Odessa Warren Grey

**Odessa Warren Gray** (August 13, 1883 - Eprel 28, 1960) bụ onye ọchụnta ego, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Harlem, New York . A maara ya nke ọma dị ka kpakpando nke ihe nkiri nkịtị, *Lime Kiln Field Day* (1913) ebe ya na Bert Williams na-emekọ ihe.

## Ndụ mbido
A maghị obere oge ndụ Odessa Warren. Dị ka ntinye ya na Frank Lincoln Mather's *Who's Who of the Colored Race: A General Biographical Dictionary of Men and Women of African Descent* (1915), a mụrụ ya na Greenfield, Ohio, na August 13, 1883, nye Edward A. na Sadie. K. (Tyre) Warren.  Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ Federal 1900 depụtara Edward na Sadie Warren dị ka ha lụrụla afọ isii (ma ọ bụ kemgbe 1894), ya na ada Odessa dị afọ 17. 

Warren gosipụtara ọtụtụ talent site na nwata. Onye &#x5B; ** &#x5D; akwa nke ọma, onye na-emepụta uwe na milliner, ọ bụkwa onye na-agba egwu na onye na-agụ egwú na ihe nkiri minstrel, vaudeville, na ihe nkiri egwu nke gosipụtara mmalite nke ọdịnala nke ihe nkiri egwu Afrika-American . Ya na nwa nwanne nna ya, onye na-eme ihe nkiri Madge Warren (amụrụ Madge Wadkins), nọ na ụlọ ọrụ njem nke Bert Williams na George Walker 's *The Policy Players* (1899-1900).   Mgbe Madge hapụrụ ogbo ahụ ịlụ onye mmeri ọkpọ ọkpọ ụwa Joe Gans,  Warren gara n'ihu na-eme egwuregwu na vaudeville, na 1902, sonyeere Williams na mmepụta Walker *Na Dahomey* .

Na 1903 mmepụta a, na egwu nke Will Marion Cook na egwu Paul Laurence Dunbar kwagara New York City, ebe ọ ghọrọ egwu egwu ojii mbụ mepere na Broadway .  Warren gara na ihe ngosi ahụ na London, na-alaghachi na New York City na ụlọ ọrụ na SS *Aurania* na June 1904.  Na 1906, ọzọ ya na nwanne nna ya Madge (nke kewapụrụ na di ya ugbu a),   Warren nọ na ihe ngosi Ernest Hogan *Rufus Rastus* . 

Warren gara n'ihu na ogbo ahụ mgbe ọ na-aga mkpa ejiji nke ndị inyom nke ọrụ ihe nkiri. N'afọ 1908, ọ mara ọkwa ịla ezumike nká ya site na ogbo ka o wee "jichie ọrụ ya na ntụziaka nke nchụso azụmahịa." O kpebiri ịga oge niile dị ka onye milliner mgbe ọ na-eme ka okpu "Bon Bon Buddy" maka ụmụ nwanyị nke "Williams na Walker Show, ma na-eto ya n'ụzọ kachasị elu site na njikwa maka ọrụ ya." 
áká_èkpè|thumb| Mgbasa ozi maka Odessa Millinery na akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1913, mgbe ọ nọ na ebe 41 West 135th Street.
A na-akpọ azụmahịa milinery ya "Ntọala Ọsụ Ụzọ nke Negroes na Harlem" n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na February 1921. Warren malitere azụmahịa n'ụlọ ya wee kwaga n'obere ụlọ ahịa dị na 41 W 135th Street, Harlem . Azụmahịa ya nọgidere na-eto eto na mgbe afọ ise gasịrị, kwagara n'ebe ka ukwuu na 2221 Seventh Ave. Na 1921, ụlọ ahịa ahụ kọrọ na ọ nwere otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ahịa ọ bụla na-ere ihe ọ bụla na Harlem, ma zụọ ma were ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eme nri. 

Na June 1909, ọ lụrụ onye egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Joseph W. Gray (1879-1956).  Warren gara n'ihu na-eme nke ọma na azụmahịa ya, ma na-agakwa n'ihu na-ekere òkè n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ntụrụndụ, gụnyere ihe ngosi emebere maka ebumnuche ọrụ ebere ebe ọ na-eweta uwe, ma ọ bụ na-eme ya, ma ọ bụ abụọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na May 1909, "Miss Odessa Warren" sonyere na uru maka "Ụlọ ụmụaka" nke St. Philip's Episcopal Church of Harlem, nke a haziri site n'aka Aida Overton Walker, Richard C. McPherson na John E. Nail ma jide ya. na Grand Central Palace ochie na Lexington Avenue na East 43rd Street. Na-abịa mgbe nọmba mmeghe gasịrị, Warren, ya na onye na-agba egwú ibe ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Maggie Davis (onye mesịrị lụọ Jesse Shipp ) nyere nsụgharị mmụọ nke Joe Jordan's "That Teasin' Rag"; "A na-ewere Miss Davis na Warren abụọ n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ kachasị mma na azụmahịa, ha na-ebikwa ndụ kwekọrọ n'aha ha guzobere."  Na Jenụwarị 1912, Odessa Warren Gray nwetara okpueze "Queen Odessa" na New Star Casino n'oge ememe Mardi Gras. 

## ''Ụbọchị Ubi Lime Kiln''
Na eserese edezighị nke ihe nkiri gbara na 1913, Warren na-emegide Bert Williams dị ka ịma mma mpaghara ọ na-achọ ịma. Reels asaa nke ihe a na-akpọ ugbu a Bert Williams' *Lime Kiln Field Day* nwere ihe nkedo ojii na ndị ọrụ ọcha, ma ugbu a bụ ihe nkiri izizi dị ndụ ogologo oge nke ndị isi agwa bụ ndị isi ojii na ndị etiti.

Emere ihe nkedo nke ndị na-eme ojii si Harlem afọ ise tupu ihe a na-eche dị ka mmalite mmalite nke Harlem Renaissance . Na mgbakwunye na akụkọ akụkọ Bert Williams ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosipụtakwa Sam Lucas, Abbie Mitchell na J. Leubrie Hill na ndị òtù Darktown Follies Company. 
Ihe nkiri a dị ịrịba ama n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Otu n'ime ndị isi atọ nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ onye isi ojii, ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosikwa ọtụtụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-ese ojii na ndị ọcha. A na-ahụ Bert Williams na blackface tupu ọ bụrụ onye ama ama na Broadway, na ịhụnanya n'etiti Bert Williams na Warren bụ ihe atụ mbụ nke ịhụnanya maka ndị ojii na fim. Ihe nkiri a nwekwara otu n'ime ndekọ kachasị ogologo oge nke ịgba egwu obodo ojii na ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri achịcha achịcha . Ihe nkiri a gosipụtara ụfọdụ echiche agbụrụ mana ọ na-egosikwa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị otu nkedo ojii na ndị ọrụ ọcha. Ihe nkiri ahụ "na-edepụta mgbalị nke obodo ndị na-eme ihe nkiri virtuoso na-eme iji nweta ọhụụ na-arịwanye elu n'oge nkewa", ejiri ngwakọta minstrel na ụdị arụmọrụ nke oge a. 

Ụlọ ọrụ Biograph na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ maka Klaw na Erlanger, na Edwin Middleton, T. Hunter Hayes, na Sam Corker Jr na-eduzi ya, Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe e wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ ma chọta reels na 1938 site na Museum of Modern Art. Ndị ọrụ na saịtị Biograph Studios gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na New York. A maghị ihe kpatara na Biograph emeghịcha ihe nkiri ahụ, ma Ronald S. Maggliozzi, onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba ihe nkiri Museum of Modern Art, na-ekwu na DW Griffith 's *Birth of a Nation* (1915) nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ya.   Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ achọpụtala ma weghachi ihe nkiri Lime Kiln Field n'oge na-adịbeghị anya mgbe afọ 101 gasịrị, ma na-egosipụta ugbu a na ụlọ ngosi nka. 

## ''Amsterdam News'', alụmdi na nwunye nke abụọ, na afọ ndị ọzọ
Ndị nne na nna Gray tinyere aka na ikike na ọrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, *Amsterdam News* . Edward A. "Easy Ed" Warren, onye ọchụnta ego nke bilitere site na onye na-elekọta ụlọ na onye na-akwalite ụlọ, sonyeere onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, James H. Anderson, dịka onye nwe ya na akwụkwọ ahụ, na-etinye ya na "ụda ego ego" n'agbanyeghị. eziokwu "na, ugboro atọ, a manyere ya ịkwanye nnukwu mgbanaka diamond iji zute ụgwọ ndị na-arị elu nke akwụkwọ ahụ." Otú ọ dị, mgbe Warren nwụrụ na mberede,  "mgbanaka diamond nke zọpụtara Akụkọ Amsterdam n'ọtụtụ oge ka dị na mkpịsị aka ya." 

Sadie Warren weghaara òkè di ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ; ọ goro Jesse Shipp dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ njikwa ya na T. Thomas Fortune ka ọ dee nchịkọta akụkọ. Mgbe ọnwa iri na asatọ gasịrị, Oriakụ Warren zụtara ụlọ James Anderson ma weghara akwụkwọ ahụ, ya na di ọhụrụ ya, William H. Davis,   ghọrọ onyeisi oche na onye isi njikwa nke Amsterdam News Company, Inc.; ya na Oriakụ Warren-Davis (dị ka a na-akpọ onwe ya) dị ka onye na-echekwa ego, na Warren dịka osote onye isi oche. 

Mgbe Warren na-etinye aka na ọrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, Warren gara n'ihu na ụlọ ahịa igwe nri ya, nke na September 1923 kwagara na 2293 Seventh Avenue, dị n'okpuru West 135th Street.  Ọzọkwa n'oge a, ọ lụrụ ọzọ, na Roy Francis Morse (1898-1971), onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osote Collector maka US Department of Treasury .  A makwaara Morse n'oge ya dị ka onye mmeri mmeri. 

Na 1914, o kegidere ndekọ egwu ime ụlọ maka 100 yad dash—9 4/5 sekọnd; N'afọ sochirinụ, o hiwere ndekọ maka dash yard 50—sekọnd 5 1/4. Na-agba ọsọ maka ọtụtụ klọb ndị na-amu amu, nke bụ Salem Crescent Athletic Club nke Manhattan, Morse meriri ihe na-erughị egwuregwu sprint iri na asatọ, mgbe ọ nọ na elu ya.  Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ baseball ọkachamara, wee jee ozi na Agha Worldwa Mbụ dịka onye otu 369th Infantry Regiment (United States), "Harlem Hellfighters."   N'ịbụ onye nọ na ndị nchekwa mba United States, a kpọrọ Morse ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ebe o biliri ka ọ bụrụ Major na US Army Air Corps . Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ala na odeakwụkwọ nke Tuskegee Army Air Field Advanced Flying School  tupu ọ gaa McChord Field, na Pierce County, Washington, ebe o nyere iwu "C Squadron".  

Odessa Warren Gray Morse nwụrụ na Eprel 28, 1960, na ụlọ ọgwụ Pilgrim State na Long Island wee lie ya site n'enyemaka nke Negro Actors Guild na Long Island National Cemetery na Mee 4.   

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

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Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations