Rashid Johnson

**Rashid Johnson** (amụrụ 1977) bụ onye omenkà America nke na-emepụta nka echiche mgbe oji gasịrị .    Johnson nwetara nlebara anya dị egwu na 2001 mgbe ọ dị afọ 24, mgbe etinyere ọrụ ya na *Freestyle* (2001) nke Thelma Golden chepụtara na Studio Museum na Harlem.  Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Columbia College Chicago na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago na egosipụtala ọrụ ya gburugburu ụwa. 

A maara Johnson maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, gụnyere foto na eserese. Na mgbakwunye na foto, Johnson na-eme nrụnye ọdịyo, vidiyo, na ihe ọkpụkpụ. A maara Johnson maka mmepụta nka ọ na-adịghị ahụkebe yana maka usoro ya iji jikọta akụkụ dị iche iche nke sayensị na akụkọ ojii .

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Johnson na Illinois nye nne agụmakwụkwọ na onye ọkà mmụta, Cheryl Johnson-Odim,   na nna onye agha Vietnam-agha, Jimmy Johnson, onye bụ onye na-ese ihe mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ngwá electronic. Nne na nna ya gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọ dị afọ 2  na nne ya lụgharịrị nwoke nke Naijiria .  Johnson ekwuola na ịzụlite ezinụlọ ya dabeere na afrocentrism nakwa na ezinụlọ ya na-eme ememe Kwanzaa . 

A zụlitere Johnson na mpaghara Wicker Park nke Chicago, Illinois na Evanston, Illinois, mpaghara.  Onye isi foto,  o nwetara 2000 Bachelor of Fine Arts site na Columbia College Chicago na 2005 Master of Fine Arts site na Schoollọ Akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago .  Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago, otu n'ime ndị ndụmọdụ ya bụ Gregg Bordowitz . 

Johnson gbasoro ọgbọ ndị na-ese oji ojii bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya na "ahụmahụ ojii" wee tolite na ọgbọ nke hip hop na Black Entertainment Television na-emetụta. N'ihi ọhụụ dị elu nke ọgbọ ya na omenala ojii n'ime omenala pop, ndị na-ege ya ntị nke oge a nwere nghọta ka ukwuu nke "ahụmahụ ojii," nke mere ka o nwee ike nweta agbụrụ miri emi na mmekọrịta njirimara. 

## Ọrụ

### Ọrụ mmalite

Dịka nwata akwụkwọ kọleji, ọ mepere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Schneider Gallery.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2000, ọ nwetala aha ọma maka usoro mbipụta foto ya pụrụ iche na ọdịnaya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.       Ihe ngosi *Freestyle* na Studio Museum na 2001 bụ nke ewepụtara ọrụ Johnson. Onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, Thelma Golden, bụ onye a kwadoro na ọ na-emepụta okwu ahụ bụ "nkà post-oji" n'ihe metụtara ihe ngosi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na okwu ahụ bụ nke e dere na 1995 akwụkwọ *njedebe nke Blackness* nke Debra Dickerson dere, bụ onye ọkacha mmasị. nke Johnson.  Okwu post-oji ugbu a na-ezo aka na nka nke agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-ewu ewu, ma ebe mkpa nke mmekọrịta nke abụọ na-ebelata. 

Ihe ngosi Johnson kacha arụ ụka bụ nke akpọrọ *Chickenbones na Osisi Akụ: Ahụmahụ Africa American dị ka Abstract Art* . Okwu a bụ usoro ihe omenala nri ndị Africa na America stereotypical dị ka mkpụrụ anyụ, peas anya ojii, ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ, na mkpụrụ owu etinyere ozugbo na akwụkwọ foto wee kpughee ọkụ site na iji usoro mmeghachi omume ígwè. 

Na 2002, o gosipụtara na Sunrise Museum na Charleston, West Virginia . Ihe ngosi ahụ, nke isiokwu ya bụ *Manumission Papers*, bụ aha maka akwụkwọ ndị a chọrọ ka ndị ohu nwere onwe ha debe iji gosi nnwere onwe ha. A kọwara ihe ngosi a dị ka nkọwa ọdịnala dị ka ihe ngosi onyonyo, yana metụtara ihe ngosi “ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ” gara aga. O ji geometric na-ahazi abstraction nke ụkwụ, aka, na ikiaka n'ụdị dị ka cubes, windo ụka na ụgbọ mmiri. A na-ele nke a anya dị ka ọmụmụ gbasara njirimara agbụrụ n'ihi na a naghị achọpụta akụkụ ahụ.  Nakwa na 2002, na-egosi ọrụ foto ya site na iji ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ, Johnson gosipụtara na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, dị ka akụkụ nke *UBS 12 x 12: New Artists, New Work* series. 

Na 2002 o gosipụtara ndị ikom ya na-enweghị ebe obibi na Diggs Gallery nke Winston-Salem State University . Aha ngosi a bụ *Seeing in the Dark* ma jiri ihe ndị nwere obere ọkụ na-emegide nzụlite ojii.  O gosikwara ọrụ ndị ikom ya na-enweghị ebe obibi, gụnyere *George* (1999), na Atlanta, Georgia dị ka akụkụ nke National Black Arts Festival na City Gallery East na July na August 2002.  *George* bụ akụkụ nke Corcoran Gallery of Art November 2004 &#x2013; January 2005 *Common Ground: Discovery Community in 150 Years of Art, Selections from the Collection of Julia J. Norrell* ngosi.  *George* na ihe ngosi *Ground Common* pụtara n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ gụnyere North Carolina Museum of Art na 2006. 

### Post-graduate ọrụ
 
N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2005, o sonye na ihe ngosi mmemme mgbanwe ihe nkiri Chicago Cultural Center nke na-egosi ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Chicago dịkọrọ ndụ ise na ise si Kaohsiung, Taiwan . Ọkara n'ime mmadụ iri ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị (anọ si Taiwan). Dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi *Crossings* ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile na-ese ihe nwere ohere mbụ ha gosipụtara na obodo ndị ọzọ. Na nnọkọ a, onye nkatọ nka nka *nke Chicago Tribune* Alan G. Artner kwuru na nhọrọ ọdịyo Johnson manyere nka nka na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ niile kemgbe ọ họọrọ egwu rap jikọtara ya na vidiyo na-enweghị isi.   Artner ghọrọ Johnson detractor na 2005 mgbe Johnson nwere nke a na ihe ngosi ọzọ n'otu oge pụtara na Chicago. Ọ kọwara nyocha Johnson gbasara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ dị ka "mkpọsa okwu ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi onwe ya mara mma" n'ọrụ ya nwere akụkụ abụọ, yana nrụnye akụkụ atọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ihe nnọchianya "glib na elu". Ọ kewaa ọrụ Johnson ka ọ dabara adaba maka ndị na-ege ntị na-achọ ihe ọ bụla karịa omenala pop American.  Artner kparịrị obere ntinye vidiyo Johnson na ihe ngosi ihe ngosi *Paradaịs nke Chicago's Fool's* dị ka "mgbakọ nke abụ ozi ọma na ịkụ ọkpọ ... nke na-ekwu ihe ọ bụla kwesịrị ikwu banyere agbụrụ."  Ndị nkatọ Chicago ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ọrụ Johnson na-esote dị ka obere hip. 

N'afọ sochirinụ, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu, ọ kwagara na Lower East Side na New York City,  ebe ọ kuziri na Pratt Institute .  Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọkarị ya dị ka onye na-ese foto na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya onye na-ese ihe, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-akpọ ya onye na-ese ihe. 

Na mkpokọta 2006 na-egosi aha ya bụ *Scarecrow*, Johnson gosipụtara foto onwe ya na-ese foto gba ọtọ nke kwesịrị ịbụ ihe egwu na abrasive, mana nke a ghọtara dị ka ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-atọ ụtọ.  Oge okpomọkụ ya 2007 "Nọrọ Black and Die" ọrụ na *The Color Line* ngosi na Jack Shainman Gallery hapụrụ otu nkatọ nka sitere *na New York Times* na-eche ma ọ na-elele ịdọ aka ná ntị ma ọ bụ agbamume.  Otú ọ dị, n'otu oge ahụ ọ sonyere na Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art's *For Love of the Game: Race and Sport in America* ngosi nke yiri ka ọ na-ekwu n'ụzọ doro anya ụkpụrụ nke a jụrụ ajụjụ gbasara agbụrụ ma zaa ajụjụ na egwuregwu egwuregwu America. 

Dị ka onye na-ese ihe mgbe ochie, ọrụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ya, dị ka ihe ngosi mmiri 2008 ya *Onye nkuzi Nwụrụ Anwụ*, na-egwuri egwu na agbụrụ mgbe ọ na-ebelata mkpa ọ dị site n'iji egwu egwu egwu, ntinye aka na ntinye aka (dịka, *New Negro Escapist Social and Athletic Club). (Emmett)*, aka nri.  A kọwara ihe ngosi a dị ka "otu nzuzo nzuzo nke ndị ọkà mmụta Africa-American, obe n'etiti Mensa na ndị Masons " bụ ihe ịma aka ịma aka ma ọ bụ ịkwado. 

### Bilie ka a ma ama
Na Nọvemba 2011, a kpọrọ Johnson otu n'ime ndị mmeri isii maka Hugo Boss Prize .   Na 2012, mega-gallery Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth kwuputara ihe ngosi solo mbụ ha na Johnson na ebe Upper East Side ha na New York. 

N'April 2012, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, gosipụtara ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ihe ngosi mbụ nke Johnson na US, nke akpọrọ *Ozi nye ndị mmadụ* .  MCA Pamela Alper Associate Curator Julie Rodrigues Widholm chepụtara ihe ngosi ahụ na mmekorita ya na onye na-ese ihe. Ihe ngosi ahụ bụ nyocha nke afọ iri gara aga nke ọrụ onye na-ese ihe. Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ọhụrụ nke MCA nyere ka egosiri na nke mbụ ya.  Ihe ngosi ahụ mechara gaa na Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum na St. Louis, na High Museum of Art na Atlanta. The Perez Art Museum Miami, nwetara akụkụ abụọ akụkụ *Tribe*, mepụtara ozugbo ihe ngosi MCA meghere, na 2013. 

Johnson na-eji "alchemy, ịgba afa, mbara igwe, na sayensị ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta ụwa okike na nke mmụọ" iji kwalite akụkọ ojii . Dị ka akwụkwọ Columbia College Chicago si kwuo, Johnson na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nwere ihe anụ ahụ na nke a na-ahụ anya nke nwere uru nka na ihe nnọchianya nke onwe mana nke na-agbakwụnye site na njikọ ha na akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii.   Dị ka akwụkwọ omenala Flavorpill si kwuo, ọ na-ama ndị na-ekiri ya aka na foto na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke na-egosi mmepụta na mgbasa nke ụkpụrụ na atụmanya.  Agbanyeghị, *Chicago Tribune* na-akọwa mmepụta nke sitere na usoro ya dị ka enweghị mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ omimi.  Onye edemede *Seattle Post-Intelligencer* Regina Hackett kọwara Johnson dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-ezere mgba nke ndị isi ojii ma na-enyocha ike ha, ebe ọ na-etinye onwe ya dị ka isiokwu na "ọchịchọ aesthetic" ya site na nnọkọ dị iche iche. 

## Ihe ngosi
Johnson emeela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na veranda dị na United States na mba ụwa. Ihe ngosi solo ya a ma ama gụnyere *The Rise and Fall of the Proper Negro* (2003), Monique Meloche Gallery, Chicago ;  *Mmepụta nke Escapism* (2005), Indianapolis Contemporary ;  *Anwụrụ ọkụ na enyo* (2009), SculptureCenter, New York ;  *Rashid Johnson: Ozi nye ndị be anyị* (2012-2013), sitere na Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago ;  *Nzukọ* (2013), Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Zurich ;  *Ndị ikom na-echegbu onwe* (2015), Ụlọ ihe osise, New York;  *Mkpasu iwe: Rashid Johnson* (2018), Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond, Virginia ;  *na Nsogbu* (2021), Storm King Art Center, New Windsor, New York . 

O sonyekwala n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu, gụnyere *Freestyle* (2001), Studio Museum na Harlem, New York;  IBCA 2005, Prague ;  *ILLUMINations* (2011), 54th Venice Biennale ;  Shanghai Biennale (2012);  *Atụmanya.* *4: Lotus n'agbanyeghị Swamp* (2017), Prospect New Orleans ;  na Liverpool Biennial (2021). 

## Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha
 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Claudia Rankine, Sampada Aranke, Akili Tommasino, *Rashid Johnson*, Phaidon, London, 2023
* Monica Davis, Claudia Schreier, *Rashid Johnson: The Hikers*, Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Aspen, 2021
* Ruth Addison, Kate Fowle, Anton Belov, *Rashid Johnson*, Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moscow, 2016
* Julie Rodrigues Widholm, Paul Beatty, Madeleine Grynsztejn, *Rashid Johnson: Ozi nye ndị be anyị*, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, 2012

## Ntụaka
ahụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ, Thelma Golden, bụ onye a kwadoro na ọ na-emepụta okwu ahụ bụ "nkà post-oji" n'ihe metụtara ihe ngosi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na okwu ahụ bụ nke e dere na 1995 akwụkwọ njedebe nke Blackness nke Debra Dickerson na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị mgbasa ozi dị iche iche nwere ihe anụ ahụ na nke a na-ahụ anya nke nwere uru nka na ihe nnọchianya nke onwe mana nke na-agbakwụnye site na njikọ n'okpuru mabụ ezie na ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na okwu ahụ bụ nke e dere na 1995 akwụkwọ njedebe nke Blackness nke Debra Dickerson na
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations