open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Reichsjägerhof Rominten

thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ mbata na ụlọ nche, 1941
The **Reichsjägerhof Rominten** was Hermann Göring's Hunting Lodge in the Rominter Heath (; ) in East Prussia. After the German attack on the Soviet Union, it temporarily served as Göring's headquarters.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Ebe a na-ahụ ihe dị n'ime, 1936

Rominter Heath nwere ọdịnala dị ogologo dị ka ala ịchụ nta eze na East Prussia. Site na 1890 ruo 1913 Kaiser Wilhelm II gara Heath kwa afọ, kemgbe 1891 Wilhelm nwere Rominten Hunting Lodge. Na Septemba 1933 Wilhelm jụrụ ikwe ka Hermann Göring nọrọ n'ụlọ ezumike ahụ, Göring mechara wuo ụlọ nke ya (mgbe Wilhelm nwụsịrị, Göring manyere ndị nketa ka ha resị ya Royal Lodge).

Na Septemba n'afọ 1935, Göring nyere ikike iwu ụlọ nta na Rominter Heath, nke a rụchara na Septemba 1936. n'aha mbụ ya. Otú ọ dị   dị, a kpọrọ ụlọ ahụ "Reichsjägerhof Rominten" yiri "Reichesjägerhof Hermann Göring" dị nso na Braunschweig. Ogige egwuregwu ahụ gbatịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta  ọ bụrụ 100 square miles ( km2. [1]

Mgbe ndị Germany wakporo Soviet Union, ụlọ ahụ ọrụ dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ Göring nwa oge. Saịtị   mmeri Soviet na East Prussia, Göring nyere iwu ka e bibie Reichsjägerhof ma na 20 Ọktoba 1944 onye na ahụ-elekọta Göring gbara ụlọ ọkụ. 

Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mpaghara ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Soviet Union.  ọ na-erule na afọ 2013, ụfọdụ ndị Russia na-etinye ego na-eme atụmatụ iwughachi ụlọ ahụ.

## Edemsibe


54°22'50"Na 22°31'16°/ 54.38056°N￼22.52111°E
Òtù Na ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị na Ụzọ Na eme na Ụzọ Mmiri

E hiwere **Danish Astronomical Society (Dansk Astronomisk Selskab) ** na 1916 'na ebumnuche nke ime ihe maka mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma na mmasị na nkà mmụta mbara igwe na nyocha mbara igwe'.  Dabere na nkọwa ya, adreesị ya dịgasị iche. Society  emeghe maka onye ọ bụla nwere ọchịchọ ịmụtakwu banyere nkà mmụta mbara igwe, ma na enye ndị otu ohere ịnweta okwu na nkuzi site n'aka ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe, [1] ma na ekwe ka ha jiri ngwá ọrụ na N.P. Wieth-Knudsen Observatory na Tisvilde  iji hụ ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe.  na agbasa akụkọ banyere nzukọ, nkuzi na ihe omume na abịanụ, yana ozi n'ozuzu banyere ihe omume mbara igwe na abeghachi dị ka eclipses na Comets, na ndepụta nke ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. [1] Onye isi oche nke Danish Astronomical Society ugbu a bụ Majken B. E. Christensen.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na enyocha mbara igwe

## Ihe odide
Oge kpakpando

oge **elekere [[kpakpando]]** (ma ọ bụ nke abalị) bụ usoro iji kpakpando chọpụta oge. A na eme nke a site n'ịtụle ọnọdụ Big Dipper na mbara igwe dabere na elekere ọkọlọtọ, wee jiri mgbakwunye na mwepu dị mfe. Usoro a anaghị achọ ngwá ọrụ; ndị ọzọ na eji astrolabe na planisphere.

Enwere ike ịgbanwe onye na achịkwa elekere ka o wee nọgide na enwe ọnụego oge Sidereal. Mgbe a na etinye ya na Local Mean Sidereal Time nke onye na ekiri ya mgbe ahụ kpakpando ga agafe meridian (na agafe kpọmkwem n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndịda) n'oge sidereal nke kpakpando ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Oge ihu igwe

## Njikọ mpụga

* Telling Time site na Sun and Stars site na John P. Pratt
* Inquiry.net
Pieter van Kouwenhoorn

thumb|Lilium longiflorum
thumb|Fritillary imperialis
**Pieter van Kouwenhoorn aka Pieter Kouwenhoorn (1599 na -" data-linkid="7" href="./Haarlem" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Haarlem">Haarlem - c. 21 Mee 1654 na [[Leiden]]) ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1620s - 1630s) bụ onye na-ese ihe osise Dutch. Kouwenhoorn bụ onye na&#x2D; enyo na-arụ ọrụ na [[Haarlem]] na Leiden na Netherlands, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị nkuzi nke onye na-ise ihe [[Gerard Dou]] (1613-1675) na Hendrick Jansz. van der Smient (ihe dị ka 1600 &#x2D; 1655). Ọ na-ese ihe osise ala, ihe osise na akụkọ ifo**     -" data-linkid="7" href="./Haarlem" id="mwEw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Haarlem">Haarlema&#x2D;e &#x2D; 

E liri ya na 21 Mee n'afọ 1654 site na 'Hooglandse Kerk' na Leiden.

## Florilegia

* *"Verzameling van Bloemen naar de Natuur geteekend door Pieter van Kouwenhoorn"*. Site  1630s, abọm a nwere ihe osise 46 nwere aha osisi e nyere na Latin, French na German.

## Edemsibe
Bring 'Em Back Alive (akwụkwọ)

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ Anthony (n'aka ekpe) na Buck na-etinye aka na akwụkwọ na-esote, Wild Cargo (1932)
Bring Em Back Alive bụ akwụkwọ 1930 nke Frank Buck dere. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ọ bụ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama n'ụwa ma sụgharịa ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. Buck na-akọ banyere ihe omume ya na-ejide anụ ọhịa dị egwu.

N'iso Edward Anthony dee akwụkwọ, Buck kọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime ahụmahụ ya kachasị egwu, n'etiti ha, ọgụ ya na eze cobra gbapụrụ agbapụ. Agwọ a na-egbu egbu bụ naanị anụ ọhịa, ka Buck na-ekwu, nke na-adịghị atụ egwu mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụ ọhịa. "Ọ dịghị ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa ka e nwere anụmanụ ma ọ bụ anụ na-akpụ akpụ nke nwere ike ikwekọ na mkpebi siri ike ya iji kpochapụ ihe ọ bụla gafere n'ụzọ ya. Ọchịchọ igbu ọchụ a na-etinye eze cobra na àgwà nke ime ihe ọjọọ nke na-etinye ya na klas n'onwe ya, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ ihe jikọrọ ya n'ọhịa maka ọnwụ. "Mgbe eze cobra gbapụrụ agbapụ zutere ya, Buck dere, maka ozugbo, uche na ahụ dara. O wepụrụ jaket ọbọgwụ ọcha o yi n'elu akpụkpọ ahụ ya ma ka agwọ ahụ kụrụ ya ọ gara n'ihu, jiri uwe ahụ tụba onwe ya n'ihu ya wee kụọ n'ala, na agwọ ahụ, tọrọ n'ime jaket ahụ n'okpuru ya.

A ego aro akwụkwọ ahụ maka onye ọlụ na-amasị ka e mee ya ka ọ nọdụ ala n' watch oche ya ma na-eku ume ka anya ya na-eri ihe e biri ebi iji hụ ihe ga-eme n' , "ka New York Times Book Review dere.Buck na-akọwa ọtụtụ ihe egwu ndị ọzọ. Otu tapir ọ na-anwa ịṅụ ọgwụ mere mwakpo dị egwu na mberede, jiri isi ya kụọ ya n'afọ ma kụtuo ya. Mgbe ahụ, anụ ọhịa ahụ na-ewe iwe wụliri ya, jiri ụkwụ azụ ya tie ya ihe, ma dọrọ ya gburugburu ebe obibi ya. Tapir ahụ na-anwa iji nnukwu agbà ya na ezé dị ike dọwaa ihu Buck mgbe ndị enyemaka Buck bịara na-agba ọsọ ịzọpụta ya. Otu n'ime ha kụrụ osisi abụọ site na anọ n'olu anụmanụ ahụ, na-enye Buck ohere ịgbapụ.

"A ego aro akwụkwọ ahụ maka onye ọlụ na-amasị ka e mee ya ka ọ nọdụ ala n'kà oche ya ma na-eku ume ka anya ya na-eri ihe e biri ebi iji hụ ihe ga-eme n' akwụkwọ," ka New York Times Book Review dere.

Onye nta ndị agha Floyd Gibbons tụụrụ Buck aro ka o dee akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Ndị enyi abụọ ka George T. Bye, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na New York, mara Buck na akara nke Bring 'Em Back Alive na akwụkwọ Buck ndị sochirinụ.

N'afọ 2000, Steven Lehrer bipụtara nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke akụkọ ndị a na *Bring 'Em Back Alive: The Best of Frank Buck* . 

## Hụkwa

* Bring 'Em Back Alive - ihe nkiri 1932
* Bring 'Em Back Alive - usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn 1982-3
* *Bring 'Em Back Alive: The Best of Frank Buck* - nchịkọta 2000

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Bring Em Back Alive na Google Books
Ihe ndekọ Ụgbọelu Austral

The Austral Avian Record, nke nwere ndepụta okwu ya bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị nke etinyere n'ụzọ bụ isi na ọmụmụ nke Australian avifauna, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ oge ụfọdụ ewepụtara na mpịakọta ise n'etiti 1912 na 1927. Ọ tọrọ ntọala, kwado ya na dezie ya site n'aka ọkà mmụta n'ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Australia bụ Gregory M. Mathews, onye bụ onye Australia. bụkwa onye kacha enye aka. Witherby nke London bipụtara ya, wee jee ozi dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ ntuziaka nnukwu ya, The Birds of Australia, nke ọ malitere na 1910 wee dechaa na 1927.

E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na Jenụwarị 2, 1912, na mbipụta ikpeazụ (mpịakọta 5, nke 5) nke dị na 1 June 1927. N'akwụkwọ nchịkọta akụkọ nke meghere mbipụta mbụ, Mathews kọwara, sị:"Mgbe m na-akwadebe Ndepụta Nkwupụta m maka Nnụnụ nke Australia (nke dị ugbu a na ndị nta akụkọ), enwetara m ọtụtụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị banyere ihe ndị chọrọ nyocha. N'ime Ndepụta Nkwupụta ahụ, egosila m ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana enweghị ike iwebata akụkọ zuru ezu. Ya mere, ekpebiela m ibipụta, n'oge na-adịghị mma, ihe odide ndị m chere dị mkpa iji chọọ nlebara anya ozugbo ma na-ezo aka na nnụnụ ndị a gwọrọla na nnụisi nke Australia ma ọ bụ na a gaghị emeso ha n'ọdịnihu. 'ebe a, a na-atụ aro igosi ụdị ọhụrụ, ihe edeturu na aha ọ bụla ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị metụtara ụmụ nnụnụ Australia.E nyekwara ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na mpụga azụ nke akụkụ ọ bụla site na mpịakọta nke atọ gaa n'ihu, nke kwuru na: A na-ebipụta Austral Avian Record n'oge na-adịghị mma, ihe dị ka ugboro anọ kwa afọ, n'akụkụ nke ihe dị ka peeji 24 nke ọ bụla, na-enwekarị Plate na-acha anụnụ anụnụ; akụkụ asatọ na-eme ka mpịakọta. Ọnụahịa kwa mpịakọta 12/- post free. "Austral Avian Record" nwere:

# Nkwurịta okwu banyere mmekọrịta na ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị dị nta nke ụdị ụfọdụ, ọkachasị ndị a na-emeghị na Mathews' Birds of Australia *Nnụnụ nke Australia*
# Ntụziaka nke ihe e bipụtara na "Birds of Australia" mgbe ntinye nke ihe na eziokwu ọhụrụ chọrọ ụdị mmezi dị otú ahụ
# Nkọwa nke ụdị ọhụrụ
# Nkwurịta okwu banyere aha
# Mgbakwunye na Ndepụta Nkwupụta nke Nnụnụ nke Australia *Ndepụta nke Nnụnụ nke Australia*
# Ụbọchị e bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị e nwere obi abụọ


* Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin ndị metụtara nnụnụ na nnụnụ
Friedrich Guimpel

**Friedrich Guimpel** (1 August 1774 na Berlin - 17 January n'afọ 1839), bụ onye Germany na-ese ihe na onye na-ese onyinyo osisi.

  ese ihe na prọfesọ na Berlin Academy of Arts, ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà iwe ihe omume a ma rụ ọrụ n'imepụta ọrụ ihe.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Plate botanical nke Theobroma cacao site na Friedrich Guimpel site na Hayne's "Getreue Darstellung und Beschreibung der in der Arzneykunde gebräuchlichen Gewächse".
Karl Koch na Carl David Bouché nyere ụdị *Berberis guimpelii* aha iji sọpụrụ ya.  bụ otu ihe na *[[Berberis chinensis]]*.

Ihe a ma ama bụ na Friedrich Guimpel gosikwara na agba opekata mpe otu akwụkwọ ahụike: Carl Heinrich Weller Die Krankheiten des menschlichen Auges (Berlin 1819) yana mbipụta nke abụọ nke otu ọrụ ahụ na 1822

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

* *Abbildung der deutschen holzarten für forstmäner und liebhaber der botanik*, 1815 - 1820 (ya na Friedrich Gottlob Hayne; Karl Ludwig Willdenow) - Ihe osise nke ụdị osisi German maka ndị na-elekọta ọhịa na ndị hụrụ botany n'anya.
* *Abbildung der fremden, na Deutschland ausdauernden holzarten für forstmänner, garten besitzer und für freunde der botanik*, 1825 (ya na Friedrich Gottlob Hayne; Christoph Friedrich Otto).
* Abbildung und Beschreibung aller in der Pharmacopoea Borussica aufgeبye Gewächse, (ya na Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal) - Ihe osise na nkọwa nke ihe niile dị na ndepụta nke osisi Pharmacopoeia Borussica.
* *Pflanzen-Abbildungen und Beschreibungen zur Erkenntniss officineller Gewächse*, 1838 (ya na Johann Friedrich Klotzsch) - Ihe osise botanical na nkọwa nke osisi ndị isi. 

## Edemsibe
Ebe Sayensị Mmiri

thumb|MarineScienceCtr2.600.

Volusia County Marine Science Center, bụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka sayensị mmiri na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị na Ponce Inlet, Volusia County, Florida. 

## Ihe ngosi
Ihe ngosi etiti ahụ gụnyere okpokoro isi whale humpback, nduru mmiri ọhụrụ, ebe mgbazigharị nduru, akwarium 4,876 galọn hexagonal artificial reef na ọdọ mmiri stingray nwere ụzarị cownose.

## Ebe a na-eme ka mmadụ nwetaghachi onwe ya
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ iji dozie nnụnụ mmiri merụrụ ahụ  na mbe mmiri. 

## Edemsibe

## Njikọ mpụga
Bundesartenschutzverordnung

The Federal Species Protection Regulations, nke mbụ a nabatara na 19 Disemba n'afọ 1986, bụ usoro iwu etiti.   na Germany. Iwu ndị   na-echebe osisi na anụ . Ha bụ iwu mmebe iwu nke ụdị ọrịa iji nye ike na Federal Nature Conservation Act nke ịntanetị na 1 Jenụwarị n'afọ 1977. Site na nke iwu ọhụrụ, ọ dị mkpa imelite iwu. Ụdị iwu ndị a dị ugbu a sitere na 16 Febụwarị n'afọ 2005.      isi 1 nke iwu ndị a depụtara osisi na anụmanụ echedoro. E kunna ịgbagwoju ụdị ndị a na-echebe anya na Red List nke ụdị anụmanụ na osisi nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịla n'iyi.

## Edemsibe
Charles Virion

[áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|''Ịhụnanya Nne''. Ihe oyiyi ọha na eze nke Charles Virion na Largo do Arouche, na São Paulo, [Brazil.]]
**Charles Louis Eugène Virion** (Ajaccio, 1 Disemba n'afọ 1865 - Montigny-sur-Loing, 30 Disemba , n'afọ 1946) ọ bụ onye France a ma ama na-ese ihe, onye na-enweta ihe nrite, na onye na-ese ite, ọkachasị nke anụmanụ.

Virion ihe ọkpụkpụ na Paris n'okpụ̀rụ Jean-Paul Aubé na Charles Gauthier ma isi ya na Salon des Artistes Français site na 1886 ruo n'afọ 1930. E nyere ya ihe dị iche iche na afọ 1893 ọ wee bụrụ onye otu, n'otu afụ ahụ. 

O ritere ihe nrite nke atọ na 1895. Na Paris Exposition Universelle nke 1900 ọ ritere ọla nchara.   gosikwara na Salon des Animaliers mgbe afọ 1913 nchebe.

Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, o mere ihe ncheta ma ka ọtụtụ ọbọdọ gụnyere ndị nke Montigny-sur-Loing, Nemours, La Genevraye na Arbonne-la-Forêt.

## Hụkwa

* Ebe A Na-akpọ Armand

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* :fr:Charles Virion
* http://montignysurloing.pagesperso-orange.fr/village/culture/artistes.htm#
* http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr?Ọrụ = CHERCHER&FIELD_3 = AUTR&VALUE_3=%27VIRION%20Charles%20Louis%20Eug%e8ne%27&DOM=All
* Charles Virion na nchịkọta ọha na eze nke America, na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ French Sculpture Census
Ebe Nlegharị anya Manuel Foster

thumb|Vista del interior del observatorio Manuel Foster Recabarren.
.Onye Observatorio Manuel Foster , ma ọ bụ Manuel Foster Observatory, bụ ụlọ ihe gbasara mbara igwe nke e wuru na Cerro San Cristobal nke dịdebere Santiago, Chile na 1903. A maara site na mbụ dị ka DO Mills Observatory mgbe onye.  ọrụ ebere Darius Ogden Mills.  Ewubere ya dị ka mpụ nke Lick Observatory iji hụ ndị na mpaghara ndịda, na, n'okpuru nduzi nke onye na-ahụ mbara igwe America WW Campbell, a na-eji ya mee ihe na nnukwu ọrụ iji obere nke mmetụta nke Sun site  na mbara igwe

Ego mbụ maka ọrụ a ọrụ maka afọ abụọ.  Ebe ọ bụ na Campbell e nwere ahụ nke ukwuu, onye nwere ya bụ William H. Wright duziri njem ahụ.  Mgbe emebechara teliskop na dome nleba anya, a pịa na ike ngwá ọrụ ahụ dị mma ma ụmụaka ọrụ ná mmalite 1903. Ngụkọta nke spectrograms 800 ka ana ozi nke ọma site na Ọktoba 1905. Heber D. Curtis weghaara ọrụ na March 1906, na ego.  ọhụrụ sitere n'aka Mills nyere eze imeziwanye ụlọ ahụ.  N'iji data ana ese site na nleba anya a, Campbell dechara ihe mgbaàmà nke nke Sun na 1926. Site n'ego ozi, ọrụ gara n'ihu na ebe nleba anya ruo 1928, mgbe onye ọka iwu Chile Manuel Foster Recabarren ụgbọra ya.  maka Universidad Católica de Chile wee bufee ya n'aka ha.

Ndị ihe nkiri ahụ dị na Santiago Metropolitan Park wee bụrụ ihe nwere mba na 2010. Igwe teliskop bụ isi bụ ihe ntụgharị cassegrain nwere 0.93 m (3.1 ft) oghere na ugwu equatorial .  A na-edobe ngwa a n'ime dome na- መሪ.

. Na 1897, onye na- mbara igwe bụ William Wallace Campbell, nke William H. Wright na-enyere aka, ọrịa mmemme nke radial ọsọ nke ndị niile dị n'ebe ugwu nke na-enwe anya anya nke 5.51 ma ọ bụ na  dabi.  Ọ bụ Mills spectrograph arụnyere, bụ nke etinye na 91, ọrụ a teliskop na Lick Observatory .  Emebere ngwá ọrụ a maka kpọmkwem ịse foto stellar spectra, ma mee ka o kwe omume site na ndị sitere n'aka onye ọrụ ụlọ Darius O. Mills .  Ahụrụ ya nke izizi na Mee 1895 wee pịa nke ọma nke ukwuu, na-emeziwanye izi site n'usoro ihe ụfọdụ ngwa ndị gara aga.  Nhazi ahụ ahụ prisms atọ na ntụnyere arc ire .  ụzọ, nsogbu nsogbu na mfu ọkụ nke gbochiri ike ya.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1903, imewe nke ọma nyere ikike ịgba mbọ n'ọkwa dị iche iche.
Telescope Ụwa Nile

The Whole Earth Telescope bụ ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị na-egosi mbara igwe na-emekọ ihe ọnụ iji njikwa na-agbanwe agbanwe .  Nkesa nke ihe nleba anya na longitude na-enye nhọrọ ka a na-na-eche ndị aghara mgbe niile n'agbanyeghị ntụgharị nke ụwa .
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|  McDonald Observatory nke Mahadum Texas dị na Austin bụ saịtị na-ekere òkè na mmemme WET
Ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe America bụ R. Edward Nather na Don E. Winget nke Mahadum Texas dị na Austin chepụtara echiche a.  ngwaọrụ a nwere ndị na-egosi mbara igwe nwéra imekọ ihe ọnụ n'ịmụ ebumnobi nke onye isi achọpụta.  N'ebe ndị ọrụ ibe na-መላ, a na-ezi ndị na- mbara igwe na saịtị ndị na-enye ọkụ teliskop oge maka ndị ọbịa.  Ego mbu maka WET sitere na sitere n'aka US National Science Foundation, nke were rue 1998.

Maka mgbasa ozi, ọsọ na-amalite mgbe igwe mgba, na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ihu igwe igwe ma ọ bụ chi ụbọ.  A na-eji fotometer elele ihe echere, ndị ntụnyere dị nso, na mbara igwe dị n'azụ.  A na-ezi data ahụ na ebe nchekwa.  Saịtịtị ọ ALA n'aka nke ya na-ewelite ọsọ nleba anya, ya mere mere ya bụ, n'ezie, usoro data na-aga n'ihu nke ebe ike ike ya.  Mgbe emechara mgbanaka ọkụ, data a na-edobe ngbanwe nke Fourier iji ugboro ugboro nke pulsation .  A na-akpọ ya dị ka XCov, na-ama na-agba ọsọ na WET na-Start site na 10 ruo 14 ụbọchị, ma na-hazi otu ugboro ma ọ bụ ugboro abụọ n'afọ.
Ebe Mbụ Webb nwere Ọdịdị Dị Mkpa

alt=The background of space is black. Thousands of galaxies appear all across the view. Their shapes and colors vary. Some are various shades of orange, others are white. Most stars appear blue, and are sometimes as large as more distant galaxies that appear next to them. A very bright star is just above and left of center. It has eight long, bright-blue diffraction spikes. Between 4 o'clock and 6 o'clock in its spikes are several very bright galaxies. A group of three are in the middle, and two are closer to 4 o'clock. These galaxies are part of the galaxy cluster SMACS 0723, and they are warping the appearances of galaxies seen around them. Long orange arcs appear at left and right toward the center.|thumb| Ubi miri emi nke mbụ Webb
Ebe Webb's First Deep Field bụ onyonyo arụ ọrụ izizi James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) sere.  Foto dị omimi, nke na-ekpuchi mbara igwe nke a na-ahụ anya site na Southern Hemisphere, dabere na SMACS 0723, ©Mam amị na-eji mgbịrịgba Volans .  A na-ahụ ọtụtụ puku ndị Mpịakọta n'ihe oyiyi a, ụfọdụ dị ihe dị ka afọ 13. [1] Onyonyo a bụ ihe onyonyo egosi elu nke ijide ụwa mbụ ewetụrụla.  Igwefoto Near-Infrared (NIRCam) were teliskop, NASA ejikere ihe onyonyo a na 11 Julaị 2022.

The James Webb Space Telescope bụ igwe teliskop oghere nke NASA na-arụ ọrụ ma mee ya nke ọma iji duzie mbara igwe infrared .  Ewepụtara na Disemba 2021, ụgbọ elu a nọ na -agba gburugburu Sun–Earth Lagrange point nke abụọ (L 2 ), ihe dịka 1.5 nde kilomita (900,000 mi) sitere na ngwaọrụ, ọkwa mbụ 2022. Na L 2, ndòda ndòda  nke ọzọ na-akpata ya na ndòda ndoda nke ụwa iji oge orbital nke dabara na ụwa, na Earth na Sun na-ama na-ahụ (dị ka a na-ahụ site n'ebe ahụ) dị ka ama na ụgbọ elu orbit.  .  Sun ọnụ
Echiche nke oké ọhịa gbara ọchịchịrị

.  Echiche nke oke ụfọdụ gbara bụ echiche na ọtụtụanya ndị mba ọzọ dị n'ụwa niile, mana ha abụọ gbachiri na ndị iro, na-edobe akara ike ike ha site n'aka ụmụ mmadụ n'ihi egwu nkeanya ọzọ na  - iche isi na-emebi emebi.  [1] N'ime nhazi a, a na-eche na njikọanya ọ gbala na-emepe ọhọre ga-ele ndụ ọ gbalagara nwere ike isi anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu a na- rie ezere, [2] wee si otú ahụ.  mebie ọ ndụ mgba na-amụbaamụ nke na-eme onwe ya ka a mara ya.  N'ihi nke a, ụdị dị iche nke electromagnetic ga-adị iche iche, na-achọ ihe nri nke ndụ mbịarambịa nwere ike isi, dịka na "oké ndị" na "ndị agha (s) ji aka na-agbagọ n'  osisi dị ka ohere".

Enweghị ihe mmetụta a mmetụta na ya ma ọ bụ nke ndị ike ike na ndị ọbịa eletala ma ọ bụ nwara ịghara .  [1] [2] Enweghị mgbasa ozi na ihe nri nke ndụ nwere ike isi ka mgbasa ma ọ bụ hụ .  Nke a mmere na-akpa na ụwa ndị n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mbara ala, bụ́ ndị ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike na-anabata ọnọdụ ndị na-anabata ndụ.  Ndụ na-agbasa ruo mgbe ọ ga-e ihuenyo niile dị.  [3] Eziokwu ndị a na-anyarịta onwe ha bụ ihe ndabere maka Fermi paradox, nke echiche echiche gbara bụ otu ihe ihe a koyi anya.

Echiche nke ụfọdụ gbara dị iche na echiche berserker n'ihi na ọtụtụanya ndị ọbịa ka ga-adị ma ọ bụrụ na ha gbachie bọtịnụ.  Enwere ike ile ya anya dị ka ihe atụ atụ nke iche nke obodo Berserker, ma ọ bụrụ na 'nyocha berserker na-egbu egbu' bụ (n'ihi nchekwa).  .
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke radar na-emeghe

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke radar synthetic-aperture ihe na 1951, site na nke nkà nke nkà na ẹzé site na ibe na ngwaọrụ Carl A. Wiley, na kunna ya n'ime afọ iri na-esote.  N'ịbụ nke ihe e ibu maka iji agha eme, ejirila nkà na ẹzẹ mee ihe na ngalaba ihe mbara ala .

. Carl A. Wiley, [1] onye akwụkwọ na ire na Goodyear Aircraft Company na Litchfield Park, Arizona, isi radar synthetic-aperture na June 1951 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro nyere maka mmemme Atlas ICBM .  [2] Ná sabunta 1952, Wiley, yana Fred Heisley na Bill Welty, ụkpụrụ nkwado echiche nke maara dị ka DOUSER ("Doppler Unbeamed Search Radar").  N'ime 1950s na 1960s, Goodyear Aircraft (mgbe e ebere Goodyear Aerospace) webatara ọtụtụ àmà na nkà na ẹzà SAR, ọtụtụ site n'ibu nke Don Beckerleg

N'ime mmemme ahụ, a na-eme nhazi nke ndekọghachi radar site na usoro nzacha ọkụ eletrik.  N'ezie, ike mgbaama dị n'ọgụ dị iche iche nke ugboro Doppler kọwapụtara ike onyonyo nke egosiri na ọnọdụ ahụ dabara adaba n'ime ebe kwesịrị ncheta.  Mgbe odi etiti (zero-Doppler band) nke mgbanaka nloghachi ejiri meere ahụ dị ka a ga-assị na kaadị etiti ahụ dị.  Nke ahụ butere okwu Doppler Beam Sharpening.  Igosipụta nloghachi site n'ọtụtụ band Doppler na- agbụrụ efu mezuru n'ihu "mme egwuregwu beam-subdividing" (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "radar na- ụbọghị anya", n'agbanyeghị na ọ ga-abụ na a na-ewere  ya dị ka "agbadoro anya ọkara").  Patent Wiley, nke etinyere na 1954, ka ihe aro nhazi yiri nke ahụ.  Azịzarị sekit dị na ya na-ejedebe oké nwanne ndị ahụ nwere ike imeziwanye egwu.
Njikọ Pycnonuclear

Ngwakọta Pycnonuclear (Ancient Greek) bụ ụdị omume nlekọta nke na-eme n'ihi ntu nke efu nke gburugburu ebe nhata ha àmà na lattice kristal ha. Na quantum physics, na-ekiri ike ihe omume ahụ dị ka mkpirisi ọrụ ebili mmiri nke ion ndị gbara agbata obi, ma dabara na n'ihu n'azụ. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ionization nke dị n'elu, ise omume nke neutronization na pycnonuclear fusion nwere ike iduga gburugburu ebe kwụsiri ike na ihe ndị dị oke elu.

Ọ bụ AGW Cameron chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ " pycnonuclear " n'afọ 1959, mana achọpụta na-egosi na ọrụ ike ịme ngosi ngwa n'ụdị oke na oyi bụ WA Wildhack edi na 1940.

Mmeghachi omume pycnonuclear nwere ike ime n'ebe ọ bleba na n'okpuru ọchịchị ọkọlọtọ, ọsọ nke omume dị oke ala, ya mere, ọrụ dị arọ ama n' nke sistemu dị oke oke,  ikuku neutron na gburugburu ebe obibi bara ọnọdụ nke eletrọn, dị ka n'ime ọnụ nke neutron. Otu ihe nke ike omume pycnonuclear bụ na ike omume na-adabere kpọmkwem na iwu nke ohere nke omume na-eme na ya, ma ọ Western nke nta ka ọ nke zuru oke na ibi nke gburugburu ebe. obibi

Mmeghachi omume pycnonuclear mere nke ukwuu n'ike n'ike n'oge mbụ nke ibu na ụwa, n'ihi na okwu baryonic ji okpukpu okpukpu okpukpu taa. A ka na-ahụ omume pycnonuclear taa na akwụkwọ neutron ma ọ bụ dwarfs ọcha, yana ihe mgbaàmà na-egosi na ha na-eme na plasma deuterium-tritium nke ikpe. Ụfọdụ ntule na-akọkwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na Jupita na- ikezarị ọkụ ọkụ ka ọ na-enweta site na ụfọdụ na-eme omume pycnonuclear ma ọ bụ ike oyi.
Akụkọ ifo banyere anyanwụ

thumb| Ra - chi mmalite, chi amụ na okpukpu Egypt ego ochie
thumb|200x200px| ikike ala na Trundolm
Akụkọ ifo nke (Latin: solaris «anyanwụ») - mythology nke Sun na ọzụzụ ya na ndụ ụwa;  na-alụ ọgụ ya na ike ifo ndị ụnwanyị.

. N'eche ka echiche nke ethnographers nke mbụ adọ nke 19 na ọhụrụ nke 20, na "oge ochie", usoro ochie na-eme ifo, a na-adịghị ahụ "ọtụghị nke Sun" a na- na- apopo.  N'ime ha, a na-ahụta ụfọdụ dị ka obere agwa ma ọ bụ egwu ihe na-adịghị ndụ.  Otu n'ime mmetụta ifo ndị mgbe ochie bụ ndị na-eme ifo mpụta nke mbụ na mbụ nke ịbụ na-ama atụ, mwepu naghachi nke ihe, bụ nke a na-ama n'etiti ndị Africa, Siberia, na ndị Australia.  Dị ka Vyacheslav Ivanov na-atụ aro, ndị metụtara ifo ejima ọmụmụ na ule na-egosi nke "agbam na-akpa nke" akwụkwọ ihe ochie.  Na oge oge ochie (karịsịa, n'etiti ndị Saịberịa), ọmụmụ na ụzọ a na- puro anya, nwanyị na-ama anya nwoke.
Echiche Berserker

Echiche berserker, nke a dị ka ọnọdụ na-egbu egbu, bụ echiche na ụmụ mmadụ okpuru ndụ ndụ mbịarambịa nwere ike isi na mbara igwe n'ihi na usoro Von Neumann na-egbu egbu ebibiela ya n'usoro.  [1] [2] A na-akpọ echiche ahụ aha akwụkwọ ozi Berserker (1963-2005) nke Fred Saberhagen dere.

Echiche ahụ echiche otu onye a ma ama, dị ka a na-eche na ọ pụtala n'oge na-azaghachi echiche nke Hart-Tipler, [1] ma ọ bụ echiche na akara ngosi Von Neumann bụ ihe na-egosi na ọ dịghị ndụ.  nwere ike isi dị n'ụdị.  Sistemu nkenke.  Dị ka berserker hypothesis si kwuo, akara ndịyọ ndị dị otú ahụ ihe àmà àmà nke die ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na nyọcha interstellar nwere ike "na-aga n'ihu" ma bibie nkonya ndị ọzọ, tupu e bibie onwe ya.

N'akwụkwọ 1983 ya bụ "The Great Silence", onye na-egosi mbara igwe bụ David Brin chị achị ihe egwu na-atụ egwu nke echiche berserker: ọ dabara kpamkpam na eziokwu niile na mgbagha nke Fermi paradox, ma ọ ga-ekwu na  ọ dịghị nwere ike isi ike isi ka a mebere.  .  N'aka kacha njọ, ụmụ mmadụ agwalarị ndị ọzọ maka ọgụ adị ya, ma na-esote ya ga-ebibi
Echiche Hart-Tipler

Echiche Hart-Tipler bụ echiche na-ekiri Von Neumann nke a na-ahụ bụ ihe na -egosi na ọ dịghị ihe nwere ike isi dị na ike Sistemụ .  [1] [2] Ebu ụzọ chepụta echiche a na-apụghị Drake equation na akwụkwọ 1975 nke Michael H. Hart dere nke isiokwu ya bụ "Nkọwa maka Ọbịbịa nke Extraterrestrials na ike".  [3] Echiche ahụ bụ nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ihe ndekọ ndị a faịlụ aro maka Fermi paradox (esemokwu dị n'etiti ihe nri doro anya maka ndụ ndị ọbịa na akwụkwọ dị elu dị elu maka adị ya).  [4] [5] N'okwu a, ihe akwụkwọ bụ na ọ dịghị ndụ nwere ikike isi ọzọ n'ihi na akwụkwọ ndị dị otú ahụ ụlọ ezi.  [6] A na-akpọ echiche ahụ aha onye na-agụ akwụkwọ Michael H. Hart na ọka-achọrọ na ngwaọrụ na ọkụ mbara igwe Frank Tipler

Enweghị ihe mmetụta a mmetụta na ya ma ọ bụ nke alooghaghachi na ndị ọbịa gara n'ụwa .  [1] [2] Ọ dịghị mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-anụ nke ndụ nwere ike isi ka mgbasa ma ọ bụ hụ ebe ọ llala ọzọ mgbochi na Eluigwe na Ala .  Ọ bụrụ na ndụ nwere ike isi dị, ọ ga-achọpụta von Neumann zuru ezu iji jide na ụwa ugbu a, [3] nke na-egosi na-egosi na ese na ese na mbara ala buru ibu, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ikike.  ike ijide ndị ọbịa maka ọbịa.  ndu.  Ndụ na-agbasa ruo mgbe ọ ga-e ihuenyo niile dị.  [4] Eziokwu ndị a na-anyarịta onwe ha bụ ihe ndabere maka Fermi paradox, nke echiche Hart-Tipler bụ otu ihe ụzọ a ebu aro.

. Echiche nke eburu ụzọ bụ okwu iche nke echiche Hart–Tipler nke na-ekwu na ọ dịghị ndụ nwere ikike isi ikela n'ihi na mmadụ bụ ndụ mbụ isi mbụ na mbara igwe.  [1] Dị ka Berserker hypothesis si kwuo, kụkụkụ nke interstellar nke ihe àmà nke akara ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na achọpụta ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike "na-aga n'ihu" ma bibie amụanya ndị ọzọ, tupu ebibi onwe ya
Nnyocha mbara igwe nke Sun Radio Interferometer

The Sun Radio Interferometer Space Experiment ( SunRISE ), bụ set nke CubeSats e mere iji ike ọrụ ike site na-eme dị ka aperture synthesis redio teliskop .  [1] E bu n'obi iji nnukwu oke ikuku nke ihe

. Satịlaìtì ndị a ga-anọ na mbara ala geosynchronous na- atụ

Ndị fim ahụ JPL, Mahadum Colorado Boulder na Mahadum Michigan.  [1] [2] [3] A ga-akwụkwọ ya na 2024.

, the six satellites have been built and are going into storage to await their Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle.

## Ntụaka
Nnwale nnwere onwe

thumb|300x300px| .The Hitchhiker Bridge nwere GetAway Special canisters (GAS canisters) ma na-ebupụtara FREESTAR.
. FREESTAR, nke na-amị anya Nwale ike omume ngwa ngwa na-eme ka nkà na ẹ mgba mgba ngwa na nchaka, bụ ọrụ nke ntanye isii dị iche iche na Space Shuttle Columbia .

Awụnyere ya na crossbay Hitchhiker Multipurpose Equipment Structure na ọdụ ụgbọ elu nke Shuttle n'oge ụgbọ elu STS-107, bụ nke mgbasa na mgbasa nke Columbia n'oge ndụghachi n'ime ikuku ụwa.  Ọ bụ ebe na data furu efu na ndịghachi, ọtụtụ n'ime data ana agha mgbe ọ dị na mbara igwe, dịka nke sitere na MEIDEX, ebufelarị na ọdụ ụgbọ ala.
Ọrụ Galileo

Ihe oru Galileo bu oru ngbaka mba ofesi iji choo nke oma maka isi isi nke uwa ma obu ozo ozo na nso uwa na imata udiri ihe ojoo amaghi ama ama ama amaghi ama / UAP Aerial Phenomena (UFOs/UAP).

   Ọ dị na 2021 site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka mbara igwe nke Mahadum Harvard, Avi Loeb, obere oge ka ndị ODNI UFO (nke US Intelligence akwụkwọ), nke kọrọ na ịhụ ụgbọ elu ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ yiri ka ọ  na-efe ọsọ ọsọ ma ọ bụ trajectories dị omimi, na okwu 3 June 2021 site na.  Onye isi NASA, Bill Nelson, bụ nke o kwuru na-akwalite nke Aerial Phenomena a na-egosi ama nke a tara site n'ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa.  [1] [2] [3] Na 5 June, Loeb mmetụta NASA email ka ọ na-emepụta aro ọrụ dị otú ahụ mana ọ Nnaghị nke ọ pụtara ọrụ ahụ n'onwe ya na 26 Julaị 2021 site n'ibu nke onyinye.

