open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Allan MacLeod Cormack

**Allan MacLeod Cormack** (February 23, 1924 - May 7, 1998) bụ onye South African American physicist onye ritere ihe nrite Nobel nke 1979 na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine (ya na Godfrey Hounsfield) maka ọrụ ya na X-ray computed tomography (CT), ihe dị ịrịba ama na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe ọ bụ na Cormack enweghị nzere doctoral na ngalaba sayensị ọ bụla.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Cormack na Johannesburg, South Africa.  gara Rondebosch Boys' High School na Cape Town, ebe ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na arụmụka na otu tennis. Ọ natara B.Sc. ya. na physics na 1944 site na Mahadum nke Cape Town na M.Sc. ya. na crystallography na 1945 site n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ doctoral na Mahadum Cambridge site na 1947-49, mgbe ọ nọ na Cambridge ọ zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu, Barbara Seavey, nwa akwụkwọ physics nke America.

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ lụsịrị Barbara, ọ laghachiri na Mahadum nke Cape Town na mbido 1950 iji kụzie ihe. Mgbe ha nwesịrị ezumike nká na Harvard n'afọ 1956-57, di na nwunye ahụ kwetara ịkwaga na United States, Cormack ghọkwara prọfesọ na Mahadum Tufts n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1957. Cormack ghọrọ nwa amaala United States na 1966. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na physics nke ụmụ irighiri ihe, mmasị Cormack nwere na teknụzụ X-ray mere ka ọ mepụta ntọala nke nyocha CT. A malitere ọrụ a na Mahadum Cape Town na Groote Schuur Hospital na mbido 1956 ma gaa n'ihu n'oge na-adịghị anya n'etiti afọ 1957 mgbe ọ lọtara na ezumike ya. E mechara bipụta nsonaazụ ya na akwụkwọ abụọ na Journal of Applied Physics na 1963 na 1964. Akwụkwọ ndị a mere ka obere mmasị ruo mgbe Hounsfield na ndị ọrụ ibe ya wuru CT scanner mbụ na 1971, na-ewere ngụkọta echiche Cormack n'ime ezigbo ngwa. Maka mgbalị onwe ha, Cormack na Hounsfield kerịtara 1979 Nobel Prize na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine. Ọ bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na ha abụọ wuru ụdị ngwaọrụ yiri ya n'enweghị mmekorita n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa [3]. Ọ bụ onye otu International Academy of Science, Munich. N'afọ 1990, e nyere ya National Medal of Science . 

## Ọnwụ
Cormack nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na Winchester, Massachusetts mgbe ọ dị afọ 74. E nyere ya Order of Mapungubwe mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 10 Disemba 2002 maka ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na maka ịmepụta CT scanner.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Nkwupụta ndị metụtaraAllan MacLeod Cormackna Wikiquote
* Allan M. Cormackna Nobelprize.org
Nnukwu oriri nke Winter Star

[thumb|[Nnukwu oriri nke Winter Star]]
Winter Star Party, aka WSP, bụ mgbakọ kwa afọ nke ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na amu amu ebe ọrụ bụ isi bụ nleba anya na mbara igwe n'abalị. A na eme ihe omume February a na Camp Wesumkee dị na Scout Key na Lower Florida Keys. Ndị South Cross Astronomical Society nke Miami, Florida na-akwado ya.

Ọtụtụ ndị bịara na ama ụlọikwuu na saịtị. Akwụkwọ akụkọ BBC Sky at Night gosiri WSP dị ka otu n'ime nnọkọ kpakpando iri kachasị n'ụwa. WSP malitere na 1984 site na Tippy D'Auria.

## See also

* Ndepụta nke ọha mbara igwe

## Ntụaka
Ihe Omume Mbụ nke Gregg Ritz

Primitive Instinct, bụ ihe ngosi telivishọn nke America nke onye na-achụ nta Gregg Ritz mepụtara ma ka Outdoor Channel. Ọ na-agbaso mmeri ịchụ nta nke Ritz site na ọdịdị dịgasị iche iche, na-elekwasị an ya, na omenala ịchụ nta na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. E gosipụtara ya n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2011.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ritz bụ onye na-achụ nta ọkachamara nke na-ahụ maka ịgba ụta na ịgba ụta. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ikike nke Ohio, United Steeti chunting lodge, Hunt Master's Lodge, Ritz malitere ịnabata ihe ngosi telivishọn nke Outdoor Channel, Hunt Masters. Ihe ngosi ahụ hiwere isi na ndị ọkachamara na-achụ nta dị iche iche na-etinye aka na ihe ịma aka ịchụ nta, ma na n'oge na-adịghị anya, Outdoor Channel nyere Ritz ohere ịme ihe ngosi nke ya n'ụdị Primitive Instinct.

## Nkọwa
Primitive Instinct, bụ ihe ngosi nke ụdị telivishọn siri ike nke dị n'èzí, na-elekwasị an ya, na njem Ritz site na ọdịdị ala na-enweghị mgbaghara nke British Columbia, eriri ugbo Midwestern, na mpaghara ịchụ nta ndị ọzọ. Ritz na-eji muzzleloading na nka ịgba ụta ya site n'ibelata nnukwu anụ, gụnyere Yukon moose, atụrụ nkume bi na ugwu, na Boone & Crockett whitetails. Ebum na uche ihe ngosi a bụ iji mee ka ihe ntụrụndụ ma kụziere ya ihe site na itinye nkà ndụ na usoro ịchụ nta na nzaghachi ma ka ọnọdụ okike siri ike.

## Edemsibe

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Gregg Ritz
Ụmụ anụ Guyana

**Ụmụ anụ Guyana** gụnyere ụdị anụmanụ niile bi na obodo Guyana, nke bụ akụkụ nke neotropical realm. Guyana nwere ọtụtụ ụdị [na otu n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ [biodiversity kachasị elu n'ụwa n'ihi na ọtụtụ obodo bụ akụkụ nke Amazon rainforest, n'ihi ya, nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche bụ ụdị frog ma ọ bụ udide s. Guyana nwere atọ dị iche iche. isi biome bụ [ebe okpomọkụ mmiri ozuzo, wetlands, na savannas, na biome nke ọ bụla nwere fauna pụrụ iche jikọtara ya.
Ihe owuwu ahụ

Stilt, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Australasian Wader Studies Group (AWSG), otu mmasị pụrụ iche nke Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union, nke a ma kwaara dị ka Birds Australia. Ebu ụzọ wepụta ya na      

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwere akwụkwọ, akụkọ, na akụkọ gbasara ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ime Flyway ma bụrụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi n'ụwa a raara nye naanị ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri.

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ornithology

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

*
Egwuregwu Limpopo-Lipadi na Ọzara Reserve

Lipadi Game and Wilderness Reserve  bụ́ nnukwu ebe nchekwa egwuregwu nke onwe ya na Botswana nke na-ere òkè nke ebe nchekwa ahụ nye ọha na eze.

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ịchụ nta Mink

Ichụ ntak, bụ egwuregwu nke ọbọdọ nke na-agụnye nta nke American mink na Nkịta na-esi chọrọ n'ụdị ụzọ mmiri nke mmiri ebe obibi ha, n'ụzọ yiri Ịchụ nta mfe. A na-ahụ nta Mink n'ime ime obiodo na UK na Ireland, ma na m afụ 2005, a mmetụta nta mink omenala na England na Wales.

## Mmalite ya
Mgbe a kwụsịrị egwuregwu ịchụ nta otter na British Isles na ngwụcha n'afọ 1970 n'ihi na otters na-abanye n'ihe ize ndụ, ọtụtụ ìgwè Otterhounds gbanwere ịchụ nta American mink,  nke e guzobere na Britain site na afọ 1950 gaa n'ihu, site na ndị na-agba ọsọ n'ugbo ajị anụ. Mgbalị -enweghị isi iji kpochapụ mink mere ka a na-ele ya an ya dị ka ihe na-awakpo na Britain [1] na Ireland (ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ ma ka Mink ọ bụla e gburu). 

nwere m 22 nke Minkhounds na UK, edebanyere aha na Masters of Minkhounds Association, na m anọ na Ireland, edebanye aha na Mink Hounds Association. Ịchụ nta Mink na-ezukọ otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'izu n'oge ọkọchị, site n'April ruo Ọktoba, ma na-abụ ụzọ mmiri na-achọ mink. Ndị na-eso ụzọ na-anwa ịga ije, nke nwere ike ịgafe osimiri. Mgbe a imera mink, a ga-ahụ ya, na ደቀ na-ama ntakiri mink ruo mgbe ha jidere ya.   na-eme ihe na ihe ruru 1,400 mink nwụrụ n'otu afụ site na nna nta mink na UK. Kamara iwu nke afọ 2005, reebay nta mink na UK emeela ka iwu ọhụrụ ahụ kwekọọ site n'ịgba ọsọ iwu na ụdị nta ndị ọzọ a na- anabata anabata (dị ka nna nta òké).

Nkịta ndị a na-eji eme ihe ma ka Minkhunting na-abụkarị nkịta ọhịa ndị toro eto, nke sitere na ụyọkọ nkịta ọhịa, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụyọkọ na-ejikwa ụdị Otterhound nke akụkọ ihe mere eme.

## Hụkwa

* Ịchụ nta nkịta ọhịa
* Ịchụ nta na nkịta
* Iwu Ịchụ nta 2004

## Edemsibe
Nigel Weiss

**Nigel Oscar Weiss** FRS  (16 Disemba 1936 - 24 June 2020) [1]  bụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe na onye na-eme mgbakọ na mwepụ, na onye ndú n'ọhịa nke astrophysical na geophysical fluid dynamics.  bụ Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Mathematical Astrophysics na Mahadum Cambridge.

## Mmụta
A mụrụ ya na South Africa, Weiss gụrụ akwụkwọ na Hilton College, Natal, Rugby School na Clare College, Cambridge, ma bụrụkwa onye otu Clare College kemgbe 1965. Ọ gụrụ maka PhD ya na 1961 na thesis na Variable Hydromagnetic Motions. 

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1987 ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ nke Mathematical Astrophysics na Mahadum Cambridge.

'agbata afọ 2000 na 2002 ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Royal Astronomical Society, na 2007 e nyere ya Gold Medal, ihe nrite kachasị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

## Nnyocha
Weiss bipụtara  ukwuu n'ọhịa nke mgbakọ na mwepụ astrophysics, na-ahụ maka mbara igwe na mbara igwe magnetik, astrophysical na geophysical fluid dynamics na nonlinear dynamical systems.

'afọ 1966, ọ bụ onye mbụ gosipụtara ma kọwaa usoro nke 'ịchụpụ mmiri' nke mmiri na-eduzi na-agagharị na-eme iji chụpụ magnetik site na mpaghara nke mmegharị, usoro a maara ugbu a na-eme na photosphere nke Anyanwụ na kpakpando ndị ọzọ.

## Onyinye na nsọpụrụ
A họpụtara Weiss ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society (FRS) na 1992.  Nhọpụta ya na-agụ
 

## Edensibia
Michiel Daniel Overbeek

**Michiel Daniel Overbeek** (15 Septemba 1920 na Ermelo, Mpumalanga, South Africa - 19 Julaị 2001 na Johannesburg), nke a makwaara dị ka **Danie Overbeek**, bụ Onye na-amụ banyere mbara igwe na South Africa na otu n'ime ndị na-ahụkarị kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe.

## Ndụ
Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mining and Metallurgy program na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand . N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Air Force ma nye ya Africa Star ma kpọtụrụ ya aha na Dispatches .  agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Airways na South African Railways.

N'afọ 1945, ọ lụrụ Jean Mary Preddy, onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ. Ọ nwụrụ na 1985.

## Nkà mmụta mbara igwe
Mmasị siri ike Daniel Overbeek nwere na nkà mmụta mbara igwe malitere na 1951, mgbe ọ malitere ịhụ ihe ndị kpuchiri na kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe. N'afọ 1958, ọ nwetara B.Sc. nzere na mgbakọ na mwepụ na astronomy na Mahadum nke South Africa . 'oge ndụ ya, o nyere aka na nyocha 287,240 na American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) International Database, na-aghọ onye na-enye aka na AAVSO.

N'afọ 1998, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-amụ banyere mbara igwe nke chọpụtara mmetụta mgbawa nke ụzarị gamma metụtara supernova. Ọ na-enyocha ike magnetik nke ụwa  na ọrụ Ala ọma jijiji na magnetometer na Seismograph ọ rụrụ, ma hụ ọgba aghara ionospheric na mberede. 

### Nkwado
N'afọ 1956, Overbeek ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Transvaal Centre nke Astronomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA). A họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke ASSA ugboro abụọ: na 1961 na 1999. N'afọ 1984, e nyere ya Gill Medal, nsọpụrụ ASSA kachasị elu. 

American Association of Variable Star Observers nyere ya onyinye Merit Award na 1986 na onyinye onye nduzi na 1994.  bụkwa onye na-enweta ọtụtụ onyinye AAVSO Observer: na 1994 maka ime 100,000 mgbanwe kpakpando, na 1997 maka 200,000 na 1999 maka 250,000.

N'afọ 1995, ọ natara Christos Papadopoulos Trophy nke Transvaal Centre nke ASSA .   nwetakwara ihe nrite Amateur Achievement Award nke Astronomical Society of the Pacific na 1996. [1]  gụrụ asteroid Mars-crosser 5038 Overbeek aha iji sọpụrụ ya n'afọ 2000.

## Edensibia
John S. Paraskevopoulos

thumb|John S. Paraskevopoulos (ihe dị ka 1940)
**John Stefanos Paraskevopoulos** (June 20, 1889 &#x2D; March 15, 1951) nke a makwaara dị ka John Paras, bụ onye Gris na onye South Africa na-enyocha mbara igwe. 

A mụrụ ya na Piraeus, Gris ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Athens, ebe ọ nwetara PhD ya na physics na 1910, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Timoleon A. Argyropoulos .  Isiokwu edemede ya bụ "Variability in absorption spectra". Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị agha Gris n'oge Agha Balkan na Agha Ụwa Mbụ.

O jikọtara aka chọpụta Comets abụọ, gụnyere C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos), nke a na-ahụ anya. A na-akpọ oghere Paraskevopoulos dị n'Ọnwa aha ya.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Dr. PARASKEVOPOULOS, John Stefanos

### Akụkọ ọnwụ
A. David Thackeray

**Andrew David Thackeray** (19 June 1910 - 21 February 1978),  bụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe nke a zụrụ na Mahadum Cambridge . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Radcliffe Observatory ruo afọ 23.

## Ọrụ
Thackeray gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Eton College, ebe ọ hụrụ meteors maka British Astronomical Association.   gara n'ihu na-amụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na King's College, Cambridge . [1] Ọ natara PhD na spectroscopy kpakpando na 1937 site na Solar Physics Laboratory na Cambridge. 'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Mount Wilson Observatory na California site na 1934 ruo 1936. [1]  bụ osote onye nduzi nke Solar Physics Observatory na Cambridge Observatory site na 1937 ruo 1948. [1]  bụ onye nduzi nke Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria site na 1951 ruo mgbe e jikọtara ya na Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope na 1974 iji guzobe South African Astronomical Observatory.  ghọrọ prọfesọ nsọpụrụ nke Mahadum Cape Town na, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya, onye mmekọ nke Royal Astronomical Society.

## Nnyocha
Ọ bụ ọkachamara na kpakpando spectroscopy. Na nnọkọ nke International Astronomical Union na Rome na 1952, o gosipụtara nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ nke kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe na Magellanic Clouds, na-egosi na a ga-eji okpukpu abụọ gbasaa afọ na ogo nke eluigwe na ala. Ọ bụ onye chọpụtara Thackeray's Globules na 1950. 

## Ndụ onwe onye
 mụrụ ya na 19 June 1910 na Chelsea, London. Nna  bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie Henry St. John Thackeray . [1]  nwụrụ n'ihe mberede na 21 Febụwarị 1978. [1] Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Mary Acworth Evershed.

## Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara

* 
* 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* A. David Thackeray
Ramotholo Sefako

**Ramotholo Rafael Sefako** (amụrụ n'afọ 1971) bụ onye South African astrophysicist.  bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ojii atọ mbụ na-enyocha mbara igwe na South Africa.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Sefako gụrụ akwụkwọ na Khukhune High School na Botha-Bothe-Lesotho ma nweta nzere BSc ya na Mahadum Lesotho . 

Ọ natara nzere doctorate ya na nkà mmụta mbara igwe na Mahadum Potchefstroom maka agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke Ndị Kraịst (nke a na-akpọ PU maka CHE).

N'afọ 2005, ọ sonyeere South African Astronomical Observatory (SAAO) dị ka onye na-esote doctoral, ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-enyocha mbara igwe na Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). Ugbu , ọ bụ onye isi nke Telescope Operations (TOPS) Division na SAAO . 

## Nnyocha nke ịgụ kpakpando
Ihe nchọpụta  Ramotholo Sefako na-agụnye ọmụmụ nke ọtụtụ wavelength nke blazars na pulsar-driven nebulae iji chọpụta otú ihe ndị a si emepụta ike dị elu, ruo gamma rays. , o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa.

## Ihe edeturu

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Jakob Karl Ernst Halm

**Jakob Karl Ernst Halm** (1866 - 1944)  bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke kpakpando na onye mbụ tụrụ aro ịdị adị nke mmekọrịta oke-ìhè maka kpakpando.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Halm na Bingen am Rhein, Alaeze nke Prussia na 30 Nọvemba 1866. 

## Mmụta
Halm gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Bingen ma mesịa gụọ akwụkwọ na Giessen, Berlin na Kiel. Ọ nwetara Ph.D. ya na Kiel na 1890 maka ọrụ na nhazi ọdịiche dị n'ahịrị.

## Ọrụ
thumb|Halm na-eme nchọpụta anyanwụ na Edinburgh ca 1905. SAAO Archives P6694
Onye enyemaka na University Observatory, Strasbourg (1889-1895).Onye enyemaka klas mbụ na Royal Observatory Edinburgh (1895-1907).Onye isi enyemaka na Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope (1907-1927).

## Enyemaka sayensị
Mgbe ọ nọ na Edinburgh, Halm jiri heliometer nye spectrograph nri iji mụọ ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ntụgharị anyanwụ na latitudes dị iche iche. Ọ chọpụtara na akara absorption dị nso na nsọtụ nke diski anyanwụ na-aga n'ihu na-acha ọbara ọbara, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnọdụ ha n'etiti. Nke  abụghị n'ihi mmetụta doro anya dị ka ntụgharị. O nyekwara nkọwa mbụ nke ihe a na-akpọ ugbu a profaịlụ P Cygni   mgbe ọ na-atụle ụdị Nova Persei 1901.
thumb|Nleta nke otu British Association na Cape, na 1914. Halm dị n'azụ etiti; Eddington n'ihu, aka nri. SAAO Archives (nke a na-edeghị aha ya)
Mgbe ọ nọ na Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ na-esote na Cape Photographic Durchmusterung (CPD) nke David Gill na Jacobus Kapteyn na-eji ọsọ radial na mmegharị kwesịrị ekwesị. Nnyoch a na-ahụ ugboro ugboro emeela ka Kapteyn chọta kpakpando abụọ na Halm nwere ike ịchọpụta nke atọ (Halm 1911) metụtara ihe ọ kpọrọ "Orion-type" kpakpando. Akwụkwọ a gara n'ihu na-ekwu na kpakpando yiri ka ha na-erubere nkesa Maxwellian isi, na-egosi nkwekọrịta nke ike, ya bụ, ndị na-adịchaghị arọ na-aga ngwa ngwa karịa ndị buru ibu. Mkpebi ya dabeere na ịdị arọ nke kpakpando sitere na ọtụtụ binaries a mụrụ nke ọma. Eddington gosipụtara, Otú ọ dị, na mmekọrịta kpakpando, n'ihi ụkọ ha, enweghị ike ịmepụta nsonaazụ a. Otú ọ dị ọrụ Halm dị mkpa n'ịkwalite nyocha na isiokwu ahụ.

Akwụkwọ ahụ kwubiri na enwere mmekọrịta n'etiti ụdị spectral na ịdị arọ maka kpakpando. Nke  bụ ọkwa mbụ nke mmekọrịta oke-ìhè, nke ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ mechara kọwaa.Ọrụ  na mkpebi nke ịdị ukwuu site na mpempe akwụkwọ foto dugara ya na nghọta ka mma banyere ọdịda mmeghachi omume, nke o bipụtara akwụkwọ, [1] nke dugara na usoro Kron-Halm catenary.

N'afọ 1917, Halm bụ onye mbụ mere atụmatụ nke ngụkọta nke ọkụ kpakpando.  kpebiri na mkpochapụ interstellar na ịdị ukwuu bụ ihe dị okpukpu 1.22 karịa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ karịa na-ahụ anya.

Halm kwenyere  enwere ike ịkọwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ụwa site na mgbasawanye na-aga n'ihu nke mkpo ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kpatara mmasị dị ukwuu n'oge ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọbịbịa nke Echiche tectonic plate ya anaghịzi ele echiche mgbasawanye ya anya dị ka ihe ezi uche dị na ya.

## Ọnwụ
Ọ nwụrụ na 17 Julaị 1944 na South Africa.

## Edensibia
Tim Hawarden

**Timothy George Hawarden** FRAS (24 Disemba 1943 - 10 Nọvemba 2009) bụ onye South African astrophysicist amaara maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya na usoro ịjụ oyi maka telivishọn mbara igwe nke o ritere ihe nrite NASA's Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Hawarden na Mossel Bay, Cape Province, South Africa.  gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Natal na 1966 na BSc na Physics na Applied Mathematics, wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ n' Mahadum Cape Town na MSc na Astronomy 1970 wee nweta PhD na 1975 na ụyọkọ ochie. Mgbe  na-eme PhD ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyocha mbara igwe na Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope na site na 1972 dị ka osote onye isi nke Ngalaba Photometry na South African Astronomical Observatory na Cape Town. 'afọ 1975, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye na-ahụ maka mbara igwe nke UK Schmidt Telescope na Siding Spring Observatory na New South Wales, Australia.

'afọ 1978, ọ kwagara ịrụ ọrụ na Royal Observatory dị na Edinburgh, Scotland, ebe ọ nọ maka ọrụ ya fọdụrụ. N'afọ 1981, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na United Kingdom Infrared Telescope na Hawaii. 'afọ 1987, ọ kwagara Hawaii ma duzie mmemme mmelite nke onyokomita ahụ n'afọ ndị 1990.  laghachiri Edinburgh n'afọ 2001 wee bụrụ UK Astronomy Technology Center Project Scientist na-emepe nnukwu telivishọn (ELT) tupu ọ laa ezumike nká n'afọ 2006 iji lekọta nwunye ya Frances.  nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa nke nkà mmụta mbara igwe ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na mberede na Edinburgh na 2009.

## Nchịkọta na-enweghị isi nke onyokomita mbara igwe
Hawarden tinyere aka na mmepe nke Infrared Space Observatory dị ka Co-Investigator maka igwefoto infrared (ISOCAM) mana o weere usoro oyi cryogenic "dị mgbagwoju anya".   Ịdabere na telivishọn mbara igwe infrared na oyi cryogenic na-egbochi oge ndụ nke telivishۆن yana ịgbakwunye oke ibu.  mbido afọ 1980, Hawarden malitere ịzụlite echiche nke iji passive cooling maka telivishọn mbara igwe infrared site na njikọta nke radiators, sunshields, na site n'ịchọta telivishۆن n'ebe dị anya site na Ụwa. Inwe telivishọn na-agba Anyanwụ-Ụwa L Lagrange point na-enyere ihe mgbochi anyanwụ aka ichebe telivishons pụọ na okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ, ụwa, na ọnwa. Telescope -eme ka ọ dị jụụ karịa ma na-enye ohere maka ihe ndị na-ahụ anya na ngwá ọrụ buru ibu.

N'afọ 2010, e nyere Hawarden ihe nrite NASA Exceptional Technology Achievement Medal maka ọrụ ya na usoro ịjụ oyi na-agafe agafe, ihe nrite ahụ na-ekwu maka "echiche ndị dị egwu nke mere ka James Webb Space Telescope na ndị nọchiri ya nwee ike". Onye -ahụ maka physics nke Nobel bụ John C. Mather nabatara onyinye ahụ n'aha nwunye di ya bụ Frances.

## Edensibia
Renee C. Kraan-Korteweg

Renée C. Kraan-Korteweg (amụrụ n'afọ 1954) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch-South Africa.

 bụ onye isi nke ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town nke astronomy na onye guzobere na onye isi nke Astrophysics, Cosmology na Gravity Center.  na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke kọmitii nchịkwa nke International Astronomical Union [1] ma bụrụkwa onye otu Academy of Science of South Africa. 

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọrụ
Kraan-Korteweg gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Gymnasium Münchenstein na Switzerland na 1972. O nwetara MSc (Physics and Mathematics) site na Universität Basel na 1978 na PhD na Astronomy na 1985. Nke a sochiri afọ 6 nke nyocha na Mahadum nke Basel, afọ 3 nke Royal Dutch Academy of Science (KNAW) na RijksUniversiteit Groningen na afọ 3 nke European Community na Observatoire de Paris-Meudon . 

N'afọ 1997, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na Universidad de Guanajuato na Mexico, ebe ọ nọrọ afọ asaa.  ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba Astronomy nke mahadum ahụ na 2002.

 họpụtara Kraan-Korteweg ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke International Astronomical Union na 2012 ma jee ozi n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018. 

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba Astronomy na Mahadum Cape Town site na 2005. 'afọ 2009, Kraan-Korteweg guzobere ma nọgide na-abụ onye nduzi nke Astrophysics, Gravity and Cosmology Research Centre na mahadum ahụ.

'afọ 2013 ọ ghọrọ onye otu Astronomy Advisory Council nke National Research Foundation (NRF) ma bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke kansụl ahụ.

## Mmasị nyocha
Ihe nchoputa ya gụnyere nnukwu usoro nke Cosmos na mmegharị na mbara igwe dị nso.  na-eme nnyocha na South African Large Telescope (SALT), na-achọ oghere ojii n'etiti ụyọkọ kpakpando elliptical dị obere ma na-agbakọ ihe gbara ọchịchịrị nke ụyọkọ ụyọkọ ndị na-egbuke egbuke.  sonyere na Parkes HI Zone of Avoidance Survey, [1] nke jiri Parkes 60m Radio Telescope chọpụta ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị dị nso nke Great Attractor "ezochiri".

## Onyinye na mmata
'afọ 2018 ọ meriri Minista's Special Award na ngalaba nke astronomy na South African Women in Science Awards (SAWISA) 2018, iji kwado "onyinye ya pụtara ìhè n'iwulite ihe ọmụma sayensị na nyocha nke South Africa n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke astronomia".

N'afọ 2006, NRF nyere Kraan-Korteweg NRF Rating B ma kwughachi ọkwa ahụ. 

'afọ 2011 ọ bụ onye nke abụọ, Distinguished Women in Life, Natural and Engineering Science Department of Science and Technology Women in Science Award.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Renee C. Kraan-Kortewegmbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nhazi nkeonwe

Okwu nke onwe, na sayensị nke narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite nke narị afọ, na ezo aka n'echiche na ndị na ekiri ihe dị iche iche nwere oge mmeghachi omume dị iche iche, nke nwere ike iwebata ajọ mbunobi mgbe ọ na abịa na nha na nchọpụta. 

## Nkà mmụta mbara igwe
Okwu  malitere na nkà mmụta mbara igwe, mgbe a chọpụtara na ọtụtụ ndị na ekiri ihe na eme n'otu oge ga edekọ uru dịtụ iche (dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ndekọ kpọmkwem oge kpakpando gafere wires nke reticule na telivishọn), ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere nnukwu ọdịiche iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nsogbu na ngụkọta buru ibu. chọpụtara ịdị adị nke mmetụta ahụ na mbụ mgbe, na 1796, onye na enyocha mbara igwe Royal Neville Maskelyne chụpụrụ onye na enyere ya aka Kinnebrooke n'ihi na ọ pụghị imezi njehie nke ihe ọ chọpụtara gbasara ụkpụrụ Maskelyne. E chefuru nsogbu ahụ ma nyochaa ya naanị afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị site n'aka Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel na Königsberg Observatory na Prussia. N'ịmepụta nnwale iji tụnyere ụkpụrụ, Bessel na onye enyemaka tụrụ oge ọtụtụ kpakpando gafere wires nke reticule n'abalị dị iche iche. E jiri ya tụnyere onye na enyere ya aka, Bessel chọpụtara na ọ nọ n'ihu ihe karịrị otu sekọnd.

N'ịzaghachi nghọta a, ndị na enyocha mbara igwe malitere inyo nsonaazụ nke ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe ndị ọzọ na ndị na enyere ha aka enyo ma malite mmemme usoro iji gbalịa ịchọta ụzọ iji wepụ ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta ahụ. Ihe ndị  gụnyere mgbalị na ime ka ihe ndị a na ahụ anya (na-adọrọ mmasị na ebumnuche nke igwe), ịzụ ndị na ekiri ka ha gbalịa izere njehie ụfọdụ a maara (dị ka ndị na enweghị ụra kpatara), ịmepụta igwe nke nwere ike ikwe ka ọtụtụ ndị na ahụ maka ime ihe ndị a hụrụ n'otu oge ahụ, iwere data na iji usoro nke obere square iji nweta uru ndị nwere ike ime site na ha, na ịnwa ịkọwa ajọ mbunobi nke ndị ọrụ n'otu n'otu ka e wee wepụ ha na data ahụ. Ọ ghọkwara isiokwu dị mkpa na nkà mmụta uche nnwale, ọ bụkwa isi ihe na akpali akpali maka ịmepụta usoro iji dozie njehie na nkà mmụta mbara ìgwè.

## James na Jung
William James nyere aka bulite echiche nke nhata onwe onye site na mbara igwe gaa na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na arụ ụka na echiche nke usoro ihe ọmụma na ihe ọmụma onwe onye nwere ike iduga ndị nyocha na nkọwa anụ ọhịa dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nha nke onwe ha.

Carl Jung weere echiche ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya Psychological Types, na ekwu na na na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ "onye na ahụ ihe mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ onwe ya nke ọma".  gara n'ihu na alụ ọgụ n'ihe odide ndị ọzọ na nsogbu nke solipsism nke uche na ndaghachi azụ na enweghị njedebe nke a nwere ike ibute, ma chee na onye ọ bụla na agwọ ọrịa kwesịrị inwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala ezigbo ihe ọmụma nke usoro nke ya. 

## Hụkwa

* Nkatọ e si nweta ya
* Echiche-ibu nke ihe ndị a chọpụtara

## Ihe odide
Tellurion

thumb|Tellurion
A **tellurion** (nke a na akpọkwa *tellurian*, *tellurium*, ma aha ọzọ bụ loxocosm), bụ elekere, nke sitere na French ma ọ bụ Switzerland, nke usoro na egosi etu ehihie, abalị, na oge si eme site na ntụgharị na ntụziaka nke Ụwa na axis ya na usoro ya gburugburu Anyanwụ. Oge elekere ahụ na egosipụtakwa afọ nke Ọnwa na kalenda afọ anọ (na adịgide adịgide). 

Ọ nwere njikọ na orrery, nke na egosi ọnọdụ na mmegharị nke mbara ala na ọnwa na Usoro anyanwụ na ihe nlereanya heliocentric.

Okwu tellurion sitere  Latin *tellus*, nke pụtara "ụwa".

 

## Hụkwa

* Oge elekere nke mbara igwe
* Ụdị usoro anyanwụ

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Ebe a na-ebubata anụ ọhịa n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'Eshia

Ebe ndị a na-ebubata anụ ọhịa n'Eshia gụnyere: 

## Myanmar

* Mong La
* Tachileik
* Kyaiktyio
* Pagodas Atọ gafere
* Muse

## Laos

* Vientiane
* Linxia, China

## Cambodia

* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Preah Monivong (Bokor) 
* Phnom Penh

## Vietnam

* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Pù Mát na Ogige NtụOgige Ntụrụndụ Tam Đảo
* Hanoi
* Haiphong
* Vĩnh Yên

## Thailand

* Ahịa anụ ọhịa Chatuchak nke Bangkok
* Mae Sai

## Malaysia
PenangKuala Lumpur

## Singapore

* Singapore

## Indonesia

* Sumatra dum, karịsịa Kota Lubuk Liggau
* Borneo (Aceh) 

Ogige ntụrụndụ mba (NP) na mba ahụ dum, site na Kaziranga na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo Panna na Madhya Pradesh, ebe e kpochapụrụ ya na Sariska na Panna NP n'ihi ịchụ nta.

## China

* Dalou
* Jiegao
* Ruili
* Xishuangbanna
* Kunming
* Nanning
* Pingxiang
* Dongxing
* Haikou
* Guangzhou (karịsịa ahịa anụ ọhịa Chatou, ahịa Qing ping, Ahịa Panjiayuan) 
* Guangdong
* Ịṅụ sịga
* Germu
* Linxia (karịsịa ahịa Bei Da Jie) 
* Beijing
* Shanghai,
* Hong Kong
* Lhasa

## Edemsibe
Anthony Patrick Fairall

Anthony Patrick (Tony) Fairall (Septemba 15, 1943 – Nọvemba 22, 2008) bụ onye South Africa na-enyocha mbara igwe kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya n'ịchọgharị nnukwu usoro nke Eluigwe na Ala. dị ka filaments na voids. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke ebe a na-akpọ Iziko planetarium ugbu a dị na Cape Town ma bụrụkwa onye a ma ama na-ewu ewu na mbara igwe na South Africa.

A mụrụ Fairall na London ma soro ezinụlọ ya kwaga Johannesburg, South Africa, na 1948 na Harare, Zimbabwe na 1953. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Cape Town, na-agwụcha akara ugo mmụta ya na 1966. Ọ gụrụ maka nzere doctorate ya n'okpuru Gerard de Vaucouleurs na Fritz Zwicky na Mahadum Texas na Austin, na-enweta akara ugo mmụta ya na 1970. 

Fairall chọpụtara ma kpọọ Fairall 9, Ụyọkọ kpakpando Seyfert 1 (na-arụ ọrụ)  kacha egbuke egbuke.

## Akwụkwọ

* 
* 
* 

## Ihe odide
Ememe Michael William

Michael William Feast (29 Disemba 1926- 1 Eprel 2019) bụ onye Britain-South Africa na-enyocha mbara igwe.  rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke South African Astronomical Observatory site na 1976-1992, wee ghọọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Cape Town . [1]

lekwasịrị anya na nhazi nke Milky Way, Magellanic Clouds, na ubube dị anya na mbara igwe na-eji kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe.

## Ọrụ na nsọpụrụ
Feast nwere nzere BSc (Hons) na PhD site na London  Site na 1949 ruo 1951 ya na Gerhard Herzberg rụkọrọ ọrụ na National Research Council na Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, na-esote nke site na 1952 ruo 1974 ọ nọ na Radcliffe Observatory, Pretoria  Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke South African Astronomical Observatory site na 1976 ruo 1992. 

Ọ natara DeBeers Medal  site na South African Institute of Physics na 1992 na Gill Medal site na Astronomical Society of Southern Africa na 1983.   onye nsọpụrụ nke Royal Astronomical Society, [1] Fellow nke Royal Society of South Africa. [2] Mahadum nke Cape Town nyere  nzere Doctor of Science na 1993. [1] Feast  onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Monthly Notices nke Royal Astronomical Society . [1]

Akwụkwọ ya a na-ekwukarị (ugboro 440 ) metụtara ọmụmụ ihe mbụ ya banyere kpakpando ndị na-egbuke egbuke na Magellanic Clouds na Thackeray na Wesselink;  lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Hodge (1999). 

Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya metụtara mmekọrịta oge-ìhè nke Cepheid,  dịka ọmụmaatụ na na ntụpọ ya dị ka e kpebiri site na Satellite Hipparcos 

 nwụrụ n'ụra ya na 1 Eprel 2019, mgbe ọ dị afọ 92.

## Edensibia
Carme Jordi

**Carme Jordi** bụ onye na enyocha mbara igwe. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Astronomy na Meteorology na Mahadum Barcelona .   bụ onye otu sayensị *Gaia*, na adụ European Space Agency ọdụ na akụkụ sayensị nke ọrụ ha.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ndepụta nke kpakpando site na ìgwè kpakpando

Kpakpando niile ma e wezụga otu nwewe ike ijikọta ya na mịgụ ike IAU (International Astronomical Union). Ìgwè ndị IAU bụ mpaghara nke mbara igwe. Ọ bụ ebe na e nwere ikike Mpịakọta 88 nke IAU, a naekewa mbara igwe n'ime igbe 89 na esi mma ka mkpakpant Serpens kewara n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, Serpens Caput (isi ndụ) n'ebe ike na Serpens Cauda (ọdụ ụgbọ) gaa n'ebe ụmụaka.

mfe na esoghị na m ike nke bụ. ụgbọ na agafe m 13 dị n'ụdị ecliptic, 12 nke Zodiac na Ophiuchus.

N'etiti ndị ndị na eso ụzọ, ndị dị nso na na abụchaghịdị ቀላል, n'ihi ya, ọ bụ naanị ihe gbasara oge tupu ụfọdụ n'ime ha agafeea egwuregwu ma ọkụ ndị dị na ya. 'afọ 1992, Rho Aquilae Sir mbụ nwe akara Bayer ya "na adị isi" site na isiga na mkpọ dị nso ọ bụ ugbu a US nke m kpakpant Delphinus.

## Ndepụta nke kpakpando site na ìgwè kpakpando
A na edepụta kpakpando na ndepụta kwesịrị ekwesị maka ìgwè kpakpando ahụ, dị ka ndị a:
Constellation
*Andromeda
*Antlia
*Apus
*Aquarius
*Aquila
*Ara
*Aries
*Auriga
*Boötes
*Caelum
*Camelopardalis
*Cancer
*Canes Venatici
*Canis Major
*Canis Minor
*Capricornus
*Carina 
*Cassiopeia
*Centaurus
*Cepheus
*Cetus
*Chamaeleon
*Circinus
*Columba
*Coma Berenices
*Corona Australis
*Corona Borealis
*Corvus
*Crater
*Crux
*Cygnus
*Delphinus
*Dorado
*Draco
*Equuleus
*Eridanus
*Fornax
*Gemini
*Grus
*Hercules
*Horologium
*Hydra
*Hydrus
*Indus
*Lacerta
*Leo
*Leo Minor
*Lepus
*Libra
*Lupus
*Lynx
*Lyra
*Mensa
*Microscopium
*Monoceros
*Musca
*Norma
*Octans
*Ophiuchus
*Orion
*Pavo
*Pegasus
*Perseus
*Phoenix
*Pictor
*Pisces
*Piscis Austrinus
*Puppis
*Pyxis
*Reticulum
*Sagitta
*Sagittarius
*Scorpius
*Sculptor
*Scutum
*Serpens
*Sextans
*Taurus
*Telescopium
*Triangulum
*Triangulum Australe
*Tucana
*Ursa Major
*Ursa Minor
*Vela
*Virgo
*Volans
*Vulpecula

## Ụkpụrụ nke itinye

* Kpakpando aha ya nwere aha HR="./Bayer_designation" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Bayer designation">Bayer, Flamsteed, HR, ma ọ bụ Draper (ọ bụghị site na mgbakwunye).
* Kpakpando ndị dị oke egwu ma ọ bụ kpakpando ndị a ma ama.
* Kpakpando ndị a ma ama na agbanwe agbanwe (ụkpụrụ, dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ dị mkpa).
* Kpakpando ndị dị nso (

* *The Astronomical Almanac* (2000).
* Roy L. Bishop, ed., *The Observer's Almanac 1991*, The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada.
* *Burnham's Celestial Handbook: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System*, Vols. 1, 2, 3 (Dover Pubns, 1978).
* N. D. Kostjuk, *HD-DM-GC-HR-HIP-Bayer-Flamsteed Cross Index* (2002) (CDS Catalogue IV/27).

## Njikọ mpụga

* Online Planetarium - The Sky - Free interactive star chart dabere na ebe
* Ndepụta nke ìgwè kpakpando
* Aha kpakpando
* Aha kpakpando site na ìgwè kpakpando
* Kpakpando: Ndepụta nke Aha Ndị Dị Mma
* Nnyocha nke Western Constellations na Star Names to the Classical Period: An Annotated Bibliography
*  (Otu) Aha kpakpando Ndị A Na-ahụkarị
Bangalore Astronomical Society

**Bangalore Astronomical Society** (**BAS**) bụ òtù nke ndị na amụ banyere mbara igwe na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị, nke nwere isi na Bangalore. Ebumnuche  isi nke BAS bụ ịkwalite na ịkwalite Astronomy dị ka Ihe ntụrụndụ na sayensị.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere òtù ahụ na 2006  ma debanye aha dị ka òtù na abụghị maka uru. 'ụbọchị ndị mbụ, ndị otu na ezukọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na Orkut [1] ma mesịa kpebie ịmepụta otu na abụghị maka uru.

## Working Philosophy
Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nchịkwa BAS na ọrụ ya bụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ya. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke ndụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị ọkachamara ma ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na arụ ọrụ. BAS anaghị eji ma ọ bụ nye ego maka onye ọ bụla na-etinye aka na ọrụ ma ọ bụ nchịkwa ya.

## Ihe omume
Ọrụ BAS na adaba n'okpuru Nleba anya, Instrumentation, Outreach, Workshops na Nzukọ n'otu n'otu. Ọrụ BAS na emeghe maka otu onye na ha niile. BAS na ahazi, na akpali ma na agba ndị otu ya ume ka ha wepụta onwe ha na mgbasa ozi Astronomy na atụmatụ mgbasa ozi. A na ekwupụtakarị ma na akwalite ọrụ BAS naanị na weebụ na mgbe ụfọdụ site na ntinye aka nke ndị mgbasa ozi.

N'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, BAS haziri ọtụtụ okwu na webinars n'afọ 2020  iji nyere aka mee ka ndị na anụ ọkụ n'obi na etinye aka n'oge mkpọchi.  dekọrọ okwu ndị ahụ ma bulite ha na YouTube Channel.

 Septemba 2022, BAS sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ Indian Institute of Astrophysics iji hazie nnọkọ kpakpando na Hanle Dark Sky Reserve na Himalayas. N'ime afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, BAS haziri ọtụtụ oriri kpakpando, na abụkarị n'oge oyi na Western Ghats nke Karnataka, n'ihi ihu igwe gbara ọchịchịrị ebe ahụ na enye. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na enyocha mbara igwe

## Ihe odide

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ntọala Chimpanzee Ọhịa

Wild chimpanzee Foundation, bụ òtù mba dị iche iche na-echebe chimpanzees; ọ bụ onye na-ahụ ma ka primatologist Christophe Boesch, guzobere ya na afọ 2000 na Switzerland. Ọ na-eme mmemme ugbu a na Ivory Coast, Guinea, Sierra Leone na Liberia, na mmekorita ya na Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Didrik Frisch

thumb|268x268px|Didrik Frisch (1850s)
**Johan Didrik Frisch** (4 Mee 1835 - 22 Nọvemba 1867), ọ bụ onye Denmark na-ese ihe na anụmanụ. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Didrik Frisch n'ugbo dị nso na Slagelse, Denmark. Nna ya bụ onye nwe ala. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Sorø Academy; ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi nkeonwe. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ikekwe sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Frederik Vermehren, onye bụ enyi ezinụlọ, ọ malitere ime ihe osise. Ihe ndị a dọtara uche nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri Hans Harder, bụ́ onye masịrị ya nke ukwuu na o nyeere ya aka ịmalite ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.    

Mgbe oge ụfọdụ omume na Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, ọ gara Paris na 1857 iji gaa n'ihu na igbu ya. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ gosiri ihe osise ya.    mbụ, ọ na-ese ọrịa, mana n'oge na-akpa anya ọ tụ gaa na ala mara mma, wee mgbaàmà ha abụọ.

Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule 1866, o kpebiri itinye onwe ya n'ihe osise anụmanụ ma jiri oge dị ukwuu na-ese ihe en plein aire na Jægersborg Dyrehave (Deer Park). N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ natara agụm akwụkwọ site na Academy iji mụọ na Ịtali.  gara Rome n'oge dị mkpirikpi, wee gaa Florence, ebe ya na ndị na-ese ihe ibe ya na Denmark, Otto Bache na L.A. Schou.

oge ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ, ya na Schou butere ọrịa ma nwụọ na Florence n'ime

## Edemsibe
thumb|325x325px|''Ihe nkiri na nwa agbọghọ na ehi''

## Njikọ mpụga
Mgbasa ozi metụtara Didrik Frischna Wikimedia Commons

* ArtNet: Ọrụ ndị ọzọ site na Frisch.
Ụbọchị ndị na enyocha mbara igwe

**ụbọchị mbara igwe** na-ezo aka n'ogologo ụbọchị nke kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ awa 24 na amalite n'ehihie kama n'etiti abalị.  kọwapụtara ogologo ya n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche dị ka nke ụbọchị anyanwụ ma ọ bụ nke ụbọchị sidereal.  

Ndị enyocha mbara igwe jiri ụbọchị ndị dị na mbara igwe mee ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme (dị iche na ụbọchị anyanwụ), mana kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, iji zere mgbagwoju anya na oge ndị ọzọ.   Ụbọchị mbara igwe nwekwara ike izo aka n'otu ntụgharị nke Ụwa ma ọ bụ mbara ala ọ bụla ọzọ dabere na ọsọ ntụgharị ya.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ihe odide
Anụ ọhịa nke Republic of the Congo

Anụ kara nke Republic of the Congo, bụ ndidi nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.
  nwere ụdị 400 nke anụ na-enye nwa ara, ụdị osisi 1,000 na ụdị osisi 10,000 (3,000 n'ime ha bụ nke iche na Republic of Congo) na mba ahụ. Ụtụtụ nke mba ahụ dị n'oké mmetụta mmiri ozuzo, ọ bụ ebe na ikerụ ụfọdụ mpaghara ndịda site na igbu osisi.

Mmiri  larịị nke Osimiri Congo enwetala aha zuru ụwa ọnụ ma ka ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche a hụrụ n'ime ọhịa ya.

## Oké ọhịa
nnukwu nnukwu nke Republic of Congo bụ oké mmiri mmiri. A na-ekewa ike ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, nke mbụ bụ alaka dị ala nke nnukwu osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ọkwa na-esote nwere obere osisi na osisi. N'okpuru ọkwa ahụ, osisi na ferns dị   nke mpaghara a nwere ferns, osisi vaịn, na mgbọrọgwụ ndị na-agbagọ ma na-agbanye n'ime ahịhịa dị iche iche. Ihe  ka 69% nke mba ahụ nwere mpaghara ọhịa.

A họpụtara Congo Basin dị ka ebe nketa UNESCO na July 1, 2012.

## Anụ Ọhịa

### Flora
Republic of the Congo bụ ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka ụdị osisi 10,000 nke ebe okpomọkụ. N'etiti nke pasent iri atọ (3,000) nke ụdị ndị a bụ kpọmkwem na Congo. Osisi Congo gụnyere ụfọdụ n'ime ebe dị iche iche na ndị bara ọgaranya na mpaghara ọhịa kachasị ukwuu, naanị Democratic Republic of the Congo dị iche iche. E nwere ihe dị ka ụdị osisi 6,000 na mba ahụ. 

### Anụmanụ

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Gorilla gorilla''

N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2008, ndị na-eme ndị sitere na Wildlife Conservation Society nyọchara ndị gorillas na mpaghara ndị nwere ikike dị dị na mpaghara Ouesso nke Sangha Region.  ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka 125,000 western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), nke a na-echebe nkewapụ ya na ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ  .

### Azụ
E nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ 700 na Republic of the Congo.

## Hụkwa

* Anụ ọhịa nke Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Ndepụta nke mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi na Democratic Republic of the Congo

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga

* 'Ịkwụsị ịzụ ahịa anụ ọhịa na Congo' -Rhett A. Butler, mongabay.com. Febụwarị 01, 2010
* Panda.org - 'Ndụ ọhịa nke Congo'
Johann Baptist Zwecker

thumb|Johann Baptist Zwecker
**Johann Baptist Zwecker** (1814-1876) , Ọ bụ onye Germany na-ese ihe osise nke akwụkwọ na magazin.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
[thumb|'Speke na-ewebata Grant na Queen-Dowager nke [Uganda', Harper's Magazine, Eprel 1864]]

Zwecker gụrụ nkà na Düsseldorf na Frankfurt, Germany. N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1860, ya na Joseph Wolf guzobere ụlọ ihe nkiri na London.

O buga akwụkwọ ndị Hans Christian Andersen's The Ice-Maiden (Richard Bentley, 1863), yana ndị mere eme dị ka African Hunting and Adventure... nke William Charles Baldwin dere. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka magazin. Otú ọ dị, a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ nka ya maka akwụkwọ ozi mere eme eme Alfred Russel Wallace's The Geographical Distribution of Animals .  Ọrụ    ozi ukwuu bụ iji akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme nke John George Wood (Routledge, 1871) na atọ atọ.

Otu n'ime ọrụ ya bụ The Hartebeest, 1862; Ọbịbịa na Depot na Cooper's Creek, 1862; Ịchụ nta Ostrich, 1862; na A Race for Life in a Jungle, 1862.  O mepụtara onyinyo mbụ dị ndụ nke Icelandic *Fjallkonan* ('nwaanyị nke ugwu').

## Ihe osise nke Zwecker
thumb|"Three Little Mice", site na J. W. Elliott, Nursery Rhymes And Nursery Songs, 1870.

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Samuel White Baker, Godefroy Durand, *Ismailia *. Akụkọ banyere njem gaa Central Africa maka ịkwụsị ahịa ohu, 1874.
* William Charles Baldwin, James Wolf, African Hunting site na Natal ruo Zambesi gụnyere Lake Ngami, Kalahari Desert, wdg site na 1852 ruo 1860, 1863
* Robert Michael Ballantyne, The Wild Man of the West, 1863.
* Lucy D. Sale Barker, *Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị enyi m nwere nku na ụkwụ anọ*, 1883.
* Alfred Walter Bayes, Nọọsụ Anyị hụrụ n'anya, 1868.
* Grantley F. Berkeley, Onye egwuregwu Bekee na Western Prairies, 1861.
* Anne Bowman, The Young Nile-Voyagers, 1868.
* Alfred Wilks Drayson, n'etiti ndị Zulus, Adventures of Hans Sterk, 1879.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Thomas Frost, A Zọpụtara ya n'Imebi Ihe, 1874.
* George Alfred Henty, Out on the Pampas, ma ọ bụ The Young Settlers, 1870. [Ihe odide ala peeji 1]
* Edward Howe, The Boys in the Bush, 1869.
* Mary Howitt, A Treasury of Tales for Young People, 1860.
* Alfred Russel Wallace, The Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876.
* John George Wood, Joseph Wolf, Natural History Picture Book for Children, 1861.
* John George Wood, George French Angas, Joseph Wolf, The Natural History of Man, 1868.
* John George Wood, Edward Alfred Smith, Insects Abroad, 1874.

## Ihe edeturu


## Edemsibe


### Njikọ mpụga

* Mpempe akwụkwọ ndị na-acha odo odo nke Zwecker
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Britain: Etching
* Ọrụ Johann Baptist Zwecker na Flickr
* Ọrụ Johann Baptist Zwecker na Ọrụ Gutenberg
* Ọrụ Johann Baptist Zwecker dere ma ọ bụ banyere ya na Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
* Akwụkwọ ndị dị n'ịntanetị nke Johann Baptist Zwecker dere
Iwu Nchịkwa Anụ Ọhịa 1977

The Wild Animal Control Act 1977, bụ iwu nke ugbu a nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na New Zealand.  Ọ bụ Ngalaba Nchekwa na-elekọta ya.

Akụkụ 3 nke Iwu ahụ hiwere mpaghara ịchụ nta ntụrụndụ (RHA). Ọ bụrụ na echekwaghị ụdị anụ ọhịa ahụ, a na-anabata ịchụ nta azụmahịa. Ugbu a ewepụtala HA ndị a: 

* North Island:
** Kaweka (East Coast/Hawkes Bay) 
** Kaimanawa (Tongariro/Taupo) 
** Ogige Nchekwa North Pureora (Waikato) 
** Haurangi (Wellington) 
* South Island
** Blue Mountains - (Southland) 
** Greenstone/Caples - n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Wakatipu (Otago) 
** Ọdọ Mmiri Sumner - Nina, Doubtful Range, North Hurunui na Hurunui bụ ebe a machibidoro ịchụ nta (Canterbury) 
** Ogige ntụrụndụ Oxford na Mt Thomas (Canterbury) 

* Ịchụ nta na New Zealand
* Nchekwa na New Zealand

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe odide nke Iwu ahụ
E. W. Robinson

thumb|Ụgbala si Panama, gụnyere Dark Zebra Swallowtail (n'etiti). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (mpịakọta 1863, mpempe akwụkwọ XXIX)

**Edward William Robinson (1824-1883), bụ́ nke a na-akpọkarị E.W. Robinson, ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na apụ awụ nke iri na-ejedebe na British School.**   na onye na-egosi ihe osise nke akwụkwọ ihe mere eme dị ka Alfred Russel Wallace's The Malay Archipelago na Henry Walter Bates's The Naturalist on the River Amazons .

## Ndụ na ọrụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|Longhorn beetles si Penang: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London vol. 1866, efere XLII
Robinson na mbụ ọrụ n'ihe osise, ma na-ese ("del") ma na-ede ("sc") efere. Site na mbenata nke ihe osise nke foto eserese, Robinson, n'ihe osise na mmiri na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 1866, Robinson ọtụtụ ihe ọrụ mmiri na Suffolk Street Exhibition na London ihe otu ihe osise 'A Mill Pond' (Ntinye aha 1017 nke rere ma ka £ 9-9-). Ọ bụ onye ikwu, ma ọnọdụ anya nwa nwanne, na nwa akwụkwọ nke onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ede ihe John Henry Robinson (1796-1871). N'ụdị ụfọdụ, ndị ikom ahụ rụ ọrụ ọnụ, dịka na ihe ọrụ nke William Shakespeare, ebe ikiri ya "E.W. Robinson del [drawing]; H. Robinson sc [engraving]".   O ọtụtụ ọrụ a na-efe efe ndị na-acha ekpere ma ka Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London.

## Ihe osise nke Robinson
thumb|Ihe osise ụmụ nwanyị nke ''Papilio memnon'' maka The Malay Archipelago''Àgwàetiti Malay''
thumb|"The Jacuarú (''Teius teguexim'') " na The Naturalist on the River Amazons, onyinyo 19

* Rye, E. C. (1866) *British Beetles: mmeghe maka ọmụmụ nke ụmụ amaala anyị*, Lovell Reeve.
* Shuckard, W. E. (1866) *[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16502 Aṅụ Britain: mmeghe maka ọmụmụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụ na ụba nke aṅụ ndị sitere na British Isles ]*, Lovell Reeve.
* Stainton, H.T. (1867) British Butterflies and Moths: mmeghe maka ọmụmụ nke lepidoptera anyị. Lovell Reeve
* Melliss, John Charles (1875) St Helena: Nkọwa anụ ahụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke ala nke agwaetiti ahụ, gụnyere geology, fauna, flora, na meteorology. Lovell Reeve "E.W. Robinson, lith[ography]" maka efere 7 nke ihe ndị metụtara ala na efere 5 nke anụmanụ.

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga

* Belz: Ihe omume nke ZSL
* British Museum: Foto nke William Shakespeare
* Ọbá akwụkwọ Wellcome: Ụmụ ahụhụ iri na otu mara mma si Penang. Ihe osise na-acha odo odo nke E. W. Robinson, ca. 1866, mgbe onwe ya gasịrị.  (New Coleoptera from Penang; E.W.Robinson, del na sc.)   
* Onye na-ese onyinyo bụ John Henry Robinson
Nnukwu ngwá ọrụ

: m = -2.5 \log_{10}(f)

: 100^{1/5}=(10^2)^{1/5}=10^{2/5}=10^{0.4} = 2.51188643 \cdots

A na-eji ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ 2.5 mee ihe dị ka ihe dị mfe, ihe ịrịba ama ya na-adịghị mma na emesi obi ike na ihe ndị na egbuke egbuke ga enwe obere ma nwee ike ịbụ ihe na adịghị njọ, na ọnụọgụ nke logarithms 10 dị ihe karịrị narị afọ atọ tupu ọbịbịa nke kọmputa na calculators.

## Ihe odide
Anụ ọhịa nke France

Enwere ike kewaa anụ ọhịa nke France ka ọ bụrụ nke ọbọdọ ukwu France, na nke ókèala French Overseas. Ma ka ozi ndị ọzọ, hụ:    

* Anụmanụ nke Metropolitan France
* Flora nke Metropolitan France
* Fungi nke Metropolitan France
* Anụ ọhịa nke French Guiana
* Anụ ọhịa nke French Polynesia
* Anụ ọhịa nke Martinique
* Anụ ọhịa nke Réunion
* Anụ ọhịa nke Guadeloupe
* Anụ ọhịa nke Mayotte

## Hụkwa

* Nkọwa nke France
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mmiri nke Glorioso Islands
* Ọwara mmiri Gironde na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mmiri Pertuis
* Oké Osimiri Iroise
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Mayotte
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke Oké Osimiri Coral

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Gustav Schrader

**Gustav Schrader** (1852, Missolonghi, Gris - 1942 Alexandria, Egypt), ọ bụ onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ.

Gustav Schrader, nwa nke onye na-ahụ ma ka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ na-ede akwụkwọ bụ onye na-anakọta nnụnụ na onye na-ere akụkọ ihe mere eme na Port Said. Ọ chịkọtara na Egypt, Asia Minor, Etiopia na Somaliland. Schrader nyere onye na-ere ahịa Halle Saale Wilhelm Schlüter na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ Tring Walter Rothschild nnukwu usoro akpụkpọ nnụnụ sayensị.

## Edemsibe

* Gebhardt Ludwig, 1964 Die *Ornithologen Mitteleuropas*. Giessen: Brühlscher Verlag, 404 peeji mgbakwunye: *J. Orn*. 111, Special Edition 1970, p. 164-165 na *J. Orn*. &nbsp;115, Special Edition 1974, peeji nke 107&nbsp;
* Schrader Gustav 1891, 1892 [Ndepụta nke ebe nchịkọta n'etiti 1875 na 1891]. *Ihe ịchọ mma Jb*. 2,3: Ornithologische Beobachtungen auf meinen Sammelreisen.
*
Agụ nke Sabrodt

**Tiger of Sabrodt () is the name given to a [[wolf]] shot in [[Lusatia]] in 1904; the last free-living wolf to be shot within the current borders of [[Jémanị|Germany]] prior to 1945.**      

Anụ ọhịa wolf nọ na-eri anụ; ndị obodo ahụ na-akpọ ya raubsüchtiges Ungetüm (anụ na-eri anụ). Enwebeghị anụ ọhịa wolf na mpaghara ahụ ogologo oge, ya mere a na-enyo enyo na anụ ọhịa na-agbapụ agbapụ, a na-akpọkwa ya "Tiger of Sabrodt" aha obodo Sabrodt (akụkụ Elsterheide) bụ ebe mbụ ọ pụtara.

## Ọnwụ
A gbagburu anụ ọhịa wolf ahụ na nso ọbọdọ Hoyerswerda (nke bụ akụkụ nke Silesia n'oge ahụ) na 27 Febụwarị na afọ 1904, site n'akara onye na-elekọta ọhịa nke natara 100 mark ma ka igbu ya.  gbapụrụ n'ebe ndị na-achụ nta nọ ọtụtụ ugbọrọ ma bụrụ  a na-ekwu na ọ dị kilogram 41 (90) (90   ma tụọ mita 1.60 (5  in) ogologo na sentimita 80 (31 in) n'ịdị elu n'ubu.

E debere ozu ahụ ma gosipụta ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị na Castle Hoyerswerda .   ọ dị ugbu a, anụ ọhịa wolf alaghachila Lusatia, na-amụ nwa n'ebe ahụ n'ụzọ gara nke ọma na 2009. [1]

## Ihe Nketa
*Anụ ọhịa wolf, bụ isiokwu nke egwu akpọrọ "Tiger of Sabrod" na album 2007 Lupus Dei nke German Power metal band Powerwolf.*

## Edemsibe