David Hammons

**David Hammons** (amuru July 24, 1943) bu onye omenka America, mara amara maka oru ya na na gburugburu New York City na Los Angeles n'oge 1970s na 1980s.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ David Hammons na 1943 na Springfield, Illinois, nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka iri nke otu nne na-azụrụ ya.  Nke a na-akpa ike kpatara nnukwu nsogbu ego n'ahụ ezinụlọ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata; o mesịrị kwuo na ya ejighị n'aka otú ha siri 'gabiga' n'oge a.  N'agbanyeghị na o nweghị mmasị na agụmakwụkwọ, Hammons gosipụtara nkà mbụ maka ịse na nka; otu o sila dị mfe omume ndị a na-abịara ya mere ka ọ malite ịkpọ ya asị.  Na 1962 ọ kwagara Los Angeles, ebe ọ malitere ịga Chouinard Art Institute (ugbu a CalArts ) site na 1966 ruo 1968 na Otis Art Institute site na 1968 ruo 1972. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ debanyere aha ya n'ihu ọha, mana Charles White kwere ka ọ gaa ọmụmụ ihe abalị.  N'ebe ahụ, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Charles White,  Bruce Nauman, John Baldessari, Noah Purifoy, na Chris Burden na-emetụta ya, bụ ndị a ga-amata n'oge na-adịghị anya mba ụwa. N'oge oge ya na LA, ọ zutere Senga Nengudi, onye na-arụ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe na-eche echiche bụ onye ya na ya mesịrị kesaa ihe nkiri.  Ya na Nengudi na ndị ọzọ, Hammons hibere Studio Z (onye na-ese ihe) (aka LA Rebellion), mkpokọta nka nke jikọrọ aka na ọrụ nka.  Ndị ọzọ so na Studio Z gụnyere Maren Hassinger, Ronn Davis, Duval Lewis, RoHo, Franklin Parker, Barbara McCullough, Houston Conwill, na Joe Ray (onye na-ese ihe) .  N'afọ 1974, Hammons biri na New York City, bụ ebe ọ bịara bụrụ onye amara nke ọma na mba. Ọ ka bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na New York.

### Ọkpụkpụ
[thumb| ''Enweghị aha (ọkọlọtọ Africa-American)'' (1990) na Studio Museum na Harlem na [New York City|New York .]]
Mgbe e mesịrị na ọrụ ya, Hammons enyochala usoro ihe ọkpụkpụ na ịmepụta iberibe. N'ime usoro *Spade* nke 1970 ya gụnyere ọrụ dị ka *Bird* (1973) ebe onye egwu jazz Charlie Parker kpalitere site na spade na-apụta site na ọnụ nke saxophone. Aha nke mpempe akwụkwọ na-egosipụta aha njirimara Parker nke "Yardbird" ma ọ bụ "Nnụnụ".  N'otu aka ahụ, e nwere *Spade with Chains* (1973), ebe onye na-ese ihe na-eji okwu mkparị, okwu mkparị, jikọtara ya na ngwá ọrụ ugbo nkịtị, iji mee ka ihe ngosi anya n'etiti agụba nke shọvelụ na ihe mkpuchi Africa, na nkwupụta nke oge a. banyere okwu nke agbụ na iguzogide. N'ime mpempe akwụkwọ seminal ya, *Flag Hammons African-American* na-eme isiokwu ahụ n'isi. Ibe ahụ na-egosi ọkọlọtọ America na agba Garvey nke Black, Red na Green ( Pan-African Colors ), a na-ejikwa agba ndị a na ọkọlọtọ UNIA .  A na-egosipụta mkpa nke mpempe a na ọnọdụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Museum of Modern Art na New York. Esenyere otu ọkọlọtọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na Harlem. 

A enyochala isiokwu agbụrụ ndị a n'ụdị ọkpụkpụ ndị ọzọ. Ojiji hammons eji ihe atufuru ma ọ bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya, gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na nsị elephant, akụkụ ọkụkọ, eriri ntutu nke ndị America America, na karama mmanya dị ọnụ ala  na-enye nkọwa dị oke mkpa nke ndụ ndị America, na akụkọ nka nka, site n'echiche nke onye oji.  Ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na-ahụ ihe ndị a dị ka ihe na-akpalite enweghị olileanya nke ndị ogbenye, klaasị obodo mepere emepe, mana Hammons hụrụ ụdị sacrosanct ma ọ bụ ike ọdịnala n'ihe ndị a, ya mere o jiri jiri ha mee ihe nke ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji ntutu gbakọtara na ụlọ ahịa na-akpụ isi na mado ya n'elu nnukwu nkume. Ihe ndị a a tụfuru aghọọla ụfọdụ ihe osise David Hammons kacha mara amara na-anọchi anya ndụ onye Africa-America bi na United States. A na-eresị mpempe akwụkwọ ya *na-enweghị aha*, nke emere n'elu ụlọ ihe owuwu ihe eji ekpuchi ntutu, na Whitney Museum maka otu narị puku dollar na 1992.  Ibe Hammons *Na Hood* apụtala ka ọ bụrụ akara ngosi nke ihe ọ dị ka ịbụ nwata, ojii na nwoke. Emere ihe ọkpụkpụ a na 1993 wee gosi na Mnuchin Gallery na New York. Ihe a kpụrụ akpụ dị mfe bụ akwa a kpụrụ akpụ a kpọgidere n'ahụ mgbidi ya na eriri eriri wee meghee mkpuchi ahụ na-eme ka echiche nke lynching pụta wee ghọọ microcosm maka ihe ọ dị ka oji na America.  Ọ nwere ike ịdị mfe, mana ọ dị irè ma kwekọọ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ Hammons na-arụ.  ' *Na Hood* ' e recast na omenala-nhụjuanya mgbe ihe oyiyi nke ibe na-eji dị ka profaịlụ foto na-elekọta mmadụ media maka Black Lives Matter na-akwado na-eso ogbugbu nke Trayvon Martin . 

Agbanyeghị, ihe osise Hammons ejedebeghị na imekọ ihe gbasara isiokwu agbụrụ. Ọ na-akwado usoro klaasị ọkwa ọkwa site n'igosipụta ya na ike dị n'etiti ụmụ okorobịa ojii na basketball. Hammons mepụtara usoro bọọlụ bọọlụ buru ibu karịa ndụ, nke ejiri okpu karama chọọ ya nke ọma, na-ebuli mosaic na imewe nke Islam. Otu ihe atụ nke 'ebe ịchụàjà' ndị a bụ *High Falutin*' ma ọ bụ *Basketball Chandelier*, nke ikpeazụ na-etinye a basketball hoop na ya ọkọlọtọ elu, ma mere unusable site n'iji ya ihe - bee iko beads na ornamental sconces.  *.* Agbanyeghị, ebe a kacha gosipụta isiokwu a bụ na mpempe 1986 ya *dị elu* . Hammons dobere bọọlụ basketball nkịtị, ụgbụ na azụ azụ n'osisi dị elu nwere okpukpu atọ - na-ekwu maka ebumnuche egwuregwu egwuregwu na-agaghị ekwe omume dịka ụzọ isi pụọ na ghetto. Hammons kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, sị, "Ọ na-ewe ise na-egwu n'otu egwuregwu, ma e nwere ọtụtụ puku ndị chọrọ igwu egwu-ọ bụghị onye ọ bụla ga-eme ya, ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha emeghị ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ha gbalịrị." *Ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị elu ka* a na-elele na ogige Cadman Plaza dị na New York site na 1986 ruo 1987.  Ọ gara n'ihu na iberibe 'Nnụnụ' ya na ọrụ 1990 nke otu aha ya. Oge a ọ na-ekwu maka otu esi enye ndị Africa-America ohere ohere dị ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ ụfọdụ, dị ka egwu na egwuregwu, n'agbanyeghị ohere dị na ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Arts. Iberibe a na-edobe basketball, nke e ji ábụbà na waya ọkụkọ chọọ ya mma, n'ime etiti ụlọ nnụnụ ndị Victoria na-acha ọcha. Ụlọ a na-anọchi anya ọnụ ụlọ ihe atụ nke ndị obodo Africa-America ka na-ahụ onwe ha na ya. 

Na 2007 Hammons jikọrọ aka na nwunye ya, Chie Hasegawa na mpempe nke nwere mmasi ọha.  N'ime ụlọ elu posh nke Hammons họpụtara nke ọma (onye na-anabataghị ka e jikọtara ya na ụlọ ngosi ọ bụla), ha wụnyere uwe ogologo ajị anụ n'ụdị ejiji oge ochie - minks abụọ, fox, sable, wolf na chinchilla. Ha na-agba ọkụ, gbanye ma tee azụ nke uwe ahụ.  Nke a tụgharịrị uwe mwụda ahụ ka ọ bụrụ 'ọnyà sartorial' na-ejikọta echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ịzụ ahịa, animism, ikike anụmanụ na ihe ndị ọzọ.  Ihe nlere anya nke ihe ngosi a na-enweghị aha abụghị naanị na uwe n'onwe ha, kamakwa ebe ngosi ahụ. Igosi ya na L & M Arts dị n'elu obodo Manhattan bụ mkpebi nke Hammons mere kpọmkwem, ebe ọ na-achọ ịkpọku uwe mkpuchi dabara adaba maka ụdị ndụ Upper East Manhattan, mana ọ dabara adaba na ebe ndị ọzọ na New York.  N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ ya na 1990-95 *Smoke Screen* bụ nke ejiri akwa ọla edo mee, na-enye mpempe ahụ, na nlele mbụ, ọkwa dị elu ma ọ bụ ọdịdị eze. Otú ọ dị, na nyocha nke ọma, ákwà ahụ na-ekpuchi oghere na-ere ọkụ ma na-ese sịga na-achọ ibe ahụ na ala gbara ya gburugburu. 

Na 2021, Hammons jikọrọ aka na Hudson River Park Trust na Whitney Museum imepụta *Days End* . Ibe a bụ "ihe ncheta mmụọ" nye onye omenkà nwụrụ anwụ, Gordon Matta-Clark.  Kpọmkwem, nka na-eje ozi dị ka ụtụ maka Matta-Clark's 'Pier 52' site na ịmepụta usoro nhazi nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nke mebere ọrụ nka.  Matta-Clark ebipụla oghere ise n'ime mgbidi, uko ụlọ, na elu ụlọ nke ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala gbahapụrụ.  Nke a ga-abụ Hammons naanị mpempe ọha na-adịgide adịgide ruo taa.  A na-eji mkpanaka ígwè mee ibe ahụ n'onwe ya, ebe ọkara nọ n'elu ala na ndị ọzọ nọ n'obo ígwè na Osimiri Hudson. 

Na Mee 2021 , Whitney Museum of American Art ekpughere Hammons dechara *ngwụcha* ihe ọkpụkpụ na Hudson River Park n'ofe ebe ngosi nka n'onwe ya. Ihe ngosi exoskeletal nke mmụọ nke mmụọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ wee kee ya na ụtụ maka *njedebe ụbọchị, Cinical Inversion* nke mbụ Gordon Matta-Clark (1943-1978) dere ebe onye na-ese ihe mbụ mere nbibi ise n'ime ụlọ Pier 52 nke guzoro na ya. otu saịtị na mbụ.  

### Arụmọrụ
Hammons agbasawanye akwụkwọ akụkọ ya n'ime usoro mmemme. Usoro a nyere Hammons ohere ikwurịta echiche nke oghere ọha na nke onwe, yana ihe mejupụtara ngwa ahịa bara uru. Ahụrụ nke a nke ọma na mpempe *Bliz-aard Ball Sale* ya na 1983. Hammons nọnyere onwe ya n'akụkụ ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá dị na ogbe ndịda Manhattan iji ree bọọlụ snoo nke a na-ere dịka nha.  Omume a na-eje ozi ma dị ka ihe nlegharị anya na mgbanwe ngwa ahịa yana nkọwa maka ọdịdị nka nke nka nke ụlọ ọrụ nka na-akwalite. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-etinye a satirical premium na " ịcha ọcha ", na-akwa emo nke elu okomoko nke agbụrụ nkewa nakwa dị ka critiquing siri ike na-elekọta mmadụ n'ezie nke n'okporo ámá na-ere ahịa ahụmahụ nke ndị e kpasuru megide n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ ma ọ bụ klaasị. Onye na-ese foto na enyi ya bụ Dawoud Bey weghaara arụmọrụ a. 

Hammons na Bey rụkọrọ ọrụ ọzọ na *Pissed Off*, ebe ọ na-agbanye mmamịrị na Richard Serra nnukwu ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ *TWU* ; tupu ịkwanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke sneakers n'elu ọrụ na *Osisi akpụkpọ ụkwụ* . Nke a nyere vibes nke akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-agbanye n'ahịrị ekwentị na mpaghara ime obodo ma tinye mmetụta ojii na ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe na-acha ọcha na-arụ. 

N’ihe ngosi na Gallery Shimada, dị na Yamaguchi, Japan, Hammons debere otu nnukwu okwute n’azụ otu gwongworo wee gawa obodo ahụ gburugburu. 

Ihe osise ajị anụ ya nwere ihe arụrụ arụ ya. Hammons jụrụ Dominique Levy, onye nwe ụlọ L&M Gallery ebe a ga-egosi uwe, ka o yiri otu n'ime uwe mwụda ahụ gaa n'ala Madison Avenue ka Hammons na-ese foto. 

N'afọ 2020, Hammons kesara onyonyo arụmarụ ebipụtaghị mbụ n'ime edemede nke Daniel S. Palmer maka New York Times. N'oge oke mmiri ozuzo na 2007, na ndị ọzọ kemgbe, Hammons kechie ịchafụ oyi n'isi nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla nke nwanyị ojii na ntọala Henry Ward Beecher Monument na Columbus Park, Brooklyn. 

### Mgbasa ozi na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ
Ihe ngosi New York mbụ ya mere na 1975 na Just Above Midtown (JAM), ebe ihe osise ya nọ n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na agba, gụnyere enyi ya na onye ndụmọdụ Charles White.  Ọ kpọrọ ihe ngosi a *n'akpa Greasy na ọkpụkpụ Barbeque.*

N'afọ 1980, Hammons sonyere na Colab 's nbibi *The Times Square Show*, bụ nke mere dị ka nnọkọ maka mgbanwe echiche maka ndị na-eto eto nke ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na New York. E ji enyo enyo gbasasịrị agbasasị mee echichi ya (nke sitere na karama mmanya abalị ụgbọ oloko gbajiri agbaji). 

Hammons alaghachila otu egwuregwu bọọlụ basketball na ụmụ okorobịa ojii n'usoro ihe osise na-agba ara site n'ịgba bọọlụ bọọlụ ruru unyi ugboro ugboro na nnukwu akwụkwọ ọcha dị ọcha edobere n'ala. *Njem njem* fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 10-ụkwụ n'ogologo yana aha a na-ezo aka ma okwu basketball nke ' Ịga njem ' na ibugharị ya.

O gosipụtakwala isiokwu agbụrụ n'usoro ndị ọzọ. *Kedu ka m si dị ugbu a* gosipụtara onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Jesse Jackson dị ka nwoke ọcha, nwere ntutu isi na anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ iji gosipụta ajọ mbunobi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America. Ndị ikom abụọ ji mma agha mebie ọrụ a, nke e sere n'elu mgbidi. Hammons na-aga n'ihu na-egosipụta ọrụ mebiri emebi, na ọbụna gụnyere sledgehammers iji gbakwunye na njirimara nke ibe. 

N'ihe ngosi 2011 na L & M Arts, o gosipụtara ọtụtụ eserese na eserese na-ekpuchi ma ọ bụ kpuchie site na tarpaulins ma ọ bụ akwa plastik - n'otu oge ejiri ihe agha osisi kpuchie ya.  O mewo ihe osise nke Kool-Aid ntụ ntụ tupu ọ were ákwà mgbochi kpuchie ha; A na-ebuli ákwà mgbochi ahụ naanị n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.  Mpempe akwụkwọ ndị a na-egosipụta echiche ahụ na n'oge nleba anya na ozi na-ejubiga ókè, Hammons na-anwa ịkwụsị usoro a ma gbochie ozi.  A hụkwara echiche a n'ụzọ nkịtị na *Concerto ya na Black and Blue* ebe a tụbara Ace Gallery na New York n'ọchịchịrị na ndị ọbịa kwesịrị iji obere ọkụ na-eduzi onwe ha. 

Hammons nyochara usoro vidiyo, na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe Alex Harsley na ọtụtụ ọrụ vidiyo, gụnyere *Phat Free* (nke akpọrọ *Kick the Bucket* ), nke etinyere na Whitney Biennial na ebe ndị ọzọ. Hammons na Harsley arụkọla ọrụ ọnụ na nrụnye na New York's 4th Street Photo Gallery, ihe ngosi nka nke East Village na oghere ọrụ.

Na "Ohere: Mgbazinye Ụwa: David Hammons",  ihe ngosi mbụ solo na New Museum, Hammons mesoro mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ime mmụọ na nkà na ụzụ na-emegiderịta onwe ya site n'ijikọta ihe mkpuchi agbụrụ Africa na ihe ọhụrụ nke oge a-nke nwatakịrị. ihe onyonyo ihe eji egwuri egwu.

Na 2016, Hammons mere ihe ngosi gallery na mmekorita ya na Mnuchin Gallery akpọrọ "David Hammons: Afọ iri ise".  Dị ka a hụrụ na ngosi L & M Arts Exhibition, nhọrọ a nke ọnọdụ na nkwụsị ọ na-eje ozi n'etiti ya na nka ya bụ Hammons na-achọ. 

N'afọ 2014 Hammons zụtara ụlọ nkwakọba ihe mbụ na Yonkers, New York n'ebumnobi imepụta ụlọ ngosi nka nke ya n'ebe ahụ.  

Na 2019 Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth gbagoro nnukwu azụ azụ nke ọrụ ya na Los Angeles nke gụnyere ogige enweghị ebe obibi na saịtị. 

## Mmetụta
Otu n'ime mmetụta kachasị Hammons bụ ụwa egwu. N'ime *nnụnụ* ahụ e kwuru n'elu, ọ na-asọpụrụ onye egwu Jazz bụ Charlie Parker. N'otu aka ahụ, mgbe Hammons nụrụ na Miles Davis anwụọla, o butere igbe boombox na New York's Museum of Modern Art mgbe ọ na-etinye ọrụ ya maka ihe ngosi 1991 ya 'Dislocations'.  Ọzọkwa, aha nke otu n'ime ọrụ ya *How Ya Like Me Now* sitere na egwu Kool Moe Dee .  N'ihe ngosi Mnuchin ya, o debere igwe igwe okwu atọ, nke ọnụ ha gbatịpụrụ nke ukwuu nke na ọtụtụ mmadụ enweghị ike iru ha, nke isiokwu ya *bụ Kedu Mike ka ịchọrọ ịdị ka...?* (Na-ezo aka Mike Tyson, Michael Jordan na Michael Jackson ).  Ọ raara onwe ya nye ihe ngosi na Hauser & Wirth Gallery na Los Angeles Ornette Coleman, na-akọwa ya dị ka "Duchamp nke egwu, onye gbanwere ihe niile". 

Otu n'ime isi mmetụta Hammons bụ onye omenkà France Marcel Duchamp. Hammons akọwaala onwe ya dị ka onye isi 'Duchamp Outpatient Clinic'  na ụlọ ọrụ nwere Yonkers Gallery ya bụ 'Duchamp Realty'. 

## Ihe nrite
Hammons nwetara mkpakọrịta MacArthur (nke a maara dị ka "Gentius Grant") na Julaị 1991. 

## Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha
 

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Hammons, David na Heiss, Alana. *David Hammons: Na-ebugharị ihe mkpofu*, MIT Press, 1991.
* 
* 
* Herbert, Martin, 'Ọkwa n'okporo ámá', *Gwa Ha Akwuru m Mba*, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2016.

## Njikọ mpụga

* David Hammons, ebe nchekwa ihe ngosi nka ohuru
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Modern Art, New York
* Ụlọ ọrụ Art nke Chicago
* Hirshhorn, Washington, DC
* Foto Flicker: "David Hammons"
* InEnArt: Ị nwere ike iwepu egwurugwu na-eme?
* "Njem njem," 2001-2001. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Baltimore
* David Hammons na Lumiar Cité, Lisbon, Portugal, 2019

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations