open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Inferno Air

Air ***Inferno*** bụ egwuregwu vidio simulation arcade nke 1990 nke Taito mepụtara ma wepụta, na Japan, Europe na North America. Ihe sitere na usoro Taito's Landing, Air *Inferno* bụ ihe ngosi ọkụ ọkụ nke na-agụnye ịnya ụgbọelu helikopta na ọrụ nnapụta dị iche iche, ịgbapụ ihe mgbanyụ ọkụ iji gbanyụọ ọkụ mgbe ị na-azọpụta ndị nkịtị.

Dị ka onye bu ya ụzọ Top Landing (1988), Air *Inferno* jiri ihe osise 3D polygon. Egwuregwu abụọ ahụ na-agba ọsọ na ngwaike Taito Air System, nke jiri 68000 (12 MHz) na Z80 (4 MHz) microprocessors dị ka CPU na TMS320C25 (24 MHz) dijitalụ mgbaàmà processor dị ka GPU. Egwuregwu ahụ na-abịa n'ụdị abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ arcade, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ simulator nke Deluxe na obere ụlọ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ.

. "...Egwuregwu arcade nwetara nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ.  Onye ọrụ Sinclair na-edepụta ya akara 89%, na-eto eserese 3D “fab”, “nchịkwa ziri ezi” yana maka ịbụ “ihe dị nnọọ iche ma e jiri ya tụnyere igwe arcade a na-emebu.” [1] Julian Rignall nyere egwuregwu ahụ 88% na Kọmputa na vidiyo.  Magazin egwuregwu.[2]  Nick Kelly kwadoro ya 85% na CU Amiga.[3]  David Wilson gosiri ya anọ n'ime ise na magazin Zero, [4] na 80% na Sinclair gị.[5]
Bridger Aerospace

aBridger Aerospace bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu America nke na-enye ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ.[1]  Na Ọkụ Martin dị na Nevada na 2018, ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke mbụ fefere ụgbọ mmiri n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'elu ọkụ.

Tim Sheehy, onye bụbu Navy SEAL nke jiri nlekota ikuku mee ihe n'oge Global War on Terror ma chọọ itinye otu ikike ahụ n'ọrụ nchekwa ọha na eze, guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2014. Na mbido, Sheehy na-arụ ọrụ otu ụgbọelu iji nyere ndị na-azụ ehi aka ịchọpụta ehi ha site na ikuku. Malite n'oge ọkụ ọhịa nke afọ 2015, ọ gbanwere uche ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na mgbanyụ ọkụ n'elu.

Na Machị 2020, Bridger Aerospace nyere ndị ọrụ ahụike ụgbọ mmiri ya maka ịkwaga ihe na ndị ọrịa dịka nzaghachi maka ọrịa COVID-19 zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ rụkwara ihe mgbochi ihu nke o nyere ndị ọrụ nọ n'ihu ma jiri ụgbọ mmiri ya nye ndị ọrụ ahụike PPE na Montana.

Bridger bụ onye ahịa mmalite maka De Havilland CL-415EAF Firefighting Aircraft.
Nkọwa nke nsị

Na 40 CFR 156.62, EPA guzobere ụdị nsị anọ maka ihe ize ndụ dị egwu nke ọgwụ ahụhụ, na "Ụdị nke Mbụ" bụ **ụdị nsị** kachasị elu (nke nsị). Ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ mmadụ, nkwupụta nchebe, na nkwupụta ihe nchebe onwe onye nke mmadụ dabere na Udi nsi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ dị ka a naere ma ọ bụ naekesa. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji ụdị nsị mee ihe maka ebumnuche nchịkwa ndị ọzọ naabụghị akara, dị ka nkewa maka iji ya eme ihe na ihe achọrọ maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa naeguzogide ụmụaka. 

Nọnọdụ ụfọdụ, nkwupụta ndị dabeere na Udi nsinke ngwaahịa ahụ dị ka diluted maka ojiji naenyekwa ohere. A naenye ụdị nsị maka ụdị ise nke ikpughe siri ike, dịka akọwapụtara na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [citation needed]

## Nchịkọta
Ụdị nsị anọ, site na otu ruo anọ bụ:

* Ụdị nsị m bụ nsị siri ike ma naakpasu iwe nke ukwuu.
* Ụdị nsị nke abụọ bụ nke naegbu egbu ma naakpasu iwe.
* Ụdị nsị nke atọ bụ obere nsị ma naakpasu iwe.
* Ụdị nsị nke anọ bụ ihe naadịghị egbu egbu ma ọ bụghị ihe naakpasu iwe.

## Ụdị nsị dị egwu maka ọgwụ ahụhụ
Na tebụl na-esonụ, kọlụm kachasị n'aka ekpe depụtara ụzọ nchịkwa.

## Ihe odide
Rainbow Warrior (1957)

**Rainbow Warrior** (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya **Rainbow Warrior II**) bụ onye schooner nwere ikike atọ kacha ama ama maka ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi Greenpeace.  Ewubere ya ka ọ nọchie onye mbụ bụ Rainbow Warrior nke ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi France (DGSE) tụrụ bọmbụ na 1985 na Port Auckland, New Zealand, bụ nke kpuru ụgbọ mmiri ma gbuo onye na-ese foto Fernando Pereira.
alt=Rainbow Warrior |thumb

E ji ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu azụ *Ross Kashmir* (mgbe e mesịrị Grampian Fame) rụọ Rainbow Warrior II, nke Cochrane & Sons nke Selby, North Yorkshire wuru ma malite na 1957. Rainbow Warrior dị mita 44 (144 ft) n'ogologo ma jiri uzuoku mee ihe, mana agbatị ya ruo 55.2 m (181 ) na 1966. Greenpeace nyere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ masts ọhụrụ, gaff rig, injin ọhụrụ na ọtụtụ usoro na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi iji jikwaa ihe mkpofu, okpomọkụ na mmiri ọkụ. A maliteghachiri ya na Hamburg na 10 Julaị 1989, ncheta nke anọ nke bọmbụ nke ''onye'' bu ya ụzọ, Rainbow Warrior mbụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'ime oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ, Rainbow Warrior sonyeere na mgbasa ozi ndị na-eme ihe ike dị ka igbochi ụgbọ mmiri ndị Russia, ime mkpesa nyocha ngwá agha nuklia French, na ịkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri nwere ibu nke coal na mmanụ nkwụ, yana ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ dị ka ịchụpụ ndị bi na Rongelap.  mgbe emetọchara agwaetiti ahụ site na nnwale nuklia, na inye enyemaka mgbe mbufịt mbufịt oke osimiri India nke 2004 gasịrị. Rainbow Warrior, nke *onye* isi ụgbọ mmiri Mike Fincken na-akwọ, kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Legazpi City na Albay na 22 Mee 2008 maka otu ọnwa "Kwụsị Coal, Zọpụta Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe" Philippines njem na mkpọsa iji kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere mmetụta nke iji coal na gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Njem ahụ tụrụ aro isi iyi ike ndị ọzọ dị ka geothermal na ike anyanwụ.

Rainbow Warrior mebiri Tubbataha Reef, ebe ihe nketa ụwa na Philippines na 2005. A kwụrụ Greenpeace $ 7,000 maka imebi ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100 m2 (1,100  ) nke coral reef. Greenpeace boro map na-ezighị ezi nke gọọmentị Philippines nyere maka ihe mberede ahụ.   BBC hotara onye ọrụ Greenpeace Red Constantino ka ọ na-ekwu "Chaatị ahụ gosipụtara na anyị nọ otu kilomita na ọkara" site na coral reef mgbe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị. Greenpeace kwụrụ ụgwọ ahụ.

## Ihe Ncheta
Rainbow Warrior lara ezumike nká n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011 wee ree ya na Friendship, otu NGO nke dị na Bangladesh, iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ mmiri ụlọ ọgwụ, nke a kpọrọ *Rongdhonu*, Bengali maka rainbow. Ọ kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Chittagong na 29 Ọgọstụ iji rụzigharịa ya maka nzube ahụ. E wepụtara Rainbow Warrior III n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011.

Òtù NGO Friendship rere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ maka ịtọgbọ ya n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na Bangladesh n'afọ 2018.

## Ebe a na-ese foto

## Hụkwa

* Akụkọ ifo nke ndị agha rainbow
* Ndepụta ụgbọ mmiri
* Ihe mberede Tubbataha Reef

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Peeji Greenpeace nke gọọmentị na Rainbow Warrior
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ New Zealand na Rainbow Warrior
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Australian Greenpeace na Rainbow Warrior E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* Nkọwapụta nke Rainbow Warrior (na saịtị Greenpeace)
MV Sirius

**MV Sirius** bụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace nke a gụrụ aha kpakpando ***Sirius***. E wuru *Sirius* na nkọwa nke oge a na Boele shipyard na Netherlands na 1950 dị ka otu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri 7 na-anya ụgbọ mmiri. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, nke Royal Dutch Navy nwere na mbụ, rere ya na Greenpeace n'afọ 1981 mgbe ọ nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kpọrọ nkụ. A rụzigharịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, rụzie ya, ma degharịa ya. O were izu iri iji see ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya, a gbanwere atụmatụ agba ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ụcha eke na egwurugwu na-acha ọcha nke udo na alaka oliv ka e sere n'ihu ya. A rụgharịrị *Sirius* na usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke oge a, ngwá ọrụ nkwukọrịta, ụgbọ mmiri ndụ, na rafts. A gbanwere ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ injin n'èzí ma ụlọ nkwakọrịta ghọrọ ụlọ nkwakọrọ.

*Sirius* jere ozi dị ka flagship nke Greenpeace Netherlands ruo 1998, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ lara ezumike nká. Ruo n'afọ 2018, ọ kwụsịrị na Amsterdam, ebe ọ na-eje ozi na ikike agụmakwụkwọ, na-enye njem ụgbọ mmiri na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi.

N'ihe dị ka etiti abalị na Septemba 30–31, 1988, ka ọ na-aga site na Cabrera ruo Barcelona, ​​Sirius manyere ịchọ ebe mgbaba na Majorca n'oge ọgba aghara siri ike nke Force 9.  Mgbe ha tụgharịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ hụrụ ihe mgbakasị ahụ na-agba 8 kilomita site na Agwaetiti Dragonera.  Sirius wepụtara ụzọ maka ọkụ ọkụ ahụ, ahụrụkwa otu obere ụgbọ mmiri na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ka ọ na-emikpu.  Otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Britain anọ na-efu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri, ma a napụtara ụmụ okorobịa abụọ.  Onye nke anọ, skipper Ron Davies nke Honor Oak, Lewisham, ji ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbadara mgbe ọ dara n'oge nnapụta.  Sirius gara n'ihu na-achọ ndị ikom ahụ efu wee kpọrọ mmadụ abụọ ahụ lanarịrị na Port D'Andratx mgbe obi ruru ya ala site n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri ezitere na Palma..

Na 10 Jenụwarị 2018 a dọtara *Sirius* site na Zaandam gaa Haarlem ka a tụfuo ya.

## Hụkwa

* MV 

## Edensibia

* Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke Ọtụtụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Greenpeace
Helikọpta Columbia

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Columbia Helicopters, Inc. Boeing 234 N245CH (n'aka ekpe) na Boeing Vertol 107 C-FHFW (n'ụzọ nri) na-ezu ike na ụlọ ọrụ na Aurora, Oregon.
Columbia Helicopters, Incorporated (**CHI**) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ụgbọelu na onye na-arụ ọrụ na Aurora, Oregon, United States. A maara ya maka ịrụ ọrụ helicopters rotor; n'oge a, naanị Boeing Vertol 107 na Boeing Vertol 234. A na-eji helikọpta ndị a eme ihe na mweghachi nke iyi na ọhịa, gụnyere heli-logging, ọkụ ọkụ ikuku, nchọpụta mmanụ, iwu, nkwado gọọmentị, mmepụta ihe nkiri, nzaghachi ọdachi, na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ FAA na-akwado ndị ahịa n'ụwa niile.

### Nchịkwa Nleba Anya
Mgbe ịzụrụ Hiller 12E siri ike karị, Lematta malitere ịrụ ọrụ ndị na-ebuli elu.  Otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ na John Day Dam na aha ụlọ ọrụ ya, Osimiri Columbia.  N'ebe a Lematta malitere ịrụ ọrụ ebuli nke ọma site na iji eriri ogologo karịa nkezi.  Echiche ahụ bụ na onye na-anya ụgbọ elu nwere ike ịdabere n'akụkụ ụgbọ elu ahụ wee hụ kpọmkwem ebe a ga-etinye ibu ahụ kama ịdabere na ntụziaka anya site n'aka ndị ọrụ ala ma ọ bụ enyo.  Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, nwanne Wes, Jim, nọ na-efe ụgbọ elu Sikorsky S-61 na Colorado Rockies.oyi dị ya nke ukwuu nke na a manyere ya ịdakwasị. Columbia mepụtara windo mbu nke onye na-anya ụgbọelu iji mejupụta mkpa maka oche ụgbọelu mechiri emechi.

.Dị ka nke Disemba 15, 2006 Columbia Helicopters azụtala ụdị asambodo nke Model 107[1] na Model 234[2] site na Boeing. Ka ọ dị ugbu a [mgbe?] ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-achọ ka FAA nyefee asambodo mmepụta (PC) iji mepụta akụkụ, na mmepụta nke PC iji mepụta ụgbọ elu abụọ ahụ.
Usoro Nchịkwa Ụgbọelu nke CDF

Iji kwado ndị agha ya n'ala, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Nchebe Ọkụ nke California (CAL FIRE) mmemme nnaghachi ikuku mberede gụnyere 23 Grumman S-2T 1,200 gallon airtankers, 12 UH-1H Super Huey helicopters, na 16 OV-10A airtactical aircraft. Ọ na-agbakwunye 7 C-130H 4,000 gallon airtankers. A na-etinye ụgbọelu ndị a na 14 airtanker na 11 (10 CAL FIRE, 1 njikọ CAL FRE / San Diego County Sheriff) helitack bases dị na steeti niile, ma nwee ike iru ọtụtụ ọkụ n'ime nkeji 20. N'oge nnukwu ọkụ, CAL FIRE nwere ike ịkwaga ụgbọelu iji nye nkwado ikuku nke steeti niile.

Ụgbọelu airtactical na-efe n'elu n'ọkụ, na-eduzi ụgbọelu na helikọpta gaa n'ebe dị oke egwu nke ọkụ maka ihe na-egbochi na mmiri. Ihe na-egbochi ma ọ bụ na-egbolata mgbasa nke ọkụ bụ ngwakọta nke nwere kemịkal nnu, mmiri, ụrọ ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ sie ike, na ihe na-acha. Ọ bụ ezie na ma ụgbọ mmiri na helikọpta nwere ngwá ọrụ iji buru ihe na-egbochi ọkụ ma ọ bụ mmiri, helikọpt nwekwara ike ibuga ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ, ngwá ọrụ na ndị ọrụ merụrụ ahụ.

Ndị na-akwado CAL FIRE ugbu a bụ DynCorp na Logistics Specialties Incorporated (LSI). DynCorp na-enye ọrụ ụgbọelu airtanker na airtactical, na ọrụ mmezi ụgbọelu niile. Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọelu CAL FIRE na-efe helikọpta CAL FRE niile. LSI na-enye ọrụ ịzụta na njikwa akụkụ.

Enwere ike iji ụgbọ elu lụ ọgụ ọkụ na California na 1931 na ọzọ na njedebe 1940 ka Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.  N'afọ 1953, ụmụnna Nolta nke Willows, California tụrụ aro iji ụgbọ elu na-efesa ọrụ ugbo maka ịlụ ọgụ ahịhịa na ahịhịa.  N'ime oge ọkụ anọ sitere na 1954 ruo 1957, CAL FIRE ji ọtụtụ obere ụgbọ elu na-akpọ oku mgbe achọrọ.  Ndị a bụ ụgbọ elu ndị na-efe efe gbanwere maka ojiji dị ka ndị na-agbanyụ ọkụ.  Ọzọkwa n'ime oge a, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu na-eme mgbanwe na-atụgharị Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ Grumman TBM Avengers maka ojiji ụgbọ elu ikuku.  Ya mere, na 1958 CAL FIRE na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu nkeonwe nwere nkwekọrịta maka ọrụ ụgbọ elu ikuku.  N'afọ ahụ, e nyere nkwekọrịta maka ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu atọ nke NavalN3Ns na Stearmans bụ ụgbọelu abụọ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ e ji nye ọzụzụ ndị na-anya ụgbọelu ma gbanwee maka iji ya mee ihe dị ka ụgbọelu na-agbasa ozi. Ha nwere ike iburu ihe ruru galọn 200 nke kemịkal na-egbochi ọkụ. TBM, ụgbọelu bọmbụ torpedo nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, nwere ike ịnye 600 galọn.
Ìgwè Conair

**Conair Group Inc**. nke Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, nke a maara dị ka Conair Aviation, bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ịmegharị ụgbọ elu ọkụ, na-elekọta ndị ahịa na ụgbọ elu ụlọ ọrụ na mgbanyụ ọkụ. Conair ugbu a [mgbe?] na-ewe ndị ọrụ 250 ma nwee ụgbọelu ndị e kewara n'ụdị abụọ; mwakpo ikuku (a.k.a. nkịta nnụnụ), na ụgbọelu (a.c.a. waterbombers). Conair bụ ọkachamara na nkwado nchịkwa ọkụ site n'inye ọrụ na ngwaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ọhịa gburugburu ụwa. .Na 1996 Conair ghọrọ onye na-ere ụgbọ elu Canada Air Tractor maka ụgbọ mmiri AT-802F.[1]  Nke bụbu ngalaba Conair Group;  Ndị otu IMP nke Halifax, Nova Scotia nwetara Cascade Aerospace na 2012.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Convair CV580 Airtanker
,Ụlọ ọrụ malitere site n'aka ndị otu Les Kerr na-edu nke nwere: Leslie George "Les" Kerr, K. Barry Marsden, Herman Joseph "Slim" Knights, Ronald "Ron" F. Connelly nke Whitehorse, Yukon, na John De Voin (  onye mmekọ nkịtị). Les Kerr rụrụ ọrụ maka Skyway Air Services ruo afọ iri na asaa ma jikọta ndị otu mmadụ ise iji chịkwaa njikwa ọkụ na ọdịmma ọrụ ugbo nke Skyway. Na azụmahịa ahụ, ha were ndị ọrụ 35 na ụgbọ elu 19 nwere otu injin. Nke a mere mgbe onye nwe Skyway (Art Seller), nwere ọrịa strok ma chọọiwe ụụfọdụ ọrụ ya.
Erickson Inc.

**Erickson Incorporated** bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ụgbọelu na onye na-enye ọrụ ụgbọelu nke dị na Portland, Oregon, United States. Tọrọ ntọala na 1971, a maara ya maka imepụta na ịrụ ọrụ helikọpta S-64 Aircrane, nke a na-eji na mgbanyụ ọkụ na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị arọ. Erickson Incorporated na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile ma nwee ụgbọ elu 69 na-agbagharị agbagharị na-akwụsi ike gụnyere 20 S-64s. A maara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka **Erickson Air-Crane Incorporated** ruo n'afọ 2014. Isi ụlọ ọrụ Erickson dị na mpaghara Southern Oregon nke Central Point.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
..N'afọ 1969, Jack Erickson gbaziri helikopta Sikorsky S-61 site na Wes Lematta nke Columbia Helicopters iji nwalee ịdị irè nke helikopta maka ịkụ osisi.[1]  N'ịgbaso ule a, Erickson ghọtara na ọ ga-achọ helikopta buru ibu.  Ọ zụtara S-64 Skycranes atọ n'ime ụgbọ elu Sikorsky wee hiwe Erickson Air-Crane na Disemba 1971.[2]  Ọ gbasapụrụ ngwa ngwa azụmahịa ahụ ka ọ gụnyere ịrụ eriri ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ.  Na 1973, Erickson malitere iji Aircranes dochie nkeji HVAC n'elu ụlọ elu. N'afọ sochirinụ, Erickson mepụtara ngwaọrụ mgbochi ntụgharị nke na-eme ka ibu kwụsie ike ma nye nnukwu arụmọrụ na agility. Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ a nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ohere ịmalite iwu ụlọ elu eletrik.

N'afọ 2007, e rere Erickson na ZM Private Equity Fund, onye na 2009 kwagara isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Portland. Mgbe ahụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye, Erickson kwupụtara atụmatụ ịga n'ihu ọha na 2010, nke e yigharịrị n'afọ 2012. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2012, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara nye ọha na eze ma malite ịzụ ahịa na ahịa NASDAQ, ebe ZM Private Equity Fund na-ejigide 63% nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara otu helikọpta Evergreen International Aviation maka $ 250 nde na Machị 2013. Erickson wee zụta ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas nke dị na Brazil bụ HRT Participações em Petroleo, a na-atụ anya na a ga-emecha nkwekọrịta ahụ na 2013.

A gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Erickson Inc. na Febụwarị 2014. N'afọ sochirinụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ haziri n'ime ngalaba azụmaahịa atọ: Ọrụ ụgbọ elu azụmahịa, Ọrụ ụgbọ elu gọọmentị, na Manufacturing na MRO.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere **Erickson Air-Crane Admin Offices Heliport** ( : ), otu onwe, 130 x 130 ft. (40 x 40 m) heliport.
Ihe na-egbochi ọkụ

thumb|Ọkụ na-egbochi ọkụ gbasasịa n'ikuku n'elu ahịhịa dị n'akụkụ ọkụ ọkụ iji nweta Ọkụ Tumbleweed na California, na Julaị 2021
**Ihe na-egbochi ọkụ** bụ ihe a na-eji eme ka ọkụ ghara ịgbasa ma ọ bụ kwụsị mgbasa nke ọkụ ma ọ bụ belata ike ya.A na-arụkarị nke a site na mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ na-ebelata ire ọkụ nke mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ na-egbu oge nsure ọkụ ha.[1][2]  Ndị na-egbochi ọkụ nwekwara ike ime ka mmanụ ahụ dị jụụ site na mmeghachi omume anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ endothermic.  .A na-enwetakwa ihe na-egbochi ọkụ dị ka ihe mkpuchi ma ọ bụ sprays iji tinye ya n'ihe.

N'ozuzu, ihe na-egbochi ọkụ na-ebelata ire ọkụ nke ihe site na igbochi ọkụ ahụ n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ site na ịmalite mgbanwe kemịkal nke na-akwụsị ọkụ ahụ.

* Site na ịjụ oyi: Ụfọdụ mmeghachi omume kemịkal n'ezie na-eme ka ihe ahụ jụọ oyi.
* Site n'ịmepụta ihe nchebe nke na-egbochi ihe dị n'okpuru ya ka ọ ghara ịgba ọkụ.
* Site na mgbochi: Ụfọdụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri na / ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide mgbe ha na-ere ọkụ.  Nke a nwere ike ime ka ihe ndị dị n'ime ọkụ ahụ dị nro ka ọ pụọ.

* Mmeghachi omume na mpaghara gas: mmeghachi omume kemịkal na ire ọkụ (ya bụ, mpaghara gas) nwere ike ịkwụsị site na ihe na-egbochi ọkụ. N'ozuzu, ihe ndị a na-egbochi bụ organic halides (haloalkanes) dị ka Halon na PhostrEx. Chemicals eji eme ihe na ụdị retardants ndị a na-abụkarị nsí.  
* Mmeghachi omume na akụkụ siri ike: ụfọdụ retardants na-agbaji polymer ka ha wee gbazee ma pụọ na ire ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-enye ohere ka ụfọdụ ihe gafee ule ụfọdụ nke ire ọkụ [?], a maghị ma nchekwa ọkụ ọ ka mma n'ezie site na mmepụta nke mmiri plastik na-ere ọkụ.
* Ọdịdị Char: Maka mmanụ ọkụ sitere na carbon, ihe na-egbochi ọkụ na-eme ka okpokoro carbonaceous char mepụta n'elu mmanụ. Ọdịdị char a siri ike ịgba ọkụ ma gbochie ọkụ ọzọ.
* Intumescents: Ụdị ihe ndị a na-egbochi na-agụnye kemịkalụ nke na-akpata ọzịza n'azụ okpokoro na-echebe, na-enye ihe mkpuchi ka mma. Ha dị ka ihe mgbakwunye plastik, na dị ka ihe osise maka ichebe ụlọ osisi ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu ígwè.
Mgbanyụ ọkụ ụgbọelu na ọhịa na ndịda Australia

alt=|thumb|400x400px|RATland Wapitis sitere na Point Cook dị nso na Melbourne bụ ndị Forests Commission Victoria gbara aka na mbụ na 18 February 1930 maka nleba anya ikuku ọkụ.  Hụrụ ebe a ka ọ na-efe efe n'usoro n'elu Albert Park Lake.
The development of **aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia** ran in parallel with the rapid improvements in aircraft technology over the last century. As more advanced and capable aircraft became available firefighters and foresters quickly sought opportunities to utilise and adapt them.

A na-eji ụgbọelu eme ihe maka ọrụ dịgasị iche iche gụnyere nyocha, bọmbụ ọkụ, ụgbọ njem, ọkụ ikuku, ọkụ azụ, ịnakọta ihe oyiyi infrared yana ọrụ ọhịa dị ka foto ikuku, nyocha, ịwụsa, itinye fatịlaịza na ịgha mkpụrụ.Rolland, Derrick (1996). *Aerial agriculture in Australia : a history of the use of aircraft in agriculture and forestry*. Aerial Agriculture Association of Australia. ISBN&nbsp;.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ mbụ na Australia bụ nke Forest Commission Victoria duziri na mmekorita ya na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ọhịa na ọkụ ọkụ gụnyere Western Australia Forest Department, Forestry Commission of NSW, Woods and Forest Department of South Australia na Forestry Tasmania. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti gụnyere CSIRO nyekwara aka nke ukwuu

.Ndị na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa na ndị na-agba ọkụ na mba ofesi, karịsịa US Forest Service, US Bureau of Land Management na State Agency dị ka California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CalFire) yana Canadian Forest Service chere ihe ịma aka ndị dị otú ahụ ihu ma gosipụta ndị mmekọ siri ike na njikere.  n'ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma, akụrụngwa na nka n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ

.Na mba ụwa, ndịda Australia na ọkachasị steeti Victoria jikọtara ya na steeti New South Wales (NSW), South Australia yana steeti agwaetiti Tasmania, bụ nke a na-ahụta ka otu n'ime ala atọ dị n'ụwa kacha nwee ike imebi ọkụ ọhịa.  Abụọ ndị ọzọ bụ ndịda California na oke osimiri Mediterenian.[1]
Jean Baer

**Jean-Georges Baer** (12 Febụwarị 1902 - 21 Febụwarụ 1975)bụ onye Switzerland parasitologist na gburugburu ebe obibi Switzerland.

Amụrụ na England, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Neuchâtel, Geneva na Paris, ebe ya na Charles Joyeux rụkọrọ ọrụ. A na-ewere akwụkwọ ya "Ecology of Animal parasites" (1951) dị ka ihe kpochapụrụ n'ọhịa. Baer bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ 250, n'ime ha bụ isi ọrụ na Temnocephalida (ụdị flatworm parasaiti) na na tapeworms.

Baer bụ onye so na ọtụtụ ndị sayensị, osote onye isi oche nke International Union of Biological Societies, na site na 1958 ruo 1963 onye isi oche nke International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

A na-akpọ òké osisi Baer (*Hylomyscus baeri*) iji sọpụrụ ya.

## Ihe odide
Osisi siri ike

**Osisi siri ike** bụ okwu a na-ejikarị amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti osisi nkịtị na osisi arụpụtara, mana ọ na-ezokwa aka n'ihe owuwu  na-enweghị oghere. A na-emepụta ngwaahịa osisi ndị e mepụtara site na ijikọta eriri osisi, eriri, ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi na adhesives iji mepụta ihe mejupụtara. osisi ndị e ji rụọ ọrụ na-agụnye plywood, oriented strand board (OSB) na Fiberboard. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na-eji osisi siri ike emepụta ngwaahịa na mgbasa ozi. Otú ọ dị, iji osisi siri ike nwere uru na ọghọm.

## Ntụnyere ya na osisi a rụrụ arụ
Ikekwe uru kachasị mma nke osisi siri ike bụ na osisi ahụ bụ otu Ihe ahụ niile, ya mere nrụzi dị mfe. Ndozi ihé nke mpkuchi na-esi  ike karị ma mgbe ụfọdụ  agaghị ekwe omume.

Solid wood furniture is strong enough to easily satisfy all furniture applications, and it can last for centuries. Society is still questioning whether furniture made of plywood (often made from pine) can do the same. Plywood and other engineered wood products used to make furniture are typically covered with a veneer such as Cherry.

Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị taa maka ndị na-emepụta ngwa ụlọ na ndị na-ere ahịa na-akposa ngwá ụlọ plywood ndí apkuchiri ekpuchi dị ka ndị e ji "osisi siri ike na cherry veneers" mee. Ọtụtụ ndị ahịa kwenyere na ọ pụtara osisi siri ike nke osisi ndị dị ọnụ ala dị ka poplar, wdg, na osisi ndị dị oke ọnụ dị ka cherry eji eme ihe. Otú ọ dị, "osisi siri ike" bụ okwu nka. "osisi osisi siri ike" dị mfe plywood, ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ e ji osisi rụọ.

Na US, Federal Trade Commission anaghị ekwe ka a kpọọ arịa ụlọ dị ka nke e ji "osisi siri ike" mee ma ọ bụrụ na ihe niile a kpughere bụ osisi siri ike n'ezie. Osisi siri ike dị oke ọnụ. Osisi e ji rụọ ọrụ (nke a na-akpọsa dịka osisi siri ike) abụghị.

## Osisi siri ike vs. osisi nwere oghere
Otu n'ime ihe owuwu osisi ndị a na-emekarị bụ ọnụ ụzọ oghere. Ọnụ ụzọ oghere dị n'ime ya dị arọ karịa ọnụ ụzọ osisi siri ike, dị ọnụ ala ma dị mfe itinye. Otú ọ dị, ụda na-agafe ha n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, nke nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ahụ na-eme mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ ndị bi na ya chọrọ ọtụtụ nzuzo. Ọzọkwa, ekwesighi iji ọnụ ụzọ oghere mee ihe dị ka ọnụ ụzọ na mpụga n'ihi na ndị ohi nwere ike imeghe ha n'ụzọ dị mfe. Ọnụ ụzọ osisi siri ike  na-eguzogide ọkụ n'ihi na ọkụ ga-ere site na ihe ndị ọzọ, Otú ọ dị, iji ọnụ ụzọ ígwè ga-eme ka ọkụ na-egbochi site na oke dị ukwuu.

## Ebenside
Ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị ntorobịa

Africa Environment Outlook for Youth, nke a makwaara dị ka AEO maka Ntorobịa, bụ ọrụ United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) nke hibere netwọk gburugburu ebe obibi ntorobịa mbụ n'Africa. Netwọk a na ndị na-eto eto si ma ọ dịkarịa ala 41 mba Africa rụkọrọ ọrụ ma kpọkọta ha ka ha dee akwụkwọ gbasara ntorobịa nke a maara dị ka AEO maka ndị ntorobịa. Akwụkwọ ahụ weghaara echiche na echiche nke ndị ntorobịa si n'akụkụ nile nke Africa.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ngwaahịa sitere na ya bụ akwụkwọ nwere onyinyo nke e wepụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Minista Africa na gburugburu ebe obibi na Congo Brazzaville, na 2006. Ọ bụ David Bwakali duziri AEO for Youth Project ya na ndị nhazi mpaghara si na mpaghara isii niile nke Africa.

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Obodo Osisi nke Ụwa

Obodo osisi nke ụwa bụ mmemme zuru ụwa ọnụ nke nri na-achịkwa Òtù Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations (FAO) na ụbọchị Arbor Obodo nke nha ọ bụla nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ iji nweta aha "Obodo Osisi nke Ụwa".

A malitere mmemme ahụ na World Forum mbụ na Urban Forests nke e mere n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2018 na Mantua, Ịtali, na 2018 site na FAO na Arbor Day Foundation. Ebumnuche ya bụ ime emume na ịmata obodo na obodo dị iche iche n'ụwa niile nke gosipụtara mkpebi siri ike idebe ọhịa ha. Site na ngwụcha afọ 2019, gọọmentị obodo ọ bụla nke nwere ọrụ maka osisi ya nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ Obodo Osisi nke Ụwa. Ebumnuche nke òtù abụọ ahụ bụ "ịkwalite netwọk siri ike na nke dịgasị iche iche nke obodo, ndị ọrụ, ndị nkwado, na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ga-eduga n'oké ọhịa ndị dị n'obodo ukwu gafee ụwa".

Ihe omume Tree City USA malitere na 1976, nke National Association of State Foresters na United States Forest Service kwadoro, guzobere usoro nke ndị njikwa ọhịa nwere ike inyere aka n'ọrụ ha ma kweta maka ya. Otú ọ dị, a ghọtara mkpa oké ọhịa ndị dị n'obodo ukwu dị ka ọbụna ihe dị mkpa karị n'oge okpomọkụ ụwa, mmetọ na obodo ndị mmadụ jupụtara, na-agbakwunye na ọdịmma nke ndị bi na ndị ọrụ nke obodo nta, mpaghara, obodo na obodo ukwu.

Ụkpụrụ ise dị mkpa iji mezuo obodo osisi nke ụwa:

* Kpọọ ọrụ maka osisi.
* Depụta iwu - iwu, omume kachasị mma, ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ maka njikwa osisi.
* Mara ihe ị nwere: mepụta ndepụta nke osisi niile dị na obodo ahụ.
* Ikenye ihe onwunwe site na mmefu ego kwa afọ.
* Na-eme emume ihe ndị a rụzuru, iji kwado ndị na-arụ ọrụ ahụ ma nyere aka mee ka ọha na eze mara mkpa osisi dị.

N'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2020, a mara ọkwa na obodo iri ise na itoolu nwetara aha Tree City of the World. E nwere 27 na United States, ebe ndị ọzọ gbasara n'ụwa niile, site na nnukwu obodo ndị dị ka New York City na San Francisco, obodo ndị dị na Europe dị ka Milan, na obere obodo ndị dị dị ka Adelaide nke Burnside na South Australia, na Queenstown na New Zealand. N'oge ahụ, ihe dị ka obodo 100 ndị ọzọ kwere nkwa isonye na agba ọzọ.

A na-achọ ka a gbanwee ngwa kwa afọ maka ịga n'ihu.

## Hụkwa

* European City of the Trees, onyinye nke European Arboricultural Council nyere
* Ndepụta nke Obodo Osisi USA, n'okpuru mmemme US guzobere na 1976
* Million Tree Initiative, nkwa obodo mere ịkụ otu nde osisi
* Osisi maka obodo, ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị maka uru nke UK nke a raara nye ịkụ osisi n'obodo ukwu

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ịtụle Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Nri na Mmepụta

Nyochaa Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Nri na Mmepụta: Ngwaahịa na Ihe Ndị Na-ebute ụzọ bụ nyocha sayensị nke International Resource Panel (IRP) nke United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) bipụtara na 2010. Akụkọ ahụ nyochara mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ọrụ, gụnyere mmepụta nri.

## Nchịkọta
Akụkọ ahụ tụlere mmetụta ọrụ akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ chọpụtara na mmetụta kachasị njọ metụtara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike mmadụ na ike ọgwụgwụ ihe onwunwe. Site n'usoro mmepụta, oriri na ihe ejikọtara ọnụ, ndị odee chọpụtara na mmepụta nri na usoro niile metụtara mmanụ ọkụ nwere mmetụta kachasị. Ngwaahịa anụmanụ kpatara mmebi karịa imepụta ihe ndị na-ewu ụlọ dịka aja ma ọ bụ ciment, plastik ma ọ bụ ọla. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eji ihe karịrị ọkara ihe ọkụkụ n'ụwa na-azụ anụmanụ. Na America, ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mmanụ ọkụ ndị a na-emepụta ka a na-eji azụ anụmanụ maka nri.

The authors explained that Western dietary preferences for meat would be unsustainable as the world population rose to the forecast 9.1 billion by 2050. Demand for meat is expected to double by this date; meat consumption is steadily rising in countries such as China that once followed more sustainable, vegetable-based diets. According to the report: "Impacts from agriculture are expected to increase substantially due to population growth, increasing consumption of animal products. Unlike fossil fuels, it is difficult to look for alternatives: people have to eat. A substantial reduction of impacts would only be possible with a substantial worldwide diet change, away from animal products."

## Ọrụ nke IRP
IRP na-enye nyocha sayensị onwe ya na ndụmọdụ ọkachamara n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere:

* ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị a họọrọ na otú a na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe nke ọma
* mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị e kere ma rie gburugburu ụwa
* nhọrọ iji gboo mkpa mmadụ na nke akụ na ụba na obere ma ọ bụ ihe dị ọcha.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* www.resourcepanel.org
* www.unep.org
* Akụkọ ahụ
Ọzara Obodo

**Ọzara obodo** na-ezo aka na oghere ahịhịa ndụ na-abụghị nke a na-ahụ anya n'ime obodo ndị dị anya site na mpaghara ndị mepere emepe ka enweghị ike idebanye aha ọrụ mmadụ. E gosipụtara na mpaghara ọzara dị n'ime obodo na-emetụta nghọta ọha na eze banyere ọzara na okike, na-eme ka nke a bụrụ ihe dị mkpa maka atụmatụ obodo n'ọdịnihu.

## Nchịkọta
Ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ọzara obodo nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na oghere ahịhịa ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ukwu:

# Ọ na-agụnye oghere ahịhịa ndụ nke dị anya site na obodo ukwu ka a ghara ịhụ omume mmadụ.
# Na-akwado ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ - Mgbalị ndị dị n'ọzara n'obodo ukwu na-achọ ịkwalite / imeziwanye ụdị dị ichelekana nke mpaghara site na atụmatụ nlekọta nke ọma.
# Nnukwu njikwa onwe onye - ahịhịa nwere ike ịdị ndụ na obere mgbochi ma ọ bụ njikwa site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ.

E guzobere mpaghara ọzara dị iche iche n'ụwa niile. Ihe atụ gụnyere Knoxville Urban Wilderness na Knoxville, TN, Purgatory Creek Natural Area na San Marcos, TX, Danube-Auen National Park na Vienna na Lower Austria, Turkey Mountain Urban Wilderderness Area na Tulsa, na Milwaukee River Greenway na Milwaikee, WI.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na nke iri abụọ, e mere ka obodo ukwu mepụta obodo. Jacob Riis na ndị ọzọ na-eme mgbanwe lụrụ ọgụ maka ogige ntụrụndụ n'obodo ukwu.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ obodo nwere omenala nke osisi ndị dị n'obodo ukwu, dị ka elu ụlọ nke Mexico City, omenala ndị a apụtaghị ọzọ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu n'ụwa mepere emepe ruo mgbe e mepụtara ogige ntụrụndụ, dị ka nke Calvert Vaux na Frederick Law Olmsted.

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ìgwè ndị dị ka squatters na Reclaim The Streets emeela ka a kụọ osisi ndị agha, rụọ ọrụ n'ime na n'ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, ma gbawaa oghere n'okporo ụzọ awara awara iji jupụta n'ala na okooko osisi. Omume ndị a emeela nke ọma n'ịmepụta mpaghara ọhụrụ a kụrụ n'ebe ndị na-enweghị akụ na ụba dị ka obodo ukwu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Germany, ebe a tụgharịrị ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ n'ọnọdụ dị ka ọhịa.

## Hụkwa

* Hundertwasserhaus
* Elu ụlọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
* Mgbidi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
* Ọhịa n'obodo
* Mgbasa ozi n'obodo
* Ọrụ ugbo n'obodo ukwu
* Ala ahịhịa dị n'obodo

## Ihe odide
Greenpeace Southeast Asia

**Greenpeace Southeast Asia** bụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ Greenpeace.

Greenpeace emeela mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma na Philippines, Taiwan, India, Indonesia na Thailand, na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.  N'ọgwụgwụ 1980s na mmalite 1990s, Greenpeace amalitela ọnụnọ ya, wee guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na Japan na 1989 na China na 1997. N'ihi mkpa mpaghara ahụ dị mkpa, a malitekwara nyocha mbụ na-elekwasị anya na Philippines na Indonesia.

Greenpeace emeela mkpọsa zuru oke na mba ndị mepere emepe iji belata ma mechaa kpochapụ mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na mmebi ebe ọ maara na enwere ike ịgbanwe mbọ ndị ahụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ka ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche na-ebupụ teknụzụ ruru unyi nke na-akpata mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi n'ógbè ahụ. N'afọ 1999, Greenpeace duziri mkpọsa ahụ iji kwalite iwu Republic Act No. 8749, nke a makwaara dị ka "The Philippine Clean Air Act" nke gụnyere mmachibido iwu mba na-enweghị atụ megide ọkụ mkpofu. N'ịghọta mkpa mpaghara ahụ dị, e guzobere Greenpeace Southeast Asia na Machị 2000 na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Bangkok, Thailand na alaka ụlọ ọrụ na Manila, Philippines na Jakarta, Indonesia --- nnukwu obodo dị na mpaghara ahụ nke so n'obodo ndị kachasị emetọ n'ụwa taa.

Greenpeace Southeast Asia gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ime obodo ndị gbara gburugburu mba ebe obibi gburugburu. N'ịbụ ndị Stichting Greenpeace Council nyere ikike iji aha "Greenpeace" mee ihe, Greenpeace Southeast Asia na-enye aka n'ụzọ ego na Greenpeace International, na-eme mkpọsa n'ógbè, na-ekere òkè na mkpọsa mba ụwa, ma na-enyere aka ịkpụzi mmemme mkpọsa mba.

Ọrụ Greenpeace nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na mpaghara ahụ gụnyere ịkwụsị mbubata ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, imegide mbupu radiation, ime mkpọsa megide mbibi ọhịa, ịmanye gọọmentị na nsogbu ike na-adịgide adịgide na ịdọrọ uche gaa n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọkụ mkpofu. Ọ na-eji usoro nke ime ihe na-abụghị ime ihe ike iji dọta uche na ihe ọ na-ewere dị ka nnukwu egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi, wee mee ka ngwọta dị ike.

N'afọ 2005, Rainbow Warrior II kwụsịrị ma mebie Tubbataha Reef na Philippines mgbe ọ na-enyocha reef maka ịcha coral. A kwụrụ Greenpeace ụgwọ US $ 7,000 maka imebi nkume ahụ ma kweta ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ na-ekwu na ha chere na ọ bụ ha kpatara mmebi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Greenpeace kwuru na gọọmentị Philippines enyewo ya chaatị ochie. Onye na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ nke Tubbatha nwere ekele maka ngwa ngwa Greenpeace mere iji nyochaa mmebi nke reef.

Dị ka otu mpaghara, Greenpeace Southeast Asia na-elekwasị anya n'ịgba akaebe maka mmetụta okpomọkụ ụwa na-ebute, na ịba ụba ọha na eze banyere nsogbu ọ na-eweta.  Na-agba mbọ ime mgbanwe na ntụzịaka nke amụma ike mpaghara maka ọdịnihu, otu ahụ na-agba ndị gọọmentị ume ka ha gbanahụ ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ na ịnakwere ike ọhụrụ, na-adigide na dị ọcha.

## Hụkwa

* Greenpeace
* Greenpeace China
* Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
* Von Hernandez

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Greenpeace Southeast Asia homepage E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
Ogige Nchekwa Ọhịa Silabukan

Silabukan Protection Forest Reserve

IUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve)

Silabukan

Location	Sabah, Malaysia

Coordinates	5°00′04″N 118°45′18″E﻿ / ﻿5.001°N 118.755°E

Area	114 km2 (44 sq mi)

Established	1992

**Ogige** Nchedo Ọhịa Silabukan dị na Sabah, Malaysia. E guzobere ya na 1992. Ebe a bụ 114 km2 (  mi). Ọ bụ ezie na 8% nke ala Sabah gụnyere na usoro ogige ntụrụndụ mba, ọtụtụ n'ime orangutan nke Sabah anaghị apụta na mpaghara ndị gọọmentị na-echebe, kama a na-ahụ ha na mpaghara ọhịa na-emepụta ihe n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sabah Foundation, nke gụnyere Silabukan Forest Reserve (McConkey et al. 2005).

## Flora na anụmanụ
N'afọ 2022, a chọtara *Rafflesia keithii* na-agbasa n'ebe nchekwa ahụ n'oge World Wildlife Fund inventory.

## Ihe odide

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Malaysia Na Caldecott, J., Miles, L. (ed) 2005. World Atlas of Great Apes and their Conservation. Nke UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre kwadebere. Mahadum California Press, Berkeley, USA.
Greenpeace Nordic

thumb|Greenpeace logo
**Greenpeace Nordic** bụ alaka mpaghara nke ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke mba ụwa Greenpeace. Greenpeace Nordic debanyere aha na Stockholm na ọfịs na Helsinki, Copenhagen na Oslo.

## Akụkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe
Ihe kachasị mkpa Greenpeace na-achọ mgbanwe ike n'ụwa niile bụ:

# Ọ ga-ewepụ enyemaka niile maka mmanụ ala na ike nuklia.
# Na-etinye ego mpụga (mmekọrịta na gburugburu ebe obibi) site na ahia 'cap na ahia'.
# Na-enye iwu ka ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ siri ike maka ngwaọrụ niile na-eji ike eme ihe, ụlọ na ụgbọala.
# Tinye ihe mgbaru ọsọ iwu kwadoro maka ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na ngwakọta okpomọkụ na mmepụta ike.
# Gbanwee ahịa ọkụ eletrik site n'ịkwado ohere kachasị mkpa na grid maka ndị na-emepụta ike ọhụrụ.
# Nye nloghachi akọwapụtara na nke kwụsiri ike maka ndị na-etinye ego, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ.
# Tinye akara ka mma na usoro ikpughe iji nye ozi gbasara ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe obibi.
# Bụbawanye mmefu ego nyocha na mmepe maka ike na arụmọrụ ike.

### Finland
Dabere na Greenpeace Energy [R]evolution maka Finland na 2012, mkpa ike ikpeazụ ga-ebelata site na 35% ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe eji eme ugbu a site na 2050. Ka ọ na-erule 2050, 94% nke ọkụ eletrik a na-emepụta na Finland ga-esi na isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe. 'New' renewables - ọkachasị ifufe na PV [nkọwa dị mkpa] - ga-enye aka na 48% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, òkè nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik ga-abụ 52% na 74% ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'afọ 2030. Ikike arụnyere nke renewables ga-eru 21 GW na 2030 na 45 GW ka ọ na-erule 2050. Greenpeace na-eme mkpọsa megide ọrụ nuklia E.ON na ugwu Finland. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Greenpeace Nordic jidere ụgbọ mmiri na-emebi ice nke Shell, *Nordica*, na Mee 2012.

### Sweden
Dị ka Greenpeace Sweden si kwuo, ihe mberede nuklia nke dị na Fukushima Daiichi Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwá Agha Nuklia nke Japan ga-ahụkwa ka mgbanwe mgbanwe na amụma ume ike ụwa.  Germany, Switzerland, na Ịtali kpebiri iwepụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na Sweden malitere mkparịta ụka banyere ọdịnihu nke nuklia.  Minista na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Andreas Carlgren gwara n'oge okpomọkụ 2011: "Anyị chọrọ ka Sweden bụrụ mba mbụ n'ụwa nwere usoro ume nke dabeere kpamkpam na ume ọhụrụ."  Site na Greenpeace mbelata nke ikuku ikuku griin ha na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba.  Ka ọ na-erule 2050, a ga-esi na isi mmalite megharịa ọkụ ọkụ Sweden niile.  Ikike nke 56,800MW ga-emepụta ọkụ eletrik 169 TWh / a na-emegharịgharị na 2050.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Greenpeace Nordic intercepts ụgbọ mmiri Shell (ọzọ)
* Greenpeace malitere ime mkpọsa megide ọrụ nuklia E.ON na Northern Finland 5 Ọktoba 2011
* Akụkọ kwa afọ 2011 E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
Ụlọ ọrụ Ballarpur

**Ballarpur Industries Limited** (**BILT**) bụ onye enyemaka nke Avantha Group, ọ bụkwabu onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ edemede na obibi akwụkwọ kachasị na India. Onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ugbu a bụ Gautam Thapar, onye nọchiri nwanne nna ya nwụrụ anwụ L.M. Thapar.

Ndị enyemaka BILT gụnyere Sabah Forest Industries (SFI), ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ kachasị na Malaysia, na BILT Tree Tech Limited (BTTL), nke na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ọhịa nke BILT n'ọtụtụ steeti na India.

BILT nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe isii gafee India, nke na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mkpuchi ala n'ọtụtụ ahịa ụlọ. BILT nwere òkè dị ukwuu n'akụkụ akwụkwọ dị elu na India. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ihe karịrị 50% nke ahịa akwụkwọ na-enweghị osisi, 85% nke ahịa akwụkwọ bond na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 45% nke ahịa Maplitho na-egbuke egbuke, ma e wezụga ịbụ onye kacha ebubata akwụkwọ India.

Nchịkọta BILT nke SFI na 2007 bụ nnweta mbụ nke mba ofesi site na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ India. Nchịkọta a gbanwere BILT ka ọ bụrụ onye isi mpaghara ma bulie ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'etiti 100 kachasị elu n'ụwa. Ọ batakwara na mmekọrịta ya na Red Roses Publications, Norway na 2013, nke ọtụtụ ijeri nwere ma na-achịkwa.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Lala Karam Chand Thapar guzobere ụlọ ọrụ na 1945 dị ka Ballarpur Paper and Straw Board Mills Limited, na 'Three Aces' (akwụkwọ) na 'Wisdom' (akwụkwọ ozi) bụ ụdị abụọ mbụ ya. N'afọ 1969, e jikọtara Shree Gopal Paper Mills Limited na Yamunanagar na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 1975, a gbanwere aha nzukọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Ballarpur Industries Limited.

N'afọ ndị 1990 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọ n'okpuru nnọchibido site na ụlọ ọrụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, bụ ndị guzobere ọrụ greenfield na India. Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2001, ụlọ ọrụ Ballarpur tụgharịrị ma nwee ike ịzụta ngalaba Sinar Mas Group nke onye asọmpi Indonesia wee banye na mmekọrịta ya na Red Roses Publications, Norway.

Aha BILT pụtara mgbe ụlọ ọrụ gbanwere aha ya n'afọ 2002.

## Ebe ndị a na-anọ
BILT nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Gurgaon na Haryana.

O nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara atọ, nke ọ bụla dị na Maharashtra, Orissa na Telangana.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị a:

# Otu: Ashti, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra
# Otu: Ballarpur, Chandrapur District, Maharashtra
# Otu: Bhigwan, Pune District, Maharashtra
# Otu: Kamalapuram, Warangal District, Telangana
# Otu: Sewa, Jeypore, Orissa
# Otu: Shree Gopal, Yamuna Nagar District, Haryana

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwekwara otu n'ime ọfịs ya na Sabah, Malaysia.

## Usoro ego na mmefu ego
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ anọwo na-akọ akụkọ mfu ruo ọtụtụ afọ ego ma ndị na-agbazinye ego kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ikpe bankruptcy na Jenụwarị, 2020. Ndị isi na-agbazinye ego nke BILT gụnyere SBI, ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, IDBI Bank na Finquest Financial Solutions.

N'ihi arụmọrụ dị ala nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ngwaahịa ya adaala karịa 95% n'ime afọ atọ (dị ka nke March, 2020). A na-edepụta òkè nke BILT na National Stock Exchange nke India na Bombay Stock Exchange.

Na Machị 31,2023 NCLT Mumbai kwadoro Finquest Financial Solutions bid iji nweta Ballarpur Industries

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* BILT
* Ngalaba Akwụkwọ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ogige Ọhịa Pasoh

The **Pasoh Forest Reserve**, a nature reserve located about 8&nbsp;km from Simpang Pertang, Malaysia and around 70&nbsp;km southeast of Kuala Lumpur. It has a total area of 2,450 hectares, with a core area of 600 ha surrounded by a buffer zone. Palm oil plantations surround the reserve on three sides while the other side adjoins a selectively logged dipterocarp forest. An average of 2 metres of rain fall each year, ranging from 1,728 to 3,112&nbsp;mm. In 1987, a 50 hectare forest dynamics plot was established in the reserve, which began as a collaboration between the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, the Forest Global Earth Observatory (ForestGEO; previously Center for Tropical Forest Science), and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Three censuses of the tree population in the plot have been carried out, the first in 1989, and have counted about 340,000 trees belonging to 800 species in that plot. The reserve has largely been destroyed by loggers and miners. 

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* Ihe owuwu nke Pasoh forest reserve, ala mmiri ozuzo dị ala na peninsular Malaysia.
Neobalanocarpus

***Neobalanocarpus*** bụ ụdị osisi dị n'ezinụlọ Dipterocarpaceae. Otu ụdị, ***Neobalanocarpus heimii***, bụ osisi siri ike nke ebe okpomọkụ. Aha ndị a na-ahụkarị maka osisi ahụ na ngwaahịa osisi ya gụnyere ***chengal***, ***chan ta khien***, ***chi-ngamat***, ***takian chan***, na ***takian chantamaeo***. Osisi ahụ na-eto karịa 60 m (197 ) n'ogologo. A na-ewere Chengal dị ka osisi nke mbụ (nke a na-ahazi dị ka osisi siri ike) nke Malaysia ma machibido mbupụ osisi iwu n'ihi ụkọ ya. A na-edepụta ụdị ahụ dị ka ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ndepụta IUCN Red.

## Nhazi
thumb|300x300px|Osisi Chengal, Peninsula Malaysia, 2005
*Neobalanocarpus heimii* bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Malay Peninsula ma na-eto n'okpuru ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche nke ala na ọdịdị ala na Peninsular Malaysia (na ndịda Thailand) site na ala dị larịị ruo ugwu, mana o yiri ka ọ na-eto nke ọma na ala na-agbagharị agbagharị nke nwere ala ájá. Lee Anụ Ọhịa nke Malaysia. Ọ na-adịghịzi na Singapore, ma eleghị anya na-adịghị na Thailand.

## Nkọwa
Neobalanocarpus heimii nwere ike itolite ka ọ bụrụ nnukwu osisi karịrị mita 60 n'ogologo, nwere ogwe kwụ ọtọ, na-enweghị alaka, nke dị sentimita 90 n'obosara, yana nkwado doro anya. A na-ahazi akwụkwọ ya dị mfe, nke nwere akpụkpọ anụ n'ụzọ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma bụrụkwa elliptical na lanceolate, n'etiti 7 na 17 cm n'ogologo, na 2.5 na 5 cm n'obosara.

A na-ahụkarị ya n'ọhịa dipterocarp, na-etolite ruo 1,000 mita (3,300 ), na-ahọrọ ala ndị na-agbaji agbaji na ala mmiri nke ọma.

## Ojiji
thumb|300x300px|Ụlọ Chengal na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Kuala Terengganu, 2005
thumb|300x300px|Chengal na omenala Malay ụgbọ mmiri na Duyong Island, 2004
A na-eji Chengal eme ihe maka ime ụlọ, ụlọ na iwu ụgbọ mmiri. N'agbanyeghị ike ya na ike ya, chengal na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu tupu a gwọọ ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịdọrọ osisi (iwu ụgbọ mmiri). Ọ na-eguzogidekwa ire ure, fungi na mildew. Na mgbakwunye, chengal nwere oke mkpụmkpụ dị ala (naanị dị ala karịa teak), nke na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ngwa ebe ọ na-agbanwe oge na mmiri. Chengal, dị ka teak, nwere ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ịbụ ma osisi dị mma maka nhazi, planking, wdg, ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mfe ma mechaa ya ruo n'ókè dị elu.

Chengal nwere ike ịbụ vernished mana ọ dịghị mkpa "ọgwụgwụ". Osisi ahụ na-acha odo odo yiri teak. Enwere ike ịhazi ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, gwuo ya ma ọ bụ tụgharịa ya.  Ịkpọpu na-esiri ike nke ukwuu ma na-enwekarị ogwu osisi ahụ. [citation needed]

### Ịnọgide adịgide
thumb|300x300px|Chengal n'ebe a na-awa osisi na Terengganu steeti, 2003
A na-ekewa osisi ahụ dị ka nke na-adịgide adịgide ma na-eguzogide mwakpo ahịhịa na nje fungal. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nnwale ili, ihe atụ ndị a na-agwọghị agwọ nke 50 mm × 50 mm × 600 mm were afọ 9. Ihe a gwọrọ nke otu nha na ọnọdụ nnwale were ihe dị ka afọ 19. Ndị na-ehi ụra ụgbọ okporo ígwè a na-agwọghị agwọ nke nha 238 mm × 125 mm × 1,950 mm nke a na-etinye n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike nyere nkezi ndụ ọrụ nke afọ 19. Okpokoro anaghị awakpo osisi na-ada ụda.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Woodwizard
Ogige Ọhịa Rafflesia

Rafflesia Forest Reserve

IUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve)

Rafflesia Forest Reserve

Location	Sabah, Malaysia

Coordinates	05°46.64′N 116°20.60′E﻿ / ﻿5.77733°N 116.34333°E

Area	356 ha

Established	1984

 

**Ogige Ọhịa Rafflesia** bụ Ogige Ọzara Virgin (VJR) nke na-ekpuchi mpaghara 356 hectare nke Tambunan District, Sabah, Malaysia. E guzobere ọhịa ahụ na 1967 dị ka akụkụ nke Crocker Range Forest Reserve. N'afọ 1984, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Sabah guzobere ya ọzọ iji chebe okooko osisi *Rafflesia* nke jupụtara n'ógbè ahụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ Rafflesia Information Center, nke dị kpọmkwem n'okporo ụzọ si Kota Kinabalu gaa Tambunan, bụ isi ebe ndị njem nleta na-elekwasị anya n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. Enwere ike iru ọtụtụ ebe nke *Rafflesia pricei* site n'etiti n'okporo ụzọ ndị njem.

 

## Ihe odide
"Rafflesia Forest Reserve: Na-echekwa ọ bụghị naanị Rafflesia kamakwa Endemic, Rare and Interesting Insects". Ngalaba Ọhịa nke Sabah.

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
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Mmepụta osisi Krismas na Mexico

Ruo n'afọ ndị 1990 ọtụtụ **mmepụta osisi Krismas na Mexico** bụ naanị ihe a ga-ewere n'oké ọhịa. Malite n'afọ ndị 1990 a na-akụ osisi n'ubi na n'ụlọ ọmụmụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2008, Mexico mepụtara osisi Krismas 800,000 n'ime obodo. Ebe a ma ama a na-elekọta ụmụaka bụ Bosque de los arboles de navidad (oké ọhịa Krismas) na Amecameca, Steeti Mexico.

## Akụkọ mmepụta
N'ime afọ 1970 na 1980 mmepụta ụlọ nke osisi Krismas sitere n'okike mere site n'oké ọhịa okike, mgbanwe malitere na 1980s na, karịsịa, 1990s gaa n'ubi na ebe a na-azụ ụmụ. N'agbata afọ 1981 na afọ 1989, a ka na-ewepụ ọtụtụ osisi n'oké ọhịa, ọ bụ ezie na a malitere iji ụlọ akwụkwọ na ubi mee ihe. Otú ọ dị, n'etiti 1990 na 1999 e wepụrụ osisi n'oké ọhịa naanị otu oge, na 1995. N'etiti afọ 1981-1999, mmepụta ụlọ na Mexico sitere na osisi 407,000 gaa na osisi 635,000. Site na 1981 ruo 1989 afọ kachasị elu maka mmepụta bụ 1986 mgbe e wepụrụ osisi 800,000 n'oké ọhịa, ma too n'ubi na ebe a na-akụ ụmụ. N'etiti 1990-1999 mmepụta kachasị elu bịara na 1994 na osisi 698,000, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile ka a na-akụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.

N'afọ 2004, mmepụta osisi Krismas nke Mexico ruru ihe dị ka osisi 600,000 kwa afọ na hekta 2000 nke ala. N'otu afọ ahụ, Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US (USDA) kọrọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ugbo osisi Krismas na Mexico mere na steeti atọ, Mexico (424 hekta), Nuevo León (89 hekta) na Veracruz (60 hekta).

N'afọ 2008 na 2010 a kụrụ ihe dị ka osisi Krismas 800,000 na Mexico na 500 hekta nke ala. USDA kọrọ na 2011 na ọtụtụ mmepụta osisi Krismas na Mexico mere na steeti Mexico, pasent 60. Otú ọ dị, mmepụta osisi ka na-ewere ọnọdụ na Nuevo León, Veracruz, yana steeti Mexico City, Puebla, Jalisco, na Guanajuato.

## Ahịa
A na-egbo ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị Mexico chọrọ maka osisi Krismas (ihe dị ka nde 1.8 kwa afọ) site na mbubata. N'afọ 2004, United States nwere pasentị 95 nke ahịa na osisi ndị a na-ebubata. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009, US ka na-ebupụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1 nde osisi na Mexico kwa afọ, na obere ego na-abịa site na mmepụta na Canada.

N'afọ 2004, ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta osisi na Mexico rere ihe ọkụkụ ha kpọmkwem site na mpaghara mmepụta ha, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọrụ ugbo ole na ole jiri ahịa mkpọsa mpaghara.

## Osisi
Akụkọ USDA nke afọ 2004 banyere ọrụ ugbo osisi Krismas nke Mexico kwuru na *ihe* ka ọtụtụ n'osisi Krismas ndị Mexico mepụtara bụ nke ụdị Mexican White Pine (*Pinus Ayacahuite*), Mexican Pinyon (*Pinus Cembroides*), na Sacred Fir (Oyamel - Abies Religiosa). N'afọ 2011, USDA gụnyere ndepụta zuru oke na akụkọ banyere ọrụ ugbo osisi nke Mexico nke gụnyere: Mexican White Pine (*Pinus ayacahuite*), Douglas Fir, Mexican Pinyon, Sacred Fir, na Aleppo Pine (*Pnus halepensis*).

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mexico Adopts Christmas Tree as Its Own", *Los Angeles Times* site na Associated Press, December 25, 2004, nwetara na September 23, 2012.

## Hụkwa
Krismas na Mexico

## Ihe odide