open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jenapharm

thumb|Jenapharm
 

Jenapharm bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọgwụ sitere na Jena, Germany.  Tọrọ ntọala na 1950 na East Germany, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lekwasịrị anya site na mmalite na mmepụta na mmepe nke steroid.  N'ihi ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke Eastern Bloc, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eji usoro pụrụ iche eme ihe na-amalite site na hog bile, Otú ọ dị, a gbahapụrụ usoro a afọ iri ka e mesịrị na-akwado mkpokọta mkpokọta.  Na mbụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị steroid, gụnyere corticosteroids, ma emesịa lekwasịrị anya na steroid anabolic, estrogens na progestins.[1].

Tupu nchikota Germany Jenapharm bụ naanị onye na-eweta ọgwụ mgbochi hormonal na East Germany.[1]  Ọ na-ere ahịa nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ ndị ọ mepụtara na mmekorita ya na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọgwụ East German ndị ọzọ.  Ikekwe nke kacha mara amara na ndị a bụ Valette, nke rere nke ọma na Germany na 1990s.[2]  Mgbe njikọta ahụ gasịrị, Jenapharm mechara bụrụ onye enyemaka nke Schering AG, nke rere ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ ya na Dermapharm AG na 2004, [3] na otu afọ mechara mezigharị ahịa na nkesa Jenapharm ka ọ bụrụ enyemaka nọọrọ onwe ya ka ọ na-ejikọta ngalaba nyocha na mmepe.  ya na ụlọ nyocha nke ya.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s, rickets juru ebe niile n'etiti ụmụaka nọ na mpaghara Soviet weghaara.  N'afọ 1949, Alfred Schubert, onye buru ụzọ mepụta usoro nke njikọ vitamin D2 na Mahadum Friedrich-Schiller, guzobe na usoro mmepụta ihe nke na-emepụta ihe dị ka 10 kg / afọ nke Vitamin D2.  (Vitamin D2 bụ vitamin D3 nọchiri anya afọ 10 ka e mesịrị).  N'otu afọ ahụ, e nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọrụ iji mepụta homonụ steroid, karịsịa cortisone.  Na njedebe nke 1949, ọ natara ikike ikike imepụta na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze bụ VEB Jenapharm tọrọ ntọala na January 1, 1950. N'oge ahụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enweelarị ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 600..
Kommando LSK/LV

thumb|Regimental colour nke  NVA (East Germany)
 

Ọrụ bụ isi nke Kdo LSK/LV bụ inye Command, Control na Communications (C3) na ngalaba ndị agha n'ozuzu ya, yana iwu, otu, òtù, na nkeji nke NVA's Air.  Ike.  N'okpuru ọnọdụ nnyefe, yana n'usoro ọnọdụ mmata C3 ga-egbu ya site na Main Air Force Operations Center, nke a na-akpọ Zentraler Gefechtsstand 14 (ZGS-14) na Fürstenwalde, Rear Operations Center (Rückwärtige Führungsstaffel - RFS) na  Beeskow (Ranzig), ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwa oge (Hilfsführungsstelle - HFS) na Strausberg (Eggersdorf).

* Deputy Minister and Commander-in-chief LSK/LV (3 star level) with the chief's office, flight planning and military advisor
* Deputy of the Commander LSK/LV (DC LSK/LV) and Chief of the Political Division (2 star level) with
* Three branches including Chief Party Control Commission (de: PKK), Central Party Leadership (de: ZPL), Spec-Propaganda, and Political Branch of the Kdo LSK/LV
* DC LSK/LV and Chief of Staff (CS) (2 star level)  with
* Assistant Chief Of Staff (ACOS) and A3 (1 star level)  with
** Branch 1 (4 sections; section EW, Counter Measures (de: GTAG), 3 radio electronic control vehicles; section military topography)
** Branch 2
** Combat Operations Center (de: GFZ)
* ACOS and Chief and Automation (de: GSA) (1 star level) with
** Branch Operations Centres (de: GS]
** Branch C2 Mechanisation and Automation, IT (de: MAT DV)
** Operations Training and Education Center (de: OTAZ)
* ACOS and Chief General Tasks with
** Staff company, guard company and vehicle company
* Chief A1 with PTA and WTA
* Chief Organization/Replenishment with
** Branch Organization
** Branch Replenishment
** Chief RECON
** Chief General-Military Training and Schools (de: AMAS)
** Chief A6 and ATC with
*** Branches 1, 2 and 8th section
** Chief Mil Scientific (de: MiWi)
** Chief Chemical Services (de: CD)
* DC LSK/LV and Chief Military - and Transport Aviation (de. MTFK) (2 star level) with
** Chief Aviation Procurement and Maintenance (de: FID) (1 star level)
** Chief Front Aviation
** Chief Transport Aviation
** Chief Helicopter
** Search and Rescue (SAR), senior air traffic controller, parachute service
* DC LSK/LV and Chief Air Defence (2 star level) with
** Chief SAM Forces (de. FRT)
** Chief Fighter Air Craft Aviation (de: JFK)
* DC LSK/LV and Chief A4 (de. RD) (2 star level) with
** AC and CS A4 (1 Star level)
** Chief Medical Service
** Chief Combat Engineer Service
** Chief Military Architecture Accommodation (de: MBU)
** Chief Military Transport (de: MTW)
** Chief Closing and Equipment (de: BA)
* Chief Tactical Air Command and Control Service (TACCS) (de. FuTT) (1 star level) with
** Chief Engineering TACCS
East German Formula Three Championship

.Usoro e kere na 1950. Ruo 1958 engines 'oke ike ike gafere 500cm.  N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1963, a na-eme asọmpi dịka iwu Formula Junior si dị, emesia Formula Three.  Kemgbe 1963, e nwekwara Leistungsklasse II (LK II), nke bụ klas nke abụọ nke usoro ahụ.[1]  Na 1972 usoro nke East German Formula Ista Championship nọchiri ya mana n'afọ ahụ ka ahaziri oge LK II ikpeazụ.[2]
Jonathan Mann (onye ọrụ WHO)

**Jonathan Max Mann** (Jụlaị 30, 1947 - Septemba 2, 1998) bụ onye dọkịta mba America bụ onye nchịkwa maka otu World Health Organization, ma duzie nyocha mbụ nke ọrịa AIDS na afọ1980s.

## Mmụta
Mann bụ onye isi oche nke National Honor Society na klas Newton South High School nke afọ 1965. Ọ nwetara B.A. *magna cum laude* na Harvard College, M.D. ya na Mahadum Washington na St. Louis na afọ 1974, na nzere M.P.H. na uloakwukwo Harvard School of Public Health na afọ 1980.

## Ọrụ
Mann sonyeere Centers for Disease Control na afọ 1975, nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo afọ 1977 mgbe ọ ghọrọ State Epidemiologist maka New Mexico, ruo afọ 1984.

Mann duziri mwepụta na afọ 1994 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike na ikike mmadụ, nke François Xavier Bagnoud Center for Health and Human Rights bipụtara, nke o nyekwara aka guzobe.** *Mann bụkwa prọfesọ nke epidemiology na Harvard's School of Public Health.*

## Ịkwalite ahụike na ikike mmadụ
Mann bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ịkwado ijikọta ahụike ọha na eze, ụkpụrụ omume na ikike mmadụ. O chepụtara ma na-akwalite echiche ahụike mmadụ na ikike mmadụ nwere njikọ zuru oke na nke a na-apụghị ikewapụ iche, na-arụ ụka na ngalaba ndị a na-agbakọta na nkà ihe ọmụma na ebumnuche ha iji melite ahụike, ọdịmma, na iji gbochie ọnwụ mberede.

Site na usoro a, Mann gbalịrị idozi ọdịiche dị na nkà ihe ọmụma, akwụkwọ ozi na okwu, agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ, recruitment, na usoro ọrụ n'etiti ọzụzụ nke bioethics, jurisprudence, iwu ahụike ọha na eze na epidemiology. Ọzọkwa, Mann maara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke "mmekọrịta esemokwu" n'etiti ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na ndị ọrụ nnwere onwe obodo gosipụtara ihe ịma aka na ịchụso ihe ọ kpọrọ "ike" njikọ nke ahụike na ikike mmadụ - ụzọ dị mma.

## Ọnwụ
Mann nwụrụ na mberede nke Swissair Flight 111 na afọ 1998 ya na nwunye ya nke abụọ, onye nyocha ọrịa obirinajocha Mary Lou Clements-Mann. N'oge ọnwụ ya, Mann bụ dean nke mahadum Allegheny University School of Public Health (nke bụzi Drexel University School of public Health) na steeti Philadelphia.

## Akwụkwọ

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## Njikọ mpụga

* HealthRight International Homepage

## Edensibia
National Institute of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment (Colombia)

**National Institute of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment**, nke a makwaara dị ka **INDERENA**, bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị gburugburu ebe obibi nke Colombia nke e guzobere na 1968 iji mezuo iwu gburugburu ebe obibi ma kwalite mmepe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na Colombia. INDERENA nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inyere aka mepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na gọọmentị na nnabata n'etiti ọha mmadụ iji mee ka nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi banye n'ime atụmatụ mba, nke a dugara n'ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ụmụaka dị ka National Natural Parks System, na mgbanwe n'ime Ministry of Environment na 1993.

## Hụkwa

* Germán García Durán

## Ihe odide
Katherine Maher

**Katherine Roberts Maher** (/mɑːr/; amụrụ n'Eprel 18, 1983) bụ onye isi oche nke ndị nduzi na Signal Foundation na onye bụbu onye isi nchịkwa na onye isi nchịk nke otú Wikimedia Foundation.

Onye otu Council on Foreign Relations, Maher rụrụ ọrụ na UNICEF, National Democratic Institute, World Bank na Access Now tupu ọ banye na otu Wikimedia Foundation. O mechara sonye na Atlantic Council ma na-eje ozi ugbu a na US Department of State's Foreign Affairs Policy Board.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
N'afọ 2005, Maher nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum New York na Middle East na ọmụmụ Islam.

Maher bu n'obi ịbụ onye agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ maka ikike mmadụ na òtù mmepe mba ụwa.

## Ọrụ
thumb|Katherine Maher na ndị na-agba egwú ''giddha'' na WikiConference India 2016.
N'afọ 2007, Maher laghachiri na New York City ebe site na afọ 2007 ruo na afọ 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ na UNICEF dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe ọhụrụ na onye ọrụ nkwukọrịta. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji kwalite ojiji nke teknụzụ iji melite ndụ ndị mmadụ ma gaa ọtụtụ ebe iji rụọ ọrụ na nsogbu ndị metụtara ahụike nne, mgbochi ọrịa obirinajocha, na itinye aka na ndị ntorobịa na teknụzụ. Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ ya na otu UNICEF gụnyere ịnwale mgbatị MediaWiki metụtara nnweta na obodo Ethiopia. Ọrụ ọzọ natara ego enyemaka USAid Development 2.0 Challenge iji rụọ ọrụ na iji ekwentị mkpanaaka nyochaa nri na-edozi ahụ n'ime ụmụaka na obodo Malawi.

Site na afọ 2013 ruo na afọ 2014, Maher bụ onye nduzi nkwado na Washington, DC-based Access Now. Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ a, o lekwasịrị anya na mmetụta nke iwu gbasara nchekwa cyber, omume, na nkwutọ nke steeti nke na-eme ka nyocha steeti dịkwuo elu ma belata enweghị nkwenye. Access bụ onye bịanyere aka na nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe ịntanetị.
[thumb|Maher na [Jimmy Wales na Wikimania na afọ 2017]]
Maher bụ onye isi nkwukọrịta nke otu Wikimedia Foundation site na ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014 ruo na ọnwa Machị afọ 2016. The Washington Post gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ na iwu nwebisiinka nke mba United States.

N'afọ 2019, Maher ghọrọ onye isi oche nke otu Wikimedia. Ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi nchịkwa nke Wikimedia Foundation na Eprel 15, na afọ 2021. A họpụtara Maryana Iskander dị ka onye nọchiri ya.

N'afọ 2022, Maher sonyeere US State Department's Foreign Affairs Policy Board, otu ndị ọkachamara nke odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Hillary Clinton guzobere na afọ 2011 iji nye ndị ọrụ US ndụmọdụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ndị nduzi nke Signal Foundation.

## Ndụ onwe onye
Maher lụrụ ọkàiwu Ashutosh Upreti na ọnwa Jụlaị na afọ 2023.

## Nsọpụrụ

* N'afọ 2013, The Diplomatic Courier kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị ọkachamara ịrị itoolu na itoolu na-ahụ maka iwu mba ọzọ n'okpuru afọ ịrị atọ na ato.

## Ọrụ na akwụkwọ

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## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ndị Wikipedia

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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## Njikọ mpụga

* Katherine Maher's Wikipedia user page
* Katherine (WMF) na Meta
* Katherine Maher on Twitter 
* Appearances on C-SPAN
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
FC Einheit Rudolstadt

NoFC Einheit Rudolstadt bụ ụlọ egwuregwu bọọlụ German sitere na Rudolstadt na mpaghara Saalfeld-Rudolstadt, Thuringia.  A na-akpọ ala ụlọ klọb Städtisches Stadion im Heinepark.  Ugbu a, ha na-egwu oge nke abụọ ha na NOFV-Oberliga Süd.

Na Bezirksliga, Einheit mere naanị na mpaghara mpaghara na mpaghara Gera ma jiri ya na-azụ ndị na-eto eto nke FC Carl Zeiss Jena.  N'agbata ịrị elu na ọdịda site na Bezirksklasse n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, Einheit nwetaghachiri mmalite ya na Bezirksliga Gera.  Ọganihu ya bụ Chemie Schwarza bụ onye na-emegide obodo bụ onye jisiri ike ịrịgo DDR-Liga ugboro ugboro.
Erich-Weinert na-ejikọ ọnụ

Erich-Weinert-Ensemble bụ ọkachamara ndị agha mkpokọta nke National People's Army nke German Democratic Republic.  Mgbakọ ahụ nwere ndị otu nwoke, otu ballet, otu egwu egwu, cabaret, ndị na-agụ egwú, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị nduzi, ndị nduzi, ndị na-agụ egwú na ndị ọrụ nka na nhazi.  Mgbakọ a dabere na Berlin-Biesdorf.  Akpọrọ aha mkpokọta ahụ aha Erich Weinert, onye odee ndị Kọmunist German.

Ọgbakọ ahụ mere onwe ya aha ma na mpaghara na mba ụwa n'ihi ụdị dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ịkọ ọdịnala nke abụ ndị German na abụ mgbasa ozi.  Ndị otu ahụ gara mba ndị China na Soviet Union.

N'afọ 1989, e bufere mgbakọ ahụ na Bundeswehr wee malite ya na June 30, 1991, site n'iwu German Bundestag.  Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Defence Ministry nke Germany kwadoro mkpokọta ahụ ruo 1994.
Ihe nnọchianya mba nke East Germany

thumb|Coat of arms of East Germany
Ihe nnọchianya nke mba East Germany nwere hama na kompas, nke mgbanaka rye gbara ya gburugburu.  Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke ihe a na-akpọ "socialist heraldry".  Ọ bụ naanị ngwaọrụ heraldic nke obodo European socialist nwere mgbanaka ọka nke na-enweghị kpakpando uhie.

N'ịbụ nke okpueze gbara ya gburugburu, akara mba ahụ mekwara ka ihe nnọchianya nke National People's Army, na mgbe kpakpando ọcha nwere ọnụ iri na abụọ gbara ya gburugburu, maka ndị uwe ojii.

Mgbe e wepụrụ steeti ndị e jikọrọ ọnụ na East Germany ma bụrụ Bezirke nọchie ya, na-eme GDR ka ọ bụrụ steeti jikọrọ ọnụ, ndị Bezirke bịakwara jiri akara mba ahụ mee ihe.  Ọchịchị East German achọghị ka e jiri akara mpaghara mee ihe, ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịkpali ịhụ mba n'anya na mmegharị maka nnwere onwe.[1]1]

## Ihe nnọchianya na West Germany
A na-ewere ihe ngosi nke ihe nnọchianya mba ahụ ruo afọ ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-akwadoghị na West Germany na West Berlin ma ndị uwe ojii gbochiri ya.  Naanị n'afọ 1969 ka gọọmentị West German nke Willy Brandt gbanwere amụma a n'ihe a maara dị ka Ostpolitik.

Mgbe otu Socialist Unity Party na-achị achị kwụsịrị n'ọchịchị, ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke die Wende hụrụ aro maka akara ngosi mba ọhụrụ.  Otu ntụnye pụtara ìhè bụ ihe onyonyo nke onye na-akpụ ihe na-emegharị mma agha gaa n’ọkọlọgụ yana ederede “Schwerter zu Pflugscharen” (German maka “mma agha e ji agụkọta ihe,” sitere n’Aịsaịa 2:3–4), ihe nnọchianya nke udo nke ọma.  Na 31 May ndị omeiwu a họpụtara ọhụrụ (Volkskammer) kpebiri, na aro sitere n'aka ndị otu German Social Union na-ahụ maka nchekwa, na a ga-ewepụ ma ọ bụ kpuchie ihe oyiyi niile nke akara mba na ụlọ ọha.  Ọ dịghị mgbe e mere mkpebi maka uwe agha ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke mba ọhụrụ.  Akwụsịghị akara ngosi ahụ n'ụzọ zuru oke mana ọ ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị agwụ agwụ n'otu oge ahụ agbazere German Democratic Republic, na 3 Ọktoba 1990.[4][4]
Kọmitii nke Abụọ nke Grotewohl

Na nzukọ mmeghe nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị mmadụ na 8 November 1950, a họpụtara Otto Grotewohl onye isi ala.  N'otu oge ahụ, a kwadoro iwu na gọọmentị German Democratic Republic ma si otú a nye ya nhazi.  Grotewohl gosipụtara ọchịchị ya na nzukọ nke abụọ nke Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ na 15 November 1950. N'ime ha bụ ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti 4 nwere pọtụfoliyo nke ha, ndị odeakwụkwọ ha guzobere site na mkpebi na nzukọ gọọmentị nke mbụ, nke mere tupu ogbako Volkskammer nke abụọ.  Na ọgbakọ nke abụọ nke gọọmentị na Nọvemba 16, 1950, a họpụtara ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti dị iche iche nke ministri dị iche iche site na mkpebi.  N'ime ndị ozi iri abụọ na otu na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti iri atọ bụ ndị na-azọ ọkwa iri na atọ na ndị otu Central Committee nke SED, gụnyere ndị otu 4 nke Politburo.  Ndị nnọchiteanya 9 na ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti 8 nọchitere anya ndị ngọngọ ahụ, ebe CDU naanị na-enye ndị ozi 4.  DBD bụ naanị otu mgbochi na-enyeghị osote onye isi ala na mmalite oge gọọmentị.  Nlebanya na-esonụ depụtara ndị minista na ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti nke GDR na mmalite oge gọọmentị.

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Stadion der Weltjugend

.Stadion der Weltjugend bụ ama egwuregwu ọtụtụ mmadụ na-eji na mpaghara Mitte na mpaghara ama ama Mitte na Berlin, Germany.  Emebere ya na 20 May 1950 site n'aka odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Socialist Unity Party, Walter Ulbricht maka "Deutschlandtreffen" nke mbụ nke ndị ntorobịa German efu.[1] Akpọrọ ámá egwuregwu ahụ n'aha Walter Ulbricht.  nke Berlin, e mesịrị kpọọ ámá egwuregwu ahụ Zickenwiese mgbe ajị agba Ulbricht gasịrị.[2]

Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion nwere ikike nke ndị na-ekiri 70,000 na ọtụtụ ogige egwuregwu bọọlụ ọzọ, ogige tenis na ogige egwuregwu kwadoro ya.  Ọ bụ ama egwuregwu kacha ibu na East Germany na mmeghe ya.  Ama egwuregwu ahụ bụ saịtị nke 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students na 1951. E wughachiri ámá egwuregwu ahụ tupu Ememme Ntorobịa na Mmụta Ụwa nke 10 na 1973, yana Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark.  Nrụgharị ahụ gụnyere ntinye nke oche, nke belatara ikike ruo 50,000.  A kpọgharịrị ámá egwuregwu ahụ emegharịrị aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Stadion der Weltjugend ("Stadium of the World Youth").

Ọgba egwuregwu ahụ bụ Chausseestraße n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke Habersaathstraße (nke a maara dị ka Kesselstraße ruo 1951) n'akụkụ ndịda yana ebe obibi na Scharnhorststraße na Boyenstraße n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ n'otu n'otu.  Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ Scharnhorststraße (German: Heizwerk Scharnhorststraße) (de) nwere chimni ya dị mita 150 dị n'akụkụ akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke ámá egwuregwu ahụ.  Ọgbọ egwuregwu Schwartzkopffstraße U-Bahn na-eje ozi na mbụ.  A kpọgharịrị ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion ka ámá egwuregwu ahụ gasịrị na 1951. E mechiri ọdụ Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion U-bahn mgbe arụchara mgbidi Berlin na 1961. A kpọgharịrị ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ Stadion der Weltjugend ka ahaziri ámá egwuregwu ahụ na 1961.  1973.
Kansụl nke Ndị Minista nke East Germany

Kansụl ndị Minista (German: Ministerrat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ngalaba isi nke German Democratic Republic site na Nọvemba 1950 ruo mgbe e jikọtara obodo ahụ na 3 October 1990.[1]  N'ịbụ nke e hibere na mbụ dị ka otu ndị otu 18, ka ọ na-erule 1989 kansụl ahụ nwere ndị otu 44.

N'okpuru Iwu nke East Germany, a kọwapụtara Kansụl Ndị Minista dịka gọọmentị East Germany.  Otú ọ dị, otu Iwu ahụ kwadoro ọrụ ndị isi nke Socialist Unity Party (SED).  N'ihi ya, maka ọtụtụ n'ime ịdị adị GDR, Kansụl nke Minista abụghị ikike kachasị elu na mba ahụ, mana e boro ya ebubo imejuputa atumatu SED ka ọ bụrụ nchịkwa bara uru.  Karịsịa, ndị ozi nọ n'okpuru onye odeakwụkwọ nke Central Committee na-ahụ maka pọtụfoliyo ha, na, ọ dịkarịa ala, n'enweghị ọrụ, na Secretary General.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto otu nke Council of Minister na 1981
Onye isi oche (Vorsitzender) na-edu Council, onye a na-akpọkarị "Prime Minister" na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị German.  Enwere ndị osote onye isi oche abụọ na ndị osote onye isi oche itoolu ọzọ.  Ha na ụfọdụ ndị isi ozi ha hiwere onyeisi oche (Präsidium) nke Kansụl.  Präsidium kwadoro mkpebi niile site na nyocha na ngalaba ndị na-ahụ maka Central Committee (Zentralkomitee) nke Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED) na karịsịa Politbüro nke SED Central Committee.  Präsidium jisiri ike na-eme ihe kwa ụbọchị nke Council n'etiti nzukọ ya kwa izu, nke na-eme mgbe niile na Wednesde iji mezuo mkpebi nke nzukọ izu ụka Politbüro (na Tuesday).  E nyere ndị odeakwụkwọ na ndị isi ngalaba na Kọmitii Central ikike inye ndị ozi ntụziaka ka ọ dị mkpa.
Stasi

thumb|Ihu ụlọ Stasi-Museum
Ọrụ Stasi na East Germany yiri nke KGB na Soviet Union - ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ụzọ isi na-edobe ikike obodo, ya bụ, dịka "ọta na mma agha nke Party" (German: Schild und Schwert der Partei).  Emezuru nke a n'ụzọ bụ isi site n'iji netwọk nke ndị nkịtị na-enye ozi.  Òtù a nyere aka na njide nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000 na East Germany.[1].

Stasi nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na East Berlin, yana nnukwu ogige dị na Berlin-Lichtenberg yana ọtụtụ obere ụlọ ọrụ n'obodo niile.  Erich Mielke, onyeisi ndị Stasi kacha ogologo oge, chịkwara nzukọ ahụ maka 32 (1957-1989) nke afọ 40 nke GDR dị adị.  HVA (Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung), n'okpuru Markus Wolf (n'ọfịs dịka Leiter der HVA site na 1952 ruo 1986), nwetara aha dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi kachasị dị irè nke Agha Nzuzo.￼￼. 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|263x263px|First version
Thomas W. McElhiney

**Thomas Watkins McElhiney** (Jenụwarị 22, na afọ 1919, na obodo West Union, West Virginia, United States - Jenụwarị 17, 1998, Baltimore) bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Amerịka na Kọmishọna Ukwu UNRWA site na afọ 1977 ruo afọ1979.

McElhiney bụ nwa William James McElhiniy na Elza Jones McElhinay. Ọ lụrụ onye bụbu Helen Lawrence Lippincott, nke Baltimore, Maryland, na Septemba 7, afọ 1946. McElhineys nwere ụmụ atọ: Helen Townley McElhney, Richard Lippincott McElhaney, na William Dashiell McElheney.

McElhiney nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 17, na afọ 1998, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na asato, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ezinụlọ McElhiney

|-
Eisenhüttenstadt

thumb|Eisenhüttenstadt Weg zum Hochofen
Eisenhüttenstadt (n'ụzọ nkịtị "ironworks obodo" na German;  [ʔaɪzn̩ˈhʏtn̩ʃtat] (￼gee ntị), Lower Sorbian: Pśibrjog) bụ obodo dị na Oder-Spree district nke steeti Brandenburg, Germany, na ókèala Poland.  East Germany tọrọ ntọala obodo ahụ na 1950. A maara ya dị ka Stalinstadt (Stalinměsto) n'etiti 1953 na 1961.￼

Mpaghara ime obodo dị na mbara ala aja dị na ndagwurugwu Berlin-Warsaw glacial (Urstromtal).  Ókè ya n'akụkụ osimiri Oder n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke kemgbe 1945 guzobere ókèala German-Polish.  Eisenhüttenstadt bụ ọdụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọwa Mmiri Oder-Spree.  Ebe etiti obodo ahụ dị ihe dịka kilomita 25 (16 mi) ndịda Frankfurt (Oder) na 110 km (68 mi) ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Berlin.  Eisenhüttenstadt na-eje ozi n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Berlin-Wrocław.

E hiwere obodo nke ugbu a dị ka obodo ihe atụ socialist na 1950 (nke aha ya bụ Stalinstadt mgbe Joseph Stalin gasịrị) na-esote mkpebi nke East German Socialist Unity Party (SED), n'akụkụ igwe igwe igwe ọhụrụ nke dị na ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Fürstenberg mere akụkọ ihe mere eme.  (Oder).[1]  Afọ ole na ole tupu e guzobe obodo ọhụrụ ahụ, e wuwo àkwà mmiri n'osimiri Oder, nke e bibiri nke mbụ site n'ịlaghachi azụ ndị agha Wehrmacht na February 1945, na nso njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

* Udo Beyer (born 1955), shot put, Olympian champion  1976 and holder of world record
* Hans-Georg Beyer (born 1956), handball player, olympic winner 1980
* Detlef Gerstenberg (1957–1993), hammer thrower, competitor in 1980 Summer Olympics
* Frank Schaffer (born 1958), athlete, medal winner in 1980 Summer Olympics
* Katharina Bullin (born 1959), volleyball player
* Gisela Beyer (born 1960), athlete
* Hendrik Reiher (born 1962), rowing cox, medal winner in multiple Olympic Games
* Torsten René Gutsche (born 1968), sprint canoer, competitor in two Summer Olympic Games; 1992 winner of the Bambi Award
* Sven Helbig (born 1968), producer, musician
* Kathrin Boron (born 1969), sculler, competitor in multiple Olympic Games, gold medalist in several World Rowing Championships
* Sören Lausberg (born 1969), retired track cyclist, competitor in two Summer Olympic Games
* Paul van Dyk (born 1971), DJ, composer and music producer
* Katja Adler (born 1974), politician
* Amadeus Wallschläger (born 1985), footballer
* Roger Kluge (born 1986), racing cyclist, silver medal winner in 2008 Summer Olympics
* Florian Müller (born 1986), footballer
Ihe nrite Alfred Stock Memorial

thumb|Alfred-Stock-Gedächtnispreis
Ihe nrite Alfred-Stock Memorial ma ọ bụ Alfred-Stock-Gedächtnispreis (Site na 2023: Marianne Baudler Prize) bụ ihe nrite maka “nyocha nnwale nnwale sayensị pụtara ìhè na ngalaba nke kemịkalụ inorganic.”  Ndị German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker na-enye ya kwa afọ) kwa afọ (nke mbụ kwa afọ).  Ihe nrite a, nke nwere ihe nrite ọla edo na ego ka e kere na 1950 iji kwado mmezu ndị ọsụ ụzọ na kemịkalụ inorganic nke German chemist Alfred Stock.[1]  Na 2022, bọọdụ GDch kpebiri ịgbanwe aha ihe nrite ncheta Alfred Stock gara aga.[2]  Aha ọhụrụ a bụ Marianne Baudler Prize.
Laurence Michelmore

**Laurence Michelmore** (1909 - Eprel 10, afọ 1997) bụ Kọmishọna Ukwu UNRWA site na afọ 1964 ruo na afọ 1971. Michelmore bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke otu UN's Technical Assistance Board, osote onye nduzi nke ndị ọrụ, na onye ndụmọdụ nchịkwa nke United Nations Special Fund na onye nnọchi anya odeakwụkwọ ukwu na obodo Malaysia.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ndị nduzi na ndị Kọmishọna-Jenal nke United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East

## Edensibia
2. Oberliga Süd

The 2. Oberliga Süd bụ ọkwa nke abụọ kachasị elu nke usoro egwuregwu bọọlụ German na ndịda Germany site na 1950 ruo mgbe e guzobere Bundesliga na 1963. Ọ kpuchiri steeti atọ nke Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg na Hesse.

The 2. Oberliga Süd e guzobere na 1950 dị ka feeder league na Oberliga Süd nke na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 1945. Ọ bụ nke abụọ nke atọ nke abụọ Oberligas, nke ọzọ abụọ bụ 2. Oberliga West (1949) na 2. Oberliga Südwest.  (1951).

N'afọ 1963, agbasara ọgbakọ ahụ.  Ndị otu nọ na ebe otu ruo itoolu gara na Regionalliga Süd ọhụrụ, ngalaba nke abụọ ọhụrụ.  Ndị otu ahụ sitere na 10 ruo 18 ka agbagoro na Amateurligas.
Luka Misetic

**Luka Misetic** (nke a na-asụpe na Croatian dị ka **Mišetić**, amụrụ n'afọ 1970) bụ onye ọka iwu mba America bụ ọkachamara na iwu mpụ.

Misetic bụ onye a ma ama maka ịgbachitere onye isi obodo Croatian Ante Gotovina na International Criminal Tribunal maka onye bụbu Yugoslavia na onye bụbu onye isi ala obodo Kosovo Hashim Thaçi na Kosovo Specialist Chambers . [1]

N'afọ 2006, a kpọrọ Misetic otu n'ime ndị obodo Croatia mmadụ otu narị kachasị nwee mmetụta n'ụwa site na magazin *Globus*.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Misetic ma zụlite ya na Chicago. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị Croat si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Obodo Herzegovina dị nso na Ljubuški (nke bụzi akụkụ nke obodo Bosnia na Herzegovina). Misetic gara obodo Croatia na nke mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, n'afọ 1986. Ọ mụtara asụsụ obodo Croatian n'aka ezinụlọ ya. Na mbido Agha nke Nnwere Onwe nke obodo Croatia, Misetic zigara enyemaka ego na Obodo Croatia. N'afọ 1992, Misetic gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Northwestern na nsọpụrụ ngalaba. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ banyere na ụlọ akwukwo Notre Dame Law School na-agụsị akwụkwọ na afọ 1996, ebe ọ natara Dean's Award maka ịdị mma na ọkachamara na ọmụmụ nke International Law.

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1996, Misetic ghọrọ onye otu Illinois State Bar na US District Court Northern District of Illinois; otu afọ ka e mesịrị, n'afọ 1997, ọ ghọrọ onye otu International Criminal Tribunal maka Yugoslavia mbụ na The Hague na Netherlands. Misetic bụkwa onye otu ndi Chicago Bar Association, Association of Defence Counsel n'ihu ICTY na Illinois State Bar Association. N'afọ 1999, a họpụtara ya n'etiti ndị ọka iwu iri na abụọ kachasị mma na steeti Chicago.

Misetic nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa mgbe ọ na-agbachitere onye Bosnia Croat Anto Furundžija na afọ 1999. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu kachasị nta na-agbachitere ikpe n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mpụ mba ụwa. Mgbe ọ na-akwadebe nchebe Furundžija na họtel Sheraton nke obodo Zagreb, ọ zutere Ante Gotovina. N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2001 ọ ghọrọ onye ọka iwu ya, na-emezu ntọhapụ Gotovina na Nọvemba afọ 2012.

Maazị Misetic apụtala n'ihu Ụlọikpe Mba Nile na The Hague. Ọ na-anọchite anya ndị ahịa n'okwu ikpe mba ụwa n'ihu Ụlọikpe Na-adịgide adịgide nke Arbitration na The Hague, yana otu International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes.

## Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

## Edensibia
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Sandra Mitchell (UNRWA)

A họpụtara **Sandra Mitchell** ka ọ bụrụ osote Kọmishọna General nke otu United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) site na afọ 2014 ruo na afọ 2020 mgbe arụchara nkwekọrịta ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu 

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
David A. Morse

**David Abner Morse** (31 Mee na afọ 1907 &#x2D; 1 Disemba na afọ 1990) bụ onye bureaucrat mba America nke duziri otu International Labour Organization.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
A mụrụ ya na New York na Mee 31, na afọ 1907, Morse gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rutgers na afọ 1929, ebe ọ bụ onye otu Cap and Skull Society, na Harvard Law School na afo 1932. A nabatara ya na New Jersey n'afọ 1932. 

## Ọrụ
Morse mechara bụrụ onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke obodo United States Attorney General, Chief Counsel nke Petroleum Labour Policy Board na ụlọ ọrụ US Department of the Interior site na afo 1933-1935, na Regional Attorney maka otu National Labour Relations Board na mpaghara New York (1936-1937).

Morse bụ onye nnọchi anya otu International Labour Organization (ILO) ugboro abụọ ma jee ozi dị ka onye nnọchianya Gọọmentị obodo United States na Kọmitii Na-achị Isi. Na ọnwa jụụn afọ 1948, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ndị nnọchi anya obodo United States na otu International Labour Conference. Na nnọkọ nke 105 nke Òtù Na-achị Isi na San Francisco na  onwa Jụụn afọ1948, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi-ọchịchị maka afọ iri. A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka afọ ise na ọnwa Mee afọ 1957, na Machị afọ 1962, na Febụwarị afo 1967. N'afọ 1969, e nyere ILO ihe nrite Nobel maka udo. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na ọnwa Febụwarị na afọ 1970. Dị ka Director-General, Edward J. Phelan bu ya ụzọ ma C. Wilfred Jenks nọchiri ya.

## Ọnwụ
David Abner Morse nwụrụ na steeti New York na Disemba 1, na afọ 1990.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ILO
* Akwụkwọ David A. Morse na Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Mahadum Princeton
* David A. Morse Oral History Interviews (Truman Library)
Okike na Ntorobịa Sweden

Nature na Ntorobịa Sweden (Swedish: Fältbiologerna, n'ụzọ nkịtị "ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ ubi") bụ nzukọ Sweden maka ndị ntorobịa nwere mmasị na ọmụmụ ihe okike na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi tọrọ ntọala na 1947 jikọtara ya na Swedish Society for Nature Conservation.

Njikọ a na-arụ ọrụ na okwu metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwado na ikike okike, ma na-eme ụdị ọrụ dị iche iche dị ka njem nlegharị anya, ihe nrụpụta, nnọkọ mkparịta ụka, omume na nzukọ. Nzukọ a na-arụ ọrụ na Sweden niile, mpaghara kachasị ukwuu bụ Fältbiologerna Stockholm-Uppland-Gotland. Ndị otu a na-ahụ maka ndị na-eto eto dị afọ 6 ruo 25.

## Ihe omume
Ndị otu a nwere ọtụtụ mmemme dị iche iche, sitere na nlele nnụnụ na klaasị lichen ruo mkpọsa gburugburu, ihu igwe na omume ziri ezi na ngwa ahịa ọhịa. Otu akụkụ dị mkpa nke nzukọ a bụ na ndị otu n'onwe ha na-ahọrọ ma hazie ihe omume. Otu n'ime ihe ngosi omenala kwa afọ bụ Nzukọ Kwa Afọ nke Mba (Swedish: Riksårsmöte) ahaziri n'ime izu mbụ nke Jenụwarị, yana ogige Öland nke a na-eme na Grönhögen na ndịda Öland n'otu n'ime ogologo izu ụka na May.

N'ọtụtụ ebe, ndị ntorobịa na-arụkwa ọrụ Minifältis. Ndị otu ndị otu nzukọ na-eduzi ọrụ a. Ndị otu ahụ na-amalite klọb maka ụmụaka dị afọ 6–12 ma haziere ha ihe omume.

### Magazin Fältbiologen
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature na Youth Sweden, Fältbiologen, lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu gbasara okike, nyocha na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ma bipụtala ọtụtụ ederede dị mkpa na isiokwu dịka ichekwa oke ọhịa. A na-ebipụta Fältbiologen na mbipụta 2-3 kwa afọ. Ndị otu niile nke Nature na Youth Sweden na-enweta okwu; ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị nwekwara ike ịdenye aha na magazin ahụ, ọ dịkwa n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọbá akwụkwọ ọ bụla na Sweden. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na-emepụta magazin a.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Magazin Fältbiologen dị n'ịntanetị
Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature

Otu Norwegian Society for Conservation of Nature (Norwegian: Norges Naturvernforbund, NNV), makwaara dị ka Enyi nke Ụwa Norway, bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi Norwegian nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 24,000. Nzukọ a dabere na ọrụ afọ ofufo n'etiti ndị otu, na-arụ ọrụ ma na mpaghara na ọkwa mba. Norges Naturvernforbund na-arụ ọrụ n'ime nnukwu mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi. Nzukọ a jikọtara ya na Enyi nke Ụwa, yana onye otu INFORSE-Europe.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Obodo malitere na 1914 dị ka National Association for Natural Conservation (Landsforeningen for Naturfredning). N'afọ 1916, otu ahụ malitere ọrụ ya mgbe emechara isiakwụkwọ mpaghara atọ, na onye isi oche mbụ bụ Hjalmar Broch. Òtù ahụ gbanwere aha ya na 1936 na Landsforeningen maka Naturfredning i Norge, ọzọkwa na 1951 na Landsforbundet maka naturvern i Norge. Aha ya ugbu a sitere na 1962. E bipụtara mbipụta mbụ nke magazin ndị otu Norsk Natur na 1965 na afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị Nature and Youth (Natur og Ungdom) tọrọ ntọala dị ka alaka ụlọ ọrụ ntorobịa.

Ihe omume mba ụwa gụnyere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na mba 16 maka ike na-adigide yana usoro nchekwa ike bara uru SPARE, nke bụkwa akụkụ nke mmemme imekọ ihe ọnụ INFORSE-Europe. Ihe omume SPARE malitere na mba ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe na 1996-99, wee webata ya na mba Soviet Union gara aga kemgbe 2005, ebe a na-agbasa na ụlọ akwụkwọ 7000 (2008).

; Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa

Otu Norwegian Society for Conservation of Nature bụ akụkụ nke otu mba iri atọ mejupụtara ndị enyi nke Ụwa Europe.

## Nhazi
Nzukọ a nwere ngalaba mpaghara 18 na otu mpaghara 155 na mba ahụ niile. Na mgbakwunye, o nwere alaka ndị ntorobịa Nature na Youth (Natur og Ungdom) na ngalaba ụmụaka Eco-detectives (Miljøagentene).

Isi ụlọ ọrụ ha dị na Oslo. Na mkpokọta nzukọ gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 28, ụfọdụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na mba ahụ dum. Norges Naturvernforbund na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Natur & miljø, ma na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Miljøjournalen na mbụ.

Isi mpaghara amụma maka nzukọ a bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na nchekwa ihe okike. Ọzọkwa, nzukọ a na-elekwasị anya na ichekwa ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri yana ịba ụba ike n'ime ụlọ.

Nzukọ a nwere nnukwu alaka ụlọ ọrụ NGO nke mba ọzọ, nke na-arụ ọrụ na nchekwa nchekwa ike na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a dị na Central na Eastern Europe, Central Asia, na West Africa.

### Ịdu
Ihe omume ndu kachasị elu nke nzukọ a bụ nzukọ nke afọ abụọ ya. N'etiti ndị a a na-eduzi nzukọ a:

* a 6-member Central board, nke mejupụtara kemgbe 2017 nke Silje Lundberg, Øyvind Johnsen, Ingeborg Gjærum, Kjell Derås, Synnøve Kvamme, Gunnar Reinholdtsen, Bernt Bull, Hilde Charlotte Solheim na Ellen Munden Paalgard.
* a 23-member National board: mejupụtara ndị isi oche na ndị nnọchiteanya si n'òtù na ndị ọrụ dị ala.

Alaka ndị ntorobịa Natur og Ungdom bụkwa onye isi ha nọchitere anya na bọọdụ Central.

Silje Lundberg bụ onye ndu otu ahụ kemgbe 2016, Maren Aschehoug Esmark bụ onye isi ala kemgbe 2012.

## Hụkwa

* Environmental organisations based in Norway
* Friends of the Earth topics

## Ihe odide
Ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka mmiri

thumb|1952 Sea Police Parade
Ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka oke osimiri nke Main Administration (Hauptverwaltung Seepolizei (HVS)) bụ ọgbakọ ụgbọ mmiri East German hiwere na nkwado nke ndị agha mmiri Soviet na June 16, 1950. Ọ bụ ọgbakọ ji ngwá agha nke East German Ministry of Interior e mere iji chebe German Democratic German.  Oke oke mmiri nke Republic (GDR) na mpaghara oke osimiri.  E hiwere HVS iji hazie, zụọ na ịrụ ndị agha mmiri n'oge oge East Germany enweghị ndị agha.  Ndị uweojii na-ahụ maka mmiri na mbụ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa ọkụ azụ na ọrụ mgbochi mbupụ.  N'otu oge ahụ e zubere site na mmalite iji ike dị ka isi nke ụgbọ mmiri East German n'ọdịnihu.  Otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke ndị uweojii na-ahụ maka mmiri bụ ikpochapụ ogbunigwe na mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke GD

A haziri ndị uwe ojii n'oké osimiri na ndị ọrụ na-enwechaghị ahụmahụ n'ihi na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị otu Kriegsmarine bụ ndị agha Britain na America nwụchiri wee họrọ ịnọ na mpaghara ọrụ ọdịda anyanwụ mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha n'agha.  HVA chọkwara ụma chọwa ịzenarị ịdabere nke ukwuu na ndị agha ochie Kriegsmarine.  Nke a bụ ihe mere ọzụzụ ji bụrụ ụzọ mbụ n'iguzobe ndị uwe ojii n'oké osimiri.

N'April 1953, ndị ọchịchị Soviet họọrọ iguzobe ndị agha mgbe nile na GDR.  N'August 1, 1953, e hazigharịrị ngalaba ndị uwe ojii n'oké osimiri dị ka Volkspolizei See (VP-See) (Ndị uwe ojii-Oké Osimiri) iji mepụta ntọala maka ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.  Site na nguzobe nke National People's Army (NVA), nke a ghọrọ Verwaltung Seestreitkräfte der NVA (Naval Forces Administration of the NVA) na March 1, 1956. N'ikpeazụ, na 1960, ndị agha mmiri nwetara aha nsọpụrụ Volksmarine (Ndị agha mmiri ndị mmadụ).  ) nke bụkwa maka ngalaba na-arụ ọrụ dịka akụkụ nke Grenzbrigade Küste (Coastal Border Brigade).
Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Na-ele anya n'ofe ụlọ ndị bụ isi na Sloane Observation Tower nke isi ụlọ ọrụ WWT na Slimbridge, Gloucestershire
thumb|Ihe oyiyi nke Sir Peter Scott na WWT London Wetland Centre
thumb|Lagoon zoro ezo na London Wetland Centre
Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT) bụ ọrụ ebere nchekwa anụ ọhịa na oke mmiri na mba United Kingdom. Onye na-elekọta ya bụ Charles III, onye isi ya bụ Kate Humble.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere WWT na 1946 site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka ornithologist na omenkà Sir Peter Scott dị ka Severn Wildfowl Trust.

Ebe mbụ dị na Slimbridge bụ ebe nyocha na nchekwa. N'ime ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe n'oge ahụ, o meghere ọha na eze saịtị ahụ ka onye ọ bụla nwee ike ịnụ ụtọ ịnweta okike.

Mmalite a dị obi umeala malitere n'oge n'ime nguzobe nke Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, bụ naanị ọrụ ebere United Kingdom iji kwalite nchebe nke nnụnụ mmiri na ebe obibi ha, ma na Britain ma na mba ụwa. N'agbanyeghị na-amalite na Slimbridge, Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust nwere ugbu a ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa ihe nchekwa itoolu ọzọ na Britain, yana na-akwado maka ala mmiri na nchekwa gburugburu ụwa. WWT Consulting bụ mpụ nke Wildlife & Wetland Trust ma dabere na Slimbridge. Ọ na-enye nyocha na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-enye ọrụ ndụmọdụ n'ime ime ebe obibi wetland, njikwa ala mmiri, usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ndu na njikwa ebe nchekwa na ebe ndị ọbịa ha. N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Queen ghọrọ onye nlekọta WWT, Prince Charles ghọrọ Onye isi ala.

WWT nyere aka n'ichekwa nnē site na njedebe nke mkpochapụ na 1950s.

## Ebe a na-edebe ihe ndị e kere eke
WWT nwere ihe karịrị ndị otu 200,000 yana nchekwa iri nwere ebe ndị ọbịa. Ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na-ekpuchi ihe karịrị 20 km2, ma kwado ihe karịrị 150,000 nnụnụ. Ha na-anabata ndị ọbịa ihe karịrị otu nde kwa afọ. Ihe nchekwa a gụnyere SSSI asaa (saịtị nke Mmasị Sayensị Pụrụ Iche), SPA ise (Ebe Nchekwa Pụrụ Iche) na saịtị Ramsar ise.

* WWT Arundel, West Sussex
* WWT Caerlaverock, Dumfries na Galloway, Scotland (naanị ebe obibi)
* WWT Castle Espie, County Down, Northern Ireland
* WWT London Wetland Center
* WWT Llanelli Wetlands Centre, Carmarthenshire, Wales
* WWT Martin Mere, Lancashire
* WWT Slimbridge, Gloucestershire
* WWT Steart, Somerset
* WWT Washington, Tyne na Wear
* WWT Welney, Norfolk

## Nkwado
WWT na-arụkwa azụmaahịa ndụmọdụ nke na-enye ndị ahịa si mpụga ọtụtụ ọrụ wetland dị iche iche. Ndị a gụnyere nyocha na nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi, nhazi na njikwa ebe obibi, nhazi na imewe ụlọ ọbịa, yana usoro ọgwụgwọ ala mmiri.

## Nhazi
Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust bụ ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na England na Scotland. Martin Spray bụ onye isi WWT kemgbe March 2004. Na Disemba 2012, a họpụtara ya CBE.

## Hụkwa
 

* Nchekwa na United Kingdom
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu nchedo
* Malcolm Ogilvie
* Janet Kear
* Mgbakọ Ramsar
* Ala Mmiri nke Mba Nile

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufe

thumb|278x278px|Map nke ajọ ifufe a kwadoro site na 1974 Super Outbreak, otu n'ime nnukwu ajọ ifufe na-efe efe na ndekọ
**Ntiwapụ nke** tornado bụ ihe mere ọtụtụ tornadoes nke otu usoro ihu igwe synoptic kpatara. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke tornadoes achọrọ iji ruo eruo dị ka ntiwapụ naabụkarị ma ọ dịkarịa ala isii ruo iri, na ọ dịkarị ebe abụọ naagbanwe agbanwe (ma ọ bụrụ na akara mmiri ozuzo) ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkwuo ala supercell abụọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ tornadoes.

Oké ifufe naemekarị notu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ gaa nihu nisi ụtụtụ nke ụbọchị naesote, na nime otu mpaghara ahụ. Ọtụtụ nkọwa naenye ohere maka nkwụsịtụ nọrụ tornado (oge gafere site na njedebe nke tornado ikpeazụ ruo mmalite nke tornado ọzọ) nke awa isii. Ọ bụrụ na ọrụ tornado amaliteghachi nezie mgbe oge dị jụụ dị otú ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ nkọwa naewere ihe omume ahụ dị ka ntiwapụ ọhụrụ. Usoro nke ụbọchị mgbawa nke tornado naaga nihu ma ọ bụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị mgbawa bụ usoro mgbawa nke Tornado. Na United States na Canada, ntiwapụ nke tornado naemekarị site na Machị ruo June na Great Plains, Midwestern United States, na Southeastern United States nógbè a naakpọkarị Tornado Alley. Ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufe nwekwara ike ime noge ndị ọzọ nafọ na nakụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. "Oge" nke abụọ naadịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma na nke naagbanwe agbanwe kwa afọ na US naeme na ngwụcha oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Usoro iheomume naegosi usoro ụbọchị atọ na ọ dịkarịa ala ajọ ifufe anọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ na nke ọ bụla. (1875-2014)
A maara ntiwapụ nke nnukwu ajọ ifufe dị ka ntiwapụ super. Ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufe kachasị ukwuu e dekọrọ bụ Super Outbreak nke afọ 2011, nke nwere ajọ ifufe 362 na ihe dị ka ijeri $ 10 na mmebi kpọmkwem. Ọ gafere 1974 Super Outbreak, nke a gụrụ 148 tornadoes. Ha abụọ mere na United States na Canada. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta nke tornadoes bụ usoro nsogbu iji tụnyere ntiwapụ site na oge dị iche iche, Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ tornadoes naadịghị ike, mana ọ bụghị tornadoes siri ike, naakọ na US n'ime iri afọ ndị naadịbeghị anya karịa na ndị gara aga n'ihi mmelite na nchọpụta tornado.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ajọ ifufe na ntiwapụ nke ajọ ifufee

## Ihe odide
National Forests Office (France)

thumb|Ingénieur de l'Agriculture et de l'Environnement (Captain) of the National Forests Office measuring a seized tortoise before releasing it into nature in 2008.
National Forests Office (French: Office national des forêts), ma ọ bụ **ONF**, bụ **ụlọ ọrụ** gọọmentị nke France nke na-elekọta ọhịa steeti, ọhịa obodo na ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ. ONF dị na Paris.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ahụ maka nlekọta na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe dị ka nde hectare 10 nke ọhịa ọha na France. ONF na-eweghara nchekwa ha ma na-arụ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii na-ahụ maka ọhịa. Ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ obodo 9,000 na-arụ ọrụ na ONF na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ya. ONF nọ n'okpuru iwu nke Ministère de l'Agriculture na Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere ONF na 1964. Kemgbe 1980, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ ONF ebipụla. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ agabigala usoro mgbanwe nhazi n'ime afọ 2000. Le Monde kọrọ na 2012 na ndị ọrụ ọhịa 30 weghaara ndụ ha n'etiti 2002 na 2012. Nnyocha nke ime ụlọ na-akọ banyere ịda mbà n'obi n'ebe ọrụ, nnukwu nrụgide na ihe ize ndụ dị egwu nke psychosocial ọrịa maka ndị ọrụ ONF.

## Ọkwá na akara ọkwa

; Ndị uwe ojii

; Ndị debanyere aha

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* (in French) Official site
Ndị agha na-ahụ maka ọhịa

*Ndị agha ọhịa* (Italian) bụ alaka nke **ndị agha** afọ ofufo maka nchekwa mba nke na-echebe ma na-elekọta akụ na ụba ọhịa na ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke Ịtali, yana igbochi ịchụ nta na mpụ ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. E guzobere ya na 1926, na-anọchi Royal Forestry Corps, ma gbasaa na 1948, na-anọpụkwa ya na State Forestry Corts.

N'afọ 1930, ike ya nwere ndị ọrụ 337 na ndị ikom 3,441, na njedebe nke afọ iri, ọ gbagoro ihe karịrị ndị ikom 20,000, kewara n'ime ndị agha asaa (ya na isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Udine, Trento, Turin, Florence, Rome, Caserta na Reggio Calabria). nke e mechara mụbaa ruo iri na abụọ (na mgbakwunye nke ndị agha na Brescia na Bologna), gụnyere otu na Libya, Albania na Italian East Africa.

Onye ọchịagha mbụ ya bụ General Giuseppe Boriani, nọchiri ya na 1928 site n'aka General Augusto Agostini, onye ọchịagha ya kachasị ogologo oge, onye na 1941 nọchiri anya General Lorenzo Chierici. N'April 1943, a họpụtara Chierici ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ndị uwe ojii Ịtali ma bụrụ onye isi nke ndị agha ọhịa Guido Felici nọchiri ya.

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ndị otu Forestry Militia sonyere n'ọrụ mgbochi nke ndị Gris na Yugoslavia.

## Ihe odide
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Okike na Denmark

Danish Nature Agency (Danish: Naturstyrelsen) bụ akụkụ nke Ministry of Environment (Danish: Miljøministeriet), ma na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na nchekwa ihe okike na oke ohia. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na nchịkwa nke oke ọhịa nke steeti na mpaghara ndị ọzọ Miljøministeriet. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-adụ ọdụ onye odeakwụkwọ nke steeti na gọọmentị, ma na-ahụ maka iwu atụmatụ Danish maka ihe mere ya na etiti steeti maka nhazi mpaghara. Usoro ọrụ nke Forest and Nature Agency bụ Order nr. 963 dịka nke 21 Septemba 2004 na Nye iwu nr. 1485 ruo Disemba 20, 2005.

## Ihe Ndị E Mere

* Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-achọ mmepe dị mma na mba ahụ dum
* Ọ bụ ọrụ ya maka idebe na iweghachi ime obodo dị iche iche
* Ọ na-achọ ime ka nguzozi dị n'etiti okike na ụlọ ọrụ

## Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị Ndụ
N'afọ 2005, Nature Agency tụlegharịrị ụkpụrụ ya, ndị njikwa na ndị ọrụ ahọrọla ụkpụrụ ise dị ka usoro ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ benchmark:

* Ịtụkwasị obi dabere na ikike ọkachamara, ịza ajụjụ, na ịkwụwa aka ọtọ
* Ịkwọ ụgbọala, ya bụ ikike ịgbanwe ihe ọmụma ka ọ bụrụ ihe omume
* Nkwado, ya bụ, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ndị na-emeghachi omume na ndị mmekọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ maka ndị niile nwere mmasị
* Nri ọrụ ọ bụ ezie na ezigbo ohere maka mmepe na itinye aka
* Obiọma nye ndị ahịa na ndị ọrụ n'onwe ha

## Mpaghara Ọhịa Steeti
, the 19 districts into which the Danish state forests are divided were called *State Forest Districts* (Danish: Statsskovdistrikter). The State Forest Districts were all overseen by the Forest and Nature Agency.

Mpaghara ọhịa steeti gụnyere, na mgbakwunye na ọhịa, ọdọ mmiri, iyi, marsh, ala ahịhịa, osimiri, dunes na heaths.

Ngụkọta nke ọhịa steeti ahụ bụ 192,000 hectare (1,920 km2), ya bụ ihe dị ka 4% nke ala Denmark. Ihe dị ka 109,000 hectare (1.090 km2) nke ala ahụ bụ osisi.

N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, e ji mpaghara iri na itoolu dochie Mpaghara Ọhịa Steeti. Mpaghara iri na itoolu bụ:

* Blåvandshuk
* Bornholm
* Ọdịdị dị mma
* Himmerland
* Hovedstaden
* Kronjylland
* Midtjylland
* Nordsjælland
* Storstrøm
* Søhøjlandet
* Sønderjylland
* Gị
* Ndị na-eme njem
* Ọ dị n'ala
* Vendsyssel
* Vestjylland
* Vestsjælland
* Ebe a na-anọ amụ nwa
* Østsjælland

## Hụkwa

* Directorate of State Forestry
* Òtù Danish maka Ike Ọgbara Ọhụrụ
* Òtù Danish Maka Nchekwa Okike

## Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya

* Ebe obibi nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Okike na Denmark
* http://www.skovognatur.dk/NR/rdonlyres/215CCEE9-896B-4824-84F3-E903234D94F5/0/skov_og_natur_i_tal_2008.pdf [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide]
* Map na-emekọrịta ihe na ebe echedoro na Denmark
Verneshot

**Verneshot** (nke akpọrọ aha onye edemede French bụ Jules Verne) bụ ihe a na-eche na ọ bụ mgbawa ugwu nke sitere na mkpokọta gas dị omimi n'okpuru craton. Ihe omume dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịdị ike iji tụba ihe dị ukwuu site na mkpo na mkpuchi n'ime ụzọ sub-orbital, na-eduga na mmebi ọzọ dị ịrịba ama mgbe ihe ahụ dara n'elu.

## Njikọ na mkpochapụ buru ibu
A tụwo aro Verneshots dị ka usoro naakpata ihe naakọwa ihe naagaghị ekwe omume noge a nke mmiri ozuzo basalts, mkpochapụ buru ibu, na "ihe mgbaàmà mmetụta" (dị ka atụmatụ nkwarụ dị n'elu, quartz na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, na iridium anomalies) nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe akaebe doro anya nke ihe omume mmetụta hypervelocity.

Echiche verneshot naatụ aro na ábụ́bà mantle nwere ike ịkpata okpomọkụ na mkpokọta nke gas carbon dioxide nokpuru lithosphere nke kọntinent. Ọ bụrụ na mgbawa nke kọntinent naeme nelu ebe a, ntọhapụ naagbawa agbawa nke gas ahụ nwere ike ime, nke nwere ike izipu kọlụm nke mkpo na mkpuchi nime usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ, super-stratospheric. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma kọlụm dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịnọgide naagbanwe site na usoro a, ma ọ bụ ma ike nke usoro a gaeme ka ọ gbajie nime obere iberibe tupu ọ metụta. Pipe nke magma na gas gafere gaada noge usoro a, naeziga ụzarị na ọsọ nke gaemebi craton gbara ya gburugburu.

O yikarịrị ka ihe omume verneshot nwere njikọ na ihe omume mmiri ozuzo basalt dị nso, nke nwere ike ime tupu, noge ma ọ bụ mgbe ihe omume vernshot gasịrị. Nke a nwere ike inye aka n'ịchọ ihe akaebe maka nsonaazụ nke ihe omume verneshot; Otú ọ dị, o yikarịrị ka ọtụtụ nime ihe akaebe dị otú ahụ gaeli nokpuru mmiri basalt, naeme ka nyocha sie ike. J. Phipps Morgan na ndị ọzọ atụwo aro na subcircular Bouguer gravity anomalies ghọtara nokpuru Deccan Traps nwere ike igosi ọnụnọ nke verneshot pipes metụtara ihe omume mkpochapụ nke Cretaceous-Paleogene.

Ọ bụrụ na Deccan Traps bụ ebe ihe omume verneshot dị na Cretaceous-Paleogene, enwere ike ịkọwa iridium siri ike na Cretacious-Palaogene site na ọdịdị iridium-ọgaranya nke volatiles na Reunion mantle plume, nke dị ugbu a nokpuru Piton de la Fournaise, mana noge njedebe Cretaceus dị nokpuru India na mpaghara Deccan traps; ihe omume vernshot nwere ike ikesa iridium nụwa niile.

## Ihe omume Tunguska
A tụwo aro verneshot dị ka nkọwa ọzọ maka ihe omume Tunguska, nke a naewere nọtụtụ ebe dị ka nsonaazụ mgbawa ikuku nke obere comet ma ọ bụ asteroid. Arụmụka ndị e nyere maka usoro a gụnyere enweghị ihe ndị ọzọ na ebe ihe omume ahụ, enweghị usoro mmetụta a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi, na ọnụnọ nke quartz naawụ akpata oyi nahụ n'elu. Otú ọ dị, a nabataghị echiche a nozuzu ya, ebe Mark Boslough naarụ ụka na ọ nweghị ihe ndabere maka ịjụ echiche mmetụta ahụ.

## Aha ya
Nafọ 1865, akwụkwọ akụkọ Jules Verne si nụwa gaa nọnwa webatara echiche nke bọmbụ naagbapụ na ike ndọda nke ụwa, nke Phipps Morgan na ndị ọzọ nwetara aha "Verneshot" na akwụkwọ ha naakọwa njikọ dị netiti ihe omume mkpochapụ na mpụga gas cratonic.

## Ihe edeturu