Bernard Altum

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**Johann Bernard Theodor Altum** (31 Jenụwarị 1824 - 1 Febụwarị 1900) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik nke Germany, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ anụmanụ, na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ọhịa nke mekwara ka nghọta ya nke okpukpe banyere sayensị bụrụ ihe a ma ama.

## Mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Altum nye onye na-akpụ akpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ Bernard Theodor Altum na Anna Gertrude Antonette Huder nke Münster, Province nke Westphalia.  Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dị n’ógbè ahụ, ọ banyere Paulinum Gymnasium (Münster) ma gụchaa n’afọ 1845. Altum gụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta okpukpe na Münster, e chie ya echichi dị ka onye ụkọchukwu na 1849. Mgbe e mesịrị, mmasị ya tụgharịrị na zoology, bụ́ ọzụzụ ọ mụtara n’okpuru ya.  Johannes Peter Müller na Martin Lichtenstein na Berlin, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta doctorate na 1855 site na nyocha nke atụnyere Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles na Euripides.  Site na 1859 ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Mahadum Münster, wee kwaga na 1869 na Academy of Forestry na Eberswalde dị ka onye nọchiri Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg.

N'ọrụ mbụ ya, nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na anụ na-enye nwa ara na nnụnụ; mgbe ọ kwagara Eberswalde, ọmụmụ ya dị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ọhịa nke entomology ọhịa.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Altum, nọ ọdụ n'oche nke atọ site n'aka ekpe, dị ka akụkụ nke bọọdụ nyocha n'okpuru ozi ugbo na ọhịa na Berlin, Ọktoba 1893
Site na 1893 ruo 1900 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke German Ornithologists' Society.

Ernst Mayr dere banyere akwụkwọ Altum dere na 1868 Der Vogel und sein Leben bụ́ nke gụnyere ndetu banyere ókèala nnụnụ na 1935. Mayr kwuru na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie bụ́ ndị England kwenyere na Eliot Howard guzobere echiche nke ókèala nanị na 1920. Altum kwuru na ọ na-eji abụ agbachitere ókèala.  , Mmekọrịta nke ókèala size na nri nnweta wee nyochaa otú asọmpi ma ọ bụ enweghị ya n'etiti ụdị kpebiri ókèala esemokwu ma ọ bụ overlat n'etiti abụọ umu. Altum bụ onye okike, mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị katọrọ ya gụnyere Alfred Brehm, onye ya na ya nwere esemokwu. Na nzukọ nke ndị na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na Berlin na 6 Eprel 1868, Brehm kwuru na ọrụ Altum bụ nke nkà mmụta okpukpe na nke teleological ma na-emegide nghọta nke oge a nke zoology nakwa na ọ na-eme nnụnụ da anụmanụ ka ha bụrụ (ihe ebumpụta ụwa) igwe site n'ịghara inye ha ọgụgụ isi, si otú a na-eme ka ọmụmụ nnụnụ daa.

Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin *Natur und Offenbarung* ("Nature and Revelation"), Altum so n'otu obere ìgwè ndị Katọlik na-eme ka ụmụ anụmanụ na Germany.

## Ọrụ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* *Winke zur Hebung* des zoologischen Unterrichts (akwụkwọ ntuziaka ntụziaka zoology), Münster 1863.
* Die Säugetiere des Münsterlands, Münster (Mammals of "Münster country"), 1867.
* *Der Vogel* und sein Leben, Münster 1868 (Birds and their lives); bipụtara n'ọtụtụ mbipụta, mbipụta nke asaa 1903.
* *Forstzoologie* (Forest zoology; Mpịakọta 1: ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, Mpịakọrọ 2: nnụnụ, Mpịaka 3: ụmụ ahụhụ; ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ ahụhụ n'ozuzu).
** I. *Säugethiere*. Mbipụta nke abụọ ka mma ma gbasaa, nke Julius Springer bipụtara, Berlin 1876.
** Nke Abụọ. *Vögel*. nke Julius Springer bipụtara, Berlin 1873.
** Nke Atọ. *Ụmụ ahụhụ. 1. Abth. Allgemeines na Käfer* Mbipụta nke abụọ ka mma ma gbasaa, nke Julius Springer bipụtara, Berlin 1881.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Andreas W. Daum, *Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19*. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848-1914. Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998,   (gụnyere akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi).

## Njikọ mpụga

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