Scarification (botany)

Ịkpa ahụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ na-agụnye ike ọgwụgwụ, imeghe, ma ọ bụ gbanwee uwe nke mkpụrụ osisi iji kwalite ịmị mkpụrụ. A na-emekarị ihe nfụkasị ahụ n'ụzọ igwe, thermally, na kemịkalụ. Mkpụrụ nke ọtụtụ ụdị osisi anaghị ebute mmiri na gas, si otú a na-egbochi ma ọ bụ na-egbu oge germination. Usoro ọ bụla e mere iji mee ka testa (uwe mkpụrụ) na-asọba na mmiri na gas ka a maara dị ka ịchafụ.

Scarification, n'agbanyeghị ụdị ọ bụla, na-arụ ọrụ site n'ịme ngwa ngwa usoro okike nke na-emekarị uwe mkpụrụ osisi na-agafe na mmiri na ikuku. Maka drupes (mkpụrụ osisi nkume), ịchafụ na-agbatịkwa ike ọgwụgwụ ma ọ bụ wepụ shei endocarp siri ike gburugburu mkpụrụ ahụ.

## Ụdị
N'agbanyeghi usoro, mkpụrụ ndị a na-eme ka ha ghara ichekwa nke ọma ma chọọ ka a kụọ ha ngwa ngwa, ka mkpụrụ ndị ahụ ghara ịdị irè.

### Injinia
Ụdị scarification a na-ahụkarị bụ scarification igwe.

Na scarification igwe, a na-emeghe testa ahụ iji kwe ka mmiri na ikuku banye. Enwere ike itinye uwe mkpụrụ osisi na faịlụ ígwè, jiri akwụkwọ ájá na-asacha ya, jiri mma na-asa ya, jiri hama na-agbaji ya nke ọma, ma ọ bụ mee ka ọ ghara ịdị ike ma ọ bụ meghee ya n'ụzọ ọ bụla ọzọ.

### Okpomọkụ

#### Mmiri ọkụ
Mmiri na-abanye n'ime mmiri site na mkpokoro mkpụrụ na-emetụta okpomọkụ mmiri. Ụdị ndị nwere ike iguzogide mmiri ọkụ ga-eto ngwa ngwa n'okpuru ọnọdụ ahụ karịa site na mmiri oyi.

Mahadum North Carolina State na-atụ aro ka etinye mkpụrụ osisi ahụ n'ime mmiri esi mmiri ma hapụ ya ka ọ gbanye mgbe mmiri ahụ na-ajụ oyi ruo n'ime ụlọ, wee wepụ mkpụrụ n'ime mmiri ahụ wee kụọ ya. A ghaghị ịkwụ ụgwọ nke mkpụrụ osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri site na ike ndọda iji mebie ha, nke a nwere ike nweta ya na infuser.

Enwere ike ijikọta scarification mmiri ọkụ na scarification kemịkal, mana ọ nwere ike ịchọ ihe nchebe megide gas ndị e mepụtara.

Hot water treatment is also used for removal of pathogens. Placing seeds in 90 °C for 90 seconds followed by dip in cold water for 30 seconds kills the human pathogens *Escherichia coli* O157:H7 and *Salmonella*. A variety of plant pathogens are also killed by hot water treatment.

#### Okpomọkụ
In some chaparral plant communities, some species' seeds require fire and/or smoke to achieve germination. An exception to that phenomenon is western poison oak, whose thick seed coatings provide a time delayed effect for germination, but do not require fire scarification.

### Chemical
Chemical scarification na-emekarị na okike n'oge endozoochory - mgbe ụmụ anụmanụ na-eri mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi na acid afọ ha na-adị nro ma malite imebi testae, na-eme ka ha nwee ike ịbanye na mmiri. Mgbe a chụpụrụ mkpụrụ ahụ site na nsị, ọ bụghị naanị na a na-etinye ha n'ime nsị na-edozi ahụ nke osisi kamakwa ọ na-enwekwu ike - usoro nke ịmị mmiri dị mkpa maka mmalite nke ntolite.

Scarification aka na-agụnye iji otu ma ọ bụ karịa kemịkal iji ṅomie acid afọ nke anụmanụ na-eri mkpụrụ osisi iji kwalite ntolite. Ọ nwere ike ịgụnye itinye mkpụrụ n'ime acidic ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta dị mkpa maka oge dịgasị iche iche. Enwere ike iji kemịkal dịka sulfuric acid ma ọ bụ ọbụna kemịkal ụlọ mee ihe iji metụta usoro a. A pụkwara inweta scarification kemịkal site na iji nnu na-edozi ahụ dị ka potassium nitrate.

Chemicals ndị a na-ahụkarị na-achọghị ikike pụrụ iche n'ụdị ngwọta:

* Acid:
** 25-75% phosphoric acid solution. 25% phosphoric acid na-ere site na ụlọ ahịa na-eto eto. 75% phosphoric acid na-erekarị site na ụlọ ahịa homebrewing.
** 15% sulphuric acid  - kemịkal na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha. Ọ bụkwa ihe na-ehicha mmiri.
* Ntọala
** Sodium hydroxide  - kemịkal ụlọ maka nhicha mmiri.
* Ndị ọzọ
** 3% hydrogen peroxide  - ihe na-egbu nje akpụkpọ ahụ.

Ụdị kemịkal ndị edepụtara n'elu adịghị mkpa ma na-achọkarị ikike pụrụ iche iji nweta.

## Ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe
N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndị a na-agba agba na-epulite ọtụtụ ugboro na obere oge karịa mkpụrụ ndị a naghị agbanwe agbanwe, a na-eji scarification eme ihe ọ bụghị naanị na ụlọ ọrụ kamakwa na obere. N'ogige ụlọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụrụ osisi ndị siri ike itolite site na mkpụrụ nwere ike ime ka ha dị irè site na scarification. Mgbaze na oyi nke mmiri, ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ na mmeghachi omume kemịkal na okike bụ ihe na-enye ohere ka mkpụrụ na-epulite mana enwere ike ime ka usoro ahụ dị ngwa site na iji usoro dị iche iche akọwapụtara ruo ugbu a. Ebumnuche a na-ahụkarị bụ imeghe oghere iji kwe ka ikuku na mmiri banye n'ime mkpụrụ ahụ. N'ọrụ ugbo, a na-ejikarị scarification eme ihe iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịchịkwa na otu ụdị ntolite nke mkpụrụ.

## Nnyocha
E bipụtara akwụkwọ na *New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture* nke ndị dere ya kwuru na mkpụrụ ha nyochara na nyocha ha na-epulite naanị 30% n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a họọrọ, ma mgbe a gwọrọ ha na sulphuric acid ma ọ bụ na-eme ka ọ dị mma, ọnụ ọgụgụ ntolite mụbara karịa 80% .

E mere nnyocha ọzọ na ụdị anọ dị iche iche nke ụdị lupin Great Basin iji hụ mmetụta dị iche iche usoro scarification ga-enwe na mkpụrụ ndị a. longspur lupine, silver lupine, hairy bigleaf lupin, na silky lupin bụ ụdị anọ a nwalere na nyocha ahụ. Ụdị gosipụtara mmeghachi omume dị iche iche na scarification. E nwetara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke Silky lupine site na scarification na 66.4%, na-emegide ọnụ ọgụgụ ya nke 22% nke a hụrụ na otu nchịkwa. N'iji okpomọkụ na kemịkal scarification, ntolite mụbara ruo 48.8% na 44% n'otu n'otu. 68% nke mkpụrụ Longspur lupine bilitere n'ìgwè nchịkwa, ebe usoro scarification niile belatara ihe ịga nke ọma nke ntolite. Lupin ọlaọcha nwere 52% nke ìgwè nchịkwa ya na-etolite mana site na scarification igwe ọ rịrị elu ruo 85.2%. N'ikpeazụ, ọnụọgụ nke ndị na-achịkwa lupine bụ 32% ma mgbe a gwọrọ ya na sulfuric acid ọ rịrị elu ruo 76.8%.

## Hụkwa

* Stratification (mkpụrụ)  

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations