Harold Alexander Abramson

**Harold Alexander Abramson** (November 27, 1899 - September 29, 1980) bụ onye dọkịta America (clinical allergicist), nke a na-echeta dị ka onye na-akwado ọgwụgwọ LSD. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmemme MKULTRA nke CIA iji nyochaa ngwa ndị nwere ike itinye maka LSD.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Abramson gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Columbia College na 1919, na-enweta MD site na College of Physicians and Surgeons na 1923. Dịka nwa akwụkwọ ahụike, e nyere ya ihe nrite Meyerhof na 1921.Ọ bụ ọkachamara na ọgwụ na-adịghị anabata ihe.

N'afọ 1920 na 1930, Abramson gara ọtụtụ ebe, ma sonye na ụlọ nyocha na Johns Hopkins na Harvard, yana Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry na Berlin. Ọ malitekwara mmekọrịta ogologo oge na ụlọ nyocha na Mount Sinai Hospital na Cold Spring Harbor. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na P&S, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ nke physiology site na 1935 ruo 1942  wee sonye na ndị ọrụ na Mount Sinai Hospital na New York City na 1941, na-azụlite mmasị na ụkwara ume ọkụ na Ọrịa akpa ume, ebe ọ bụ onye mbụ jiri penicillin aerosolized mee ihe. 

Na 1942, ọrụ nyocha Long Island Biological Laboratories, nke Harold Abramson na-achị, hiwere n'akụkụ ya na ego sitere na Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation na nkwado sitere na Ngalaba Agha.  Abramson bụbu onye isi na ngalaba nka nka, ọrụ agha kemịkalụ nke United States Army. 

Ọ nọ na ezumike agha site na 1943 ruo August 1946, ma n'oge a ọ nwetara Legion of Merit nke ndị agha United States "maka onyinye dị mkpa nye Chemical Warfare Service na ya mere na mbọ agha" maka ọrụ metụtara aerosol penicillin.

Ọ laghachiri na P&S na Septemba 1946, wee bụrụ onye enyemaka Prọfesọ Clinical of Physiology site na 1948 ruo 1957.N'ime 1950s, Abramson tinyere aka na nyocha LSD emere n'Ugwu Saịnaị na CIA kwadoro ya, ọ na-apụtakwa na nyocha nke Church Commission nke CIA omume.  Emere ọrụ ya mechara n'ụlọ ọgwụ Mount Sinai na ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara New York, [1] mechara hapụ Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Mount Sinai na 1959. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Mount Sinai n'afọ 1953, Abramson tụụrụ CIA aro nyocha $ 85,000 gbasara mmetụta LSD na ndị ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ na-amaghị. Nke a bụ n'otu afọ ahụ e guzobere mmemme MKULTRA. E nyere ego maka ọrụ ahụ site na Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.

Abramson bụ dibịa na-abịa n'ihe metụtara ebubo ebubo igbu onwe onye LSD kpatara Frank Olson, onye US Army biological agha ọkà mmụta sayensị nke e nyere n'ezobe LSD dị ka akụkụ nke CIA's psychotropic ọgwụ nnyocha, ọ bụ ezie na Olson ezinụlọ na-emegide ọnọdụ nke ọnwụ  ya.

Malite na 1954, Abramson bipụtara usoro isiokwu banyere mmetụta nke LSD na azụ ọgụ Siamese. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye kpaliri ọtụtụ ndị [[Cybernetics Group|Òtù Cybernetics]] Group ịlaghachi na LSD, gụnyere Frank Fremont-Smith, onye isi Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation.  (The Cybernetics Group, nke a na-akpọbu The Conference on Feedback Mechanisms in Biology and the Social Sciences, malitere na 1946). Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahazi nzukọ mba ụwa isii nke LSD, nke mbụ e mere na 1959.

N' Ọktoba 31, 1965, o kwuru okwu akpọrọ "LSD in Psychotherapy and Alcoholism" na Ememe Memorial nke isii nke Emil A. Gutheil nke Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy na New York.

Abramson dezigharịrị usoro nke Nzukọ Mba nke Abụọ na ''Ojiji nke LSD na Psychotherapy na Alcoholism'', nke e bipụtara na 1967 dị ka Ojiji nke DSD na Psychoterapy na Alcoolism. Nzukọ ahụ mere na South Oaks Hospital na [[New York (state)|New York]]">Amityville, New York, May 8-10, 1965.

Ya na M. Murray Peshkin, o hiwere Journal of Asthma Research, ma nọgide na-edezi ya ruo afọ iri na asaa ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. 

Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nyocha na South Oaks Psychiatric Hospital na Amityville, New York, na onye na-ahụ maka nyocha uche na State Hospital na Central Islip.

Abramson nwụrụ na Septemba 29, 1980. 

== N'omenala a ma ama ==

=== ''WORMWO0D'' (2017) ===
Bob Balaban gosipụtara Abramson na WORMWO0D, miniseries docudrama akụkụ isii nke 2017 nke Errol Morris duziri. 

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==
**Akụkọ**

* "Preliminary Data on LSD Aerosols." E debere  Wayback Machine (1958). 
** E bipụtara ya na  Wayback Machine na Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotten: A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955-1975), nke James S. Ketchum.  nke Alexander Shulgin, Ph.D. Santa Rosa, California: ChemBooks (2006), peeji nke 331-333.  . [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] .&nbsp;  &nbsp;

**Akwụkwọ**

* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001114324 ''Electrokinetic Phenomena na itinye ha n'ọrụ na Biology na Medicine''.] American Chemical Society Monograph Series. New York: Chemical Catalog Co. (1934).
* [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001564871 ''Onye ọrịa ahụ na-ekwu: Akụkọ Nne Okwu na Psychoanalysis of Allergic Disease.''] Okwu mmalite nke Frank Fremont-Smith. Okwu mmalite nke M. Murray Peshkin. New York: Vantage Press (1956). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] . &nbsp;

**Akwụkwọ (dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ) **

* ''Ojiji nke LSD na Psychotherapy''. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation (1960). Nkwupụta E debere  Wayback Machine site na Frank Fremont-Smith.
*  Okwu mbido nke Frank Fremont-Smith. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill (1967).

:: "Ihe omume nke Nzukọ Mba nke Abụọ na Ojiji nke LSD na Psychotherapy na Alcoholism, na South Oaks Hospital, na Amityville, New York, May 8-10, 1965."

**Onyinye akwụkwọ*'

* "Ojiji nke LSD dị ka ihe enyemaka na Psychotherapy: Eziokwu na Akụkọ ifo. " Na: [https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/sz/sankar-lsd-a-total-study.pdf *LSD - Nnyocha zuru oke''] nke D. V. Siva Sankar. Westbury, New York: PJD Publications (1975), peeji nke 687-700. ISBN &nbsp; &nbsp;

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Vault: Harold Abramson na fbi.gov
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations