Asụsụ Meroitic

thumb|Meroitische Inschrift, Meroe 1. Jh. n. Chr., Aegyptisches Museum, Muenchen-1.

A na-asụ **Asụsụ Meroitic** (/mɛroʊˈɪtɪk/) na Meroë (na Sudan nke oge a) n'oge Meroitico (nke akaebe site na 300 BC) wee kwụsị n'ihe dị ka 400 AD. E dere ya n'ụdị abụọ nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Meroitic: Meroittic Cursive, nke e ji stylus dee ma jiri ya mee ihe maka idebe ihe ndekọ; na Meroitish Hieroglyphic, nke a tụrụ na nkume ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee akwụkwọ eze ma ọ bụ okpukpe. A ghọtachaghị ya, n'ihi ụkọ nke ederede Asụsụ Abụọ.

## Aha ya
Meroitic  asụsụ na-adịghịzi adị nke a na-akpọkwa **Kushite** n'akwụkwọ ụfọdụ mgbe a na-  Meroitish *qes*, qos (nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ijipt dị ka kńš).  Aha *Meroitic* na Bekee malitere na 1852 ebe ọ na-apụta dị ka nsụgharị nke German . Okwu a sitere na Latin , nke kwekọrọ na Grik Μερόη.  ndị a bụ ihe nnọchianya nke aha obodo eze nke Meroë nke Alaeze Kush. 'asụsụ Meroitic, a na-akpọ obodo a *bedewe* (ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ *bedewi*), nke a na-anọchite anya ya n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt oge ochie dị ka bī-rī-wī ma ọ bụ ụdị ndị yiri ya.

## Ebe na oge nke akaebe
Oge Meroitic malitere ca. 300 BC ma kwụsị ca. 350 O.A. Ọtụtụ ihe akaebe nke asụsụ Meroitic, site na ihe odide ala, sitere n'oge a, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe akaebe tupu na mgbe oge a gasịrị. Ógbè Kushite sitere 'ógbè nke First Cataract nke Naịl ruo n'ọ́tụ̀ Khartoum nke Sudan. Enwere ike iche na ndị na-asụ Meroitic kpuchiri ọtụtụ n'ime ókèala ahụ dabere na mmekọrịta asụsụ nke gosipụtara n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt.  akaebe  Meroitic n'ihe odide Ndị Ijipt, gafere alaeze etiti Ijipt, Alaeze Ọhụrụ, na oge Nke atọ nke etiti, oge, Ptolemaic, na oge Rom - nke kwekọrọ na oge Kushite Kerman (ihe dị ka 2600-ihe dị ka 1500 BC), [1] Napatan (ihe dịka 900/750-ihe dị ka 300 BC), na oge Meroit.  na-agba akaebe aha obodo Meroitic, yana aha mmadụ Meroitical, dị ka Dynasty nke iri na abụọ nke Middle Kingdom Egypt (ihe dị ka 2000 BC) n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt gbasara Kerma.  Meroitic  ahịrịokwu na-apụta na New Kingdom Book of the Dead (Book of Coming Forth by Day) na isi ma ọ bụ ọgwụ "Nubian" (162-165). [1] [2] [3]  na-egosikarị aha Meroitic na ihe ndị dị na okwu, n'ihe odide ndị Ijipt, n'oge Napatan Kushite na-achịkwa ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ akụkụ niile nke Ijipt [1] na ngwụcha oge 3rd Intermediate na Late Periods (ihe dị ka 750-656 BC). [2]  Oge Meroitic na Alaeze nke Kush n'onwe ya kwụsịrị na ọdịda nke Meroë (ihe dị ka 350 AD), mana ojiji nke asụsụ Meroitico gara n'ihu ruo oge ụfọdụ mgbe ihe omume ahụ gasịrị [1] dịka enwere okwu Meroitics a na-achọpụta na ọdịdị ọdịdị na Old Nubian. Ihe atụ abụọ bụ: Meroitic: ̊ (a) -l (a) ̊ "anyanwụ" → Old Nubian: *mašal* "anyanwụ" na Old Nubian:" *-lo* (ihe na-elekwasị anya) ← Meroitish: -̊loʹ nke mejupụtara ụdị abụọ, -̊ (a), +̊oʹ (ikwu).  ahụ nwere ike ịpụ kpamkpam  narị afọ nke isii mgbe Byzantine Greek, Coptic, [1] na Old Nubian nọchiri ya.

## Orthography
 
N'oge Meroitic, e dere Meroitics n'ụdị abụọ nke Meroitic alphasyllabary: Meroittic Cursive, nke e ji stylus dee ma jiri ya mee ihe maka idebe ihe ndekọ; na Meroitico Hieroglyphic, nke a tụrụ na nkume ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee akwụkwọ eze ma ọ bụ okpukpe.  dere ihe odide Meroitic ikpeazụ a maara na Meroitish Cursive ma malite na narị afọ nke ise.

## Nchịkọta
thumb|Ihe odide hieroglyphic nke Meroitic na-achọ ihe ncheta votive nke eze Tanyidamani mma. O sitere n'ụlọ nsọ Apedemak na Meroë. N'ihe dị ka 100 BC, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.
Nchịkọta nke asụsụ Meroitic ejighị n'aka n'ihi ụkọ data na ihe isi ike n'ịkọwa ya. Ebe ọ bụ na a kọwapụtara mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1909, a tụwo aro na Meroitic nwere njikọ na Asụsụ Nubian na asụsụ ndị yiri ya nke Nilo-Saharan phylum. Nkwupụta na-asọmpi bụ na Meroitic bụ onye otu Afroasiatic phylum. 

Rowan (2006, 2011) na-atụ aro na ndepụta ụda Meroitic na phonotactics (naanị akụkụ nke asụsụ ahụ dị nchebe) yiri nke asụsụ Afroasiatic, ma dị iche na asụsụ Nilo-Sahara.  ọmụmaatụ, ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-esiri mmadụ ike ịC usoro CV, ebe ụdaume (C) bụ ma egbugbere ọnụ ma ọ bụ velars abụọ, na-ekwu maka na ọ dị ka mgbochi ụdaume a na-ahụ n'ezinụlọ asụsụ Afroasiatic, na-atụ aro na Meroitic nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Afroasian dị ka Ijipt.  Edward Lipiński (2011) na-arụkwa ụka na ọ kwadoro mmalite Afro Asiatic nke Meroitic dabere na okwu.

## Okwu
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta dị mkpirikpi nke okwu Kushite na akụkụ nke okwu ndị a maara nke ọma ma a maghị na a nabatara ha site na Ijipt. Ogwe oghere na-anọchite anya graphemes, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede orthographic, nke a na-eji ede okwu, n'adịghị ka nnọchite anya fonemi nke okwu ahụ. A na-ede ihe ịrịba ama niile na-abụghị ụdaume, ndị na-abụghị nke ụdaume na oghere ha. A na-ede ihe ịrịba ama niile n'ime oghere (ma ọ bụ oghere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'ime okwu n'ime parentheses) n'ihi amaghị ma ọ bụrụ nke na-abụghị ụdaume iji chekwaa syllabicity nke edemede ma ọ bụ n'ezie okwu. A maara na nke ikpeazụ na Kandake/Kentake (onye na-achị nwanyị) bụ ụdaume na ụdaume mbụ na Kandake, na Kentake bụ ụdaume. Ebe ọ bụ na a maara ndị ahụ dị ka ụdaolu, ha anọghị na parentheses.  na-ede ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla a maara nke a na-akpọ "Span" n'ọnọdụ coda.

* __ibo__ Shia b (a) r (a) Shia "nwoke"
* __ibo__ "Achịcha"
* __ibo____ibo____ibo__ * *[V]tu)  "mmiri"
* __ibo__ - (n'ọtụtụ) 
* __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Áá (e/t[e]-) d (a) Áá (a) "amụrụ, amụọ, nwa nke"
* Shia "malite, amụrụ"
* "nwaanyị, nwanyị, nwanyị".
* - (n'ikwu okwu) 
* __ibo__ - (determinant) 
* Shia "nnukwu, nnukwu"
* Shia "chi, chi"
* __ibo__ Sọnt (a) Sọnt, (mgbe e mesịrị) Sọnit (e) "nwa, nwa"
* S (a) S (a), chi anyanwụ
* "Eze, onye na-achị achị"
* __ibo____ibo____ibo__ "ụkwụ, ụkwụ, ụkwụ abụọ"
* __ibo__ -
* __ibo__ "Ịhụnanya, onye a hụrụ n'anya, ịkwanyere ùgwù, nsọpụrụ, ọchịchọ"
* - (a) (a) t (a)  (a ụdị locative) 
* -X (a) -X (mgbe e mesịrị) -X- (okwu nnọchiaha) 
* __ibo____ibo__ "nke na-abụghị nke nne, nke na-abụghị (nnukwu) nne, nke a na-abụghị mmekọrịta nne na nna"

## Edensibia
a tụwo aro na Meroitic nwere njikọ na Asụsụ Nubian na asụsụ ndị yiri ya nke Nilo-Saharan phylum. Nkwupụta na-asọmpi bụ na ụdaume na oghere ha. A na-ede ihe ịrịba ama niile n'ime oghere (ma ọ bụ oghere ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị n'ime okwu n'ime parentheses) n'ihi amaghị ma ọ bụrụ nke na-abụghị ụdaume

## Akwụkwọ

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* Lipiński, Edward (2011). "Meroitic (Review article) " (PDF). Rocznik Orientalistyczny. LXIV (2): 87-. - nyocha nke Rilly, Claude (2010). Meroic na ezinụlọ asụsụ ya. Société d'Études linguistiques et anthropologiques de France. Izu ohi  454. Peeters
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