Harold Crane Fleming

**Harold Crane Fleming** (n'ọnwa December 23, 1926 rụọ n'onwa Eprel 29, n'afọ  2015)  bụ onye mba Amerika n'amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke n'ahụ maka ọdịbendị na asụsụ nke mpi nke Afrika. Dị ka onye n'gbaso  Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nnyocha Akparamaagwa America Na Ngwaọrụ Anọ , o mesiri ike njikọta nke anthropology anụ ahụ, asụsụ, nkà mmụta ihe ochie, na antoropolojị ọdịbendị na idozi nsogbu anthropological.

Fleming bụ onye mmegide na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ kpaliri n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ma nyefee ndụ ya fọdụrụ na ọmụmụ ihe iji kwalite ohere nhata.

## Ọrụ
Kemgbe afọ 1965, Fleming nwere njikọ na Mahadum Boston, n'aga n'ihu rụọ ugbua  dị ka  onye nyocha na etiti ọmụmụ Afrịka  na  Ọkà mmụta sayensị mmadụ nke Emeritus. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ubi dị ukwuu n'Ebe Ugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, karịsịa na Etiopia. N'iji data sitere na ọrụ ubi nke onwe ya na ndị ọzọ, Fleming mụrụ ma bipụta n'emetụta nke ọ bụla n'ime asụsụ anọ dị na mba Etiopia: Semitic, Cushitic (1976),  Omotic (1969, 1970), na Nilo-Saharan,  tinyere Shabo (2002) na Ongota (2006).

Na mbido ọrụ ya, Fleming bipụtara akwụkwọ (Fleming n'afọ 1969) nke depụtara atụmatụ taxonomic dị mkpa, n'azọrọ na ihe a maara dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ "ọdịda anyanwụ  nke Cushitic" abụghị akụkụ nke Cushittic ma ọlị, kama ọ bụ alaka nke isii nke Afroasiatic, nke o chepụtara aha Omotic. Kemgbe ahụ, a nabatara atụmatụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe mana ọ bụghị n'ụwa niile. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ịkwado nsogbụ taxonomic metụtara asụsụ ndị a n'asụ n' mba Africa na n'ụwa niile (Fleming 1976, 1987, 1988, 1991, 2002, 2006, wdg).

Fleming bụ onye na-akwado olu, na onye n'eme ihe na, mgbalị ịgbasa itinye usoro asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ọrụ rụọ n'ókè o kwere mee n'oge gara aga. Ọ tụrụ aro ijikọta nso naazụ ya na nke antoropolojị, mkpụrụ ndụ nke nketa na nkà mmụta ihe ochie  , iji mepụta echiche dị n'otu banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ. Fleming bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike nke aro ndị n'ese okwu mgbe ụfọdụ nke Joseph Greenberg, n'ekwusi ike na ihe ịga nke ọma nke nhazi Greenberg nke "asụsụ 1500 [Afrịka] n'ime nnukwu taxa anọ ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile nọrọ kemgbe" (Fleming 2000-2001).

N'afọ 1986, Fleming zutere ndị na-eto eto nke "Moscow Circle" nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ọ masịrị ya nke ukwuu site na nyocha asụsụ dị anya nke ndị ọkà mmụta na Moscow bụ ndị na-anwa ịgbasa usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke asụsụ mmadụ karịa ọkwa ndị e nwetara na 1950s na 1960s. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1986, Fleming malitere ikesa akwụkwọ ozi nye ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị mmadụ na mpụga Russia. Ka ọ na-erule mbipụta nke anọ (Nọvemba 1987), akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ enwetala ọdịdị dị mma na aha Asụsụ Nne.

N'afọ 1989, e debanyere aha "Long Range Comparison Club" n'ụzọ iwu dị ka Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory (ASLIP).  Fleming jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ASLIP (1988-1996), odeakwụkwọ-onye n'ahụ maka akụ (1996 rụọ n'afọ 1998), na osote onye isi oche na onye n'ahụ Maka akụ (2004-dị ugbu a). Ebum uche ASLIP bụ "ịgba ume mba ụwa, ịkekọrịta ozi, mkparịta ụka, na arụmụka n'etiti ndị biogenetiks,  ndị ọkà mmụta ihe omimi, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, na ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ajụjụ ndị metụtara njikọ n'apụta n'mmalite *Asụsụ Nne* asụsụ ndị nna nna ha n'asụ". Kemgbe afọ 1995, ASLIP ebipụtala akwụkwọ akụkọ Nne asụsụ 

E bipụtara festschrift n'asọpụrụ Fleming n'afọ 2008.  N'ime mpịakọta a, enwere ngalaba ndị na-egosipụta mmasị dị ukwuu nke Fleming, gụnyere asụsụ na ọdịbendị n'mba Afrika, "Asụsụ nke mba Eurasia, Oceania, na Amerịka", na "Mmalite mmadụ, mmalite asụsụ, na asụsụ Proto-Sapiens".

## Nhọrọ nke ọrụ Harold C. Fleming

* 1965. *Omenala na-eme ka afọ dị iche iche nke East Africa: nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme*. Mahadum nke Pittsburgh.
* 1969. "Asa na Aramanik: Ndị na-achụ nta Cushitic na Masai-Land. " Na *Ethnology*, VIII.
* 1969. "Nchịkọta nke West Cushitic n'ime Hamito-Semitic. " Na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke Daniel McCall, Norman Bennett, na Jeffrey Butler dezigharịrị, 3-27. Boston University Studies in African History 3.
* 1976. "Cushitic and Omotic." Na Language in Ethiopia, nke M. Lionel Bender et al., 34-53 dezigharịrị.
* 1978. "Ndị Etiopia na ndị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. " Na *The International Journal of African Historical Studies*, XI, 2.
* 1978. "Microtaxonomy: Asụsụ na ọbara dị na Horn of Africa. " Na Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Session B, Eprel 13-16, 1978, nke Robert Hess dezigharịrị, 25-49.
* 1979-1980. "Echiche asụsụ na nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmekọrịta prehistoric nke Somalia". Na *Somalia na Ụwa*, 34-37.
* 1982. "Kuliak external relations: Step one." Na Nilotic Studies, site na Proceedings of the International Symposium on Languages and History of the Nilotic Peoples, Cologne, January 4-6, 1982, Mpịakọta 2, 423-478.
* 1987. "Mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke Hadza na Sandawe". Na Proceedings of the International Symposium on African Hunters and Gatherers, nke Franz Rottland dezigharịrị, 157-189. Sprache und Geschichte in Africa, Mpịakọta 7.2.
* 1988. "N'ihe gbasara nhazi nke asụsụ ụmụ mmadụ", nyocha nke A Guide to the World's Languages nke Merritt Ruhlen. Diachronica 4, 159-223.
* 1990. "A Grammatical Sketch of Dime (Dim‐Af) of the Lower Omo. " Omotic Language Studies ed. site n'aka Richard Hayward, 494-583. London, S.O.A.S., Mahadum nke London.
* 1991. "A new taxonomic hypothesis: Borean or Boralean." Mother Tongue 14 (Newsletter of ASLIP), 16 pp.
* 2000. "Glottalization in Eastern Armenian" *Journal of Indo-European Studies* 28.1-2, 155-196.
* 2000-2001. "Joseph H. Greenberg: Ụtụ na nyocha. " Mother Tongue: The Journal 6, 9-28.
* 2002. "Shabo: A new African phylum or a pụrụ iche relic of Old Nilo-Saharan?" Mother Tongue: The Journal 7, 1-38.
* 2002. "Afrasian na ndị ikwu ya kacha nso: The Borean hypothesis" E debere  Wayback Machine (Abstract of paper.) 
* 2006. *[[Ongota language|Ongota]]: Asụsụ Dị Mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa.* Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Afro-Eshia
* Ọmụmụ ihe ndị Etiopia
* Ọmụmụ Somalia
*  (akwụkwọ akụkọ) Ede m si bia

* Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory (ASLIP)