open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Thunder (ụgbọ mmiri)

**FV** ***Thunder*** bụ ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke mikpuru n'afọ 2015. 
E wuru ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na 1969 na Norway ma nwee ọtụtụ aha, gụnyere: *Vesturvón*, *Arctic Ranger*, *Rubin*, *Typhoon I*, *Kuko*, na *Wuhan N4*. The Thunder bụ akụkụ nke "Bandit 6", otu ụgbọ mmiri isii na-akụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị maka ezé eze Patagonia na Southern Ocean.  Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ nke ikpeazụ debara aha na Lagos, Nigeria;  Otú ọ dị, ndị Naijiria wepụrụ aha ụgbọ mmiri ahụ n'akwụkwọ otu izu tupu ọ kpuo.

N'oge ọ na-ada, ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere ndị Indonesia 30 na ndị ọrụ 10 si Spain, Chile, na Portugal, bụ ndị e nyefere n'aka ndị ọchịchị na São Tomé na Príncipe. E mechara kpee ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ikpe ma mara ha ikpe maka ọtụtụ mmebi iwu na-akwadoghị ịkụ azụ.  A tụrụ onye isi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, Luis Alfonso Rubio Cataldo nke Chile, mkpọrọ afọ atọ.  A mara onye isi injinia ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, Agustín Dosil Rey nke Spain, mkpọrọ afọ abụọ na ọnwa itoolu.  A tụrụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ, bụ́ Luis Miguel Pérez Fernández nke Spen, mkpọrọ afọ abụọ na ọnwa asatọ.  Ọnụ, a tara ha nchara ihe karịrị nde $17. Interpol kwenyere na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ụgbọ mmiri isii na-arụ ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ shell n'okpuru Vidal Armadores, ụlọ ọrụ dị na Spain.

A tọhapụrụ ọkwa Interpol maka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na 12 Eprel 2013. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, ndị ọrụ Malaysia kwụsịrị *Thunder* maka igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị; Otú ọ dị, ha hapụrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ gaa mgbe a kwụrụ ụgwọ $ 90,000. Site na Disemba 17, 2014, ruo Eprel 6, 2015, ụgbọ mmiri abụọ Sea Shepherd,  na , dị ka akụkụ nke "Operation Icefish," chụpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri Thunder nke na-agba ọsọ ruo kilomita 10,000 site na mmiri Antarctic ebe ọ na-egbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị maka Patagonian toothfish ruo ebe *Thunder* tụbara na mmiri São Tomé na Príncipe na . The ship was first intercepted on December 17, 2014, at , inside the CCAMLR (Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources) region of management while deploying illegal gillnets.

Ịchụ *Thunder* were ụbọchị 110, na-emebi ihe ndekọ gara aga nke ụbọchị 21, nke ụgbọ mmiri ndị nche Australia Southern Supporter setịpụrụ na ịchụ *Viarsa 1* na 2003.

## Edensibia
Sharkwater

Sharkwater bụ ihe nkiri Canada nke afọ 2006 nke Rob Stewart dere ma duzie. N'inyere aka ichebe sharks, ịgbanwe iwu gọọmentị, na ịkpali ịmepụta otu nchekwa shark, a na-ewere Sharkwater dị ka otu n'ime akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma nke nchekwa, na-akpata na a machibidoro ịkpụ ụgbụ shark n'ihe karịrị mba 90. N'ihe nkiri ahụ, Stewart na-edepụta àgwà ndị dị ugbu a gbasara shark, yana ka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta shark si eme ka ha laa n'iyi.

Sharkwater na-enyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-achụ nta shark kachasị n'ụwa, na-ekpughe nrigbu na nrụrụ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta shark na mpaghara mmiri nke Cocos Island, Costa Rica na Galapagos Islands, Ecuador..

Stewart na Paul Watson na ụgbọ mmiri ya bụ Sea Shepherd Conservation Society na-eme njem ka ha na-eche ndị na-achụ anụ shark ihu na Guatemala na Costa Rica.  Otu n'ime ahụmahụ ndị otu ahụ nwere bụ ọgụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-achụ anụ, ndị uwe ojii, usoro ụlọ ikpe rụrụ arụ, na n'ikpeazụ, ebubo igbu ọchụ.  Ọzọkwa, Stewart na-ekwu ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ofe shark-fin na Eshia si eme ka azụmahịa shark na-akwadoghị.  Otú ọ dị, a na-ebelata njem njem ya, mgbe a chọpụtara ya na ọ bụ necrotizing fasciitis, bụ nke ọ na-agbake.

Stewart chọpụtara na sharks na-egbochi oke oriri nke plankton site na azụ ndị ọzọ, nke na-eme ka mgbanwe ihu igwe dị nro. Ma sharks esila n'ihe na-eri ibe ha gaa n'ihe oriri, ọ bụ ezie na ha lanarịrị mkpochapụ nke ụwa, ha nwere ike ịpụ n'ime afọ ole na ole.

Ihe nkiri ahụ enwetala onyinye mba 31.

## Ihe Ndị sochiri ya
Stewart na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri ọzọ, Sharkwater Extinction, n'oge ọnwụ ya na Jenụwarị 2017. Team Sharkwater rụzuru ihe nkiri ahụ, ma gosipụta ya na 2018 Toronto International Film Festival na Septemba. Ndị nne na nna Rob Stewart, Brian na Sandy Stewart, kwuru "[the] team niile nọrọ na ya, onye ọ bụla gbasiri ike. Anyị nwere ndị mmadụ si n'akụkụ ụwa niile - ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ezigbo ndị dị mkpa - na-enye aka iji mezue nke a, nke ahụ na-eme ka obi dị ụtọ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* 
* Sharkwater at Rotten Tomatoes
* Sharkwater at Metacritic 
* Sharkwater at Box Office Mojo
Lamya Essemlali

**Lamya Essemlali** (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1979) bụ onye France na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nke sitere na Morocco. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Sea Shepherd France, alaka French nke otu na-emegide ịchụ nta na-ezighị ezi Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke Sea Shepherd Global na onye isi oche nke otu Rewild na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.

## Akụkọ ndụ ya

### Mbido na ndụ onwe onye
Ezinụlọ Lamya sitere na Morocco, mana a mụrụ ya ma too na Gennevilliers (France), nso Paris.

Essemlali nwere nzere masta na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na nzere mmekọ na nkwukọrịta azụmahịa. Tupu ya esoro Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, ọ sonyeere Greenpeace na World Wildlife Fund.

Essemlali zutere onye guzobere Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Paul Watson na nnọkọ na Paris na 2005. Ọrụ mbụ ya na Sea Shepherd bụ Antarctica na Galápagos Islands. N'afọ 2006, ọ kwadoro Sea Shepherd France. / Ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke nzukọ ahụ na 2008.

Esemlali eduzila ọtụtụ mkpọsa maka Sea Shepherd Global na Oke Osimiri Mediterenian, agwaetiti Faroe (mgbasa ozi GrindStop) na Oke Osimiri India (Réunion Island) iji chebe tuna bluefin, dolphins, pilot whale,kukumba oke osimiri,  na shark.. Ọ na-eme mkpọsa megide igbu dolphin na Bay of Biscay na ịchụ nta Hawksbill sea turtles na Mayotte.{

O bipụtara akwụkwọ *Captain Paul Watson*, ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye ohi ụgbọ mmiri n'afọ 2012.

Essemlali bụ onye isi oche nke otu Rewild na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na onye nduzi nke Sea Shepherd Global.

## Akwụkwọ

* (in French) *Capitaine Paul Watson, entretien avec un pirate*, by Lamya Essemlali, Paul Watson (2012)  

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Onye Ọzụzụ Atụ nke Oké Osimiri France
* 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Europe

**Ndị enyi nke ụwa Europe** (FoEE) bụ alaka Europe nke netwọk gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, ndị enyi nke ụwa **mba nile (FOEI**). Ọ gụnyere òtù mba 33 na ọtụtụ puku otu mpaghara.

Ọfịs ndị enyi ụwa nke Europe na Brussels na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ. Ọ na-anọchite anya ndị otu netwọk ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị Europe na-achọ imetụta EU- mmebe iwu; na-eme

na-eme ka ọha na ihe banyerea banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi; na-arụ ọrụ iwulite ikike maka ndị otu ya,ebeda na-ede akwụkwọ eakwụkwọ maka ndị otu mba 33 ya. 
Ọfịs FoEE dị n'ụlọ na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ụlọ ọrụ NGO nke Belgium nma dịEuropn'e na nso ụlọ omebe iwu Europe na Brussels.

## Mgbasa ozi
Ihe ndị bu isi na mgbasa ozi Friends of the Earth Europe bụ:

* Ikpe ziri ezi na ike ihu igwe
* Nri, ọrụ ụgbọ na ụdị dị iche iche
* Ikpe ziri ezi nke akụ na ụba
* Ikpe ziri ezi na nkwudosi ike

### Ikpe ziri ezi na ike ihu igwe
Ndị enyi nke ụwa Europe na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mgbanwe dị mkpa, nke ziri ezi na nke dị ngwa ngwa gaa na Europe na-enweghị mmanụ ala. Ọ chọrọ ịnye 100% renewable, na-enweghị nuklia, super energy-efficient, zero-fossil-fuel Europe site na-afọ 2030.
Nzukọ Maka Ọdịnihu

Forum for the Future bụ òtù ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na nke na-enweghị uru nke na-arụ ọrụ na mmekorita ya na azụmaahịa, gọọmentị na ọha mmadụ iji mee ka mgbanwe gaa n'ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na ịkwalite mgbanwe na usoro ụwa (ike, nri, uwe, mbupu).  Ọ nwere ngụkọta kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka £ 5.2 nde ma were ndị ọrụ 66 n'ọrụ.  Onye isi oche ugbu a bụ Sally Uren OBE na ọfịs ndị ahụ dị na United Kingdom, United States, India na Singapore.

Ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ihe karịrị otu narị òtù gafee azụmaahịa na ngalaba ọha na eze iji tinye ụkpụrụ nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.

Site na 1996 ruo 2016 nzukọ ahụ gbara usoro Masters, 'Masters in Leadership for Sustainable Development'. A na-agba nke a na njikọ aka na Mahadum Middlesex na Leadership Trust.  Forum guzobere School of System Change, onye na-enye ọzụzụ na onyinye maka ndị ọkachamara nọ n'etiti ọrụ iji mụta otu esi abụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe usoro.

Forum for the Future bụ nke Paul Ekins, Sara Parkin na Jonathon Porritt guzobere na 1996. Ndị otu mbụ ya site na 1996 ruo 1999 gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emetụta na ndị na-eme mkpebi, Sir David Putnam, Richard Branson, Richard Rogers, John Selwyn Gummer, Dr Elaine Storkey, na Douglas Adams.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* *Ọdịnihu nke Nkwado* site na Forum for the Future 2018
* Nri dị n'azụ *nri* anyị, site na Forum for the Future and Protein 2040 Working Group

Nzukọ ahụ na-ebipụta magazin a na-akpọ Green Futures nke na-eme ka akụkọ akụkọ banyere gburugburu ebe obibi, mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na ihe ọhụrụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ pụta ìhè.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ndị Enyi nke Okike (China)

**Ndị enyi nke okike** (mbido: FON, Chinese: 自然之友, pinyin: zìrán zhī yǒu) bụ nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke People's Republic of China. Na Machị 31, 1994, edebanyere nzukọ ahụ n'akwụkwọ n'okpuru aha Green Culture Institute nke International Academy of Chinese Culture n'okpuru Ministry of Civil Affairs. Ebumnuche nke otu ahụ bụ ịkwalite mmata banyere nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka ịchekwa ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ, imegharị ihe, nchekwa ike wdg) site na ụlọ ọrụ, njem n'ọhịa na ọzụzụ nke ndị nkuzi. Ọzọkwa, FON enyerela aka na mmepe nke ndị NGO ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ìgwè ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee China n'ihi na a machibidoro ndị NGO na China iwu ịmepụta alaka ụlọ ọrụ.  FON bụ NGO iwu mbụ nke China.

## Ndị mmadụ
Ọ bụ Liang Congjie, nwa Liang Sicheng na Lin Huiyin, abụọ n'ime ndị na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na narị afọ nke 20 na China, guzobere FON. Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Hu Jia malitere inwe mmasị na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ọ na-ekere òkè na ọrụ FON.

## Anụ ọhịa bea nke Tibet
N'afọ 1996, ndị otu FON gara Kekexili iji nakọta ozi gbasara ụmụ nnụnụ nke Tibet.  Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, FON nwere usoro nzukọ banyere nchebe nke antelope Tibet na njikọ aka na ọtụtụ NGO mba ụwa gụnyere World Wide Fund for Nature na International Fund for Animal Welfare. Nzukọ ndị ahụ mere ka a mara banyere nsogbu nke antelope.

N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1998, Liang Congjie zigara Praịm Minista Briten Tony Blair akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ United Kingdom ka ọ kwụsị ahịa iwu na-akwadoghị na ajị anụ ọhịa bea nke Tibet. Maazị Blair zaghachiri n'echi ya, na-egosi nchegbu na nkwado ya maka mmemme China iji chebe antelope. Nzaghachi Tony Blair kpaliri mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị mmadụ sonyeere mmemme ahụ, na-enyere aka ịkwụ ụgwọ ma na-enye aka na mkpọsa FON.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Homepage gọọmentị (Chinese)
* Ihe ọmụma gọọmentị n'asụsụ Bekee
Peter Bullock (onye sayensị)

**Peter Bullock** (6 Julaị 1937 &#x2D; 5 Eprel 2008) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ala nke ọrụ mbụ ya na ngalaba nke micromorphology ala bu ụzọ nwee mmasị na mmebi ala. Nkwado ya banyere mkpa ọ dị ile ala anya dị ka ihe na-adịgide adịgide dugara na nhọpụta ya na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Bullock nyere aka na akụkọ nke IPCC, nke e nyere Nobel Peace Prize na 2007.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mahadum Birmingham
A mụrụ Peter Bullock na Kinlet, Bridgnorth, Shropshire wee gaa Bridgnorth Grammar School.  Bullock gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Birmingham na 1958 na BA na Geography.  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Birmingham, ọ sonyere na nyocha ala nke England na Wales (SSEW) dị ka onye nyocha, tupu ọ gụchaa Master's na kemistri ugbo na Mahadum Leeds.  Enyere ya akwụkwọ mmụta Fulbright, ọ gụchara doctorate na Mahadum Cornell wee rụọ ọrụ na ngalaba United States Department of Agriculture, tupu ọ laghachi England na 1967. O were ọkwa isi nke ngalaba mineralogy nke SSEW ebe ọ ghọrọ ọkachamara n'ụwa na micromorphology ala.  .  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1980 ọ bụ onye isi nyocha, ma bụrụkwa onye nyere aka na mbufe nyocha ahụ na Cranfield Institute of Technology na ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ihu egwu gọọmentị nke iwepụ ego..
áká_èkpè|thumb|Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe
A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke Soil Survey and Land Research Centre, itinye aka ya na ndị ọrụ sayensị na ndị ndụmọdụ nke mba na mba ụwa toro: ọrụ ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution's investigation on the sustainable use of soil dugara n'ọkpụkpọ òkù ka ọ sonye na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). O nyere aka na akụkọ nke IPCC, nke e nyere Nobel Peace Prize na 2007. O gosipụtara ọrụ ala na-arụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụwa na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmebi ala. Bullock na-enye aka na onye edemede, ya na Henri Le Houérou, na isi nke 4 ('Land Degradation and Desertification') nke onyinye Working Group II na Akụkọ Nnyocha nke Abụọ nke IPCC. Dị ka prọfesọ emeritus nke njikwa ala nke Mahadum Cranfield, o nyere aka n'ịmepụta World Soil Survey Archive and Collection (WOSSAC) na mmepe nke ihe mmụta Soil-Net.

Bullock lụrụ Patricia ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2008 n'ihi ọrịa kansa imeju.

## Edensibia


* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Net nke Ala
* WOSSAC
Ann Henderson-Sellers

**Ann Henderson-Sellers** (amụrụ n'afọ 1952) bụ Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọdịdị na Mahadum Macquarie, Sydney. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Joint Planning Staff (JPS) nke World Climate Research Programme na 2006 na 2007 ma bụrụkwa onye nduzi na ngalaba gburugburu ebe obibi na ANSTO site na 1998 ruo 2005. Ọ bụ osote osote onye isi (Nnyocha na Mmepe) nke Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology site na 1996-1998. Tupu nke a, ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Climatic Impacts Centre na Mahadum Macquarie ebe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe Prọfesọ na Physical Geography.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Ann Henderson-Sellers na 1952 na Sheffield, United Kingdom, na site na nwata aghaghị ịlụ ọgụ megide ụkpụrụ omenala nke ụmụ agbọghọ enweghị ike ma ghara ịmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị.  Ọ gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Bristol, wee gụchaa PhD na 1976 na mmekorita ya na Office Meteorological na Britain.  N'oge PhD ya, ọ lụrụ Brian Henderson-Sellers, nwa akwụkwọ PhD na Mahadum Leicester, nke mere ka akagbuo ego ya dịka echiche bụ 'ọ bụrụ na nwanyị lụrụ di, ọ ga-akwado ya nke ọma, n'ụzọ ego, site n'aka di ya

## Sayensị ụwa
Henderson-Sellers buru ụzọ duru WMO Project maka Intercomparison of Land-surface Parameterization Schemes, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka "mmekọrịta" dabere na ịntanetị nke mba ụwa.  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ duru otu Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate Assessment (MECCA) Analysis Team.  Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-enye ndụmọdụ na Mahadum United Nations n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmetụta ihu igwe.  N'ime 1995 ọ bụ onye ndu odee maka IPCC SAR.

Prọfesọ Henderson-Sellers abụwo onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke usoro ụwa n'oge ndụ ya niile na-ebute ụzọ na nkọwa na amụma nke mmetụta nke ala na mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe na ihu igwe na usoro mmadụ. O nwere BSc na mgbakọ na mwepụ, mere PhD ya na njikọ aka na U.K. Meteorological Office wee nweta D.Sc. na sayensị ihu igwe na 1999. Ọ bụ onye a họpụtara dịka Fellow nke Australia's Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering ma nye ya Centenary Medal of Australia maka Ọrụ Australian Society na Meteorology na 2003.

Ann bụ onye ISI "nke a kpọtụrụ aha nke ukwuu" nke ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 500, gụnyere akwụkwọ 14 na onye a họpụtara Fellow nke America's Geophysical Union na American Meteorological Society.

Edemede ya "The IPCC Report: What The Lead Authors Really Think" na-atụle echiche ndị edemede IPCC, ọkachasị na usoro 4th Assessment Report.

## Ọrụ

* "A Climate Modelling Primer" (onye edemede mbụ Kendal McGuffie, 4th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 2014).

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Alien Invasion (ihe nkiri)

Alien Invasion, nke a makwara dịka Earth: A Crap Sandwich,nke afọ 2004  bụ ihe nkiri dị mkpumkpu nke e mepụtara dị ka ihe mgbasa ozi maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Greenpeace mepụtara ya bụ ihe nkiri ahụ ma gosiputa ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri ya na telivishọn.

E mepụtara ya maka ọrụ ebere, ya na dika Greenpeace si kwuo enweghị mmefu ego.
Wei-min Hao

thumb|Wei Min Hao 2018.jpg

**Wei-Min Hao** (Chinese; amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 7 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1953) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ikuku, onye Taiwanese-American na-ahụ Maka ihu igwe, ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States. Ọrụ ya nyere aka kpọmkwem na ihe kpatara inye onyinye Nobel Peace Prize nke afọ 2007. Ọ bụ onye otu United States Agency for International Development (USAID) na onye edemede nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

## Akụkọ ndụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Taipei Municipal Jianguo High School, Hao gụrụ kemịkalụ na Fu Jen Catholic University (BS degree), nwetara nzere masta na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), na PhD na Atmospheric Chemistry na Mahadum Harvard.

N'afọ 1991, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na Ọrụ Ọhịa nke US n'obodo Missoula.

N'afọ 1994, ọ ghọrọ onye edemede nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). N'otu afọ ahụ, IPCC bipụtara *akụkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe* mbụ. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka Nlekọta ihu igwe nke Rocky Mountain.

Ruo n'afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye na-ede ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 70 na magazin ndị pụrụ iche. Akwụkwọ ya na-ezo aka n'ọtụtụ ebe na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na mahadum gburugburu ụwa.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Wei Min M. Hao na-aga n'ihu na Rocky Mountain Research Station
* Ọrụ nyocha nke Wei-Min Hao
* Fu Jen Catholic University: Ya na onye bụbu osote onye isi ala America bụ高爾 nwetakwara ihe nrite udo nke Nobeel 傑出校友慰民博士返校
* Hao na-ekwu maka 2007 Nobel Peace Prize
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ismail El Gizouli

**Ismail Abdel Rahim El Gizouli** bụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị Sudan bụ ọkachamara na ike na gburugburu ebe obibi na onye otu ụlọ ọrụ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke IPCC kemgbe 24 Febụwarị 2015, mgbe Rajendra Kumar Pachauri gbara arụkwaghịm. Nhọpụta a ga-adịgide ruo mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ maka onye isi oche, nke a ga-eme na nnọkọ nke 42 n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2015.

## Mmalite na ọrụ
Ismail El Gizouli gụrụ physics na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum nke Khartoum ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka Bachelor of Science. O mechara nweta nzere masta na Operational Research and Statistics na Mahadum Aston na United Kingdom.

Gizouli sonyeere Ministri na-ahụ maka mmepụta ihe na Sudan n’afọ 1971. N’afọ 1980, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba Information Systems nke Ministry of Energy and Mining, mechaa bụrụ onye isi nke National Energy Administration site na 1988 ruo 1992. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nweere onwe ya.  na onye na-enye ndụmọdụ maka òtù dị iche iche, dị ka African Development Bank, UNEP, na World Bank, na 1998 sonyeere Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources nke Sudan, bụ ebe o mere ka njikọ dị n'etiti gọọmenti Sudan na United Nations (UNDP) maka ọrụ jikọrọ aka metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Ebe ọ bụ na 2002 Gizouli abụrụla onye otu IPCC bureau, nke mbụ dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Working Group III (mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe), wee bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke IPCC nke sitere na October 2010. O nyere aka na akụkọ nyocha nke anọ na  akụkọ njikọ kwekọrọ.  N'ịbụ onye jikwa ọkwa na IPCC, ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke ngalaba mmemme nke kọmitii nnabata nke ụlọ ọrụ UNFCCC n'etiti afọ 2005 na 2007 wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche ya site na 2007 ruo 2009.

N'ịgbaso mkpesa nke onye ọrụ mbụ mere megide Rajendra Kumar Pachauri, Pachauri gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi oche IPCC na 24 Febụwarị 2015, a họpụtara Gizouli ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi IPCC ruo mgbe ntuli aka ọzọ maka ọkwa ahụ na nzukọ zuru ezu n'October 2015.

## Akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama

* *Merits of Industrial Investment Act*, Industrial Research Institute, Karthoum, 1975
* *Energy Supply Management in Sudan*, UN, 1983
* *Rural, Urban Household Energy Interrelation (Case of Sudan)*, Zed Books England, AFREPREN Series, 1988
* *Towards an Energy Conservation Policy in Sudan*, Karthoum, 1992
* *Future Energy Requirements in Industry, Transport & Tertiary Sectors in Southern & Eastern African Subregion*, African Energy Project, African Development Bank, 1994
* *Energy Utilities and Institution in Africa*, Zed Books England, AFREPREN Series, 1996
* *Pricing, Taxation and Financing of Energy Sector Institutions in Sudan*, African Energy Project, African Development Bank, 1994
* *Climate Change, Facts & Figures*, Karthoum, 1998

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* 25 Afọ nke IPCC, Ismail El Gizouli (video, YouTube.com)
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IPCC
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ike Maka Mmadụ Nile

Energy for All bụ aha nke atụmatụ na mmekorita, nke Asian Development Bank (ADB) guzobere, iji belata ịda ogbenye na Eshia na Pacific. 

Ebumnuche nke atụmatụ a bụ ịmepụta ụzọ maka inye ohere maka ọrụ ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ọnụ ala, yana ịbawanye ha. Nke a na-agụnye ịnweta ọkụ eletrik n'ụlọ site na teknụzụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka micro-hydro, anyanwụ, biomass, na obere ike ifufe, yana ịnweta mmanụ nri dị ọcha, dị ka LPG ma ọ bụ biogas site na nsị anụ ụlọ. E mepụtara mmekọrịta ahụ iji kwe ka ụlọ ọrụ si na ngalaba dị iche iche dị na mpaghara ahụ rụkọọ ọrụ. Ebumnuche ya ekwupụtara bụ inye 100 nde mmadụ na mpaghara ahụ ike site na 2015.

## Ìgwè ndị na-arụ ọrụ
E nwere ìgwè ọrụ asaa ugbu a na mmekorita ahụ.

### Igwe Mmiri Na-egbu Mmanụ
Convener: NA ọgbakọ mmepe Netherlands lekwasịrị anya ibuga osisi biogas ụlọ 1 nde maka nde mmadụ 5 wee mepụta ngalaba biogas azụmahịa na-adigide na mba 15 na Eshia na Pacific site na 2016

### Ìhè Maka Mmadụ Nile
Onye na-eme mkparịta ụka: Ụlọ Ọrụ Ike na Akụnụba (TERI)

Ebumnuche: Gbanwee ohere maka ihe ngwọta ọkụ na-abụghị nke netwọk maka nde mmadụ 50 site na 2015.

### Gas mmanụ ala na-agbapụta
Onye na-eme mkparịta ụka: World LP Gas Association

Ebumnuche: Mgbasawanye nkesa nke LP Gas na obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ ka ha na-emepụta ahịa na-adịgide adịgide. 

### Mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ
Onye na-eme mkparịta ụka: Sustainable Energy Association of Singapore (SEAS)

Ebumnuche: Mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ike dị ọcha na mpaghara ahụ site na ụdị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe na netwọk nke njikọ ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị mkpa.

### Ógbè Pacific
Onye na-eme mkparịta ụka: Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP)

Ebumnuche: Gbanwee ụdị ndị a nwapụtara maka ịnweta ike ma gbasaa ụzọ ndị na-aga nke ọma na mba agwaetiti Pacific. 

### Ike Ifufe
Onye nnọkọ: Korea Wind Energy Industry Association

Ebumnuche: Ntinye obere ike ifufe maka eletrik na iji ya eme ihe na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na Eshia na mpaghara Pacific.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ike Maka Ihe Nile Na-eme
* Ike Maka Njikọ Nile
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Kansụl Ozi Ala Arizona

E guzobere Arizona Geographic Information Council (**AGIC**) site na iwu ndị isi dị ka nzukọ isi na otu nlekọta Arizona maka mbọ nhazi metụtara usoro ozi ala (GIS). AGIC na achọpụta ụkpụrụ na usoro mmejuputa iji nye usoro maka imeziwanye itinye ego Arizona na GIS. Site na imekọ ihe ọnụ na mmekorita, AGIC na eme ka nnweta, mgbanwe na njikwa data na teknụzụ geospatial dị mfe iji baara ụlọ ọrụ steeti na obodo Arizona GIS uru. AGIC na ezukọ mgbe niile ma na eduzi Nzukọ GIS kwa afọ iji dozie nsogbu GIS, ihe achọrọ na ngwọta.

## Nzukọ Nzukọ
AGIC na akwado nnọkọ ọzụzụ kwa afọ na ejikọta ndị ọkachamara GIS na steeti niile iji kesaa omume ha kachasị mma.

## Ịkekọrịta Ihe E Mere
"AZGEO Clearinghouse bụ atụmatụ nke Arizona Geographic Information Council. Ezubere AZGEO iji nye ndị ọrụ GIS njikọ na ọrụ map Ịntanetị, FGDC compliant metadata, na nbudata data geospatial. Data gụnyere ọkwa GIS maka ókèala nchịkwa, ọnụọgụ mmadụ, ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, hydrology, ihe oyiyi, ihe ngosi, igwupụta ihe, ihe okike, njem na ihe ndị ọzọ. "

## Nhazi
AGIC nwere ndị isi nchịkwa na kọmitii teknụzụ na-eguzo ọtọ iji nye ndị isi ndụmọdụ na nsogbu teknụzụ ma nyere ndị isi aka na mmejuputa mmemme AGIC. Òtù ndị otu bụ:

Tụkwasị na nke a, otu onye nnọchi anya otu ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye na-anọdụ na Board.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Kansụl Ozi Ala Arizona
* Ọfịs Onye Na-ese Map na steeti Arizona

## Ihe odide
Kansụl Mba Nile Maka Njem Dị Ọcha

thumb
International Council on Clean Transportation (**ICCT**) bụ òtù kwụụrụ onwe ya na-enweghị uru nke e debanyere aha ya n'okpuru ngalaba 501 (c) (3) nke koodu ụtụ isi US. Ọ na-enye nyocha teknụzụ na nke sayensị nye ndị na-achịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ClimateWorks Foundation, William na Flora Hewlett Foundation, Energy Foundation, na David na Lucile Packard Foundation na-akwado ya.

## Ihe ihere nke ikuku na-esi na Volkswagen
 
ICCT nyere ndị nchọpụta na Mahadum West Virginia ọrụ ịnwale ikuku ụgbọala diesel Volkswagen na 2013. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, ICCT dọrọ US EPA na California Air Resources Board aka na ntị na ụdị ndị ahụ gosipụtara ọkwa dị elu nke nitrogen oxide karịa ka iwu kwadoro. Na Septemba 2015, EPA kwuru na Volkswagen nwere ike ịta ahụhụ maka ihe ruru ijeri $ 18 maka iji ngwanrọ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 500,000 VW na Audi diesel ụgbọala rere n'etiti afọ 2009 na 2015 nke zere iwu ikuku, na-akpata esemokwu nke dugara n'ọtụtụ nyocha nchịkwa n'ụwa niile.

N'afọ 2015, nnyocha ADAC (nke ICCT nyere iwu) nke ụgbọala 32 Euro6 gosipụtara na ole na ole gbasoro oke ikuku n'okporo ụzọ. N'afọ 2016, ICCT tụrụ ụgbọala ọhụrụ iri na itoolu wee chọpụta na ezigbo ikuku na-esi n'ime ha apụta bụ 40% karịa ka a kwadoro ha, karịsịa n'ihi usoro nnwale NEDC.

## Hụkwa

* Mmebi nke ikuku Volkswagen
* John German
* Kọmitii Mba Nile nke Teknụzụ Dị Ọcha
* CALSTART

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ịkpa anụmanụ na igbu osisi na Naịjirịa

## Ụdị abụọ bụ isi nke ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ na Naijiria

Ewezuga ịzụ anụmanụ ọkụkọ na Naịjirịa, e nwekwara ụdị ọrụ ugbo ịzụ anụmanụ abụọ anụmanụ abụọ dị pụrụ ichè . Otu n'ime ya bụ maka ihe oriri dị ka mmiri ara ehi na nke ọzọ maka ọrụ ọrụ dị ka ịkọ ugbo, ịgba mmiri, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ebe anụ mmiri ara ehi bụ ndị na-amịpụta mmiri ara ehi dịka ewu, buffalo, ehi, wdg Anụ arụrụ arụ ọrụ bụ anụmanụ a na-eji arụ ọrụ. 

## Edensibia
Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'okpuru Guinea

Oke ọhịa dị na Lower Guinea bụ mpaghara oke ọhịa na ekpo ọkụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị na West Africa, na agbatị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọwara Guinea site na ọwụwa anyanwụ Benin site na Nigeria na Cameroon.

Dahomey Gap, mpaghara savanna na ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ dị na Togo na Benin, kewara oke ọhịa Lower Guinea site na oke ọhịa Upper Guinea ruo n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, nke gbatịrị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọwara Guinea site na Togo ruo Liberia na n'ebe ugwu ruo Guinea.

N'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, oké ọhịa ndị dị n'okpuru Guinea na agafe n'ime ala Guinea na-akpọ oké ọhịa-savanna mosaic na Northern Congolian forest-savanne mosaic na n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa Anyanwụ bụ oké ọhịa ndị Congolian Coastal, nke ókèala ya bụ Osimiri Sanaga na Cameroon.

Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'okpuru Guinea nwere ọtụtụ njikọ na oké ọhịa ndị dị na Upper Guinea. A maara ha n'ozuzu dị ka Oké ọhịa Guinea nke West Africa, ebe bụ Sierra Leone.

## Mpaghara Ecoregions
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) kewara ọhịa ndị dị na Lower Guinea n'ime ọtụtụ mpaghara dị iche iche:

* Oké ọhịa ala dị ala nke Naijiria (Togo, Naijiria)
* Oké ọhịa mmiri nke Niger Delta (Nigeria)
* Oké ọhịa nke Cross-Niger (Nigeria)
* Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cross-Sanaga-Bioko (Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea)
* Oké ọhịa Cameroon Highlands (Nigeria, Cameroon)
* Ugwu Cameroon na oké ọhịa ugwu Bioko (Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea)
* São Tomé, Príncipe, na Annobón oké ọhịa dị larịị (Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé na Príncipe)

WWF ahọpụtara mpaghara abụọ nke oké ọhịa Lower Guinea dị ka mpaghara Global 200 kachasị mkpa maka nchekwa. Mpaghara "Coastal Congolian forests" nke WWF gụnyere oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cross-Sanaga Bioko, oké ọhịa ndị na ekpo ọkụ na São Tomé na Príncipe, na oké ọhịa ndị nọ n'ụsoro oké osimiri Atlantic Equatorial. Mpaghara Global 200 nke "Cameroon Highlands" gụnyere ọhịa Cameroonian Highlands na mpaghara ọhịa ugwu nke Ugwu Cameroon na Bioko.

## Hụkwa

* Oké ọhịa Congo

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Oké ọhịa Guinea nke West Africa, na Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund.
* Ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, na Sierra Leone na World Wildlife Fund.
Òtù Na-ewu Ụlọ Mba Nile

International Hemp Building Association (**IHBA**) bụ njikọ kachasị ukwuu na mba ụwa na ngalaba a. Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ nke njikọ ahụ gụnyere ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ndị na-ewu ụlọ, ndị ndụmọdụ, ndị na'emepụta ihe, European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA), Hemp Industries Association na ndị na-emepụta ihe. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Otu òtù na-enweghị uru nke onye nduzi Steve Allin na onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ hemp guzobere na 2009, njikọ ahụ na-akwalite ma na-akwado mmepụta na ojiji nke ihe owuwu niile dabeere na hemp na ngwaahịa ha n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara.

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2011, a gbara ndị ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ hemp si gburugburu ụwa ajụjụ ọnụ maka ihe ngosi Bringing It Home na 2nd International Hemp Building Symposium, na Granada, Spain.
IHBA kwadoro ngalaba teknụzụ nke sayensị injinia nke Mahadum Uppsala na Sweden na 2014 na nyocha maka nyocha maka ikike nke ụlọ hemp na ihu igwe dị iche iche.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IHBA
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Shisha Quality
Ogige Ọhịa Akure Ofosu

Akure Ofosu Forest Reserve dị na South West, Nigeria, ma kpuchie 394 km2 (  mi).

Akure Ofosu dị oke mkpa maka nchekwa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ chimpanzee na Naịjirịa. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2007 chọpụtara akwukwo 33 n'ebe anọ, na enweghị anya ihu.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere ya na 1936 ma nwee ihe dị ka square kilomita 400 (154 square miles), Akure-Ofosu Forest Reserve na ejikọkwa Ala, Owo, na Ohosu n'ozuzu ya na eme otu n'ime mpaghara kachasị ukwuu nke ọhịa fọdụrụ na Naịjirịa. Oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ime ya, bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche, gụnyere anụmanụ ndị na-eyi egwu. Red-capped mangabeys (*Cercocebus torquatus*), Nigerian white-throated guenons (*Cercopithecus erythrogaster pococki*), putty-nosed monkeys (*Corcopithecus nictitans*), mona monkeys, na ndị ọzọ niile nwere ike ịchọta n'ihe fọdụrụ n'ọhịa Akure-Ofosu. 

Ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa na Niger Delta bụ ebe ndị a na ebute ụzọ maka nyocha chimpanzee, dị ka atụmatụ mpaghara maka nchekwa nke chimpanzee na West Africa si kwuo. Mkparịta ụka sitere na ogbako banyere nchekwa nke West African chimpanzees nke emere na Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire na Septemba 2002 jere ozi dị ka ntọala maka atụmatụ mpaghara ahụ.  A ghọtachaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-acha uhie uhie na ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria, a na-ewere ha dị ka ndị nọ n'oké egwu, na ndị chọrọ usoro nchekwa.

## Uru akụ na ụba
N'ọhịa Akure Ofosu, osisi na eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke ihe ndị a na emepụta maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, na akwalite ịmepụta ọrụ, na na emeziwanye ogo gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na enye aka nke ukwuu na mmepụta nri. Ọhịa dị mkpa maka ndị bi n'ebe nchekwa ọhịa iji nọgide na ebi ndụ. Akure Ofosu Forest Reserve bụ nke a maara na ọ na emepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị na abụghị osisi, gụnyere osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, mkpụrụ, mmanụ aṅụ, osisi mmanụ, na akwụkwọ.

Elujulo et al. atụwo aro na mfu nke ọhịa na nke a *na* ebe ndị ọzọ Naijiria nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ndị bi n'ime ebe nchekwa ndị chọrọ ịgbanwe ala nchekwa ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo. A chọpụtala usoro nchịkwa ọhịa dị ugbu a nke na egbochi nnweta na nchekwa dị ka isi ihe na akpata ịda ogbenye n'ime obodo ndị dị n'oké ọhịa.

## Ihe odide
Ogige Ọhịa Omo

thumb|Nigeria location map na egosi Omo forest Reserve
Omo Forest Reserve bụ ebe echekwara nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na steeti Ogun, n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naijiria. Ọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 135 (84 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Lagos na  80 (50 mi) n"ebe ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ijebu Ode. Ogige okike a na ekpuchi mpaghara nke 130,500 hekta (322,000 acres). Nkezi mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị ka 2,000 mm (80 in). Ala ahụ dị larịị ma na adọba mmiri nke ọma, na ụfọdụ ugwu dị ala, ma bụrụ akụkụ nke mmiri nke Osimiri Omo.

## Nkọwa
Ogige ọhịa a nwere nnukwu mpaghara nke oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na ekpuchi 130,500 hekta (322,000 acres). N'akụkụ ugwu nke ebe nchekwa ahụ, ahịhịa nwere oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ebe n'ebe ndịda, ọ nwere oké ọhịa na ekpo ọkụ, nke na agwakọta, nke na'etiti akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa ahụ nwere oké ọhịa mbụ nwere osisi ndị tozuru etozu, ọkachasị n'akụkụ mmiri. Otú ọ dị, akụkụ buru ibu enweela nsogbu, site na igbutu osisi mbụ na ịmepụta ubi. N'etiti ebe nchekwa ahụ, a họpụtara ogige dị hekta 640 (1,600 acres) dị ka ebe nchekwa okike siri ike, akụkụ a bụkwa ugbu a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
E dekọrọ ihe karịrị narị abụọ nke ụdị osisi na ebe nchekwa ahụ, osisi ndị a na ahụkarị bụ *Diospyros* spp., Drypetes spp., *Strombosia pustulata*, *Rinorea dentata* na *Voacanga africana*, na ezinụlọ osisi ndị a ma ama gụnyere Araceae, Asteraceae, Ebenaceae, Faboideae, Liliaceae, Poaceae, Rubiaceae na Violaceae. Ọzọkwa edere na nchekwa ahụ bụ ụdị nnụnụ 125, na n'etiti ọtụtụ anụmanụ na enye nwa ara bụ ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ka chimpanzees, enyí na nkịta guenon na acha ọcha.

## Nchekwa
Ogige ahụ na adabere na ịchụ nta, iwepụta osisi n'ụzọ iwu na akwadoghị, na ọrụ ugbo na enweghị nchịkwa. The Nigerian Forest Elephant Group bụ ọrụ ebere na echekwa ihe, nke e guzobere na 1989, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ndị obodo banyere uru nke nchekwa na ichebe gburugburu ọhịa.

## Ihe odide
Osisi Na '73

Osisi Osisi Na '73 bụ mkpọsa mba gọọmentị na akwado na United Kingdom, nke e mere iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume isonye site n'ịkụ osisi n'ime afọ 1973 'National Tree Planting Year'. N'oge ahụ, ụdị ọrịa Dutch Elm ọhụrụ na akpa ike na ekpochapụ obodo ahụ, na egbu ọtụtụ nde osisi.

## Mgbasa ozi
Onye omeiwu Sydney Chapman kpaliri mkpọsa ahụ. Ọ tụụrụ echiche ahụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ajụjụ ndị omeiwu nye Peter Walker, odeakwụkwọ nke steeti maka gburugburu ebe obibi na 28 Julaị 1971, onye kwupụtara nkwado ya na 1 Machị 1972. N'ihi ya, e guzobere kọmitii iji mee mkpọsa ahụ, nke Lord Sandford bụ onyeisi ya.

Ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere ndị ọchịchị obodo, òtù ndị ntorobịa, ụlọ akwụkwọ, azụmaahịa na obodo kwadoro mkpọsa ahụ site n'ịkụ ma ọ bụ inye onyinye osisi, ma ọ bụ ime ka ala dị. Kọmitii Na ahụ Maka Ọhịa nyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe dị ka osisi 90,000 na 70,000 ọzọ maka ọrụ jikọrọ aka na ndị ọchịchị mpaghara, dị ka òtù ndị ọzọ gụnyere ndị Kọmishọna Crown Estate. Royal Mail mekwara mkpọsa ahụ site n'inye stampụ ncheta 9p, nke mbụ e wepụtara na 28 Febụwarị 1973.

E nwekwara mkpọsa n'okpuru otu aha na South Africa. Okwu mmeghe ahụ bụ "Kụọ osisi na '73, kụọ otu ọzọ na '74".

Na Britain, okwu mkparị a ma ama bụ 'Kụọ osisi na '73, zụọ mma na '74'. Nke a gosipụtara na usoro ihe ọchị nke redio BBC I'm Sorry I'll Read That Again, mana ọ nwere ike ịmalite n'ebe ọzọ.

## Ihe si na ya pụta
N'ihi ahụ, e akara￼￼Kansụl Osisi￼ na 1974 iji ọrụ dị ka ngwaọrụ nche anwụ maka ndị otu mpaghara na etinye aka n'ịkụ, ihe nchekwa nke osisi na United Kingdom dum.  Site na ntọala ya ruo 2007 ọ mere mmemme na a mkpa ihe ụmụaka nde osisi iri abụọ n'oge izu osisi mba kwa afọ.[7]

## Hụkwa

* The Big Tree Plant - mkpọsa yiri nke a malitere na Disemba 2010
* Oké Ifufe nke 1987
* Ịkụ osisi
Ebe na-akpụ akpụ

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ala nke karịrị ebe ọ na-akpọnwụ.
A naakọwa ebe naakpụ akpụ (**PWP**) ma ọ bụ **ebe naakapụ akpụ** (WP) dị ka obere mmiri dị nime ala nke osisi ahụ chọrọ ka ọ ghara ịpụ akpụ. Ọ bụrụ na mmiri dị nala belata ruo ebe a ma ọ bụ ebe ọ bụla dị ala, osisi naakpọnwụ ma ghara ịlaghachi na turgidity ya mgbe etinye ya na ikuku jupụtara ruo awa 12. Nkọwa anụ ahụ nke ebe naagbaji, nke a na-egosipụta nụzọ ihe atụ dị ka θpwp ma ọ bụ θwp, a na-ekwu site na nkwekọrịta dị ka mmiri dị na -1,500  (−15 bar) nke nrụgide ịmị, ma ọ bụ isi hydraulic na-adịghị mma.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E webatara echiche a na mbido afọ 1910. Lyman Briggs na Homer LeRoy Shantz (1912) chepụtara coefficient naakpụ akpụ, nke akọwapụtara dị ka *pasentị mmiri dị* nala mgbe a naebu ụzọ belata osisi ndị naeto nala ahụ ka ha ghara ịpụ nọnọdụ naenweghị ike ịgbake na ikuku naenweghị mgbakwunye mmiri na ala.  Lee ọrụ pedotransfer maka coefficient naagbaze site na Briggs.

Frank Veihmeyer na Arthur Hendrickson si Mahadum California-Davis chọpụtara na ọ bụ ihe naadịgide adịgide (ihe e ji mara) ala ma na-adabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Lorenzo A. Richards tụrụ aro na a naewere ya dị ka mmiri dị nala mgbe ala dị n'okpuru nrụgide nke -15 bar.

## Hụkwa

* Mmiri dịnụ
* Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ
* Ikike ubi
* Mmiri ruru
* Nsogbu mmiri
* Mmiri na-enweghị njedebe
* Mmiri nke ala
* Usoro ijide mmiri

## Ihe odide
Kansụl Ndị Isi Obodo Ụwa na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe

World Mayors Council on Climate Change (WMCCC) bụ njikọ nke ndị isi obodo ndị mere mkpebi maka ichebe mgbanwe ihu igwe. 
Kemgbe afọ 2012, Onye isi oche bụ Park Won-soon, Onye isi obodo Seoul, South Korea. Onye isi oche bụ Juergen Nimptsch, Onye isi obodo Bonn, Germany.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọ bụ Yorikane Masumoto, onye isi obodo Kyoto (Japan) guzobere WMCCC na 2005. Onye isi oche mbụ bụ Yorikane Masumoto. Baerbel Dieckmann, onye isi obodo Bonn (Germany) bụ onye isi oche ruo 2009.

## Nkwado
Ebumnuche nke WMCCC bụ "ịbawanye nkwenye na itinye aka nke ndị isi obodo na mbọ ọtụtụ na-agba iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya nke nkwado ụwa".
Kemgbe e guzobere ya, ọ na-ekere òkè na mkparịta ụka mba ụwa gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe (UNFCCC) dị ka nzukọ na-ekiri ihe. Onye isi oche ya ma ọ bụ ndị otu ya na-ekwukarị okwu na nnọkọ nke Nzukọ nke Ndị Dị ka Baerbel Dieckman na 2007.

### Ịdu
A na-amata World Mayors Council on Climate Change dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi obodo na-eduga n'ụzọ na-edughachi na mmepe carbon dị ala.

## Njikọ na ICLEI - Gọọmentị Obodo maka Nkwado
Kemgbe e guzobere ya, ICLEI na-akwado World Mayors Council on Climate Change nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ya ma na-eme ka ndị otu ya sonye na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe nke UN.

## Ndị otu
E nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 50 na WMCCC.

## Ihe odide
Njem nleta na mgbukpọ ọhịa na Naịjirịa

Njem bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke na agụnye ịkwaga ndị mmadụ site n'otu ebe gaa na nke ọzọ maka ntụrụndụ, azụmahịa, ma ọ bụ ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. Òtù Njem Ụwa (UNWTO) na akọwa njem nleta dị ka "ihe omume nke ndị mmadụ na aga ma na anọ n'ebe ndị na abụghị ebe ha na anọkarị maka ihe karịrị otu afọ n'usoro maka ntụrụndụ, azụmahịa, na ebumnuche ndị ọzọ".

## Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na mmetụta ya
Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa na ezo aka n'iwepụ, iwepụ, ma ọ bụ mbibi nke oké ọhịa, nke a na ahụkarị n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ dịka ọrụ ugbo, igbu osisi, ma ọ bụrụ mmepe nke akụrụngwa. Ọ bụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ụdị dị iche iche, na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Enwere ike ijikọ njem nleta na mgbukpọ ọhịa, dịka mmepe njem nleta nwere ike inye aka na mgbukwu ọhịa n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Mgbasawanye nke akụrụngwa njem nleta, dị ka họtel, ebe ezumike, okporo ụzọ, na ọdụ ụgbọ elu, na achọkarị mkpocha ala, na akpata mfu nke mpaghara ọhịa. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọchịchọ maka ihe omume ndị metụtara njem nleta dị ka ịga ije, ikiri anụ ọhịa, na ihe ntụrụndụ nwere ike iduga n'ịgbukpọ ọhịa mgbe a na agbanwe ebe obibi okike ka ọ bụrụ ebe ndị njem nleta ma ọ bụ ụzọ.

Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ọ bụghị ụdị njem niile na enye aka n'ịgbukpọ ọhịa. Omume njem na adịgide adịgide, dị ka njem gburugburu ebe obibi na njem nleta obodo, na ezube ibelata mmetụta na adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi ma kwalite nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe okike. Ụzọ ndị a na ebute ụzọ na njikwa dị mma, nchekwa nke ebe okike, na itinye aka nke obodo ndị dị n'ógbè na mmepe njem nleta, nke nwere ike inye aka belata ihe ize ndụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa metụtara ọrụ njem nleta.

## Ihe odide
Hourglass (akwụkwọ akụkọ)

The Hourglass bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Britain na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa n'efu, nke Extinction Rebellion (XR) bipụtara. A malitere ya na Septemba 2019, na eriri "Rigorous Journalism for Fragile Times". E bipụtara mbipụta mbụ ya 110,000, na 143,000 nke nke abụọ. E mepụtara mbipụta Eprel na Mee 2020 naanị na usoro elektrọnik, na-esochi mkpọchi COVID-19, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ kwụsịrị ibipụta.

Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Zion Lights dezigharịrị ya ma tinye ajụjụ ọnụ na Margaret Atwood, Amanda Palmer na Neil Gaiman, Ray Mears, Michael Eavis, Christiana Figueres, Tom Rivett-Carnac, Maxine Peake, na Kevin Anderson. Onye na-ekwuchitere XR Rupert Read bụ onye na-ede akụkọ oge niile maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ.

Onye bụbu nwa na-eme ihe nkiri Raphaël Coleman, onye e mechara mara dị ka Iggy Fox, dekwara otu isiokwu pụrụ iche maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (nke e bipụtara na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ XR dị ka "Nke a bụ ihe mere m ji nupụ isi" mgbe ọnwụ Fox gasịrị).

## Ihe odide
James Brown (onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè)

**James Brown** bụ onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na Northern Irish, onye sonyere na Great Britain, Ireland, na Northern Ireland. Ọ na-adịghị ahụ ụzọ ma sonye na egwuregwu Paralympic ise na egwuregwu dị iche iche. Brown nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo abụọ na 1984 Summer Paralympics na egwuregwu na ọla nchara na 2012 Summer Paralympys na ule oge ụmụ nwoke na onye na-anya ụgbọelu Damien Shaw.

## Ọrụ Paralympic
Brown na-adịghị ahụ ụzọ site na ọmụmụ ma malite ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè mgbe ọ dị afọ ise ma na-agba ọsọ mgbe ọ dị shekara 13 mgbe ọ na-aga Royal National College for the Blind. N'ịgbaso ntụziaka na skiing, ọ sonyeere ndị otu British Paralympic Team maka 1982 Disabled Alpine World Championships. O mechara rụọ ọrụ na Royal National College for the Blind dị ka onye na-eduzi ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, gụnyere na World Youth Games for the Disabled.

Na 1984 Summer Paralympics na New York City, Brown ritere ihe nrite ọla edo abụọ na egwuregwu maka Great Britain na 800-meter na 1500-meter. O mechara sonye n'ọtụtụ mbipụta ndị ọzọ nke Summer na Winter Paralympics na ihe omume ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ịgba ọsọ na biathlon.

Brown mere atụmatụ ịbanye na 2008 Paralympic Games dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè, mana ọ hapụrụ egwuregwu ahụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ sonyeere ndị otu Irish wee malite mmekọrịta ya na onye na-anya ụgbọelu Damien Shaw na 2011. Na 2012 Paralympic Games, Brown na Shaw meriri ọla nchara na ule oge nke ụmụ nwoke B. Ha abụọ emechaala nke anọ na ịchụso ụmụ nwoke B na nke itoolu na ule oge 1 kilomita B.

O mechara nọchite anya Northern Ireland na 2014 Commonwealth Games, ya na Dave Readle na ụmụ nwoke tandem sprint B na ụmụ nwoke abụọ oge ikpe B, na-emecha nke ise na ihe omume abụọ ahụ. Sport Ireland na Cycling Ireland machibidoro Brown iwu site na 2016 ruo 2018 maka imebi iwu mgbochi ọgwụ ọjọọ, nke ọ kwetara.

## Ndụ onwe onye
Brown lara ezumike nká n'egwuregwu n'afọ 2015 wee sonye na Mobiloo, ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-ezube inye ụlọ mposi ndị nwere nkwarụ. Kemgbe ahụ, o sonyere n'ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe nke Extinction Rebellion ma jide ya ọtụtụ ugboro maka nnupụisi obodo na-enweghị ime ihe ike; ọ kpọtụrụ nwa ya nwanyị aha maka ịkpali ọrụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ya. N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, ọ rịgooro n'ụgbọelu British Airways na ọdụ ụgbọ elu London City dị ka akụkụ nke Extinction Rebellion weghaara ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ. N'ụlọ ikpe na-esote, ọ gọnahụrụ ebubo nke ịkpata nsogbu ọha na eze ma nye ya mgbapụta nwere ọnọdụ site n'aka onye ọka ikpe distrikti nke gbochiri ya ịnọ n'ime otu  (1.6 km) site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu. N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2021, mgbe e kpesịrị ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe Southwark Crown Court, a mara Brown ikpe maka ịkpata nsogbu ọha na eze. Onye ọka ikpe na-achị isi Gregory Perrins setịpụrụ ikpe ikpe maka 17 Septemba. N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2021, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ otu afọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2022, a mara Brown ikpe maka mmebi iwu siri ike mgbe ọ rịgooro n'elu ihe na-egwu egwu High Speed 2 na Febụwarụ afọ 2020.

## Ihe odide
 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
2022 Mgbukpọ Nnupụisi Ụlọ nke Commons

N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2022, ihe dị ka ndị otu 50 nke otu ndị na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ Extinction Rebellion mere ngagharị iwe na House of Commons na Palace of Westminster, ebe obibi nke British Parliament. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nọ na njem nlegharị anya nke ụlọ omebe iwu mgbe ha banyere n'akụkụ isi nke House of Commons na atọ n'ime ha na-arapara n'akụkụ oche onye isi oche. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gụrụ okwu na-achọ nzukọ ụmụ amaala maka nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe. E jidere mmadụ asatọ - anọ na-arapara n'otu n'otu na Chamber, abụọ na-ekpochi onwe ha n'ime ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ, otu onye rịgooro n'elu scaffolding n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu, na otu onye na-arapanyere onwe ya n'okporo ụzọ dị n'ụlọ ahụ. Nzukọ omebe iwu anọghị na nnọkọ n'oge ahụ.

## Ihe odide
Gail Bradbrook

**Gail Marie Bradbrook** (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1972) bụ onye Britain na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye guzobere otu mmekọrịta ọha na eze Extinction Rebellion .

## Mbido ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Bradbrook na 1972 ma too na South Elmsall na West Yorkshire. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala na South Kirkby. Ọ gụrụ molecular biophysics na Mahadum Manchester, nweta PhD. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ post-doctoral na India na France.

Site na 2003 ruo 2017 ọ bụ 'onye nduzi atụmatụ' na Citizens Online, otu na-akwalite ohere ịntanetị sara mbara maka ndị ọrụ nwere nkwarụ, gụnyere ịmalite mkpọsa 'Fix the Web' na Nọvemba 2010.

## Mgbalị
Mmasị na ikike ụmụ anụmanụ mere ka Bradbrook sonye na Green Party mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.

Ọ na-etinye aka n'òtù mkpọsa dị iche iche na Stroud, gụnyere oge 2010 ruo 2013 dị ka onye nduzi afọ ofufo nke Transition Stroud, ngagharị iwe na-emegide imebi ihe, omume dị iche iche megide iwu ụlọ ọkụ, gụnyere ngagharị iwe gba ọtọ, na mgbochi ụzọ Extinction Rebellion na Merrywalks, Stroud. N'afọ 2015, ya na George Barda, guzobere otu Compassionate Revolution (nke gbanwere na Rising Up!, nke sitere na Extinction Rebellion). "Bradbrook etinyela aka na mmegharị Occupy na mkpọsa gburugburu mmanụ kachasị elu, mana ha emeghị ka ọ laa. "

N'afọ 2016, ọ gara ezumike psychedelic na Costa Rica, "ebe ọ were ayahuasca, iboga na kambo, na-achọ ụfọdụ nghọta n'ọrụ ya". Ahụmahụ ahụ "mere ka ọ gbanwee ụzọ ya" maka mkpọsa. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ laghachiri, ọ zutere Roger Hallam ma ha abụọ chepụtara Extinction Rebellion. 

Bradbrook chọrọ ịkwalite mmata banyere ihe ize ndụ sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe sitere na mmadụ ma kwenyere na ọ bụ naanị nnupụisi obodo n'ụzọ buru ibu nwere ike iweta mgbanwe dị mkpa.

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, a gụnyere ya na ndepụta BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour Power 2020.

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Bradbrook kwetara na ọ na-anya ụgbọ ala diesel 1.5l Citroen. O kwuru na ya enweghị ike ịzụta ụgbọ ala eletrik ma ọ chọrọ ụgbọ ala ahụ iji kwado ụmụ ya gaa egwuregwu.

## Ndụ onwe onye
Bradbrook alụọla di ugboro abụọ, oge mbụ ya bụ Jeffrey Forshaw. O nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Ọ bi na Stroud dị ka onye ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ Simon Bramwell, onye bụkwa onye guzobere Extinction Rebellion.

## Akwụkwọ

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## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Mgbanwe ọmịiko - Gail Bradbrook - Off grid Festival 2016 - vidiyo YouTube site na PermanentCultureNow
* Rising Up! How Things Change: The Duty to Disobey - Dr Gail Bradbrook na-ekwu okwu na Mahadum SOAS, Machị 2017 - vidiyo YouTube site na ExtinctionRebellion
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations