Polish Sign Language

**Asụsụ ogbi nke Polish** ( Polish  , **** ) bụ asụsụ ndị ntị chiri na Poland . Asụsụ Ogbi Polish na-eji mkpụrụedemede aka pụrụ iche nke e ji aka dee dabere na mkpụrụedemede e ji mee ihe n'Asụsụ Ochie nke French Ogbi, ya mere o yiri ka ọ metụtara Asụsụ Ogbi French . O nwekwara ike inwe ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na Asụsụ Ogbi Russia na Asụsụ Ogbi German, nke metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Poland n'oge Nkewa, mgbe Russification na Germanization metụtara asụsụ Polish, ma nwee ike ịnwe mgbazinye ego site na asụsụ ogbi ejiri mee ihe na nkewa Austria. &#x5B; ** &#x5D; Okwu na usoro asụsụ ya dị iche na asụsụ Polish, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụdị Polish ejiri aka dee koodu nke a maara dị ka  ( , ma ọ bụ Polish e dere ede), nke ndị ntụgharị okwu na-ejikarị eme ihe na telivishọn na ndị nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.

Asụsụ ogbi nke Polish malitere na nke mbụ na 1817. N'ihe dị ka n'oge ahụ, Jakub Falkowski malitere Instytut Głuchoniemych (Institute for the Deaf-Mute), bụ onye malitere ịkụziri ụmụaka ndị ogbi mgbe ọ zutere otu nwoke ntị chiri aha ya bụ Piotr Gąsowski.  Na 1879, Józef Hollak na Teofil Jagodziński bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ ya, nke akpọrọ " Słownik mimiczny dla głuchoniemych i osób z nimi styczność mających "  ("The Mimic Dictionary for the Personm-Having").

Na 2012, n'okpuru "Iwu Asụsụ Ogbi", asụsụ ahụ nwetara ọkwa gọọmentị na Poland ma ndị chọrọ ya nwere ike ịhọrọ ya dị ka asụsụ nkuzi. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Mkpụrụedemede asụsụ ogbi nke nwa akwụkwọ nke Institute for the Deaf (IGN) sere ma Prince Henryk Lubomirski bipụtara (narị afọ nke 19)
Aha mbụ e kwuru maka Asụsụ Ogbi nke Polish pụtara n'afọ iri nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 19. Na 1817, Fada Jakub Falkowski hiwere Institute for the Deaf and Blind ( *Instytut Głuchoniemych i Ociemniałych* ) n'Obí Casimir dị na Warsaw. Nke a mere ka o kwe omume ịkụziri ndị ntị chiri ihe n'asụsụ ha.  E mechara bufee Institute for the Deaf na Three Crosses Square ( *Plac Trzech Krzyży* ), ebe ọ ka na-arụ ọrụ taa. 

E tinyere ihe ndị a chọpụtara na nyocha mbụ nke asụsụ ndị ntị chiri na Poland—n'oge ahụ a na-akpọbeghị Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Polish—n'akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke asụsụ ndị ogbi, nke e bipụtara na 1879 ( *J. Hollak, T. Jagodziński, "Mimic Dictionary for the Deaf and those in Contact Them"*, Warsaw, 1879). 

Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Polish na-eji mkpụrụedemede aka otu aka nke sitere na Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi French Ochie, nke na-eme ka o yie ka ọ metụtara Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi French. Ọ nwekwara ike ịkekọrịta atụmatụ na Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Russian na German, nke jikọtara ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme Poland n'oge nkewa, mgbe nhazi na asụsụ German metụtara asụsụ Polish nke ukwuu. O nwekwara ike ịnwe mgbazinye sitere na asụsụ ndị ogbi ejiri mee ihe na nkewa Austria. 

Ruo ihe karịrị afọ 100—site n'etiti narị afọ nke 19 ruo etiti afọ 1980—ozizi ndị na-ekwu okwu na-achịkwa agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri. Dịka ụzọ a si dị, a tụrụ anya ka ndị ntị chiri mụta ịgụ ihe n'egbugbere ọnụ. A machibidoro ịsụ aka, n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, e nwekwara ikpe nke ijide aka ụmụ akwụkwọ iji gbochie ha ịbịanye aka. [ a ] N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ndị ntị chiri kwenyere na a na-emebi asụsụ ndị ogbi site n'ịnụ ka ndị mmadụ na-agbalị ịmanye echiche nke ha na nkwurịta okwu ndị ntị chiri. 

Na 1984, Wacław Kur, onye ọrụ gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntị chiri na Ministri nke Mmụta, gara Stockholm, ebe ọ hụrụ ka a na-akụzi ihe n'asụsụ ndị ogbi na nsonaazụ ya ka mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịgụ egbugbere ọnụ. Mgbe ọ lọtara, o kwere ka e jiri Sistemụ Asụsụ Akara Aka ( *usoro językowo-migowy* ) kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri okwu. A malitekwara ịzụ ndị nkuzi na sistemụ a. Agbanyeghị, e webatara Asụsụ Ogbi nke Polish (PJM) n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'ihi ya, e webatara usoro nkwukọrịta arụrụ arụ nke jikọtara ihe nrịbama na Polish ejiri aka dee n'ime obodo ndị ntị chiri. 

E nwebeghị usoro ọmụmụ gọọmentị maka ịkụzi Asụsụ Ogbi nke Polish, ọ dịghịkwa ụkpụrụ maka ndị nkuzi PJM, nke pụtara na ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri enweghị ike ịmụta ma ọ bụ zụlite nkà n'asụsụ ebumpụta ụwa ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Mmalite nke agụmakwụkwọ ntụgharị asụsụ ogbi ọkachamara pụtara naanị na 2008 na Mahadum Warsaw . 

Michael Farris, ọkachamara n'asụsụ na Institute of Linguistics nke Mahadum Adam Mickiewicz dị na Poznań, webatara okwu ahụ bụ́ "Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Polish" ( *polski język migowy, PJM* ), onye ji ya mee ihe n'akwụkwọ ya nke 1994 *bụ́ Nnyocha Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi na Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Polish* ( *Lingua Posnaniensis*, 1994, Nke 36). [ 12 ] Ruo afọ 1990, e mebeghị nnyocha sayensị ọ bụla na Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Polish.

Ụlọ nyocha asụsụ ndị ogbi (PLM) na ngalaba mmụta Polish, Mahadum Warsaw, bụ otu n'ime ebe nchekwa data anọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa maka nyocha asụsụ ndị ogbi—tinyere nke asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Australia, German, na nke Britain. 

By March 2014, PLM had identified 6,610 lexemes in PJM, appearing in a corpus of more than 200,000 uses. Based on this material, the Corpus Dictionary of Polish Sign Language was created, presenting the polysemy (multiple meanings) of signs and their usage in specific contexts. The laboratory, in cooperation with the Ministry of National Education, is also preparing textbooks for learning sign language.

Maka ndị ntị chiri bụ́ ndị na-eji Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Poland eme ihe dị ka asụsụ ala nna ha, asụsụ Polish a na-asụ bụ asụsụ mba ọzọ ha na-amụta naanị ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ike ide ihe na Polish, ha na-emekarị mmejọ n'asụsụ nke ndị mba ọzọ na-eme. 

Ụfọdụ ndị ntị chiri enweghị ike ịmụta asụsụ Polish ma ọlị. Taa, ụfọdụ ndị na-ewere ịchọ ka ndị ntị chiri jiri ụzọ ọnụ (ikwu okwu na ịgụ egbugbere ọnụ) mee ihe ike, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ibibi omenala ha, nke yiri njikọta nke ndị obere ụmụ amaala na Kanada. 

## Nhazi ụtọasụsụ
 
Ruo ogologo oge na Poland, a na-ewere asụsụ ndị ogbi dị ka ihe ochie ma chee na ha enweghị ụtọasụsụ. N'eziokwu, PJM, dịka asụsụ ndị ogbi ndị ọzọ, na-emepụta usoro nwere usoro ụtọasụsụ nke ya, nke dị iche na nke Polish. N'adịghị ka nkwenye ọtụtụ mmadụ, o kwere omume ịkọwa echiche dị mgbagwoju anya n'isiokwu ọ bụla a maara nke ọma ịnụ ka ndị mmadụ na-eji asụsụ ndị ogbi eme ihe. 

### Ngụkọta ụdaolu
Na PJM, enweghị ụda nke yiri fonme; kama, e nwere ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya nke ihe ndị a. Ya mere, mmadụ nwere ike ikwu maka fonme PJM dị ka ihe nnọchianya nkịtị nke ngwugwu nke njirimara pụrụ iche.

Agbanyeghị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta  na-arụ ụka na ọ bụghị ihe ziri ezi ikwu maka fonome na PJM, kama ọ bụ ihe pụrụ iche (diacritics) nke na-esonye kpọmkwem na nhazi nke morphemes. Ya mere, ọ ga-abụ ụdị fonome diacritic, ọ bụghị fonome dabere na fonome.

### Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọdịdị
PJM nwere ọdịdị dị mma, nke gụnyere ma mgbanwe na mmepụta. Ọ nwere usoro nyocha yana usoro mmepụta ihe.

Ụdị ntụgharị ya dị nnọọ iche na nke Polish:

* enweghị okwu gbasara asụsụ,
* A na-emepe ụdị onye nnọchiteanya ahụ nke ọma.

Ụdị mgbanwe pụrụ iche na PJM gụnyere:

* ụdị onye ihe ahụ,
* ụdị ntinye aka-nkewapụ,
* ngalaba klas ahụ.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara n'asụsụ  na-arụ ụka na ekwesighi iwere "klas" ahụ dị ka ụdị mgbanwe dị iche, kama dị ka akụkụ pụrụ iche nke okwu - nhazi (a ghọtara ya n'ụzọ dị iche, karịa nhazi n'asụsụ ndị a na-asụ).

### Usoro okwu
N'ahịrịokwu ndị dị ogologo, PJM na-agbaso usoro okwu SVO (Isiokwu-Verb-Object), yana ihe ndozi na njedebe. N'ahịrịokwu ndị dị mkpụmkpụ, usoro SOV (Isiokwu-Object-Verb) na-apụtakwa.

A na-egosipụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahịrịokwu dị n'ahịrịokwu dị mgbagwoju anya site na mimetic morphemes pụrụ iche (ngosipụta ihu ma ọ bụ ahụ nwere ihe ọ pụtara na ụtọasụsụ).

### Atụmatụ ndị na-abụghị aka
Ihe ndị na-abụghị aka na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na nkwurịta okwu PJM - karịsịa ọnọdụ na mmegharị nke ahụ na isi (ntụgharị, ntụgharị) na ọdịdị ihu.

Ojiji nke ihe ndị a bụ nke a na-eji eme ihe n'ụdị asụsụ—ya bụ, ọ bụ nke usoro asụsụ ahụ n'onwe ya, ọ bụghị naanị maka ngosipụta onwe onye.

### N'otu oge / Nchikota
Ihe isi ike dị n'ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume (phonology), ọdịdị, na nhazi okwu (morphology), na-ebilite n'ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro nkwurịta okwu ya ma e jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị a na-asụ.

N'ihi nnwere onwe ọrụ nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'akụkụ — dịka aka ekpe, aka nri, na ihu — o kwere omume ịmepụta ọtụtụ akara ngosi n'otu oge. N'ọtụtụ oge, otu esi ejikọta akara ndị a na-adabere kpamkpam site na iwu asụsụ.

## Nnyocha sayensị na Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Poland
thumb|Onye ntụgharị asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ndị Poland na ụlọ ntu ASP (Academy of Fineest Arts) na Przystanek Woodstock n'afọ 2017
Nnyocha sayensị gbasara Asụsụ Ogbi Polish (PJM) malitere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-enwe nnukwu oge ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọmụmụ asụsụ ogbi na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. Michael A. Farris (Mahadum Adam Mickiewicz dị na Poznań) webatara okwu ahụ bụ "Asụsụ Ogbi Polish" ( *Polski Język Migowy* ) na mkpọbiri ya PJM n'ime nnyocha asụsụ na 1994 n'akwụkwọ asụsụ mbụ e tinyere n'asụsụ a. Kemgbe ahụ, Farris na ndị otu nyocha e guzobere n'ọkara nke abụọ nke afọ 1990, nke Marek Świdziński na Mahadum Warsaw duziri. Ọrụ niile ebipụtara ruo ugbu a na-enye naanị nkọwa nke usoro ụtọasụsụ nke PJM.

E dere ihe ole na ole e bipụtara tupu afọ 1994, nke kwuru na ọ bụ sayensị ma tinyekwa "Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Polish" n'aha ha, n'eziokwu, gbasara Sistemụ Asụsụ Akpọtụrụ Aka ( *usoro językowo-migowy* ) — ọkachasị ọrụ Bogdan Szczepankowski na Jacek Perlin. A nabatara PJM dị ka isiokwu nyocha naanị n'etiti afọ 1990.

Na Mahadum Warsaw, Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Poland na-enye mmemme nzere masta na Philology Asụsụ Ogbi nke Polish ( *Filologia Polskiego Języka Migowego* ).  Ọ bụ naanị mmemme agụmakwụkwọ na Poland na-enye agụmakwụkwọ n'ọhịa a ma na-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka inweta asambodo asụsụ C1 dịka Usoro Nhazi nke European Common European maka Asụsụ (CEFR) si dị. 

## Edensibia

## Akwụkwọ mmụta

* Piotr Fabian na Jarosław Francik. "Njikọ na ngosipụta nke mmegharị asụsụ ogbi nke Polish." 1st International Conf. na Mgbakọ na mwepụ na usoro ihe ọmụma na mahadum. 2001.
* Farris, MA Nnyocha asụsụ ogbi na asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ndị Poland. *Lingua Posnaniensis* 36 (1994): 13–36.
* Mariusz Oszust na Marian Wysocki. Nghọta okwu asụsụ ndị ogbi nke Polish na Kinect. Mmekọrịta Sistemụ Mmadụ (HSI), 2013 Nzukọ Mba Nile nke 6 na. IEEE, 2013.
* Włodarczak, Aleksandra, Agnieszka Kossowska, na Małgorzata Haładewiczygrzelak. "Ịghọta Mgbazinye ego site na Polish nkịtị gaa na Asụsụ Ogbi Polish." *Nkwurịta okwu dị ka Usoro Ndụ*, Mpịakọta nke Abụọ: *Usoro zuru oke na Sayensị Asụsụ* (2019): 73ff. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

## Njikọ mpụga

* (in Polish) Polish manual alphabet
** (image here)
* Polish Association of the Deaf official website
* (in Polish) History of Polish Sign Language
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations