Adiele Afigbo

thumb|Adiele Afigbo

 

**Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo** (22 November 1937 – 9 March 2009) was a Nigerian historian known for the history and historiography of Africa, more particularly Igbo history and the history of Southeastern Nigeria. Themes emphasised include pre-colonial and colonial history, inter-group relations, the Aro and the slave trade, the art and science of history in Africa, and nation-building.

Afigbo bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka, nke Naijiria, nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria, na n'ikpeazụ bụrụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Igbo. Ọ bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na ụba na nke ọha mmadụ, na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Echiche Ụgha, History na Society, otu n'ime mpịakọta atọ nke edemede ya nke Toyin Falola deziri na-etinye aka n'ịtụle usoro nke ime akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa, na isi mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa, na ebe na nzube nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa na ndị ọzọ. okwu metụtara. N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọ na-achọ iji nke a na-amụba ìhè nke eluigwe na ala, na nke eluigwe na ala iji mee ka ihe dị iche iche pụta ìhè. Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o jiri nyocha nke ọma gbasara usoro akwa na Southern Nigeria iji mee ka ìhè dị ukwuu na-enye aka na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala nke obodo ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, o jiri ịrị elu na mgbasawanye nke steeti ukwu ndị dị ka Benin tupu oge ọchịchị, gosi na ndị a na-akpọ segmentary societies nakwa nke a na-akpọ mini-steeti nke tupu mba Afrịka, gụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ. fossilized na-echetara nke ọnọdụ site na nke ndị ukwu steeti bilitere. 

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Amuru Afigbo n'Ihube, Okigwe, n'Imo steeti ugbua. Agụmakwụkwọ ya malitere n'afọ 1944 na Methodist Central School, Ihube bụ ebe ọ bịara n'okpuru nduzi nke ndị nkuzi raara onwe ya nye nke ọma, nke kacha pụta ìhè n'ime ha bụ Maazị Oji Iheukamere, onye isi nkuzi, onye Uzuakoli, na steeti Abia taa bụ onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ. onye egwu ụka na onye na-enye ọzụzụ ama ama. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ Ihube Central slọ akwụkwọ Afigbo pụtara n'oge na-egbuke egbuke nke mere ka ndị nkuzi ya gbaa ya ume ka ọ gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'agbanyeghị mmegide nke nne na nna ya na-atụ egwu ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ post-primary. Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọkwa ya wee gaa St. Augustine's (CMS) Grammar School, Nkwerre Orlu n'Imo State. [nke chọrọ] site na akwụkwọ nchịkwa nchịkwa obodo Okigwe meriri na ule asọmpi. N'ebe ahụ ọzọ, ọ hụrụ ọtụtụ ndị nkụzi bụ́ ndị hapụrụ ihe e ji mara ya. Nke kacha n'ime ha bụ Mazi F.C. Ogbalu, onye nkuzi asụsụ na omenala Igbo na onye guzobere Society for Promoting Language and Culture, C.G.I. Eneli gụchara akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na mahadum mahadum dị n'Ibadan na E. C. Ezekwesili bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji ma gụchaa akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Southampton, UK. Atọ ndị a nyeere aka ikpebi ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ọ ga-eme n'ọdịnihu. Site na St. Augustine's Grammar School Afigbo nwetara nnabata n'ịmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na mahadum mahadum dị n'Ibadan (mgbe ahụ jikọtara ya na Mahadum London), site na okpuru ọchịchị nke Eastern Nigeria. N'ebe ahụ ọzọ, ọ zutere ndị ọkà mmụta ama ama maka nchapụta na mmetụta bara uru ha - J.D. Omer-Cooper, J.C. Anene, J.F. Ade Ajayi na Kenneth Onwuka Dike. E nwekwara ndị ọrụ ibe ya - Obaro Ikime na Philip Igbafe bụ ndị ọ bụghị nanị na ha na-agụ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma ha so ya gaa n'ihu ịsụ ụzọ "made in Nigeria PhD" na mahadum nwa ọhụrụ nke Ibadan site n'enyemaka nke post-graduate scholarships nyere ya. mahadum nye ụmụ akwụkwọ kacha mma gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ bụghị naanị na Adiele Afigbo gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas ya, kamakwa ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya mezuru PhD Site na nke a, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ nwetara akara mmụta doctoral na mahadum Nigeria.