.  Ozi ahụ ozi nke na-achọ ụzọ ndị ọzọ, nke ndị ike iwere ya dị ka ị na-ahụ, asị ịchịkọta data ọhụrụ gbasara UFO iche nwere sistemu egbochi ụzọ nkewa

I   Ihe oru ngo a bu n'obi iji teliskop dị ugbu a na nke ọhụrụ iji na-achọ ihe n'usoro n'usoro maka arịa dị na mbara ụwa, ihe interstellar, na nka mfe, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ “mkpọgbu.  ala ikuku anomalous” (AAV), [1] [2] na ikuku ụwa.  A na-akatọkarị ndị n'ime UFO, ufology, maka na-amị ọrụ na ma ọ bụ na-enye naanị obere data ma ọ bụ dị ala, .  ntụziaka nke ọhụrụ.  Ihe oru ngo a bu n'obi ileba anya n'okwu di nma data site na onolite usoro ihe ohuru ohuru.  Ụbọchị a bu n'obi ime ka data ana ndị n'ihu nsogbu maka mgbaka wee bipụta akwụkwọ nyọyọyọyọ "n'ụzọ doro anya" na akwụkwọ nchọpụta achọpụtara ndị ọgbọ .  [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] Loeb na-ekwu na "ndị agha ma ọ bụ na-alụ agha azụ dị ka ndị na-achị-ejegharị, na e ejekọta ozi ihe ha na-ahụ  na mbara igwe."  [5] [8] [9] [10] Ihe oru ngo a na-eji agnostic (ma ọ bụ "ụwa" [11] ma ọ bụ "akpa, empirical ihe") [12] [13] obibia nke na  - nchegbu nwere ike - echiche ndị bụ.  a na-ewere na ọ zọ ekwe omume site na ụfọdụ ndị siri - a na-ajụ priori ma a na-achịkọta data na mkpa, dabere na enyemaka ya, mgba nkwubi okwu ọ agbata obi.
Hemangada Thakura

Hemangada Thakura bụ eze Mithila n'etiti 1571 AD ruo 1590 AD.  Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ mbara igwe nke India na ike awụ nke 16. [1] Ọ bụ onye ama maka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbara igwe ya Grahan Mala.  Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru ụbọchị chi jiri n'ehihie maka afọ 1088 site na 1620 AD ruo 2708 AD.  Ụnwanyị na chi jiri nke mụrụ Hemangad Thakur debere na ngụkọ ya iche na-egosi na ọ bụ eziokwu ruo taa.

.Njikọ Hemangada Thakura na mpaghara Maithil Brahmin na mpaghara Mithila nke steeti Bihar ugbu a na India .  Ụlọ ikpe na 1530 AD.  Ọ bụ nwa nwa Mahamahopadhyay Mahesha Thakura na nwa Gopal Thakur.  Mahesh Thakur bụkwa eze Mithila na usoro eze Khandwala .

Mgbe nna ya Gopal Thakur chụpụsịrị ya, e nyefere ya ocheeze nke Mithila na 1571 AD.  Ma o wepu n'akpa.  N'afọ 1572 AD, e jidere ya ma kpọga ya Delhi ma hụ maka akụrụghị isi n'oge na nwa Ukwu Mughal .  A na-ekwu na n'ahụ ekiri ọ pụtara ide akwụkwọ na amụma n'elu ala nke ụlọ ahụ, mgbe ahụ, onye na-elekọta ụlọ nchekwa ya dia na ikike ndị e sere n'ala.  Hemangada Thakura zara ya na ọ na-- ike ike nke ọnwa.  Mgbe ahụ, onye na-elekọta ụlọ na-agbasa ozi na Hemangada Thakura enweela isi iwu.  Mgbe ọ nụrụchara ahụ ahụ, Emperor Mughal n'onwe ya gara ịhụ Hemangada Thakura ma Jacob maka njirimara njirimara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị e sere n'ala.  Mgbe ahụ Hemangada Thakura zara ya na ọ gbakọọ ụbọchị nke chi jiri maka afọ 500 na-esote.  Mgbe eze ukwu nụchara nkeji ya, eze ukwu ahụ nyere Ila kọpa na ihe odee ka o dee ihe ngosi ahụ ma gwa ya bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ngụkọ ya aghọọ eziokwu, a ga-ahapụ ya n’azọ.  N'ebe ahụ n'ekiri, o dere akwụkwọ ya a ma ama Grahan Mala nke ndị n'ehihie maka afọ 1088. O kwuru ụbọchị na oge nwanyị n'ehihie ma gwa eze ukwu.  Amụma chi jiri n'anyị na-ahụ uche mezuru n'otu ụbọchị na oge ahụ ọ gbakọrọ.  [1] N'ịdepụta akwụkwọ a, eze ukwu Mughal ọ bụghị nanị na ọ tọhapụrụ ya, mmetụta ọ we nchebe Mịthila na-ama ụtụ isi.
Ndị uwe ojii nke eluigwe

Ndị uwe ojii selestịal ( German  ), nke bụ United Astronomical Society ( German  , VAG), bụ mị ndị na-egosi mbara igwe nke na-arụ ọrụ ná mkpa mbụ awụ nke 19 na nzube doro anya.  nke ima ala ndị ọzọ na Sistemu mbara .  N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ike nsasị nke ọrụ William Herschel na ike nke Uranus, mbara ala mbụ nke ndị oge ochie na-egosi, ndị na-ahụ na-ahụ maka mbara igwe mere nke ọtụtụ ihe na orbit gburugburu Sun, ndụ ọtụtụ ihe na orbit gburugburu Sun.  n'ime ndị na-agba gburugburu n'etiti Mars na Jupiter, nke ga-eduga.  iji mata eriri asteroid .

.E hiwere otu ahụ na 1800 site n'aka Franz Xaver von Zach, onye German na-iche mbara igwe na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd-und Himmels-Kunde, mgbe o nwere otu ihe na-enye  mbara igwe akwụkwọ ozi, na-ekiri ha ka ha rara onwe ha nye.  a na-achọ "ụwa efu".  Wilhelm Olbers bụ onye na-edu ndú nke otu ahụ, bụ onye n'onwe ya ga-achọ ọtụtụ ihe ma akwado ihe a na-akpọ Olbers Paradox .  Iwu Titius-Bode ebuwo oria na a ga-ahụ mbara ala na orbit n'etiti Mars na Jupita, ebe a na-ahụghị nke ọ llaba.  Nke a nyere ndị otu ahụ ebe ha ga-etinye uche n'ọchịchọ ha.  Dị nnọọ ka otu ahụ na-etolite, Italian Giuseppe Piazzi ngwa Ceres, ihe kasị ukwuu na mpaghara a ga-emecha mmetụta eriri asteroid.  N'ime afɔ ole na ole sochirinụ, ndị otu ahụ ozira ma m mere ihe atọ ọzọ dị na orbits yiri nke a, nke aha ya bụ Pallas, Juno, na Vesta .  Mgbe oberechara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe ndị dị na mbara ala yiri nke ahụ, ọ bịara doo anya na ọ dịghị ihe nwere nha mbara ala nwere ike na mpaghara ahụ.  Mmasị ndị otu a ndu na nchọ a.  Ụgha na nke ahụ, Agha Napoleon emebiwo ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị òtù, mgbe agha ahụ rutere Lilienthal, Lower Saxony, bụ onye àmà ya bụ ebe obibi maka ọtụtụ ndị nchịkọta nchịkọta na-arụ ọrụ na ndị uwe ojii njide.  Ọ ga-abụ ụgbọ tupu tupu elala ọzọ dị mkpa nke mbara ala (ma ọ bụ egwu nnukwu asteroids) emee.    

A na-ekenyekarị aha "ndị uwe ojii :" na otu ndị ikom 24 ndị von Zach hụrụ (gụnyere ya onwe ya) ka ha sonye n'ịchọ mbara ala ndị ọzọ na mpaghara nke a ga-emecha ngwaọrụ eriri asteroid.  Ọ bụghị onye ọ mgbasa n'ime ndị a na-akpọ òkù na-ekere òkè na-arụsi ọrụ ike na akwụkwọ ahụ, na ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na nsogbu ahụ, mgbe mgbe na ndị na-ahụ maka nji, dị  ka Friedrich Bessel, adịghị etinye n'ime otu ahụ.  isi akwụkwọ ndo nke 24 ndị otu uwe ojii celestial bụ (dị ka ndị isi ụlọ haziri):
Nnukwu Onye Eze Ukwu, Eze Ukwu na Eze Ukwu Na-achụ nta na Russia

***Great Prince's, Tsar's and Emperor's Hunting in Russia*** ()   bụ akwụkwọ onye Russia na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Nikolai Kutepov bipụtara site na 1896 ruo 1911.

## Ndepụta ọdịnaya

* *Akwụkwọ nke Mbụ* (1896) 
* *Akwụkwọ nke Abụọ* (1898) 
* *Akwụkwọ nke Atọ* (1902) 
* *Akwụkwọ nke Anọ* (1911) 

## Ihe osise akwụkwọ

Usòrò:Kutepov's_hunting_V.2_-_page_237_-_Savva_Storozhevskiy.jpg
Usòrò:Kutepov's_hunting_V.1_-_page_188a_-_Falconer.jpg
Usòrò:Kutepov's_hunting_V.1_-_page_104a.jpg
Usòrò:Kutepov's_hunting_100.jpg
Usòrò:Kutepov's_hunting_V.1_-_halftitle_01.jpg


## Njikọ mpụga

*   (n'asụsụ Russian)  
*   (n'asụsụ Russian)  
*   (n'asụsụ Russian)  
*   (n'asụsụ Russian)  
* Ihe osise na ihe osise nke N. Ihe e dere n'ala Kutepo bụ nnukwu ndị eze, ndị eze na ndị eze ukwu na-achụ nta na Ruwa. Vlasov R. Ihe e dere n'ala  (n'asụsụ Russian)
Draco (ìgwè kpakpando)

Draco bụ mfọn na mbara igwe dị n'ebe ugwu.  Aha ya bụ Latin maka dragọn.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ugboro iri a anọ na okpuru nke onye Gris na- mbara igwe Ptolemy nke mbụ afụ nke abụọ gosiri, ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime ihe 88 nke oge a taa.  Osisi ugwu nke eklips dị na Draco.  [1] Draco dị akwa site na ugwu ugwu, nke egwuregwu na ọ naghị edobe ma nwee ike ịhụ ya n'oge ọ lla n'afọ.
áká_èkpè|thumb| The constellation Draco dị ka ọ pụrụ ịhụ site gba ọtọ anya
". [1]Thuban (α Draconis) bụ ogwe ogwe ugwu site na 3942 BC, mgbe ọ gara n'ebe ugwu ugwu Theta Boötis, ruo 1793 BC.  A haziri pyramid Ijipt ka ha nwee otu ohu chere ihu n'ebe ugwu, yana ụzọ mbata dabara na geometric ka a na-ahụ Thuban n'azụ.  [2] N'ihi nke ibu ụzọ, ọ ga-abụkwa nke osisi gburugburu AD 21000. Ọ bụ nnukwu mgbasa na-acha ọkụ na-acha ọkụ na-eso nke ogo 3.7, afọ 309 site na mgbu.  Aha omenala nke Alpha Draconis, Thuban, dị "isi nke ihe

R Draconis bụ kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe ụdị Mira na- acha uhie uhie nwere ihe dị ka ọnwa 8. Nkezi opekempe ya bụ ihe dịka 12.4, na nkezi oke ya bụ ihe dịka 7.6. Hans Geelmuyden chọpụtara na ọ bụ kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe na 1876.
Madeleine Charlotte Fawkes

**Madeleine Charlotte Fawkes** ('Madge') (14 Disemba n'afọ 1880 Malta - 15 Septemba 1954 Black Bourton), bụ onye England na-ese ihe osise botanical.

 akwụkwọ na Slade School of Fine Art. N'oge ọ na-eleta nwanne ya nwoke Valentine Fawkes, onye na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na nso Ficksburg na South Africa, ọ na-ese ihe ejide n'aka ahụ, Royal Horticultural Society yere ya Grenfell Medal ma ka ihe ngosi nke ndu osisi Lesotho.
 

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe osise nke osisi
Peter Dunsby

**Peter Dunsby** (amụrụ na 12 Nọvemba 1966) bụ prọfesọ zuru oke nke ikike ndọda na Cosmology na Ngalaba nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na mgbakọ na mwepụta na Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa.  bụ onye nduzi nke Astrophysics, Cosmology na Gravity Centre na mahadum ruo n'afọ 2016.   na-ejekwa ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke *International Journal of Modern Physics* . [1]

Dunsby ebipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke Cosmology na ikike ndọda, gụnyere echiche dị elu nke ikike ndọdịrị na f (R) ikike ndọwa,  ọ bụkwa onye guzobere onye nduzi nke South African National Astrophysics and Space Science Programme (NASSP). 

N'afọ 2006, Southern African Association for the Advancement of Science nyere Dunsby ihe nrite ọlaọcha maka onyinye ya na nkà mmụta mbara igwe. Kọmitii ahụ kpọrọ nchọpụta  na cosmic microwave background radiation na ọmụmụ nke ụdị Ia supernova nke mere ka ngụkọta nke Hubble dịkwuo mma. 'afọ 2016, National Science and Technology Forum nyere ya ihe nrite maka Human Capacity Development maka ọrụ ya ịzụlite ụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate na ndị na-eme nchọpụta post doctoral. [1]

N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2017, a họpụtara Dunsby ka ọ bụrụ onye otu College of Fellows nke Mahadum Cape Town . 

Du nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa n'oge na-adịghị anya na-esote akụkọ 20 Machị 2018 nke "ihe na-egbuke egbuke na nso Trifid na Lagoon Nebulae" na Astronomers Telegram, ọrụ ịntanetị maka ịgbasa ozi ngwa ngwa banyere ihe omume mbara igwe.  nkeji iri anọ gachara, o biputara ọzọ, na-ekwu na ihe ahụ a na-ekwu okwu ya bụ "e ji mara Mars". Dunsby mechara kọwaa ihe ahụ mere na *Newsweek* dị ka "mmejọ ziri ezi nke sitere na ịghara ịlele ihe ọzọ dị na igwefoto m, n'oge nnọkọ astrophotography na-akpaghị aka na obere ihe na atụmatụ nke ihe, mana kwetara na ọ bụ ihe ọchị. Ụwa kwesịrị ịmụmụ ọnụ ọchị karịa, yabụ nke ahụ bụ ihe dị mma nke si n'ihe omume a pụta." Ndị editọ Telegram nke Astronomer nyere Dunsby ihe nrite ire-na-achị ọchị dị ka onye chọpụtara Mars.

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Zodwa Dlamini (onye na-ahụ maka kemịkalụ)

**Zodwa Dlamini** bụ onye South African biochemist na onye bụbu osote onye isi nchọpụta na Mahadum Teknụzụ Mangosuthu. Ọ na-eme nchọpụta banyere oncology nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụbu osote onye isi oche nke South African Medical Research Council ma bụrụkwa onye otu Council for Scientific Advisers maka International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Dlamini na KwaZulu-Natal North Coast .   rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ nchịkwa na ahụike mpaghara tupu ọ malite nzere na Pharmacy. Obi adịghị  ụtọ, ọ gbanwere na Biochemistry na Microbiology, nweta nzere bachelọ na Mahadum nke Western Cape. Ọ kwagara Mahadum nke Natal maka Master na PhD ya.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ọrụ
Mgbe  nwetasịrị PhD, Dlamini laghachiri na Mahadum nke Western Cape dị ka onye na-eme postdoctoral fellow na molecular oncology. 'afọ 2002, ọ sonyeere Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, ebe ọ gụrụ banyere nsị nke biya ọdịnala Afrịka. 'afọ 2007, e nyere ya ihe nrite nke onye nyocha nke National Cancer Institute.  sonyeere Mahadum nke Limpopo dị ka onye nkuzi na 2014. [1]

A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nyocha na Mahadum Teknụzụ Mangosuthu n'afọ 2015.  'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2017, a kwadoro Dlamini dị ka onye otu Council for Scientific Advisers maka International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology . [1]  bụ Prọfesọ Nleta na Mahadum Bristol . [1]

Dlamini -echegbu onwe ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ n'ime obodo ma na-akwado ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndekọ ego, mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics.  kwenyere na Mahadum Teknụzụ Mangosuthu nwere ike imeziwanye ndụ ndị mmadụ na Umlazi.  bụ onye otu kọmitii na-eduzi otu agụmakwụkwọ STEM nke Academy of Science nke South Africa.

N'afọ 2017, ọ duuru ndị nnọchi anya Mangosuthu University of Technology gaa na Dublin Institute of Technology .  Ọ nwere mmasị na ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi.  enyewo aka n'akwụkwọ abụọ gbasara ọrịa kansa, gụnyere Current Immunotherapeutic Treatments in Colon Cancer na South African Herbal Extracts as Potential Chemopreventive Agents: Screening for Anticancer Splicing Activity. Nnyocha  na-eme ugbu a na-ele MicroRNA na-adịghị mma na ọrịa kansa metụtara HIV. Ọrụ ahụ natara  nde karịa afọ atọ site na South African Medical Research Council. [1]

## Edensibia
Janet Kelso

**Janet Kelso** (amụrụ n'afọ 1975) bụ onye South African computational biologist na onye isi otu nke Minerva Research Group for Bioinformatics na Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology .    A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-eji DNA sitere na ụmụ mmadụ gara aga (ya bụ, ndị Neanderthal) tụnyere ndị nke ugbu a (Homo Sapiens).

Ihe ịma aka gara aga maka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ enweghị nchekwa DNA kwesịrị ekwesị na teknụzụ iji nyochaa genomes nuklia nke ụmụ mmadụ oge ochie. Ihe mgbochi a mere ka mmasị Kelso na bioinformatics sikwuo ike ma buru ụzọ bịaruo okwu ahụ nso site na iji usoro ntụaka. Site 'ebe ahụ, ya na ndị otu nyocha ya enweela ọganihu na nyocha maka DNA oge ochie.

## Mmụta
Kelso nwetara akara ugo mmụta Bachelor  Science na Mahadum Natal na 1995 wee soro Honours na Master of Science degrees na biochemistry na chemical pathology na Mahadim Cape Town na 1997 na 2000, n'otu n'otu.  natara PhD ya na bioinformatics na 2003, site na Mahadum nke Western Cape, nke Winston Hide lekọtara.

## Nnyocha na Ọrụ
Kelso emeela nnyocha  genomics nke primate ma nye aka na ọrụ Neanderthal, bonobo na orangutan genome.    afọ 2004, ọ bụ onye ndú otu nke Minerva Research Group for Bioinformatics na Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology na Leipzig, Germany. N'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Kelso mere nyocha ya na njikọ aka na UK Biobank (UKB) . UKB nwere ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nke ahụike na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; site na UKB, Kelso na ndị ọrụ ibe ya chọpụtara njikọ dị n'etiti ụdị Neantherthal na omume na àgwà ụfọdụ.  ọmụmaatụ, ha nwere ike ugbu a gbakọọ ohere nke ịbụ onye mgbede ma ọ bụ onye ụtụtụ.

Kemgbe afọ 2013, ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ sayensị *Bioinformatics* . 

## Onyinye na nsọpụrụ
Kelso meriri L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards maka Women in Science Fellowship na 2004.  na ndị edemede ya, e nyere ya Newcomb Cleveland Prize maka akwụkwọ kachasị mma na *Sayensị* na 2010: akwụkwọ a bipụtara usoro nhazi nke Neanderthal genome. Kelso jere ozi  ka osote onye isi oche nke International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) site na 2011-2013 ma na 2016 a họpụtara ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ọzọ afọ 3 dị ka osota onye isi oche, malite na Jenụwarị 2017. họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ ISCB Fellow site na International Society for Computational Biology na 2016. [1] [2]

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Onye na-achụ nta egwuregwu

N'ịkọwapụta nke ọma, onye na-egwu egwuregwu bụ dinta egwuregwu nke na-abịaru nso n'ebe mgbawa ihere tupu ya egbuo mmadụ. A na-ejikọkarị omume a [onye?] na moors nke Scotland ebe isi mgbada bụ mgbada uhie. Otú ọ dị, a na-ahụ nkà a n'ụwa nile ma bụrụ nke dị ogologo oge. Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-eri anụ dị ka nwamba na hyena na-achụkwa anụ ha. 

N'etiti ndị ọchụnta, bụ́ ebe anụ oriri ha na-enwekarị ihere, ịchụ nta bụ ụzọ e si ebi ndụ ka ha wee jide ihe ha na-achụ. N'oge a, a na-emekarị ịchụpụ maka ebumnuche foto ma ọ bụ ilele omume anụmanụ kama igbu mmadụ.

Ihe ọ bụla a ga-esi gbuo, a chọrọ onye dinta ga-eru nso n'ebe a na-agbapụta nkume iji nweta ya. Ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka ọnụnọ ndị na-eri anụ, ha ga-agbapụkwa mgbe ha na-ahụ egwu n'ime mpaghara ụgbọ elu. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, anụ ahụ anụ ahụ na-esi ísì ụtọ na-etolite nke ọma ma nwee ike ịchọpụta ihe ọ bụla nwere ísì ụtọ na-adịghị ahụkebe, ya mere onye na-ekiri ya kwesịrị isi na ifufe na-abịa. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-akpachapụ anya nzuzo ka a ghara ịhụ ya na anụ ya

Deerstalker bụ ụdị okpu jikọtara Sherlock Holmes na Elmer Fudd. Ọ ma ama maka ntakịrị mmiri ozuzo n'ihu na azụ, yana ihe mkpuchi elele twill na mpịachi ntị maka ikpo ọkụ nhọrọ ma ọ bụ bulie mgbe ị na-ege mgbada.

## Hụkwa

* Ịchụ nta mgbada
Spencer Lister

thumb
**Sir Frederick Spencer Lister** (8 Eprel 1876 - 6 Septemba 1939) bụ dọkịta na onye na-ahụ maka nje bacteria na South Africa.

A mụrụ Lister na Norwell, Nottinghamshire. 'afọ 1897, ọ sonyeere West Hertfordshire Football Club (mgbe e mesịrị Watford Football Club) dị ka onye na-egwu bọọlụ, na-apụta ugboro iri na abụọ ma na-agba goolu atọ maka otu ahụ na asọmpi niile.

Ọ zụrụ dị ka dọkịta na St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College na London, na-eru eru na 1905. Ọ gara Transvaal, na-eje ozi dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike na Premier Diamond Mines site na 1907 ruo 1912 na Rand Gold Mines dị nso na Johannesburg site na 1912 ruo 1917. N'afọ 1917, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta na South African Institute for Medical Research na Johannesburg. O mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke Institute na Prọfesọ nke Pathology na Bacteriology na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand. Site na 1928 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Medical Council. O dere akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa gbasara oyi bara ya n'ahụ na influenza ma bụrụkwa ọkachamara na Ekpenta.

 họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ knighted na 1920 New Year Honours, maka ọrụ ya na bacteriology.

Lister nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Institute for Medical Research.

## Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

## Ihe odide

* Obituary, *Oge* Times, September 8, 1939
Signal tracer

A signal tracer bụ otu ngwá ọrụ nyocha eletrọniki eji edozi nsogbu redio na usoro eletrọnik ndị ọzọ.

Ọ na-abụkarị ngwaọrụ dị mfe, ọ na-enyekarị amplifier, na igwe okwu, na-enwekarị batrị ma tinye ya n'ime obere nyocha nyocha ejiri aka.  A na-enyekarịkwa ihe nchọpụta diode nhọrọ, na-enye ohere ịchọpụta akara njupụta-modulated.

Onye na-ahụ maka teknụzụ na-etinye akara ule n'ime ngwaọrụ a na-anwale. Mgbe ahụ, site na iji tracer mgbaàmà, teknụzụ nwere ike ịgbaso mgbaàmà site na sekit dị iche iche nke onye nata redio. Ọ bụrụhaala na enwere ike ịnụ mgbaàmà ahụ, circuit ruo n'oge ahụ (ọ dịkarịa ala) na-arụ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na mgbaàmà ahụ apụọ, enwere ike iche na mmejọ dị na ọkwa nke sekit ahụ ka gafere.

Ihe nchọpụta diode na-enwe mmetụta naanị maka mgbanwe njupụta mana ọbụlagodi sekit a na-ejikarị maka atụmatụ modulation ndị ọzọ (dị ka redio FM) nwere ike nwalee site na iji akara ule AM ​​maka ịnwale sekit ugboro redio, wee gbanwee gaa na mgbama ule FM.  na ịgbanwee ihe nchọpụta diode) maka ịnwale sekit ọdịyo nke redio.

Ndị na-achọpụta mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nwere ike igosi ọkwa dijitalụ site na iji, dịka ọmụmaatụ, LEDs. Maka ụgbọ oloko ogologo, enwere ike ịgbakọ ma gosipụta nyocha redundancy cyclic, na-enye nghọta teknụzụ banyere ọdịnaya nke sekit ndị na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa.
Mpaghara (akwụkwọ akụkọ)

Mpaghara, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ nyochara ndị ọgbọ nke Wiley-Blackwell bipụtara n'aha Royal Geographical Society. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ Citation Reports si kwuo, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta 2014 nke 1.203.  

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị