Bell hooks

**Gloria Jean Watkins** (September 25, 1952 - December 15, 2021), nke a maara nke ọma site na mkpịsị aka ya bell hooks (nke a na-ede na obere mkpụrụ akwụkwọ),  bụ onye edemede America, onye nkuzi, na onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Prọfesọ a ma ama na Residence na Berea College.  A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe odide ya gbasara agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọrụ ya nyochara njikọ agbụrụ, akụrụngwa, na okike, na ihe ọ kọwara dị ka ikike ha nwere ịmepụta na ime ka usoro mmegbu na ọchịchị nke ndị otu. Ọrụ ya bụ ntọala maka echiche nke oge a nke intersectionality.   O bipụtara ọtụtụ edemede ndị ọkà mmụta na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ 40, n'ụdị sitere na edemede na uri ruo n'akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ na-ekwu maka ịhụnanya, okike, nka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọahụ, na mgbasa ozi.

Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 na-akụzi Bekee na Ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum nke Southern California. O mechara kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere Mahadum Stanford, Mahadum Yale, New College of Florida, na The City College of New York, tupu ọ banye Berea College na Berea, Kentucky, na 2004.  N'afọ 2014, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College .  A gbaziri aha edemede ya n'aka nne nne ya, Bell Blair Hooks,  site na iji mkpụrụedemede dị ala iji mee ka onwe ya dị mma ma na-elekwasị anya n'ihe odide ya.

## Oge ọ malitere
A *amụrụ* Gloria Jean Watkins na Septemba 25, 1952, n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ n'Afrịka, na Hopkinsville,  obere obodo dị iche iche na Kentucky.  Watkins bụ otu n'ime ụmụ isii Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) na Veodis Watkins mụrụ. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na nne ya na-eje ozi n'ụlọ ndị ọcha. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya bụ Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins ga-ede banyere "mgbalị ya iji mepụta onwe ya na njirimara" mgbe ọ na-etolite na "ụwa anwansi bara ọgaranya nke ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii nke na-abụkarị paradaịs mgbe ụfọdụ na oge ndị ọzọ na-atụ egwu" 

Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu (ya na ndị na-ede uri William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, na Gwendolyn Brooks n'etiti ndị ọkacha mmasị MA ya), [1] Watkins gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na-ekewa, mechaa kwaga n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agbakwunyere na njedebe 1960.[2] Ahụmahụ a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche ya dị ka onye nkuzi, o mekwara ka ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke omume mmụta dị ka e gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ya, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. [3] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hopkinsville High School tupu ọ nweta BA na Bekee na Mahadum Stanford na 1973, yana MA ya na Bishon sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison na 1976. [4] [5] N'oge a, Watkins nọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ya Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, nke ọ malitere ide na afọ 19 (19) 1981. [6][7]

In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, hooks completed her doctorate in English at the University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction".

Otu n'ime mmetụta ndị na-emetụta ya bụ onye American abolitionist na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Sojourner Truth. Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" kpaliri akwụkwọ mbụ nke hooks. Ọzọkwa, a kpọtụrụ onye nkuzi Brazil bụ Paulo Freire aha n'akwụkwọ Hooks bụ Teaching to Transgress . Echiche ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ dị na isi nke mbụ, "ịkụzi ihe". Mmetụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọkà mmụta okpukpe Peruvian Gustavo Gutiérrez,  ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Erich Fromm,  onye na-ede egwuregwu Lorraine Hansberry,  onye mọnk Buddha Thích Nhất Hạnh,  na onye edemede Africa America James Baldwin. Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth bụ ihe dị ike na-akpali akpali maka nko na ụzọ ọ na-esi agba mgba. 

## Ịkụzi ihe na ide ihe
Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 dị ka prọfesọ nke Bekee na prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum Southern California. [1] N'ime afọ atọ ọ nọ ebe ahụ, Golemics, onye mbipụta nke dabeere na Los Angeles, bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya bipụtara, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ And There Wept (1978), [2] nke edere n'okpuru aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ "Bell Hooks".[3] Ọ nakweere aha nne nne ya dị ka aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na, dị ka o mesịrị tinye ya, nne nne ya "a maara maka asụsụ ya nwere obi ike ma dị egwu, bụ nke ọ masịrị ya n'ezie." [5] Na nkọwa na-adịghị mma nke edemede ya, Hooks kwukwara, sị, "Mgbe mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nọ na njedebe ya na njedebe '60s na mmalite' 70s, enwere ọtụtụ ọpụpụ site n'echiche nke onye ọ bụla. Ọ bụ: Ka anyị kwuo banyere echiche ndị dị n'azụ ọrụ ahụ, ndị mmadụ dịkwa ntakịrị ... [6]

Na mbido afọ 1980 na afọ 1990, hooks kụziri na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ post-secondary, gụnyere Mahadum California, Santa Cruz, Mahadum San Francisco State, Yale (1985 ruo 1988, dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ Africa na Afro-American na Bekee),  Oberlin College (1988 ruo 1994, dị ka osota prọfesor nke akwụkwọ America na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị), na, malite na 1994, dị ka prọfesụ pụrụ iche nke Bekee na City College nke New York

South End Press bipụtara nnukwu ọrụ mbụ ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? Womenmụ nwanyị ojii na Feminism, na 1981, ọ bụkwa ntọala maka ọtụtụ ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ.[1][2] N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ iri ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? amatara maka ajụjụ ya na echiche nwanyị, ebe ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ kwa izu na 1992 kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nwanyị iri abụọ kacha emetụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga".[3] Mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times na 2019, Min Jin Lee kwuru na Abụghị m nwanyị "bụ ngwa dị ike ma dị mkpa maka mmepe echiche nwanyị. Olileanya?
thumb|nko mgbịrịgba na 2009
&nbsp;N'otu oge ahụ, Hooks ghọrọ onye ama ama dị ka onye na-eche echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkatọ omenala.[1] O bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 30, malite na ndị isi ojii, ndị nna ochie, na ndị nwoke ruo n'ịnyere onwe ha aka; nkuzi na-etinye aka[2] na ihe ncheta nkeonwe; na mmekọahụ (na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịma mma na omenala anya).[3] Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class in Film (1996) na-anakọta edemede fim, nyocha na ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri.[4] Na New Yorker, Hua Hsu kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị a kpughere akụkụ nke ọrụ Hooks bụ nke "na-adọrọ mmasị, ọmịiko, na ịchọ ndị enyi".[5]

Na Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), hooks na-eme nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị ọcha na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ ghara ịdị n'otu nke ụmụ nwanyị gafee agbụrụ.

Dị ka nko na-arụ ụka, nkwurịta okwu na ịgụ na ide (ikike ịgụ, ide, na iche echiche nke ọma) dị mkpa maka òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na na-enweghị ha, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị etolite ịmata enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ọha mmadụ.

Na Teaching to Transgress (1994), hooks na-anwa ụzọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ole na ole. Karịsịa, nko na-agba mbọ ime ka agụmakwụkwọ na nkuzi dị mfe "ịgụ ma ghọta gafee ókèala klas dị iche iche".

N'afọ 2002, hooks kwuru okwu mmeghe na Mahadum Southwestern. N'izere ụzọ ekele nke okwu mmalite ọdịnala, ọ kwuru okwu megide ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ime ihe ike na mmegbu gọọmentị kwadoro, ma dọọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị o kwenyere na ha na-agbaso omume ndị dị otú ahụ. The Austin Chronicle kọrọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ege ntị buuru okwu ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na "ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ gafere onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji kụọ ya aka ma ọ bụ makụọ ya".

N'afọ 2004, ọ sonyeere Berea College dị ka Prọfesọ dị iche iche na Residence. Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2008, nke aha ya bụ: omenala nke ebe, gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye edemede Wendell Berry yana mkparịta ụka banyere ịlaghachi Kentucky. Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta bi na The New School ugboro atọ, oge ikpeazụ na 2014.  N'afọ 2014, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College;  n'afọ 2017 ọ raara akwụkwọ ya nye kọleji ahụ. 

N'oge ọ nọ na Berea College, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks  ya na prọfesọ Dr. M. Shadee Malaklou.  E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anọchite anya ya, ọkachasị ndị isi ojii na ndị na-acha nchara nchara, femme, queer, na ndị Appalachian na Berea College, ebe dị nchebe ebe ha nwere ike ịzụlite ngosipụta ha, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu maka ọrụ hooks na nkwenye ya na mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na ụkpụrụ nduzi nke agụmakwụkwọ ọ na-enye. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ihe omume na mmemme na-ekwusi ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nke na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.

Ọ na-akatọkarị ihe nkiri Spike Lee. N'edemede ya, "Spike Lee Doing Malcolm X: Denying Black Pain", Hook na-arụ ụka na "ihe nkiri Lee adịghị amanye ndị na-ekiri ka ha chee ihu, ịma aka, gbanwee. Ha na-anabata ma kwụọ anyị ụgwọ nke enweghị mmasị-ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla." Ọ na-ahụ Lee dị ka "onye nyocha" na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, na-eme ihe nkiri maka ndị ọcha na-ege ntị na-agbaso mgbakọ nke "akụkọ Hollywood ndị ọzọ".[1] Ọ kọwara ọkara mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka ọkara "ihe ngosi maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ" na ọkara "ọdachi"; ọ na-akatọ ihe ngosi nke mmekọrịta Malcolm na Sophia dị ka "otu akụkọ ochie" dị ka ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na-egosi mmekọrịta agbụrụ; na ọ na-ajụ ikike Denzel Washington ịgbanarị aha ya dị ka "ezigbo onye ọ bụla", nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ike igosipụta "ọnụnọ dị egwu" Malcolm. Ihe a niile na-eme Malcolm "yiri onye enweghị olileanya, onye nwere ezi uche." N'ịgụ ihe nkiri ahụ, Lee "nwere mmasị na nkatọ siri ike nke Malcolm banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-acha ọcha" na echiche mbụ ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka "mgba ọsọ nwoke maka ike n'etiti ndị ọcha na ndị ojii." N'ihi ya, ihe nkiri ahụ hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Malcolm n'akụkụ, na "nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na njikọ ya na alaeze ukwu na colonialism" na ihe nkiri ahụ "n'ezie" enweghị Malcolm" nkatọ nke capitalism." O kwukwara na Lee dere banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii otu ahụ ndị na-eme fim si dee gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ọcha.

Ọ katọkwara ihe nkiri Paris Is Burning maka igosi ememe bọọlụ dị ka ihe ngosi maka "obi ụtọ" ndị ọcha.

N'afọ 2020, n'oge Ngagharị iwe George Floyd, enwere mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na ọrụ hooks na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na akụrụngwa.

## Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ
Banyere ihe nkiri ya, Hooks kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwoke na-ahụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke". [1] [2] [3] Ọ na-eji French dị ka asụsụ, na-ahọrọ ịbụ na Bekee. Ọ na-ahụ na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'okwu nke aka ya dị ka ndị a: "Dị ka onye bụ isi nke onye na-eme ihe ike, echere m na ọrụ Tim Dean bụ ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike, na onye na-ahụ ihe ike ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ - nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ya - ma onye na-eche onwe ya na onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ọ na-eme ihe ike. ụlọ na ọ nwere ike ime ka ọ pụta ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'otu ebe, ọ nwere ike ikwupụta na ọ nwere ike ime ihe ọ chọrọ. Alụola m di afọ iri na asaa. Ọ ga-amasị m inwe onye ọlụlụ, mana echeghị m na ndụ m bara uru."[6]

Na Disemba 15, 2021, bell hooks nwụrụ site na nkụchi akụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Berea, Kentucky, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. 

### Okpukpe Buddha
Through her interest in Beat poetry and after an encounter with the poet and Buddhist Gary Snyder, hooks was first introduced to Buddhism in her early college years. She described herself as finding Buddhism as part of a personal journey in her youth, centered on seeking to recenter love and spirituality in her life and configure these concepts into her focus on activism and justice. After her initial exposures to Buddhism, hooks incorporated it into her Christian upbringing and this combined Christian-Buddhist thought influenced her identity, activism, and writing for the remainder of her life.

Ọ dọtara mmasị ya na okpukpe Buddha n'ihi usoro onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ọ nyere ya ịghọta na imeghachi omume na nhụjuanya yana ịhụnanya na njikọ. Ọ na-akọwa na Ndị Kraịst na-elekwasị anya n'omume kwa ụbọchị dị ka imezu mkpa dị mkpa nke ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị.

Echiche ndị Buddha, ọkachasị ọrụ Thích Nhất Hạnh, pụtara n'ọtụtụ edemede, akwụkwọ, na uri. Mmụọ nke ndị Buddha rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ụkpụrụ omume ịhụnanya nke ghọrọ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ya edere na ọrụ ya.

## Ihe nketa na mmetụta
Utne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" gụnyere nko,  dị ka TIME magazine's "100 Women of the Year" na 2020, ebe a kọwara ya dị ka "*Oge* egwu rock a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze nke na-eru n'ọtụtụ ebe site na ịnweta". 

Tupu ọ nọrọ na Berea College, hooks nwere ọkwa nkuzi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka Stanford, Yale, na The City College of New York. Mmetụta ya karịrị agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ebe obibi ya na United States na mba ofesi gosipụtara. N'afọ 2014, St. Norbert College raara otu afọ zuru ezu nye iji mee emume maka onyinye ya na "A Year of bell hooks".

Ihe odide hooks na-ewu ewu n'etiti òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ nke ọnwụ George Floyd na Breonna Taylor kpaliri na 2020, na akwụkwọ ya All About Love: New Visions na-abanye na ndepụta New York Times bestseller karịa afọ 20 mgbe e bipụtara ya. 

## Ihe nkiri

* Ojii bụ... Black Ain't (1994) 
* *Nye Mgbaghara Ọzọ* (1995) [79]
* *Nkatọ Ọdịbendị na Mgbanwe* (1997) 
* Mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị (1997) 
* *Olu nke Ike* (1999) 
* BaadAsssss Cinema (2002) [82]
* *Abụ m nwoke: Nwoke ojii na America* (2004) [83]
* Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ gbasara m (2004) 
* *Ọ̀ Bụ Ndị Inyom Anwụla?* (2004)
* Ìhè Dị Ike: Mgbe Mmụọ zutere Ọrụ (2008) 
* Ịhụnanya (2012) 
* *Hillbilly* (2018) 

## Onyinye na nhọpụta

* *Ọchịchọ: Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala*: The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991) 
* mgbịrịgba: Onyinye onye edemede site na Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund (1994) 
* Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ: onye a họpụtara maka onyinye ihe oyiyi NAACP (2001) 
* Homemade Love: Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka nke Bank Street College nke Afọ (2002) 
* Nzọpụta: Ndị ojii na Ịhụnanya: Onye a họpụtara na Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (2002) 
* mgbịrịgba: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"  
* bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "Otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi nke mba anyị" 
* mgbịrịgba:  100 Ụmụ nwanyị nke Afọ, 2020 

## Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara

### Akwụkwọ ndị okenye
 

### Akwụkwọ ụmụaka

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* Pdf. 
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## Edensibia

### Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

### Ebe e si nweta ya
 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* akwụkwọ mgbịrịgba (onyinye nchọta nke Berea College Special Collections & Archives bipụtara) 
* bell hooks isiokwu ndị e bipụtara na magazin Lion's Roar.
* South End Press (akwụkwọ ndị South End Press bipụtara) 
* Mahadum California, Santa Barbara (ihe osise nke nko) 
* "Postmodern Blackness" (isiokwu site na nko) 
* Whole Terrain (ihe odide site na nko ndị e bipụtara na Whole Ter Train) 
* Ihe ịma aka nke Capitalism & Patriarchy (ajụjụ ọnụ na nko site na Third World Viewpoint) 
* Ingredients of Love (ajụjụ ọnụ na magazin Ascent) 
* 
* AppearancesnaC-SPAN
** N'ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi na nko, May 5, 2002
* Lawrence Chua, "bells hooks" (ajụjụ ọnụ), BOMB magazine, July 1, 1994
* "bell hooks chetara: 'Ọ gosipụtara ihe niile m chọrọ ịbụ'", *The Guardian*, Disemba 16, 2021.
* "N'ihi na mgbịrịgba", Media Diversified, Disemba 16, 2021.
* "Ịcheta mgbịrịgba na nkatọ ya nke 'Imperialist White Supremacist Heteropatriarchy'". *Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya Ugbu a!*
* "Bell hooks - Are You Still a Slave? Liberating the Black Female Body" (site na YouTube), May 6, 2014.
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations