Asụsụ Nadahup

Asụsụ *Nadahup*', nke a makwaara dị ka **Makú** (Macú) ma ọ bụ *Vaupés–Japurá*, na-etolite obere ezinụlọ asụsụ na Brazil, Colombia, na Venezuela.  Aha *Makú* bụ pejorative, nke sitere na okwu Arawakan pụtara "enweghị okwu".  *Nadahup* bụ okwu mkpọ okwu nke asụsụ ndị mejupụtara.

Ezinụlọ Nadahup ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ a na-akpọ *Makú* . Enwere atụmatụ ijikọ asụsụ a enweghị nkewa na Nadahup, mana yana asụsụ ndị ọzọ.

## Mmekọrịta mpụga
Martins (2005: 342–370) na-achịkọta asụsụ Arawakan na Nadahup ọnụ dịka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ **Makúan-Arawakan** ( **Nadahup-Arawakan** ) chọrọ,  mana Aikhenvald ajụla atụmatụ a (2006: 237). 

Epps na Bolaños (2017) nabatara ịdị n'otu nke asụsụ anọ Nadahup, mana echela na Puinave nwere njikọ. 

## Mmekọrịta asụsụ
Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere myirịta akwụkwọ ozi na ezinụlọ Arawa, Guahibo, na Tupi n'ihi kọntaktị.  Enwere ike ịchọta mkparịta ụka nke akwụkwọ ozi lexical na phonological n'etiti asụsụ Nadahup (Vaupés-Japurá) na Tupi na Jolkesky and Cabral (2011).  Asụsụ Nadahup nwekwara okwu mbinye dị iche iche sitere na asụsụ Tucanoan  na Nheengatu . 

## Asụsụ
Nadahup nwere ihe dị ka asụsụ anọ, dabere na nghọtarịta. Nadeb na Kuyawi, Hup na Yahup, na Nukak na Kakwa, n'agbanyeghị, na-ekekọrịta 90% nke okwu ha ma nwee nghọta n'etiti onwe ha, ya mere asụsụ dị iche iche bụ naanị n'echiche mmekọrịta ọha na eze . Alaka anọ ndị a adịghị nso: Ọ bụ ezie na a tụrụ aro ezinụlọ na mbụ na 1906, ọ bụ nanị 300 cognates ka a chọtara, nke gụnyere nnọchiaha ma ọ dịghị ụdị ụtọ asụsụ ọzọ.

Nadëb nwere ike bụrụ ihe dị iche iche; nke asụsụ ndị ọzọ, enwere nghọtahie na ntinye nke Nikâk . Martins (1999) tụpụtara nhazi ọkwa abụọ, na-eche nyocha ọzọ:

; Martins, amụma A

; Martins, amụma B
Otú ọ dị, Epps na-ewere Hup na Yahup dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, ma na-ekwusi ike na ntinye nke Nukak na Kakwa na-akwadoghị nke ọma na-egosighi na ọ bụ eziokwu nke ukwuu: 

; Epps

### Jolkesky (2016)
Nhazi nke ime site na Jolkesky (2016): 
 
A na-emegharị ọkwa a na Nikulin (2019). 

## Ụdị ụdị
Dâw na Hup—karịsịa Hup—emewo nhazigharị ụtọasụsụ n'okpuru mmetụta Tucano . Ha enwekwaghị prefixes mana ha nwetara suffixes sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ngwaa emebere grammatical . Ha nwekwara mgbọrọgwụ monosyllabic nke ukwuu, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ site na mbelata okwu mbinye ego Portuguese na syllable ha siri ike, dị ka na Dâw *yẽl*' "ego", sitere na Portuguese *dinheiro.* Nadëb na Nikâk, n'aka nke ọzọ, nwere mgbọrọgwụ polysyllabic. Nïkâk na-enye ohere otu prefix n'otu okwu, ebe Nadëb, nke dị na mpụga mpaghara asụsụ Vaupés, na-enwe prefix na polysynthetic : Ruo prefixes itoolu maka okwu ọ bụla (nke na-adịghị ahụkebe maka Amazon), yana ntinye aha, prepositions, na adverbs.

## Mmekọrịta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
Rivet (site na 1920), Kaufman (1994) na Pozzobon (1997) gụnyere Puinave n'ime ezinụlọ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ekwu na cognate bụ ihe efu. 

Henley, Mattéi-Müller na Reid (1996) na-egosi na asụsụ Hodï (nke a makwaara dị ka Yuwana) nwere njikọ.

Puinavean bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Macro-Puinavean chere echiche yana ezinụlọ Arutani – Sape na asụsụ Máku .

Macro-Puinavean gụnyere na ngwaahịa *Macro-Tucanoan* nke Joseph Greenberg, mana nke a jụrụ n'ụwa niile. Otu ọzọ dị egwu buru ibu bụ Morris Swadesh 's *Macro-Makú* .

## Okwu okwu
Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu maka asụsụ Macú. 

## Proto-asụsụ
Maka ndepụta nrụzigharị Proto-Eastern Makú ahọpụtara nke Martins (2005),  hụ edemede Portuguese kwekọrọ.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). *Asụsụ ndị India America: Ọkà mmụta asụsụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Native America* . New York: Oxford University Press.  .
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). *Asụsụ na America* . Stanford: Mahadum Mahadum Stanford.
* Henley, Pọl; Marie-Claude Mattéi-Müller na Howard Reid (1996): "mmekọrịta omenala na asụsụ nke ndị na-eri nri nke North Amazonia: echiche ọhụrụ"; *Antropologica* 83: 3–37 . Caracas.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Akụkọ gbasara asụsụ na South America: Ihe anyị maara na otu esi amatakwu. Na DL Payne (Ed.), *asụsụ Amazonian: Ọmụmụ n'asụsụ ndịda America dị larịị* (p.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: Mahadum Texas Press. ISBN&nbsp; .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). Asụsụ ala nna nke South America. Na C. Mosley & RE Asher (Eds.), *Atlas nke asụsụ ụwa* (p.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, société et numération chez les Indiens Makú (Haut Rio Negro, Brésil). *Akwụkwọ akụkọ de la Société de Américanistes de París* 83: 159–172. Paris.
* Rivet, Paul na Constant Tastevin 1920: "Affinités du Makú et du Puinave"; *Akwụkwọ akụkọ de la Société des Américanistes de París*, ns t XII: 69–82. Paris.
* Rivet, Pọl; PP Kok na C. Tastevin 1925: "Nouvele contributión a l'étude de la langue Makú; International *Journal of American Linguistics*, vol. 3, n. 24, nkp&nbsp;129–132. New York.

; Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu

* Bolaños, K. (2010). *Kakua phonology: ụzọ mbụ* . Mahadum Texas dị na Austin.
* Conduff, KW (2006). *Diccionario situacional del idioma Nukak* . Bogotá: Iglesia Cristiana Nuevos Horizontes.
* Erickson, T.; Erickson, CG (1993). *Vocabulario Jupda-Español-Português* . Santafé de Bogotá: Asociación Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Maciel, I. (1991). *Alguns aspectos fonológicos e morfológicos da língua Máku* . Nkà mmụta nna ukwu *.* *Brasilia: Mahadum nke Brasília.*
* Martins, V. (1999). *Dicionário Nadëb Português / Português Nadëb* . (Ihe odide).
* Martins, V. (2005). *Reconstrução Fonológica na Protomaku Oriental* . Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. (Nka mmụta doctoral).
* Ramirez, H. (2006). *A Língua dos Hupd'äh do Alto Rio Negro: dicionário e guia de conversação* . São Paulo: Associação Saúde Sem Limites.
* Migliazza, EC (1965). Fonología Makú. *Boletim na MPEG* . Antropología, 25:1-17 .
* Mattei-Müller, M. (nd). *Vocabulario Comparativo Castellano-Kakwa Vaupes-Guaviare-Hodï* . (Ihe odide).

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta Okwu Hup (sitere na ebe nchekwa data ego mba ụwa)
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations