbe 1937, Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters site na 1957 na nke ụlọakwụkwọ Norwegian na-ahụ maka asụsụ na agụmagụ site na 1971. Ọ bụ onye rugoro ogo nsọpụrụ nke otu sayensị asụsụ na mba Amerịka, Societas Caucasologica Europaea  Georgian Academy of Languages. O nwere akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum steeti Tbilisi ma merie Nansen Medal na 1967. E nyere ya ihe ịchọ mma dị ka Commander of the Order of St. Olav (1966) na Chevalier of the Legion of Honour . 

Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụ onye otu Mot Dag site na 1926 ruo 1936. 

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Keram

**Asụsụ Keram** nke New Guinea bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Ramu. Ha bụ Asụsụ Mongol-Langam na asụsụ abụọ a na-eche mgbe ụfọdụ na ha bụ nke ezinụlọ Grass.  (Lee asụsụ Ahịhịa maka akụkọ nhazi .) 

Foley (2018) kewara ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ngalaba Grass nke ezinụlọ Ramu,  ebe Usher na-ekewa ha dị ka nhazi ezinụlọ Ramu , wee hapụ ọnụ ọgụgụ  asụsụ dị ntakịrị na alaka grass.

A na-akpọ ha aha Osimiri Keram.

## Asụsụ

* Osimiri East Keram 
** Ambakich (Aion) 
** Ap Ma (Kambot)  
* Osimiri West Keram (Mongol-Langam) Mwakai (Mongol) Pondi (Langam), Ulwa (Yaul) 
** Mwakai (Mongol) 
** Pondi (Langam) 
** Ulwa (Yaul) 

## Mkpọaha
Usher (2020) wughachiri nnọchiaha nke East Keram na West Keram dị ka ndị a: 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ ahịhịa
* Osimiri Keram

## Edemsibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto-East Keram RiverOsimiri Keram nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
* (ibid) Osimiri Proto-West Keram
Asụsụ Misegian

**Misegian**, nke a mara  dị ka asụsụ **Mikarew** ma ọ bụ Ruboni Range, bụ obere ezinụlọ nke asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya.

: Giri, Sepen, na Mikarew (Aruamu).

A na-ekewakarị ha  n'etiti Asụsụ Ramu nke dị n'ebe ugwu Papua New Guinea. A na-asụ asụsụ Misegian niile na Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Phonemes
Usher (2020) na-eweghachi ndepụta ụdaume dị ka ndị a: 

## Mkpọaha
Usher weghachiri nnọchiaha dị ka: 

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, a na-edepụta ihe ndị a maka mmezigharị.

## Edemsibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto-Ruboni RangeUgwu Proto-Ruboni
Es-Sabah

***Es-Sabah*** ('The Morning') bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Judeo-Arabic kwa ụbọchị, nke e bipụtara na Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Hibru, nke e si Tunis, Tunisia bipụta.   

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Jacob Cohen hiwere ma duzie Es-Sabah. Mbipụta mbụ pụtara na 1 Nọvemba 1904. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Juu kacha ewu ewu na mba ahụ n'otu oge. Mbipụta ndị ahụ dị n'etiti peeji anọ na iri na isii. N'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka otu maka Zionism nke na-eme ebere.

*Es-Sabah* bu aha *Es-Sabah*, naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ Israel nke North Africa, nke kachasị mma na akwụkwọ akụkọ Israel na Tunisia ("Es-Sabah, naanị akwụkwọ ndị Juu kwa ụbọchị na North Africa, nwere mgbasa ozi kachasị elu nke akwụkwọ ndị Juu na Tunisia"). 

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1930, *Es-Sabah* bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Judeo-Arabic ikpeazụ fọdụrụ na mba ahụ. Otú ọ dị, na mmalite nke narị afọ ahụ, Tunisia anabatala akwụkwọ akụkọ Judeo-Arabic. Ka ọ na-erule 1937, Simon Cohen bụ onye nduzi nke *Es-Sabah* .  Es-Sabah, tinyere akwụkwọ ndị Juu ndị ọzọ nọ na Tunisia, bụ ndị Ọchịchị Vichy machibidoro n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1940. E bipụtara mbipụta ikpeazụ nke Es-Sabah na 14 Mee 1940. 

## Edemsibia
Joseph ibn Naḥmias

**Josef Naḥmias** (nke a na-akpọkwa *Joseph ibn Joseph ibn Naḥmias*) bụ ọkà mmụta ndị Juu nke narị afọ nke 14 na Toledo, Castile, nwa akwụkwọ Asher ben Jehiel. A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ nyocha mbara igwe n'asụsụ Arabic, Nūr al-ʿĀlam ("Ìhè nke Ụwa") n'agbata ihe dị ka afọ 1330 na 1350, nke ọkà mmụta a na-amaghị aha ya sụgharịrị gaa na Hibru n'oge na-adịghị anya na narị afọ nke 14. Naḥmias bụkwa onye dere nkọwa gbasara Pentateuch, na Pirkei Avot na na Ilu.

Joseph b. Abraham ibn Naḥmias bụ aha onye ya na Joseph ben Joseph ibn Naḥrias dịkọrọ ndụ, onye bikwa na Toledo, bụ onye ọrụ ibe Juda na Jacob ben Asher, ma dee nkọwa banyere Esther na 1326 ma ọ bụ 1327.

## Edemsibia

* Robert G. Morrison, "The Solar Model in Joseph Ibn Joseph Ibn Nahmias' 'Light of the World'", Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 15 (2005), 57-108.
* Robert G. Morrison (ed. na trans.), The Light of the World: Astronomy in al-Andalus, University of California Press (2016).
* J. S. Raisin, Meyer Kayserling, Isidore Singer, Joseph Jacobs, NAḤMIAS (NAAMIAS, NEHMIAS) na Jewish Encyclopedia, mpịakọta. 9 (1905), peeji nke 145.&nbsp;
Asụsụ Awar

**Awar** bụ Asụsụ Ramu a na asụ n'obodo atọ dị na Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea (4°08′33′′S 144°50′32′′E / 4.142634°S 144.842242°E / -4.142634; 144.8 42242).

## Edemsibia
Saadia Ibn Danan

Rabbi **Saadiah ben Maimon ben Moshe ibn Danan** (Hibru) (amụrụ ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri na ise na Granada, Spain - nwụrụ na 1493 (?) na Oran, Algeria) bụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ Hibru na Arabic, onye na-ede uri na onye ọchịchị halachic. Ọ jere ozi dị ka dayan na Granada, mgbe a chụpụrụ ndị Juu na Spen, ọ gara biri na Oran. N'ime ọrụ ya bụ Responsa nke ndị rabaị, akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Talmudic a na-akpọ Sepher Arukh, ọrụ na asụsụ Hibru na amaokwu Hibru, yana akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Hibru e dere n'asụsụ Arabic. Ọ bụ onye edemede mbụ tụnyere mita Hibru na nke ya na Arabic.

## Edemsibia

* Ibn Danan, Saadia Ad-D Pereg fi-l-Lughah-al-'Ibraniyyah / *Sepher ha-Shorashim* (Granada: Mahadum Granada, 1996).
* Ibn Danan, Saadia *Seder ha-dorot* (Madrid: Aben Ezra Ediciones, 1997).
* "Ọbụna Danan, Sa'adyah ben Maimon", Isiokwu dị na Encyclopaedia Hebraica*Encyclopaedia Hibru*
* "Ibn Dannan, Saadiah ben Maimun", Isiokwu dị na Encyclopaedia Judaica*Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị Juu*
Qasmuna

**Qasmūna bint Ismāʿil** (Arabic; fl. 11th ma ọ bụ 12th narị afọ CE), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ **Xemone**,   bụ onye Juu na-ede uri nke Iberia. Ọ bụ naanị nwanyị na-ede uri nke ndị Juu na-asụ Arabic nke al-Andalus kwadoro, ya na Sarah nke Yemen na nwunye Dunash ben Labrat nke a na-amaghị aha ya.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A maghị ihe dị ukwuu gbasara ndụ Qasmūna. Akwụkwọ abụọ ndị dị ndụ na-ekwu na nna ya bụ onye Juu ma na ọ kụziiri ya nka nke amaokwu. Ebe al-Maqqari kpọrọ ya Ismāʿil al-Yahudi "onye Juu," al-Suyuti kpọrọ ya Ismāʿil ibn Bagdāla al-Yahudi, ma kwuo na Qasmūna biri ndụ na narị afọ nke 12. It has been speculated that Qasmūna's father was Samuel ibn Naghrillah (d. c. 1056), or that Samuel was otherwise an ancestor, which would make Qasmuna an eleventh-century rather than a twelfth-century poet, but the foundations for these claims are shaky.

Abụ atọ nke Qasmūna ka dị, n'ihi na ndị edemede abụọ mechara dee ya: al-Suyuti, na narị afọ nke iri na ise *Nuzhat al-julasāʼ fī ashʻār al-nisā*, akwụkwọ edemede nke amaokwu ụmụ nwanyị, na Ahmad al-Maqqari, na narịafọ nke iri na asaa *Nafḥ al-ṭīb*.   Al-Suyuti, na ma eleghị anya al-Maqqari, yiri ka ọ nwetara ihe ahụ site na akwụkwọ edemede mbụ nke amaokwu Andalusian, *Kitāb al-Maghrib* nke ibn Sa'id al-M ghribi;  mana o yiri ka amaokwu ndị ahụ apụtaghị na ihe odide ndị dị ndụ nke ọrụ ahụ.

## Ọrụ
A maara uri atọ nke Qasmūna. 

### 1
One is part of a verse-capping challenge set by Qasmūna's father. As edited and translated by Nichols, he begins:
To which Qasmūna replies:

A na-ewere okwu na-efu efu n'amaokwu a dị ka okwu na-egosi nwanyị nke ụdị ụfọdụ.

### 2
Ihe kachasị ewu ewu n'ime uri Qasmūna, nke a na-akọwa n'ọtụtụ ebe, bụ nke a na'ekwu na ọ lere anya n'enyo otu ụbọchị wee hụ na ọ mara mma ma ruo oge alụmdi na nwunye. O wee kwuo amaokwu a:
 
Nke ikpeazụ n'ime uri ndị a ma ama nke Qasmūna bụ:
 

## Edemsibia