Anne Chapman

**Anne MacKaye Chapman (Jenụwarị 27, 1922 - June 12, 2010[1]) bụ ọkà mmụta agbụrụ nke Franco-America nke lekwasịrị anya na ndị Mesoamerica na-ede ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, na-emekọ ihe nkiri, na ịdekọ ụda nke asụsụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe sitere na Northern Triangle.  nke Central America ruo Cape Horn na South America.**

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Anne MacKaye Chapman na 1922 na Los Angeles, California.  Ọ gara Mexico na 1940, debanyere aha na Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia (ENAH) dị na Mexico City.  Na ENAH, Chapman mụụrụ Paul Kirchhoff, Wigberto Jiménez Moreno, na Miguel Covarrubias ihe.  N'ịbụ onye sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Covarrubias, Chapman na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bipụtara Anthropos, akwụkwọ akụkọ na-ejikọta nka na akụkọ gbasara nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.Naanị mbipụta abụọ ka ebipụtara, ma na 1947, n'ihi oke ego.  Chapman mere ihe omume ubi mbụ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ n'etiti obodo Mayan na Chiapas, Mexico - nke mbụ, n'etiti Tzeltales n'okpuru Sol Tax, na mgbe e mesịrị n'etiti Tzoziles n'okpuru Alfonso Villa Rojas.  O mechara nweta nzere Masters na Anthropology na 1951 site na ENAH;  Tesis Master ya, nke isiokwu ya bụ "La Guerra de los Aztecas contra los Tepanecas," ji echiche Clausewitz banyere agha nyochaa mmeri ndị Aztek meriri Tepanecas iji nweta nnwere onwe na mmalite narị afọ nke 15. 

Chapman laghachiri na US n'afọ ndị 1950, nweta Ph.D. ya na Anthropology na Mahadum Columbia na New York City na 1958. Akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ An Historical Analysis of the Tropical Forest Tribes on the Southern Border of Mesoamerica . Mgbe ọ nọ na Columbia, ọ mụụrụ Conrad Arensberg ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere Karl Polanyi aka site na 1953 ruo 1955. Prọfesọ ọzọ, William Duncan Strong, mere ka ọ mata Tolupan (Jicaque) nke Honduras. Mgbe Fulbright Foundation na Research Institute for the Study of Man (RISM) nyere ya ego, Chapman malitere ọrụ ubi ya na 1955 n'etiti Tolupan na Montaña de la Flor, Honduras.  Ọ ga-alọghachi ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa kwa afọ site na 1960 maka nyocha ya, mana ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta ya na ndị obodo ruo oge ndụ ya niile.  N'oge ọrụ ubi ya, Chapman na Alfonso Martinez rụkọrọ ọrụ.  Site n'aka ya, Chapman nwere ike ime nyocha nke omenala ọnụ na Tolupan na nhazi mmekọrịta ọha na eze, yana ịkọwa usoro ọmụmụ nke obodo.  Nnyocha ya mechara wepụta akwụkwọ, Les Enfants de la Mort: Univers Mythique des Indiens Tolupan (Jicaque), nke e bipụtara na 1978;  E bipụtara ederede Bekee edegharịrị na 1992 n'okpuru aha Master of Animals: Oral traditional of the Tolupan Indians, Honduras.  Alfonso Martinez nwụrụ n'ọrịa measles na 1969.

Chapman mekwara nyocha gbasara agbụrụ n'etiti Lenca nke Honduras, malite na 1965-66, na-aga n'ihu site na 1980s.  Ọrụ ya sochiri nyocha nke Kirchhoff na "akụkụ omenala," karịsịa Mesoamerica.  Ọ chọsiri ike ịkọwa obi abụọ Kirchhoff welitere banyere ma a ga-ewere Lenca dị ka ndị Mesoamerican, n'ikpeazụ na-edozi ajụjụ ahụ n'eziokwu na isiokwu isiokwu ya bụ "Los Lencas de Honduras en el siglo XVI," nke e bipụtara na 1978. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, na  1985-86 o bipụtara akwụkwọ mpịakọta abụọ nke omenala Lenca na omenala akpọrọ Los Hijos del Copal y la Candela.

N'afọ 1961, Chapman ghọrọ onye otu French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru Claude Lévi-Strauss ruo n'afọ 1969, ma mesịa laa ezumike nká n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 1987. N'oge ogologo ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ na-ejikọta ya na ebe nyocha ndị ọzọ dị iche iche na Europe na Amerịka, gụnyere: Musée de l'Homme na Paris, France; Research Institute for the Study of Man na New York City; Instituto Hondureño de Antropología na Tegucigalpa, Honduras; na Instituto Nacional de Antropologia na Buenos Aires, Argentina.

N'afọ 1964, a kpọrọ Chapman ka ọ sonye n'òtù onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Annette Laming-Emperaire na ọrụ na Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie site na ọzụzụ, Chapman nabatara ohere izute Lola Kiepja na Ángela Loij, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị ikpeazụ dị ndụ Selk'nam (Ona) nke Tierra del Fuego.Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie, Chapman zutere Lola wee dekọọ okwu ya na ịbụ abụ na Selk'nam, yana ncheta ndụ ya dịka Selk'nam.  Ọ bụ ezie na Lola nwụrụ na 1966, Chapman nwere ike ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ na Selk'nam fọdụrụnụ na Tierra del Fuego.  Na 1976, o mebere ihe nkiri gbasara Selk'nam yana Ana Montes, The Onas: Life and Death in Tierra del Fuego.  N'afọ 1985, ọ gbasaa ozi ubi ya wee tinye ndị Yahgan fọdụrụ na Tierra del Fuego, Chile. 

Chapman dere n'ọtụtụ okwu dị mkpa gbasara ụmụ mmadụ; ikekwe ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa gbasara ndị Fuegians bụ Drama and Power in a Hunting Society: The Selk'nam of Tierra del Fuego (1981). O dekwara La Isla de los Estados en la prehistoria: Primeros datos arqueológicos (1987, Buenos Aires), El Fin de Un Mundo: Los Selk'nam de Tierra del Fuego' (1990, Buenos Aires), na isi atọ edepụtara na Cap Horn 1882-1883: Rencontre avec les Indiens Yahgan (1995, Paris), nke nwere ọtụtụ foto ndị otu njem njem France na Cape Horn (1882-83) sere bụ ndị so na ndị Yahgan kacha mma;  iri nke Alakaluf na 1881 nke iri na otu ndị a tọọrọ ma kpọga na Paris na obodo Europe ndị ọzọ;  na isii n'ime Yahgans ikpeazụ ọ were na 1964 na 1987.[1]  Ọ mekwara ihe nkiri gbasara ndụ ndị otu agbụrụ Yahgan akpọrọ Homage to the Yahgans: The Last Indians of Tierra del Fuego na Cape Horn (1990), bụ onye ikpeazụ na International Film na TV Festival nke New York.

O mechara dee Hain: Selknam Initiation Ceremony, yana End of a World: The Selknam of Tierra del Fuego, akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ gụnyere CD nke Lola Kiepja's Hain chants. N'afọ 2004, Chapman bipụtara El fenómeno de la canoa yagán (Universidad Marítima de Chile, Viña del Mar) na n'afọ 2006 ma Darwin in Tierra del Fuego na Lom: ịhụnanya na ịbọ ọbọ, akụkọ ifo nke yámana.

Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya bụ European Encounters with Yamana People of Cape Horn, Tupu na Mgbe Darwin (2010, New York, Cambridge University Press), akụkọ banyere ihe nkiri ndị e mere site na 1578 ruo 2000 na mpaghara Cape Horn nke Chile site na  ndị obodo, ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ndị Europe ndị ọzọ.

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ndụ ya, Chapman biri na Buenos Aires, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-ede akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ. Chapman nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 88 na June 12, 2010, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Paris.

## Ihe nrite

* Dọkịta Honoris Causa. Mahadum nke Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile (2003) 
* Orden José Cecilio del Valle na ogo nke Caballero. Ministry of Foreign Relations, Tegucigalpa, Honduras nakwa nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ site na Instituto Hondureño de Antropología e Historia na Mahadum nke Honduras karịsịa maka ọrụ ya na Tolupan nke Montaña de la Flor na Lencas nke Intibuca (2005) 
* Orden al Mérito Docente y Cultural Gabriela Mistral na ọkwa nke Comendador. Nke Ministri Mmụta nke Chile nyere (2005) 

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe mbido
* Mmekọrịta Europe nke Anne Chapman na ndị Yamana nke Cape Horn, tupu na mgbe Darwin Oxford University Press