Robert Engman

Robert Engman (Eprel 29, 1927 - Julaị 4, 2018) [1] bụ onye ọkpụ America nwere ọrụ na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Hirshhorn Museum, [2] MOMA, Whitney Museum of American Art, ọtụtụ ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie  , [3] na mkpokọta.

## Ndụ mbido
Engman njikwa na 1927 ka nne na nna si Sweden kwaga .  O sonyeere ndị agha mmiri mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, jee ozi na Agha nke igbu na Pacific.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Rhode Island School of Design na BFA, na Mahadum Yale nwere MFA na ọzụzụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ (1955), ebe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe José de Rivera [1] na Josef Albers .  [2] Albers dere okwukwe ya, sị: “Ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole nweere onwe ha nwere obi ike ruo n’ókè nke ike uche n’akpaelu—nke dị n’agbata olu na ahịrị—dị ka echiche na nkwa.  ọkpụ akpụ sara mbara” 

## Ọrụ

### Afọ Yale: 1953-1964
Engman ọkpụkpụ ihe ọkpụkpụ na Mahadum Yale, na, na 1960, a nchọpụta ya onye isi nke mmemme ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Yale na Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ nke Fine Arts.  Ya na Josef Albers, James Rosati, Ann Lehman, na Paul Rudolph rụkọrọ ọrụ, wee rụpụta nnukwu ọrụ ya, Kọlụm, (1963) maka ụlọ Rudolph maka mmemme Yale Art & Architecture.  [1] N'ịbụ onye Arthur na Madeleine Lejwa na-enwe ike Galerie Chalette [2] nọchitere anya ya na New York, ọrụ ya dọtara uche nke Joseph Hirshhorn, bụ onye ihe iji nyere na-anakọta ihe ọkpụkpụ Engman..

### Philadelphia na nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ: 1964-1978
N'afọ 1964, Engman kwagara Pennsylvania, ebe ọ nta onye ntụziaka nke Mahadum Pennsylvania's akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ.  Ọ bụ onye nkatọ na-eleta ugboro ugboro n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nka nke East Coast n'oge ọrụ nkuzi ya.  N'afọ ndị 1960 na 70, ọrụ ya gara nke ọma, yana ihe ngosi ihe ngosi New York na-aga nke ọma na kọmitii buru ibu ma buru ibu, na-ejedebe na Triune, (1975) ihe owuwu dị n'ụkwụ 20  dị elu nke eriri eriri na-akpata ọnụ.

### Haverford: Studio nkeonwe: Mgbe 1978 gasịrị
Melele anụ ahụ iji mechaa Triune wetara mkpa na draịva nka Engman ka ọ "na-achịkwa ihe ndị ahụ."  [1] Na 1978, ọ na-ahụ ụzọ ya na nka.  E taka ihe ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe, Engman gbaghaara ụzọ ụlọ ọrụ ihe maka ihe ọkpụkpụ, na- eji aka ya ụmụaka ya.  Ọ la azụ n'ụwa nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, wee agha ọrụ nke ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpachi anya nke na-achọghị ogbako ndị eze iji wuchaa..

## Theory of Sculpture
Akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-adịghị mma nke ọrụ Engman sitere na nyocha nke onye na-ese ihe na-eme ihe iji jide ụdị ọkpụkpụ.  Obere elu bụ mbụ na ngwaọrụ bụ ọnụ n'etiti loops ma ọ bụ ahịrị na oghere atọ.  Engman ikike dị nta nke nhazi elu iji ihe oyiyi geometric nke nwere ike, n'oge a na-ahụ ha, a ga-a-ra ya na ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ mgbe emechara ya na ire ma ọ bụ osisi.  N'okwu Engman n'onwe ya, "ha ike ike ichepụta ha site na usoro ọwara ọzọ nke inye ihe n'echiche."  [1] Ndị ọzọ nrụra na traktị na ngwaọrụ nke ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, onye nwụrụ anwụ R. Buckminster Fuller. 

## Na-arụ ọrụ

* *Ọmụmụ na Uto,* (1958) na mkpokọta MOMA na-adịgide adịgide. 
* A na-anọchi anya ọrụ Engman na Hirshhorn bụ nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ abụọ, *Untitled,* (1968-1969), na *After Iyengar* (1978), na ihe karịrị iri atọ n'ime obere ọrụ ya. 
* Na-arụ ọrụ na Whitney : *Construction,* (1960),  *Ọnwa, Nọmba 2,* (1964). 
* Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya kachasị ukwuu, *Triune* (1975), na-aga n'ihu na-eguzo na akuku ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo Philadelphia . 
* *Kings* (1975) dị na 78th na Lindbergh Streets, dịkwa na Philadelphia. 
* Ụmụ akwụkwọ jikọrọ aka na Engman iji mepụta ihe oyiyi *Peace Symbol* (1967) nke etinyere n'ihu Van Pelt Library na Penn na 1983. 

Usòrò:MIT_Barker_Library.jpg|*Untitled* (1968), suspended inside the Great Dome at MIT
Usòrò:Tiune_Engman.JPG|*Triune* (1975), near Philadelphia City Hall
Usòrò:Peace_symbol_Penn.JPG|*Peace Symbol* (1967) was created in collaboration with Penn students
Usòrò:Peace_symbol_Penn_Detail.JPG|*Peace Symbol, detail* (1967)


## Ihe ngosi (anaghị ezu oke)

### Otu

: *Ọkpụkpụ USA na nso nso a* (Mee - Ọgọst 1959) MOMA, New York, NY
: *Ọkpụkpụ E Haziri* (1960), Galerie Chalette, New York, NY
: *Ọkpụkpụ ọgbara ọhụrụ sitere na mkpokọta Joseph H. Hirshhorn* (Oct 1962 - Jan 1963), Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY
: *Ihe ngosi kwa afọ 1966: Ọkpụrụkpụ na Mbipụta nke Oge A* (Dec 1966 - Feb 1967), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY

### Solo

: *Ihe osise na nso nso a* (Feb - Maachị 1960), Stable Gallery, New York, NY
: *Ịgbanwe oke: Ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Robert Engman* (Oct 2016 - Feb 2017), James A. Michener Art Museum, Doylestown, PA

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Schiffer, Nancy. *Robert Engman: Ọkpụrụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ.* Schiffer: Philadelphia, Pennsvylvania (2013) 
* Robert Engman et al. *Robert Engman Sculpture: Isiokwu na ọdịiche.* Schiffer: Philadelphia, Pennsvylvania (2017) 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Dennet, Scot, ''Bob Engman na Studio'' Denett Entertainment (2015) eweghachiri 2020-04-14.
* Cook, Bonnie L., ''Obituaries: Robert M. Engman, 91, Onye kere ihe ọkpụkpụ ukwu na obere.'' Onye nyocha Philadelphia (July 18, 2018) eweghachiri 2020-03-19 .