Ursula Graham Bower

Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (nke mechara mara dị ka U. V. G. Betts) (15 Mee 1914 – 12 Nọvemba 1988), bụ otu n'ime ndị nchọpụta ọdịbendị mbụ na Ugwu Naga n'etiti afọ 1937 na 1946 na onye ọgụ agha omekome megide ndị Japan na Burma site na 1942 ruo 1945.

## Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ
A mụrụ ya na 1914 na England, nwa nwa onye isi agha John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower nụrụ ọmụmụ na Roedean School; ụkọ ego ezinụlọ mere ka ọ ghara imecha ọmụmụ akwụkwọ ya ma nweta ebumnuche ya nke ịgụ ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mbara ala na Oxford. Na alụmdi na nwunye nke nna ya na 1932, Bower ghọrọ nwa nne site n'aka onye ode akwụkwọ ụmụaka Barbara Euphan Todd, onye mepụtara Worzel Gummidge, onye ọkụkọ akụkọ ifo. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gara Canada.

## Njem ndị mbụ
O tinyere gara India, karịsịa Naga Hills na Manipur, na 1937, na nkwanye nke Alexa Macdonald, onye ọ zutere mgbe ọ na-ezute ezumike na Skye, onye nọ na-anọnyere nwanne ya nwoke onye na-arụ ọrụ na Indian Civil Service na Imphal. Ọ bụ njem ebe nne ya nwere olileanya na ọ ga-ezukọta di ọma. Kama nke ahụ, ọ hụrụ n'anya Naga Hills na agbụrụ ha. Bower lọtara naanị ya na India na 1939 "iji gbalịa itinye aka na igwefoto ole na ole na ime obere ọrụ ahụike, ikekwe ide akwụkwọ." O nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye mmụta ọdịbendị n'etiti ndị Naga nke Naga Hills. Ọ wepụtara ihe karịrị puku foto na-egosi ndụ agbụrụ ndị obodo nke e ji mee ọmụmụ ihe tụnyere.

## Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ
Ná mmalite Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ nọ na London, mana ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịlaghachi na Ugwu Naga. Mgbe ohere ahụ dapụtara, ọ natara ikike n'aka ndị ọchịchị Britain ibi n'etiti ndị Naga na obodo Laisong, nke a maara n'oge ahụ dị ka North Cachar. N'ebe a, o nwetara ọbụbụenyi na obi ike nke ndị isi obodo, nke mere na mgbe ndị agha Japan wakporo Burma na 1942 ma yie egwu ịkwaga India, ndị ọchịchị Britain gwara ya ka o guzobe ndị Naga mpaghara ya ka ha bụrụ otu ìgwè ndị na-enyocha ọhịa maka ndị Japan. Bower kpọkọtara ndị Naga megide ndị agha Japan, tinye onwe ya n'isi ha, na mbụ duzie ndị Naga 150 ji naanị egbe ochie na-ebu ibu n'ofe ihe dị ka square maịlụ 800 (2,100 km2) nke ọhịa ugwu.[1] General Slim ghọtara ọrụ ọ na-arụ ma kwado ya na ogwe aka na nkwado, na-enye ya otu nke ya n'ime V Force, nke a na-akpọ "Bower Force". Ike Bower nke Nagas bịara dị irè nke ukwuu nke na ndị Japan tinyere ọnụ ahịa n'isi ya. Ọ bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe nkiri America nke akpọrọ Jungle Queen.[2][3] Ngwa ọgụ nke aka ya ọ họọrọ bụ egbe Sten, nke abụọ n'ime ha mere ka ọ daa mbà n'ọrụ. Nna ya zụrụ ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata ịgba égbè, ọ naghị enwe obi abụọ gbasara ijikwa egbe na ịzụ ndị Naga ya na-achọ ụzọ ha si eji ha.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto agbamakwụkwọ sitere na The Bombay Chronicle, 9 Septemba 1945
Site na ntuziaka ya, e debere ndị nche na ụzọ ukwu na ụzọ nta, wee guzobe usoro nchedo na ịdọ aka ná ntị. Site n'ezigbo ụzọ ndị a, puku ndị na-agbapụ, ndị agha a napụtara, ndị mkpọrọ gbapụrụ na ndị ụgbọ elu si Burma gbanarị gaa India. Bower nyere ntụziaka maka mwakpo ndị Naga na ndị ọchụ ọchụ ndị Japan.[1] Na 24 Eprel 1945, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye otu Order of the British Empire maka omume ya na Burma,[2][3] na na 1944, ọ natara Lawrence Memorial Medal nke Royal Society for Asian Affairs, aha aha nke Lawrence nke Arabia, maka ọrụ ya nke nyocha na ndị Naga.[4][5]

## Mgbe Agha gasịrị
Foto Bower, ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ abụọ gbasara Nagas na Apatani mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ, ya na ndị enyi ya J.P. Mills, Bill Archer na Christoph von Furer-Haimendorf. N'afọ 1950, ọ natara diplọma postgraduate na anthropology na Mahadum nke London . 

## Ndụ onwe onye
O zutere Lt. Col Frederick Nicholson Betts mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na V Force na Burma n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ma lụọ ya na July 1945. Betts, nke a maara dịka Tim, ka họpụtara Ọkà Mmụta Ndọrọ Ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara Subansiri dịpụrụ adịpụ na nke na-adịghị mma nso Tibet, ma ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji wulite mmekọrịta ọma ma mee ka Dafla na Apa Tani agbụrụ na-alụ ọgụ mgbe nile dị jụụ, ruo mgbe nnwere onwe India rịọrọ ka e wepụ ha. Mgbe ha lọtara na di ya na Britain na 1948, ha malitere ịkụ kọfị na British Kenya. N'ịhapụ Kenya n'ihi ihe egwu nke mkpọtụ mpaghara, ha kwagara Isle of Mull, ebe ha zụrụ ụmụ ha nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Alison Betts. Mgbe ọ lụrụ di ya, a maara ya dị ka U. V. G. Betts. A na-ejide akwụkwọ ya na Centre of South Asian Studies na Mahadum Cambridge.

## Ọrụ ndị dabeere na ndụ ya
Ihe omume abụọ nke BBC Radio 4, The Naga Queen, nke Chris Eldon Lee mepụtara ma John Horsley Denton kọrọ, na The Butterfly Hunt, egwuregwu nke Matthew Solon dabeere na ndụ Ursula Betts na di ya F. N. Betts.

Ihe nkiri akpọrọ Captured by Women (2011) nke gosipụtara ụfọdụ foto na ihe nchịkọta Ursula Graham Bower na ihe ya gbasara ihe nkiri nke oge ya na Nagaland, bụ nke The Oxford Academy of Documentary Film (OADF) mepụtara, na ego sitere na British Film Council (The National Digital Archive Fund - Screen South). Nke a bụ ọrụ mmekorita n'etiti OADF na Pitt Rivers Museum, Mahadum Oxford. Ihe nkiri ahụ gụnyere ihe nkiri na ọrụ nke Beatrice Blackwood, onye ọzọ dị mkpa na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ nke chịkọtara foto na ihe ndị sitere na Papua New Guinea (n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ), na onye weghaara ihe nkiri nke oge ya n'ọhịa n'afọ ndị 1930.

## Ebe ndị ọzọ e si nweta ya

* Ursula Graham Bower 1950. Naga Path London, John Murray.
* Ursula Graham Bower 1950. Drums Behind The Hill, New York, Morrow.
* Ursula Graham Bower 1953. The Hidden Land London, John Murray.
* Vicky Thomas, onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ. 2012 'Nwaanyị Naga', The History Press

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Alan Macfarlane gbara ajụjụ ọnụ 4 Nọvemba 1985 (vidiyo)
* Foto na ihe odide nke Ursula Graham Bower
* Captured by Women (2011) Part 4 - Ursula's Legacy: Object-Image_MemorynaVimeo
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations