Fatima Meer

**Fatima Meer** (12 Ọgọst na afo 1928 – 12 Maachị na afo 2010) bụ onye odee South Afrika, agụmakwụkwọ, onye na-ede ihe nlegharị anya, na onye ama ama na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Fatima Meer na Gray okporo ámá, Durban, South Africa, n'ime ezinụlọ dị n'etiti nke itoolu, ebe nna ya Moosa Ismail Meer, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke *The Indian Views*,  kụnyere n'ime ya nghọta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na dị na obodo. Nne ya bụ Rachel Farrell, nwunye nke abụọ nke Moosa Ismail Meer. Nne ya bụ nwa mgbei na onye Juu na Portuguese. Ọ ghọrọ Islam wee gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Amina.   Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16 na afo 1944, o nyere aka wulite £1 000 maka enyemaka ụnwụ nri na Bengal, India.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Durban Indian Girls High School . Mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ọ kpọkọtara ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha chọta Kọmitii Nguzogide Nkwụsị nke Student iji kpokọta ego maka Mgbasa Mgbasa Nkwụsị Nkwụsị nke obodo India site na afo 1946 ruo afo 1948. Kọmiti ahụ duuru ya izute Yusuf Dadoo, Monty Naicker na Kesaveloo Goonam . O mechara gaa mahadum nke Witwatersrand otu afọ ebe ọ bụ onye otu Trotskyism nke jikọtara na Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM).   Ọ gara mahadum Natal, ebe ọ gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na nzere Master na Sociology . 

## Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Meer na Kesaveloo Goonam ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara ka onye isi oche nke Natal Indian Congress (NIC) na afo 1950. O nyere aka guzobe Durban na District Women's League na 4 Ọktoba afo 1952 dịka otu ụmụ nwanyị 70. A malitere nzukọ a iji wulite njikọ n'etiti ndị Afrika na ndị India n'ihi ọgba aghara agbụrụ dị n'etiti otu abụọ ahụ na afo 1949.  Bertha Mkhize ghọrọ onye isi oche wee bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ọgbakọ. Njikọ ahụ mere ọrụ dị ka ịhazi Crèche na ikesa mmiri ara ehi na Cato Manor . Otu ọgbakọ a na-achịkọtakwa ego maka ndị ajọ ifufe tonado kpatara na Springs ebe ndị Africa enweghị ebe obibi ma nakọta nke ọma £ 4000 maka ndị idei mmiri metụtara oke osimiri Cow Lake . 

Mgbe National Party nwesịrị ike na afo 1948 wee malite itinye iwu nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ha. Mmalite nke Meer mụbara na n'ihi mmemme ya, a machibidoro Meer na afo 1952 maka afọ 3.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu tọrọ ntọala Federation of South African Women (FEDSAW) nke e hiwere na 17 Eprel afo 1954 na Trades Hall na Rissik Street, na etiti Johannesburg nke butere njem njem ụmụ nwanyị mere eme na Union Buildings, Pretoria na 9 Ọgọst. Afo 1956. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke March ụmụ nwanyị na afo 1956.  N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ na-ahazi kọmitii iji chịkọta ego maka mgbapụta na ịkwado ezinụlọ sitere n'aka ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Natal bụ ndị nọ na ikpe aghụghọ . 

N'afọ ndị 1960, ọ haziri nche abalị iji mee mkpesa megide oke njide nke ndị na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-ekpeghị ikpe na mpụga ụlọ mkpọrọ durban. Fatima Meer bụkwa otu onye nhazi maka vigil otu izu na Gandhi Settlement na Phoenix . Onye ndu vigil bụ Sushila Gandhi .  N'ime afo 1970s, ọ malitere ịnakwere Black Consciousness Ideology na South African Student Organisation (SASO) nke Steve Biko duziri. 

Na afo 1975, Fatima Meer mebere otu Black Women's Federation (BWF) na Winnie Mandela . Meer ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke otu ahụ.  Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, a machibidokwara ya iwu ọzọ ruo afọ ise. Iwu amachibidoro ya bịara ka ọ gara nzukọ nke Black Studies Programme ebe ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'okwu nke isiokwu ya bụ, "Afọ iri abụọ na ise nke Ọchịchị Apartheid".  Na June afo 1976, mgbe Soweto Upriings gasịrị, ejidere ma jide ụmụ nwanyị 11 sitere na BWF n'okpuru Nkebi 6 nke Iwu Iyi ọha egwu. E tinyere ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dịpụrụ adịpụ na Johannesburg .  Ọ gbanarị obere mbọ maka igbu ọchụ obere oge ka a tọhapụrụ ya na njide na afo 1976 mgbe a gbagburu ya n'ụlọ ezinaụlọ ya dị na Durban, mana emerụghị ya ahụ. Nwa ya nwoke, Rashid, gara biri n’ala ọzọ n’otu afọ ahụ. A wakporo ya ọzọ wee taa ụta nke abụọ ọgụ na Black Consciousness Movement na Inkatha Freedom Party . 

N' ime afo 1980s, Meer tọrọ ntọala kọmitii na-ahazi ndị isi ojii (Indian, Coloured, African) Ratepayers Organisation iji guzogide ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke na-eme obodo ndị ojii nke obodo Durban kpatara.  Ọ jụrụ inye oche na nzuko omeiwu na 1994 kpatara mmasị ya maka ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.  Na Mee afo 1999, Fatima tọrọ ntọala Concerned Citizens' Group [CCG] iji mee ka ndị India kwenye ka ha ghara ịtụ vootu maka ndị ọcha otu ntuli aka ọzọ. 

Ọ bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Iran wee gbochie njem Salman Rushdie na South Afrika na afo 1998, na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye nkwulu.  O tinyere aka na ngagharị iwe megide mmegbu na mwakpo nke ndị Palestine na mbuso agha US na-edu Afghanistan. O hiwere Jubilee 2000 ka o mee mkpọsa maka ịkagbu ụgwọ ụwa nke atọ. 

## Ọrụ ebere
O bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke *akpọrọ Portrait of Indian South Africa* na afo 1969 wee nye onyinye niile sitere na ire akwụkwọ ahụ nye Gandhi Settlement maka mkpa iji wuo ihe ngosi nka na ụlọ ọgwụ Gandhi.  O nyeere aka n'ịgbapụta mmadụ 10 000 idei mmiri ndị India merụrụ na Tin Town nke dị n'akụkụ mmiri Umgeni . Meer wuru ụlọ nwa oge n'otu ụlọikwuu ma hazie nri na uwe enyemaka. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ gara nke ọma kwurịta maka mmezi na-adịgide adịgide maka ha na Phoenix . Meer hibere wee bụrụ onye ndu nke Natal Education Trust nke na-anakọta ego n'aka ndị obodo India iji wuo ụlọ akwụkwọ na Umlazi, Port Shepstone na Inanda . 

Ọ tọrọ ntọala Tembalishe Tutorial College na Gandhi's Phoenix home ka ọ kuziere ndị ojii na nka odeakwụkwọ na afo 1979. Crafts Center guzobekwara na Settlement iji kụziere mbipụta ihuenyo, ịkwa akwa, ịcha akwa na ịkwa akwa maka ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ma ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji na ebe nka nka mechiri na afo 1982 mgbe ejidere Fatima maka imebi iwu mmachibido iwu ya kpatara na-ahụ maka ọrụ na mpụga nke ókèala Durban.  N' ime afo 1980s, ọ haziri scholarships maka ụmụ akwụkwọ iri ka ha gaa United States wee nyere aka na "SAVE Our HOMES COMMITTEE"&nbsp;nke ndị Colored Community nke Sparks Estate tọrọ ntọala iji chọọ ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị obodo Durban na-eyi egwu bụ ndị chọrọ ịkpọrọ ụlọ ha. Ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma inweta ụgwọ ọrụ maka omume ahụ.  Site na nkwado ya na Indira Gandhi, ọ haziri ohere agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa ka ha mụọ ọgwụ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na India.  IBR na-eme mmemme nkuzi iji kwalite ọnụego ngafe matric dị ala yana Phambili High hiwere na afo 1986 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Africa. 

Na afo 1992, (afọ abụọ tupu ntuli aka onye kwuo uche ya nke mbụ) Fatima Meer tọrọ ntọala Clare Estate Environment Group dị ka nzaghachi nye mkpa nke ndị bi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ndị njem ime obodo. Ha enweghị ikike n'obodo mepere emepe ma chọọ mmiri dị ọcha, idebe ihe ọcha na ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị.  Ụlọ akwụkwọ Khanyisa tọrọ ntọala na afo 1993 dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ nkwado maka ụmụaka ndị Africa na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla tupu ha aga ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị. E hiwere ya ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ nka nke ụmụ nwanyị Khanya na afo 1996, nke na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ojii 150 n'ịcha ụkpụrụ, ịkwa akwa, agụmagụ okenye na njikwa azụmaahịa. 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Fatima Meer lụrụ nwa nwanne nne ya mbụ na afo 1950, Ismail Meer . Nke a abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na obodo Sunni Bhora ebe o tolitere. Ismail Meer bụ onye ọka iwu ama ama na onye na-akwado ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị omebe iwu mpaghara KwaZulu-Natal ANC. N'afọ ndị 1960, e jidere ya ma bo ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru ya na Nelson Mandela na ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike. Na 2000, nwa Fatima Meer Rashid nwụrụ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala.  Ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ Shehnaaz, onye ọka ikpe Court Claims Court, na Shamin, onye na-ahụ maka sayensị na-elekọta mmadụ. 

## Ọkà mmụta na onye edemede
Meer ghọrọ onye nkuzi sociology na onye ọrụ na Mahadum Natal site na 1956 ruo 1988. Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ na-abụghị onye ọcha nwere ọkwa ahụ.  Ọ bụkwa prọfesọ na-abịa eleta n'ọtụtụ mahadum dị na mba ofesi. Meer ghọrọ onye otu ụlọ akwụkwọ London School of Economics, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nsọpụrụ atọ. Nke mbu, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta nke Honorary Doctorate na Philosophy site na Swarthmore College (1984) na na Humane Letters si Bennet College na United States (1994). Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ natara Honorary Doctorate na Social Sciences na Natal University na South Africa (1998).  

Ọ tọrọ ntọala Institute for Black Research (IBR), nke ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mbipụta na NGO agụmakwụkwọ na 1972 

## Na-arụ ọrụ

### Akwụkwọ

* *Eserese nke ndị India South Africa* (1969)
* *Ọzụzụ nke Mahatma* (1970)
* *Ọsọ na igbu onwe na South Africa* (1976)
* *Maka nghọta Iran taa* (1985)
* *Nguzogide n'ime obodo* (1989)
* *Elu karịa Olileanya* (1990) (akụkọ ndụ mbụ nyere ikike nke Nelson Mandela, nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ 13)
* *South African Gandhi: Okwu na Edemede nke MK Gandhi* (1996)
* *Nguzogide na-agafe agafe, 1946: Nhọrọ nke akwụkwọ* (1996)
* *Fatima Meer: Ncheta ịhụnanya na mgba* (2010

### Igwe onyonyo

* Onye na-ede ihe nkiri, *The Ime nke Mahatma*, ihe nkiri Shyam Benegal nke dabeere na akwụkwọ ya *The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma* ; Ndi India na South Africa mere ihe nkiri a. 

## Sọpụrụ, ihe ịchọ mma, ihe nrite na ndịiche

* Award Union of South African Journalists Award (1975)
* Imam Abdullah Haroon Award maka mgba megide mmegbu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ (1990)
* Vishwa Gurjari Award maka ntinye aka na ikike mmadụ (1994)
* Top 100 ụmụ nwanyị ndị kparịrị South Africa ndepụta (1999)
* #45 Ndị South Africa ukwu 100 (2004)
* Iwu mba South Africa: Iwu maka ọrụ meritorious (2009)
* Usoro nke Luthuli na Silver (2017) 

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Fatima Meer nwụrụ na St. Augustine's Hospital na Durban na 12 Maachị  afo 2010, ọ dị afọ iri asato na otu, site na ọrịa strok nke ọ tara izu abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.  Akụkọ ndụ gbasara Fatima Meer nke *akpọrọ Voices of Liberation* bụ Shireen Hassim dere wee bipụta ya na 2019.  Egosipụta ihe osise ya na eserese ya na Constitutional Hill kemgbe August 2017. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ndị mmadụ nọ n'okpuru mmachibido iwu n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Biography na Encyclopædia Britannica
* Akụkọ ndụ SA na ntanetị
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations