open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kọmitii US maka mmemme mmepe nke United Nations

**Kọmitii US maka United Nations Development Programme** ( **UNDP-USA** ) bụ ọgbakọ 501 (c)(3) nọọrọ onwe ya na otu n'ime ọtụtụ "enyi nke" otu n'ime ezinụlọ United Nations (UN), raara onwe ya nye nkwalite nke UN. na ebumnuche ya. Tọrọ ntọala na 1995, UNDP-USA bụ NGO a ma ama na United States maka UNDP, na-akwado ebumnuche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, yana UN n'ozuzu, na-enyere aka ịgwa ndị America banyere ọrụ UN. Ebumnuche nke kọmitii US kwuru bụ inye aka wulite ụwa ebe ndị America gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma gbasara mkpa ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa dị maka iwulite mbara ala ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ọganihu, udo na ịdị n'otu.

Mgbe afọ 14 nke ọrụ gasịrị, Kọmitii US maka Mmemme Mmepe United States mechiri na Disemba 2009.

Biko gaa na webụsaịtị UNDP Washington maka ozi gbasara ọrụ UNDP na United States.

## Hụkwa

* United Nations
* Mmemme mmepe United Nations
* Mmepe mba ụwa
* Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nke United States of America

## Edensibia
, na-enyere aka ịgwa ndị America banyere ọrụ UN. Ebumnuche

## Njikọ mpụga

* UNDP-USA
* Akụkọ UNDP-USA 2008 kwa afọ
UNDP Angola

**Mmemme Mmepe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UNDP) dị na Angola** bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ obodo 166 nke netwọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke United Nations Development Programme, ma dị na isi obodo obodo Luanda . Ebumnobi ya ekwuru bụ inye ndụ ndị mmadụ ike na inyere mba dị iche iche aka ka ha na-esiwanye ike na ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Dịka akụkụ nke mbọ mmepe UNDP sara mbara, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na-ahụ maka mmejuputa ebumnuche mmepe nke Millennium Development Goals na Angola . Ebe ndị Angola lekwasịrị anya bụ mbelata ịda ogbenye, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, gburugburu ebe obibi na ume, na mgbochi nsogbu na mgbake . Ọrụ mmepe ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya agụmakwụkwọ na mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ HIV/AIDS . 

## Mpaghara ndị dị mkpa na Angola

### Mbelata ịda ogbenye
Ihe kacha mkpa maka Gọọmenti Angolan na òtù mmepe na ndị NGO na-arụ ọrụ na mba ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-ebelata ịda ogbenye, karịsịa nke oke ịda ogbenye. Na February 11th, 2004 gọọmenti kwadoro "Estratégia de Combate à Pobreza" (ECP). Ụdị dị ugbu a bụ mbipụta Septemba 2005 edegharịrị, ma ọ ka bụkwa akwụkwọ mmepe atụmatụ maka mbelata ịda ogbenye na Angola. Ọ na-ekwu na ebe a na-elekwasị anya na ntinye aka maka gọọmentị na ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ iwughachi akụrụngwa, ịba ụba ohere agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike na ọrụ ndị ọzọ bụ isi, yana ịgbasa usoro ọchịchị. 

### gburugburu
N'afọ 2013, UNDP nyere US $1.1 nde n'ọrụ n'isi nke EU na-akwado maka ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na Angola. 

### Mgbochi nsogbu na mgbake
Ọ bụ ezie na agha kwụsịrị na 2002, ogbunigwe na ihe mgbawa nke agha (ERW) hapụrụ n'agha ahụ nọgidere na-eyi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ndị Angola egwu egwu. Ahịa ojii maka ngwa agha bụ isi iyi nke ime ihe ike na-adịte aka n'ime obodo n'akụkụ niile nke mba ahụ. Mgbalị UNDP iji kpochapụ ụdị ihe iyi egwu mmadụ mere bụ ọkachasị site na mmepe ikike maka National Mine Action Authority (CNIDAH), yana imepụta Ego Nzaghachi ngwa ngwa maka mbọ ogbunigwe. Ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha, dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-ebute ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ - karịsịa nye obodo ndị ọrụ ugbo. 

## Edensibia
inyere mba dị iche iche aka ka ha na-esiwanye ike na ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Dịka akụkụ nke mbọ mmepe
Ụlọ Ọgwụ St Pancras

thumb
Hospitallọ ọgwụ St Pancras bụ nke Camden na Islington NHS Foundation Trust na mpaghara St Pancras nke Central London, na nso Camden Town .  ọgwụ ọgwụ ahụ bụ n'ịgwọ ọrịa geriatric na nke uche 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 E hiwere ụlọ ahụ dị ka ụlọ maka St Pancras Union Workhouse na 1848. [1] [2] ọgwụ ahụ nwere ụfọdụ n'ime ụlọ arụ ọrụ nke mbụ afụ nke 18. [3] Mgbe St Pancras North Infirmary meghere  na Highgate na 1869, ụlọ ọgwụ dị na St Pancras Way bịara mara dị ka St Pancras South Infirmary.  [1] Mgbe a kpọpụtara ụlọ ọgwụ North Infirmary Highgate ụlọ ọgwụ South ahụ ka ikiri St Pancras Hospital na 1920.

ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa ebe akwụkwọ nọ n'ebe ahụ mbụ site na 1951 ruo 19 Mgbe98. [1] ụlọ ụlọ ọgwụ ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ụbọchị, St Pancras Old Church nyere ọrụ.  [2] N'ime 1990s ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bịara n'okpuru nke Camden na Islington NHS Foundation Trust

Na Jenụwarị 1999, akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ya kpughere mmegbu na Beach House, otu n'ime ngalaba geriatric nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ebe ndị nọọsụ kụrụ ma kechie ndị ọrịa isi mgbakasị agadi, na ndị ọrụ ibe ha egwu agbụrụ na-eyi egwu ịkọ ha. 

A chụrụ onye ọrịa na-edina ụfọdụ na February 2005 ma mechaa tigbuo ya.  [1] E ọgbara ọnụ ọgụgụ akwa ebido uche n'etiti 2007 na 2008.

N'ịbụ nke dị na mpaghara dị n'ọnụ ọnụ ụlọ ndị ọchịchị na St Pancras Hospital, The Arts Project, na-akwado nkwado ego sitere na NHS Charitable Funds dị iche iche na- agbanwe agbanwe, na-hazi ihe ngosi.  nka akpụkpọ 2003, na-alụ Arts na edemede.

## Ndị ọrịa ama ama

* Onye ode akwụkwọ Robert Heron nwụrụ n'ụlọọgwụ na 13 Eprel 1807. 
* Charles Sydney Gibbes, onye nkuzi Bekee nye ụmụ Emperor Nicholas II nke Russia, nwụrụ n'ụlọọgwụ na 24 Maachị 1963. 
* Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị Sir Kingsley Amis nwụrụ n'ụlọọgwụ na 22 Ọktoba 1995. 
* Henry Croft, onye mbụ Pearly King mụrụ (24 Mee 1861) wee nwụọ (1 Jenụwarị 1930) n'ụlọ ọgwụ.

## Hụkwa

* Nlekọta ahụike na London

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nhọrọ NHS: St Pancras Hospital
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ihe Omume zuru oke nke ndị Afghanistan nwere nkwarụ

**Comprehensive Disabled Afghans Programme** (CDAP) bụ ụlọ ọrụ United Nations nke UNOPS na-elekọta site na 1991 ruo 2004 na-ama ihe ọmụmụ 100,000 ndị Afghanistan, ahụ site na ogbunigwe .  Onye njikwa mmemme bụ Peter Colerdge .

Na Sept, 2004, na-esochi nsogbu nke ikpe na 2003, UNDP weghaara ọrụ maka mmemme ahụ, wee wulite dị ka National Program for Action on Disability (NPAD).

akwụkwọ Mine Action maka Afghanistan mere na ogbunigwe gburugburu ma ọ bụ merụọ mmadụ 400,000 na Afghanistan n'etiti 1990 na 2000. CDAP kwuru na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị a metụtara bụ ndị nwoke togoro afọ ọrụ, n'agbata afọ 18 na 40.

N'agbanyeghị aha ọma nke ịbụ ndị na-ahụ ezi nye ụmụ , ndị inyom Taliban gbara ụmụ ume isonye na CDAP na ọgụ kwe ka ha soro ụmụ nwoke na-arụkọ ọrụ.
Ụbọchị Ịdị n'Otu nke Mba Nile

.    International Human Solidarity Day (IHSD), nke e mere na Disemba 20, bụ ụbọchị ụmụ n'otu mba ụwa nke United Nations na mba ndị so na ya.  fim ya bụ ለዩ uru fim n'otu zuru ụwa ọnụ site n'ime ka mba ndị so na ya mara ndị na-abụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji ọnụ na-egosi ogbenye na ọrụ na akara ngosi ego ogbenye nke mba ndị nweere onwe ha gburugburu ụwa.  IHSD bụ World Solidarity Fund na United Nations Development Programme na-ebu, bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'imezu mmepụta e nọmba maka ikpochapụ ndị ogbenye n'ụwa niile.  [1] [2] Onye ọ ela nwere ike isonye ma ọ bụ mee ememe ụbọchị ahụ, saịtị n'itinye ụtụ na òtù ma ọ bụ saịtị n'inyere ndị ogbenye aka ma ọ bụ naanụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ikike.  .  A na-agba ndị Ghana ume ka ha zaghachi ndị ogbenye na ihe na-ebelata na eze ndị ọzọ site na mmepụta Sustainable.

## ndabere

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ na London

Nke a bụ ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ na London.[1]  N'afọ 1776, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ 86 na obodo ukwu yana ihe dị ka ugbo iri na abụọ dara ogbenye na Hoxton na Mile End.

* Aldgate workhouse
* Bethnal Green workhouse
* Bow workhouse
* Camberwell workhouse
* Chelsea workhouse
* Christchurch workhouse
* City of London workhouse
* Clapham workhouse
* Clerkenwell workhouse
* Cripplegate workhouse
* Forest Gate workhouse
* Fulham workhouse
* Greenwich workhouse
* Hackney workhouse
* Hampstead workhouse
* Hanwell workhouse
* Holborn workhouse
* Islington workhouse
* Kensington workhouse
* Lambeth workhouse
* Lewisham workhouse
* Mile End Old Town workhouse
* Newington workhouse
* Poplar workhouse
* Saffron Hill workhouse
* Shoreditch workhouse
* Southwark workhouse
* St Andrew, Holborn workhouse
* St Ann's, Limehouse workhouse
* St George in the East workhouse
* St George, Hanover Square workhouse
* St George-the-Martyr workhouse
* St Giles & St George workhouse
* St Giles, Cripplegate workhouse
* St Luke workhouse
* St Margaret & St John, Westminster workhouse
* St Martin-in-the-Fields workhouse
* St Marylebone workhouse
* St Olave's Poor Law Union workhouse, Rotherhithe
* St Pancras workhouse
* St Paul, Covent Garden workhouse
* St Saviour's workhouse
* Stepney workhouse
* Strand workhouse
* Tooting workhouse
* Training Ship Goliath workhouse
* Wandsworth and Clapham workhouse
* Wapping workhouse
* West London workhouse
* Westminster workhouse
* Whitechapel workhouse

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ogige oghere

thumb| Ogige isi igodo dị na St Ann's Community Orchard, Nottingham
**Ogige isi mkpịsị ugodi** bụ ogige ewelitere okirikiri dị mita abụọ n'obosara nke nwere nbanye nwere ụdị igodo n'otu akụkụ. Ntinye aka na-enye ndị ọrụ ubi ohere itinye akwụkwọ nri na-esighi esi, mmiri isi awọ, na nri n'ime nkata composting nke dị n'etiti akwa akwa. N'ụzọ dị otú a, enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe ndị na-eme compost na nkata n'oge oge na-eto eto iji nye ihe ọkụkụ maka ihe ọkụkụ. A na-ekpuchi elu elu nke ala na nkata etiti, ya mere ala ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbada site na etiti ruo n'akụkụ. Ọtụtụ ogige igodo igodo na-ebili ihe dị ka otu mita n'elu ala ma nwee mgbidi ejiri nkume mee. Mgbidi nkume ọ bụghị nanị na-enye ogige ahụ ọdịdị ya, ma na-enyere aka ọnyà mmiri n'ime akwa. Ubi isi igodo sitere na Lesotho ma bụrụkwa nke ọma maka ala kpọrọ nkụ na ọzara. N'Afrịka, a na-edobe ha nso na kichin wee na-ekolite akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dịka letus, kale, na akwụkwọ nri; herbs; na mgbọrọgwụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka eyịm, galik, karọt, na beets. Ubi isi ihe dị mma maka ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ, usoro a na-edobe osisi nso ọnụ iji bulie mmepụta ya. Osisi nwere sistemu mgbọrọgwụ dị obosara, dị ka tomato na zukini, nwere ike ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ogige igodo igodo.

Ewuola ogige igodo igodo ụdị Africa na Texas na ebe ndị ọzọ na US. Ndị otu Texas Master Gardeners Association etinyela ọtụtụ nkuzi iji kwalite ha. Ha agbanweela nhazi nke bụ isi, na-ahazi n'elu akwa dị obosara nke mita isii nke nwere tube 12-inch nke e ji fencing oke bekee mee ma ọ bụ waya ọkụkọ maka nkata compost. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Texas ịgbakwunye ikpuru na-acha uhie uhie na nkata compost iji nyere aka mebie okwu ahụ. >&#x5D; ** &#x5B; ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "ogige igodo igodo" mee ihe na permaculture iji kọwaa akwa ubi nke e debere na otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke na-agwụ agwụ kama ịga n'ihu, iji belata ebe okporo ụzọ.   Ubi mkpịsị ugodi Permaculture na-adịkarị obosara ma na-atọ ụtọ karịa ụdị ndị Africa dị iche iche na anaghị etinyekarị nkata compost ma ọ bụ ikpo compost wuru n'ime akwa. A na-ezo aka n'akwa ndị toro ogologo nke na-etinye compost dị ka "banana okirikiri" site n'aka ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịbendị.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ụdị ubi
* Ịgba ugbo square ụkwụ

## Ntụaka
na-ahazi n'elu akwa dị obosara nke mita isii nke nwere tube 12-inch nke e ji fencing oke bekee mee ma
Njikọ Nweghachi Oyster

**Mmekọrịta Oyster Iweghachite** ( **ORP** ) bụ 501(c)(3) nzukọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke na-eduga mbọ nchekwa nke nwa afọ Eastern oporo, *Crassostrea virginica*, na Chesapeake Bay na Eastern United States.    Ihe omume na mmemme nke nzukọ a gụnyere mweghachi oporo, nchekwa mkpogharị shei, na atụmatụ ịkụ azụ na-adigide.   

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere nzukọ a na 1972 ma mara ya dị ka Chesapeake Appreciation, Inc.  A gbanwere aha nzukọ ahụ na akara ya ka ọ bụrụ Oyster Recovery Partnership (ORP) na 1994.  ORP bụ onye isi na Annapolis, Maryland .  Nzukọ a anatala nkwado site na United States Environmental Protection Agency, State of Maryland, na Baltimore County.   

### Mmemme
ORP na-akụ oporo nwa afọ, *Crassostrea virginica*, laghachi na Chesapeake Bay.    Na 2022, nzukọ a nyere aka kụọ ihe karịrị 950,000,000 oysters.  Nzukọ a na-arụkwa ọrụ inye ohere mmụta nye ndị ọrụ ugbo azụ azụ na omume kacha mma maka ijikwa ugbo oporo na mgbazinye ego ha. 

Na mgbakwunye, nzukọ a na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị nyocha na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mụọ ụzọ ka mma isi eto oysters, weghachi oyster reef, na ịkwalite mweghachi oporo.     ORP na-esokwa ndị omebe iwu na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka iwu na-arụkọ ọrụ iji kwalite atụmatụ amụma na-akwado mweghachi oporo.   Òtù ahụ mepụtara ma na-agba Shell Recycling Alliance (SRA), atụmatụ nke nwere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ndị na-eri nri, na ndị na-ere nri mmiri iji chekwaa shei oyster eke ejiri mee ihe, nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe kachasị mma nke a na-eji na-ebuli oporo ọhụrụ, na-agwụcha na nsị.  

### Nduzi
Ndị otu Board nke ndị otu iri na itoolu na-edu nzukọ a. Ndị a ma ama na bọọdụ ahụ gụnyere onye ọchụnta ego Jim Perdue na James King, onye bụbu onye otu Maryland House of Delegates . 

## Hụkwa

* Oyster ugbo
* Oyster reef mweghachi

## Ntụaka
nzukọ a nyere aka kụọ ihe karịrị 950,000,000 oysters.  Nzukọ a na-arụkwa ọrụ inye ohere mmụta nye ndị ọrụ ugbo a

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Tim Lang (onye na-ahụ maka nri na-edozi ahụ)

thumb| Lang na-agwa Ọbá akwụkwọ Britain okwu na 2020
**Timothy Mark Lang** ( mbụ January 1948) bụ prọfesọ Emeritus nke nri na Mahadum City University London's [1] Centre for Food Policy 2002. Ụgbọ ntọala Center na 1994 [2] ma guzobe Cambridge Forum for Sustainability and Environment. 

## Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara

* *Atlas of Food* (ya na E Millstone, Earthscan 2003/2008)
* *Iwu nri* (ya na D Barling na M Caraher, Oxford University Press, 2009)
* *Ahụike Ọha na gburugburu ebe obibi* (ya na Geof Rayner, Routledge Earthscan, 2012)
* *Agha nri* (ya na Michael Heasman, Routledge, 2015)
* *Ndị ahịa enweghị ike ịchịkwa* (ya na Yiannis Gabriel, Sage, 2015)
* ''Brexit Nri: Oge iji nweta ezigbo'' (2017) (ya na Erik Millstone & Terry Marsden)
* "Coronavirus: inye nri dabere na ahụike, nha anya na ịdị mma ugbu a achọrọ - ọkachamara n'usoro nri" *Mkparịta ụka*, 2020.
* *Inye nri Britain, nsogbu nri anyị na otu esi edozi ha* . Penguin, 2020. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nri, ahụike, ahaghị nhata: ihe kpatara na usoro inye nri nke Britain anaghị arụ ọrụ
* 'Enweghị ntụzịaka, enweghị atụmatụ ga-aga n'ihu': kedu ihe na-eme na nri ndị Britain
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụlọ Ọrụ, Southwell

thumb|Southwell Workhouse.jpg
Ndị ọrụ, nke a dị ka Greet House, na obodo Southwell, Nottinghamshire, England, bụ ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke National Trust na-arụ, meghere ọha na eze na 2002. [1] Ewubere na 1824, ọ bụ ihe nlere.  nke ụlọ ọrụ afụ nke 19, ma Royal Commission kwuru maka iwu si mma dị ka ihe atụ ngosi mma n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị adị, tupu New Poor Law nke 1834 butere n'iwu ụlọ ọrụ n'ofe.  obodo.

Ọ bụ William Adams Nicholson, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ Southwell na Lincoln mere ya, yana Revd.  John T. Becher, onye ọsụ ụzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ekiri ụlọ ndị na-ekiri ọrụ kwa ụbọchị nke na-emesi ọrụ ike site n'ịgbawa okwute na imenyonyo oakum .  [1] [2] National Trust dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ngwa nke ọma na England.

A ብረት na-arụ ụlọ ahụ ruo 1990s, mgbe e ji ya na-enye ndị nne na ihe ebe obibi nwa oge.  [1] Nnweta ya site na National Trust Ụgbọ okporo ụzọ otu a iji na-agba ya yana ịhụ na ọ na-aga n'ihu na ụlọ a depụtara na Grade II* nke ekiri ike ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ obibi.

Ozi mweghachi azụ site na nrụzi ụlọ na 2000 ma na-aga n'ihu.  A rụzi ezinụlọ ọtụtụ ụlọ dị ka ha na-ele anya na ike awụ nke 19 na ụlọ, ike na ihe, bụ nke a kwaturu na ebube afụ nke 20, ka eweghachi azụ.

Emeghere ụlọ ịsa akwa na Machị 2012, dabara na ihe ngosi ogologo oge nye ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ apụta ebe n'aka (mgbe ahụ) onye isi oche National Trust, Fiona Reynolds .

Na 2013, saịtị ahụ, onyinye Sandford maka nkwado Heritage, dị ka ebe ajiri maka ụmụ akwụkwọ mpaghara  

Na 2015 ihe mmetụta ahụ na awa 24 n'oge gara aga .

## hụkwa

* Ọkwa II* depụtara ụlọ dị na Nottinghamshire
* Ụlọ ndị edepụtara na Upton, Newark na Sherwood

## Ntụaka
**Ihe ndetu****Akwụkwọ akụkọ**

 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọgwụ, ozi na National Trust
* 
* BBC Radio 4, 2007/08: Fearnought (abụ maka Southwell Workhouse)
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọ Nri

Stow Lodge bụ ụlọ afọ [1] na parish nke Onehouse na Stowmarket, Suffolk .  Eweeee na 1781 dị ka Union Work House, ụlọ ọrụ ihe maka parish iri na anọ nke Stow ike, emesịa jiri ya dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ ma bụrụ ụlọ obibi ugbu a
thumb|Stow Lodge flats

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 Iwu Nnwale Workhouse nke 1723 nyere nguzobe ụlọ nke ụlọ ọrụ, nke a na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ, nyere ndị ogbenye aka n'ime ụlọ .  Stow Incorporation hibere site na Stow, Suffolk: Iwu Ogbenye 1778 c.  35 [1] ma hiwere ya site na parish nke Buxhall, Combs, Creeting St. Peter, Great Finborough, Little Finborough, Harleston, Haughley, Old Newton, Onehouse, Shelland, Stow Upland, Stowmarket, na Wetherden

A kwadoro atụmatụ maka iwu ụlọ ọrụ Union na 1779 wee wuchaa ya na 1781 na ọnụ ahịa £ 12,000.  Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ White's Directory for Suffolk nke 1844 si kwuo, a kọwara ya na 1810 dị ka inwe "ọdịdị oche nwa amadị karịa ebe nchekwa maka ndị ogbenye".  

E liri ndị nwụrụ anwụ mgbe ha nọ n'ọrụ n'ili ndị ogbenye dị nso, nke Onehouse Parish Councilra rụ na 2000 ma ndị ọrụ afọ na-elekọta ya.

Ụlọ ahụ mechara bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ Stow Lodge ruo mgbe emechiri ya na 1991.[1]  Emebere ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ nke ihe owuwu na mmasị akụkọ ihe mere eme na 1956 wee depụta ya dị ka ọkwa II na 1988.[2] [3]  E mechara gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ Eastville

alt=A gatepost with the number 100 on it.|thumb| Ihe niile fọdụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Eastville bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá.
Onye ọrụ Eastville (nke aha ya bụ Barton Regis workhouse) bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na 100 Fishponds Road, na Bristol, UK [1] A nyere ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi maka ndị agadi na 1920s, ma kwatuo iji mee ụzọ maka ụlọ na  1972.

## Ụlọ ọrụ
The workhouse e wuru na 1847 ka a imewe Samuel T. Welch dị ka Clifton Ogbenye Law Union workhouse;  E de Karin aha ya na 1877 mgbe a kpọpụtara Union Barton Regis iji mkparị nke ụmụ amaala Clifton nwere.

## Ala olili
N'afọ 2012, ebe a na-eli ozu ya, nke echefuru echefu, ka amapụtara dị ka mpaghara oghere a mara na mpaghara dị ka Rosemary Green.  Bristol Radical History Group na e liri ihe nna ndị nche 3500 n'ibu ọrụ n'ebe ahụ n'etiti 1855 na 1895, tupu e mebie ya mgbe a kwaturu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Ewubere ihe na saịtị ahụ na Nọvemba 2015, wee guzobe ọnụ nke abụọ na 2019 n'ebe e liri ha n'ili akara akara n'ili Avonview dị nso. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ihe ihere nke ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ Huddersfield

Asịrị ụlọ ọrụ Huddersfield spa dị n'iche ọrụ na Huddersfield, England na 1848. Nsogbu ndị ahụ nkiri oke mmadụ, ọrịa, nri, na ọcha ọcha, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Dị ka ihe atụ, otu iko ndị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka nke na-alọ-akwụkwọ maka obibi maka ọtụtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-e Mega n'ime ya, ọ gwụla ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi ahụ na-egbu egbu .  otu."l

Na nyọyọ, a na-ewere ọnọdụ dị na Huddersfield dị ka nke dị na Andover nke kụbara ndị nchọpụta na Britain afọ abụọ gara aga.  Nke a gara aga asịrị notoriety n'ihi oke mmegbu na akaụntụ na-ehota workhouse nlekọta na-agụụ na-agụ ha ọrịa ịta ọkpụkpụ na ha na-egwere ala maka fatịlaịza.  [1] Ihe abụọ omume a nyere aka n'ịbawanyewanye ihe ndị a na-achọ maka igbochi nsogbu na eze dị ka nkejira site na ihe ndị mere eme dị ka okwu ihu ọha siri ike na Iwu Ogbenye .

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe ojoo nke Huddersfield workhouse
* Akụkọ ọzọ gbasara asịrị
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ Huddersfield, maapụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ 1881, na asịrị ahụ.
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọ Ọgwụ Portwey

thumb| Ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na ụlọ ọgwụ hụrụ na 2014, ugbu a Union Court.
AHospitallọ ọgwụ Portwey bụbu ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ dị na Weymouth, Dorset, England.  Ewubere na 1830 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Weymouth Union, ọ mechara bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ Portwey na 1930s.  Mgbe emechiri na 1987, a ụlọ ụlọ ahụ n'oge 1990 ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ nke a maara dị ka Courtlọikpe ngwaahịa.

N'ịbụ nke e wuru na nkume Portland, ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkwa II ụbọchị na 1974. [1] [2] English Heritage, na ihe na-ahụ ha ụlọ ahụ, ngwaọrụ ya dị ka "ihe na-enweghị mma, mana  ọ na-ejigide ọtụtụ n'ime mbụ na ụmụaka".  Ha gbanyere, sị: "N'okporo ụzọ ma ọ nwere ugwu dị mfe, na-atụgharị site na iji akụ na nke Portland nkume".

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Na-esote nguzobe Weymouth Poor Law Union na Jenụwarị 1836, ọrụ nke n'afọ ahụ n'iwu ụlọ ọrụ na Wyke Road.  Emebere ụlọ ahụ site na iji akara ọkọlọtọ Sampson Kempthorne nke Ndị Ụbọchi Iwu Ogbenye, nke ọma nke Thomas Dobson na Thomas Hill Harvey nke Weymouth Board of Guardians mere.  Amara dị ka Union Workhouse na emesịa Ndị Ozi Ọrụ Iwu Ogbenye, ụlọ ụlọ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ Portwey na 1939.

Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ mechiri na 1987.  Na 1989, enyere ikike atụmatụ atụmatụ Ryan nke Wimborne Ltd ka ọ gbanwee ụlọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ iri anọ na atọ na ụlọ ise, ebe ọ na-agbakwunye ụlọ ndị ọzọ na ala dị n'akụkụ. Agbanyeghị, atụmatụ ndị ahụ kwụsịrị, ndị otu Warden Housing Association weghaara mmepe ụlọ ahụ. A kwadoro atụmatụ maka ụlọ iri ise na ise ka e mepụta na 1992,  na arụrụ ọrụ na Ụlọikpe Ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na 1993.  Enyere mmepe ahụ ihe nrite Weymouth Civic Society Award na 1994. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọ Ọgwụ St Luke, Rugby

Hospitallọ ọgwụ St Luke bụ ụlọ ọgwụ na Rugby, Warwickshire, England, na Lower Hillmorton Road, n'etiti 1948 na 1993, n'agbanyeghị na ngwaahịa ahụ sitere na 1819 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Saịtị ahụ ahụ dị ka Rugby Union Workhouse, nke mepere nso na Lower Hillmorton Road na 1819. A na-amụba ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nke nta nke nta n'ime afọ, ruo 1930, mgbe ọ ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ọha na eze na-elekọta.  ndịsị maka ilekọta ndị agadi, ndị na-ahụ ike na ndị- arịa ọrịa na-ahụ ala ala.  N'oge Agha nke mbụ, a na-eji ya dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ n'okpuru Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mberede .  Site na 1948 weghaara saịtị ahụ na National Health Service (NHS) ewepụtara ọhụrụ wee nwee ụlọ ọgwụ St Luke.

St Luke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka ụlọ, n'agbanyeghị ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị mepere ebe ahụ na 1951, a kwagara ọrụ mmepụta ebe ahụ na 1982.  na ụlọ ọgwụ St Cross dị nso, bụ nkera n'otu oge ahụ.  Ka ọ na-erule 1993, ebufefela ndị ọrịa niile, ma mechie St Luke

 N'afọ 1994, e rere saịtị ahụ nye ndị nwe ụlọ, bụ ndị kwaturu ọtụtụ ụlọ maka ụlọ ọhụrụ a na-akpọ Morton Gardens.  ọnụ ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ka aha.  Ebe ụlọ ọgwụ na-ekpuchi ogbugbu a site na ụlọ, ịwa ahụ izugbe, na ụlọ ọgwụ NHS a na-akpọ Orchard Center.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga
Media related to St Luke's Hospital, Rugby at Wikimedia Commons
 
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Òtù Na-eleta Ụlọ Ọrụ

Workhouse Visiting Society bụ achịcha hiwere na 1858 [1] [2] wee malite “iji kwalite omume ọma na ime nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ” na England na Wales.  [3] Louisa Twining nke mpaghara Twinings tii hiwere otu a.  [4] Ọ dị ka obere kọmitii nke National Association for Promotion of Social Sciences .  E wepụrụ ya na 1865.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 1847, Louisa Twining: ileta onye akwụkwọ ochie nke ihe na site na ya ama aha dị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] N'afọ 1853, ọ gara mbụ mbụ ya n'ọrụ wee hụ na ọ juputara na ya, na nri nri, ihe ọcha na ngwaọrụ.  [1] Mgbe nke ahụ mkpuchi, ọ gakwuuru Strand Union Poor Law Board maka ikike ikwe ka otu ụmụ ụmụ gaa n'otu n'ime ụlọ ya ma ọrụ na mbụ inye ya.  Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ụka na ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị dole ka ụmụ na-elekọta ndị agadi, ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-adịghị ike.  Stand Union Poor Law Board na ndị na-egosi egosi ofufe ha wee kwe ka ahụ ahụ.  [1] Na 1857, ọ akụkọ ikwusa ọnọdụ adịghị mma n'ime ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] Na mgbakwunye, ọ gbara ndị otu National Association for the Promotion of Social Science ume ka ha guzobe ụzọ iji nye ndị nlekọta nkasi obi n'ime ihe na nke ike, na ime ka nsogbu na eze mara ọnọdụ adịghị mma n'ime  ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] Otu n'ime ndị ọrụ gbara ọnụ bụ Catharine Tait onye dịka Dean nke Carlisle na-onwe ya n'ime ileta ụlọ ọrụ obodo ya.

Na 1858 e hiwere Workhouse Visiting Society [1] na Twining ebute mbụ ya.  [2] Ka ọ na-erule 1860, o nwere ndị òtù 140 na-arụsi ọrụ ike, bụ́ ndị gara leta ụlọ ọrụ 12 mepere emepe, e see ọtụtụ alaka mpaghara n'ịkpọ ndị ọzọ nke England.  [3] Na 1863, ihe dabere na 23 New Ormond Street, Bloomsbury, London.  [4] Ọrụ ndị otu ya mgbe ha na-eleta ụlọ ọrụ bụ imere ndị nche ebere.  [2] Ndị otu ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịkpọsa ọnọdụ adịghị mma n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nke akwụkwọ ọmụmụ akwụkwọ nke ya.  [5] Ndị obodo na-agbasi mbọ ike n'i ike ngwaọrụ ihe ndị na-egbochi mma.  [3] O mekwara ka ndị ụkwụ ụgbọ dị otú ahụ Lord Shaftesbury tụlere okwu gbasara ụlọ ọrụ.  [2] Otu nsogbu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị otu Workhouse Visiting Society dị iche ikpuchi na imeri nsogbu ọdịnaya ụlọ ọrụ.  [2] N'afọ 1865, a nsogbu ya. 

Nsogbu ndị Louisa Twining chere ihu bụ nke Catharine Tait mara na o hiwere otu ọhụrụ na nke yiri ya na-erigbu ikike nke di ya bụ Bishọp nke London na nhọrọ ndị otu ọ mepụtara site na ịkpọ ndị inyom na-achị achị ma ọ bụ ndị nwere njikọ nke ọma ka ha sonye. Ndị Ladies Diocesan Association ya na-arụ ọrụ site na 1865 ruo na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. 

N'agbata 1859 na 1865, mgbasa mmadụ Journal of the Workhouse Visiting Society, [1] nke Longman, Brown, Green, Longman na Roberts, London.  [2] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi na ngalaba gbasara ụlọ ọrụ.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọ Ọgwụ Watford General

thumb|Watford General Hospital from Vicarage Road.jpg
Hospitallọ ọgwụ Watford General bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ District nke nwere akwa 521 dị na Vicarage Road, Watford, Hertfordshire .  Yana Hemel Hempstead Hospital na St Albans City Hospital, ụlọ ọgwụ West Hertfordshire NHS Trust na-arụ ya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emebere Watford General na ntọala nke National Health Service na-eji ụlọ ndị bụbu ụlọ ọrụ Watford na, site na 1929, Shrodells Public Assistance Institution.  [1] ndị ọrụ ahụ gbakwunyekwara Peace Memorial Wing site na 1965 mgbe a na-ebufe nke ndị ọgwụgwụ Peace Memorial na saịtị Shrodells.  [2] [3] Udo Hospice dị na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ udo mbụ.  [3] [4] Princess Michael nke Kent meghere Princess Michael nke Kent Wing na saịtị Shrodells na 1986 [5] [6] na Andy Burnham, ụlọ nke steeti maka ngwaọrụ meghere nnukwu na February 2010.

ọgwụ ahụ ahụ na-achịkwa ikike nchekwa ya na A&E emebere ya maka ndị bịara 30,000 kwa afọ mana na enweta ihe ụmụaka 88,000.  A Aha ụlọ ahụ ahụ "ikike oke" na nyọcha 2015 CQC, mana emelitere ka ọ bụrụ "chọrọ mmelite" na Jenụwarị 2018

Enyere ikike ikike iji wulite ụlọ ọgwụ na akwụkwọ nkwado Watford na 2008. Nkwe egwuregwu nke ngalaba 106 nke ga-enye £3 nde maka mkpuchi mkpuchi mgbasa ozi Vicarage Road, ụmụnna na njem,nyere aka na 26 Ma ọchịchị 2010. [1] Na  August 2012 Kier Property ka jijira iji mee mmemme mmemme.  [2] Ɔ ga-ewe afɔ – iji wuchaa

## Ụlọ ọrụ
Ewula okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji mgbasa ụlọ na etiti obodo na M1 .  Nyere aha ahụ, Thomas Sawyer Way, ọ bụ isi osisi maka ụlọ ọgwụ.   

site ala Watford na-arụ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nke ọma na-agba ọsọ n'etiti etiti obodo na Rickmansworth . 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website 
* Watford General Hospital on the NHS website
* Inspection reports from the Care Quality Commission
Ụlọ Ọrụ Nri

**Kọmịshọna nri bụ ndị na-ahụ maka nri nọọ onwe ha na-agba mbọ maka nri dị mma na ngwaọrụ na UK .  A na-akwado kọmịshọn ahụ site na ndenye aha ọha na eze na akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ha, akwụkwọ ndị nri .**

## Edensibia
**nwe ha na-agba mbọ maka nri dị mma na ngwaọrụ na UK**

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụlọ ọrụ nri
* Weebụsaịtị Chewonthi ezubere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Na-arụ Ọrụ na Derry

Derry Workhouse bụ ụlọ ọrụ na Derry, Northern Ireland.  N'ịbụ nke dị na mpaghara Waterside nke obodo ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ site na 1840 ruo 1948.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'ihi nke Iwu Ogbenye Irish nke 1838, ụlọ ọrụ nwe ikike maka mmadụ 800 mepere n'obodo ahụ na 10 Nọvemba 1840 ma bụrụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na Ulster .  N'oge ndụ nke Irish (1845-1849), ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye dara ogbenye dara ogbenye rịre elu nke ukwuu na, dị ka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Ireland n'oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nnukwu mmadụ.  Site na iwebata Iwu Enyemaka Mba 1948 na steeti steeti, ụlọ ọrụ na 1948 

Ụlọ ndị ahụ nwere ụlọ ọgwụ Waterside ruo 1991, emezigharịrị ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi nkeonwe, ebe a na-eji ebe obibi bụ isi dị ka ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.   N'oge nrụgharị ahụ, ahụrụ ọtụtụ ozu mmadụ. Ozu ndị a, ndị kwenyere na ọ bụ nke ndị nwụrụ n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ka e mesịrị tinye n'ime ebe a na-eli ozu Ballyoan. 

Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka meghere na 1997. Na 2014, Derry City Council kpebiri imechi ihe ngosi nka na-ekwu maka ahụike na nchekwa, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọbịa na-ebelata. Kansụl ahụ mere atụmatụ ime ka oghere ahụ ghọọ ụlọ. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Iwu Nchebe Nri 1990

**Iwu nchekwa nri 1990**  bụ iwu nke nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom .  Ọ bụ ọrụ dị n'iwu ka a na-emeso nri ezubere maka oriri mmadụ n'ụzọ a na-achịkwa ma jikwaa ya. 

Isi ihe a na-enwe n'iwu ahụ bụ na nri ga-agbarọrọra ihe nchekwa nri nri, ga-enwe "nke anụ, ihe na-achọ mma", ma ga-achọtara nke ọma (kpọnyere aha).

## Hụkwa

* Nchịkwa nri
* Onye nyocha ọha

## Ntụaka
Susan Jebb

**Susan Ann Jebb** OBE bụ Onye isi oche nke United Kingdom Standards Agency na Prọfesọ nke Diet na Health Population na Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Mahadum Oxford .  [1]

## Ọrụ
.Na 2008, Jebb ikike OBE maka ọrụ na-akpata nsogbu.  [1] Na 2015, a katọrọ ya na egwuregwu nke British Medical Journal maka ụlọ nso ya na ụlọ ọrụ.  [2] Na 2018, a mgbaàmà ya onye otu nke Medical Academy of Sciences 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Iwu Nhazi Nri (Wales) 2013

**Iwu Iwu ịdị ọcha nke nri (Wales) 2013**  anaw 2 [1] bụ iwu nke Mgbakọ Mba maka Wales iji mee ka ọkwa nri bụrụ iwu. A ga-emekwa ka ọkwa ahụ pụta ọha site na iji ihe mmado ọcha nri. [2] [3] [4] Akọ ego akwụkwọ ọcha nri dị na weebụsaịtị ụlọ ọrụ iwu nri . 

## Edensibia
Ihe ihere nke nri nke European Union

**Mkpesa àgwà nri nke European Union** bụ arụmụka na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ụdị nri na ihe ezubere iche na ahịa mba Central na Eastern European Union adịchaghị mma karịa otu ha na-emepụta maka ahịa Western European Union. 

Onye isi oche European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker kwetara n'okwu a na steeti ya nke Union na-ekwe nkwa inye ego iji nyere ndị isi nri mba aka ịnwale ngwaahịa ndị dị ala wee malite ịlụso enweghị nha anya nri.   N'April 2018 EU Justice and Consumers Commissioner Věra Jourová kwuru na "Anyị ga-ebuli ọgụ megide àgwà nri abụọ. Anyị emezigharịrị Ntuziaka Azụmaahịa Na-ezighị ezi iji mee ka ọ dị oji na ọcha na a machibidoro mma oriri abụọ."

## Ntụaka
Ezigbo Ọrụ Nri Na-adịghị Mma

**Real Junk Food Project** (TRJFP) bụ nzukọ na-eji nri a ga-atụfu na ụlọ ahịa, ụlọ nri, na ndị na-eweta nri ndị ọzọ nwere onwe ha iji mepụta nri a na-ere na cafes ya na ebe nri ndị ọzọ.   TRJFP bu n'obi ịkwalite mmata maka nnukwu ihe mkpofu nri na usoro nri .  Ịkwụ ụgwọ ihe ịchọrọ ịbịarute bụ ime ka onye ọ bụla nweta nri ya.  Adam Smith tọrọ ntọala a na Leeds na 2013.  

It originally include food that had past its use-by-date, ma kemgbe 2017 o kwuru na ọ naghịzi eme ya n'ịkwadebe nri maka ọha. 

## Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ
Kafe mbụ Real Junk Food Project malitere na Armley, Leeds, na Disemba 2013 site n'aka Sam Joseph, Conor Walsh na Adam Smith.    Kemgbe emepere ya, cafe a enyela ihe karịrị mmadụ 10,000 nri na-eji ihe karịrị tọn 20 nke nri achọghị. 

Ihe oru ngo a nwere netwọk nke cafes,   nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụ ọrụ.  Dị ka nke 2015 enwere ihe karịrị 100 na UK dum,  gụnyere na Bristol,  Brighton na Hove  na Manchester .  

## Anakwaghị enye nri gafere n'oge ojiji ya
N'oge nyocha nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe Leeds site na West Yorkshire Trading Standards, ahụrụ ihe 444 gara aga.  Ọrụ a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịgba akwụkwọ maka ịda iwu nchekwa nchekwa nri na ịdị ọcha mgbe ha na-enye ngwaahịa gafere ụbọchị njedebe ha.  Adam Smith rụrụ ụka na otu nde mmadụ ejirila ọrụ ahụ nyejuo nri n'enweghị onye ọ bụla na-arịa ọrịa.  Dịka nzaghachi nye okwu ahụ, Nzaghachi, ụlọ ọrụ UK ọzọ na-anapụta ihe mkpofu nri, kwupụtara nkwado maka The Real Junk Food Project site n'ikwu na "ezigbo mpụ ebe a bụ ihe mkpofu na-akpata mgbe ndị mmadụ tụfuru nri nri zuru oke". 

## Ihe nrite

* 2017: Real Junk Food Project na Birmingham, Manchester na Northampton bụ ndị gbara ọsọ na ihe nrite kwa ọnwa nke Observer Food 
* 2018: Real Junk Food Project na Manchester, Leeds na Birmingham bụ ndị gbara ọsọ na ihe nrite kwa ọnwa nke Observer Food 
* 2018: cafes Brighton meriri ọla edo abụọ na ọla ọcha na Brighton na Hove Food and Drink Awards.   
* 2018: Onye na-agba ọsọ na nri nri Chain 2018 Global Food Champion Award in the BBC Food and Farming Awards . 

## Hụkwa

* Ihe mkpofu nri na United Kingdom

## Ntụaka
onwe ha iji mepụta nri a na-ere na cafes ya na ebe nri ndị ọzọ.   TRJFP bu n'obi ịkwalite mmata maka nnukwu ihe mkpofu nri na
Òtù Na-anọgide Na-eri Nri

**Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Sustainable** ( **SRA** ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-abaghị uru, òtù ndị otu, nke dabeere na United Kingdom, nke na-enyere ndị ahịa ọrụ nri aka ịrụ ọrụ maka nkwado na mpaghara ha ma na-eduzi ndị ahịa na nhọrọ ndị ọzọ na-adigide.   

Kemgbe mmalite ya na 2009, nzukọ a agbasawanyela ikike ya karịa ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọdịnala gụnyere cafes, nri nkwekọrịta na nri ụgbọ elu wee gbasaa mpaghara mpaghara ya gafere United Kingdom site na mmemme ikike nke na-enyere mpaghara ndị ọzọ aka ịhazi ngwa ngwa ma wepụta ya. mmemme. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Echiche nke otu iji kwalite nkwado na mpaghara oriri na ịbụ sitere na ndị mgbasa ozi na London, Ezi Business, ma Simon Heppner na Giles Gibbons akwụkwọ n'oge 2008. The Garfield Weston Foundation, Esmée Fairbairn Foundation na Mark Leonard Trust nyere ego na  na 2009 ụzọ a akụkọ na ndị òtù nchoputa Carluccios, Feng Sushi na Wahaca.

Nzukọ a gara n'ihu na-etolite ma na-etolite kwa afọ kemgbe ahụ, na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na 52 na mmalite ruo ihe karịrị 12,000 na 2019. Na 2012, Raymond Blanc ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke otu. 

## Usoro nkwado
.Ihe ịma aka nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na nri bụ na ọ bụ ebe na a na-ahụ Nkwado dị ka ihe dị mkpa, ọ dịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ụzọ e si ejikọta ya ma ọ bụ dozie ya.  Nke a egwuregwu anya nke ndị na-eme egwuregwu ihe egwuregwu ụlọ oriri na-eme na-adigide, yana ihe elele ime ihe maka ndị na-eri nri, bụ ndị ama akara ebe ha ga- ma-eri anya nri. 

.Otu n'ime isi nke ihe a bụ mgbasa ozi na ọrụ nri site na usoro, na-ekpuchi ihe niile, nke na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka azụmahịa mma.  [1] Emebere usoro a na fim ya na isiokwu ndị dị iche iche dị ka RSPCA, Fair Trade, Soil Association, Ọmiiko na World Farming na Carbon Trust, yana òtù ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ozuzu na mpaghara nke nkwado ọrụ.  nri dị ka Sustain.  [2] [3] E kewara usoro ụzọ ụzọ ahụ bụ isi: gburugburu ebe obibi, mmadụ ibe ya ma bụrụ ntọala nke usoro ntule nke SRA ji akuko nseta.  

Ebe ọ bụ na 2009, SRA ekwupụtala arụmọrụ nkwado nke ọtụtụ puku ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ megide usoro a ma nye otu, kpakpando abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na ndị a na-apụta ugbu a na windo ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na menus dị ka ihe mgbaàmà nye ndị na-eri nri na azụmahịa na-ewere nsogbu ahụ dị mkpa. 

## Mgbasa ozi
N'afọ 2010, ndị SRA mere nyocha banyere mkpofu nri n'ụdị ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị iche iche, na-achọ ịghọta oke okwu a ma dokwuo anya ihe mejupụtara efere efere, mmebi na ihe mkpofu.  Nsonaazụ gosiri na na nkezi ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na-amịpụta ọkara kilo nke ihe mkpofu n'otu nri nri yana na 65% bụ mkpofu prep, mkpofu efere 30% na naanị 5% mmebi.  Mbipụta nke nsonaazụ ahụ mere ka a ghọta okwu ahụ na nke mbụ, pụtara na akụkọ WRAP *Ịghọta ihe mkpofu nri ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ụlọ*,  ma kpalie SRA imepe mgbasa ozi Too Good To Waste, nke gbara ndị na-eri nri ume ịjụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. inye igbe doggy iji buru ihe fọdụrụ n'ụlọ. 

## Ntụaka
Ebe a na-ahụ maka influenza

**Saịtị gripe bụ ụdị webụsa ịpụta ewepụtara maka nkatọ ma ọ bụ nhazi otu isiokwu.  akojọ a nwere ike ịbụ mmadụ, ebe, ụgbọ njem, ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ.  Satịtị gripe nwere ike ikike inye nkatọ bara uru na isiokwu a (dị ka akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe ), ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịgbanye kaadị ahụ.**

## Hụkwa

* Royaldutchshellplc.com

## Ntụaka

* Ebili nke saịtị gripe akwụkwọ akụkọ Prospect, February 2007

## Njikọ mpụga

* cybergriping.com
* webgripesites.com
* weeklygripe.co.uk
* gripes.com.au
Ezigbo SME

**Ọmarịcha SME** .bụ ọrụ mba ụwa, na-achọ iguzobe ndepụta ọcha nke obere ụlọ ọrụ obere na ọkara (SME) site na mkpuchi mkpuchi .  Ihe oru ngo a na-ebute ndụ aka na-akpa webụsaịtị

## Ụkpụrụ
Ewubere oru a n'ogidi atọ:

* ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi, ọkachamma ụlọ ahịa azụmaahịa, na-ewere ọrụ nke **onye na-enye ya**
* data kredit nke ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ọkwa kredit nyere
* teknụzụ na-enyere aka nnwapụta dị mfe nke izi ezi akwụkwọ ma na-egbochi mgbaghara ntụkwasị obi nke ụgha kpatara ( ).

## Usoro
Enwere ike nweta asambodo SME dị mma site na ụlọ ọrụ na-emezu ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi:

* obere ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọkara (na-abụkarị ndị ọrụ 250, usoro ndị ọzọ nwere ike itinye na mba dị iche iche)
* ntụgharị kacha nta nke 25000 €
* akara kredit opekata mpe 6 (n'ime 10), BBB na ụfọdụ sistemu akara kredit.

Enyere ahụ ahụ maka oge nke otu afọ.  Mak akara kredit ahụ nọ n'okpuru nlebanya na-adịgide adịgide, a ga-akagbu ahụ n'oge akaghi aka ma ọ bụrụ na akara kredit nke onye njide daa n'okpuru 6.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
A akụkọ oru ngo na 2012 na Slovenia site na ndị mmekọ Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia, [1] ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ kredit.COFACE Slovenija.  na onye na-eweta CONET doo na ya 

## Edensibia

## Isi mmalite

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
ECARF Quality Seal

**Akara Ogo ECARF** bụ akara akara nke ezubere iji nyere aka na nhọrọ na ọrụ dabara adaba maka ndị na-eri ihe nfụkasị ahụ .  kamara 2006, ụlọ ọrụ European Center for Allergy Research Foundation (ECARF) na- tinyere akwụkwọ na-enye nwanyị ahụ n'ahịa ndị na-emezu ihe zuru oke dị mma iji kwado mkpa nke ndị na- arịrị ahụ ahụ.  MakaRere ma ọ bụ ọrụ ọ lụlị, a na-ahụ katalọgụ nke njirisi nke dabere na mkpara kacha ọhụrụ ma na-emelite kwa oge.  niile na-emezi nke ndị na- mkpa nke ndị na-arrịa ọrịa nfụkasị ahụ eruwokwa ike Obodo eze 2008. The Baltic Sea Resort obodo nke Baabe n' nwaetiti Rügen, n'etiti Borkum na North Sea, Bad Hindelang na Allgäu mpaghara,  ise obodo Schonach, Schönwald, Furtwangen, St. Georgen na Unterkirnach na Black Forest [1] yana Schmallenberger Sauerland na mpaghara Eslohe [2] na-ebu Akara Ogo ECARF ogbugbu a dị ka "obodo ndị na-eme ihe nfụkasị ahụ" [3  ] Akara ahụ dị irẹ awụ abụọ ma na-enye ya maka ojiji na- esemokwu ma ọ bụ echiche ndị ọzọ.  Enwere ike ịgbatị Nkwado ya ma ọ pụtara na/akwa ma ọ bụ njirisi agbanwe agbanwe.

## Usoro nhọrọ
Akara Ogo ECARF bụ asambodo Europe . Ntọala ntọala ahụ na-enye Akara dị ka nkọwa zuru ezu nke ndị kọmitii ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ sayensị mba ụwa kpebisiri ike, kwadoro ma na-enyocha ya.

N'ozuzu, ngwaahịa niile, dị ka ngwa ahịa ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nri, yana ọrụ niile, dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, nwere ike ịkwado.  Ndabere maka asambodo bụ ihe akaebe na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ na-enye mmụba dị ukwuu na ndụ ndụ maka ndị na-eri ihe nfụkasị ahụ. A na-enyocha ogo ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ọrụ mgbe niile site na nlele enweghị usoro .

## Edensibia

## Isi mmalite

* Weebụsaịtị www.label-online.de
* Weebụsaịtị www.alpen-tourismus-akademie.eu &#x5B; ** &#x5D;
Akụkọ ifo nke puku kilomita atọ

thumb| A na-esi na injin na-amịpụta mmanụ
**Akụkọ ifo ahụ dị kilomita 3,000** na-ezo aka na-achọ a na-, ngwaọrụ na United States, na ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala niile kwesịrị ịgụnye ọkpọ ha ma ọ na-achọ ala kwa 3,000 miles (4,800 km) iji kwado injin ụgbọ ala ha.  A na-agba mbọ ime ka ọha na eze kwenye na nke a mkpa mkpa na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị akara e nyere n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ onye nwe ha iche ndị ụlọ ọrụ na- agbanwe agbanwe.  Site na isiokwu sịntetik ọgbara ọhụrụ na ọhụrụ dị ka BMW's LL ("ogologo ndụ") , sababi, ọtụtụ ụgbọ ala ugbu a nwere ike ịgafe 6,000 miles (9,700 km) tupu 5,700km .  5,000 miles (8,000 km) tupu tupu ekiri.   

## Edensibia
Ịsọ mpi akpịrị

**Asọmpi ịkpụ akpịrị** bụ .Okwu mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ejiri ihe na-arọ iwu nchekwa ndịsị, ahọkị iwu ọrụ, na mmanye iwu ma ọ bụ ike, na-achọ 19th na-akparị afọ nke 20

N'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba, a na-akpọkwa asọmpi ịkpụ akpịrị dị ka asọmpi na-emebi emebi, oke oke ma ọ bụ enweghị mgbochi. N'ozuzu, a na-etinyekwa asọmpi ịkpụ akpịrị n'okpuru okwu "asọmpi na-emebi emebi".

Ọtụtụ mba nwere iwu siri ike megide asọmpi ịkpụ akpịrị na omume mgbochi asọmpi na ọnụahịa. 

Dị ka Federal Trade Commission si kwuo, ebubo a na-ebo ebubo na ọ dị mkpa maka nkwekọrịta ịnye ọnụahịa iji zere asọmpi ịkpụ-akpụkpọ ụkwụ adịghị ewere ya dị ka ihe nchebe dị mma n'ihe banyere nkwekọrịta nkwụnye ego egosipụtara. 

## Hụkwa

* Ọchịchị mgbake mba
* Ọsọ ruo n'ala

## Ntụaka

; Ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị edemede zoro aka na Wikipedia
:

* Sidney Webb na Beatrice Webb, *Ọchịchị Democracy* (1st edn 1897; 9th edn 1926)
* Louis Brandeis
Mkpụrụ iwu

**Amanyere iwu mkpado** ma ọ bụ akara (lee iche mkpoputa ) bụ ihe mkpa nke ikere ndị eji kwupụta ngwa ha ma ọ bụ ike ha.  A na-eme nke a iji chebe ndị nwere allergies, ka ndị mmadụ wee nwee ike ịkpọ ihe omume .  Amanyere iwu n'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe yana na-ebelata na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, maka nri nri, dịka anụ "ọkwa A".  N'ihe gbasara nri na ọgwụ, ịde aha amanyere bụ iwu bụ nnukwu ogụ n'etiti ndị na-akwado ndị na-akwado ndị na-azụ na ụlọ ekiri eje nke 19.

N'ihi asịrị ndị ahụ gara aga 5 ahihia, mba ndị dị ka United States na Canada ndị ka ọtụtụ nri nri ka ha nwee akara nrịbama eziokwu na-edozi ahụ na label, nhazi na ngwaọrụ nke ngwaọrụ ga-agba ọsọ akwụkwọ ntuziaka siri ike.  .  Otu European Union dabara bụ otu ozi nri dịtụ iche, nke see ike akara akara ngosi ahaziri nke na-egosi nke allergens .  Na China, a na-akpọ uwe niile na ụlọ ọrụ ihe, nọmba ekwentị na faksị, ọ bụ ebe na ozi a maka ndị na-azụ azụ akara n' China akara, bụ ndị na-ahụ akara ngosi nke Mere na  China .  Na Brazil, nri nwere ihe nkuzi otu isiokwu nke ihe GM ga- akara akara dị ka nke a.

Mmepe nke nri ejirila mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ebutela otu n'ime arụmụka na-adịgide adịgide na nke na-ekewa gbasara ịde aha amanyere iwu, nke bụ otu n'ime isi okwu na esemokwu nri gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa . Ndị na-akwado ịde aha dị otú ahụ na-ekwu na onye na-azụ ahịa kwesịrị ikpebi ma ọ ga-ekpughe onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ahụike ọ bụla site na iri nri dị otú ahụ. Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-arụtụ aka n'ọmụmụ ihe na-ekwubi na nri edozigharịrị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị mma, ma rụtụ aka na maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ngwaahịa, amabeghị njirimara onye na-akụ ihe na ihe eji eji eji.

Ịkpọ aha afọ na ịre akara nke ndị e chere na ọ dị mma bụ ihe ọzọ a na-emekarị site n'ụzọ dị iche iche, dịka nri ngwa ngwa .  Enweela nkata n'usoro iwu n'ịkwado safarka ndị a, na n'ụụ ikike, akara nri nkwado iwu tupu ya.  Ihe na-egosi na ọkara bụ akara ndị a na-ewere dị ka iwu nke otu ndị na-azụ na- achọtarụ nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na ha egwu ebe ahụ, dịka kosher, vegan, na akara GMO na-  egwu isi nke a mgba aha ugbu a na ọtụtụ organic.

Mpaghara ebe a na-atụle akara amanyere iwu  gụnyere: 

* nri a gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa —lee esemokwu nri gbanwetụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
* spraying anụ na bacteriophages
* na United States, agbakwunyere anụ ọhụrụ na ndepụta ngwaahịa nke chọrọ akara ngosi obodo amanyere amanye (mCOOL) na 2002, agbanyeghị nke a bụ isiokwu nke ịma aka na World Trade Organisation nke Canada, nke Canada meriri na 2011.

## Hụkwa

* Ecolabel
* Labelụ
* Ndepụta ụkpụrụ nrịbama nri
* Nkwakọ ngwaahịa na akara

## Edensibia
Obí Albro

thumb|Cardigan Workhouse - geograph.org.uk - 299555.jpg
Albro Castle bụbu ụlọ ọrụ na mgbago ugwu nke obodo St Dogmaels, Pembrokeshire, Wales .  Ezi ahụ bụ Grade II * depụtara na 1992 dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na Wales.  Mgbe emechiri ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na 1935, Pembrokeshire County Council ụlọra ụlọ ahụ ma na 1948 erere ya ka ọ bụrụ nke onwe ya.

## Ihe owuwu
Ndị Cardigan Ogbenye Law Union ndị ọrụ saịtị maka £290.  William Owen nke Haverfordwest chepụtara na atụmatụ onye a hụrụ ilekọta ọrụ ndị ahụ.  Enyere Benjamin Evans iwu ka o wuo ụlọ ọrụ maka £2,700 ma manual Owen £160.  Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa ga-hazi mgbochi iji mechie ụlọ ọrụ na ụzọ ị ga-esi si n'egwu egwu.  Na 9 Ma achị 1839 Board weputara isi: Ka mkpụrụ edemede parochial nye onye ọbàrà na-akụkọ na-edobe ụdị 

E wuchara ụlọ ndị ahụ na 1840 maka ndị Kọmishọna Iwu Ogbenye na ọnụ ahịa £ 3,250.  Onye ọrụ ahụ bụ inye ndị ogbenye nke parish 26 na Cardiganshire na Pembrokeshire.  [1] Mbụ ahụ nwere okpukpu abụọ ụlọ ime ụlọ, ma nwee ọnụ ụzọ ụdị ụdị Tudor na chimni.  Nhazi nke ahụ bụ ihe akwụkwọ atọ , na spain etiti, na-enye anọ mepere emepe.  N'etiti ọkpụkpụ azụ, e nwewere ọnụ ụlọ nke nwe windo mkpọda.  N'ime ime, ọnụ ụlọ ndị bụ isi buru ibu ma na-enwu n'abụ.  Ụzọ steepụ ahụ bụ nkume.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Ụlọ ọrụ
Ka ọ na-erule nkeji nke atọ nke afọ mbụ ya, 1840, Cardigan Union Workhouse bụ ebe obibi nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 14 na-akwadoghị na 13 ziri ezi na ụmụ nwanyị 13 nwere ike nke anọ n'ime ha bụ *"nne nke ndị ọjọọ"*, gbakwunyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ikom amaghị.  N'afọ 1841, e nwere ndị mkpọrọ 43, gụnyere ndị ọbịa. N'ime afọ abụọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-anabata mmadụ 102 na n'ime afọ abụọ ọzọ enwere 224. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwoke. Ka ọ na-erule 1845, e nwere 441 n'ime ụlọ a haziri maka ndị mkpọrọ 120.

Na 1848 Ann Lundy, ada nke Master na Matron, họpụtara onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ. A na-enwe ọgba aghara ugboro ugboro n'oge ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị, site na ma ndị mkpọrọ ma ndị ọrụ, na-enwe akụkọ ugboro ugboro na ndị nta akụkọ mpaghara. 

N'afọ ndị 1870, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị mkpọrọ 130. Ọnụọgụ 1881 depụtara ndị bi na 52, gụnyere ndị ọrụ 3.   N'afọ 1884, e wuru ụlọnga ndị na-agba ọsọ nwere grills grading na chutes maka ịkụji nkume.  Na 1901, Kọmiti Na-eleta Ụmụ nwanyị kwuru na e nweghị onye na-arịa ọrịa ma tụọ aro ka e dozie ọnụ ụlọ iji kewaa ndị ọrịa na ndị na-anwụ anwụ n’ebe ndị ahụ na-adịghị ike nọ. 

Ọnọdụ adịghị ọcha kpọsara ọrịa typhoid na 1920 na na 1929 a na-ahụta ụlọ ọrụ ka nke kacha njọ na Wales, dịka ndị nyocha siri kwuo. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara mechie na 1935 ma Pembrokeshire County Council weghaara ụlọ ahụ. 

### Barracks
Na Agha ịhụnanya nke ụlọ, ụlọ ahụ nyere ụlọ maka 11th Ordnance Company nke US Army site na January 1944. [1] Ndị ikom 180 na ụgbọ ala ha, egwuregwu gwongworo na tankị, ịhụnanya n' na 6 June 1944, D-day  , na- maka Normandy 

A rere ụlọ ahụ n'afọ 1948 wee jiri ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ezumike na ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] Edepụtara ya Grade II* na 1992. [2] [3] Ugbu a, Albro Castle bụ ebe ezumike nwere onwe.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

*  
* People’s Collection Wales
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission

**Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission** **(FCCPC)** bụ onye na-ahazi asọmpi gọọmenti etiti kacha elu na Naijiria . FCCPC na-arụ ọrụ n'ime Federal Ministry of Trade and Investment ma na-ahụ maka ichekwa asọmpi ahịa na ịkwalite nchebe ndị ahịa . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 2019, Onyeisiala Muhammadu Buhari binyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu nke Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act, wee kee ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ebumnuche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ịzụlite na ịkwalite ahịa ahịa ziri ezi, nke dị mma na nke na-asọmpi na akụ na ụba Nigeria yana ime ka ụmụ amaala niile nweta ngwa ahịa dị mma ma nweta nchebe nke ikike maka ndị niile na-azụ ahịa na Nigeria. 

N'afọ 2020, FCCPC bịanyere aka na "akwụkwọ ikike nghọta" na US Federal Trade Commission (FTC), na-ekwe nkwa nkwado mba ụwa n'akụkụ mbọ nchebe ndị ahịa. 

## Ihe omume
N'iburu n'uche mkpa ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na Nigeria, otu n'ime ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke FCCPC bụ ime ka omume mgbochi asọmpi n'ahịa gas.  N'ebe nchekwa ndị ahịa, FCCPC etinyela aka na ngalaba ahụike iji chebe ikike ndị ọrịa. 

## Nduzi
Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ a bụ Babatunde Irukera bụ onye na-eje ozi dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ FCCPC. 

## Edensibia
kee ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ebumnuche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ịzụlite na ịkwalite ahịa ahịa ziri ezi, nke dị mma na nke na-asọmpi na akụ na ụba

## Hụkwa

*
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mgbasa Ozi

thumb| Bundeskartellamt dị na Bonn
**Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Cartel** ( German  **BKartA** )  bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nche mba GermanMkpọ okwu German: [ bʊndəskaʁˈtɛlˌʔamt ] ⓘy .  Nke mbụ hiwere na 1958, [1] BKartA na-ahụ n'okpuru ikike nke Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action .  [2] Ndị ọrụ ahụ bụ isi na Bonn, bụbu isi obodo West Germany .  oyiyi 2009, Andreas Mundt na-eje ozi dị ka Oga oche nke BKartA.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website (in German)
* Official website (in English)