Elizabeth Eisenstein

Elizabeth Lewisohn Eisenstein (October 11, 1923 - January 31, 2016) bụ onye kooto ihe mere eme America nke Mgbanwe French na-ahụ ịhụ afọ nke 19 France.  A mara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe mere eme nke mbụ mbụ, na-ede mgbanwe na mgbasa ozi n'etiti oge nke ' omenala ihe odide ' na nke ' omenala akwụkwọ ', yana ọrụ nke ibu akwụkwọ na-  eme omenala.  na nwaanya Western .

. Eisenstein akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Vassar College ebe ọ natara BA ya, wee gaa na Radcliffe College maka MA na Ph.D.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Crane Brinton .  Ọ kọrọ na oge 1950 na ya akara ike akara ọnọdụ na ngalaba ihe mere eme nke mahadum, ndịdị ọrụ nwa oge.  Na 1957, mgbe ọ jụrụ PhD ya, ya na di ya kwagara Washington, DC ebe ọ na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ maka nkuzi, egwu Georgetown, George Washington University, Howard, na Mahadum Maryland.  [2] O mechara nwe ọnọdụ nwa oge na Mahadum America .

. Ọ kpàri dị ka onye prọfesọ ọzọ [1] na Mahadum America site na 1959 ruo 1974, wee Mahadum Michigan, ebe ọ bụ Alice Freeman Palmer Prọfesọ nke History.  [2] Na 1979 ọ bụ onye nwe onye bi na Center for the Book na Library of Congress

Ọ nwere ọnọdụ dị ka onye ọrụ ibe na Humanities Research Center nke Australian National University na Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (Palo Alto).  [1] Eisenstein na-eleta prọfesọ na Wolfson College, Oxford, wee bipụta mmụta ya site na oge ahụ dị ka Grub Street Abroad .  Ọ bụ prọfesọ emerita na Mahadum Michigan [2] na onye otu nọmba nke St Cross College, Oxford

## Ezinụlọ na ndụ onwe onye
Eisenstein bụ ada nke atọ nke Sam A. Lewisohn, nwa Adolph Lewisohn na Margaret Seligman, nwa nwa Joseph Seligman na Babet Steinhardt.

Ọ lụrụ Julian Calvert Eisenstein na 1948. Ha nwere ụmụ 4 - otu onye nwụrụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na 1949 na onye ọzọ nwụrụ na mberede site na ọbara ọgbụgba nke ụbụrụ na 1974. Di ya nwụrụ ọnwa atọ ka ọ nwụchara. Ha mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, ụmụ ụmụ atọ na ụmụ ụmụ abụọ. 

. Ọrụ Eisenstein kacha mara amara bụ The Printing Press dị ka onye anya ọkpọ, nyọcha nke abụọ, peeji 750 nke ike nke ụdị ụdị mbugharị na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke post-Gutenberg Western Europe.  N'ime ọrụ a ọ na-anya na ọrụ ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ nke mgbasa ozi, nhazi, na nchekwa na ụzọ ndị a si nyere aka na nọmba Protestant Reformation, Renaissance, na Scientific Revolution .  Ọrụ Eisenstein wetara usoro ihe mere eme, ike siri ike, na idoanya na echiche mbụ nke Marshall McLuhan na ndị ọzọ, nlekọta ahụike ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu nke mgbasa ozi dị otú ahụ.  [1]

…" Akwụkwọ Eisenstein enwetawokwa nkatọ dị nkɔ.  Paul Needham, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ ugbu a na Ọbá akwụkwọ Scheide nke Mahadum Princeton, ngwaọrụ ya dị ka "ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na-ahụ ekwe omume ozi" na "site na mmejọ zuru oke nke usoro ihe.  mere eme: akara maka usoro oge kpọmkwem; maa akara ihe ihe mere eme; naanị akụkụ na [ sic] ihe odide nke abụọ, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka etinyere nke ọma, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ dị mkpa…

Akwụkwọ Eisenstein bụ *The Printing Press as an Agent of Change* na-akọwapụta echiche ya na "Unacknowledged Revolution," aha ya maka mgbanwe mgbanwe mere mgbe e nwechara mbipụta. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na-enye ohere ka ọha na eze nweta akwụkwọ na ihe ọmụma nke na-adịghị adị na mbụ; nke a mere ka e nwee ọganihu nke ihe ọmụma ọha na eze na echiche onye ọ bụla. Ikike nke imepụta echiche n'echiche nke onwe ya ghọrọ eziokwu n'ihi mgbasa nke ígwè obibi akwụkwọ. Bipụtakwa "ihe ọmụma ziri ezi ma chekwaa nke na-adịwanye mma n'oge a na-ekesa ihe odide ọnụ"  Eisenstein ghọtara na oge a dị oke mkpa na mmepe omenala mmadụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eche na a na-elegharakarị ya anya, ya mere, 'mgbanwe a na-anabataghị'.

. Eisenstein anatala akara ngosi dị iche iche, ndị sitere na John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, National Endowment for Humanities, na Rockefeller Foundation .  Na 2002, ọ natara ihe nrite American Historical Association's Award for Scholarly Distinction, [1] na 2004 Mahadum Michigan nyere ya nzere nzere nke Doctor of Humane Letters .

Na 1993, National Coalition of Independent Scholars kere *Eisenstein Prize*, bụ nke a na-enye kwa afọ nye ndị òtù nzukọ ahụ bụ ndị rụpụtara ọrụ na-elekwasị anya n'onwe ya. 

## Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ ahọpụtara

*   Based on the Rosenbach lectures, March 2010.
*   Includes a new afterword by the author.
*  Series : Lyell lectures 1990-1991.
*  Series : The Sixth Hanes lecture.
* 
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* "Some Conjectures about the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought: A Preliminary Report," *The Journal of Modern History*  Vol. 40, No. 1, March 1968
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