## Ọrụ mmalite
 
Mgbe Afigbo nwetara nzere PhD, a họpụtara Afigbo ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọkwa ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ tupu ọ gbaba na mahadum nke Naijiria, Nsukka n'ihi agha obodo Naijiria. N'oge agha ahụ, ọ jere ozi na Directorate for Propaganda of Ministry of Information, Republic of Biafra. Ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya kwụsịrị mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, wee bilie na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ - site na Onye nkuzi ruo Prọfesọ na 1972, si otú ahụ rute n'isi ọrụ ya mgbe naanị afọ ise gasịrị. Otu afọ mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọkwa prọfesọ, a họpụtara ya onye isi ngalaba nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà mmụta ihe ochie. N'afọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba nke Arts. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Leo Hansberry Institute of African Studies, University of Nigeria site na 1971 ruo 1972. Ọ bụ nnukwu onye isi otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ site na 1989 ruo 1992. N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka Director, ọ haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ nke nyere aka na ọganihu agụmakwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ. ndị gara. O mere nhọpụta ọha na eze ndị a n'etiti ndị ọzọ - onye ọsụ ụzọ nyocha na National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, Jos; Kọmishọna buru ụzọ na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ wee na-ahụ maka ọchịchị ime obodo na ọchịchị steeti Imo; Onye isi oche nke Michael Okpara College of Agriculture, Umuagwo n'Imo steeti na naanị onye nchịkwa nke Alvan Ikoku College of Education, Owerri. Enyere ya onye otu Honorary Member of Historical Association of Great Britain, Fellow of Historical Society of Nigeria, Nigerian National Order of Merit, Fellowship of the Nigerian Academy of Letters. Aha eze ọdịnala ya gụnyere Ogbute-Okewe-Ibe, Ogbuzuo na Olaudah.

## Ọrụ dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme
Afigbo bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka, nke Naijiria, nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria, na n'ikpeazụ bụrụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Igbo. Ọ bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akụ na ụba na nke ọha mmadụ, na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme. Echiche Ụgha, History na Society, otu n'ime mpịakọta atọ nke edemede ya nke Toyin Falola deziri na-etinye aka n'ịtụle usoro nke ime akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa, na isi mmalite nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa, na ebe na nzube nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Africa na ndị ọzọ. okwu metụtara. N'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọ na-achọ iji nke a na-amụba ìhè nke eluigwe na ala, na nke eluigwe na ala iji mee ka ihe dị iche iche pụta ìhè. Ya mere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, o jiri nyocha nke ọma gbasara usoro akwa na Southern Nigeria iji mee ka ìhè dị ukwuu na-enye aka na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala nke obodo ndị dị na mpaghara ahụ. N'otu aka ahụ, o jiri ịrị elu na mgbasawanye nke steeti ukwu ndị dị ka Benin tupu oge ọchịchị, gosi na ndị a na-akpọ segmentary societies nakwa nke a na-akpọ mini-steeti nke tupu mba Afrịka, gụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ. fossilized na-echetara nke ọnọdụ site na nke ndị ukwu steeti bilitere.

Afigbo wepụrụ na edemede omume-reaction nke chịrị akụkọ akụkọ Afrịka ọhụrụ mgbe ọ banyere n'ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme. O mere nke a site n'imesi ike n'ọrụ ya bụ isi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke reconstructionist, ọmụmụ nke ndị mmadụ na omenala na nke aka ha.

## Ọnwụ
Adiele Eberechukwu Afigbo nwụrụ n'Enugwu, Nigeria n'isi ụtụtụ Mọnde, 9 Maachị 2009 ka ọ nwesịrị obere ọrịa.

## Ọrụ

* Ndị isi ikike: Ọchịchị Na-apụtaghị ìhè na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Nigeria 1891-1929 (Longman, London, 1972)
* Ropes of Sand: Studies in Igbo History and Culture (University Press Limited, Ibadan 1981)
* Ndị Igbo na ndị agbata obi ha: Mmekọrịta n'etiti ìgwè na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa ruo 1953 (University Press Limited, Ibadan, 1987)
* *Ihe ndabere nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Igbo* (Vista Books Limited, Lagos, 1992)
* *Foto nke ndị Igbo* (Vista Books Limited, Lagos, 1992)
* *Mgbukpọ nke Azụmaahịa Ohu na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa 1885-1950* (Mahadum nke Rochester Press, 2006)

## Ọrụ Nchịkọta nke Toyin Falola dezigharịrị

* *Akụkọ* Naịjirịa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume (Africa World Press, Trenton New Jersey, 2005)
* Igbo History and Society (Africa World Press, Trenton New Jersey, 2005)
* Akụkọ ifo, Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na Ọha (Africa World Press, Trenton New Jersey, 2006)

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ

* Ottenberg, S., Farmers and Townspeople in A Changing Nigeria (Spectrum Books Ltd, Ibadan, 2005) peeji nke 32-33, 50, 54, 84,101 Northrup, D. Trade Without Rulers (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978) peeji nke 34-37 Isichei, E. A History of the Igbo People (Macmillan Press, London 1976), peeji nke 30, 66, 67, 123, 145, 153, 254. Manfredi, V., "Philological Perspectives on the Southeastern Nigeria Diaspora" na Contours: A Journal of the African Diaspora, Fall 2004 mpịakọta 2 no.
* Falola, T. na Heaton, M. "Afigbo's Scholarship: An Introduction" na Myth, History and Society: The Collected Works of Adiele Afigbo nke Toyin Falola dezigharịrị (Africa World Press, Trenton, NJ, 2006) peeji nke 3-19. Korieh, C.J., "Historians, Historiography and Historical Interpretations" na Falola T, (ed.) Akụkọ ifo, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọha mmadụ: Ọrụ Nchịkọta nke Adiele Afigbo, peeji nke 21-28 Oyebade, A. "Africanizing Knowledge: The Burden of Academic Historiography" na Falola, T., Akụkọ ifo na Society: Ọrụ Nachịkọta nke Adiela Afigbo.
* Olukoju, A. " (Re) Ịgụ Ọrụ Afigbo na Nigeria" na Akụkọ Naịjirịa, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume The Collected Essays of Adiele Afigbo nke Toyin Falola dezigharịrị (Africa World Press, Trenton, NJ, 2005) peeji nke 15-30 Agbali, A.A., "A Reflection on Afigbo,s Writings on Nigeria" na Falola, T. (ed.) Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Nigeria, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume peeji nke 31-50 Nwaubani, E., "Afigbo's Views on Nigeria" na Falola, T. (ed) Akụkọ ihe omume nke Nigeria Politics and Affairs peeji nke 51-62
* Kalu, O. "Cameos Of The Igbo Past" na Igbo History and Society: The Essays of Adiele Afigbo nke Falola, T., dezigharịrị (Africa World Press, Trenton, New Jersey, 2005) peeji nke 17-30. Njoku, O., "A Synoptic Overview": na Falola, T. (ed.) Igbo History and Society pp. 31-42 Njoku, R.C. "Adiele Afigbo:Imperial History and the Challenges of Igbo Historical Studies" na Falola, T., (ed.) Akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọha mmadụ nke Igbo peeji nke 43-57
* Falola, T., na Heatom, M., "Ọrụ nke A.E. Afigbo na Nigeria: An Historiographical Essay" na History in Africa 33 (2006) pp155-178 Alagoa, E.J, The Uses of Hindsight as Foresight: Reflections on Niger Delta and Nigerian History (Onyoma ResearchPublications, Port Harcourt 2004) p. 138 ff.
* Falola, T.