Bill Howell (onye na-ese ihe)

**William "Bill" Lowell Howell** (Septemba 12, 1942 - Julaị 25, 1975) bụ onye nrụpụta eserese, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye nrụpụta na onye na-ese foto. Ọ bụ onye mbụ so na Weusi Artist Collective, otu ndị na-ese ihe nyere aka mụọ Black Arts Movement na 1960. Ọ bụ onye isi nka maka The New Lafayette Theatre na New York na akwụkwọ akụkọ Black Theatre ya. O mebere Pamoja Studio Gallery na New York na 1967.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Howell na Septemba 12, 1942, na Jefferson City, TN .  Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Wilmington, DE, mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ gara Philadelphia College of Art   (ugbu a Mahadum Arts ) site na 1960 ruo 1962. 

## Ọrụ nka
Na 1961, Howell rụrụ ọrụ eserese mbụ ya na Lyons Advertising Studio na Wilmington.  Onye omenkà azụmahịa, ọ bụ onye nduzi nka na ụlọ ahịa ngalaba JM Fields Co. Inc..   

Howell kwagara New York gburugburu 1965 ma ọ bụ 1966.    Ya na ndị na-ese ihe bụ Ademola Olugebefola na Abdullah Aziz hibere Arts Seven mgbe ha bi na Ụlọ Amsterdam dị nso na Lincoln Center .  Ha mechara kwaga Harlem ebe ha sonyere na Twentieth Century Creators, otu ndị omenkà si New York na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu hibere na 1964.   N'otu afọ ahụ, otu ahụ haziri nke mbụ Harlem Outdoor Art Festival.    Otu a gbasasịa ka ndị otu na-enwerịta ụka na nkà ihe ọmụma na ntụzịaka ya. 

### Weusi Artist mkpokọta
Na 1965, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe guzobere Weusi, nke pụtara "oji" na Swahili.  Ndị otu ahụ kwadoro echiche nke Black art maka ndị isi ojii na ike ojii, na-ejikọta onwe ha na ndị na-ese ihe na-elekwasị anya na omenala Black ha na ihe nketa Africa.  Otu a hibere n'oge ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ole na ole nwere ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ese oji.  Howell bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ Weusi. Ndị na-ese Weusi bu ụzọ mepụta mbipụta ojii na nke ọcha nke enwere ike ikesa na ire ngwa ngwa.  Howell sonyere na ihe ngosi obodo Weusi na 1960s na 1970s, yana ihe ngosi na gallery nke Weusi, Weusi Nyumba Ya Sanaa Art Gallery.   Howell gosipụtara ya na ndị nka Weusi ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi “mbilite n'ọnwụ” ha, nke emere na Studio Museum na Harlem na 1970. Nke a bụ ihe ngosi izizi otu a na nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.  

### Pamoja Studio Gallery
Na 1967, Howell hiwere Pamoja Studio Gallery na Bob Davis na Ollie Johnson.  Ụlọ ihe ngosi ahụ dị na Greenwich Village dị na New York, na-ewepụta aha na magazin Jet nke kọwara ha dị ka ndị nwe "mkpụrụ obi". Ọ bụ n’ime “mmụọ Weusi” ka e hiwere ya, anyị lere ya anya dị ka alaka ụlọ ọrụ dị n’ime ime obodo,” ka Olugebefola kwuru.  Weusi mepere gallery nke ya n'otu afọ ahụ, Nyumba Ya Sanaa Gallery, na Harlem. 

### Ihe ọsịse
Ọrụ Howell dị ka onye na-ese ihe na ihe osise jikọtara ọnụ. Dịka onye isi ihe nka nke The New Lafayette Theatre, o haziri mmemme, akwụkwọ mmado na ihe nhazi.  Ihe osise ya gbakọrọ na magazin Black Theatre. O mekwara akwụkwọ mmado na katalọgụ maka ụfọdụ ihe ngosi ndị o sonyere na ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Philadelphia Museum of Art  dị ka onye nduzi nke "Mind's Eye,"  mmemme nka ụmụaka nwere nkeji mkpanaka na ihe ngosi. Howell bụ onye na-ese ihe osise mara mma,' ka Olugebefola, otu n'ime ndị malitere Weusi kwuru. “O nyere aka wepụta ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa mara mma. Nke ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ nke New Lafayette mere. Anyị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Black Theater isii kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ; M tinyere aka na atọ; Bill Howell tinyere opekata mpe abụọ n'ime ndị ahụ tupu ya anwụọ. … Bill haziri (New Lafayette) akwụkwọ mmado *Ka ịkpọlite Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ na ịkọ ọdịnihu, Goin' a Buffalo, Devil Catchers, A Ritual to Bond Together and Strengthen Black People nke mere na ha nwere ike ịlanahụ ogologo mgba nke ga-abịa* – na ndị ọzọ, atụmatụ niile magburu onwe ya. "N'afọ ndị 1960, Howell bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe osise ojii na mba ahụ. Magazin PRINT dere otu akụkọ banyere ụkọ ahụ, e hotakwara Howell ọtụtụ ihe. N'ime akụkọ ahụ, Howell kwuru na a goro ya ọrụ maka ọrụ eserese mbụ ya site n'enyemaka nke NAACP . Ọ bụ ọrụ mmụta nke nyere ya ohere ịmụta banyere imewe mgbasa ozi wee nweta mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na Howell na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta Black amalitela ilekwasị anya n'ihe nketa agbụrụ ha na ọrụ ha. 

### Solo na ihe ngosi otu
Howell bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye nrụpụta ihe na onye na-ese foto.  O mere ihe ngosi nke ọma na New York na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na East Coast .  Mgbe ọ bi na New York na 1968, ọ laghachiri na Wilmington iji mee ihe ngosi nka bara uru maka ndị ntorobịa.  Ọ lọghachiri na 1973 maka ihe ngosi solo na gallery na Centerville. 

O sonyere na ihe ngosi "New Black Artists" na October 1969 na Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences Museum ( Brooklyn Museum of Art ) na mgbe ahụ na Mahadum Columbia otu ọnwa gachara.  O mere akwụkwọ mmado maka ihe ngosi mahadum.  Na 1970, Howell bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ndị oji ojii akpọrọ "Afro-American Artists New York na Boston" na Boston Museum of Fine Arts . 

Howell so na ndị na-ese ihe gosipụtara na ihe ngosi eserese na ihe nkiri nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na New York na Studio Museum na Harlem na 1970.  Ndị nhazi kwuru na e bu n'obi gosipụta ihe okike nke ndị America America na mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta.

N'afọ 1971, ọ so na ndị na-ese ihe 60 si n'ofe obodo ahụ na ihe ngosi nke eserese, eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ na eserese nke Illinois Bell na Chicago kwadoro.   Ihe ngosi ahụ gara obodo asaa na Illinois, Indiana na Iowa. 

Howell gosipụtara ihe okike ya na foto na ihe ngosi 1972 akpọrọ "Foto gbasasịrị," nke katalọgụ na akwụkwọ mmado ọ haziri.  Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia na Philadelphia Civic Center Museum kwadoro ihe ngosi a.  O mekwara akwụkwọ mmado maka ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia Art's Inner-City Cultural Arts Festival na 1974. 

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe ise na ihe ngosi "usoro ise" na Delaware Art Museum na 1972 nke gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe na Philadelphia. E gosiburu ihe ngosi a na Studio Museum na Harlem na Ile-Ife Museum of Afro-American Life and Culture na Philadelphia. 

N'ikwekọ n'ebumnobi Weusi iwebata nka n'ime obodo, Howell sonye na ihe ngosi na ịre ahịa n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ, gụnyere otu oriri ubi nke Links social club na 1975  na onye ọzọ n'ụlọ nkeonwe na Bedford Stuyvesant nke Brooklyn na 1972.  1]  Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na 1970 kwuru na ọ natara ihe nrite otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ na Brooklyn Museum 's Fence Art Show - ebe e gosipụtara ihe osise na ngere gburugburu ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala - nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na-akwado. 

Howell haziri mmemme maka ihe ngosi Weusi na ụlọ ọrụ Opportunities Industrialization Center dị na New York na 1971. 

## Nchịkọta
Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ Howell, katalọgụ, foto, akwụkwọ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na nchịkọta nke Mahadum Emory 's Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, na Rare Book Library dị n'Atlanta.  A na-anọchi anya ya n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta nzuzo. 

* Alaka Countee Cullen nke Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọhaneze New York, 1967  
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn, 1969 
* Mahadum Columbia, 1969 
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka, New York, 1970 
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Arts Anya, 1970 
* Osisi dị na Centerville, Wilmington DE, 1973 
* Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1970 
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Rhode Island, 1970  
* Nyumba Ya Sanaa Gallery, 1971-1972, 1974  
* Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ohere, NY, 1971 
* Ụlọ ihe nkiri Studio na Harlem, 1971 
* Illinois Bell, Chicago, 1971 
* Ile-Ife Museum of Afro-American Life and Culture, 1972  
* Delaware Art Museum, 1972 
* Philadelphia Civic Center Museum, 1972 
* Cinque Gallery, NY, 1974, 1976  
* Walnut Street Ụlọ ihe nkiri, 1975 
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia, 1975 

Howell nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa shuga na 1975 mgbe ọ dị afọ 32 na New York.  N'ịbụ onye gbara alụkwaghịm, ọ bụ nna ụmụ abụọ. N'ọnwa Disemba ahụ, ọ natara onyinye nturu ugo mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'aka ndị ụlọ ọrụ Benin n'oge ngosi ihe nrite mba ụwa nke anọ ya. 

## Ntụaka
mmadụ, gụnyere otu oriri ubi nke Links social club na 1975  na onye ọzọ n'ụlọ nkeonwe na Bedford Stuyvesant nke Brooklyn na 1972.  1]  Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na 1970 kwuru na ọ natara ihe nrite otummadụ, gụnyere otu oriri ubi nke Links social club na 1975  na onye ọzọ n'ụlọ nkeonwe na Bedford Stuyvesant nke Brooklyn na 1972.  1]  Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na 1970 kwuru na ọ natara ihe nrite otu
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations