open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Quercus sapotifolia

***Quercus sapotifolia*** bụ ụdị osisi oak. A mụrụ ya n'ebe ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ Mexico (ruo n'ebe ugwu dị ka Michoacán) yana Central America. Ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.

## Nkọwa
*Quercus sapotifolia* na-etolite ka ọ bụrụ osisi dị n'etiti.

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
*Quercus sapotifolia* na-agafe ugwu na ala ugwu nke ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda Mexico na Central America ruo n'etiti Panama, n'etiti mita 250 na 2,000.

Na Mexico a na-ahụ ya na ndịda Sierra Madre Oriental, Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, ọwụwa anyanwụ Sierra Madre del Sur, yana Chiapas Highlands na Sierra Madre De Chiapas na steeti Hidalgo, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca na Chiapas. A na-ahụkwa ya n'ugwu ndị dị na Central America, gụnyere Sierra Madre de Chiapas na Guatemala Highlands nke Guatemala, Maya Mountains nke Belize, Chortis Highlands of El Salvador, Honduras, na Nicaragua, na Cordillera de Talamanca nke Costa Rica na ọdịda anyanwụ Panama.

Ọ na-eto n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii, oké ọhịa pine-oak, oké ọhịa osisi pine mepere emepe. Ọ na-etolite mgbe niile n'ala siri ike nke sitere na sandstones, nkume igneous na-agbanye ngwa ngwa nwere nnukwu quartz, na ala rhyolitic nwere nnukwu quartzi na ụrọ. Ọ nwere ike itolite n'ebe ndị a na-emetụta, gụnyere ebe ọkụ na-ere, ebe ala mebiri ma ọ bụ na-agbapụta.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Herbarium specimen na Missouri Botanical Garden, anakọtara na Honduras na 1936
* Ihe atụ Herbarium sitere na SEINet
Taxus globosa

***Taxus globosa***, Mexican yew, bụ obere osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na otu n'ime ụdị asatọ nke yew. Mexican yew bụ ụdị dị ụkọ, nke a maara na a na-ahụ ya n'ebe ole na ole dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador na Honduras, ma depụta ya dị ka ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ. Mexican yew bụ obere osisi na-etolite ruo 4.6m. Ọ nwere nnukwu agịga na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eto n'usoro n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke alaka ya.

E nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ iji mepụta Paclitaxel (ihe na-egbochi akpụ) gburugburu ụwa, mana amụghị ya nke ọma na Mexico yew n'ihi obere mmepụta nke Taxol (Bringi et al., 1995) site na *in vitro* plant cell cultures. Ọ bụ mmadụ ole na ole na-eme nchọpụta na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ha na ụdị a, onye ndú otu na *Taxus globosa* S. bụ ma eleghị anya nke Barradas na Veracruz Institute of Technology (Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz).

## Ihe odide
Ulmus nke Mexico

***Ulmus*** mexicana, **elm nke Mexico**, bụ nnukwu osisi dị na Mexico na Central America. A na-ahụkarị ya n'oké ọhịa igwe ojii na elu dị elu (800-2,200  (2,600-7,200 )) nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ na ọkwa mmiri ozuzo nke 2-4 m (79-157 in) kwa afọ, site na San Luis Potosi  ndịda ruo Chiapas na Mexico, na site na Guatemala ruo Panama gafere. A kọwara osisi ahụ na mbụ n'ụzọ botanical na 1873.

## Nkọwa
Ulmus mexicana bụ otu n'ime ụdị elm kachasị elu, na-eru oge ụfọdụ n'ịdị elu nke 84 m (276 ft), na d.b.h. nke 2.5 m (8 ụkwụ), n'ezie otu n'etiti osisi kachasị elu na Mexico. A na-ahụkwa osisi ahụ site na ogwe osisi ya na-acha ntụ ntụ, na-akwado okpueze miri emi, akwụkwọ ya siri ike na-eme ka onyinyo dị arọ. Akwụkwọ ya dịgasị iche iche n'ibu site na 3-16 cm n'ogologo site na 2-7 cm n'obosara, elliptic ruo obovate, elu na-egbuke egbuke, ma na-eguzogide n'okpuru, na petioles 5-10 mm n'oghere.  Osisi ahụ nwere okooko osisi racemose pụrụ iche ruo 7 cm n'ogologo nke nwere ụyọkọ itoolu nke okooko osisi 40 zuru oke nke ikuku na-eme ka ọ pụta n'etiti Disemba na Febụwarị. Obere samarae, 9.0 × 2.3 mm, na-ekpuchi ogologo ntutu kwụ ọtọ, ma na-awụfu na Machị https://www.jstor.org/stable/2807778?seq=1. Mgbanwe okike adịghị mma.

## Ojiji
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ebe okike ya na-eyi egwu site na mgbukpọ ọhịa, osisi ahụ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na azụmaahịa osisi n'ihi ogwe osisi ya dị omimi, ya mere anaghị ele ya anya dị ka ihe dị n'ihe ize ndụ. Osisi ahụ siri ike ma dị arọ (Gs 0.55), mana o siri ike ịcha, ma nwee ike ịghọ agbagọ nke ukwuu. Ọzọkwa, nnukwu ihe dị na silica (0.35) na-emebi ngwá ọrụ. A na-eji osisi ahụ eme ihe maka ngwá ọrụ, oche, na ala, ebe a na-ejikarị akwụkwọ ya eme ihe dị ka nri ehi. A na-akụ osisi ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ maka ndò ma ọ bụ ịchọ mma.

## Okwu mmalite
Na Costa Rica, a maara elm nke Mexico dị ka *Tirrá*; agbata obi (district) nke Tirrases na Curridabat, San José, nwetara aha ya site na osisi ahụ.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

*  Elm nke Mexico na Costa Rica
*
Weldenia

***Weldenia*** bụ ụdị monotypic nke osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Commelinaceae, nke mbụ akọwapụtara na 1829. O nwere otu ụdị: ***Weldenia candida***, nke na-etolite na Mexico na Guatemala.

Osisi a na-adịgide adịgide nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke yiri eriri na-eto n'ime rosette. A na-ebute okooko osisi ndị dị n'etiti, atọ, na-egbuke egbuke n'ime ogologo oge na ngwụcha oge opupu ihe ubi na oge okpomọkụ. Na-eguzogide ruo -5 °C (23 ), na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọ na-ahọrọ ebe dị nro na-echebe n'anyanwụ zuru oke, na ala na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ acid nke ọma. Ọ chọrọ ọnọdụ ọkọchị n'oge oyi, yabụ ọ kachasị mma na ụlọ alpine ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya, ebe enwere ike inye nchebe.

Okwu Latin bụ *candida* pụtara "acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke".

## Ihe odide
Osimiri Tonalá

**Osimiri Tonalá** bụ osimiri nke Mexico. Ọ malitere na mpaghara ugwu ndịda nke Nezahualcóyotl Reservoir, nso ebe ókèala Chiapas, Tabasco, na Veracruz zutere. Ọ na-asọba n'ebe ugwu-n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ iji banye na Gulf of Mexico. Ọ bụ ókèala dị n'etiti steeti Tabasco na Veracruz maka ihe ka ukwuu n'ogologo ya.

Njem Juan de Grijalva mere na 1518 kpọrọ ya Rio de San Antonio.: 34 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta osimiri nke Mexico

## Ihe odide

* Atlas nke Mexico, 1975 ().
* The Prentice Hall American World Atlas, 1984.
* Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.
Ịkụ ọkpọ Van Gelder

Bat Van Gelder ma ọ bụ Bat Van Gelden (***Bauerus dubiaquercus***) bụ ụdị bat vesper n'ezinụlọ Vespertilionidae. A na-ahụ ya na Belize, Costa Rica, Honduras, na Mexico. Ụdị ahụ bụ monotypic n'ime ụdị ya. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke agbụrụ Antrozoini n'ime subfamily Vespertilioninae ma nwee njikọ na ụkpara pallid (*Antrozous pallidus*). A na-ahụ ụkpara n'ọhịa site n'ókè oké osimiri ruo n'ebe dị elu dị ka 2300 m, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị adịkarị n'elu 1300 m, ọ na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ na mgbede. O doro anya na ọ nwere nkesa dịgasị iche iche, ma na-eyi egwu site na mgbukpọ ọhịa.

## Nchịkọta na mmalite
Ọ bụ Richard Van Gelder, onye na-ahụ maka mammalogy na American Museum of Natural History, chọpụtara ụkpara ahụ.  A chịkọtara ọbọgwụ ahụ na AMNH Puritan Expedition na Baja California na 1957 na Tres Maria Islands (n'ebe ndịda Baja) site n'aka Richard Zweifel (onye na-ahụ maka njem) na Oakes Plimpton (onye na'ọrụ njem).  Van Gelder kpọrọ ụkpara "*dubiaquercus*" iji sọpụrụ ndị na-anakọta ya: dubia pụtara "enwe obi abụọ" na Latin, dị ka *zweifel* na-eme na German; quercus bụ Latin maka "oak".

## Ebe obibi na ebe obibi
A na-ahụ ụkpara Van Gelder na Central America ebe ọ na-agụnye Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, na Nicaragua.
E dekọrọ ya n'ebe dị elu site na 100-2,300 m (330-7,550 ) n'elu oke osimiri.

## Nchekwa
Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, IUCN na-enyocha ya dị ka ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ.
Ọ na-emezu ụkpụrụ maka nkewa a n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ógbè ya niile; ọ na-enwe mbelata dị ukwuu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; ebe obibi ya "dị oke ike".

## Ihe odide
Salamander Veracruz

The Veracruz salamander (***Bolitoglossa veracrucis***), nke a makwaara dị ka Veracruz mushroomtongue **salamander**, bụ ụdị **salamander** na ezinụlọ Plethodontidae.
Ọ dị na Mexico ma mara ya na ndịda Veracruz, n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Oaxaca, na n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Chiapas. Ebe obibi ya sitere n'okike bụ oké ọhịa dị ala, mana ọ na-emekwa n'ebe obibi ndị a na-emetụ n'ahụ. Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ọkachamara n'ebe obibi nke limestone outcrops. A na-eyi ya egwu site na imeghe ebe obibi ya site na ịgbasa ọrụ ugbo na nchọpụta osisi.

## Ihe odide
Lepidophyma tuxtlae

***Lepidophyma tuxtlae***, **Tuxtla tropical night lizard**, bụ ụdị ezé n'ezinụlọ Xantusiidae. Ọ bụ obere ezé a hụrụ na Mexico. A mụrụ ya na Sierra de los Tuxtlas na Veracruz na ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ n'ebe ugwu Oaxaca, ndịda Veracruz, na ugwu Chiapas. A na-ahụ ya site na mita 150 ruo 1,500.

## Ihe odide
Lepidophyma chicoasensis

***Lepidophyma chicoasensis***, Sumidero tropical night lizard, bụ ụdị ezé n'ezinụlọ Xantusiidae. Ọ bụ obere ezé a hụrụ na Sumidero Canyon na Chiapas, Mexico, na mita 600.

## Ihe odide
Laguna del Tigre

**Ogige Ntụrụndụ Laguna del Tigre** dị n'ebe ugwu Guatemala, na obodo San Andrés, Ngalaba Petén. Na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 337,899 hectare, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) na ogige ntụrụndụ kachasị ukwuu na Guatemala na ala mmiri kachasị echedoro na Central America.

O nwekwara ọnọdụ nke ebe Ramsar n'ihi ogo ya, akụ na ụba ya na njirimara nke gburugburu ebe obibi ya. Nnukwu ebe ahụ na-asọba n'oge na oge, na-emepụta njirimara pụrụ iche dị ka nnukwu savanna na oké ọhịa mgbanwe. A na-etinyekwa ya na Montreux Register nke mgbakọ ahụ nke ebe mmiri na-eyi egwu. Mpaghara biodiversity a nwere ala ahịhịa na ala mmiri; oké ọhịa mgbanwe (nke na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ n'ime ogige ahụ); oké ọhịa dị elu; na osisi.

## Egwu
Nnyocha nke foto ndị dị n'elu na 2020, chọtara ihe akaebe nke nnukwu anụ ụlọ ehi na 87% nke foto ndị ahụ. Gọọmentị gbara nnukwu anụ ụlọ ume n'afọ ndị 1960, site n'ihe dị ka afọ 2002, ndị na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ na-ere ego site n'ịzụta ala na ehi, ma na-ere anụ ahụ maka ego a na-apụghị ịchọta na ọrụ ọgwụ ọjọọ. Campesinos (ndị ọrụ ugbo pere mpe) nwere obere ala ma na-akụkarị ihe oriri yana ebe ịta nri, ebe ndị na-ere ọgwụ ọjọọ na-ewepụ ọtụtụ hekta nke nwere akụkụ anọ, nwere ogologo ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na akara taya traktọ nwere ike ịhụ.

## Ihe odide
Ebe Nchekwa Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ nke Lacan-Tun

Lacan-Tun Biosphere Reserve

IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)

Location of Lacan-Tun Biosphere Reserve in Mexico

Location	Chiapas, Mexico

Coordinates	16°33′23″N 90°48′12″W﻿ / ﻿16.55639°N 90.80333°W

Area	618.74 km2 (238.90 sq mi)

Designation	biosphere reserve

Designated	1992

Governing body	National Commission of Natural Protected Areas

Lacan-Tun Biosphere Reserve bụ **ebe** a na-echebe ihe okike na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico. Ọ dị na Lacandon Forest nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Chiapas steeti, ebe ọ na-echebe 618.74 km2 nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala. Gọọmentị Mexico guzobere ebe nchekwa Lacan-Tun n'afọ 1992.

Lacan-Tun Biosphere Reserve na-ejikọta Montes Azules Biosphere reserve na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, ma nwee oke osimiri Lacantun na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ.

## Ihe odide
Softwood

thumb|Scots Pine, osisi dị nro a ma ama
Softwood bụ osisi sitere na **osisi** gymnosperm dị ka conifers. Okwu a na-emegide osisi siri ike, nke bụ osisi sitere na osisi angiosperm. Isi ihe dị iche n'etiti osisi siri ike na osisi dị nro bụ na ọdịdị osisi siri ike enweghị ọwa resin, ebe osisi dị n'ime enweghị oghere (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị osisi niile dị nro nwere ọwa resine).

## Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
thumb|379x379px|Ihe oyiyi SEM na-egosi ọnụnọ nke oghere na osisi siri ike (oak, n'elu) na enweghị na osisi dị nro (pine, ala)
Softwood bụ osisi sitere na osisi gymnosperm dị ka pine na spruces. Osisi ndị dị nro anaghị adị nro karịa osisi siri ike. Osisi siri ike siri ike siri ike karịa osisi softwood ọ bụla,[nyocha chọrọ] mana n'ime otu abụọ ahụ enwere nnukwu mgbanwe dị iche iche na oke osisi siri ike nke otu abụọ ahụ na-agbakọta.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, osisi balsa, nke bụ osisi siri ike, dị nro karịa ọtụtụ osisi ndị dị nro, ebe osisi pine Longleaf, Douglas fir, na yew softwoods siri ike karịa ọtụtụ osisi siri ike

Ndị na-ewu ụlọ na-ejikarị osisi ndị dị nro eme ihe ma na-ejikwa ha emepụta akwụkwọ, na ngwaahịa kaadị. N'ọtụtụ n'ime ngwa ndị a, enwere mkpa mgbe niile maka njikwa njupụta na ọkpụrụkpụ na ihe mmetụta gamma-ray egosila ezigbo arụmọrụ na nke a.

Ụdị ụfọdụ nke osisi ndị dị nro na-eguzogide mwakpo ụmụ ahụhụ site na woodworm, dịka ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-ahọrọ osisi siri ike.

## Ihe atụ nke osisi softwood na ojiji

* Douglas fir - ọrụ ịkwa osisi, ọnụ ụzọ na ihe owuwu dị arọ
* Eastern white pine - oche
* European spruce - eji eme ihe n'oge niile a na-ewu ya, na-etinye ya na mkpuchi ya
* Larch - mkpuchi na ụgbọ mmiri
* Lodgepole pine - elu ụlọ, ala na ime chipboard na particle board
* Osisi pine nke Monterey
* Parana pine - steepụ na osisi
* Scots pine - ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ, ọkachasị maka ọrụ ime ụlọ
* Nnụnụ Sitka - 
* Southern yellow pine - joinery, ala na oche
* Western hemlock - ọnụ ụzọ, osisi na oche
* Western red cedar (ma ọ bụ red cedar) - oche, mkpuchi, mkpuchi ụlọ, na ụlọ elu
* Yew - oche dị n'ime na n'èzí dịka oche, ogwe ọnụ ụzọ ámá na ntụgharị osisi

## Ngwa
Softwood bụ isi iyi nke ihe dịka 80% nke mmepụta osisi n'ụwa, ebe ebe mmepụta ọdịnala bụ mpaghara Baltic (gụnyere Scandinavia na Russia), North America na China.  A na-ejikarị osisi Softwood eme ihe dị ka osisi arụrụ arụ, yana imecha osisi.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta osisi
* United States - Canada softwood esemokwu
* Osisi siri ike
* Ule ike Janka
* Ọnụ ọgụgụ Brinell

## Edensibia
Phoenix Fund

Phoenix Fund (Фонд "Феникс") bụ ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa anụ ọhịa na oke ohia nke Russia na-eje ozi na mpaghara Russia Far East, ọkachasị Primorski Krai na Khabarovsk Krai.  Mpaghara a na-agụnye ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche n'ụwa, gụnyere Amur leopard, tiger Siberia, na anụ ndị ọzọ, yana ọtụtụ ebe echedoro echedoro gụnyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ebe mgbaba anụ ọhịa, na ihe nchekwa okike.

Ọ bu ndị nchekwa Russia na US tọrọ ntọala Phoenix Funds ma debanye aha na Vladivostok dị ka ndị na-abụghị ndị Russia, ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na March 1998. Ọ bụ isi na Vladivostok.

## Ihe omume
Phoenix Fund na-akọwa mmemme ya dị ka:

* Ọrụ mgbochi ịchụ nta, na ebumnuche nke ịkwụsị ịchụ nta iwu na-akwadoghị nke agụ, agụ owuru, na ụdị ndị ọzọ echedoro
* Mkpebi nke esemokwu mmadụ na agụ, na ebumnuche nke ichebe obodo mmadụ ka ị na-egbochi igbu agụ
* Ịkwụsị Ọkụ Ọhịa
* Nkwụghachi ụgwọ maka Mmebi nke anụ ụlọ furu efu n'aka agụ owuru, agụ, na anụ ndị ọzọ na-eri ibe ha
* Mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi na Mgbasa Ozi n'ime ime obodo nke Russian Far East
* Nlekọta ọha na eze nke ọrụ mmepụta ihe, gụnyere mmepe mmanụ na gas sitere n'okike

## Nkwupụta ebumnuche
*Usoro mgbake dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.*

## Nchịkwa
Onye guzobere Phoenix Fund bụ Sergei Bereznuk. Ọ bụbu onye nyocha agụ na Rosprirodnadzor, ụlọ ọrụ na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia.

## Mmekọrịta
Phoenix Fund bụ otu n'ime òtù ndị na-emejuputa **Amur Leopard na Tiger Alliance** (ALTA) na ndị mmekọ na òtù ndị na'abụghị gọọmentị na Britain, United States, Germany, na Finland yana Russia iji chekwaa agụ Amur, agụ Siberia, na ebe obibi ha na gburugburu ebe obibi ha. Phoenix bụkwa onye otu 21st Century Tiger # International Tiger Coalition, nke mejupụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, zoo na nchekwa anụmanụ yana ndị ọrụ ọgwụ ọdịnala nke China. Ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ nke Phoenix Fund gụnyere Wildlife Alliance na Pacific Environment na United States, 21st Century Tiger na United Kingdom, na ndị ọzọ na-echekwa na ndị na-emepe emepe.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị Russia na ndị US na-echekwa ihe guzobere Phoenix Fund ma debanye aha na Vladivostok dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Russia na-enweghị uru, nke na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na Machị 1998. Ihe nnọchianya nke nzukọ ahụ bụ Phoenix (akụkọ ifo), nke na-ebili ọzọ site na ntụ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ihe nnọchianya maka mbilite n'ọnwụ ebighi ebi. A họọrọ akara ngosi ahụ iji gosipụta ọmụmụ ọzọ nke anụ ọhịa na ebe obibi nke Russian Far East na-esote mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na njedebe nke Soviet Union.

N'afọ 2006, Sergei Bereznuk natara otu n'ime Whitley Awards (UK) maka ihe ịga nke ọma dị ịrịba ama na nchekwa okike, metụtara nchedo agụ owuru Amur site na mmepe mmanụ. E kwenyere na pipeline ahụ bụ nnukwu ihe iyi egwu maka ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na Siberia na Russian Far East.

Na June 2012, Sergei Bereznuk ghọrọ onye mmeri nke Rolex Global Awards for Enterprise maka ihe ọ rụzuru na ihe ọhụrụ ya na nchekwa agụ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwukwo ego Phoenix Home Page
* Amur Leopard na Tiger Alliance
* Njikọ Agụ ow'Ensi
Japan Meteorological Agency

The Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, ), nke a na-akpọzikwa **JMA**, bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. A na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-achịkọta ma na-enye ndị mmadụ nsonaazụ n’ obodo Japan nke a na-enweta site na data dabere na nyocha sayensị kwa ụbọchị na nyocha nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike ya na mpaghara nke meteorology, hydrology, seismology na volcanology, n'etiti ngalaba sayensị ndị ọzọ metụtara ya. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Minato, nke di n’obodo Tokyo.

Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō) is responsible for gathering and reporting weather data and forecasts for the general public, as well as providing aviation and marine weather. Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō) other responsibilities include issuing warnings for volcanic eruptions, and the nationwide issuance of earthquake warnings of the Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) system. Japan Meteorological Agency (気象庁, Kishō-chō) is also designated one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Ha nwezikwa oru forecasting, naming, ya na ikesasi oru nke ndi tropical cyclones n’ime Northwestern Pacific region, including the Celebes Sea, the Sulu Sea, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na France

Météo-France bụ ọrụ ihu igwe nke obodo France.

## Ulo oru
E guzobere nzukọ ahụ site na iwu n’onwa Juun n’afo 1993 ma bụrụkwa ngalaba nke Ministry nke Transportation. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na obodo Paris mana ọtụtụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ e wepụrụ na Toulouse. Mmefu ego ya nke dị ihe dịka € nde nari ato na-enweta ego site na enyemaka nke ndi gọọmentị, ụgwọ ụgbọ elu na ire ọrụ azụmahịa.

Météo-France nwere ọnụnọ siri ike nke mba ụwa, ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya obodo France na World Meteorological Organization. Òtù a bụ ndi isi EUMETSAT, nke na-ahụ maka ịzụta satellites ihu igwe Meteosat. Ọ bụkwazi onye otu Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies. Ọ bụkwa onye ọrụ ihu igwe dị oke egwu nke ECMWF ma na-akwado otu n'ime isi ụlọ ọrụ abụọ nke ụdị amụma ihu igwe nke IFS nke a na-ejikarị emekwazi ihe n'ụwa niile.

## N'ụwa nile
Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na obodo France, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye amụma na ịdọ aka ná ntị maka *ngalaba* na ndị otu mba ofesi nke France. O nwezikwara ngalaba anọ dị na Martinique (nke nwere ngalaba ndị ọzọ na-eje ozi na Guadeloupe ya na French Guiana), New Caledonia, French Polynesia na Réunion. Ụfọdụ n'ime ngalaba ndị a nwezikwara ọrụ mba ụwa dị mkpa:

* Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ nke obodo  French Guiana, nke dị na Cayenne-Félix Eboué Airport, na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ na ESA / CNES Centre Spatial Guyanais spaceport na Kourou nke na-enyere aka na mkpọsa mmalite nke Ariane rocket.
* Nkewa nke Réunion bụ World Meteorological Organisation nke a họpụtara Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) maka inye amụma na ịdọ aka ná ntị nke oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri India.
* Nkewa nke French Polynesia, ebe ọ bụghị RSMC gọọmentị maka oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na South Pacific, WMO nyere iwu ka ọ nye amụma na ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere oké ifufe nke na-ekwo ọkụ maka British Pitcairn Islands dị nso.
U.S. Johnson Map Project

U.S. Johnson Map Project (JMP) bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ ya bụ ichekwa ọrụ onye mbipụta America Alvin J. Johnson, gụnyere atlases na akwụkwọ ya.  Ọrụ ahụ na-egosipụta ọrụ nke Ira S. Lourie, onye mụọla ọrụ Johnson kemgbe 1985.[1]  JMP na-enye data nke oru ngo anakọtara n'efu na webụsaịtị ya, JohnsonMapProject.org.￼

.Johnson bụ onye mbipụta nke ukwuu nke atlases, na e bipụtara "Johnson's Family Atlas" ya site na 1860 ruo 1887.[1]  N'ime afọ 27 e bipụtara ha, Johnson ji maapụ 67 dị iche iche nke United States na steeti ya na ụdị 658 nke maapụ ndị ahụ na atlases ndị ahụ.[2]  JMP anakọtala data na ụdịdị 658 ndị a, nke ọ na-egosi na webụsaịtị ya n'efu.  Ihe data a bara uru n'ịchọpụta na mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị rụrụ arụ maapụ Johnson atlas ewepụrụ na atlases.  Weebụsaịtị ahụ gụnyere ikike “Map Identifier” maka ebumnuche a.  Weebụsaịtị ahụ nwekwara gallery nke maapụ atlas US nke Johnson nke na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu onyonyo nke ọ bụla n'ime maapụ 67 ahụ, nke The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection nyere JMP.[3]

.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, JMP amụwo maapụ Johnson dị n'ahịa ahịa ma mepụta "Rarity Index" nke ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị na-anakọta nwere ike iji ghọta uru nke map ha.  E gosipụtara mmepe nke “Rarity Index” maka ntụleghachi ya na Washington Map Society wee bipụta ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya yana ndepụta “ ụkọ” nke ọ bụla n'ime ọdịiche 658 nke maapụ US nke Johnson.

.
Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka map nke mba

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|The original draftsman's drawings for the area around St. Columb Major, Cornwall, made in 1810.
Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese nke mba bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekarị ọha na eze, na-emepụta mapụ topographic na ozi ala nke obodo.  Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ese map nke mba na-ejikwa okwu cadastral.

## akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Nnyocha ngwa
.
Òtù Nnyocha na Ozi Ala nke Australia

Australian Surveying and Land Information Group (AUSLIG) bụ ụlọ ọrụ Australia jikọtara na 2001 na Australian Geological Survey Organisation ka ọ bụrụ Geoscience Australia.

.Ọ mepụtara maapụ na ngwaahịa ihe onyonyo n'akụkụ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ala Australia site na teknụzụ dị n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ

Emebere ya na 1987, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke Australia[1] sonye na ngalaba nke National Mapping.  E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke Australia na 1910.[2]  Nkewa nke National Mapping na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1947, [2] [3] ma bụrụ onye mbipụta nke Atlas of Australia akụrụngwa nke webatara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ 20 nke ozi ọkọlọtọ gbasara akụrụngwa sitere na Australia n'oge mbipụta.[4]  [5][6][7]

AUSLIG also provided satellite imagery to industry and government. AUSLIG incorporated the *Australian Centre for Remote Sensing* (ACRES), which had been established in 1979 as the *Australian Landsat Station* and had been renamed in 1986. The Australian Survey Office, under its own name, was working with remote sensing data in 1988.

## References
Isi ụlọ ọrụ Geodesy na Cartography nke Afghanistan

Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ geodesy na eserese eserese nke Afghan (AGCHO) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese nke gọọmentị Afghanistan.

, .Tọrọ ntọala na 1958, [1] na-elekwasị anya bụ mmepụta, mbipụta na nkesa nke anụ ahụ, topographical, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, thematic, cadastral, na ihe ndị sitere n'okike, [2] na-enyere aka mmepe akụrụngwa Afghanistan, ọrụ akụ na ụba na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa.[3]

.Na-akọrọ onye isi ala ozugbo, AGCHO nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 700 na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na mpaghara 16.[1]

## External links

## References
Ọrụ Map Ndị Agha

Ọrụ Map ndị agha (AMS) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ese foto ndị agha nke Ngalaba Nchebe United States site na 1941 ruo 1968, nọ n'okpuru United States Army Corps of Engineers.  Na Septemba 1, 1968, AMS gbanwere aha US Army Topographic Command (USATC) wee gaa n'ihu dị ka nzukọ nweere onwe ya ruo Jenụwarị 1, 1972, mgbe e jikọtara ya na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe Nchekwa ọhụrụ (DMA) wee degharịa ya dị ka DMA Topographic Center.  (DMTC).  N'October 1, 1996, a tụkọtara DMA n'ime National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), bụ nke emegharịrị ka National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) na 2003.￼

.Ọrụ bụ isi nke Ọrụ Map ndị agha bụ nchịkọta, mbipụta na nkesa nke map topographic ndị agha na ngwaahịa ndị yiri ya nke ndị agha United States chọrọ.  AMS na-etinyekwa aka n'ịkwadebe map ndị ọzọ nke satịlaịtị na akụkụ mbara ala;  nkwadebe nke ọmụmụ ọgụgụ isi mba;  nguzobe nke netwọk njikwa geodetic ụwa site na satịlaịtị na ụzọ triangulation omenala;  na atụmatụ agha ngwa agha nke ihe Corps of Engineer.  Ọrụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke AMS bụ idobe nnukwu ọba akwụkwọ data geodetic na topographic maka Ngalaba Nchekwa.

In 1910, the Map Reproduction Plant was given warehouse space at Ft. McNair, to accommodate the map reproduction unit of the Corps of Engineers. Ultimately named the Central Map Reproduction Unit, it incorporated a lithographic school and 18 assigned military personnel. After World War I, this would be renamed the Engineer Reproduction Plant. The ERP was noted for experimentation on cartographic and photolithographic processes and media. They also experimentation in aerial photogrammetry.
A number of US Geological Survey employees were assigned to the US Army Corps of Engineers 29th Engineers, a map organization, during World War I. Major G.S. Smith commanded part of the 29th Engineers, a map making and topographical unit, with 53 officers and 146 men transferred from the US Geological Survey. Thirteen additional USGS topographers were assigned to the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps as "orienteur officers." When the 2nd Brigade of Coast Artillery was formed, the military made a similar request for more USGS personnel, but the order was denied as these men were needed for the US Army Corps of Engineers.
Onye isi nchịkwa: National Geo-spatial Information

.Onye isi nduzi: National Geo-spatial Information ma ọ bụ CD: NGI (nke bụbu Chief Directorate: Surveys and Mapping or CD:SM), bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese mba nke South Africa.  Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Ngalaba Agriculture, Ndozigharị ala na mmepe ime obodo

## References
Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo, Ndozigharị ala na mmepe ime obodo

Ngalaba nke Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD) bụ ngalaba nke Gọọmenti South Africa kere na June 2019 site na njikọta nke ọrụ ugbo nke ngalaba mbụ nke Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries na Ngalaba Mmepe Ime Obodo na  Ndozigharị ala.[1]  Ngalaba ahụ nwere ibu ọrụ maka ọrụ ugbo, nchekwa nri, nchekwa nri, ndozi ala, maapụ topographic, nyocha cadastral, Offices Deeds, na atụmatụ mbara ala.
Ndị otu Robert Scott

Robert Scott Troup CMG CIE FRS (13 Disemba 1874 - 1 Ọktoba 1939) bụ onye Britain ọkachamara n'ọhịa. Ọ nọrọ akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ ya na Colonial India, laghachi England na 1920 iji duzie Oxford's School of Forestry.

## Mmụta
Troup gụrụ akwụkwọ na Aberdeen Grammar School na Mahadum nke di na obodo Aberdeen . Mgbe ahụ, ọ banyere na Cooper's Hill Koleeji, nke zụrụ ndị injinia na ndị na-elekọta ọhịa maka ọrụ India; n'ebe ahụ ka ọ zụrụ n'okpuru William Schlich.

## Ọrụ
Troup sonyeekwaziri Imperial Forestry Service n’afo 1897 ma ziga ya na Burma dịka osote onye na-elekọta ọhịa. N'afọ 1905, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ọhịa na Imperial Forest Research Institute na College ọhụrụ dị na Dehra Dun, n’obodo India. N'afọ 1915, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye nyocha nke ọhịa. N'afọ 1917-1918 ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụzikwa maka ihe ndị e ji osisi mee na ụlọ ọrụ Indian Munitions Board.

Ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na ebe oru Imperial Forestry Service dịka Inspector-General of Forests of Burma.

N'afọ 1920, Troup laghachiri na United Kingdom iji were oche nke Forestry na Mahadum Oxford, site na William Schlich, onye ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Cooper's Hill. A họpụtara Troup ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke St John's College, Oxford.

Bido n’afo 1924 ruo afo 1935 ọ bụ onye guzobere Director nke Oxford's Imperial Forestry Institute. A họpụtara ya dịka Fellow nke Royal Society (FRS) n’afo 1926.

A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụkwazi onye ibe nke Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) n’afo 1920 New Year Honours na onye ibe nke Ordin of St Michael and St George (CMG) n’afo 1934.

## Ọrụ
E bipụtara akwụkwọ atọ nke Troup dere bụ; The Silviculture of Indian Trees n’afo 1921. O dekwara Indian Forest Utilisation, *Pinus Longifolia*, Silvicultural Systems, A Manual of Forest Mensuration, Forestry and State Control and Exotic Forest Trees in the British Empire (nke a bukwa n’afo 1932).

## Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

## Edensibia
Ogige Ntụrụndụ Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo

thumb|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo
Cultural Triangle Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo National Park

Triángulo Cultural

Temple 216 in Yaxha

Map of Guatemala

Location	Petén, Guatemala

Coordinates	17°06′54″N 89°23′02″W﻿ / ﻿17.115°N 89.384°W

Area	371.6 km2 (91,800 acres)

Established	2003

Visitors	202 (in 1940)

Governing body	private

Ramsar Wetland

Official name	Parque Nacional Yaxhá-Nakum-Naranjo

Designated	2 February 2006

Reference no.	1599

**Ogige Ntụrụndụ** nke Atụmatụ Ọdịbendị Yaxha-Nakum-Naranjo (Triángulo Cultural na Spanish) bụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, ndị na-ewu ụlọ, ndị na'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na ndị ọkà mmụta ndụ. Ọ dị na Petén, Guatemala. Ọrụ ahụ anaghị arụ ọrụ naanị n'otu ebe nchọpụta ihe ochie, kamakwa n'ógbè  uare kilomita 1,200 (460 sq mi) gụnyere nnukwu ebe atọ na ntinye 14 - ebe kachasị nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na Mayan Classic.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọrụ ahụ, nke e guzobere na 1994, malitere na ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ Guatemala 300 na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị 12. Ọrụ mbụ e mere bụ na Topoxte, agwaetiti dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri Yaxha. N'ebe a, ị ga-ahụ naanị ihe owuwu a kpughere nke Post classic na Petén dum. Otu n'ime ụlọ nsọ ahụ, nke a na-akpọ Ụlọ Nsọ C, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị otu ahụ ji weghachite ya n'ime afọ abụọ mbụ. Taa, agwaetiti ahụ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Petén na mmekorita nke ọrụ ahụ na-eweta ọtụtụ ndị njem nleta n'ụgbọ mmiri na agwaetiti ahụ.

Yaxha, obodo ndị Maya e wuru n'ikpere ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke nwere otu aha ahụ bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu n'ógbè ahụ. N'agbata afọ 1994 na afọ 2008, e weghachiri ọtụtụ ụlọ dị mkpa ebe a. Nhazi obodo dị gburugburu nnukwu okporo ụzọ dị nsọ (sacbes) bụ ihe a na-aghọta ma na-ahụ anya ọzọ; ugbu a, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịhụ ụlọ nsọ dịgasị iche iche, obí eze, ogige bọọlụ na ebe ndị na-ekiri ihe na-eme ka a na-eweghachi ma site n'elu Ụlọ Nsọ 216 mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ ebe ahụ dum, oké ọhịa na ọdọ mmiri ozuzo.

N'afọ 1997, a gbasaa ọrụ ahụ na saịtị Nakum. Ebe a, 18 km (11 mi) n'ebe ugwu  Yaxha, bụ oasis Mayan n'ime oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo. Ọzọkwa ọ bụ ebe nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ụlọ ndị e weghachiri mgbe Tikal gasịrị. Ihe owuwu ahụ na-egosi mmetụta siri ike site na Tikal dịka pyramids bụ ụlọ nsọ na ụlọ elu dị elu.

Dị ka ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie na mweghachi na Topoxte, Yaxha na Nakum fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụchaa, na Jenụwarị 2009 ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ akwagala na ebe Naranjo. Ebe nrụọrụ a ga-abụ ebe nyocha n'ọdịnihu iji chọta ozi ọhụrụ gbasara Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị nke ndị Maya na ịkwadebe ebe ọzọ dị mkpa maka njem nleta.

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* Dieter Richter, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na The Cultural Triangle
* Ebe a na-edebe ihe mgbe ochie Yaxhá, Flores, Guatemala


## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ sayensị nke nnukwu ọrụ nyocha nke ndị Maya (German)
* Ihe nkiri nke agwaetiti Mayan Topoxte (ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na nrụzigharị)
Ụlọ Ọrụ Geodata nke Denmark

.Danish Geodata Agency (GST) (Danish: Geodatastyrelsen), (na mbụ nyocha mba na Cadastre nke Denmark (Danish: Kort & Matrikelstyrelsen, KMS mkpụmkpụ)), bụ ụlọ ọrụ etiti steeti Danish nwere maka nyocha, eserese na ịdenye aha ala nke mmadụ niile.  nke Denmark, Greenland, Faroe Islands na mmiri niile metụtara ndị a.  Geodatastyrelsen bụ ụlọ ọrụ n'okpuru Ministry of Environment Danish.

E wepụrụ akụkụ seismology na 1 Julaị 2004 wee kwaga n'okpuru ọrụ nke Geological Survey nke Denmark na Greenland (GEUS).  Na 1 Jenụwarị 2005, ewepụrụ akụkụ geodesy yana yana Danish Space Research Institute, ọ hiwere Danish National Space Center.

## History
E hibere KMS na 1 Jenụwarị 1989 site na ijikọta Geodætisk Institut, Søkortarkivet na Matrikeldirektoratet, na mbọ iji wusie eserese eserese na Denmark.  Emere mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkpebi Royal nke 10 Septemba 1987. A kọwara nkọwa nke ọrụ ya na iwu #749 nke 7 Disemba 1988. Na mbụ ọ dị n'okpuru Ministry of Housing, ma na 2001 ọ kwagara na Ministry of  Environment.

Chris Hammeken, chief press officer at the Danish Geodata Agency, responded with "Minecraft is about building and rebuilding. [...] Only a minor area was destroyed. [...] It was the players who cleaned up the damage, replacing it with green grass and flowers the following morning." Regardless of the attacks ‒ which have since been fixed ‒ the replica appears to have been a success. On 1 January 2016, the Agency changed into the Agency for Data Supply and Efficiency, and links in English regarding “Denmark in Minecraft” were removed, although individual sections could still be downloaded elsewhere.
Osimiri Coatzacoalcos

thumb
thumb|Osimiri Coatzacoalcos
Coatzacoalcos

Approaching the mouth of the river from the Gulf of Mexico. The city of Coatzacoalcos is to starboard, and Allende to port. (2011)

Ebe onu mmiri a di

Mputara ya 	"ebe agwo na-ezo onwe ya" (Nahuatl)

Ebe o di

Mba 	 Mexico

Steeti 	Oaxaca, Veracruz

Mpaghara 	 Isthmus of Tehuantepec

Obodo ndi mepere emepe 	Matías Romero, Minatitlán, Nanchital, Coatzacoalcos

Njirimara ya ndi a na-ahu anya

Ebe o si 	 

 • coordinates	16°56′44″N 94°37′1″W﻿ / ﻿16.94556°N 94.61694°W

Onu ya 	 

 • coordinates	18°9′56″N 94°24′50″W﻿ / ﻿18.16556°N 94.41389°W

 • mweli-elu ya 	0 m (0 ft)

Ogologo ya 	325 km (202 mi)

Ibu ya 	17,563 km2 (6,781 sq mi)

Mwupu ya

 

 • Adighi elu adighi ala 	1,163 m3/s (41,100 cu ft/s)

Basin features

Tributaries	 

 • left	Sarabia, Jaltepec

 • right	El Corte, Uxpanapa

**Coatzacoalcos** bụ nnukwu osimiri nke na-enye nri n'akụkụ ndịda nke steeti Veracruz; ọ malitere na Sierra de Niltepec ma gafee steeti Oaxaca na mpaghara Isthmus nke Tehuantepec, na-asọba kilomita 325 (202 kilomita) na Gulf of Mexico.  Ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi gụnyere El Corte, Sarabia, Jaltepec, Chalchijalpa, El Chiquito, Uxpanapa, na Calzadas. Njikọ nke osimiri ndị a niile na-emepụta otu n'ime nnukwu mmiri na-asọ na mpaghara ahụ dum. Abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke iyi ndị ahụ nwere ike ịgafe.

Njem Juan de Grijalva mere na 1518 zutere osimiri ahụ.: 34 Hernán Cortés zigara Diego de Ordaz ka ọ nyochaa osimiri ahụ dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ike.

## Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri
Obodo Coatzacoalcos, nke dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ, bụ otu n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kachasị azụmaahịa na nke mepere emepe, nke a na-ewere dị ka nke atọ kachasị mkpa na Gulf of Mexico, na-enye otu n'etiti ụzọ njem kachasị mkpa maka azụmahịa mba ụwa nke ngwaahịa ya dị mkpa maka azụmahịa ọrụ ugbo, ọhịa, na azụmahịa n'ozuzu maka Isthmus nke Tehuantepec.

## Mmetọ
Coatzacoalcos sokwa n'ime osimiri ndị kachasị emetọ n'ụwa, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi enweghị iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-echebe mmiri ọha. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Mexico Center of Environmental Law (CEMDA) si kwuo, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ ikuku bụ ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical nke Mexico Pemex.

## Hụkwa

* Ụgbọ okporo ígwè CG
* Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị kasị ogologo na Mexico
* Oké ọhịa Zoque

## Ihe odide
Ebe E Ke Anọ Agha

Dépôt de la Guerre bụ ngalaba nchekwa na eserese ndị agha France nke e hibere na 1688 n'okpuru Louis XIV wee gbasaa n'oge Agha Mgbanwe nke France na Agha Napoleon.

François Michel Le Tellier de Louvois hiwere ya, e debere ya maka ịchịkọta, ichekwa, ịdepụta na ibipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ncheta agha, maapụ na atụmatụ na ọrụ topographic niile.  Na narị afọ nke 18, Lieutenant-General Vault keere òkè pụtara ìhè na ọrụ Dépôt..

Effectively dissolved during the early years of the French Revolution thanks to a decision by the Constituent Assembly to suppress the military geographical-engineers corps, it was reestablished by Étienne Nicolas de Calon between April 1793 and May 1797, under the new name *Dépôt général de la Guerre et de la Géographie* (in full, *Dépôt général de la Guerre de terre et de mer et de la Géographie*) - this underlined the military importance of creating maps and keeping them up to date. However, the staff provided for it were insufficient for its initial ambitions - a large part of its personnel shifted to the Bureau des longitudes and the Service hydrologique de la Marine.
Károly Bund

**Károly Bund** (4 June 1869 - 16 May 1931) bụ onye injinia na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Hungary na onye na-ahụ Maka gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Hungary's National Forestry Association (*Országos Erdészeti Egyesület*), site na 1900 ruo ọnwụ ya.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ ya na Besztercebánya, Austria-Hungary (nke bụzi Banská Bystrica, Slovakia), naanị nwa nke Emanuel Bund na Zsófia Ingruber, onye si Elsaß-Lothringen, Germany.

Bund gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1890 na Academy of Mining and Forestry na Selmecbánya (nke bụzi Banská Štiavnica). Mgbe otu afọ gachara n'ọrụ agha, Bund ghọrọ onye odeakwụkwọ teknụzụ na Directorate Forestry nke Besztercebánya. N'afọ 1893, Bund gafere ule mba Hungary nke ọhịa na akara zuru oke. Nke a mere ka a họpụta ya na ngalaba nhazi na njikwa ọhịa nke Ministry of Agriculture.

Bund lụrụ Irén Palmer, nwa nwanyị nke injinia na-egwupụta ihe na Szatmár County. Ha nwere ụmụ anọ. Nwa ha nwanyị Sarolta lụrụ Béla Horváth, onye ọrụ gọọmentị na odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka ime obodo.

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1900, a họpụtara Bund ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Forestry Association.  N'okpuru ntụzịaka Bund, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Mba rụrụ ọrụ iji mụbaa ịkụ osisi na Ala Hungarian, depụta iwu ọhịa ọhụrụ, gbasie mbọ ike ichekwa oke ọhịa na ụdị osisi ụmụ amaala, na ichekwa ọdịmma nke ndị ọrụ ọhịa, ma ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara.  .  Ihe kacha amasị Bund bụ ọkachamara n'ịhazi na nhazi nke ọhịa, ma ọ bụkwa ọkachamara n'ọmụmụ ihe gbasara uto osisi, dendrology, phenology na genetics.

N'afọ 1906, na Imperial Palace-Hofburg nke Vienna, Franz Josef, Emperor nke Austria na Eze nke Hungary, nyere knighthood n'elu Bund, maka ozi ya na mba ahụ.

N'oge ọrụ Bund, o bipụtara isiokwu iri ise na isii nke ọ bụ naanị ya dere, ya na ndị ọzọ dere atọ, ma soro dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, ọ sụgharịrị tebụl osisi Grundner-Schwappach (*Massentafeln*) site na German gaa na Hungarian. A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe na Hungary kemgbe oge ahụ. Bund bụkwa onye nchịkọta *[[Forestry Journal (Erdészeti Lapok)|akụkọ]]* nke Forestry Journal (Erdészeti Lapok) ruo afọ 20.

## Afọ ndị ikpeazụ
Mgbe Nkwekọrịta nke Trianon na 1920, nke napụrụ Hungary 84% nke ala ọhịa ya, National Forestry Association na sayensị nke ọhịa na Hungary na-adalata.  Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Mba enweghịzi ike ịkwụ ụgwọ Bund, ya mere ọ na-arụ ọrụ ná mgbede n'ọrụ nwa oge iji na-elekọta ezinụlọ ya.  Nrụgide nke ọrụ gabigara ókè dugara n’ịnwụ n’ihi nkụda mmụọ obi na 1931 mgbe ọ dị afọ 62 na Budapest, Hungary.

## Edensibia

* Országos Erdészeti Egyesület
* Keresö Online Lexicon (Encyclopedia)
* Teszár, Tibor, 1991. 125 akara az Országos Erdészeti Egyesület (125 afọ nke National Forestry Association). N'akwụkwọ N'asụsụ Nile, Clusiana 1-3. peeji nke 135-139, ISSN 0133-9095.
Osimiri Chumpan

**Osimiri Chumpan** bụ osimiri dị na steeti Campeche nke ndịda Mexico. Ọ malitere n'ókè dị n'etiti Campeche na Tabasco, ma na-aga n'ebe ugwu iji banye na Balchacah Lagoon, ọdọ mmiri enyemaka na Laguna de Términos, nke jikọtara ya na Gulf of Mexico. Ndị isi na-akwado ya bụ osimiri San Joaquin na Salsipuedes.

Chumpan na-agbanye mmiri n'ebe dị square kilomita 1,874. Mmiri nke Osimiri Usumacinta dị n'ebe ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ, na mmiri nke Osimiri Candelaria dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke mmiri ahụ bụ nke okpomọkụ na nke ọkara mmiri. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ bụ 25o C, na nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 1,602 mm. Nkezi nke mmiri na-agbapụta kwa afọ bụ 1,368 nde cubic mita.

Akụkụ ugwu, nke ugwu nke mmiri ahụ dị na Petén-Veracruz mmiri. Ka ọ na-eru ala dị ala n'ebe ugwu, ọ na-agafe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Pantanos de Centla, oke ọhịa mmiri na-adịghị mma na-adịgide adịgide. Osisi mangrove nke Usumacinta gbasaa gburugburu ụsọ mmiri nke Laguna de Términos ebe mmiri dị ọcha na nnu na-ezute, gụnyere usoro ọdọ mmiri Balachah.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta osimiri nke Mexico

## Ihe odide
Ebe Nchedo Flora na Anụmanụ nke Chan-Kin

Chan-Kin Flora and Fauna Protection Area

IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)

Location	Chiapas, Mexico

Area	121.85 km2 (47.05 sq mi)

Designation	flora and fauna protection area

Designated	1992

Governing body	National Commission of Natural Protected Areas

Chan-Kin Flora and Fauna Protection Area bụ **ebe** a na-echebe ihe okike na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Mexico. Chan-Kin dị na Lacandon Forest nke ọwụwa anyanwụ Chiapas steeti. Ọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Usumacinta, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lacan-Tun na Montes Azules biosphere reserves. Gọọmentị Mexico guzobere ebe nchekwa osisi na anụmanụ na 1992 ma kpuchie mpaghara nke 121.85 km2.

## Ihe odide
Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying (Austria)

.Ụlọ ọrụ Federal nke Metrology na Surveying nke Austria (German: Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen, BEV) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nyocha, ozi geo-ihe na nha na nha (metrology) na Austria.  Ọ bụ nke Bundesministerium für Wirtschaftsstandort und Digitalisierung (Ministry of the Economy Location and Digitization).  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Vienna ma nwee alaka 67 gbasapụrụ na steeti gọọmenti etiti Austria niile

## List of Surveying offices (in German)

* Amstetten
* Baden
* Bludenz
* Braunau am Inn
* Bregenz
* Bruck an der Mur
* Eisenstadt
* Feldbach
* Freistadt
* Gänserndorf Archived 2022-06-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Gmünd
* Gmunden
* Graz
* Imst
* Innsbruck
* Judenburg
* Klagenfurt
* Korneuburg
* Krems an der Donau
* Kufstein
* Leibnitz
* Lienz
* Neusiedl am See
* Oberwart
* Ried im Innkreis
* Rohrbach
* Salzburg
* Spittal an der Drau
* St. Johann im Pongau
* St. Pölten
* Steyr
* Villach
* Vöcklabruck
* Vöklermarkt
* Weiz
* Wels
* Wien
* Wiener Neustadt
* Zell am See
Canyon nke Usumacinta

thumb|Canyon nke Usumacinta
Cañón del Usumacinta

Usumacinta Canyon

IUCN category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources)

Location	Tenosique, Tabasco, Mexico

Coordinates	17°23′17″N 91°23′44″W﻿ / ﻿17.38806°N 91.39556°W

Area	461.28 km2 (178.10 sq mi)

Designation	Flora and fauna protection area

Designated	2008

Governing body	National Commission of Natural Protected Areas

Cañón del Usumacinta bụ ebe a na-echebe ihe okike na ndịda Mexico. 

Ọ na-echebe akụkụ nke Usumacinta Canyon, ebe Osimiri Usumacinta na-aga n'ebe ugwu n'ime ndagwurugwu dị warara nke na-agafe ugwu ndị dị n'akụkụ. Ọ dị na steeti Tabasco, n'ókè ya na Guatemala.

## Ọdịdị ala
Ebe nchekwa Flora na Fauna nke Cañón del Usumacinta kpuchiri 461.28 km2. Osimiri Usumacinta bụ ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ nke ebe nchekwa ahụ. Ókèala Guatemala na-eme ka ókèala ya dị n'ebe ndịda, ebe ọ na-ejikọta ogige ntụrụndụ Sierra del Lacandón nke Guatemala.

## Flora na anụmanụ
Cañón del Usumacinta dị na Petén-Veracruz mmiri ozuzo ecoregion, oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke na-agbasa site na ndịda Gulf Coastal Plain nke Mexico gafee n'ebe ugwu Guatemala na Belize ruo n'Oké Osimiri Caribbean.

Oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ obodo osisi kachasị, nke nwere mpaghara ọhịa ogwu dị ala.

## Ihe odide
Aimo Cajander

**Aimo Kaarlo Cajander** (4 Eprel 1879 - 21 Jenụwarị 1943) bụ praịm minista nke Finland ruo mgbe a lụrụ agha Winter.

A mụrụ Cajander na Uusikaupunki, ọ ghọkwara onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ, prọfesọ nke ọhịa 1911-34; onye isi nchịkwa maka Ọrụ Ọhịa na Ogige nke Finland 1934-1943; Praịm Minista na 1922, 1924, na 1937-1939; onyeisi oche nke National Progressive Party 1933-1943; na onye omeiwu. 

Cajander batara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1922 mgbe Onye isi ala Ståhlberg gwara ya ka ọ were ọkwa nke praịm minista.  O tinyebeghị aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mbụ.  Ståhlberg kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ praịm minista nke ugboro abụọ na Jenụwarị 1924. Ụlọ ọrụ Cajander dị mkpụmkpụ bụ naanị ndị nlekọta tupu ntuli aka ndị omeiwu.

Cajander sonyeere na 1927 National Progressive Party ma na 1928 a họpụtara ya dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka nchekwa. A họpụtara Cajander ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na 1929. Mgbe a họpụtara Kyösti Kallio dị ka onye isi ala na 1937, a gwara Cajander dị ka onyeisi oche nke National Progressive Party ka ọ guzobe ọchịchị ka ukwuu. Cajander guzobere gọọmentị jikọrọ aka nke pati abụọ kachasị ukwuu na nzuko omeiwu - Social Democrats na Agrarian League. Cajander bụ onye nwere echiche nke na-ekweghị na August 1939 na Soviet Union ga-awakpo Finland. N'ihi nke a, a manyere ndị agha Finland ịlụ ọgụ na-enweghị ihe zuru oke. Ọ nwụrụ na Helsinki, mgbe ọ dị afọ 63.

A na-echeta aha Cajander maka "Model Cajander", ụdị ejiji nke ọtụtụ ndị agha Finnish na Agha Winter: ndị agha adịghị njikere nke ọma, n'ihi ya, a na-enye ihe nchekwa ihe eji eme ihe, ihe nnọchianya nke a ga-etinye na okpu - iji rube isi na Mgbakọ Hague.  ;  na égbè.  Ma ọ bụghị ya, ha ga-eji uwe na ngwá ọrụ nke ha..

## Ụlọ ọrụ

* Cajander nke Mbụ
* Cabinet nke Abụọ
* Cajander nke Atọ

## Onyinye

* Order of the Three Stars, 1st Class (April 10, 1937)
* Order of the Holy Lamb, Grand Cross (1941)
* Doctorate nke Mahadum nke Natural Resources na Life Sciences, Vienna (1924)

## Edensibia
General Directorate of Map

General Directorate of Mapping (Turkish: Harita Genel Müdürlüğü ma ọ bụ HGM) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka eserese mba nke Turkey [1] n'okpuru Ministry of National Defence na ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka maapụ topographical nke obodo ahụ n'ụdị siri ike na dijitalụ..

HGM na-emepụta ma na-enye ozi gbasara mpaghara maka nchekwa na ebumnuche mmepe, na mgbakwunye na nhazi, ịhazi na imepụta na idobe ihe mpaghara.  HGM nwere otu ndị ọkachamara na ụgbọ elu B200 Beechcraft abụọ guzo na Güvercinlik Army Air Base na Ankara.  Ha nwere ikike maka mkpuchi ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ na-emeghe maka atụmatụ ọ bụla sitere na òtù mba ụwa chọrọ ọrụ ha.
Ogige Ntụrụndụ Canyon del Río Blanco

**Ogige Ntụrụndụ** Cañón del Río Blanco bụ ebe a na-echebe ihe okike na steeti Veracruz nke Mexico.

## Ọdịdị ala
Ogige Ntụrụndụ Cañón del Río Blanco na-ekpuchi mpaghara nke 488 km2. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ gụnyere mmiri dị n'elu nke Río Blanco, ebe osimiri ahụ kpụrụ ugwu site na Sierra Madre de Oaxaca, na-adaba na rapids na nsụda mmiri ka ọ na-esi n'ugwu na-agbadata na Gulf Coastal Plain iji banye na Gulf of Mexico.

Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ dị na Sierra de Zongolica, mpaghara ugwu nke Sierra Madre de Oaxaca. Pico de Orizaba, ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt na elu kachasị elu na Mexico, dị ọtụtụ kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke ogige ahụ.

## Flora na anụmanụ
Obodo osisi dị n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ gụnyere ọhịa pine, ọhịa oak, ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na ọhịa mmiri ozuzo.

## Nchekwa
Onye isi ala Lázaro Cárdenas nyere iwu ka Cañón del Río Blanco bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na 1938.

## Ihe odide
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ala nke Estonia

Estonia Land Board (Estonia: Maa-amet) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka eserese na cadastre na Estonia.  Ọ bụ Ministry of Environment nọ n'okpuru ya.  The Land Board bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ekere òkè na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmepe na mmejuputa iwu ala ala ma na-enye ọha mmadụ ozi gbasara ala ọhụrụ.  Ọhụụ The Land Board bụ iji kwe nkwa na e nwere na mma maka ojiji nke ozi ala mba ọhụrụ na njikwa nke ọma nke akụ steeti.

E guzobere Board Land na ebumnuche iji hụ na njikwa na iji ala na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karị, hazie ọrụ geodetic na cartographic, guzobe cadastre ala, hazie nyocha ala na ilekọta mmanye ụtụ isi ala, nye ikike maka ọrụ ndozi ala, dozie ala.  esemokwu, wdg.

• Maintenance of land cadastre (management of cadastral data and guaranteeing their availability to the public, organising land surveying and control of surveying quality, organising land assessment)

• Capture and management of geodetic, geological and topographic data (organising the establishment of geodetic networks, organising geological mapping, mapping of the Estonian territory, providing national topographic data and maps to the society)
Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling

thumb|Logo
Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling (Bekee: General staff topographic Department) bụ ngalaba eserese, topographic na maapụ izugbe nke ndị agha Danish site na 1842 ruo 1928. O nyere ma ndị gọọmentị na ndị nkịtị maapụ Denmark ziri ezi.

## History
Generalkvartermesterstaben bụ ngalaba n'okpuru Generalstab e hibere ọhụrụ nke 1808, nke mbụ jikọtara ndị agha na Denmark.[1]  Generalstab bụ mmalite nke Command Operational Command.

On 8 April 1842 *Generalkvartermesterstaben* and the mapping part of the scientific organisation Det Kongelig Danske Videnskabernes Selskab was merged into *Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling*. For a short period, 1856-1864, the department was under the Ministry of Trade, other than that, it was under the Ministry of War for the entire span of its life.

By law number 82, of 31 March 1928, it was merged with Den danske Gradmaaling, two institutions that did somewhat overlapping cartographic and topographic mapping of Denmark, to form Geodætisk Institut.

According to a resolution of 1831, the copyright on topographic maps produced by the *Generalkvartermesterstaben* or the *Generalstabens Topografiske Afdeling* never expires. This order is still valid according to the Danish copyright law (Ophavsretslovens §92).