Aubrey Williams

**Aubrey Williams** (8 Mee 1926 – 27 Eprel 1990  ) bụ onye omenkà Guyan. A maara ya nke ọma maka nnukwu eserese mmanụ na-akwa akwa, nke na-ejikọta ihe dị iche iche nke nkwupụta nkịtị na ụdị, ihe oyiyi na akara sitere na nkà tupu Colombia nke ụmụ amaala America .

A mụrụ na Georgetown na British Guiana (ugbu a Guyana), Williams malitere ịse na eserese mgbe ọ dị obere. Ọ nwetara nkuzi nka n'ụdị site na afọ atọ, wee sonye na Klas Ndị Ọrụ Na-arụ Ọrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 12. Mgbe ọ zụrụ azụ ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ ugbo, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo maka afọ asatọ, na mbụ n'ubi sugar nke East Coast na mgbe e mesịrị na mpaghara North-West nke mba ahụ-ógbè nke ụmụ amaala Warao bi na mbụ. Oge ya n'etiti Warao nwere mmetụta dị egwu na ụzọ nkà ya, wee malite mgbagwoju anya na nkà na omenala tupu Colombia nke na-agba ọsọ n'oge ọrụ nkà ya.

Williams hapụrụ Guyana n'ogo nke Independence Movement na 1952 wee kwaga United Kingdom. N'ịgbaso ihe ngosi mbụ ya na London na 1954, ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na ihe ngosi nka avant-garde nke Britain mgbe agha gasịrị, ọkachasị site na mkpakọrịta ya na Denis Bowen 's New Vision Center Gallery. Na 1966, o jikọtara ya na otu ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Caribbean na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi nke London chọtara Caribbean Artists Movement, bụ nke jere ozi dị ka ebe siri ike nke mmemme ọdịnala na mmemme ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị na 1972. Site na 1970 gaa n'ihu, Williams rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ihe nkiri na Jamaica na Florida yana UK, ọ bụkwa n'oge a ka o wepụtara atọ n'ime usoro eserese ya kacha mara amara:  (1969-1981), *Olmec-Maya na Ugbu a.* (1981–1985) na *Cosmos* (1989).

Williams kọwara CAM dị ka "dị oke mkpa" ma onwe ya na ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri Caribbean. O kwuru, sị, "O nyere aka mepụta ọnọdụ ọgụgụ isi ka onye ọ bụla nwee ike imepụta ihe na imekọ ihe ọnụ," ka o kwuru, ma wepụta "usoro mba ụwa" nke ndị otu n'otu n'otu "bịara mata ihe na-eme na ndị ọzọ Commonwealth" na nke sitere na ya. o zutere ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe n'onwe ya "si Africa, India na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa". [45]

### Afọ ndị ọzọ: n'etiti London, Jamaica, Florida na Guyana
thumb| ''Tumatumari'' (1970) nke Aubrey Williams. Ihe osise a bụ akụkụ nke usoro eserese ''Timehri'' na ọdụ ụgbọ elu International Cheddi Jagan .
Mgbe Williams jigidere ntọala na London ruo na njedebe nke ndụ ya, site na 1970 gaa n'ihu ọ nọrọ nnukwu oge na-arụ ọrụ na mba ofesi na Jamaica, Florida na, obere oge, Guyana. [46] [47] Na February 1970 ọ gara Guyana ya na otu ndị nka CAM - gụnyere Brathwaite, Harris, Salkey na Sam Selvon - maka ọgbakọ ndị ode akwụkwọ na ndị nka Caribbean nke gọọmentị Guyana haziri dịka akụkụ nke mmemme Guyana Republic nke afọ ahụ. [48] [49] Nke a bụ nke mbụ ọ lọghachiri na Guyana kemgbe 1952, [50] na Williams nwetara nsọpụrụ mba nke The Golden Arrow of Achievement . N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ dechara usoro ihe osise ise nke gọọmentị nyere, aha ya bụ *Timehri*, na Cheddi Jagan International Airport . [51] 1970 bụkwa afọ nke mbụ Williams gara Jamaica. Mgbe nleta mbụ a gasịrị, ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ ọnwa na Jamaica kwa afọ ma bụrụkwa onye a họpụtara Artist-in-Residence na Olympia Art Center na Kingston . [52] [53]

N'afọ 1972, ọ sonyere na Carifesta mbụ na Guyana, nke sitere na 25 Ọgọst ruo 15 Septemba. [54] N'afọ 1976, ọ rụchara ihe osise abụọ na Jamaica, na School of Hope for Mentalally Handicapped Children na na African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church na Swallowfield Road. [55] N'afọ 1977, o gosipụtara ọrụ dịka onye so na mmemme nka na omenala nke ụwa nke abụọ na ndị Africa (Festac '77) emere na Lagos, Nigeria, site na 15 Jenụwarị ruo 12 nke February, yana ndị ọzọ na-ese Black dabeere na UK, gụnyere Winston Alaka., Ronald Moody, Uzo Egonu, Armet Francis, Emmanuel Taiwo Jegede and Donald Locke .  Na May 1978, Williams dechara ihe osise na Howe Hall na Mahadum Dalhousie, nke Prime Minister nke Guyana nyere ọrụ n'oge ahụ, Forbes Burnham . [57]

N'afọ ndị 1980, Williams rụrụ ọrụ na studio na Florida. N'ime afọ ndị a, o wepụtara atọ n'ime usoro ihe osise ya a ma ama: *Shostakovich*, *The Olmec-Maya na Ugbu a* na *Cosmos* . [53] Mgbe ihe ngosi *Shostakovich* ya na London's Commonwealth Institute na 1981 nwetara obere mkpuchi na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba, Guy Brett dere na *Index on Censorship* :"Aubrey Williams nwere ike iji ike epic na-ese ihe n'ọtụtụ buru ibu. Ihe osise ya bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe - nkwanye ùgwù dị ịrịba ama nke otu onye na-ese ihe na onye ọzọ, nakwa nke otu onye na-eme ihe na onye ọzọ. Echere m na ihe ngosi ya bụ ihe ngosi nke ihe niile. art scene ebe a, n'agbanyeghị ebe mmadụ na-etinye onwe ya na mmegharị nke styles na echiche ma ọ na-agafe na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dịghị okwu na omenala pịa ... Ma o biri na-arụ ọrụ na Britain kemgbe 1954! Williams pụtara mgbe ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye a dọọrọ n'agha na mba a, yana otu ọnọdụ ya siri jikọta ya na otu ụlọ ọrụ omenala ebe a si ewepụ ndị na-ese ihe na-adabaghị na ihe oyiyi ọdịnala nke nkà Britain." Na 1986, ndị Guyanese ọchịchị nyere ya The Cacique's Crown of Honor, [46] na n'afọ ahụ ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke Imruh Caesar duziri nke isiokwu ya bụ *The Mark of the Hand*, nke e bu ụzọ lelee na British Academy of Film na Arts Television na London na 16 Disemba 1986. [59] [60]

Na 1989, ihe osise nke Williams tinyere na ihe ngosi na Hayward Gallery nke isiokwu ya bụ *Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ*, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na Asia na mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị Britain. Nke a bụ oge mbụ e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ụlọ ngosi nka ọha na eze na UK, [61] ma gosipụta usoro *Cosmos* ya. N'okwu Geoffrey MacLean, "O gosipụtara ogologo oge nke ọganihu ime mmụọ na ọgụgụ isi nke Williams, site na nnụnụ nke Guyana na gburugburu ebe obibi ya, site na ncheta nke ihe nketa Amerindia ya, na-ejedebe na ekele maka okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ site na egwu na egwu egwu. nghọta ime mmụọ site na cosmos." 

Williams nwụrụ na London na 17 Eprel 1990, ọ dị afọ 63, [2] "mgbe ogologo oge na-alụso ọrịa cancer ọgụ". 

## Ihe nketa
Akwụkwọ 1990 nke Anne Walmsley nke isiokwu ya bụ *Guyana Dreaming: Art of Aubrey Williams*, nke onye na-ese ihe hụrụ n'ihe odide 10 ụbọchị tupu ọnwụ ya, bụ akwụkwọ mbụ dị ịrịba ama nke etinyere na ọrụ ya. 

Na 19 Jenụwarị 1996, Institute of International Visual Art (InIVA) haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe ọkara ụbọchị na Aubrey Williams iji kwekọọ na ngosipụta nke *Cosmos Series* na October Gallery (ebe ngosi solo ikpeazụ nke mere n'oge ndụ ya. emere ya),   na-egosi onyinye sitere n'aka Stuart Hall, Anne Walmsley, Rasheed Araeen na Wilson Harris, gbakwunyere nyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Imruh Caesar's 1986 na Williams, *The Mark of the Hand* . 

N'oge okpomọkụ 1998, nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ọrụ nke Williams nọ n'elu Whitechapel Art Gallery,  na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama posthumous emewokwa, na October Gallery na n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Ọrụ ya dịkwa na nchịkọta dị mkpa, gụnyere Arts Council of England, Royal Albert Memorial Museum, na Tate, ebe e nwere ọnụ ụlọ nke a raara nye ya.  

## Ụdị
N'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọrụ nka ya, site n'oge ọ sonyeere WPAC ruo na njedebe 1950s, ihe osise Williams bụ ihe atụ. Dị ka Donald Locke si kwuo, onye ọrụ Guyanese ibe ya bụ onye gara WPAC n'otu oge ahụ dị ka Williams, ihe osise ya n'oge WPAC na-abụkarị ndị inyom dị ime gba ọtọ, na agba ya na-ahọrọ na-abụkarị "icha mmirimmiri, na-acha ọcha, odo na agba aja aja". [12] Mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara London, Williams na-arụ ọrụ na pastels na mbụ n'ihi na ọ nweghị ike ịzụta ihe osise. Locke kọwara ọrụ ya n'etiti etiti ruo n'ọgwụgwụ 1950s dị ka "gbara" na " Cubistic -Naturalism" bụ nke ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na WPAC. [71]

Mgbe ọ na-ebi na London ma na-eme njem na Europe n'etiti 1950s, Williams webatara na usoro kachasị ọhụrụ na nkà Europe na America site na ihe ngosi na The Tate na London na ebe ndị ọzọ. [72] [3] [73] Ọ masịrị ya ma nwee obi ụtọ site na ihe ngosi nke ihe osise German expressionist na London, na ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nke America dị ka Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Barnett Newman, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko . [74] Ọ chọtara otu mmekọrịta ya na Arshile Gorky - onye ọrụ ya, o kwuru, "dabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na nghọta [ya]" - yana Roberto Matta . [75] Ọ na-achọpụta mmekọrịta ya na Matta na ahụmahụ na-ekere òkè nke colonialism : "Ọ bụ isi nke ọnụnọ nke ndị mmeri. Ọ bụ isi ísì nke mfu, na ngbanwe nke ihe dị ntakịrị karịa ihe e bibiri ". [76] Mmetụta ndị a dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe nka ya n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.

Site na 1959 gaa n'ihu, ọrụ Williams bịara na-esiwanye ike na ndị nkatọ nka na-akọwakarị ụdị ya dị ka ụdị nkwupụta okwu nkịtị. [77] Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị metụtara akụ̀ na ụba kpachapụrụ anya ná mmalite nke kwaaji ọ na-eji, o ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu n'ịkwasa ndị na-ebuwanye ibu, malitekwa na 1970 gaa n'ihu na-ese ọtụtụ ihe osise ndị buru ibu . Ọ na-eji glazes na scumbling mepụta mmetụta na agba mmanụ ya. [78] N'ịgbaso oge nke ịjụ onwe ya na mmalite 1970s, n'oge Williams na-echegbu onwe ya na ọ " *na-eme* ihe osise [...] dị ka ịmepụta ngwá ụlọ mgbidi", ọ malitere ịmaliteghachi ihe atụ n'ime ihe osise ya-mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ahụ. ka a na-ahụ anya na usoro *Olmec-Maya na Ugbu a* . [79] [80]

## Ihe ngosi
(G = ihe ngosi otu)
 

## Ihe nrite

* 1963: Nrite na Commonwealth Biennale of Abstract Art na London [34] [35]
* 1965: Nrite Commonwealth maka eserese
* 1970: Ụka Ọlaedo nke Mmeri, Guyana
* 1986: The Cacique's Crown of Honor, Guyana

## Hụkwa

* Omenala Guyana

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Jessica Boyall, "Ịgafe oke: ndụ na ọrụ nke Aubrey Williams", *Art UK*, 18 June 2020.
* Ian Dudley, "Ndị isi Olmec Colossal na eserese nke Aubrey Williams", *Akụkọ nka nka*, Mpịakọta 43, mbipụta 4, Septemba 2020, p. 828–855 | https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8365.12527
* Kobena Mercer, "Aubrey Williams: Abstraction na Diaspora", *British Art Studies*, Okwu 8, 8 June 2018 | https://doi.org/10.17658/issn.2058-5462/issue-08/kmercer

## Ntụaka

### Ihe ndetu
oge mbụ e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ụlọ ngosi nka ọha na eze na UK, [61] ma gosipụta usoro Cosmos ya. N'okwu Geoffrey MacLean, "O gosipụtara ogologo oge nke ọganihu onye ọrụ ya, o kwuru, "dabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na nghọta [ya]" - yana Roberto Matta . [75] Ọ na-achọpụta mmekọrịta ya na Matta na ahụmahụ na-ekere òkè nke colonialism N'ịgbaso oge nke ịjụ onwe ya na mmalite 1970s, n'oge Williams na-echegbu onwe ya na ọ " na-eme ihe osise [...] dị ka ịmepụta ngwá ụlọ kwuru, "dabere n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na nghọta [ya]" - yana Roberto Matta . [75] Ọ na-achọpụta mmekọrịta ya na Matta na ahụmahụ na-ekere òkè nke colonialism N'ịgbaso oge nke 

## Njikọ mpụga

* 19 artworks by or after Aubrey Williams at the Art UK site
* Aubrey Williams page at October Gallery.
* Aubrey Williams page at Institute of International Visual Arts.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations