open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Plastic Soup Foundation

Plastic Soup Foundation bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru na-echekwa mmiri nke na-achọ ibelata mmetọ plastik. N'ịbụ onye guzosiri ike na 2011, Plastic Soup Foundation na-akwado ịkwado mmachibido iwu na / ma ọ bụ usoro afọ ofufo nke microbeads na ihe ịchọ mma n'ogo zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbasa ozi Beat the Microbead.

## Usoro Ọrụ

### Mgbasa ozi Microbead
Malite na 2012, mkpọsa ahụ emeela ka ndị mmadụ mara ma tinye aka, ndị na-emepụta ihe ntecha na ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa n'ihe gbasara microbeads. Kemgbe mkpọsa ahụ, mba iri na ise emeela ihe iji machibido microbeads iwu. Beat the Microbead ewebatala ngwa nke na-achọpụta ihe karịrị 500 microplastic ingredients ka ndị ahịa jiri mee ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji mata ma zere ngwaahịa nwere microbeads, mgbe ọ na-emepụta nchekwa data. oru ngo ewebata akara ngosi “Zero Plastic Inside” iji kpalie ma mata ndi na-emepụta ihe na-eji uzo ozo enyi na enyi maka microbeads na ngwaahịa ha.

### Mgbasa ozi dị ọcha n'Oké Osimiri
Kemgbe afọ 2016, Ocean Clean Wash na-ezube ibelata mmetọ eriri aka site na 80% n'ime afọ ndị na-abịanụ site n'ịkpali na ịkwalite ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka nzacha microfiber na itinye nrụgide na uwe na ndị na-emepụta igwe ịsa iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị na-egbochi eriri na-aga na usoro mmiri. Mgbasa ozi a ewepụtala usoro na akara ọhụrụ maka ụdị ejiji na akwa akwa iji nwalee uwe ha maka ọnụọgụ mwepụta microfiber ebe a ga-ekenye ihe ndị a nwalere akara dịka ntọhapụ ahụ si dị.

### Njikọ Ahụike Plastic
Plastic Soup Foundation malitere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mba na gburugburu ebe obibi na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha iji kwalite nyocha ọzọ banyere mmetụta ahụike mmadụ nke plastik.

### Mmụta
Plastic Soup Foundation mepụtara usoro nyocha a na-akpọ Plastic Supu Footprint ebe ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịlele akara plastik ha. Nzukọ ahụ na-eme asọmpi ndị na-emepụta ihe iji chọta ihe ngwọta ọhụrụ maka mmetọ plastik dịka The Young Plastic Pollution Challenge. Nzukọ ahụ bipụtakwara ihe nkuzi ma na-eduzi ndị nkuzi ọbịa banyere mmetọ plastik na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ.

## Hụkwa

* Soup plastik
* Microbead

## Edensibia
Landschap Noord-Holland

thumb|Provincie-07-Noord-Holland
Landschap Noord-Holland bụ ntọala Dutch nke na-achọ ichebe ala na ọdịdị nke mpaghara North Holland site n'inweta, jikwaa, rụzie, na imepe ala. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba iri na abụọ Landschapsorganisaties mejupụtara Landschapsbeheer Nederland

Landschap Noord-Holland bịara na 2003 dị ka njikọ n'etiti Noordhollandsch Landschap (1936) na Noord-Hollands Landschap.  Ntọala ahụ nwere nchekwa ihe okike 96 yana mpaghara Puku anọ na narị ise  jikọtara ọnụ, ma na-ejikwa mpaghara Otu narị na iri abụọ na ise ọzọ, yana 150km uru nke ụlọ akụ, dike na berm.  O nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu puku iri atọ na atọ  yana ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado yana mpaghara North Holand na Nationale Postcode Loterij.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Nchekwa mbụ (akwụkwọ akụkọ)

Nchekwa Primate bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ IUCN Species Survival Commission's Primate Specialist Group bipụtara gbasara primates ụwa. Nke mbụ e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ mimeographed na 1981, akwụkwọ akụkọ taa na-ebipụta nyocha nchekwa na akwụkwọ gbasara ụdị primate, ọkachasị nyocha ọkwa na ọmụmụ gbasara nkesa na gburugburu ebe obibi.[1] E wezụga akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a na-adị mgbe niile, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ abụrụla ebe dị ịrịba ama maka ndị ọkà mmụta primatologists na-ebipụta nkọwa nke ụdị primate ọhụrụ na Nchekwa Primate.

## Nkọwa ụdị primate ọhụrụ
Site na South America, nke a gụnyere Caquetá titi (*Callicebus caquetensis*) kọwara na 2010 na Madidi titi (*Plecturocebus aureipalatii*, Syn.: *Callicebus aureipatii*). Site n'àgwàetiti Madagascar, ụdị lemur ọhụrụ a kọwara na sayensị na peeji nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gụnyere Montagne d'Ambre dwarf lemur ma ọ bụ Andy Sabin's dwarf lemor (*Cheirogaleus andysabini*), Ankarana dwarf lemum (*Cheirogalus shethi*), na ụdị lemur abụọ ọhụrụ (Microcebus).

## Ntụaka
Ndị Ọrụ Oké Osimiri WCPA

Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ụwa na Mpaghara echedoro (WCPA) na-arụ ọrụ n'oké osimiri dị elu na-ewe ọtụtụ iri afọ. E hiwere ya na 2003 na-esochi Vth IUCN World Parks Congress ebe ndị ọkachamara n'oké osimiri chepụtara atụmatụ MPA dị elu nke afọ 10. High Seas nke afọ 10. Atụmatụ afọ 10 ahụ wuru n'elu nsonaazụ nke nkwonkwo IUCN, WCPA na ogbako ọkachamara WWF na oke osimiri MPA na Jenụarị 2003: Maka Strategy for High Seas MPAs.

## Ebumnuche
Ebumnuche ha bụ iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke 1988 World Conservation Strategy - nke a na-ekwughachi na ntuziaka IUCN maka mpaghara ndị a na-echebe n'oké osimiri:

* iji chekwaa usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa na usoro nkwado ndụ;
* iji chekwaa ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa; na
* iji hụ na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi.

## Ndị otu
Ndị na-ahụ maka WCPA High Seas MPA Task Force bụ Kristina Gjerde, Onye Ndụmọdụ amụma amụma High Seas maka IUCN, na Alistair Graham, onye na-ahụ maka amụma mba ụwa na WWF na otu ndị ọzọ. The Task Force nwere ihe karịrị ndị ọkachamara 20 n'otu n'otu sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị iche iche, otu nchekwa, ụlọ ọrụ sayensị, mahadum na mgbasa ozi. Ndị a gụnyere Graeme Kelleher, Sylvia Earle, Elliott Norse, Arlo Hemphill, Jeff Ardron, Dan Laffoley, Sheila Mckenna, Sue Taei na Lisa Speer.

## Hụkwa

* Kansụl Nchebe Akụnụba

## Ihe odide




## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Gerardo Budowski

A mụrụ ya na Berlin n'ime ezinụlọ nwere ịhụnanya chess.  Nne ya sere egwuregwu na José Raúl Capablanca na ihe ngosi ya n'otu oge na October 1925 na Berlin.  Nna ya nwere mmekọrịta enyi na enyi Alexander Alekhine bụ onye nyere nkuzi chess na-akwụ ụgwọ maka nwa na-eme ihe nkiri na Paris.  Ezinụlọ ndị Juu hapụrụ Nazi Germany na 1933 maka France, na mgbe ahụ - n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ - kwagara Venezuela, ebe Gert gbanwere aha ya na Gerardo wee ghọọ nwa amaala Venezuelan na mmalite 1950s.  Site na 1952, o biri na Costa Rica.

Dr. Budowski gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1948 dị ka onye injinia ugbo si Universidad Central na Caracas, Venezuela, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA) na Turrialba, Costa Rica.  Na 1962, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctoral na Forestry na Mahadum Yale.  Ọ bụ Director General nke IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) site na 1970 ruo 1976. Kemgbe 1980, Dr. Budowski nyere aka na mmepe nke University for Peace, ọ bụghị nanị na ọ malitere mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ na-ejekwa ozi n'ọkwá.  dị ka Interim Rector na Vice-Rector.  Na 2008, e nyere ya aha Prọfesọ Emeritus maka ọhụụ ya na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti udo na gburugburu ebe obibi.

.Ọ meriri aha Campeón Absoluto de Venezuela 6-0 site n'iti Julio García (Campeón Nacional de Venezuela) na 1951.[1]  Ọ sonyekwara na asọmpi ndị ọzọ na Costa Rica na 1950s.  Ọ meriri asọmpi otu Costa Rican, na-egwu maka Turrialba, na 1965.[2]  Ọ nọchitere anya Venezuela na Chess Olympiad na Lugano 1968
Sir Hugh Elliott, Baronet nke atọ

thumb|Hugh Elliot 1 red.jpg
  

**Sir Hugh Francis Ivo Elliott**, 3rd Baronet, OBE (Allahabad 10 March 1913 - 21 December 1989) bụ onye ama ama na-echekwa ihe na Britain, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na onye ọrụ gọọmentị.

A mụrụ ya na India na 1913, nwa nwoke nke Sir Ivo Elliott, 2nd Baronet, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Dragon School na Oxford, Eastbourne College na University College, Oxford ebe ọ bụ onye otu Oxford Ornithological Society. Site na 1937 ruo 1950, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ gọọmentị, na Tanganyika Territory, ebe ọ bụ Kọmishọna Mpaghara na Moshi. A kwadoro ya na 1950 na Tristan da Cunha, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkwa mbụ nke ókèala ahụ. Na 1953 New Year Honours a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi nke Order of the British Empire (OBE) iji kwado ọrụ ya na obodo na Tristan da Cunha. Ọ laghachiri Africa n'afọ 1953, na-arụ ọrụ na Ministry of Natural Resources na Dar es Salaam; e buliri ya n'ọkwa odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide n'afọ 1958 ma nọgide n'ọkwá ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1961 obere oge tupu nnwere onwe. Mgbe ọ nọ na Ministri ahụ, o nyere aka dị mkpa na mmepe nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ọkachasị ịmepụta ogige ntorobịa Serengeti na Ngorongoro Conservation Area. N'oge ezumike ya, ọ bụ onye na-ekiri nnụnụ nke ukwuu, ma na Tanganyika, na-anakọta ụdị, na-eme nchọpụta usoro, ma na-ebipụta isiokwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ ornithological, na Tristan, na-enye aka dị mkpa na ornithology nke agwaetiti ahụ. 

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na ọrụ obodo colonial na 1961, a họpụtara ya onye ọrụ mmekọrịta Commonwealth maka International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), nke dabeere na Switzerland. Na 1962 ọ werekwa ọrụ nke Acting Secretary General nke IUCN wee bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu na 1964. Mgbe ahụ na 1966 ọ gbanwere ọrụ wee ghọọ odeakwụkwọ nke IUCN's Ecology Commission ruo 1970, ma ọ nọgidere na-edezi akwụkwọ nkà na ụzụ nke IUCN maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. afọ. Ọ jere ozi na kọmitii nke British Ornithologists 'Union, ịbụ odeakwụkwọ nsọpụrụ 1962–66, osote onye isi ala 1970–73 na Onye isi ala 1975–79. Ọ bụ onye nlekọta nke British Museum ( History History) 1971–81 na Onye isi oche nke ngalaba Britain nke International Council for Bird Preservation 1980–81.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu, The Herons of the World, nke ya na James Hancock dere, na 1978. O dekwara, ya na Jacqueline Henricot, akwụkwọ mpịakọta abụọ akpọrọ "World Guide to National Parks and Nature Reserves", mana e bipụtara ya n'ihi ọrịa ya n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya.

Ọ nwụrụ nwunye ya Elizabeth (d. 2007), ụmụ ya nwanyị Susan Elspeth Elliott (d. 2017) na Judith Margery Elliott, na nwa ya nwoke Clive Christopher Hugh Elliott (d. 2018).

## Ntụaka

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* "Sir Hugh Elliott", The Times (London), 10 Jenụwarị 1990, peeji nke 14.
Enrique Beltrán

Enrique Beltrán Castillo (1903–1994) bụ otu n'ime ndị nchekwa nchekwa mbụ Mexico. Nwa akwụkwọ Alfonso Herrera na UNAM n'afọ 1920, Herrera họpụtara Beltrán ka ọ bụrụ onye isi kọmitii mmiri abụọ (na 1923 na 1926), nke e hiwere iji mụọ na melite iji azụ azụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Mexico.

N'afọ 1932, Beltrán nwetara Mmekọrịta Guggenheim "iji lelee ebe nchekwa oceanographic na United States na ịmụ protozoology na Mahadum Columbia.".

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate ya na zoology na Columbia, site na 1939-52 Beltrán duziri Ngalaba Protozoology na Institute of Health and Tropical Diseases nke Mexico.

Site n'enyemaka nke Charles Lathrop Pack Foretry Foundation, na 1952, Beltrán hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Mexico Institute of Renewable Natural Resources (Instituto Mexicano de Recursos Naturales Renovables, ma ọ bụ IMERAR), otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa mbụ Mexico, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi ya.

N'afọ 1966, ọ natara ihe nrite nsọpụrụ site na International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

## Ntụaka

### Ihe edeturu

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Marcotullio, Peter na Gordon McGranahan. Ịbawanye ihe ịma aka gburugburu ebe obibi obodo: site na mpaghara gaa na ụwa na azụ. United Kingdom: Earthscan. Enwere: akwụkwọ
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchebe Ala nke Jaguar: Akụkọ Nchekwa na Mexico. Austin, TX: Mahadum nke Texas Press. Enwere: Akwụkwọ Google.
HELCOM

Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM)

Contracting parties of HELCOM

Formation	1974

Type	IGO

Legal status	Treaty-based

Purpose	Protection of the Baltic Sea environment

Location	

Helsinki, Finland

Official language	English

Chairperson	Saara Bäck

Executive Secretary	Rüdiger Strempel

Main organ	Ministerial Meeting

Website	www.helcom.fi

Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission, HELCOM) bụ òtù gọọmentị na-achịkwa Nkwekọrịta na Nchebe nke Mmiri nke Baltic Sea Area (Helsink Convention). Nzukọ mmiri mpaghara na ikpo okwu maka ime iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara mpaghara, HELCOM na-arụ ọrụ maka ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi nke Oké Osimiri Baltic. HELCOM nwere ndị otu iri - mba itoolu nke Baltic Sea Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia na Sweden, tinyere European Union.

Mba ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Baltic bịanyere aka na Nkwekọrịta Helsinki na 1974 iji dozie nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-arịwanye elu site na mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke mmadụ, nke ahụ na-enwe mmetụta siri ike na gburugburu mmiri. Nkwekọrịta Helsinki gụnyere nchebe nke Oké Osimiri Baltic site na isi mmalite niile nke mmetọ site na ala, ikuku na oké osimiri. Ọ na-enyekwa ndị bịanyere aka na ya ka ha mee ihe iji chekwaa ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na iji hụ na ojiji na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe mmiri. E mezigharịrị Nkwekọrịta Helsinki na 1992 iji tụlee mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-apụta na mpaghara ahụ. A kwadoro nsụgharị nke ugbu a n'afọ 2000.

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ na HELCOM bụ:

* Denmark
* Estonia
* Njikọ Europe
* Finland
* Germany
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Poland
* Rọshịa
* Sweden

Secretariat HELCOM dị na Helsinki, Finland.

## Nhazi
A na-ahazi HELCOM gburugburu nzukọ ndị minista na nzukọ nke ndị nnọchiteanya na-eduga (HOD - Onye isi ndị nnọchite anya) ebe a na-ekwekọrịta mkpebi na aro. Ọrụ nkwadebe maka nzukọ ndị a na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ime ìgwè ọrụ ise na-adịgide adịgide na oge atọ. Ndị otu ahụ na-ahọpụta site na ndị otu nkwekọrịta na ndị na-ekiri ihe na-emenụ site na òtù ndị na-abụghị gọọmentị, dị ka Coalition Clean Baltic.

### Ìgwè ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide

* Gear Group na mmejuputa nke Ecosystem Approach
* Maritime Maritime Working Group, mbelata nke mmetọ site na **ụgbọ mmiri**
* Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ Nrụgide Na Mbelata Nrụgide Site na Mpaghara Mmiri Baltic
* Nzaghachi Nzaghachi Òtù Na-arụ Ọrụ, nhazi nke **nzaghachi** maka ihe omume mmetọ
* State & Conservation Working Group na State of the Environment and Nature Conservation

### Ìgwè ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ oge

* **Agri** - Otu na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide
* **Azụ** - Ìgwè na Ecosystem-based sustainable fisheries
* **HELCOM-VASAB MSP** - Joint HELCOM -VASAB Maritime Spatial Planning Working Group

Na mgbakwunye, ìgwè ndị ọrụ ahụ guzobere ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọkachamara na ndị otu a họpụtara na mba na ndị na-ekiri maka ọrụ pụrụ iche.

## Hụkwa

* Ebe a na-echebe mmiri
* OSPAR

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ HELCOM
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Europe

European Forest

Institute

Formation	1993 as a NGO and 2005 as an international organization

Headquarters	Joensuu, Finland

Membership	30 member states

EFI Director	Marc Palahí

Website	efi.int

European Forest Institute (EFI) bụ nzukọ mba ụwa nke mba Europe guzobere.
Ọ nwere mba 30 so na ya, na c. 130 otu ndị otu si mba 40 na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba nyocha dị iche iche. EFI na-enye ihe ọmụma metụtara ọhịa gburugburu isiokwu atọ jikọtara ọnụ na interdisciplinary: bioeconomy, resilience na ọchịchị.

## Nhazi
áká_èkpè|thumb

### Ebe na ndị ọrụ
Isi ụlọ ọrụ EFI dị na Joensuu, Finland, ma nwee ọfịs na Barcelona, Bonn na Brussels yana ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara Eshia na Malaysia. Ọ na-ewe ndị ọrụ karịrị 100 ndị ọkachamara.

### Ndị otu mba
Nkwekọrịta maka European Forest Institute ejirila ngụkọta nke mba Europe 30 kwado site n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2022, ya bụ Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine na United Kingdom. Mba ndị a nwere oche n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kachasị elu na-eme mkpebi na nzukọ EFI, kansụl.

### Ndị mmekọ na ndị mmekọ
EFI nwere ihe dịka otu ndị otu 130 sitere na mba 40. Uru nke ndị mmekọ na ndị mmekọ gụnyere ikike ịtụ vootu maka mkpebi dị mkpa, ịnweta netwọk EFI, akụkọ na ọkwa metụtara nyocha ọhịa Europe, ọhụụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ EFI, na ohere ịnata akwụkwọ EFI na ibipụta ọkwa na ọwa EFI dị iche iche.

## Ihe omume
EFI na-eme nnyocha ma na-enye nkwado iwu na nsogbu metụtara ọhịa. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ma na-akpali netwọk metụtara ọhịa yana ịkwalite nnyefe nke ozi na-enweghị ntụpọ na iwu gbasara ọhịa na ọhịa. Ọ na-akwadokwa maka nyocha ọhịa na maka ozi sayensị dị mma dị ka ihe ndabere maka ime iwu na ọhịa. 

EFI na-eme nke ọma n'ịrụ ọrụ na ọkwa Europe, ma nwee ihe ndekọ nke ihe karịrị ọrụ 30 emere maka European Commission DGs n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga. EFI na-ekwusi ike na usoro dị iche iche na nyocha na mmepe ya. Ya mere, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ dị mma iji nwee ohere dị irè maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekpuchi mpaghara niile nke Europe. Ọrụ na ngalaba nkwado iwu gụnyere nkwado ka mma maka ndị na-eme mkpebi na ndị na-emepụta iwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nzukọ dị elu na oké ọhịa, ThinkForest, na-ejikọta ndị na-eme iwu dị elu na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọhịa Europe na-eduga iji mepụta mkparịta ụka sayensị na iwu gbasara nsogbu metụtara oké ọhịa. EFI na-aghọ ngwa ngwa ikpo okwu na-eduga na iwu sayensị na-enye ihe ọmụma metụtara ọhịa iji wuo ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide: ijikọ ihe ọmụma na omume.

EFI nwekwara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, nke na-ewulite na ihe ọmụma nyocha ma na-ekwu maka iwu ụfọdụ, isiokwu na ọrụ site na iwulite ikike, netwọk na inye nka dabere na ọchịchọ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ EFI

## Ihe odide
Njikọ Onwe Onye nke Latin America na Caribbean

The Independent Association of Latin America and the Caribbean (Spanish Asociación Independiente de Latinoamérica y el Caribe, **AILAC**) bụ otu mba si Latin America na Caribbean na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'okwu ụfọdụ dị ka ihe mgbochi na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe mba ụwa.  E guzobere otu ahụ na Doha, Qatar na Nzukọ nke 18 nke ndị otu site na Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Peru, Guatemala na Panama ma kwado ya site na Dominican Republic, na-apụ n'òtù nke 77 na nsogbu ụfọdụ karịsịa ọkwa nkwa maka mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Ìgwè ahụ gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka "ụzọ nke atọ" na North-South, nkewa ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye na mkparịta ụka mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Njikọ anaghị ekwekọ ibe ha na ụfọdụ ndị otu na-ekere òkè na / ma ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ìgwè na-ekwurịta okwu dị ka Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), Central American Integration System (SICA na Spanish), Coalition for Rainforest Nations, na Climate Vulnerable Forum.  AILAC edeela Submissions na Mexico.

## Mba ndị otu AILAC
 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Nkwurịta okwu sayensị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Abbreviation	IPBES

Formation	2012; 11 years ago

Type	Platform

Legal status	Active

Headquarters	Bonn, Germany

Head	Chair of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

Ana María Hernández Salgar

Website	www.ipbes.net

 Politics portal

The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) bụ nzukọ gọọmentị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke e guzobere iji melite interface n'etiti sayensị na iwu na nsogbu nke biodiversity na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịrụ ọrụ yiri nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

## Ntọala na mmalite mmepe
N'afọ 2010, mkpebi nke nnọkọ nke iri isii na ise nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbara United Nations Environment Programme ume ka ha kpọọ nzukọ zuru ezu iji guzobe IPBES. N'afọ 2013, a nabatara usoro echiche mbụ maka nzukọ zuru oke nke IPBES.

Site na 29 Eprel ruo 4 Mee 2019, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị otu 132 nke IPBES zutere na Paris, France, iji nata akụkọ zuru ezu nke IPB ES ma nabata nchịkọta ya maka ndị na-eme iwu. Na 6 Mee 2019, a tọhapụrụ nchịkọta peeji 40.
thumb|Usoro Echiche IPBES<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />

## Akụkọ 2020
N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2020, nzukọ ahụ wepụtara akụkọ mbido site na Zenodo na ogbako ya, nke emere n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ụbọchị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwarị n'afọ 2020 nke na-atụ aro atụmatụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa iji belata ihe ize ndụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe. Ibelata ugboro ole ọrịa na-efe efe na oke nke ọrịa na-egbu egbu site na mmejuputa iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ ebumnuche nke nzukọ ahụ. Otu isiokwu banyere akụkọ ahụ ka Medical News Today bipụtara na Nọvemba 7, 2020, nke na-akọwa ozi dị na akụkọ ahụ.

## Akụkọ 2021 na IPCC
Na June nke 2021, IPBES na IPCC wepụtara akụkọ ọmụmụ ihe na-akwado na ụdị dị iche iche na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ wepụtara akụkọ nchịkọta na-ekpuchi nsonaazụ na akụkọ sayensị dị peeji 250.

## Onyinye

### Ihe nrite Gulbenkian maka Humanity na 2022
 
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2022, IPBES na IPCC kesara onyinye Gulbenkian maka mmadụ, n'ihi na òtù abụọ ahụ dị n'etiti gọọmentị "na-emepụta ihe ọmụma sayensị, na-eme ka ọha mmadụ mara, ma na-agwa ndị na-eme mkpebi ka ha mee nhọrọ ka mma maka ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na ọnwụ nke ụdị dị iche iche".

## Hụkwa

* Nkwekọrịta Banyere Ụdị Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ
* Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe
* Usoro Nchịkọta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Akụnụba

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* ipbes.net
* Nchịkọta maka ndị na-eme iwu, nke Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
*
Òtù Mba Nile Na-ahụ Maka Osisi Tropical

International Tropical Timber Organization (**ITTO**) bụ **òtù** gọọmentị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe ọhịa na njikwa, ojiji na azụmahịa ha.

## Nhazi
E guzobere nzukọ ahụ n'okpuru International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), nke United Nations Conference on Trade and Development kwadoro ma kwado ya na 1985.
Iwu ya ka International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 na ọzọ site na International Tropical Wood Agreement, 2006, nke na-ezube ịkwalite njikwa na owuwe ihe ubi iwu nke oké ọhịa ndị na-emepụta osisi okpomọkụ, yana ịkwalite mgbasawanye na ụdị dị iche iche nke azụmahịa osisi mba ụwa site na oké ọhịa ndị a.

Òtù na-achịkwa ya bụ International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC). A na-enye ọkara vootu na ITTC na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe na ọkara na ndị na-azụ ahịa. N'ime blọk ọ bụla, a na-enye vootu dabere na òkè ahịa.

## Ọrụ na ọrụ
ITTO bụ na mbụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ngwaahịa, na-achịkwa azụmahịa mba ụwa na osisi okpomọkụ. Iwu mbụ ahụ kwuru maka nchekwa mana enyeghị nkọwa ọ bụla. N'afọ 1990, ITTC tụrụ aro na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2000, ihe niile a na-ebupụ n'ebe okpomọkụ ga-esi na isi mmalite na-achịkwa nke ọma, a nabatara ebumnuche a.
N'afọ 1987, ITTO nyere ụlọ ọrụ Harvard Institute for International Development ọrụ ịkwadebe nyocha nke ihe ọmụma dị ugbu a banyere njikwa ọtụtụ ihe nke oké ọhịa okpomọkụ. Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị bụ ikike maka ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị na-abụghị osisi nke nwere ike inye aka n'ịkwado ọhịa. HIID dechara ọmụmụ ihe ahụ na 1988 ma wepụta nsụgharị emelitere na 1990 na 1992.

ITTO na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa nkeji iri na ise, Tropical Forest Update ( ), dịkwa n'ịntanetị.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ngalaba ndị na-ahụ maka ọhịa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Onyinye Onye dike ọhịa

E guzobere United Nations Forest Hero Award na 2011, International Year of Forests, iji kwado ndị mmadụ tinyere ndụ ha n'ichebe ọhịa. A na enye onyinye kwa afọ nye otu onye na mpaghara ise ọ bụla: Africa, Eshia na Pacific, Europe, Latin America na Caribbean, na North America.

## 2011
A mara ọkwa ndị mmeri nke afọ 2011 na 2012 UN Forum on Forests na New York. A họpụtara ha n'ime ndị 90 a họpụtara na mba 41, ndị mmeri bụ:

* *Africa*: Paul Nzegha Mzeka, Cameroon
* *Eshia na Pacific*: Shigeatsu Hatakeyama, Japan
* *Europe*: Anatoly Lebedev, Russia
* *Latin America na Caribbean*: Paulo Adario, Brazil
* North America: Rhiannon Tomtishen na Madison Vorva, USA maka mkpọsa ha na-aga nke ọma iji wepụ mmanụ nkwụ na Cookies Girl Scout

Ihe nrite pụrụ iche kwetara ọrụ nke di na nwunye nwụrụ anwụ, José Claudio Ribeiro na Maria do Espírito Santo, Brazil.

## 2012
Ndị mmeri nke afọ 2012 bụ:

* *Africa*: Rose Mukankomeje, Rwanda
* *Eshia na Pacific*: Preecha Siri, Thailand
* *Europe*: Hayrettin Karaca, Turkey
* *Latin America na Caribbean*: Almir Narayamoga Surui, Brazil
* North America: Ariel Lugo, Puerto Rico

## Hụkwa

* Ndị mmeri nke ụwa
* Ndị dike nke gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke onyinye gburugburu ebe obibi

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Afọ Mba Nile nke Oké Ọhịa 2011, Ihe Omume Ndị dike Ọhịa & Ihe Nrite
Ụkpụrụ Ọhịa

The Forest Principles (nke a na-akpọkwa Rio Forest Principles, nke a na-ahụkarị Non-Legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of All Types of Forests) bụ akwụkwọ e mepụtara na 1992 na United Nations Conference on Environment and Development ("Earth Summit").  Ọ bụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro nke na-enye ọtụtụ aro maka nchekwa na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.

Na Nzukọ nke Ụwa, mkparịta ụka nke akwụkwọ ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya site na ihe mba ndị na-emepe emepe chọrọ n'ìgwè nke 77 maka enyemaka mba ọzọ ka ha wee kwụọ ụgwọ maka ịhapụ ebe nchekwa ọhịa. Mba ndị mepere emepe guzogidere ihe ndị ahụ, akwụkwọ ikpeazụ bụ nkwekọrịta.

## Ọganihu
Usoro FOREST EUROPE (Mgbakọ Ministrial na Nchebe nke Ọhịa na Europe, MCPFE) malitere site na Nzukọ Strasbourg na 1990 ma nabata ụkpụrụ ọhịa ma tinye ya n'ime usoro ihe omume site na Nzọụkwụ Helsinki na 1993. Usoro a na ekpuchi mpaghara Pan-European nke nwere ndị bịanyere aka 47 (mba 46 nke Europe na European Union) nke na agbakọta na mpaghara Montreal Process (Russia bụ onye bịanyere aha na usoro abụọ ahụ).

N'ihi lobbying site na caucus mba na-emepe emepe (ma ọ bụ Group of 77) na United Nations, e guzobere ụkpụrụ ọhịa ndị na adịghị agbanye iwu na 1992. Ndị a jikọtara nsogbu nke mgbukpọ ọhịa na ụgwọ ụwa nke atọ na nnyefe teknụzụ ezughi oke ma kwuo na "kwekọrịta zuru oke nke inweta uru metụtara nchekwa ọhịa... kwesiri ka ndị mba ụwa kerịta ya" (para1 (b)). N'ikpeazụ, otu nke 77 rụrụ ụka na 1995 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF) na 2001 Intergovernmentel Forum on Forests, maka ịnweta teknụzụ dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na enweghị ike nke ikike ọgụgụ isi; ebe ọ bụ na steeti mepere emepe jụrụ arịrịọ maka ego ọhịa.

Ìgwè ndị ọkachamara e guzobere n'okpuru United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) kọrọ na 2004, mana na 2007 mba mepụtara ọzọ kwadoro asụsụ na ụkpụrụ nke ederede ikpeazụ nke nwere ike ịkwado ọrụ iwu ha n'okpuru iwu mba ụwa iji nye ego na teknụzụ dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.

Usoro Montreal, nke a makwaara dị ka *Òtù* Ọrụ na Criteria na Indicators maka Nchekwa na Nchịkwa Na adịgide Adịgide nke Oké Ọhịa na Boreal, malitere na 1994 n'ihi ụkpụrụ Ọhịa.

## Hụkwa
 

* Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ọhịa gburugburu ebe obibi
* Iji ala eme ihe, mgbanwe iji ala eme ihe na ọhịa (LULUCF)
* Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ọhịa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe odide Forest Principles, A/CONF.151/26 (Mpịakọta. Atọ) Mgbakwunye nke Atọ
* Nzukọ nke United Nations maka Ọhịa
Ụlọ Akụ̀ Mmepe nke North America

North American Development NAD BANK bụ ụlọ ọrụ ego mba abụọ nke gọọmentị etiti nke United States of America na Mexico na-achịkwa ma na-achịkọta n'otu n'otu iji nye ego iji kwado mmepe na mmejuputa ọrụ akụrụngwa.

#

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere NADBank site na *Nkwekọrịta* Nkwekọ Mpaghara Mpaghara nke Nọvemba 1993 (Nkwekọrịta n'etiti Gọọmentị nke United States of America na Gọọmentụ nke United States Mexican States Banyere Ịtọlite Kọmitii Nkwekọrọ Mpaghara na North American Development Bank).)

Na United States, North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act § 541 (22 U.S.C. § ) nyere ikike itinye aka na gọọmentị.

## Ihe odide

# 22 U.S.C. § 290m-3

## Njikọ mpụga

* tge na 
* Th Webụsaịtị mmepe nke North America efu
Oké ọhịa Nkwupụta Ugbu A

Nkwupụta Ọhịa Ugbu a bụ nkwupụta nke na-akwado iji ego carbon chebe oké ọhịa. Ọ bụ Global Canopy Programme kere nkwupụta ahụ, ihe karịrị 200 NGO, ndị isi azụmaahịa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-echekwa ihe bịanyere aka na ya. E mepụtara nkwupụta ahụ dị ka ego carbon sitere na iji ala eme ihe, mgbanwe iji ala eme njem na ọhịa ka ewepụrụ site na Usoro Mmepe Dị Ọcha maka Oge Nkwekọrịta Mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol n'agbanyeghị inye aka 18-25% nke ikuku niile.

## Ihe kpatara ya
Mgbukpọ ọhịa n'ime afọ ise na-esote [mgbe?] ga ewepụta carbon dioxide karịa ụgbọelu niile kemgbe Wright Brothers ruo ma ọ dịkarịa ala 2025; Otú ọ dị, e wepụrụ ego sitere na mbelata mgbukpọ ọhịa site na Clean Development Mechanism maka oge mbụ nke Kyoto Protocol, yabụ enwere obere ihe mkpali maka mba ndị nwere ọhịa iji belata ọnụego mgbukpọ ha. Nkwupụta Forests NOW na-achọ ịmepụta usoro ahịa ọhụrụ iji chebe ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa na-enye na nchekwa dị iche iche, nchedo carbon na okirikiri mmiri na nke mineral zuru ụwa ọnụ.

## Ọgwụ ndị e nyere
Nkwupụta ahụ nyere iwu mgbanwe isii na usoro ahịa carbon dị ugbu a:

* Gbaa mbọ hụ na a na etinye ego carbon maka mbelata ikuku sitere na mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmebi (REDD) na nchedo nke oké ọhịa kwụ ọtọ na ahịa carbon niile nke mba na nke mba ụwa, ọkachasị ndị UN Framework Convention on Climate Change mepụtara.
* Mee ka iwu ahịa carbon dị mfe ma gbasaa, gụnyere Usoro Mmepe Dị Ọcha, iji gbaa ume ka osisi dịghachi ọhụrụ, osisi na nlekọta ọhịa na adịgide adịgide.
* Gụnye oke ọhịa na ala iji carbon eme ihe na European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, ka ị na enwe ihe mkpali siri ike iji belata ikuku ụlọ ọrụ.
* Na agba ume usoro ndị na amata uru nke carbon stock na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọhịa, ma na akwado ụkpụrụ ahịa carbon kwesịrị ekwesị.
* Nyere enyemaka maka mba ndị na emepe emepe iji wulite ikike isonye n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ahịa carbon, na iji nyochaa ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa ha na enye.
* Kwalite iji ala na gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe na adịgide adịgide, ma wepụ ihe mkpali na akwalite mbibi ọhịa.

## Ndị bịanyere aka
Ihe karịrị mmadụ 200 na òtù abịanye aka na nkwupụta ahụ gụnyere:

### Nzukọ

* Njikọ Maka Mba Ndị Dị n'Oké Osimiri
* Nchekwa Mba Nile
* Flora na Fauna International
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na ahụ Maka Ọhịa
* Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa
* Njikọ nke Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere nchegbu

### Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu

* Hans Blix
* Jane Goodall
* Wangari Maathai

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Forests NOW blog The Original
* Oké ọhịa na-alụ ọgụ megide mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụkọ sitere na Global Canopy Initiative
Kọmitii Interstate na adịgide adịgide maka njikwa ọkọchị na Sahel

thumb|Map nke ndị otu
**Kọmitii Na adịgide adịgide** nke Interstate maka Nchịkwa Oké Ifu na Sahel (French: Comité permanente inter-État de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel, nke a na akpọ **CILSS**) bụ nzukọ mba ụwa nke nwere mba ndị dị na mpaghara Sahel nke Africa.

Dabere na ibe ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ọrụ nke nzukọ a bụ itinye ego na nyocha maka nchekwa nri na ọgụ megide mmetụta nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọzara maka nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi ọhụrụ na Sahel.

Sahel bụ ebe mgbanwe dị n'etiti ugwu kpọrọ nkụ na oke ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ọ na egosiputa oke ohia, ahịhịa na obere osisi ma ọ naghị enye ndị bi na ya iwe ihe ubi mgbe niile. Isi njirimara gụnyere:

* mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma na nke a na-ahụ anya, site na 200 mm ruo 2500 mm
* mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo na ịkpa anụ. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị bi ebe ahụ bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ugbo nyere ihe karịrị 40% na GDP
* uto dị elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ (ihe dị ka 3.1%) na uto dị elu n'obodo ukwu (ihe dịka 7%)

E guzobere CILSS na 1973 n'oge nnukwu ụkọ mmiri ozuzo mbụ na mpaghara ahụ na ebumnuche nke ịhazi ndị bi na Sahel na ndị mba ụwa iji mee ka mkpa dị ngwa na nhazi ọrụ na ngalaba dị iche iche ya bụ ọrụ ugbo mmiri ozuzo na mmiri, gburugburu ebe obibi, njem, na nkwukọrịta. N'afọ 1995, ọ lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya na nchekwa nri na ojiji nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike. 

Ọfịs ndị isi dị na Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 

Ndepụta mba ndị so na ya:

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Chad
* Gambia
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Niger
* Senegal
* Togo

## Hụkwa

* Ụnwụ nri na Sahel na 2010

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ "Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel" - (n'asụsụ Bekee na French)
* Institut du Sahel - (n'asụsụ French)
Nleba anya oke ọhịa nke nọọrọ onwe ya

**Nlekọta ọhịa** onwe ya (IFM) bụ ngwá ọrụ maka ịtụle na iwusi nkwenye iwu ike na ngalaba ọhịa n'ụwa niile. Site n'ịgbakwunye ọrụ mmanye iwu ọhịa na ebumnuche na ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze nke onye nke atọ nwere onwe ya, IFM nwere ike imeziwanye nghọta n'oge na adịghị anya ka ọ na enye aka na mmepe nke usoro iwu na nhazi maka nlekọta ọhịa.

E mesiri nghọta ike dị ka ihe dị mkpa na *Mbelata* *[[Igbukpọ osisi|Mgbukpọ]]* site na *Mgbukwu* ọhịa na Mgbụgba Ọhịa (REDD) site na UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) na Conference of the Parties (COP-15) na Copenhagen na Disemba 2009 *na* mkpebi ya gbasara nduzi usoro maka usoro nlekota ọhịa.

## Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị na ya
Global Witness akọwaala IFM dị ka “iji onye nke atọ nọọrọ onwe ya na, site na nkwekọrịta ya na ndị ọchịchị steeti, na enye nleba anya nrube isi n'iwu, na nleba anya na ntụzịaka na usoro mmanye iwu ọhịa."

IFM gbadoro ụkwụ na nguzobe nke mmekorita n'etiti 'ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọbịa' nke na ahụ maka nlekọta nke mpaghara ọhịa na ụlọ ọrụ nlekota oru ahọpụtara. Ọrụ bụ isi nke onye nleba anya bụ ime nyocha ubi iji hụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu na idekọ ihe omume iwu na akwadoghị n'ime ọhịa na azụmaahịa metụtara ya. Nnyocha ndị a na ebute mbipụta akwụkwọ ikike gbasara ọrụ ọhịa, bụ nke emere ka ọ dịrị ọkwa niile nke gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ na ọha mmadụ.

Site n'ileba anya na mmanye iwu ọhịa, IFM na-enyere aka ịchọpụta usoro ọrụ iwu na akwadoghị na nrụrụ aka. Ndị na enyocha na atụ anya na a ga eme  akaebe ha ma na echebe onwe ha pụọ na nguzogide siri ike maka ọchịchị ka mma.

## Ojiji
E meela IFM na Cambodia, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Honduras, na Nicaragua, ma mee ya n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.

A na akpọkwa IFM Independent Monitoring, Independent Observation, na Third Party Observation.

## Ihe odide

### Ihe edeturu

### Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Nnyocha Nchịkọta Ihe onwunwe, Nnyocha Onwe Ya
* Peeji IFM na Global Witness
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Cameroon IFM
* Ọrụ Verifor nke Overseas Development Institute na usoro nkwenye iwu nke ọhịa gụnyere mkparịta ụka nke IFM

## Njikọ mpụga

* IllegalLogging.info, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-enye ozi ndabere banyere isi okwu na arụmụka mkpesa iwu na-akwadoghị
Ghana Youth Environmental Movement

Ghana Youth Environmental Movement (GYEM), bụ otu mba ndị ntorobịa na edu gburugburu ebe obibi na Ghana hiwere na 2012, site n'aka otu ndị na eto eto Gideon Commey na edu, nke na enye ndị na eto eto ike itinye aka na gburugburu ebe obibi na adigide ma na edozi nsogbu ihu igwe site na mkpọsa nkwado. na ihe omume obodo.

N'agbata afọ 2018 na 2019, GYEM malitere Ike Shift, nzuko nke na akpọ ndị na eto eto ka ha kparịta ihe ndị dị mkpa metụtara njikwa mkpofu, ịdị ọcha, mmetọ rọba, mgbanwe ihu igwe na ume ọhụrụ. GYEM rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa megide iwebata ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na Ghana ma dukwaa mkpọsa mgbochi coal na 2016..

## Ihe ndị e mere
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020, GYEM guzobere ọrụ kiosk mmiri akpọrọ Kyensu Kiosk. Ebumnuche ya bụ inye obodo na enweta ego dị ala na Ga West Municipal District mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Obodo a enweela ihe ịma aka n'inweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha.

## Mgbasa ozi
N'afọ 2018, òtù ahụ mere Power Shift Environmental Summit iji mee emume World Environment Day 2018 na Accra. Ihe omume ahụ kpọkọtara ndị na eto eto na ndị nwere mmasị ịmalite mkparịta ụka ma mee ihe gbasara mmetọ plastik na Ghana. N'ọnwa Machị 2019, otu ahụ duziri otu ndị ntorobịa na òtù ndị obodo na mkpọsa iji chọọ ka gọọmentị Afrịka mee ihe megide mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Ihe odide
Nne Okike Cambodia

**Nne Okike** bụ otu ndị na ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Cambodia na onye bụbu òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị. Onye guzobere otu ahụ bụ Alejandro Gonzalez-Davidson na 2013. Ìgwè ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na ime mkpesa iji kwatuo ihe mgbochi mmiri na enye ọkụ na Ndagwurugwu Areng na 2014. Ha emeela ngagharị iwe megide igwupụta ájá na mgbukpọ ọhịa na Cambodia. Nkwado na nkatọ nke otu ahụ megide gọọmentị Cambodia emeela ka a kpụpụ ma tụọ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ya mkpọrọ na Mother Nature ka Ministri nke Interior wepụrụ ọnọdụ NGO ya na 2017.

A chụpụrụ Gonzalez-Davidson na mba ahụ wee tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa 20 na 2015 na-anọghị ya. Agbanyeghị na a tọhapụrụ ya na 2019, a mara ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike Cambodia ikpe ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ. A tụrụ onye na akwado nne Nature mkpọrọ na mbido 2021 maka “mkpasu iwe” maka otu nwanyị na-eme ngagharị iwe megide ijuju ọdọ mmiri na Phnom Penh. E jidere ndị na akwado mmadụ atọ ebubo na June 2021 maka mpụ dị iche iche gụnyere ịkparị Eze, na mmegharị nke ndị otu mba ụwa na ndị ọrụ nnọchi anya United States na Sweden katọrọ..

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ịrụ Aka Maka Ọdịnihu Dị Mma

Cooperation for a Green Future bụ ntọala na-enweghị uru na Republic of Georgia na arụ ọrụ ịchọpụta na nyochaa nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma mepụta ma tinye n'ọrụ ngwọta ọhụrụ. 

Ọrụ ha na elekwasị anya n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime usoro anụ ahụ na nke ọha mmadụ na nhazi. Nzukọ ahụ na achọ ịmepụta na gbasaa n'ime ọha na eze Georgian otu ọhụụ maka ọha mmadụ na aga n'ihu na gburugburu ebe obibi na adịgide adịgide, chọpụta ụzọ ndị nwere ike isi nweta ọhụụ a, ma mejuputa ọrụ na ọrụ dị iche iche na ntụziaka a. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nzukọ a na arụ ọrụ iji belata mmetụta nke mmetọ ndu, na agba ume iji ụgbọ njem ọha, na ịkwado mmejuputa omume gburugburu ebe obibi ụlọ ọrụ na Georgia.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkwado maka Ọdịnihu Dị Ọcha - ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Okike Iraq

Nature Iraq (Arabic) bụ otu nchedo mbụ na naanị otu nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nke Iraq. Ọ bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Iraq, nke a kwadoro na United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ma jikọta ya na BirdLife International. Ha na-achọ ichebe, weghachite, ma chekwaa gburugburu ebe obibi Iraq na ihe nketa ọdịbendị bara ọgaranya nke dabere na ya.  Ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, ụdị dị iche iche, na ihe onwunwe mmiri. Ọ bụ Azzam Alwash, onye Iraqi gbara ọsọ ndụ na injinia na United States nke laghachiri Iraq mgbe mwakpo 2003 nke Iraq gasịrị, guzobere Nature Iraq.

## Ihe omume
Ọ bụ Nature Iraq malitere mmemme Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) na mmekorita ya na Ministry of Environment na BirdLife International nke Iraq na ndị ọzọ na-enye ndụmọdụ mba ụwa ma tinye ọrụ nyocha dị ukwuu site na 2004 ruo 2010 iji chọpụta mpaghara nke mba ahụ dị mkpa n'ụwa niile maka ụdị dị iche iche ha.  A chọpụtala ebe iri asatọ na abụọ dị ka KBAs na Iraq.

E wuru Adobe House iji gosipụta ụzọ ọzọ, nke dị ọnụ ala na nke na adịgide adịgide nke a ga etinye n'ọrụ maka **ụlọ** ndị ọzọ na mpaghara marshland.

**Ọrụ Darwin** na eduzi nyocha osisi na nnụnụ, na emepụta ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na map iji ala mee ihe, na eme ka usoro ọzụzụ ọzụzụ ubi dị irè na usoro ntanetị maka ndị ọkachamara na emepe emepe, na eduzi ụmụaka ụlọ akwụkwọ, na emepụta ntụziaka ubi na ihe mmụta ndị ọzọ maka ndị na ahụ maka nchekwa.

Nweghachi ala mmiri anọwo na aga n'ihu. Nature Iraq enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ụfọdụ n'ime mmiri dị ọcha nke Iraq n'etiti etiti mba ahụ.

Ụlọ nyocha Blue Horizons bụ ụlọ nyocha nkeonwe na enye ọrụ ụlọ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi nke Nature Iraq malitere na mbụ.

Ndị na elekọta mmiri Iraq bụ mmemme malitere site na Nature Iraq ma debanye aha ya dị ka òtù na abụghị nke gọọmentị na 2014. Ọ na akwado ma na arụ ọrụ iji chebe osimiri, iyi na mmiri nke Iraq ma na akwado obodo ndị obodo na ejigide ihe ndị a sitere n'okike. Ndị na echekwa mmiri Iraq nwere njikọ na International Waterkeeper Alliance. Ma ọ bụ nzukọ mbụ na elekọta mmiri na Middle East..

## Hụkwa

* Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na Iraq

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Peeji gọọmentị nke Nature Iraq
* Peeji nke Blue Horizon
* Ndị na-elekọta mmiri na Iraq
Emirates Environmental Group

**Emirates Environmental Group** (EEG) bụ otu ndị ọkachamara na abụghị nke gọọmentị nke e guzobere na 1991 na Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE).

EEG nwere ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na nke ime obodo, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na nke mba ụwa, mahadum, kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ, yana ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ezinụlọ. A na amata ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga na Emirates. N'inwe ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 2,000 si UAE, isi ụlọ ọrụ EEG dị na Jumeirah, Dubai. Ọ bụ onye na ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke Emirati bụ Habiba Al Marashi duziri nzukọ ahụ kemgbe e bidoro ya.

N'ịkwado ịhazi draịva dị ọcha na ebe a na anakọta mkpofu n'ofe Emirates, otu a na enwekwa nnọkọ mkpali iji kwalite nnabata ọha na eze maka mkpa nchekwa, nkwado na imegharị ihe. Ngwakọta mkpofu ya bụ nnukwu mbọ imegharị ihe, otu ụgbọala na 2005 naanị na anakọta kilos 644,000 nke ihe eji emegharị ihe.

Otu a na akwalite Mgbasa Ozi Ọcha nke UAE kwa afọ, bụ nke nweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'imejuputa ebumnuche mmepe mmepe nke United Nations (SDGs): 3 (ezigbo ahụike na ọdịmma), 11 (obodo na obodo na-adịgide adịgide), 12 (Nri na ahụ maka Ọrụ na Mmepụta), 13 (Climate Action), 15 (Life on Land) na 17 (Mmekọrịta maka ebumnuche).

Otu ahụ na emekwa onyinye 'Green Heroes' kwa afọ na Emirates, ihe omume emere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na 2020 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ndị Enyi nke Ebe Obibi

**Ndị enyi nke** Environment Centre (FEC) bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi nke e guzobere na 1992 na Qatar na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite mmata gburugburu ebe obibi na ịzụlite atụmatụ nchekwa. Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 2015, Saif Al Hajari bụ onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere nzukọ ahụ na 1992.

## Ihe omume
FEC etinyela aka n'ịkwalite mmata n'ime obodo maka mmetụta ọjọọ metụtara ise siga. Ụzọ ndị a na arụ ọrụ gụnyere ịhazi ogbako mba ụwa na ịkwado ọmụmụ ihe na akọwapụta mmetụta akụ na ụba, ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi.

FEC na ahazi mmemme kwa afọ nke a maara dị ka Ifuru Kwa oge opupu ihe ubi iji kwalite mmata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'oge mmemme a, a na eme ọtụtụ njem njem na ihe ngosi n'ebumnobi nke ime ka ndị sonyere na anụ ọhịa Qatar mara. Mbipụta mbụ a mere na 1999.

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2012, FEC na Kainat Foundation jikọrọ aka malite nzukọ a maara dị ka Children's Conference on Climate Change (C4). Na arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ yiri nke Model United Nations, ebumnuche nke ihe omume ahụ bụ inye ndị ntorobịa ikpo okwu iji kwurịta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ngwọta.

FEC, na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ South Africa Sasol, malitere ngwa e-Nature nke Qatar maka smartphones na Disemba 2013. Na mbido, ngwa ahụ nwere naanị nchekwa data nke osisi, nnụnụ na ụmụ ahụhụ dị na mba ahụ. E mezigharịrị nchekwa data ya na Nọvemba 2014 iji kpuchie anụ na enye nwa ara na anụ na akpụ akpụ. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, e nyere ngwa ahụ onyinye "Best Arab Government Smart Application" na Smart Government Awards.

A mara ọkwa na Mee 2015 na nzukọ ahụ ewepụtala akwụkwọ nduzi mbụ maka nnụnụ na Qatar. Akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ozi na ihe ngosi nke ụdị nnụnụ 323 na apụta na mba ahụ.

## Ihe odide
Ngalaba Ọhịa Andhra Pradesh

**Ngalaba Ọhịa Andhra Pradesh** bụ otu n'ime ngalaba nhazi nke gọọmentị Andhra Pradesh. Ọ bụ onye isi na ahụ maka nchekwa ọhịa, onye isi ndị agha ọhịa. Ọrụ bụ isi nke ngalaba a bụ nchekwa, nchekwa na njikwa oke ohia na steeti Andhra Pradesh. A haziri ngalaba ngalaba ọhịa ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara mpaghara iri na abụọ na ngalaba iri anọ na atọ. Na mgbakwunye, otu onye isi oche nke ọkwa osote onye nchekwa oke ọhịa na arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ nhazi na ndọtị na mpaghara ọ bụla.

## Flora na anụmanụ
A na enye Andhra Pradesh State usoro osimiri abụọ dị ike nke Krishna na Godavari. Steeti ahụ nwere ụdị ahịhịa dịgasị iche iche nke nwere ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị iche iche. **Andhra Pradesh State Biodiversity Board**, **[https://apsbb.org APSBB]** bụ òtù iwu kwadoro nke na echekwa ma na edebe nguzozi nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi, ala, ebe nketa. Andhra Pradesh ebe ọ dị n'etiti mpaghara mpaghara India nwere ndị nnọchiteanya nke osisi na anụmanụ mara mma nke India. Ọdịdị ya dịgasị iche iche site na ugwu nke Eastern Ghats na Nallamallas ruo n'ikperé mmiri nke Bay of Bengal na akwado ụdị dịgasịgasị iche, nke na akwado ọtụtụ osisi na anụmanụ. Enwere ike kewaa oké ọhịa dị na steeti ahụ n'ozuzu ya n'ime mpaghara anọ dị mkpa.

1) Ala dị larịị nke Deccan - 53%

2) Central Plateau - 35%

3) Eastern Highland -11%

4) Ala Dị larịị nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ - 1%

Ahịhịa achọtara na steeti ahụ bụ nke ukwuu nke akọrọ deciduous ụdị na ngwakọta nke Teak, na ụdị nke genera Terminalia, Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Anogeissus wdg Ugwu nke Eastern Ghats tinye ukwuu na Biological Diversity na-enye emmepe nke endemism maka osisi. , nnụnụ na ụdị dị nta nke ndụ anụmanụ. Ebe obibi dị iche iche nwere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị iche iche nke gụnyere Tiger, Panther, Wolf, Wild Dog, Hyena, Sloth Bear, Gaur, Black Buck, Chinkara, Chowsingha, Nilgai, Cheetal, Sambar na ọtụtụ nnụnụ na anụ ufe. Ogologo oke osimiri dị ogologo na-enye ebe agbụ maka nduru mmiri, mmiri azụ nke ọdọ mmiri Pulicat bụ ebe nri maka Flamingo & Grey Pelican, ebe mmiri dị na Godavari na Krishna na-akwado oke ọhịa mangrove bara ụba na Cat Fishing na Otters dị ka ụdị nkume isi.

Steeti bụ mpako nwe nke ụfọdụ obere na endemic osisi dị ka Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudum wdg N'etiti ya ọgaranya fauna, na Double Banded ma ọ bụ na Jerdon's N'ezie, na gold. gecko, na loris isi awọ bụ ụfọdụ anụ ọhịa na adịghị ahụkebe na nke steeti.

## Ebe ndị a na-echebe
Andhra Pradesh nwere netwọk nke ebe nsọ 13 na ogige ntụrụndụ mba 1 na steeti ahụ. E nwere ogige ntụrụndụ 2 e guzobere na steeti ahụ.
 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọhịa (Arunachal Pradesh)

**Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọhịa nke Arunachal Pradesh** (**DEFAP**) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado steeti nke na-ahụ maka ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi, ịchọpụta, iguzobe, na ichebe ebe echedoro na steeti India nke Arunacal Pradesh.

## Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ
Dị ka webụsaịtị gọọmentị siri kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ na-echekwa square kilomita 10185.40. Nke ahụ bụ pasentị iri na abụọ nke mkpokọta steeti ahụ yana pasentị iri na ise nke oke ọhịa dị na steeti ahụ - 68,045 square kilomita. Enwere ụdị ndụ ihe ọkụkụ dị 8,715 n'ime ọhịa Arunachal, nke na-enye aka n'ịdị mkpa nke nchekwa anụ ọhịa. Arunachal bụ steeti ime obodo, na ọtụtụ steeti ahụ kpuchiri oke ọhịa. Dị ka nke a, nchekwa oke ohia na anụ ọhịa dị oke mkpa nye ndị bi na Arunachal Pradesh.

## Ebe Nsọ
E nwere ngụkọta nke ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa asatọ na otu ebe nchekwa nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọhịa na-echebe:

* Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa nke Dibang
* Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa Mehao
* Ogige Agụ Pakhui
* Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa Kamlang
* Ogige Anụ Ọhịa Eaglenest
* Ebe Ncheta Anụ Ọhịa nke D'Ering
* Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa nke Itanagar
* Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa Sessa Orchid
* Ebe Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa nke Kane

## Hụkwa

* Ebe a na-edebe anụ ọhịa n'India
* Ebe echedoro

## Ihe odide, isi mmalite, na ihe e depụtara
Ala ọhịa Eksali

Ala ọhịa Eksali ma ọ bụ Eksali (Marathi: एकसाली प्लॉट) bụ mpaghara ahọpụtara maka ịgha mkpụrụ n'ime ọhịa nke Thane na Raigad nke steeti Maharashtra, India. Oghere ndị a bụ hectare 4 (acres 9.9) ma ọ bụ karịa na mpaghara. Akpụpụtara okirikiri Eksali dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ n'ime atụmatụ ọrụ [nkọwa dị mkpa] maka njikwa nke ala ọhịa ndị a. Tupu nnwere onwe na British Raj, e nyere atụmatụ Eksali maka ịkụ ihe n'ebumnobi nke ịgba ndị mmadụ ume na mpaghara ọhịa dịpụrụ adịpụ iji nye ndị ọrụ ọrụ maka ọrụ ọhịa gụnyere igbutu osisi, ịzụlite ebe a na-elekọta osisi, ịkụ mkpụrụ osisi, ịzụlite osisi na ichebe osisi. oke ohia. N'agbanyeghị na e dekọrọ ala ndị a na map ọhịa n'ihi Iwu India Forest (Conservation) nke 1980, ọ gaghị ekwe omume inye onye ọrụ ugbo ala ahụ ruo mgbe ebo a kwadoro na ndị ọzọ na-ebi n'oké ọhịa (Nkwenye nke ọhịa). Ikike) Iwu nke 2006. Omume nke abụọ mere ka o kwe omume ikenye ndị na-akọ ubi na-enweghị ala ndị na-ejide ala n'ime ọhịa. Ọ bụ ezie na nwe ala Dali bụ mkpokọta, ikike nke ala ọhịa Eksali bụ nke ọ bụla ma nyere aka kenye ya. 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa, India
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọhịa (Uttarakhand)

**Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọhịa nke Steeti Uttarakhand** bụ otu n'ime ngalaba nke Gọọmentị Uttarakhan.

## Ihe odide