William Clutz

William Clutz (March 19, 1933 - Julaị 26, 2021) bụ onye omenkà America ama ama maka ọgụ obodo mepere emepe, pastels, na ụzọ unyi nke ihe nkiri ndị na-agafe agafe site n'ìhè.  [lower-alpha 1] Eji ụgbọala na mweghachi na ihe atụ ihe atụ na nka America n'oge 1950s na 1960s.  [ala-alfa 2]

Ụlọ Clutz na Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, na Mercersburg, Pennsylvania.  Ọ gara Mercersburg Academy na Mahadum Iowa .  Ọ kwagara New York City na 1955 ka onye ọrụ ya dị ka onye omenkà , wee biri ebe ahụ ruo 1996 mgbe ọ kwagara Rhinebeck, New York.

## Ndụ mbido
Na 1933, Dr. na Oriakụ Paul A. Clutz, si n'ibu nne na nna ha dị na Gettysburg, PA gaa Mercersburg, PA, ụnwayọ ole na ole ka a mụsịrị nwa ha nwoke nke abụọ, William.  Dr. Clutz bụ onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na nso nso a Mahadum Pennsylvania Medical School .  Ɔ debanyere aha na ndị agha mmiri na 1941, na-alọta na Pacific Theater na 1946. Oriakụ Clutz ikike BA na Art History site na Barnard College, ma mara ịhụnanya ụwa nka nke oge a.

William Clutz nzọụkwụ mbụ na nka mgbe ọ bụ nwata.  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, a àgwà aro ka ya na onye bi na Mercersburg na nso nso a, Thomas Danaher nkà nkà.  [lower-alpha 3] Danaher (1908–1975) na nri ya, Ellen, akwagala Mercersburg na 1944, n'oge na-adịghị anya ka Thomas mechara njem nlegharị anya ya na ndị agha mmiri.  Ọ bụ onye New York City, ma nkà na Cooper Union na na Art Students League .  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Hans Hoffman na Rockwell Kent .  Clutz gara n'ihu na-amụ Danaher mgbe nke ikpeazụ "Izi ihe na Washington County Museum of Fine Arts dị nso.  [lower-alpha 4] Clutz gara Mercersburg Academy site na 1947 ruo 1951 wee gaa n'ihu na ọkụ ya na Danaher, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta ahụ enyeghị nkuzi nka n'oge ahụ.

Clutz gara Mahadum nke Iowa site na 1951 ruo 1955. N'oge a, ọ malitere igosi ihe osise nke ya na ihe ngosi mpaghara, na-emeri ihe nrite 1st na Washington County Museum Regional Cumberland Valley Artists Exhibition na 1952, 1953, 1957 na aha nsọpụrụ na 1954 Iowa Annual na Des Moines, Iowa.

## Ọrụ
Na 1955, Clutz kwagara New York City, wee malite ọrụ ya dị ka ọkachamara nka.  N'ịbụ nke dị na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe mgba, o biri na East 9th St. n'etiti Avenues B na C na nso Tompkins Square Park, isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ọrụ mbụ ya.  [ala-alpha 5] Ọ kwadoro ọrụ eserese ya site n'ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ nwa oge.  N'afọ 1957, ọ gara klas nkenke na Art Student League na Manhattan.  [Alfa dị na peeji nke 6] .  

Na New York, okwu abstract bụ ụzọrechi si ele nka n'oge ahụ.  Otú ọ dị, Clutz akwụkwọ n'ụdị nke ya nke lekwasịrị anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime tableaux obodo.  Na-arụ ọrụ na ọnọdụ nke ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị na-ama aka na-ewu ewu na-enweghị anya na New York, Clutz, onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwado ihe ngosi.  [lower-alpha 7] Ihe osise ya na-anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ime obodo mepere emepe, na-ahụ mgbanwe nke ndị ọ na-achị ka ha na-eme njem n'ìhè dị ka anya nke okporo ámá obodo obodo.  ma ọ bụ akara , dị ka e ike na abụọ n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya, "Ọgụgụ. 1960" na "Ogige akwụkwọ, 1960"..

Mmasị Clutz na-arụ ọrụ site na nleba anya kpọmkwem nke ndụ obodo mepere emepe ikike ogologo oge na German Expressionism, yana ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Henri Matisse, Arshile Gorky, na Nicholas De Stael, na nke Albert Ryder usoro nke reductive.  oke osimiri.   
 
N'oge ọrụ ya, ngwa na ụzọ unyi nke Clutz ma ọ bụ pastels ya nwere ike na ụzọ ya.  N'afọ 1961, ọ na-ahụ nnukwu nnukwu unyi na-atụgharị nke onye na-ere ya, David Herbert.  Na 1962, Clutz sonyeere Bertha Schaefer Gallery na 57th Street, ebe ya gara n'ihu na-achọsi ike na 1960. [lower-alpha 8]

Na 1971, Brooke Alexander, onye na-eto eto na-ebi akwụkwọ na onye na-ere ahịa n'oge a, gwara Clutz ka o mepụta mbipụta nwere agba. . Mgbe Clutz mepụtara ọtụtụ nnukwu pastels, Alexander kwetara igosi ha na gallery ya. . [lower-alpha 9] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ere pastels Clutz n'ime 1970s. Clutz mepụtara ụfọdụ agba agba maka Brooke Alexander n'oge a; Alexander gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na "Mbipụta Acha Aka", 1973. [lower-alpha 10]

N'afọ ndị 1970, Clutz nọgidere na-ere ọtụtụ pastels na eserese site na Alonzo Gallery na 57th Street. [lower-alpha 11] Ọtụtụ n'ime pastels ndị a ka egosiri na ihe ngosi ya na Walther-Rathenau-Saal, Berlin 1978. 

Ụlọ ihe ngosi Alonzo mechiri na 1980, na na 1981 Clutz ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ 57th St. Tatischeff dị nso nọchiri anya ya. Ọ na-egosipụta pastels mgbe mgbe n'otu na ihe ngosi solo. Clutz hapụrụ gallery n'ihi na ọ nwere mmasị karịa igosi eserese karịa pastels. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Tatischeff, Clutz nọgidere na-egosi pastels na Los Angeles na Terrence Rogers Fine Art.

Na 1997 Clutz gosipụtara eserese na Nicholas Davies Gallery na Manhattan's Greenwich Village, NY. . . [lower-alpha 12] O gosikwara ihe osise ọhụrụ na Carrie Haddad Gallery, Hudson, NY. Mgbe ọ hụrụ ihe ngosi ndị a, Katharina Rich Perlow kpọrọ Clutz ka ọ sonyere gallery ya, nke dị n'otu ụlọ 57th St. dị ka onye na-ere ahịa Clutz's 1960, Bertha Schaefer. Clutz gara n'ihu na-egosi mgbe niile na nke ọma na gallery a ruo mgbe ọ mechiri na 2009.

A ahụmahụ onye na-ese ihe na National Academy of Design na 2005.

Na ntụleghachi ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke Clutz na 2002, "William Clutz: Iri iri nke New York Streets", Ken Johnson dere:
 
Clutz kuziri ụzọ na ụzọ na Parsons The New School for Design from 1970 ruo 1994. Tupu nke ahụ, ọ ለማዘጋጀትri na Mahadum Minnesota, Duluth, site na 1967 ruo 1968. O so na ahụmahụ nkuzi na Gerrit Rietveld Academie, Amsterdam, na Royal Academy  , The Hague, na 1984. Ọ natara onyinye mmụta mmụta na Parsons The New School for Design na 1989.

Na 1996, Clutz si na Manhattan kwaga Rhinebeck, NY, ebe o bi. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 2008. Clutz nwụrụ na Julaị 26, 2021. 

John F. Sheehy, onye mmekọ Clutz maka afọ 30, onye na-ere ihe ochie na onye Ireland, nwụrụ na 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033642/http://www.dapsonchestney.com/index_get2.php?article_id=448

## Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa ahọpụtara na nnukwu mkpokọta
Ụbọchị ndị dị ama nke Clutz egwuregwu na nchịkọta nke Hirshhorn Museum na Sculpture Garden, DC ;  Washington County Museum of Fine Arts, MD;  Ndị eze ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan, NY;  National Academy Museum, NY;  Dayton Art Institute, OH;  Museum of Modern Art, NY;  Newark Museum, NJ;  Ezi ihe ngosi nka nke Obodo New York, NY;  Tweed Museum of Art, MN;  Hudson River Museum, NY;  akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Mercersburg, PA;  Telfair Museum of Art, Savannah, GA;  Ndị dike ihe ngosi nke Corcoran, DC;  Ezi ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn, NY;  Ndị egwu egwu nke Huntsville, LA;  na ndị ọzọ.

A na-etinyekwa ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ nchịkọta ụlọ ọrụ, ndị Chase Bank, NY;  akụ mba na ihu obi nke atɔ, Dayton, OH;  Bradley Family Foundation (Lynden Sculpture Garden), Milwaukee, WI;  First Bank Minneapolis, MN;  Minnesota Mutual, St. Paul, MN;  Mobil Corp. Fairfax, VA;  McKinsey and Co., NY, na ndị ọzọ.

A na-echekwa ihe ọrụ na Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.  Iri na ise n'ime nnukwu ọrụ ya na akwụkwọ ya mkpokọta ihe nketa ya na Washington County Museum of Fine Arts

## Oge ihe ngosi ahọpụtara
 

## Ihe ndetu
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## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ William Clutz (1950-2008) na Archives of American Art
* William Clutz na Carrie Haddad Gallery
* William Clutz Legacy Collection na Washington County Museum of Fine Arts

## Isi mmalite

* O'Doherty, Brian, Nyochaa, "Tumult of Streets: Mmeghe nke Clutz na ndị ọzọ", *The New York Times*, Nọvemba 6, 1963
* New York Herald Tribune, Nyochaa, Nọvemba 9, 1963
* ARTnews, Nyocha, Nọvemba 1963; Magazin Arts, Nyochaa, Jenụarị, 1964;
* Nyochaa Magazin Oge, Jun 17, 1966
* Albright, Thomas, Nyochaa, San Francisco Chronicle, Eprel 13, 1967; Cotter, Holland, nyocha, New York Arts Journal, 1977
* Gerrit Henry, Nyochaa, Nkà na America, Feb 1998, Kuntz Melissa, Nyochaa, Nkà na America, Eprel 2003
* Martin, Alvin, American Realism: Twentieth Century Drawings and Watercolors, Abrams, NY 1986
* Norelli, Martina Roudabush, "William Clutz", Allgemeines Kunstlerexikon, Munich, KG Saur Verlage, Munich, Leipsig, Eprel 1995
* Johnson, Ken, Nyochaa, *The New York Times*, Nov. 29 2002
* Woods, Jean, William Clutz Retrospective, Washington County Museum of Fine Arts
* Oge na Ebe: Ihe atụ American Art si Corcoran Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, 1981, "Bill Clutz", ihe ngosi ihe ngosi, Walter-Rathenau-Saal, Berlin, Germany, 1978
* Mangan, Doreen, "William Clutz weghara mkpụrụ obi nke obodo," American Artist, February 1978.

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations