open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Òtù Ndị Nwe Ọhịa nke Norway

Norwegian Forest Owners Association (Norwegian: ) bụ njikọ na-anọchite anya ndị nwe ọhịa 43,000 na Norway. Ọrụ bụ isi nke nzukọ ahụ bụ inyere ndị otu ahụ aka, ndị na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ ugbo, iji jikwaa ọhịa ha. Nke a na-agụnye atụmatụ ọhịa, akụkụ nke ịkpụ oge na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ osisi na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ. Njikọ ahụ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ugbo iri na atọ dị na Norway ma dabere na Oslo na otu mpaghara 366 na otu distrikti asatọ, nke a haziri dị ka BAs. N'afọ 2005, a haziri 83% nke osisi ụlọ niile site na njikọ ahụ.

Òtù mpaghara asatọ ahụ bụ Havass Skog, Glommen Skog, Mjøsen Skog, Viken Skog, AT Skog, Vestskog, Sogn og Fjordane Skogeigarlag na ALLSKOG. Ma ndị otu mpaghara na ndị etiti nwere nnukwu ndị nwe Norske Skog na Moelven Industrier. Njikọ ndị ahụ bụ ndị otu Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (NHO).

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere òtù ndị nwe ọhịa mbụ na Glomma na 1903, n'oge na-adịghị anya ndị ọzọ ga-esochi ya. N'ihi ọdịdị nke ịkpụ osisi, a na-ahazi njikọ site na osimiri kama site na mpaghara. E hiwere njikọ mba ahụ na 1913 dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti njikọ mpaghara. Ọrụ onye isi obodo mbụ bụ ịzụta ụlọ ọrụ Borregaard nke dị gburugburu Glomma site na ụlọ ọrụ British Kellner-Partington, nke a rụchara na 1917. N'afọ 1962, njikọ ahụ guzobere Nordenfjelske Treforedling nke meghere ụlọ ọrụ Norske Skog Skogn n'afọ 1966. E guzobere Norske Skogindustrier na 1972 dị ka nnukwu njikọta n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ dum. Njikọ ahụ ka nwere ihe dị ka 20% nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke ghọrọ onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị n'ụwa. Ivar Aavatsmark jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke njikọ ahụ ruo afọ 40, n'etiti 1942 na 1982.

## Ihe odide
Pandanus sechellarum

***Pandanus sechellarum*** ("**Vakwa maron**") bụ ụdị osisi dị na ezinaụlọ nke Pandanaceae. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị ise nke *Pandanus* nke dị na obodo Seychelles.

## Nkọwaputa
áká_èkpè|thumb|Mgbọrọgwụ osisi ndị a ma ama nke ''Pandanus sechellarum''
Nnukwu ụdị a (ruo mita iri na ise n'ịdị elu) nwere nnukwu mgbọrọgwụ stilt, nke na-eto n'otu n'otu ma dị anya, site n'elu osisi. 
Ọ dị n'etiti (cm iri ato), mkpụrụ osisi dị gburugburu nwere ihe dịka akụkụ mkpụrụ osisi iri asaa, ma na-anọdụ na ogwe osisi n'elu ahịhịa.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
*Pandanus sechellarum* bụbu otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị na ahịhịa ndị dị na obodo Seychelles, nke ọ bụ ebe a na-emetụta. 
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ahụkarị ya n'ebe dị elu, ndagwurugwu osimiri maọbụ n'elu ugwu.

Ụmụ amaala Pandanus ndị ọzọ nke obodo Seychelles gụnyere *Pandanus balfourii*, *[[Pandanus hornei]]* ya na *Pandanus* multispicatus. A na-ewebata ụdị Pandanus utilis nke Madagascar ma ugbu a ọ dịkwa ebe niile.

## Edensibia
Vateriopsis

***Vateriopsis seychellarum*** bụ ụdị osisi dị n'ezinaụlọ nke Dipterocarpaceae, ọ bụkwa naanị ụdị dị na ụdị nke ***Vateriopsis***. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na obodoSeychelles. A na-akpọ ya ụdị dị egwu n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Edensibia
Ebe ndị a na-anọ eme ihe n'ọhịa

Wildstands bụ atụmatụ njikọ aka obodo na-akwado mmata banyere nsogbu ọhịa nke British Columbia (BC), na-echebe ọzara na Cortes Island site na omume ịkpụ osisi na-adịghị adịgide adịgide, yana ịkwalite ngwọta dị mma maka ịkpụ osisi n'ógbè ahụ.

Otu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-egbutu osisi na-egbukutu oké ọhịa nke Vancouver Island na ọnụego na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa maka ebumnuche nke mbupụ osisi. Ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya ma dị mgbagwoju anya na ihu na-ahụ ọhịa ndị a dị ka akụ na-echegbu onwe ha na-achọ mmebi. Gọọmentị BC, agụụ maka ego dị mkpirikpi, na-emeghe ụzọ maka ha.

Akụkọ banyere ịkpụ osisi a tụrụ aro ya n'àgwàetiti nke 1,000 adọtawo ihe dị ka 6,000 bịanyere aka na mkpesa megide ịkpụ osisi na atụmatụ na-aga n'ihu iji kwụsị Island Timberlands na egwu ya. Arịrịọ ahụ chọrọ ka Island Timberlands na ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna ya, Brookfield Asset Management, jigide ihe niile fọdụrụ n'oké ọhịa ochie, chebe mmiri niile na ebe obibi salmonid, kwanyere ebumnuche niile nke BC Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory ùgwù ma machibido ojiji nke usoro igbutu osisi.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe ndị a na-anọ eme ihe n'ọhịa
* Redio Obodo Cortes
Verschaffeltia

***Verschaffeltia splendida*** ("**Latanier Latte**" maọbụ nkwụ stilt) bụ ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinaụlọ nke Arecaceae. Ọ bụ naanị ụdị dị na ụdị nke ***Verschaffeltia***.

A na-ahụ ya naanị na obodo Seychelles ebe ọ na-eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi.
Aha ahụ sitere na onye nke Belgian bù Ambroise Verschaffelt.

## Nkọwaputa
Enwere ike ịmata ụdị nkwụ a site na ụdị nkwụ ndị ọzọ niile nke obodo Seychelles, site na mgbọrọgwụ ya.

Ogwe osisi ahụ dị gịrịgịrị nwere mkpuchi mpụga siri ike. Akwụkwọ ya anaghị agbaji agbaji na mbụ, ndị nke osisi ndị na-eto eto nwere ogwu ojii na ogwe osisi ha. Ha na-amịkwazi mkpụrụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mkpụrụ pụrụ iche. 

## Edensibia
Osisi West Fraser

thumb|Osisi West Fraser
West Fraser Timber Co. Ltd., nke a maara nke ọma dị ka "**West Fraser**", bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Canada nke na-emepụta osisi, osisi laminated veneer (LVL), fiberboard nke dị n'etiti (MDF), board oriented strand (OSB), plywood, pulp, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na chips osisi. Dabere na Vancouver, British Columbia, , a matala West Fraser ugboro asatọ dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọrụ 100 kachasị elu na Canada.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
West Fraser Timber tọrọ ntọala na 1955 site n'aka ụmụnne atọ si Seattle: Samuel Kendall Ketcham, Henry Holman ("Pete") Ketcham Jr., na William Peters Ketcham. Nna ha bụ Hank Ketcham, onye gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Yale Bulldogs ma tinye ya na College Football Hall of Fame.

Ụmụnne atọ ahụ kpebiri ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ wee zụta obere ihe igwe ihe na Quesnel, British Columbia. Samual Ketcham jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Nọvemba 1977 n'ihe mberede helikopta. Douglas Johnston nọchiri ya, mgbe e mesịrị Chester Johnson. Henry H. Ketcham, nwa "Pete" Ketcham, ghọrọ onye isi ala n'afọ 1985. Ọ duziri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na mbubata ọha na eze na Mee 1986. Ketcham mechara bụrụ onye isi oche ma lekọta ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ruo n'afọ 2012. Ted Seraphim mechara bụrụ onye isi ala na onye isi oche, ruo mgbe Raymond Ferris nọchiri ya dị ka onye isi ala n'ọnwa Eprel 2018 na onye isi ala.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018, "West Fraser aghọwo onye na-emepụta osisi kachasị ukwuu na North America na ndị ọrụ 8,600 n'ụwa niile - ihe dị ka 5,000 na Western Canada - n'ihe dị ka ebe 50. "

N'ọnwa Eprel 2020, a kpughere na onye ọchụnta ego Canada bụ Jim Pattison emeela ka òkè ya na West Fraser ruo 13.8%, na-akpali ịkọ nkọ na onye ọgaranya ahụ nwere atụmatụ ijikọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Canfor, nke o nwere 51%. Na nzaghachi, West Fraser nabatara atụmatụ ikike ndị nwere òkè ma ọ bụ "mkpụrụ ọgwụ nsị" iji chebe onwe ya megide mgbalị ọ bụla na nnweta.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Fraxinus dimorpha

***Fraxinus dimorpha*** bụ ụdị osisi ntụ nke dịzines na obodo Morocco ya na obodo Algeria na Northern Afrika. Ihe atụ nke F. dimorpha bụ Ndagwurugwu Osimiri Ourika, nke bụkwa naanị ebe dị n'ime High Atlas Range ebe a maara na anụ ọhịa Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, bụ ụdị ndịda nke ụdị ahụ n'ụwa.

## Edensibia

* California Agricultural Experiment Station (1896) *Akụkọ nke* Agricultural Experment Station nke Mahadum California Ihe edeturu: 1894-1895
* C. Michael Hogan (2008) Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg

## Ihe edeturu n'ahịrị
Cochlospermum angolense

***Cochlospermum*** angolense bụ osisi dị n'ezinaụlọ nke Bixaceae. A mụrụ ya na obodo Angola ya na obodo Democratic Republic of the Congo. A na-amụ ihe sitere na mkpo osisi ahụ, nke a na-akpọkwa zi *Borotutu* na ọgwụ ọdịnaala Afrịka, na òké maka ikike ya ịgwọ ịba.

## Edensibia
Elaeodendron transvaalense

***Elaeodendron transvaalense*** (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer (**bushveld saffron**, Afrikaans: , *Lepelhout*, maọbụ *Oupitjie*, Tsonga: Monomane, Venda: , Zulu: ) bụ osisi echedoro na obodo South Afrika. Ọ na-emekwa na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Southern Afrika dịka Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Eswatini ya na Mozambique.

## Edensibia
Kormak, Ontario

**Kormak** bụ mpaghara na-enweghị ụlọ ọrụ na obodo mmụọ na Unorganized North Part nke Sudbury District na Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Ọ nọ n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè Canadian Pacific Transcontinental mainline, ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Kormak ka na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọkọlọtọ na Via Rail's Sudbury-White River train.

N'ịbụbu obodo na-emepụta osisi nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 170 n'oge ọ kachasị elu, Charles Korpela na Oscar Maki guzobere obodo ahụ na 1942. Ndị ọrụ Finnish na Franco-Ontarian na ezinụlọ ha bi na ya. E guzobere post ọfịs, ụlọ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ na Kormak n'afọ ndị 1940.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1974, obodo ahụ nọ na-ada ada, ma ụlọ ọrụ post na ụlọ ahịa ahụ mechiri. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ mechiri n'ikpeazụ na 1979, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile fọdụrụnụ kwagara.

Otu ụlọ dị na Kormak ka na-ebi n'afọ niile, ebe abụọ ndị ọzọ na-eji dị ka ụlọ obibi oge.

## Ihe odide
Mimusops zeyheri

***Mimusops zeyheri*** bụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke dị n'etiti (ruo mita iri na ise) burukwazie ezinaụlọ nke Sapotaceae ma na-ekesa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkume site n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndịda Afrịka, n'ime ala na n'ebe ugwu ruo n'ebe okpomọkụ Afrịka. A maara ya dịka milkwood maọbụ Transvaal red milkwood. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na *[[Mimusops obovata]]* na M. caffra, nke abụọ bụ osisi nke obodo South Afrika.

## Nkọwaputa
Akwụkwọ ya na-acha akpụkpọ anụ ma zuru oke. Petioles na akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto jupụtara na ntutu uhie na-acha uhie uhie. Enwere ike ịhụ obere latex na akwụkwọ maọbụ pecioles. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị na-acha odo odo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-emebi emebi ma na-atọ ụtọ ma na-eri nri, na-atọ ezigbo ụtọ ma na'ụzọ na-agbatị agbatị. Osisi ahụ na-acha uhie uhie, siri ike ma sie ike, a na-ejikwa ya eme ụgbọ ala. Ìgwè okooko osisi na-acha ọcha na-esi ísì ụtọ na-apụta site na onwa Ọktoba ruo onwa nke Jenụwarị.

## Omume
Nyere ohere zuru ezu, ụdị a nwere ike itolite n'ime nnukwu osisi na-enwu gbaa. A ga-ahụ ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe n'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe akuku obodo Zimbabwe. A na-ahụkarị ụdị a na njikọ ya na *Englerophytum magalismontanum*.

## Ihe ngosi

## Hụkwazie
Ndepụta nke osisi ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka

## Edensibia
Ochna pulchra

***Ochna pulchra***, nke a makwaara dịka **Lekkerverk** (Afrikaans 'na-agbaji n'ụzọ dị mfe', ya bụ 'brittle'), bụ obere osisi dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka ruo mita ise, nke a na-ahụkarị n'ala ájá miri emi na ndagwurugwu nkume, ma bụrụkwazie ezinaụlọ nkeOchnaceae, nke jupụtara n'Eshia na mba Africa.

## Nkọwaputa
Akpụkpọ ahụ ya dị iche, na-acha n'ime obere flakes iji kpughee okpokoro na-acha ọcha, yiri nke *Corymbia maculata*, guava maọbụ nke Pride-of-India.

Akwụkwọ osisi oge opupu ihe ubi nwere ọdịdị mmanụ n'elu ma na-agbanwe site na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ruo na ọla nchara maọbụ ọbara ọbara, na-agbanye na akwụkwọ ndụ ọhụrụ, na-egbuke egbuke mgbe ọ tozuru. Okooko osisi lemon-yellow na-apụta n'ụba n'oge opupu ihe ubi, calyx na-acha odo odo na-agbanwe na-acha pinki ma na-acha ọbara ọbara. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, nke dị ka akụrụ, na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-etolite na mbụ.

## Ebe dị iche iche
Osisi ahụ na-apụta na etiti ebe Transvaal na n'ebe ugwu Kruger National Park, na-agbasawanye na Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Angola, Zambia ya na Democratic Republic of Congo.

Ọ bụ ụdị ihe ngosi nke a na-akpọ Gifveld, ya bụ, ala dị larịị ebe *Dichapetalum cymosum* na-egbu egbu dị, nke dị obere ma dị mfe ileghara anya.

## Ihe ngosiputa

## Edensibia

## Akwụkwọ
Guibourtia coleosperma

***Guibourtia coleosperma***, Afrikan rosewood (amaghị ama), **nnukwu mopane** ụgha, Rhodesian copalwood maọbụ **machibi**, bụ ụdị *Guibourtia* n'ezinaụlọ nkeFabaceae. Ọ bụ nnukwu osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (ruo mita iri abuo n'ogologo) nke a na-ahụ n'ọhịa mepere emepe na oké ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na Kalahari Sand ya na Angola, ndịda Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, ya nakwazi Zimbabwe.

Enwere ike ịchọta proguibourtinidins na G. coleosperma. Osisi G. coleosperma nwezikwara ísì menthol.

## Hụkwazie

* Ndepụta nke osisi ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Afrịka na osisi lianes

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Synsepalum brevipes

Synsepalum ***brevipes*** bụ obere osisi maọbụ osisi dị n'etiti ruo nnukwu n'ezinaụlọ nke Sapotaceae, nke sitere na mpaghara okpomọkụ na mpaghara okirikiri nke obodo Afrịka.

## Ebe obibi na ebe oruru
Ọ na-apụta na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke obodo Afrịka ya na ala dị ala site na obodo  Angola ruo Zimbabwe ya na Mozambique. Ọ na-apụta n'ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ maọbụ dịka akụkụ nke ahịhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri.

## Nkọwaputa
Osisi maọbụ ụgbụgbọ osisi mebiri emebi na-apụta mmiri ara ehi, akara ụgbụgba ahụ na-acha ọbara ọbara. Ogwe osisi na akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto nwere ọdịdị dị nro. A na-emepụta okooko osisi ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ site na ngwụcha oge okpomọkụ ruo n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ. Mkpụrụ osisi a na-eri eri na-apụta na ngwụcha oge oyi ma nwee otu mkpụrụ dịkwazi nro.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Global Nature Fund

Global Nature Fund, nke e hibere na 1998, bụ ntọala anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nkeonwe nwere ebumnuche ekwuru nke ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.[1]  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Radolfzell, Germany.

Nzukọ a, nke na-akwado Living Lakes Network, na-eme akara ụbọchị Wetland World kwa afọ site n'ịkọpụta otu mmiri dị ka "Ọdọ Mmiri Egwu nke Afọ".[1]  Na 2004 ọ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwado na Ramsar.[2]

* 2004 Lake Chapala:Mexico
* 2005 Lake Victoria: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
* 2006 Dead Sea: Jordan, Israel and Palestine
* 2007 Pantanal: Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia
* 2008 Mahakam Wetland: Indonesia
* 2009 Lake Atitlán: Guatemala
* 2010 Pulicat Lake:  India
* 2011 Laguna de Fúquene: Colombia
* 2012 Lake Titicaca, Peru and Bolivia
* 2013 Lake Winnipeg: Canada
* 2014 Lake Sampaloc, Philippines
* 2015 Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia
* 2016 Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia
* 2017 Lake Tanganyika, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania and Zambia
* 2018 Lake Bolgoda and Lake Madampe, Sri Lanka
* 2019 Lake Nokoué, Benin
* 2020 Albufera Lake, Spain
* 2021 Pantanal Wetlands, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay
* 2022 Lake Malawi, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania
* 2023 Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, Peru
Frankfurt Zoological Society

Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) bụ ọgbakọ nchekwa mba ụwa hibere na 1858 nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Frankfurt am Main, Germany.  FZS na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwado ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na ichekwa anụ ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara echedoro na ebe ọhịa ndị pụtara ìhè.[1]  FZS na-eduzi ma na-akwado ihe dịka ọrụ 30 na mba 18.  Bernhard Grzimek, onye a ma ama onye ntụzi ụlọ anụmanụ German, ọkà mmụta anụmanụ, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa anụmanụ na West-Germany mgbe agha gasịrị, jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Frankfurt Zoological Society ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ.

FZS tọrọ ntọala na 1858 site n'aka ụmụ amaala Frankfurt iji guzobe ebe a na-edebe anụ ụlọ, ogige Zoological Frankfurt, nke ọ rụrụ ruo mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ.  Ndị kansụl obodo ahụ weghaara ibu ọrụ maka ogige anụ ụlọ ruo 1950, mgbe ọha mmadụ ghọrọ ọgbakọ mmepe nke anụ ọhịa ọzọ.  N'afọ 1950, ọha mmadụ tinyere aka na nchekwa na Serengeti, wee malite ịkwado mmepe ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Africa.  Kemgbe ahụ ọha mmadụ abanyela n'ike n'ike n'ichekwa na ichekwa anụmanụ na gburugburu ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ụwa nile.

Emebere oru ngo dị ka ogologo oge ma na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị otu na ndị ọchịchị obodo.  Ọzọkwa, njikọta nke ndị bi na mpaghara bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ ngo FZS.  FZS na-etinye mbọ ya na ebe obibi na ala ahịhịa, ala mmiri, oke ọhịa na ugwu.  Ọrụ niile na-agbaso ebumnuche nkịtị nke idobe ọzara na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche.

Na omenala, ọtụtụ ọrụ FZS dị na Tanzania.  Ugbu a, FZS na-etinye aka na nchekwa nke Serengeti, [1] Selous [2] na Mahale Ecosystem [3] ma na-eme nyocha maka ichekwa ebe obibi ndị East Africa egwu.  A na-anakọta data anụ ụlọ na mbugharị, ndị na-azụ anụ, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka anụmanụ na-agụ akwụkwọ ma kwalite mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na Zimbabwe (Ebe nsọ Gonarezhou), Zambia (North Luangwa) na East Congo (Virunga na Maiko National Parks).[4] [5]  Ndị mmekọ obodo mara mma bụ Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANPA) na Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI).

Na South America, FZS na-akwalite nchebe nke oke ọhịa dị iche iche nke dị na mkpọda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Andes na ala ndị dị n'akụkụ.  A na-akwado ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa, nleba anya ikuku, agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị nchekwa na agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe a.  Na saịtị, FZS na-arụkọ ọrụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, na Crees Foundation na Fondo de las Américas (FONDAM).[1]
Rettet nwụrụ n'ụzọ nkịtị

.Rettet die Naturvölker (Chekwa ndị okike), nke a makwaara dị ka ndị enyi nke ndị mmadụ nọ nso na okike (fPcN) ma ọ bụ fPcN interCultural, tọrọ ntọala na Ludwigslust na 1991 dị ka Freunde der Naturvölker, [1] bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Europe na-arụ ọrụ maka ikike mmadụ.  n'ihe gbasara ikike ụmụ amaala.  A na-eme mkpọsa n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ, yana ndị otu na-aga East Africa, oke ọhịa Amazon na Philippines.[2]

## ozi
.fPcN na-ahụ "mkpagbu" nke ụmụ amaala na-agha ụgha na ntinye nke mmasị ndị mba ọzọ na ọ bụghị na ụkọ nke ụzọ ndụ ha.[1]

## Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ akụkọ
.fPcN ewepụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mgba nke ndị bebi.[1][2]  Na 1998, fPcN wepụtara obere ihe nkiri banyere ndị Aeta, nke a na-akpọ Save the Savages, banyere ndị agbụrụ na Philippines.  Ihe nkiri ahụ toro ụzọ ndụ ndị mmadụ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na otú e si eji osisi osisi na ọrụ igwupụta egwu egwu

.fPcN etinyela aka n'ime ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mgba nke ndị West Papua mpaghara, nke Indonesia na-elekọta.  Blood On the Cross bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ 1999 ABC gbasara ntinye aka Red Cross na World Wildlife Fund hostages saga na 1996 na ebubo ebubo njikọ ha na nsonazụ ogbugbu nke ụmụ amaala West Papua.  Mark Davis nyochara ebubo banyere ọrụ International Red Cross na ndị agha Britain na ogbugbu e gburu na ugwu ugwu West Papua na Mee 1996.[1]  Ndị Red Cross mechara guzobe nyocha nke onwe maka ebubo ndị ahụ, nke chọpụtara na ha ezighi ezi.[2]

.Ndị mkpọrọ nke Chukwu White bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ndị Akha, nke Twin Star mepụtara ma kesaa ya na Septemba 2008. Ọ meriri Grand Prix na RAFF Film Festival, na Ecofilm Festival, na Festival of the Mountain Films, na "Ọ dịịrị Gị  " Ememe ihe nkiri na ihe nrite isi na Ekotopfilm na 2008. [a chọrọ nkọwa] Ọ bụ maka onye nyocha Czech na-aga n'ugwu Thail na Laosen iji chọpụta ma detuo ihe kpatara ebubo ebubo na ihe ọjọọ na ime ihe ike emere ụmụ amaala ya na ime ihe ike ha.  ụmụ nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst.[1][2]
Ebe Nchekwa Oké Osimiri Wadden

.Ebe nchekwa oke osimiri Wadden (German: Schutzstation Wattenmeer) bụ onye anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, NGO na North Germany.  E hiwere nzukọ a na 1962 na, kemgbe ahụ, abụrụla otu n'ime ndị mmekọ NGO gọọmentị nke Ogige Ogige Mba nke Wadden Sea.  Taa otu nchekwa ahụ na-ewe ihe karịrị 100 ndị na-eto eto, ma ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na ndị ọrụ a na-akwụ ụgwọ, n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ha dị na Husum na ọdụ 17 dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Schleswig-Holstein.

Isi ọrụ nke nzukọ a na-eme mmemme nlekota oru na-aga n'ihu, dị ka nlekota nnụnụ, nlekota nke benthos na-emetụta tidal na nlekota nke osimiri.  Ọzọkwa, ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ na-arụ ọtụtụ mmemme nke njem nlegharị anya, mgbede ozi na ihe omume PR ndị ọzọ.￼

.Na Westerhever na Hallig Hooge na na Hallig Langeneß ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ na-arụ ụlọ ọzụzụ atọ.  Ebe ọ bụ na 2009 enweela German Foundation "Stiftung Schutzstation Wattenmeer" nke na-akwado ọrụ ụbọchị nke nzukọ a.
Verband kommunaler Unternehmen

Verband kommunaler Unternehmen, na-anọchi anya otu German Association of Local Public Utilities na bụ otu mba nke ime obodo nwere akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na Germany.  Dịka otu nkwado, ọ na-anọchite anya ọdịmma nke ndị otu ya n'ebe ndị omebe iwu nọ na steeti- gọọmenti etiti- na European larịị.  Companieslọ ọrụ ndị otu ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ike- na inye mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu, nkwukọrịta, njikwa mkpofu na nhicha okporo ụzọ.

E hiwere VKU na 1949 na Rüdesheim am Rhein.[1]  Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, VKU kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ ime obodo na mbọ ha na-arụzigharị.[2]  Mgbe GDR daa na 1989, VKU nyeere ndị ọchịchị obodo na mpaghara mpaghara na Eastern Germany aka n'ịrụgharị ike obodo na akụrụngwa mmiri.  N'afọ 2011 otu ndị nweere onwe ha maka njikwa mkpofu na nhicha obodo (VKS – Verband kommunale Abfallwirtschaft und Stadtreinigung) ghọrọ ngalaba nke VKU.

.Na 2019, VKU nwere ngụkọta nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị otu 1484 nwere ngbanwe kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka ijeri euro 118 yana ndị ọrụ 268.000.[1]  Ọnụ ahịa ahịa ha jikọtara ọnụ na mpaghara ọrụ ha ruru 61% maka ọkụ eletrik, 66.7% maka gas, 86.4% maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ, 70.2% maka ikpo ọkụ na 43.8% maka mkpofu mmiri na-ekpofu na 2019. Kwa ụbọchị, ndị òtù VKU na-atụfu ihe.  31.500 tọn mkpofu ime obodo, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ndị na-enye aka na oke mweghachi nke Germany nke 68%, nke kachasị elu n'etiti mba ndị otu European Union.  Na mgbakwunye, ha na-enye ihe karịrị nde ndị ahịa 6 akụrụngwa brọdband.[1]

A haziri ọgbakọ ahụ n'onwe ya dịka ngalaba ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị otu ya siri dị: VKU ewepụtala ngalaba maka ike, mmiri na mmiri mkpofu na nkwukọrịta yana nchịkọta mkpofu, ọgwụgwọ na ihicha obodo.  Ọrụ bụ isi nke VKU bụ ịkọrọ na imetụta usoro omebe iwu site n'iwepụta nkwupụta akụkọ, ịmepụta ọnọdụ nkịtị maka ndị otu ya na ịkwado ha maka ndị na-eme mkpebi.

Na 2007, otu ahụ si na Cologne kwaga isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Berlin.  Na mgbakwunye na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya, VKU na-arụ ọrụ alaka obodo na Germany yana ụlọ ọrụ dị na Brussels.  Kemgbe Jenụwarị 2016, onye isi obodo Mainz, Michael Ebling, bụ Onye isi oche nke VKU.[1]  Azụmahịa na-arụ ọrụ nke VKU bụ onye isi njikwa ya Ingbert Liebling, onye a họpụtara n'April 2020.[2]
Ugbu a Energiewende

.Agora Energiewende bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche na-akwado Energiewende na Germany.  Ọ bụ Stiftung Mercator [de] na European Climate Foundation kwadoro ya

.Ndị otu ya na-arụrịta ụka n'okpuru Iwu Chatham House gụnyere Klaus Töpfer, Ottmar Edenhofer na Claude Turmes.

Na mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ ihe kpọmkwem na Germany, Agora bipụtara na 2016 nyocha banyere akụnụba nke ụlọ ọrụ nuklia nke UK Hinkley Point C a chọrọ.[1]  A na-ehota nyocha ya dịka akụkụ nke arụmụka ike na mba ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Denmark[2] na UK.￼￼.

.Na Disemba 2021, Patrick Graichen [de] rigoro dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ka ọ bụrụ onye bu ya ụzọ, sonye ugbu a Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action n'okpuru Minista Robert Habeck (The Greens) dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ steeti na-adịgide adịgide.  Na Julaị 2022, Frauke Thies[1] weghaara njikwa yana Markus Steigenberger ma na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa.[2]
International Ecology Institute

.International Ecology Institute (ECI) bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme nchọpụta raara onwe ha nye ịkwalite ihe ọmụma na mmata gburugburu ebe obibi.  E hiwere ya na 1984, n'ime obodo Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany site na Inter-Research, otu ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta sayensị hiwere na 1979 site n'aka Prọfesọ Otto Kinne.[1]

Ebumnuche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bụ iji kwado mgbanwe ozi n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri, terrestrial na freshwater, iji kwalite nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi, ilekwasị anya n'uche ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha na eze n'ihe dị mkpa gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ịchọta nguzozi ziri ezi n'etiti nkwalite ahụ.  nke ọha mmadụ na nchebe nke okike.

Iji nyere aka nweta ebumnuche ndị a, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ihe nrite mba ụwa abụọ kwa afọ, ihe nrite ECI na ihe nrite IRPE, wee wepụta usoro akwụkwọ 'Excellence in Ecology'.  A na-enye onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi maka ihe nrite ECI maka mmezu sayensị pụtara ìhè ma kwụgidere.  A na-enye ihe nrite IRPE (International Recognition of Professional Excellence) n'aka onye na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi nke bipụtara nyocha nke onwe na nke mbụ ma ọ bụ ihe ịma aka na-anọchite anya ọganihu sayensị dị mkpa.  A na-atụ anya ka ndị meriri na ihe nrite mbụ ga-ede akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na usoro 'Excellence in Ecology'.
Schwarzwaldverein

.Schwarzwaldverein (Black Forest Club ma ọ bụ Black Forest Association) tọrọ ntọala na Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany) na 1864, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ njem njem na ugwu German kacha ochie.  Schwarzwaldverein nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị otu 90,000 na isi obodo 241.  Ihe omume nke klọb ahụ gụnyere njem njem, nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwalite omenala obodo (Heimatpflege), mmezi okporo ụzọ, na ọrụ ezinụlọ na ndị ntorobịa n'ime ọhịa ojii.

Schwarzwaldverein bụ onye na-ahụ maka netwọkụ nke ụzọ ịzọ ụkwụ na-agbasa na mpaghara Black Forest dum.  Ihe a na-akpọ "ụzọ okporo ụzọ", Westweg, Mittelweg, na Ostweg (West, Middle, and East Trails), na-agba ọsọ n'akụkụ ugwu-ndịda.  Ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu-ndịda bụ Kandelhöhenweg na Ortenau Wine Path na ọdịda anyanwụ, yana Gäurandweg dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.  The "Cross-trails" (Querwege) na-agba ọsọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ: okporo ụzọ Cross-trail Gengenbach-Alpirsbach, Cross-trail Rottweil-Lahr, Cross-trail Freiburg-Bodensee, Black Forest-Kaiserstuhl-Rhein Cross-trail,  Hotzenwald Cross-trail, na ndị ọzọ.  Ụzọ niile ka ejiri lozenge nwere agba akara.  N'afọ ndị 1990, agbakwunyere ụzọ igwe kwụ otu ebe dị anya na Westweg na-amalite na Karlsruhe na-agwụ na Basel.

The "Youth in the Schwarzwaldverein" (Jugend im Schwarzwaldverein) bụ ọgbakọ ntorobịa nọọrọ onwe ya nke Schwarzwaldverein nwere ndị otu ihe dị ka 11,000, nke ndị otu niile gbara afọ 27 na ndị nọ n'okpuru.  A na-enye ọtụtụ ọkwa dị iche iche nke mmemme, gụnyere nzukọ oge niile, njem nlegharị anya, na ogige.  Ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na-enye ogige mpaghara na ọzụzụ dị elu maka ndị isi site na isi obodo.  Ụlọ ọrụ isi na-enye nnukwu ogige, ohere mmụta na ọzụzụ maka ndị òtù na ndị na-abụghị ndị òtù.
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-eme n'Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Germany

German Speleological Federation (German: Verband der deutschen Höhlen- und Karstforscher, VdHK) bụ nche anwụ nzukọ maka speleologists na Germany na ebe a na-akpọtụrụ maka okwu metụtara ọgba na karst odida obodo.  Klọb mpaghara 90 (ọkachasị ụlọ ịgba egwu) na otu, yana federation steeti ise na ihe karịrị ndị otu 500, so na Federation.  Ebumnobi ya bụ isi bụ nyocha na nchekwa nke ọgba na atụmatụ karst na Germany.  Nchọgharị ọgba na Germany bụ ọrụ afọ ofufo nke a na-etinye na ntinye aka nke VdHK na ndị otu ya.  Ihe kacha ha mkpa bụ ilekọta karst eke na ala ọgba n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị.  Federation bụ otu ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo.

E hiwere Federation na 1955 na Donauwörth na isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Munich.  Federation ahụ na-ahụ onwe ya dị ka onye ga-anọchi anya Federation of German Speleologists (Hauptverbandes Deutscher Höhlenforscher), nke dị site na 1922 ruo 1945, na German Karst Exploration Union (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Karstforschung), nke sitere na 1947 ruo 1950.

The VdHK is a member of the Union Internationale de Spéléologie (UIS).
Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg

.Landesanstalt für Umwelt, Messungen und Naturschutz Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) ma ọ bụ Baden-Württemberg State Institute for the Environment, Survey na Nature Conservation bụ ụlọ ọrụ etiti nke steeti Baden-Württemberg nke German jikọtara ọnụ, onye ọrụ iwu ya dabere na ngalaba.  nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike na nchekwa na nchekwa ndị ahịa wee si otú a na-akwado ndị ọchịchị steeti na ọkwa teknụzụ na nchekwa okike na nchedo radieshon.[1]
Osisi Chisholm

Chisholm Lumber bụ ụlọ ọrụ **osisi** dị na Roslin, Ontario, Canada. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Chisholm's Mill kemgbe 1857, nwere ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ise, ma were ndị ọrụ 40 n'ọrụ.

Ọ bụ ọgbọ isii nke ezinụlọ Chisholm na-arụ ọrụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nwe ya
E guzobere Chisholm Lumber na 1857 mgbe William Fraser Chisholme zụrụ Shipman's Flour and Sawmill, n'akụkụ Osimiri Moira. Kemgbe 1857, a maara ihe igwe ihe ahụ dị ka Chisholm's Mill.

Ọgbọ nke ise nke ezinụlọ Chisholm, Doug ChisholM na nwa nwanne ya Paul Chisholme zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'aka nna ha na 1981 wee chịa ya ruo 2010. Peter Chisholm (President), Patrick Cassidy, na Jordan Chishol m na-anọchite anya ọgbọ nke isii ma na-agba ya kemgbe ahụ.

N'ịme emume ncheta afọ 150 ya na 2007, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere ala 1.5 acre na $ 20,000 nke osisi na Habitat for Humanity.

Ọkụ bibiri Chisholm's Mill na 1944 na ọkụ nke afọ 2004, nke bibiri ite ọkụ ahụ. A rụnyere ite ọkụ ndị ọzọ n'afọ 2005.

## Ihe onwunwe na ọrụ
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị n'ugbo dị 25 acres; akụ gụnyere ebe abụọ a na-awa osisi, ite ọkụ Nardi abụọ (na Tweed), na ihe igwe ihe. A na-eji ọkụ ọkụ 10 site na 6 site na 5 ụkwụ bioenergy burner na-eme ka ọkụ 100,000 BF dị ọkụ site na sawdust & shavings site na ihe igwe ihe.

N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ were ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ iri atọ n'ọrụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2018 ọ were mmadụ iri anọ n'ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2018, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka ise, gụnyere ebe a na-awa osisi, ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta ọhịa, ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ obibi na-emepụta ma na-ewu ụlọ, na ngalaba ọkụ siri ike (ọkụ dị na Tweed, Ontario). Ọ meghere ngalaba iwu ụlọ omenala na 2007.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2007, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara nde ụkwụ osisi ise; ihe dịka 80% osisi siri ike na 20% pine. A na-ere osisi siri ike n'ụwa niile ma na-arụpụta osisi pine n'ozuzu ya n'ihe igwe ha ma ree ya site na ụlọ ahịa Chisholm Lumber dị na Roslin, Ontario.

## Ihe odide
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ihe igwe ihe nke Chisholm

thumb|Ihe igwe ihe na 1973
Chisholm's Mills (nke bụbu Shipman's Mill) bụ **ihe igwe** osisi na-eji mmiri eme ihe na Osimiri Moira na obodo Tyendinaga, Ontario, Canada. E wuru ya na 1851 ma William Fraser Chisholm zụrụ ya na 1857, nke dugara n'ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ Chisholma Lumbar.

Ọ bụ Manly E. MacDonald sere ihe igwe ihe ahụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 1949, ma jiri ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme cheta ya na 2018.

## Ebe
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe owuwu igwe ihe
Ihe igwe ihe ahụ dị na Osimiri Moira n'akụkụ Shannonville Road, na nso obodo Roslin, na Tyendinaga township, Ontario, Canada.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Ịkwagharị osisi n'ebe a na-akwagharị ihe, 1985
thumb|Osisi sitere na Mill, 1985
E wuru ihe igwe ihe ahụ na 1851. William Fraser Chisholm (1829-1908) zụrụ ihe igwe ihe ahụ na 1857 mgbe a maara ya dị ka Shipman's Mill, ma ọ bụ Shipman-s Flour and Sawmill. N'oge ahụ, ihe onwunwe ahụ bụ ihe igwe nri na-eji mmiri eme ntụ ọka, ihe igwe nri, na ihe igwe osisi. Ruo mmalite afọ 1900, ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe igwe ihe ga-ebugharị osisi ndị a na-ewepụta n'osimiri Moira site n'ebe owuwe ihe ubi, gaa n'ebe ndịda n'ebe igwe ihe ahụ.

Ọkụ gbara ụlọ ahụ n'afọ 1944, e wughachikwara ya.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2018, ọgbọ isii nke ezinụlọ Chisholm arụwo ọrụ igwe ihe ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ Chisholma Lumber. N'afọ 2018, Hastings County Historical Society kpughere ihe ncheta ọla nchara na-echeta ihe igwe ihe ahụ.

## N'omenala a ma ama
Ihe osise Manly E. MacDonald nke ihe igwe ihe ahụ dị na 1949 dị na National Gallery nke Canada. Ọ bụkwa Lucy Manly, James Keirstead, Debra Tate-Sears (watercolour, 1986) na Edna Henderson sere ya.

## Ihe odide
BIOPAT - Ndị Nlekọta Maka Ụdị Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ

BIOPAT bụ mkpakọrịta anaghị akwụ ụgwọ eguzobere iji kpata ego, site na inye onyinye, maka iji na-amụ ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ, na-akọwa ya n'usoro, na ịkwado ichekwa ya.

.Òtù ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ hiwere BIOPAT na 1999 ma Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) kwadoro ya.  Dr. Frank Glaw na Dr. Jörn Köhler tụbara echiche a na 1998 dabere na echiche nke Prọfesọ Gerhard Haszprunar nke National Zoological Collection na Munich.  N'ịghọta na ọ dị mkpa itinyekwu ego maka nyocha taxonomic iji hụ na nchekwa nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche n'agbanyeghị nkwado ọha na eze na-adalata, ha tụpụtara ihe nlereanya nke ndị na-eme ebere ga-enye ego maka nyocha nke taxonomic na ichekwa ọdịdị okike maka mgbanwe maka ụdị ọhụrụ a na-akpọ aha ha.

Ndị otu mba ụwa ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, gụnyere Wildlife Conservation Society, Audubon Society, na Mahadum Purdue nakweere ụdịrị ụdị ahụ.  Ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke United Nations Environmental Programme [1] dere ya.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ego BIOPAT na-enweta na-abịa site na ndị na-eme ebere bụ ndị na-enye ego maka mgbanwe maka ụdị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-akpọ aha ha.  50% nke ego a na-aga na-akwado taxonomy na biodiversity nnyocha, nke ọzọ ọkara na-eji na-akwado nke okike nchekwa ọrụ.  Ndị otu niile, gụnyere Council Advisory Scientific, na-enye ọrụ afọ ofufo na anaghị akwụ ụgwọ ha.
Osisi naagbagharị noge naadịghị anya

A naeto **osisi naagbagharị** agbagharị (**SRF**) dị ka ihe ọkụkụ maka iji ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, naanị ya ma ọ bụ na njikọta ya na mmanụ ndị ọzọ dị ka coal. Ọ dị ka usoro ihe omimi nke fuelwood coppice.

## Ụdị eji eme ihe
SRF bụ omume nke ịzụlite osisi naeto ngwa ngwa nke naeru ogo kachasị mma netiti afọ 8 na 20. A naahọrọ ụdị eji eme ihe na ndabere a ma gụnyere alder, ash, southern beech, birch, *Eucalyptus*, poplar, willow, ụdị ọhụrụ nke *Paulownia elongata*, akwụkwọ mulberry, Australian blackwood na sycamore.

## Ịkụ na owuwe ihe ubi
A naakụ osisi nobosara nke naenye ohere maka uto ngwa ngwa na owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe. A naegbupụkarị ha mgbe ha dị ihe dị ka sentimita 15 nobosara nogologo, nke a naewe site na afọ 8 ruo 20. Nke a naeji ya tụnyere afọ 60 ma ọ bụ karịa maka ihe ọkụkụ ọhịa. Mgbe a kwụsịrị ya, a naeji osisi ọhụrụ dochie osisi SRF ma ọ bụ, karịa, naekwe ka ọ dịghachi ọhụrụ site na ogwe osisi dị ka coppice. A naahọrọ ụyọkọ osisi nke SRF mepụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ike nihi na ọ nweghị ụgbụgbọ osisi na osisi, ya mere ọ bụ otu karịa ụyọkọ ọhịa nke obere ntụgharị coppice nyere. A na-eme atụmatụ na uru naagafe agafe dị gburugburu € 15 ruo € 30 kwa tọn.

## Mmetụta nke gas naeme ka okpomọkụ
Noge uto, SRF gaenye nnukwu carbon sequestration. Ọnụ ego carbon bụ isi naejikọta ya na ibugharị osisi ndị a naewepụta.

## Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi
Ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike iji mmiri eme ihe nke ukwuu, nke a dị mkpa karịsịa nihi mgbanwe mmiri nihi gbanwere ihu igwe. Enwekwara mmetụta nwere ike inwe na ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmetụta nke nnukwu SRF na osisi na anụmanụ amaghị. Mgbe a naeme atụmatụ nụzọ dị mma, ojiji nke obere ntụgharị ọhịa nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu uru gburugburu ebe obibi na ala, mmiri na ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche, ebe ọ naenwe obere mmetụta na mmepụta nri.

## Hụkwa
 

* Biomass
* Ike ndụ
* Ọhịa na-emepụta ike
* Ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-abụghị nri
* Coppice na-agbagharị agbagharị
* Mmanụ osisi

## Ihe odide
Akpụkpọ ụkwụ

thumb|Akara mkpuchi n'ọhịa
N'ọrụ ugbo na ịkọ ugbo, mkpuchi ahịrị bụ ihe ọ bụla na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụ nke na-apụghị ịhụ anya, dị ka ákwà ma ọ bụ mpempe plastik, nke a na-eji dị ka mkpuchi nchebe maka osisi, na-abụkarị akwụkwọ nri. A na-eji mkpuchi na agbatị oge na eto eto, ma belata mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke oyi, ifufe na ụmụ ahụhụ. Article marked reviewed by publisher in 2012. Ihe mkpuchi ahịrị nwere ike belata mmetụta ikuku na-akpọnwụ, ma nwee ike inye obere okpomọkụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ na Okpokoro oyi na-ekpo ọkụ, greenhouses na Polytunnels, na-emepụta microclimate maka osisi.

Ojiji mbụ mpkuchi polyethylene maka azụmahịa mbụ na US bụ n'afọ ndị 1950, na ka ọ na-erule 1980s ojiji ha jụrụ ebe niile.

Akpụkpọ ahụ bụ ihe na-adịghị arọ, dị ka plastik doro anya (polyethylene) ma ọ bụ polyester a na-akpọ ajị anụ. A na-ebuli mkpuchi plastik n'elu osisi na usoro nkwado dị ka waya hoops iji mepụta ọwa dị ala.  (Plastic e debere kpọmkwem n'ala bụ mulch.) Enwere ike itinye mkpuchi ajị anụ kpọmkwem na osisi ma ọ bụ na etiti nkwado. Ihe mkpuchi ahịrị na-ese n'elu mmiri bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe mgbe enweghị (ma ọ bụ obere) nkwado n'okpuru ajị anụ na osisi n'onwe ha na-ejide ajị anụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ijide ọnụ ya n'ala megide ifufe site na ígwè staples ma ọ bụ ala a tụkọtara n'elu ọnụ ya.

Ihe niile na-ekpuchi ahịrị na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ìhè na-eru na osisi site na obere ego (dịka ọmụmaatụ, 10%-20%), mana ihe ndị dị otú ahụ anaghị ebelata ìhè anyanwụ n'ụzọ ákwà ndò na-eme (50%-95% onyinyo). A na-ere ngwaahịa azụmahịa na-akọwa pasentị nke mbelata ìhè.

N'oge ihu igwe na ekpo ọkụ, ọ dị mkpa ka a kpochapu ihe mkpuchi rọba iji gbochie imeputa okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oké mmiri dị ukwuu n'okpuru mkpuchi ahụ, ọ pụkwara ịbụ na e wuru ya n'oghere ikuku. Ihe na-acha uhie uhie na-agbapụta onwe ya ma ga-ekwe ka mmiri na mmiri ozuzo banye n'ime mkpuchi ahụ.

Ihe mkpuchi ahịrị na-enye nchebe oyi ka mma n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ karịa oge opupu ihe ubi n'ihi na okpomọkụ a na-ewu n'ala n'oge okpomọkụ ga-enyere aka bulie okpomọkụ na ogo ole na ole n'okpuru mkpuchi. Ihe mkpuchi ajị anụ nwere ike ichebe megide ụfọdụ ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebibi ihe mana a ga-ewepụ ya mgbe ihe ọkụkụ ahụ na-agbasa ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ mmịpụta nke ụmụ ahụhụ.

## Ebenside
ASUE (Germany)

ASUE (Ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ maka oriri ike akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi e. V.) - Association for the Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Use of Energy - bụ otu German tọrọ ntọala na 1977.

Ebumnobi otu a bụ inye aka na mmepe na mmepụta teknụzụ na-echekwa ike na gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ndị otu ya gụnyere ihe karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 40 na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gas German.
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

Atmosfair bụ ụlọ ọrụ German na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nọọrọ onwe ya nke na-enye mbelata maka ikuku griin haus nke ụgbọ elu, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebufe, ndị nkuzi anya na mmemme.  Nzukọ a, nke tọrọ ntọala na 2005, na-etolite ma na-etinye ego maka obere ike ike na ọrụ ume ọhụrụ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, nke na-eduga n'ibelata ikuku carbon.  Atmosfair enwetala otuto ugboro ugboro maka ịrụ ọrụ na oke nghọta na nkọwapụta yana iji ego eme ihe nke ọma.[1]

.Atmosfair ewepụtala ihe mgbako ikuku na-agbakọ gas dị iche iche griin haus na-ebupụ mgbe ị na-eme njem wee sụgharịa ha ka ọ bụrụ nha carbon-dioxide kwekọrọ na mmetụta ihu igwe ha.[1]  Maka ụgbọ elu, mgbako ahụ dabere na ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọpụpụ na mbata yana klas ụgbọ elu na ụdị ụgbọ elu.  Maka njem nlegharị anya ihe na-akọwapụta bụ ụdị ụgbọ mmiri, ụdị ụlọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụbọchị ejiri n'oké osimiri.[2]  Mgbakọ gụnyekwara ihe ndị na-emetụta ihu igwe na-abụghị carbon dioxide, dị ka nitrogen oxides na sooty particles, bụ ndị na-enye aka na mmetụta griin haus, karịsịa n'ebe dị elu (dịka site na ozone buildup or condensation trails).  Dị ka otu nnyocha nke German Federal Ministry of Environment duziri si kwuo, nke a bụ ihe dị ka 3-5, nke pụtara na otu liter nke mmanụ ụgbọ elu nwere mmetụta na-ekpo ọkụ nke dị okpukpu 3-5 siri ike dị ka mmetụta nke carbon-dioxide ya.  ihe na-ekupụta naanị ya

.A na-akwadokarị nzukọ a site n'onyinye, na-akwado ya na ọmụrụ nwa ego sitere na nchekwa yana ego a na-enweta site na ire ngwanrọ mgbako carbon.  Ọrụ mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịzụrụ teknụzụ na-eduga n'aha ndị ahịa bụ isi mmalite ego enwetara.

Dị ka akụkọ kwa afọ nke 2009 ruo 2017 si kwuo, ọ dịkarịa ala 90% nke onyinye Atmosfair na-etinye aka na ọrụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.  Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eme atụmatụ ịrụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a na-akwụ ụgwọ dịka mkpa ọ dị.  Ọ nwere ike were ihe ruru afọ abụọ maka onyinye iji rute ọrụ a chọrọ.
Ịchụ osisi

thumb|Onye na-ebunye ihe
Shovel logging, mgbe ụfọdụ a naakpọ Hoe Chucking, neji onye naebunye osisi ebugharị osisi gaa nokporo ụzọ ọhịa. Ịchụ osisi shọvel bụ otu nime ọtụtụ ụzọ a gaeji bufee osisi site noké ọhịa gaa nokporo ụzọ. Kama ịkwọ ụgbọala gaa nosisi ahụ ma dọrọ ya azụ nebe a naada, onye naebu ya naeji nwayọọ nwayọọ agafe ebe owuwe ihe ubi, naejide osisi / osisi ndị dị nebe ahụ, ma naatụgharị ha iji mee ka ha dị nso nokporo ụzọ. Enwere ike ịkwagharị osisi ndị dị nebe dị anya site nokporo ụzọ ruo nebe a naada n'ime ụzọ ole na ole. 

Skidding na eriri logging nwere ike ịdị irè karịa maka logs dị nihu nokporo ụzọ.  Ịchụ osisi shọvel nwere ike iji loader netiti mbata ụgbọ ala. Ọ pụkwara ibelata nsogbu ala, ebe ọ bụ na ọ chọrọ naanị otu ụzọ iji bulie osisi niile ruru. 

Ngwaọrụ egosiri ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke 'shovels' eji eme ihe maka ịkpụ shọvel. Ọ bụ ihe na-egwu ala ma ọ bụ 'shovel' gbanwere agbanwe. Aha ahụ malitere na ọgbọ gara aga nke ngwá ọrụ mgbe ndị naegbutu osisi naeji shọvel ike (nke naenwekarị ụda dị iche) iji tinye osisi. 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndị na-ebugharị ihe dị iche iche
* Ịkụ osisi
Ọhịa Dị nOké Ifufe nke Shuangsi

Ọhịa ndụ Shuangsi Tropical (Chinese omenala: 雙溪熱帶母樹林; : 双溪熱帶 mère樹林; : ) bụ ebe nchekwa **ọhịa** na Meinong District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọ bụ ndị ọchịchị Japan guzobere ya na 1935, bụ ndị butere ma zụlite ụdị osisi na osisi 270 site nakụkụ dị iche iche nke Eshia, Australia, na South America, iji mụta ụdị osisi nwere ike itolite na Taiwan.

## Ọdịdị ala
Oké ọhịa ahụ gafere ihe karịrị hekta 7.65 nógbè ahụ ma bụrụ nke Council of Agriculture Forestry Bureau naelekọta. Ugbu a, ụdị osisi 96 dị iche iche naeto nime ọhịa; otu ụdị naanọchite anya iri na otu. Nọnọdụ ole na ole, ihe ndị a dị iche iche na naanị osisi nke ụdị ha naadị ndụ nebe ọ bụla na Taiwan. Oké ọhịa ahụ, ihe dị ka mita 100 nelu oke osimiri, naenweta 2,000 ruo 3,000 milimita mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ọnọdụ ala nke Taiwan

## Ihe odide
Ọhịa Ọhịa

Silvology (Latin: silva ma ọ bụ , "oké ọhịa na osisi"; Ancient Greek: , -logia, "sayensị nke" ma ọ bụ "ọmụmụ nke") bụ sayensị nke ọmụmụ nke ịmụ oké ọhịa na ọhịa, naetinye nghọta nke usoro okike nke oké **ọhịa**, na mmetụta na mmepe nke omume silvicultural. Okwu a naakwado silviculture, nke naekwu maka nka na omume nke nlekọta ọhịa.

A naahụ Silvology dị ka otu sayensị maka ọhịa ma Roeloff Oldeman jiri ya mee ihe. Ọ naejikọta ọmụmụ nke oké ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké ọhịa, naemeso otu osisi autecology na gburugburu ebe nchekwa nke oké ọhịa.

## Mmekọrịta ya na dendrology na okwu ndị ọzọ

* Arboriculture bụ nlekọta nke osisi ọ bụla.
* Dendrology bụ ọmụmụ nke osisi osisi, alaka nke botany.
* Ọhịa bụ nlekọta nke oké ọhịa na osisi.
* Horticulture bụ omenala nke osisi.
* Ọhịa naemetụta ọdịbendị nke oké ọhịa na osisi.

## Ndị ọkà mmụta silvology a ma ama

* Gabriel Hemery
* Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf

## Hụkwa

* Oge ezé
* Ọhịa gburugburu ebe obibi

## Ihe odide
Skid cone

Nọhịa, a **skid cone** bụ oghere ígwè ma ọ bụ plastik cone nke a naetinye nelu njedebe nke osisi. Mgbe ị naadọkpụ (ịdọrọ) osisi na njedebe, ọ naenye njedebe dị nkọ nke naeme ka onwe ya pụọ na ihe mgbochi.

A naejikarị cones naagba ọsọ eme ihe mgbe ị naagbagharị otu osisi nazụ ATVs ma ọ bụ traktọ dị mfe, ọkachasị mgbe otu onye naarụ ọrụ naarụsi ọrụ ike na ịkwọ ụgbọala iji nọgide naele anya nazụ. Ndị naadọkpụ traktọ na nnukwu osisi naagbaji ihe mgbochi. Ndị naegbu osisi nelu ịnyịnya naarụ ọrụ site nazụ ịnyịnya ma nwee ọhụụ ka mma nke osisi na-agagharị. Skid cones naaba uru mgbe ị naeji eriri naagbagharị, ebe ọ naesiri ike iduzi osisi.

Skid cones naegbochi osisi ka mgbọrọgwụ, ogwe osisi ma ọ bụ osisi fọdụrụnụ kwụsị mgbe a naewepụta ha. Ọ naechebekwa osisi ndị bara uru guzo nakụkụ ụzọ ka ha ghara imebi. A naeme ka nchekwa onye ọrụ dịkwuo mma, ebe ọ bụ na cone naegbochi nkwụsị mberede nke osisi naejide ihe mgbochi.

## Njikọ mpụga

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Ịchụ osisi na Skyline

[thumb|250x250px|Cable Yarding System na Lushoto, [Tanzania ]]
Skyline logging (ma ọ bụ skyline yarding) bụ ụdị osisi nke eriri nke a naebugharị osisi ndị a naewepụta na eriri ígwè kwụ ọtọ (ụzọ eriri ma ọ bụ "highline") site nebe a naegbutu osisi gaa nebe nhazi etiti.  

Cable loop nke horizon naagba gburugburu pulley drive, nozuzu na njedebe nnyefe etiti, na pulley nloghachi na njedebe nchịkọta; enwere ike ịkwaga pulley nchịkọta na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nime ihe mgbochi nke usoro ahụ ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ nebe buru ibu.

A naejikọta osisi ọ bụla na eriri a kwụsịtụrụ site na eriri choker na ụgbọ ala. A skyline yarder nwere ike ịdọrọ 5 ruo 10 logs notu oge, naeji dị iche iche chokers. A naetinye pulleys nelu ụlọ elu ma ọ bụ cranes, osisi ndị ọzọ, ugwu, ma ọ bụ, nọnọdụ ndị a naadịghị ahụkebe, helium balloons.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Foto Satellite nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe naegbutu osisi na Tierras Bajas nebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Bolivia, naegosi mgbukpọ ọhịa na ọrụ ugbo naanọchi ya

## Hụkwa

* Ịchụ osisi na eriri

## Njikọ mpụga
Ọgbaghara Ndị Na-egbu Osisi na Newfoundland

Ọgbaghara nke ndị na-egbutu osisi na Newfoundland bụ **ọgbaghara ndị** ọrụ na 1958. Ọgbaghara ahụ, nke ndị International Woodworkers of America (IWA) duziri, metụtara ndị na-egbu osisi na-eme mkpọsa maka ọrụ na ọnọdụ ibi ndụ ka mma n'ogige ndị na-egbutu osisi. Ọgbaghara ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ma mee ka a chụpụ IWA na Newfoundland. A kọwawo ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka "esemokwu ọrụ kachasị njọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Newfoundland".

Ọgbaghara ahụ ruru n'ókè na Badger Riot na Machị 10, 1959. N'ime nke ihe dị ka ndị na-egbu osisi 250 na ndị uwe ojii 66 nke Newfoundland Constabulary na Royal Canadian Mounted Police sere okwu. Esemokwu ahụ mere ka onye uwe ojii nwụọ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Onye isi na-ebupụ osisi na ngwaahịa osisi, Newfoundland bụ etiti maka ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke Canada - site na afọ 1950, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewe ọtụtụ puku ndị Newfoundland n'ọrụ. Otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ osisi na Newfoundland bụ Anglo-Newfoundland Development Co. (AND Co.), nke were ọtụtụ narị ndị na-egbu osisi n'ọrụ. Òtù ndị ọrụ mpaghara, Newfoundland Loggers' Association (NLA), ka ụfọdụ ndị weere dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike iji dozie ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

N'afọ 1956, ndị International Woodworkers of America (IWA) malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Newfoundland, na-ama NLA aka ngwa ngwa maka ịchịkwa ọrụ a haziri ahazi n'àgwàetiti ahụ. Iji belata nkwado ọha na eze maka NLA, IWA malitere ịpụ na ndị otu NLA ma kwupụta na nke ikpeazụ bụ njikọ na-adịghị ike, na-akpata esemokwu n'etiti òtù abụọ ahụ na-asọmpi. Esemokwu nọgidere na-arị elu, na 1958 IWA haziri nnukwu ọgbaghara na ụlọ ọrụ AND Co. na Grand Falls-Windsor, na-akwado ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu na ọnọdụ ọrụ ka mma.

Mgbe ọgbaghara ahụ malitere na 31 Disemba 1958, ọtụtụ narị ndị ọrụ sonyeere ọgbaghara. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ kwadoro IWA mana ọtụtụ ndị na-egbu osisi nọgidere na-akwado NLA, nke megidere ọgbaghara ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike, na-ekwere na IWA dị oke egwu. IWA megwara site n'ịkwalite ọrụ na ibipụta isiokwu na-awakpo NLA na AND Co. na akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara.

Ọgbaghara ahụ gara n'ihu ruo ọtụtụ izu n'enweghị nnukwu ihe merenụ, mana ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị, mmetụta ọha na eze adaala ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na IWA. Onye mmegide a ma ama bụ Joey Smallwood, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere mmetụta nke yiri egwu ịnapụ IWA ikike nkwekọrịta ya. Echiche ọha na eze banyere ọgbaghara ahụ dakwuru mgbe onye uwe ojii, Const. William Moss, nwụrụ n'ọgụ (nke a maara dị ka ọgba aghara Badger) ya na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Machị 10, 1959. N'ịbụ ndị mmetụta na-arịwanye elu nke IWA n'etiti ọha na eze kwadoro, gọọmentị Newfoundland wepụtara ọtụtụ iwu na-anapụ IWA ikike ya ịre ahịa ma na-eme ka ndị otu ọrụ bụrụ ndị ọrụ maka omume iwu na-akwadoghị e mere maka ha.

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ngwụcha nke ọgbaghara ahụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe sonyeere Newfoundland Brotherhood of Wood Workers, otu gọọmentị na-akwado.

## Ihe odide
Slash (ịkụ osisi)

thumb|A na-ere osisi ọkụ na Coconino National Forest
Nọhịa, **slash**, ma ọ bụ **slashings** bụ ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike na nke dị mma nke a naemepụta noge ọrụ ịkpụ osisi ma ọ bụ site na ifufe, snow ma ọ bụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ nke ọhịa. Mgbasa ozi a naemepụta noge ọrụ ịkpụ osisi nwere ike ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ ọkụ, ụfọdụ steeti North America emeela iwu naachọ ọgwụgwọ nke ịkpụ osisi. Enwere ike ịkpụcha osisi ma jiri ya mee ihe (dịka ọmụmaatụ) na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ na cogeneration power-plants, ma ọ bụ naanị ọkụ nebe ahụ.

Ebe a naegbu osisi nala dị nro, ndị naegbute osisi nwere ike iji alaka na elu osisi dị ka akụkụ nke usoro owuwe ihe ubi iji nye ụzọ maka igwe ọhịa.
Iji slash nụzọ a naebelata mmebi ala.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe mkpofu osisi siri ike
* Lignocellulosic biomass

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga