Richmond barthe

**James Richmond Barthé**, makwaara dị ka **Richmond Barthé** (January 28, 1901 - Maachị 5, 1989) bụ onye ọkpụ akpụ nke America-Amerika jikọtara ya na Harlem Renaissance . A maara Barthé nke ọma maka nkọwa ya banyere ihe ndị isi ojii. Ihe elekwasị anya n'ọrụ nka ya bụ igosi ụdị dị iche iche na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke mmadụ. Barthé kwuru otu oge, sị: "N'ime ndụ m niile, ọ na-amasị m ịgbalị ijide àgwà ime mmụọ m na-ahụ na mmetụta n'ebe ndị mmadụ nọ, echere m na mmadụ dị ka Chineke mere ya, bụ ụzọ kasị mma isi gosipụta mmụọ a n'ime mmadụ." 

## Ndụ mbido
James Richmond Barthé mụrụ na Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, nye Richmond Barthé na Marie Clementine Robateau. Papa Barthé nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 22, mgbe ọ dị nanị ọnwa ole na ole, hapụ nne ya ka ọ zụlite ya nanị ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa uwe na tupu Barthé amalite ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị ọ lụrụ ọzọ na William Franklin, bụ onye ya na ya mesịrị nwee ụmụ ise ọzọ. 

Barthé gosipụtara mmasị na nkà maka ise ihe site na nwata. Nne ya, n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, nyere aka na mkpebi ya ịchụso nka dịka ọrụ aka. Barthé kwuru n’otu oge, sị: “Mgbe m nọ na-awagharị n’ala, nne m nyere m akwụkwọ na pensụl ka m na-eji egwuri egwu. O mere ka m gbachie nkịtị ka ọ na-eme ihe ọ na-eme. Mgbe m dị afọ isii, amalitere m ịse ihe. Otu nwaanyị mama m na-akwa ákwà nyere m. N'oge ahụ, enwere m ike ịse nke ọma." 

Barthé gara n'ihu na-ese ihe n'oge ọ bụ nwata na oge uto, n'okpuru agbamume nke ndị nkuzi ya. Onye nkuzi klas ya nke anọ, Inez Labat, sitere na Bay St. Louis Public School, metụtakwara mmepe ọmarịcha ya site n'ịkwalite uto nka nka. Mgbe ọ dị nanị afọ iri na abụọ, Barthé gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Bay St. Louis County Fair. 

Otú ọ dị, Barthé na-eto eto nwere nsogbu ahụ́ ike, mgbe ọrịa typhoid wakwasịrị ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, ọ kwụsịrị ịga akwụkwọ.  Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na onye na-arụ ọrụ, ma ọ ka na-eji oge efu ya na-ese ihe. Ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya, Ponds, bụ ndị nọrọ oge okpomọkụ na Bay St. Louis, kpọrọ Barthé ka ọ rụọrọ ha ọrụ dị ka nwa okorobịa na New Orleans, Louisiana. Site n'ọrụ ya na ọdọ mmiri, Barthé gbasapụrụ echiche ọdịnala ya na ihe ọmụma nka, wee weba ya Lyle Saxon, onye edemede mpaghara maka *Times Picayune* . Saxon na-alụ ọgụ megide usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma gbalịa ime ka Barthé debanye aha na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà na New Orleans n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. 

N’afọ 1924, Barthé nyere otu chọọchị Katọlik ihe osise mmanụ mbụ ya ka e wee reọ ya n’ebe a na-enye ego. N'ịbụ onye talent ya masịrị ya, Fr Harry F. Kane, SSJ gbara Barthé ume ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ nka ya wee nweta ego ka ọ malite ọmụmụ ihe na nkà ọma. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 23, na-erughị agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na enweghị ọzụzụ ọzụzụ na nkà, Barthé tinyere akwụkwọ na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts na Art Institute of Chicago, ma nabata ya. 

## Chicago
N'ime afọ anọ sochirinụ, Barthé gbasoro usoro ọmụmụ ahaziri maka ndị isi na eserese. N'oge a ọ banyere na nwanne nne ya Rose na-ebi ndụ na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche.  Ọrụ ya dọtara uche Dr. Charles Maceo Thompson, onye na-akwado nka na onye na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese oji. Barthé bụ onye na-ese ihe osise na-atọ ụtọ, Dr. Thompson nyekwara ya aka inweta ọtụtụ ọrụ na-enye ezigbo ego n'aka ndị isi ojii n'obodo ahụ. 

Na Art Institute of Chicago, Barthé's formal art instruction in sculpture were were were were place with atomical class with prọfesọ nke anatomi na German artist Charles Schroeder. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ihe nlegharị anya n'ụrọ iji nweta nghọta ka mma maka ụdị akụkụ atọ. Ahụmahụ a gosipụtara, dị ka Barthé si kwuo, oge mgbanwe n'ọrụ ya, na-atụgharị uche ya n'ihe osise na n'ịkpụ ihe ọkpụkpụ. 

Barthé nwere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye na-akpụ akpụ na *The Negro in Art Week* ngosi na 1927 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke eserese na Art Institute of Chicago. O gosikwara na ihe ngosi Eprel 1928 kwa afọ nke Chicago Art League. Otuto dị oke egwu nyere Barthé ohere ịnweta ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka bọs nke Henry O. Tanner (1928) na Toussaint L'Ouverture (1928). N'agbanyeghị na ọ ka nọ n'ọgwụgwụ 20s ya, n'ime obere oge ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù, bụ isi site na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, maka inye onyinye dị ukwuu na nkà African-American ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule 1929, ihe dị mkpa nke agụmakwụkwọ nka ya zuru oke, Barthé kpebiri ịhapụ Chicago wee gaa New York City. 

## Obodo New York
thumb| ''Nwanyị Blackberry'', ihe nkedo 1932
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-esiri ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe ike inweta ndụ site na nkà ha n'oge oké ịda mbà n'obi, 1930s bụ afọ kachasị mma nke Richmond Barthé.  Ngbanwe site na Art Institute of Chicago gaa New York City, ebe ọ kwagara mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, kpughere Barthé na ahụmahụ ọhụrụ ka ọ rutere n'obodo ahụ n'oge ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke Harlem Renaissance . O hibere ụlọ ihe nkiri ya na Harlem na 1930 ka o nwetasịrị mkpakọrịta Julius Rosenwald Fund na ngosi ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Women's City Club na Chicago. Agbanyeghị, na 1931, ọ kwagara ụlọ ọrụ ya na Harlem na Greenwich Village. Barthé kwuru n'otu oge, sị: "M bi n'ime ime obodo n'ihi na ọ na-adabara ndị m na-akpakọrịta, bụ́ ndị ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkpata ihe e ji ebi ndụ." Ọ ghọtara mkpa mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị na ịdebe ọdịmma ndị na-anakọta ihe. 

Barthé jikọtara ya na okirikiri bohemian nke ogbe ndịda Manhattan. Na mbido enweghị ike ị nweta ụdị ndụ, ọ chọrọ wee chọta mmụọ nsọ sitere n'aka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ibi n'ime ime obodo nyere ya ohere ịmekọrịta ọ bụghị nanị n'etiti ndị nchịkọta kamakwa n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-agba egwú, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. Ihe ncheta ọhụụ ya dị ịrịba ama nyere ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ n'enweghị ụdị, na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe nnọchianya nke ahụ mmadụ na-emegharị. N'oge a, ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka *Black Narcissus* (1929), *Blackberry Woman* (1930), *Drum Major* (1928), *The Breakaway* (1929), busts nke Alain Locke (1928), bust nke A'leila Walker (1928). ), *The Deviled Crab-Man* (1929), Rose McClendon (1932), Féral Benga (1935), na Sir John Gielgud dị ka Hamlet (1935). 

N'October 1933, otu nnukwu ọrụ Barthé wepụtara Caz Delbo Galleries na Rockefeller Center na New York City. N'otu afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Chicago World's Fair na 1933. N'oge okpomọkụ 1934, Barthé gara njem na Paris na Reverend Edward F. Murphy, enyi Reverend Kane si New Orleans, bụ onye gbanwere tiketi klas mbụ ya maka tiketi abụọ nke atọ iji kesaa Barthé. Njem a kpughere Barthé na nka oge gboo, kamakwa nye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka Féral Benga na onye na-eme ihe nkiri African-American Josephine Baker, onye o mere eserese na 1935 na 1951 n'otu n'otu.  N'ime iri afọ abụọ sochirinụ, o wulitere aha ya dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe. Enyere ya ọtụtụ ihe nrite ma nwetakwa ihe ịga nke ọma mgbe ọ nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma, ndị odee na ndị nkatọ weere ya dị ka otu n'ime "ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ" nke oge ya. N'ime ndị enyi ya bụ ndị America America bụ Wallace Thurman, Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, Jimmie Daniels, Countee Cullen, na Harold Jackman . Ralph Ellison bụ nwa akwụkwọ mbụ ya. Ndị na-akwado ndị ọcha gụnyere Carl Van Vechten, Noel Sullivan, Charles Cullen, Lincoln Kirstein, Paul Cadmus, Edgar Kaufmann Jr., na Jared French .

Na 1945, Barthé ghọrọ onye otu National Sculpture Society . 
thumb| Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi gbachiri nkịtị na "onye na-ese ihe Negro". Barthé na-arụ ọrụ na Kalombwan (1934)

## Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Booker T. Washington, 1946, National Portrait Gallery
N’ikpeazụ, ọgba aghara na ime ihe ike nke obodo ahụ malitere ibibi ya, o wee kpebie ịhapụ ndụ a ma ama ya ma kwaga Jamaica na West Indies na 1947. Ọrụ ya gara n'ihu na Jamaica, ọ nọrọkwa ebe ahụ ruo etiti 1960 mgbe ime ihe ike na-eto eto manyere ya ịkwaga ọzọ. N'ime afọ ise sochirinụ, o biri na Switzerland, Spain, na Ịtali, wee biri na Pasadena, California n'otu ụlọ mgbazinye. N'ime ụlọ a, Barthé rụrụ ọrụ na ihe ncheta ya, na nke kachasị mkpa, jiri enyemaka ego nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri James Garner bipụta ọtụtụ ọrụ ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1989. Garner nwere ikike nwebiisinka nke Barthé, were onye na-agụ akụkọ ndụ ka ọ hazie na idekọ ọrụ ya, wee guzobe Richmond Barthe Trust. 

## Ọrụ ọha
Ọrụ ọha na eze mbụ Barthé sitere na New York City's Federal Art Project na maka 80-foot bas-relief in cast stone, (1939), maka icho mma nke Harlem River Houses complex, ma mgbe emechara, arụnyere ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụlọ Kingborough dị na Brooklyn.  Ọrụ ọha ya ndị ọzọ a ma ama gụnyere nnukwu ọla nke Toussaint L'Ouverture, (1950), n'ihu Obí Mba dị na Port-au-Prince, Haiti; Akpụrụ akpụ ọla nchara dị 40 ụkwụ Jean Jacques Dessalines, (1952), na Champs-du-Mars, Port-au-Prince, Haiti; ihe nkedo nkume ihe nkedo nke American Eagle, (1940), na facade nke Social Security Board Building na Washington, DC; ihe ncheta marble Arthur Brisbane na New York City, (1939), ụdị ihe ọkpụkpụ Rose McClendon mechara gbasaa (1932), maka Fallingwater Frank Lloyd Wright, (c.1935);  na imewe nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ego Haiti, ka na-eji taa. 

## Ihe ngosi
Mpụta mbụ Barthé dị ka onye ọkpụ akpụ bụ na ihe ngosi *The Negro in Art Week* na Chicago na 1927.  Emere ngosi ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na Women's City Club na Chicago na 1930, na-egosipụta nhọrọ nke ọrụ 38 nke ọkpụkpụ, eserese na ọrụ na akwụkwọ.  N'afọ 1932, Whitney Museum of American Art kpebiri ịzụrụ otu Blackberry Woman (1930) bronze ka o gosichara ya na ngosi mmeghe nke *Contemporary American Artists* na 1932.  Ejikọtara ọrụ Barthé na eserese site na Delacroix, Matisse, Laurencin, Daumier, na Forain na Caz-Delbo Gallery na 1933 na New York City.  Na 1942, o nwere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ nka 20 na South Side Community Art Center na Chicago.  Nleghachi azụ nke gụnyere ọrụ sitere na mkpokọta nzuzo nke egosiri na nke mbụ, Richmond Barthé: Onye na-achọ ihe bụ ihe ngosi mmalite nke African American Galleries na Ohr-O'Keefe Museum of Art na Biloxi, Mississippi, nke Margaret Rose Vendryes, PhD kwadoro. .

Nleghachi azụ nke Barthé na nso nso a, akpọrọ *Richmond Barthé: Ndụ Ya na Art*, nwere ihe osise na foto 30.  Ọ bụ Landau Traveling Exhibitions nke Los Angeles, CA, haziri ihe ngosi a na 2009.  Ebe ngosi ihe ngosi gụnyere Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, California African American Museum, Dixon Gallery and Gardens,  na NCCU Art Museum . 

## Nchịkọta
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art zụtara nnomi Barthé nke Blackberry Woman (1930) na 1932, mgbe ngosi mmalite nke *Whitney Annual* na 1932. A zụtara onye egwu egwu Africa (1933) ka emechara ya na *Whitney Kwa Afọ* na 1933 yana Comedian na 1935. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan zụtara The Boxer (1942) ka *ndị Artists for Victory* ngosi gachara n'otu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 1942.  Akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Barthé dị na nchịkọta nke Smithsonian American Art Museum ;  Art Institute of Chicago,  Fallingwater,  na ndị ọzọ. 

## Nkwenye
Richmond Barthé nwetara ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ n'oge ọrụ ya, gụnyere Rosenwald Fellowship na 1930 na Mmekọrịta Guggenheim na 1940.  Barthé bụkwa onye mbụ na-ese ihe n'Afrika-America ka a ga-anọchi anya ya, ya na onye na-ese ihe bụ Jacob Lawrence, na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Metropolitan Museum of Art .  Na 1945, a họpụtara ya na American Academy of Arts and Letters .  Ọ natakwara ihe nrite maka ikpe ziri ezi n'etiti agbụrụ na ogo nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Xavier na Mahadum St. Francis.  Ọ bụ onye nnata nke Audubon Artists Gold Medal na 1950.  Afọ ole na ole ka ọ bịarutere Pasadena, California, obodo ahụ degharịrị aha okporo ụzọ ebe Barthé bi dị ka Barthé Drive.  A kwanyere ya ugwu wee nweta ihe nrite n'aka Onye isi ala US Jimmy Carter na 1980.

## Ndụ onwe onye

### Mmekọahụ
N'otu oge, mgbe a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, Barthé gosiri na ya bụ nwoke idina nwoke . N'ime ndụ ya niile, ọ na-enwe mmekọrịta ịhụnanya mgbe ụfọdụ nke na-adịteghị aka.  N'akwụkwọ ozi na-adịghị agwụ agwụ na Alain Locke, o gosiri na ọ chọrọ mmekọrịta dị ogologo oge na "enyi Negro na onye hụrụ n'anya". Akwụkwọ *Barthé: A Life in Sculpture* nke Margaret Rose Vandryes jikọtara Barthé na onye edemede Lyle Saxon, na onye nkatọ nka nke Afrika-American Alain Locke, onye na-ese ihe na-eto eto John Rhoden, na onye na-ese foto Carl Van Vechten . Dị ka akwụkwọ ozi si n'aka Alain Locke na Richard Bruce Nugent, Barthé nwere mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na Nugent, onye nkedo nke sitere na mmepụta *Porgy &amp;amp; Bess* . 

### Nkwenkwe okpukpe
Barthé bụ onye Katọlik ji obi ya niile . Ọtụtụ n’ime ọrụ Barthé mechara mee bụ ihe gbasara okpukpe, gụnyere *Jọn Onye Na-eme Baptizim* (1942), *Bịakwute M* (1945), *Isi nke Jisọs* (1949), *Angry Christ* (1946), na *Mbilite n’ọnwụ* (1969). Ọrụ dị ka *The Nne* (1935), *Mary* (1945), ma ọ bụ ya emechabeghị *n'obe* (c. 1944) na-mara mmetụta na interracial ikpe ziri ezi maka ihe e nyere ya James J. Hoey Award site Catholic Interracial Council na 1945. 

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Adams, Russell L. *Great Negroes: gara aga na ugbu a* . Chicago, Illinois: Ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta Afro-Am, 1976. ISBN&nbsp;
* Bearden, Romare; Henderson, Harry. *A History of African-American Artists: Site na 1972 ruo ugbu a* . New York: Pantheon, 1993. ISBN&nbsp;
* Gates, Henry Lewis. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. WEB Du Bois Institute for African American Research. *Ndụ ndị Amerịka* . New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN&nbsp;
* Golas, Carrie. *Barthe, Richmond 1901–1989* . N'ime akụkọ ndụ ojii nke oge a . Nkeji 14. Gale Research, 1997. ISBN&nbsp;
* Horak, Jan-Christopher. *Ndị hụrụ Cinema n'anya Ihe nkiri America mbụ Avant-Garde, 1919 - 1945* . Madison: Mahadum nke Wisconsin Press, 1995. ISBN&nbsp;
* Lewis, Samella. *Richmond Barthé: Ndụ Ya na Art* . Ọrụ ịdị n'otu, 2009. ISBN&nbsp;
* Nugent, Richard Bruce. *Gay Rebel nke Harlem Renaissance.* Durham na London: Duke University Press, 2002. ISBN&nbsp;
* Pamphile, Léon Dénius. *Ndị Haiti na ndị Africa America: Ihe Nketa nke Ọdachi na Olileanya* . Mahadum Press nke Florida, 2001. ISBN&nbsp;
* Vendryes, Margaret Rose. *Barthé: Ndụ na Ọkpụkpụ* . Mahadum Press nke Mississippi, 2008. ISBN&nbsp;
* Zabunyan, Elvan. *Oji Bụ Agba: Akụkọ banyere ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa-American* . Paris: Mbipụta Dis Voir, 2005. ISBN&nbsp;

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Richmond Barthé: Harlem Renaissance Scholar", Ihe ngosi njem. eweghachiri February 6, 2015.
* "Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi" . eweghachiri February 6, 2015.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20150206225455/http://issuu.com/dixongallery/docs/past_exhibitions, eweghachiri February 6, 2015.
* http://www.nccu.edu/news/index.cfm? ID=00DC3BD7-19B9-B859-78F1C41DE63B5CD5 , eweghachiri February 6, 2015.
* "Richmond Barthé: Ndụ Ya na Art"
* "Richmond Barthe, onye na-akpụ ihe"
* Richmond Barthé gosipụtara na Ohr-O'Keefe Museum of Art
* Nchịkọta Richmond Barthé, mkpokọta pụrụ iche na Mahadum Southern Mississippi
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations