Asụsụ Lake Miwok

Asụsụ **Ọdọ Miwok** bụ asụsụ ekpochapụla n'iyi nke Northern California, a na-asụkarị na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Clear . Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ nke Clear Lake Linguistic Area, yana Patwin, East na South Eastern Pomo, na Wappo . [ 2 ]

## fonology

### Udaume

### Consonants
Nkwekọrịta nkwenye nke Ọdọ Miwok dị iche na nke a chọtara n'asụsụ Miwok ndị ọzọ. Ebe asụsụ ndị ọzọ nwere naanị otu usoro plosives, Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok nwere anọ: larịị, achọsi ike, ejective na ikwupụta okwu . Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok agbakwunyela ndị mmekọ **č**, **c**, **čʼ**, **cʼ**, **ƛʼ** na mmiri mmiri **r** na **ł** . Ụda ndị a yiri ka agbaziri site na okwu mbinye ego sitere na asụsụ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị njikọ na mpaghara Clear Lake, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha gbasaa na ụfọdụ okwu ọdọ mmiri Miwok. [ 2 ] [ 3 ]

## Ụtọ asụsụ
Usoro okwu nke ọdọ mmiri Miwok bụ n'efu, mana SOV ( isiokwu-ihe-ngwaa ) bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị. [ 4 ]

#### Nkọwapụta aha

N'ime ụtọ asụsụ Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok, Callaghan na-akọ na otu ọkà okwu na-ama ọdịiche dị n'etiti **ʔoc** mmadụ abụọ na-agụnye 1st na **ʔic** pụrụ iche . Ọkà okwu ọzọ na-echetakwa na ndị ọkà okwu meworo agadi na-enwebu ọdịiche a. [ 5 ]

### Aha morphology

#### Mbugharị ikpe
Enwere ike ịtụgharị aha maka ikpe iri dị iche iche:

* Okwu Okwu na-egosi aha nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka isiokwu nke ngwaa. Ọ bụrụ na edobere aha isiokwu n'ihu ngwaa ahụ, Isiokwu ahụ nwere allomorph **-n** mgbe ụdaume (ma ọ bụ ụdaume sochiri /h/), na **-Ø** mgbe consonants gachara. Ọ bụrụ na edowe aha mgbe ngwaa gachara, Isiokwu bụ **-n** mgbe ụdaume na **-nu** gachara consonants. [ 6 ] 

* ikpe nwere bụ **-n** mgbe ụdaume na **-Ø** gachara consonants. [ 8 ]  

* Okwu ebumnobi na-egosi aha nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè nke ngwaa. [ 10 ] O nwere allomorph **-u** (mgbe consonant gasịrị) ma ọ bụ **-Ø** (mgbe ụdaume gasịrị) mgbe etinyere aha ahụ ozugbo n'ihu ngwaa nke nwere prefix nke mmadụ nke abụọ ʔin- (nke nwere allomorph **-n** jikọtara ya na aha bu ụzọ ngwaa ahụ; tulee ihe atụ dị n'okpuru) ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla prefix isiokwu ọ bụla. [ 10 ] 

: O nwere allomorph **-Ø** tupu ngwaa nwere prefix isiokwu ọ bụla ọzọ: [ 11 ] 

: Ọ bụrụ na aha ihe anaghị ebute ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ngwaa dị na mkpa, allomorph nke Ebumnuche bụ **-uc** : [ 11 ] 

* ihe nlegharị anya bụ **-ka** n'azụ consonant, n'ihu onye mbụ dual prefix ma ọ bụ nke abụọ otu nganiihu, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdaume ma ọ bụrụ na aha na-na na njedebe nke nkebi ahịrịokwu: [ 13 ].  

: Ọ bụrụ na okwu nke allative pụtara mgbe ụdaume gasịrị, ọtụtụ mgbe n'ọnọdụ na-abụghị nke ikpeazụ, ọ na-apụta dị ka **-t** : [ 13 ] 
Okwu nlegharị anya nwere nkọwa dị iche iche, mana na-egosipụtakarị ntụzịaka maka ebumnuche. [ 13 ]

A na-ejikarị okwu nke allative na suffix **-(m) pa** pụtara "na, na, n'ebe": [ 15 ]
 

* ikpe ebe **-m** na-enye nhọpụta mpaghara dị obere karịa nke Allative, ma na-apụtakarị obere oge, n'ozuzu ya na mgbakwunye nsonye aha ọnọdụ agbakwunyere, dịka -wa. [ 16 ] Otu ihe atụ: 

* ikpe ablative bụ **-mu** ma ọ bụ **-m** dabere n'ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ma na-akara ntụzịaka site na, ma ọ bụ pụọ, ebe. [ 18 ] Otu ihe atụ: 

* ihe eji eme ihe **-ṭu** na-akara ngwa, eg *tumáj *'-ṭu*** "(m were osisi kụọ ya).
* ikpe comitative '''-ni''' na-asụgharịkarị ka "tinyere", mana enwere ike  aha aha, dịka na ''kaʔunúu- '''ni''' ka ʔáppi- '''ni*** "nnem na nna m".
* okwu olu na-apụta naanị n'okwu ndị ikwu ole na ole, dịka *ʔunúu* "nne (nne)  )" from *ʔúnu* "nne".
* The Appositive case bụ nhota ụdị nke nouns.

#### Ihe mkpuchi nwere
Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok na-eji mkpọ okwu ọnụ iji gosi onye nwere aha. Ewezuga onye 3d dị iche iche, ha nwere otu udi dị ka clitics nominative, mana egosighi allomorphy.

Ụdị *hana* reflexive nwere otu ntụaka dị ka isiokwu nke otu nkebiokwu ahụ, ebe ụdị ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nwere ntụgharị dị iche, dịka:

* *hana* háju ʔúṭe - "Ọ na-ahụ nkịta nke ya"
* *ʔiṭi* háju ʔúṭe - "Ọ na-ahụ nkịta (onye ọzọ)"

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
 Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.Hadiyya nwere usoro zuru ezu maka akara aha, nwere ihe dị ka isi okwu itoolu: absolutive (ụdị isi), nominative, genitive, dative, ablative, locative, instrumental, comitative, and similative . A na-eji absolutive mee ihe maka isiokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu na ihe dị mfe mgbe isiokwu ahụ na-eme ihe. Ọ bụrụ na aha bụ ihe doro anya, a na-agbakwunye suffixes kpọmkwem iji gosi ọrụ ya n'ahịrịokwu ahụ, ebe aha na-enweghị njedebe na-anọgide na-enweghị akara n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nlebanya asụsụ Lake Miwok na nyocha nke California na asụsụ ndị India ndị ọzọ
* Ndekọ ọdịyo Lake Miwok na ebe nchekwa Asụsụ California (nbanye chọrọ)
* 
* Ngwa OLAC n'ime yana gbasara asụsụ Ọdọ Miwok
* Ọdọ Mmiri Miwok bụ isi okwu na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations