open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ Harzandi

**Harzandi** ma ọ bụ **Harzani** ( Tati :  ) bụ olumba nke asụsụ Tati,     a na-asụ na mpaghara ugwu nke mpaghara East Azarbaijan nke Iran . Ọ bụ nnọọ asụsụ ọnụ, na onye sitere n'asụsụ Azeri ochie nke ekpochapụla kemgbe n'ihi mgbasa nke Turkish na mpaghara ahụ.  **Harzandi** nwere ọtụtụ njiri mara asụsụ yana Talysh na Zaza wee debe ya n'etiti Talysh na Zaza . 

## Ozi izugbe
A na-ewere Harzani Tati dị ka asụsụ nke nwere ihe na-erughị 30,000 na-asụ asụsụ ugbu a.  Ndị na-ekwu okwu ya na-ebikarị n'ime ime obodo Harzand, ọkachasị n'ime obodo a maara dị ka Galin Qayah . Harzani nọkwa na obodo Babratein na Dash Harzand gbara agbata obi. 

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Islamic Republic of Iran anabatabeghị Harzani nke ọma, yabụ na ọ nweghị nkwado gọọmentị. 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Tati (Iran)

## Ntụaka
sitere n'asụsụ Azeri ochie nke ekpochapụla kemgbe n'ihi mgbasa nke Turkish na mpaghara

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

# Kārang, AA 1954: *Tāti va Harzani* . Tabriz: Esma'il Va'ezpur.
# Korn, A. 2009: "Western Iranian Pronominal Clitics." Na: *Orientlia Suecana LVIII* .
# Mortazavī, M. 1954: "Noktei cand az zabān-e harzani." Na: *NDATabriz* 6, 304-314.
# Mortazavī, M. 1963: "Fe'l dar zabān-e harzani." Na: *NDATabriz* 15, 61-97.
# Stilo, D. 1981: "Otu Asụsụ Tati n'asụsụ Sociolinguistic nke Northwwest Iran na Transcaucasia." Na: *Ọmụmụ Iranian* 14.3/4, 137-187.
# Zokā, Y. 1957: "Gūyeš-e Galin-Qaye: 'Harzandi'." Na: *Farhang-e Irānzamin* .

## Njikọ mpụga

* Harzani na oru ngo asusu di egwu
* Ihe atụ nke Harzani na YouTube
Asụsụ Tillamook

**Tillamook** bụ asụsụ Salishan ekpochapụla, nke ndị Tillamook na-asụbu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Oregon, United States . Ọkà okwu ikpeazụ na-ekwu okwu nke ọma bụ Minnie Scovell onye nwụrụ na 1972.  Ná mgbalị iji gbochie asụsụ ahụ ka ọ ghara ịla n’iyi, otu ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Mahadum Hawaii gbara mmadụ ole na ole fọdụrụnụ na-asụ Tillamook ajụjụ ọnụ ma mepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị peeji 120. 

## fonology

### Udaume

### Consonants

#### Mkpokọta ime
Ihe a na-akpọ consonants "gburugburu" (nke ejiri ụda olu mee akara na omenala ⟨  , ma gosi ebe a na ⟨   ), gụnyere ụdaume gbara okirikiri na ⟨   (  ), na-adịghị n'ezie labialized . A na-emepụta mmetụta ụda nke labialization kpamkpam n'ime ọnụ site n'ịkụda ire ( sulcalization ). Uvulars nwere okirikiri ime ime a pụrụ iche nwere “ụdị  timbre" ebe velar ihu "gburugburu" nwere  agba. Ndị a dị iche ma na-emegide ndị ọzọ yiri nnọọ akụkụ nwere  ma ọ bụ  agba &#x2014; consonants "enweghị gburugburu".

 is also formed with this internal rounding instead of true labialization, making it akin to . So are vowel sounds formerly written as  or , which are best characterized as the diphthong  with increasing internal rounding.[4]

## Ihe ndetu
Scovell onye nwụrụ na 1972. Ná mgbalị iji gbochie asụsụ ahụ ka ọ ghara ịla n’iyi, otu ndị na-eme

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mahadum Oregon: The Tillamook
* Asụsụ Tillamook
* 
* Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Tillamook
Asụsụ ogbi nke Zimbabwe

Ọtụtụ **Asụsụ ndị ogbi nke [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean]]** mepụtara onwe ya n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ ntị chiri na ụlọ akwụkwọ Zimbabwe dị iche iche maka ndị ntị chiri malite na 1940s. O dochaghị anya asụsụ ole ha bụ, ebe ọ bụ na e mebeghị obere nyocha; A maara akara ụlọ akwụkwọ Masvingo dị iche na nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ,  mana ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ bụla nwere asụsụ ndị ogbi dị iche, ndị a dịkwa iche na asụsụ obodo ma ọ bụ asụsụ a na-eji n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.  "Asụsụ ogbi", na-enweghị nkọwa ọzọ, ghọrọ otu n'ime asụsụ obodo Zimbabwe nwere Iwu nke 2013.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Aqusha

**Aqusha** bụ olumba North Dargwa nke ihe karịrị 42,000 Dargin na-asụ.  Ọ bụ ntọala maka asụsụ Dargwa agụmagụ, yana Urakhi, dịka e mepụtara na 1930s.  Ndị na-ekwu okwu Aqusha kacha n'etiti otu asụsụ Dargwa. 

## Nkesa ala
A na-ahụkarị Aqusha na mpaghara Akushinsky na Levashinsky . Enwere nnukwu ndị ọbịa nke ndị na-asụ Aqusha na ndịda Europe Russia .

## Olumba
E kewara Aqusha ka ọ bụrụ olumba abụọ, Aqusha na Levashi. Dị ka Saygid Abdullayev si kwuo, ndịiche dị na olumba Aqusha bụ ihe a na-ahụtaghị nke ọma na nke na-abaghị uru. 
## fonology
Aqusha, na olumba nke ụdị ya, enweghị fortis na lenis iche nke a na-ahụ na olumba nke ụdị Tsudaqar .  Ogologo ụdaume na labialization adịghịkwa. Glottalized ⟨ и ⟩ na ⟨ о ⟩ na-eme, na akara ngosi ⟨ д ⟩ na-efunahụ prefixes. 

## Tụnyere na ọkọlọtọ Dargwa

## Ntụaka
Levashi. Dị ka Saygid Abdullayev si kwuo, ndịiche dị na olumba Aqusha bụ ihe a na
Asụsụ Nyangumarta

**Nyangumarta**, edekwara **Njaŋumada**, **Njangamada**, **Njanjamarta** na ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, bụ asụsụ ndị Nyangumarta na ndị Aboriginal Australian ndị ọzọ na-asụ na mpaghara Western Australia na ndịda na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lake Waukarlykarly, gụnyere Eighty Mile Beach, na akụkụ nke Great Sandy Desert dị n'ime ala dị nso Telfer . Dịka nke 2021, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 240 nke Nyangumarta, gbadara na atụmatụ 1975 nke 1000.  

O nwere olumba abụọ: **Ngurlipartu**  na **Wanyarli** .  Ọ bụ asụsụ ndị Aborigine a kacha asụ n'obodo Port Hedland .

## Nhazi
Nyangumarta bụ onye otu ngalaba Marrngu nke asụsụ Pama–Nyungan . Ndị ọzọ so n'òtù a bụ Mangarla na Karajarri, nke ọ na-ekerịta atụmatụ na okwu.  : 5–9 

## Nkesa ala

### Olumba
Nyangumarta nwere isi olumba abụọ: Ngurlipartu, nke a na-asụ na ndịda, mpaghara ime obodo,  na Wanyarli, nke a na-asụ na ugwu, mpaghara oke osimiri.  : 9–12 

## fonology
Nyangumarta nwere ngwa ahịa fọnịm nke Ọstrelia na -ahụkarị, nwere ọtụtụ fọnịm consonant, gụnyere ọtụtụ fọnịm na mpụta , mana ụdaume ole na ole.

### Consonants
Enwere consonant phonemes 17 na Nyangumarta, nwere ụzọ abụọ nke homorganic plosives na imi ise.  : 38 

Enweghị ọdịiche dị n'okwu na Nyangmurta.

## Nhazi nkebiokwu
Nyangumarta na-emepụta nkebiokwu dị n'okpuru site na ntinye aha ngwaa. Enwere isi okwu abụọ dị n'okpuru: nkebiokwu ebumnuche na nkebiokwu ikwu. Ebumnuche na-egosi ihe kpatara ma ọ bụ maka ebumnuche ihe mere ihe mere, ma na-eji akara ụbọchị na ngwaa ahapụtara.
 
Nkejiokwu ndị emetụtara na-egosi ma ọ bụ oge nkekọrịtara (ụdị ikwu okwu T-ụdị) ma ọ bụ arụmụka nkekọrịta (ụdị ikwu ụdị NP) n'etiti nkebi ahịrịokwu bụ isi na nke nọ n'okpuru, ma akara ngwaa akpọpụtara. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe nrịbama ikpe (ụbọchị, ebubo, na ebe) yana ablative iji mepụta mmetụta ndị ọzọ.
  
Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ oge, a na-arụzu ihe a na-eme n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ site na nrubeisi na Nyangumarta yana njikọ nkebiokwu.  : 373–385 

## Ntụaka
nkebi ahịrịokwu bụ isi na nke nọ n'okpuru, ma akara ngwaa  (ụbọchị, ebubo, na ebe) yana ablative iji mepụta mmetụta ndị
Asụsụ Kryts

**Kryts** (Kryc) bụ asụsụ Lezgic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Caucasian nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ndị mmadụ 6,000 na-asụ n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Quba Rayon nke Azerbaijan na 1975.  Olumba ya bụ Kryts, Jek, Khaput, Yergyudzh [ lez ], na Alyk, ndị niile dị nnọọ iche ruo n'ókè nke naanị otu akụkụ nghọta, ya mere enwere ike were ha dịka asụsụ dị iche iche na olumba continuum . 

Kryts nọ n'ihe ize ndụ,   nkewapụtara dị ka "ihe egwu dị egwu" nke UNESCO *Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger* . 

## fonology

### Consonants

* /ʁ/ nwekwara ike ghọta dị ka [ɢ] ma ọ bụ [qː], na nkesa mmekọ.
* Ụda /t͡s, d͡z/ na-eme naanị n'olumba ndị ọzọ nke asụsụ ahụ.
* /h/ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na ụda glottal gaa na fricative epiglottal /ʜ/.

### Udaume

* Enwere ike ịnụ /i/ ka [ɨ], na mgbanwe n'efu
* Udaume anọ ahụ nwekwara ike ịdepụta pharyngealized dị ka /iˤ, uˤ, eˤ, aˤ/.

## Ọkpụkpụ
N'afọ 2020, e bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu n'ụdị Khaput, na-eji mkpụrụedemede Latin. 

## Ntụaka

* mmekọ n'ebe  ịghọta na kiliti abụghị argot, nwere usoro mmụta asụsụ nọọrọ onwe ya

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkọwa okwu Kryts dị na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Asụsụ Tindi

**Tindi** bụ asụsụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Caucasian a na-asụ na mba Rọshịa nke Dagestan . Tindis enweghị aha onye ọ bụla maka asụsụ ha, kama ndị bi n'ime obodo Idar [ ru ] na-akpọ asụsụ ha  nke pụtara 'asụsụ obodo Ida'. Ọ bụ naanị asụsụ ọnụ; A na-eji Avar ma ọ bụ Russian eme ihe na nzikọrịta ozi ederede kama.  Okwu Tindi nwere ọtụtụ okwu mbinye sitere na Avar, Turkish, Arabic na Russian.  Ọ nwere ihe dị ka 4,500 ọkà okwu. 

## fonology

### Udaume
Enwere ụdaume ụdaume iri abụọ na Tindi.  

Udaume agbasara imi nwekwara ike ịdị dị ka  na dị ka ogologo imi  .

### Consonants

## Ntụaka

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndị mmadụ nke Akwụkwọ Uhie: Tindis
* Grammatika tindinskogo yazyka
Asụsụ Kadar

***'Kada***' ( []), nke edekwara n'akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Kada, **Kadan** na **Kadir**,  bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke Kerala na Tamil Nadu nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Malayalam   Ọ bụ Ndị Kadar na-asụ ya.

## Edensibia


; Akwụkwọ
:

* 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
* 
*  
* 
*  
*
Asụsụ Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza

**Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza** (ma ọ bụ Proto-Abazgi) bụ nna ochie arụgharịrị nke asụsụ Abkhaz na Abaza .

## fonology

### Consonants
A na-ewughachi usoro consonant  nwere ọdịiche ụda olu ụzọ anọ na nkwụsị na affricates, yana ọdịiche ụzọ abụọ na fricatives .

N'okpuru bụ tebụl nke Proto-Abkhaz-Abaza Alphabet:

# N'ụfọdụ olumba Abaza, consonants velar tụgharịrị bụrụ consonants uvular .

Mgbanwe kacha pụta ìhè bụ:

* Consonants velar na-aghọ consonants uvular n'asụsụ Abkhaz.

### Ụtọ asụsụ

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Proto-Circassian
* Asụsụ Proto-Northwest Caucasian

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta okwu maka Abkhaz
* Nkọwa okwu Abaza na Global Lexicostatistical Database
Asụsụ Itsari

**Itsari** (Icari, Itsari:   ) bụ asụsụ dị n'asụsụ Dargin a na-asụ na Dagestan, Russia na-asụ n'ime obodo Itsari, yana na Kizlyarsky District, Druzhba, na obodo nta na obodo ndị ọzọ, ma n'ime na n'èzí Dagestan, ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,000.  A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka olumba dị iche iche nke Dargwa . *Ethnologue* depụtara ya dị ka olumba Dargwa mana ọ ghọtara na ọ nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche.  Onye ikwu ya kacha nso bụ Sanzhi, nke nwere naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 200 ma na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ dị ize ndụ, dị ka ndị nne na nna na-akụziri ụmụ ha Russian ugbu a maka nzube bara uru. 

## Ojiji
N'ime obodo Itsari, a na-eji asụsụ Itsari eme ihe niile ma e wezụga ide ihe, dịka ndị bi na Itsari na-eji ọkọlọtọ e dere Dargwa ma ọ bụ Russian dị ka asụsụ ederede ha. Ndị na-eto eto na-atụgharị na Russian ka asụsụ mbụ ha. 

## fonology

### Udaume

Itsari nwere pharyngealization phonemic, dị ka ọ na-egosi site na minimal pair  'nwa atụrụ' –  'kandụl'.

### Consonants

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Tsezic

**Asụsụ Tsezic** (a na-akpọkwa **asụsụ Didoic** ) bụ otu n'ime alaka asaa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Northeast Caucasian . Ọ na-abanye n'ime Tsez-Hinukh na Bezhta-Hunzib-Khwarshi, dịka nchọpụta e bipụtara na 2009.  A na-ekebu ha na mpaghara mpaghara na East Tsezic ( Hinukh na Bezhta ) na West Tsezic ( Tsez, Khwarshi na Hunzib ). Asụsụ Avar na-eje ozi dị ka asụsụ edemede maka ndị &#x5D; ** &#x5B; asụsụ Tsezic.

## Ime alaka
Schulze (2009)  na-enye ezinụlọ ndị a maka asụsụ Tsezic:
 
Ọnụọgụ ewepụtara na Ethnologue. 

Kassian and Testelets (2015) anaghị atụle Tsez na Hinukh ka ha guzobe otu obere obere. 

## Ntụaka

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ ndị Caucasus
Asụsụ Wayoró

**Wayoró** (nakwa **Wayo**, **Ajurú**, **Wajuru** ; Wayoró: *wayoro emẽto*  ) bụ asụsụ Tuparian moribund (ezinụlọ Tupian ), nke a na-asụ na steeti Rondônia, na mpaghara Amazon nke Brazil . Dị ka nke 2019, a kọrọ na e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 3 (ndị niile karịrị afọ 70) na ndị ọkà okwu 11 sitere na agbụrụ agbụrụ dị ihe dị ka 250.  : 3 

## Olumba
Ndị Wajuru kewara ụzọ atọ: Ngwayoroiat ('ndị sitere na Nkume'), ndị Ngwãkũyãian ('ndị Aguti '), na ndị Kupndiiriat ('ndị ọhịa'). A kọwo ụfọdụ ndịiche gbasara okwu na ụda olu n'etiti ụdị ndị Ngwayoroiat (Wayoroiat) na ndị Kupndiiriat na-asụ.

## fonology

### Consonants
Enyere eserese ndị kwekọrọ na fọnịm ọ bụla na ⟨ ⟩ .

## Syntax
Dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Tuparian ndị ọzọ, nkebiokwu ndị bụ isi nke Wayoró na-agbaso usoro nhọpụta asụsụ na-adịkarị ụkọ. Prefixes mmadụ na ngwaa ahụ bụ ihe zuru oke, ya bụ, ha na-atụpụta arụmụka naanị nke ngwa ngwa intransitive (S) na arụmụka ndidi ('ihe kpọmkwem') nke ngwaa transitive (P). Nnọchiaha mmadụ, nke na-eso ngwaa ahụ (ma ọ na-akpọ ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị) bụ nhọpụta : ha nwere ike itinye naanị arụmụka nke ngwaa intransitive (S) ma ọ bụ arụmụka nnọchite nke ngwaa transitive (A), mana ọ bụghị onye ọrịa nke ngwaa transitive (P). Nke a bụ ihe atụ n'okpuru.  : 99 
V:ngwaa S: naanị arụmụka nke ngwaa intransitive P: arụmụka ndidi nke ngwa ngwa transitive A: arụmụka nnọchite ngwa ngwa TH: ụdaume ụdaume: ụdaume ụda PL: pluractionality: pluractionality


## Ntụaka
akpọpụtara. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe nrịbama ikpe ekpere n'aha na-eso ngwaa ahụ (ma ọ na-akpọ ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ ndekọ ELAR nke asụsụ Tupian nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ngwa ngwa (gụnyere Ajuru)
* TuLaR ( Akụrụngwa Asụsụ Tupian)
Asụsụ Vainakh

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Odika nkesa alaka nke Northeast Caucasian asụsụ Nakh Avar-Andic Tsezic Dargin Lak Lezgic Khinalug
Asụsụ **Vainakh** (a na-asụkwa **Veinakh** ) bụ olumba na-aga n'ihu nke mejupụtara asụsụ Chechen na Ingush, nke a na-asụkarị na mba Rọshịa dị na Chechnya na Ingushetia, yana ndị obodo Chechen na-asụ . Ha na Bats, ha na-etolite alaka Nakh nke ezinụlọ asụsụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Caucasian . 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ ndị Caucasus
* Asụsụ Northeast Caucasian

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Urakhi

**Urakhi** (nakwa **Khyurkili** )  bụ olumba North Dargwa Ndị mmadụ 35,000 na-asụ  na Sergokalinsky District, akụkụ ugwu nke Akushinsky District na obodo Gerga na Krasnopartizansk [ ru ] na mpaghara Kayakentsky . Tinyere Aqusha dialect, o mere ntọala maka asụsụ Dargwa edemede .

## fonology
Urakhi enweghị ogologo ụdaume ma ọ bụ consonant gemination, n'ụzọ dị iche na ụdị ndị ọzọ. A na-echekwa ndị affricates [ d͡ʒ ] na [ d͡z ], n'ụzọ dị iche na Tsudaqar na ụdị ndị yiri ya. Sistemu nke fortis na lenis phonemic efuola, dị ka olumba Aqusha emetụtara, jiri consonants ụda kwekọrọ ekwekọ dochie. 

## Ọkpụkpụ
Urakhi bụ otu n'ime ntọala maka asụsụ Dargwa edemede, yana Aqusha. Peter von Uslar kere ihe odide maka Urakhi na 1892 na ụtọ asụsụ ya. 

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ akpaokwu na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Urakhi
Asụsụ Zok

**Zok**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Agulis-Meghri**, bụ ụdị Armenian Eastern dị iche iche. A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka olumba, mana ndị na-asụ Standard Eastern Armenian enweghị nghọta .   Ndị na-asụ ya na-ezo aka na ya dị ka zokerēn ma ọ bụ "asụsụ Zok". Zok dị nnọọ iche na ụdị Armenia ndị ọzọ, na-eduga na akụkọ ifo banyere mmalite ya. Otu nkwenkwe a na-ahụkarị bụ na ndị Zoks bụ ọkara ndị Armenia, ndị ahịa ndị Juu ọkara bụ ndị mepụtara asụsụ nzuzo iji zochie azụmahịa ha n'aka ndị si mba ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, n'eziokwu, ndị Zoks bụ obodo Armenia si na mpaghara Nakhichevan .  

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'ịbụ nke a na-asụ na Nakhijevan, nke bụ akụkụ nke Azerbaijan ugbu a, a manyere ndị Armenia ikpeazụ nke Nakhijevan ịpụ n'ihi esemokwu na 1988.  Na 1935, Zok nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu 10,000 dị ka Acharyan si kwuo, mana o doro anya ugbu a na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ntakịrị, ma eleghị anya ihe na-erughị 1,000.  A na-eche na olumba Paraka nwere ihe na-erughị 50 ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ndụ dabere na data nke Armenia National Archive nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na 90 bi n'ime obodo n'oge nchụpụ ikpeazụ Armenia na 1988.  Usoro ụdaume Zok bụ ihe dị iche iche nke na-ekewapụ ya na olumba Armenia ndị ọzọ, na-enwe mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na mgbakwunye nke ụdị nkwekọrịta ụdaume pụrụ iche, dịka Vaux (2008) siri kwuo. 

Tụkwasị na nke a, Zok nwere ihe ọhụrụ morphological na syntactic, karịsịa na nhazi nke usoro ọnọdụ ọnọdụ ya, nke na-enweghị atụ n'asụsụ Armenia ndị ọzọ. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Asụsụ ndị otu a na-asụ yiri olumba Karabagh na Julfa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Hụkwa

* Agulis (akụkọ ihe mere eme)
* Asụsụ ndị Caucasus

## Ntụaka
na-eduga na akụkọ ifo banyere mmalite ya. Otu nkwenkwe a na-ahụkarị bụ na ndị Zoks bụ
Asụsụ Jarai

Jarai (/ dʒəˈraɪ/; Vietnam_language" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Vietnamese language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Vietnamese: Cho-Rai, Chor, Chrai, Djarai, Gia-Rai, Gio-Rai, Jorai ma ọ bụ Mthur, Malai bụ Khyo-Mala  Jarai nke Vietnam na Cambodia na-asụ. Ndị na-asụ Jarai dị ihe dị ka 530,000, na-agụnyeghị obodo ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịbụ Jarai na mba ndị ọzọ na-ahụ Vietnam na Cambodia dị ka United States of America Ha bụ ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime ihe ndị dị n'elu ugwu nke Central Highlands nke Vietnam nke a maara dị ka Degar ma ọ bụ na Monta2 nke Cambodia..

Asụsụ ahụ dị na mpaghara Chamic nke aha Malayo-Polynes, ya mere ọ nwere njikọ na Asụsụ Cham nke etiti Vietnam..

Ọtụtụ ndị Jarai bikwa na United States, ebe ha kwagara ebe ahụ mgbe Agha Vietnam nchebe.

Asụsụ Jarai bụ nke alaka Chamic nke Malayo-Polynesian.  Ọ bụ ebe na a na-ekewapụ ụkpụrụ ya dị ka Asụsụ Mon-Khmer ruo na apụ apụ nke 20, njikọ nke Jarai na-arụ ọrụ Cham Cham na Rade, na njikọ mbara na Malay amatalarị na 1864. 

## Mgbasa ozi ala na ire okwu
Ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ 262,800 na-asụ Jarai na Cambodia na Vietnam (Simons, 2017) ebe a na-amata ya dị ka asụsụ pere mpe, n'agbanyeghị na Cambodia o nwebeghị ihe odide nke ya na script Khmer.  Na mgbakwunye, enwere ụfọdụ narị narị ndị ọkà okwu Jarai na United States sitere na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Jarai biri na obodo ahụ mgbe Agha Vietnamese gasịrị.  Olumba Jarai nwere ike bụrụ nke enweghị nghọta.  Đào Huy Quyền (1998)[1] depụtara obere obere olumba Jarai na ebe ha dị iche iche.

A kọwakwara ihe ndị ahụ dị ka nkwụsị preglottalized, mana Jensen (2013) kọwara na mmechi nke glottis na oghere ọnụ na-eme n'otu oge.

## Orthography
Na Watch afɔ nke 20, n'oge Indochina French, ndị na-achị ala ahụ webatara usoro ederede maka Jarai dabere na mara Vietnamese.   Mgbe Agha Vietnam, ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị na Vietnam jiri orthography nke Bible n'asụsụ Jarai.   Ịgụ na ide na Jarai aamụbaala, ma taa akwụkwọ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị na-ekiri ihere maka Jarai Vietnamese.

Orthography na-eji mara 40, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere akara ngosi: akara 21 maka ụfọdụume, na akara 19 maka ọrịaume.  N'ahụ ka ụzọ ndị dị ka ndị na-ede Maori, Latvian na nọmba ndị ọzọ, orthography Jarai na- LED diacritics iji gosi àmàume dị, ya bụ, mkpirikpu: ̆ ̆ ŏ ̆ ư̆.  Dị ka ọ dị na Vietnamese, a na- akara akara ngosi akara mee ihe na Jarai: a na- waya anya /e o/ dị ndị dị ka ̆ ̆ Ọ.  A na-ede /ph th kh/ dị ka digraphs, [1] na /ɲ/ na- kamar anya dị ka ːng.  B nke nwere akara ngosi bụ ihe odide iche eji eme ihe maka Jarai na akara ndị yiri ya.  button na nke a, a na- macalin hacek na tilde na- anya anya /t͡ʃ/ na /ɲ/, n'otu n'otu:
Asụsụ Moken

**Moken** bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian nke ndị bi na ndịda Myanmar na ndịda Thailand na-asụ, ndị na-akpọ onwe ha Moken (ndị mmadụ) na Mawken. 

## Nhazi
Asụsụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Moklen, enwere ike chefuo na ọ yitere Urak Lawoi' mana ọ nwere njikọ tere aka.  A na-ewerekwa ha dị ka "ndị oké osimiri" dịka ndị na-ekwu okwu na-etinyekarị uche n'ime oke osimiri Andaman. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Asụsụ ọnụ, Moken bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian nke e hiwere ka ndị Ọstrelia si Taiwan kwaga afọ 5,000–6,000 gara aga, nke butere mmepe asụsụ Austronesia a.  Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ nwere Moken 4,000, ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ obodo 1,500 ka fọdụrụ n'afọ 2009, na-eme ka asụsụ ahụ nwee egwu ikpochapụ.

 ('claw (crab)') →  ('to clip, to pinch')

N'agbanyeghi na imi na-egosi ngwaa, otutu ngwaa Moken enweghi imi nke mbu, dika  ('ịnwe obi mgbawa, iji ọrụ n'aka'),  ('to be lazy') na  ('iji nyere aka').

Ngbanwe nke okwu mbinye ego n'ime Moken na-egosi prefix okwu , eg Thai *thām* → Moken ***mə''' thaːm'' ('ịjụ') na Thai ''ān'' → Moken ***m*' aːn* ('ịgụ'). Nke a nwere ike ịbụ prefix a nwere njikọ na prefix Malay  ( *meng-* ) ya mere prefix Proto-Malayo-Polynesian **man-*, nke a na-ejikwa dị ka nganiihu ọnụ. Usoro mwepu a adịghịzi arụpụta ihe, ebe ọ bụ na okwu mbinye ego Thai na-adịbeghị anya anaghị ebu prefix. 

### Mwepụta aha
N'otu aka ahụ dị na nganiihu ọnụ, ihe nrịbama ọnụ  dị na Moken, dịka Thai *muək* → Moken  ('okpu'). morpheme a na-adịkwa ka ọ tụfuru nrụpụta ya.

Akara aha nwoke  na akara aha nwanyi  bụ iwu n'ihu Moken na Moklen aha, ma ọ bụrụ na a ikwu okwu na-eji.

Ụdị ụda olu belatara nke ọnụọgụ 'otu'  a na-eji dị ka prefix, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka akụkọ na-enweghị ngwụcha . 

## Ntụaka
asụsụ Austronesia a. [1] Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ nwere Moken 4,000, ọ bụ naanị ihe

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ
Ihe odide na-egbu egbu

Ihe odide Dunging ma ọ bụ Ihe odide Iban bụ ihe odide ederede akwụkwọ eji ede Asụsụ Iban nke Sarawak.   Ọ bụ Dunging Anak Gungu (1904-1985) ozi ya na 1947, onye dezi si glyphs 77 mbụ mbụ na glyphs 59 dị ugbu a na 1962. A naghị eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe.   N'afọ 2012, Dr. Bromeley Philip nke Universiti Teknologi MARA akwụkwọ edemede ahụ ọzọ.. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Dunging Anak Gungu nkwado nkwado ọ ALA tupu o edemede Dunging.  Ọ Nwanna onwe ya ịgụ na ide ihe n'asụsụ Latin na ụfọdụ ederede Jawi.  Dunging nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkpàri ndị edemede ya na ndị enyi ole na ole edemede ahụ.  Mgbe e ịhụ, Bagat Nunui, onye bụbu Oga nke Nanga Ulai longhouse (otu longhouse dị ka Dunging) ihe ichekwa edemede ahụ.[1]  Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị ngwaọrụ sitere n'aka ndị ọzọ nọ n'obodo ya.  A gwa ya ka ọ pịlị edemede ahụ n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ dị na Betong, mana ọ dịghị ihe ịga nke ọma.  Kamar ahụ, e mere ndị na-atụgharị isi iji mee ka edemede a dịghachi ndụ.

N'afọ 2010, na- na-arụ ọrụ Dunging, Dr. Bromeley Philip nke Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Sarawak mpempe kọmputa maka ihe Iban, nke a na-akpọ LaserIban.  diski ya bụ inyere aka ike Iban n'ụdị n'ụwa nke oge a.  LaserIban dị maka kọmputa Windows na Macintosh ma kwekọọ kpamkpam na cross-platform.[1]  Otú ọ dị, LaserIban bụ ihe nketa nke ụfọdụ na blọk Latin nke Unicode, si otú ahụ na- ojiji ya na kọmputa.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Dayak nke Malay

Malayic Dayak (Dayak Kemelayuan) bụ usoro Malaysian nke a na-asụ na West Kalimantan (North Kayong, Ketapang, Kapuas Hulu, Melawi) na ,mee ọzụzụ nke Central Kalimantan..

Wurm na Hattori (1981) depụtara olumba ndị a dị ka Delang (ndị na-asụ 200,000), Kayong (ndị ikom ọkà 100,000), Banana" (ndị ikwu 100,000), Bamayo, Tapitn (ndị kwuru 300), Mentebah-Suruk (ndị kwuoekwu 20,000), Semi  (ndị okwu 10,000), na mgbakwunye Arut, Lamandau, Sukamara, Riam (Nibung Terjung), Bel ৰাজ্য (Sungkup), Tamuan, Tomun, Pangin, Sekakai, na Silat.

## Asụsụ
Ụfọdụ n'ime egwuregwu Malayic Dayak ndị a tara nke ọma ma kewaa egwu:

* Arut
* Bamayo
* Banana"
* Ọmarịcha nwa
* Delang
* Gerunggang
* Kayong
* Lamandau
* Mentebah-Suruk
* Pangin
* Pesaguan Hulu
* Pesaguan Kiri
* Riam
* Sekakai
* Semitau
* Silat
* Suhaid
* Sukamara
* Tamuan-Tomun
* Nchịkọta

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ìgwè Dayak nke West Kalimantan

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Remun

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
Asụsụ a bụ nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 3600 bi na mpaghara Sarawak na-asụ.

Remun bụ ike Iban-Remun bụ isi na mpaghara Borneo, mpaghara Sarawak.[1]  N'agbanyeghị na 88% yiri Asụsụ Iban, ndị mmadụ nọ n'ịbụ ndị na-asụ Remun na-ekwu na ahụ dị mfe izochi na sere ndị si n', ndị na-ekwu Iban.[1]  Remun nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ebe ndị na-ekwu ya na-eji ozi na-agbanwe ka ha na-ekwu okwu Iban.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;
Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Indonesian-Ukrainian

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Indonesian-Ukrainian nke Mykhailo Izhyk  dere bụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke Asụsụ Indonesian na bụ Ukrainian. Ekụ ya na 2013 site n'aka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ "Chetverta Hvylia" na Nkwado ego nke Embassy of the Republic Indonesia na Ukraine.

Onye edemede ahụ akụkọ akụkọ na-arụ na akwụkwọ ọkọchị 2009 mgbe ọ akara ngosi ya na Jakarta nke mmemme mmemme "Darmasiswa" nke Republic of Indonesia nyere.

Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ahụ nwere ikike okwu okwu 16000 a na-eji eme ihe n'Asụsụ Indonesian.   Na mgbakwunye na okwu n'ozuzu ya, ọ nwere ọtụtụ okwu sitere na nkuzi dị iche iche - akụ na nyere, iwu, ọgwụ wdg.   A na-etinye ihe nkiri 1500 acronyms na abbreviations eji eme ihe n'asụsụ Indonesian nke oge a n'ime ngalaba dị iche nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu.

Peeji: 336

Nkọwa: 500 (Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime akara ndị ahụ ka e nyere n'ibu ọrụ nke Republic Indonesia na Ukraine na Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

E mere ngosi nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na Septemba 17, 2013 na President Hotel na Kyiv, Ukraine.

## Ebe e si nweta ya
N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ kwụsị ọrụ n'ụlọikpe ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Indonesian
* Asụsụ Ukrainian
Asụsụ Tsudaqar

**Tsudaqar** (nakwa **Tsudakhar**, **Cudaxar**  ) bụ asụsụ Dargin, dị nnọọ iche na ụdị edemede dị iche iche,  na-asụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 33,000  na mpaghara Levashinsky na Akushinsky, Novy Kostek na mpaghara Khasavyurtovsky, na Novostankare na mpaghara Babayurtovsky . Obodo Tsudakhar bụ ebe ọdịnala ọdịnala. A na-ewere ya na ọ ga-eyi egwu ikpochapụ, na-ebufe ya na ụmụaka, ma ọ bụghị ezinụlọ niile.   N'oge a, a na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka Tsudaqar dị ndụ ma mepụta mkpụrụedemede maka asụsụ ahụ. 

## Ntughari
N'ịzaghachi n'ahụike na iji asụsụ ahụ na-ebelata, ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ amaliteghachila iji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe, yana ịmụ na ichekwa ya. E mekwara ihe odide nke asụsụ ahụ. Ihe nkuzi maka mmụta Tsudaqar dị na ntanetị, ma enwere ọwa YouTube ** nke na-akwalite omenala Tsudaqar, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndụ.  

## fonology
Tsudaqar atụfuola ndị mmekọ [ d͡ʒ ] na [ d͡z ] . A na-edobe usoro nke fortis na lenis phonemic, yiri usoro eji na Avar–Andic na Lak . 

## Ọkpụkpụ

A na-ahụ mkpụrụedemede о, ф, ы, ё, ь naanị na okwu mgbazinye ego.

anaghị apụta n'okwu-mbụ ma a na-ahụ ya naanị mgbe consonant gachara.

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Tsudaqar
* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Tsudaqar
Asụsụ Tsat

Usat, nke nke a dị ka Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, ma ọ bụ Huíhuīyǔ (Chinese simplified; Chinese traditional: 回輝語; : Huíhuāyǔ), bụ abụ Austronesian, nke ndị Utusul 4,500 na-asụ n'obodo Huihui (回新) dịin nso China Huihui (回新).  Tsat bụ onye otu Malayo-Polynesian n'ime akara ngosi Austronesian, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime Asụsụ Chamic sitere n'oge oké osimiri nke Vietnam nke oge a..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* A pụkwara ịkpọ ụda /ts, s/ dị ka [tɕ, ɕ] mgbe tupu /i/.

### Mkpụrụedemede

* Ụda ikpeazụ [j, w] nwekwara ike ịpụta dị ka mmezu nke /i/, /u/ na njedebe nke diphthongs na-ada.

## Ọdịdị ụda
Ụda ụda Hainan Cham kwekọrọ na ụda dị iche iche nke Proto-Chamic.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'ụzọ a na-ahụ ahụkebe maka akara Austronesian, Tsat ụgbọ nke akara olu, ma, anya anya n'ihi ike ụgbọ na ndị na-esetịpụ dị iche iche iche a na-asụ Ndị Hainan emu Chinese dị ka Hainanese na Standard Chinese, Asụsụ Tai-Kadai dị ka Asụsụ Hlai, na Asụsụ Hmong-Mien dị ka Kim Mun.

## Ihe edeturu

## Ihe odide
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* Akwụkwọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya na Tsat E debere  Wayback Machine
Asụsụ Ibanic

Asụsụ Ibanic bụ alaka nke Asụsụ Malay nke dị n'ebe ahụ ike Borneo.  Ndị Ibans na ndị otu ndị yiri ya na East Malaysia na mpaghara Indonesia nke West Kalimantan na-asụ ha.  Asụsụ Dayak ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọ Land Dayak, nke na-ahụ Ibanic, dị n' jawaab ugwo mmetụta nke Kalimantan, n'etiti egwuregwu Ibanic na nke na-adịghị ka Ibanic Malayic dị ka Kendayan na aha Malay nke Sarawak na Pontianak..

Ọ bụ Alfred B. Hudson chepụtara okwu Ibanic, onye so na ndị mbụ nchoputa ndụ ihe nketa nke dị iche iche ọnụ n'okpuru aha Dayak na West Borneo.[1]  A na-ekewa Ibanic n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka nke "Malay Dayak" [1] ma ọ bụ "West Bornean Malayic" [2] dị ka ụgwọ nke "Nuclear Malayic" dị n' ጥራት Malay ndị ọzọ.

## Asụsụ
Dị ka Ethnologue si kwuo, nọmba so n'òtù Iban: Iban, Remun (ma ọ bụ Milikin), Mualang na Seberuang.

## Ìgwè ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Kalimantan
 
isi nke Dayak na-asụrụ Ibanic na ike ha dị iche iche na mpaghara West Kalimantan, Indonesia: 

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Karata-Tukita

**Karata** (  ) bụ asụsụ Andic nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Caucasian nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke a na-asụ na ndịda Dagestan, Russia site na 9,549 Karata na 2020. Enwere obodo iri nke a na-asụkarị asụsụ ahụ: Karata, Anchix, Tukita, Rachabalda, Lower Inxelo, Mashtada, Archo, Chabakovo, Racitl, na mbụ Siux .  Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-eji Avar dịka asụsụ edemede ha. 

## Olumba
Asụsụ ahụ nwere olumba abụọ, **Karata** na Tukita, nke dịtụ iche na ụda ụda na morphology mana ha nwere nghọta.  A na-ewere Tukita mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ dị iche, dabere na lexicostatistics .   Enwekwara mkpịrị-asụsụ anọ; *Anchikh, Archi, Ratsitl* na *Rachabalda*, aha obodo ha *.* 

## fonology

### Consonants
Karata nwere consonants 45. 

* A na-akpọ nkwụsị glottal edegharịrị ebe a n'ụzọ doro anya "glottalic laryngeal " site na isi iyi.

### Udaume
Karata nwere ụdaume iri na asatọ. 

## Ntụaka
iche na ụda ụda na morphology mana ha nwere nghọta. [1] A na-ewere Tukita mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ dị iche,
Asụsụ Vlax Romani

Ndị Rom na-asụkarị ụdị **Vlax Romani** na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe .  Enwere ike ịkpọ Vlax Romani dị ka asụsụ nọọrọ onwe ya  ma ọ bụ otu olumba nke asụsụ Romania . Vlax Romani bụ obere olumba nke abụọ a na-asụkarị nke asụsụ Romania n'ụwa niile, na-esote Balkan Romani .

## Aha
Ọkammụta onye Britain bụ Bernard Gilliat-Smith chepụtara aha asụsụ ahụ *Vlax Romani* na 1915 ọmụmụ banyere Bulgarian Romani, bụ ebe o bu ụzọ kewaa olumba Romani ka ọ bụrụ *Vlach* na *nke na-abụghị Vlach* .   Vlax Roma, otu subgroup nke ndị Romani na-asụ asụsụ Vlax Romani, sitere na ndị ohu Roma mbụ na ndị isi obodo Moldavia na Wallachia (ya na aha "Vlax", nke sitere na "Vlach", nke sitere na nke ikpeazụ), ugbu a Romania .  Okwu *Romani* na *Romania* bụ ụgha cognates, nke mbụ sitere na Romani *rom* - n'ikpeazụ site na Sanskrit okwu ḍoma/डोम, na nke ikpeazụ sitere na Romanian *român* - n'ikpeazụ sitere na Latin.

## Nhazi
Vlax Romani bụ nkewa na otu abụọ: Vlax I, ma ọ bụ Northern Vlax (gụnyere Kalderash na Lovari ), na Vlax II, ma ọ bụ Southern Vlax. 

Elšík  na-eji ihe atụ nkewa na olumba (ozi ala sitere na Matras  ):

## Usoro edemede
Edere Vlax Romani site na iji orthography Romani, na-ejikarị mkpụrụedemede Latin nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụedemede ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, n'ebe bụbu Soviet Union, a pụkwara ide ya n'ihe odide Cyrillic .  &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ntụaka
Romani na Romania bụ ụgha cognates, nke mbụ sitere na Romani rom - n'ikpeazụ site na Sanskrit okwu ḍoma/डोम, na nke ikpeazụ sitere
Arabic nke ndị Juu na ndị Tripolitania

**Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic** (nke a makwaara dị ka Tripolitanian Judeo-Arabic, onye Juu Tripolitanian–Libyan Arabic, Tripolita'it, Yudi) bụ asụsụ Arabik dị iche iche nke ndị Juu bibu na Libya na-asụ.

Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic dị iche na ọkọlọtọ Libyan Arabic n'ihi na ọ yiri olumba mbụ nke ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe, ebe ọtụtụ ndị bi na Libya na-asụzi Bedouin - ụdị Arabic nwere mmetụta.  Ụtọasụsụ ntụaka dị. 

Ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị Juu bi na Libia akwagala Izrel wee malite iji Hibru dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha. Ndị nọ n'Ịtali na-asụkarị Ịtali dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha.

Na ca. 1994 e nwere 35,000 ndị na-asụ Arabik Judeo-Tripolitanian, nke ka ukwuu n'Izrel (30,000) na Ịtali (5,000).  N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2014, ndị nọ n'Izrel karịrị afọ 60 ma na-asụ asụsụ abụọ n'asụsụ Hibru. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị Juu 20,000 bi na Tripoli, Libya na 1948. Ihe dị ka 14,000 kwagara Israel na Ịtali na 1948–1952, na-eso ọgba aghara abụọ. Mgbe e nwesịrị ọgba aghara n'oge Agha Ụbọchị isii na 1967, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu 6,000 fọdụrụnụ kwapụrụ; e nwere nanị mmadụ iri na abụọ ndị Juu bi na Tripoli na 1970. 

## Hụkwa

* Akụkọ banyere ndị Juu nọ na Libya
* Asụsụ ndị Juu
* Asụsụ Judeo-Arabic

## Ntụaka
Romani na Romania bụ ụgha cognates, nke mbụ sitere na Romani rom - n'ikpeazụ site na Sanskrit okwu 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* ''Judeo-Arabic'' na endangeredlanguages.com
Ndị Palestine Judeo-Arabic nke oge a

**Judeo-Arabic Palestine ọgbara ọhụrụ** (MPJA) bụ ụdị Palestine na Moroccan dị iche iche Arabic nke Yishuv ochie na-asụ n'Ottoman na Palestine mmanye, na ugbu a site n'ọnụ ndị Juu  Israel nọ na Israel.

Ihe dị ka puku ndị ọkà okwu 10,000 kwuru ya n'otu oge na narị afọ nke 20.  Taa ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi ebe ọ bụ naanị ndị ọkà okwu ise fọdụrụ na Galili .

Mbelata MPJA sitere na mweghachi nke Hibru na mmụba nke Hibru ọgbara ọhụrụ n'etiti ndị Yishuv . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Mmalite
N'ịgbaso iwu Al-Hambra mgbe njedebe nke Reconquista na Iberia gasịrị, ndị Juu Sephardi malitere ịbịarute na Palestine Ottoman na narị afọ nke 16, na-edozi karịsịa na obodo anọ dị nsọ nke Jerusalem, Hebron, Safed, na Tiberias . Ka oge na-aga, MPJA malitere site na mkpokọta nke asụsụ ndị Juu Maghrebi na asụsụ Arabik nke Palestine . Na mgbakwunye na obodo ndị Juu nke Ottoman Palestine, ọtụtụ ndị Juu bi n'obodo Lebanọn dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, bụ ndị ha na ha nwere mmekọrịta siri ike, nakweere ụdị MPJA. 

### Akụkọ Oge A
Ma eleghị anya, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu MPJA na nke mbụ nke atọ nke narị afọ nke 20 ruru ọtụtụ puku na ikekwe ihe karịrị puku iri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ka asụsụ Hibru ghọrọ asụsụ ndị Yishuv na-achị, na mgbe e mesịrị, mba Izrel, ndị na-asụ asụsụ jụrụ nke ukwuu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị MPJA (ma ndị Galili ma ndị Jerusalem) na-ekwu okwu ná ngwụsị narị afọ nke 20 ka karịrị otu narị. [1] Otú ọ dị, n’ihe dị ka n’afọ 2016, e nwere nanị ndị ọkà okwu ise e mere atụmatụ na ha ga-anọgide na Galili.

## Lexicon
Mpempe akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu MPJA nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta sitere na mmalite Maghrebi ya yana okwu mbinye Hibru, Ladino na Aramaic maka ọtụtụ okwu ndị Juu kpọmkwem. Malite na 1936 ka Hibru na-agbasawanye karịa n'etiti Yishuv ochie, okwu mbinye ego Hibru bịara bụrụ nke jupụtara ebe niile na okwu mbinye ego Hibru ochie eweghachiri n'ụzọ ụda olu na-asụ asụsụ Hibru mbụ ha. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1948, okwu mbinye ego Hibru alaghachila kpam kpam ma mbinye ego Hibru abawanyela. 

## Ihe ndetu
.okwu mbinye Hibru, Ladino na Aramaic maka ọtụtụ okwu ndị Juu kpọmkwem. Malite na 1936 ka Hibru na

## Ntụaka

Otú:All articles with unsourced statements
Asụsụ Mozabite

**Mozabite** ( endonym : *tamazight* ), nke a makwaara dị ka **Mzab**, ***Tumẓabt*** ma ọ bụ **Ghardaia**, bụ asụsụ Zenati nke ndị Mozabite na-asụ, otu Ibadi Berber bi n'obodo asaa nke mpaghara M'zab dị na ugwu Saharan Algeria .    Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị Mozabite kwagara n'obodo ndị ọzọ na n'ebe ndị ọzọ na-asụkwa ya. Ndị Mozabit na-ejikwa Arabic nke Algeria . N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2010, UNESCO mere atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ Mozabite 150,000. 

Mozabite bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Mzab–Wargla, ụyọkọ olumba nke asụsụ Zenati. 

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* 
* Delheure, Jean. *Aǧraw n Yiwalen Tumẓabt d-Tefṛansist = Dictionnaire Mozabite–Francais*. SELAF. Paris, 1984.

## Ntụaka
Mozabit na-ejikwa Arabic nke Algeria . N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2010, UNESCO mere

## Njikọ mpụga

* Aglan
* akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu
Asụsụ Zamba

**Zamba** (Dzamba) bụ asụsụ Bantu a na-asụ na Democratic Republic of Congo . Ozugbo a tụlere olumba nke Bangi, Nọọsụ (2003) na-etinye ya nso na Lingala kama Bangi.

## Ntụaka
Mozabit na-ejikwa Arabic nke Algeria . N'ihe dị ka  mere atụmatụ
Asụsụ Tamahaq

**Tamahaq** nke a makwaara dị ka ( *Tahaggart Tamahaq* ma ọ bụ *Tamahaq Tahaggart* ) bụ naanị asụsụ Northern Tuareg a maara nke a na-asụ na Algeria, ọdịda anyanwụ Libya na ugwu Niger . Ọ dị iche iche na asụsụ South Tuareg nke ugwu Aïr, Azawagh na Adagh . Ndịiche na-enwekarị ngbanwe ụda, dị ka *Tamahaq* kama *Tamajaq* ma ọ bụ *Tamasheq* . Asụsụ a bụ “otu n'ime asụsụ ụmụnna nwanyị nke ndị bi n'ọtụtụ ógbè Atlas na-asụ site n'Ijipt ruo n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Morocco, nke a na-agụnyekwa n'okwu izugbe Berber." [ 2 ]

## Ọkpụkpụ
Ndị Tuareg na-ede site n'aka nri gaa n'aka ekpe, dịka abjads ndị ọzọ dị ka Hibru na Arabic. A na-akpọ mkpụrụedemede a na-akpọ "Tifinagh" ma nwee mkpụrụedemede iri abụọ na ise. [ 3 ]

## fonology

### Udaume

### Consonants

## Ụtọ asụsụ

### Aha aha
Aha Tamahaq so na klaasị aha abụọ, nke a na-akpọkarị *nwoke* na *nwanyị*, nke ọ bụla nwere ike ịtụgharị maka ọnụọgụ abụọ: otu na ọtụtụ. [ 5 ]

Iwu izugbe nke Thumb:

* Otu aha nwoke na-amalite na otu n'ime ụda ụdaume : a, ă, e, i, u, o. [ 5 ]
* Ọtụtụ aha nwoke na-amalite na ụda i. [ 5 ]
* Aha nwanyị otu na otutu na-amalite t. [ 5 ]

Enwere mwepu ole na ole na iwu ndị a: [ 6 ]

# Ụfọdụ aha nwoke, n'agbanyeghị ma ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ otu, na-amalite na consonant **dịka** ⵢⵜ (ti) - nna [ 6 ]
# Ụfọdụ aha nwoke dị iche iche na-amalite na ***<u>u</u>*** na ụda a na-esokwa na aha otutu kwa **eg** ⵓ (ul) - obi [ 6 ]
# Ọ bụrụ na aha otu nwoke na-amalite site na ụda *dị mkpụmkpụ*, enwere ike ịnọchite anya ya dị ka ă, iwu a na-esokwa ruo n'ọtụtụ: **eg** ⵓ (ă lu) *sing.-* ⵏⵓⵍ (ălwăn). [ 6 ]
# Ụfọdụ aha nwoke na-amalite na ụda a: **eg** ⵏⵓⵔ (arăwăn) (ụmụ ọhụrụ amụrụ ọhụrụ) [ 6 ]
# Ụfọdụ aha nwanyị (ọtụtụ ma ọ bụ otu) anaghị ebido na ***<u>t</u>*** : **eg** ⴰⵎⵜⵓ (wălătma) – nwanne / ⴰⵎ (ma)- nne [ 6 ]

Anyị nwekwara ike nweta aha nwanyị site n'ịgbakwunye T na mmalite na njedebe nke aha nwoke (ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị mgbe niile, e nwere ndị ọzọ). [ 6 ]

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Enwere isi atọ dị iche iche nke Tamahaq: 

* *Tahaggart*, nke ndị otu Kel Ahaggar kwuru na gburugburu ugwu Aggar dị na ndịda Algeria.
* *Ajjer*, nke ndị otu Kel Ajjer na-ekwu
* *Ghat*, nke a na-asụ gburugburu Djanet na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Algeria na Ghat na Libya.

Dịka Blench (2006) siri kwuo, Tahaggart na Ghat bụ asụsụ Tuareg dị iche iche.

## Ntụaka
, dị ka Tamahaq kama Tamajaq ma ọ bụ Tamasheq . Asụsụ a bụ “otu n'ime asụsụ ụmụnna
Hālau

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|280x280px|Hālau na ogige ntụrụndụ Honokōhau
hālau bụ okwu Hawaiian nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ otu.  N'ụzọ, okwu ahụ ahụ "alaka nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na-etolite. " Taa, hālau na-ama ịma ụlọ akwụkwọ (hālau hula).

Onye nkuzi na hālau bụ kumu hula, ebe kumu egwuregwu isi iyi nke ihe, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọjọọ onye nkuzi.  Ọtụtụ mgbe ị ga- mgbasa na e nwere usoro dị elu n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ hula - asụsụ na kumu (onye nkuzi), alaka'i (onye ndu), kokua (ndịa sie), na mgbe ahụ 'olapa (ndị na-agbagọ) ma ọ bụ haumana (ụmụ akwụkwọ).

A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe maka ụlọ ndị dị ogologo, nke a na-ewukarị n'ụsọ osimiri, ebe ntụziaka ahụ mere.

Otu okwu Hawaiian a na-ahụkarị bụ " ʻ pau ka ʻ i ka hālau hoʻ," nke pụtara, "Ihe ọmụma niile adịghị naanị n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ" 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Apo Duat

Asụsụ Apo Duat ma ọ bụ Dayic bụ otu egwuregwu ndị yiri ibe ha nke Kelabit, Lun Bawang, na ndị yiri ya na-asụ.  Ha bụ:

* Kelabit: Kelabit, Lengilu, Sa'ban, Tring
* Sundayeh: Lun Bawang, Adang, Balait, Kolur, Lepu Potng, Lun Dayah, Lun Daye, Padas, Trusan, Mengalong

Puth nwere ike ịbụ nwere ikike ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ọ ike ịbụ olumba nke Lundayeh.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Mzab-Wargla

**Asụsụ Mzab–Wargla** ma ọ bụ **olumba ugwu Saharan** bụ ụyọkọ olumba nke asụsụ Zenati, n'ime mpaghara mpaghara Northern Berber . A na-asụ ha na oases gbasasịrị nke Algeria na Morocco .

## Nkewa nke ntakiri

; Kossmann (2013)

Maarten Kossmann (2013) depụtara asụsụ isii "Northern Saharan oasis": 

* South Oranie na Figuig
* Gurara
* Tuwat - Tidikelt
* Mzab
* Wargla
* Wad Righ (Tugurt)

; Ethnologue (2009)

Na *Ethnologue* XVI (2009), e depụtara asụsụ "Mzab–Wargla" dị ka:

* Tagargrent (Wargli)
* Temacine Tamazight (Tugurt)
* Taznatit ("Zenati": Gurara, Tuwat na South Oran )
* Tumzabt ( Mozabite )

; Blench

Roger Blench (2006) depụtara ụdị asatọ: 

* Gurara
* Mzab, Ghardaia (Mozabite)
* Wargla
* Tugurt
* Seghrušen
* Figuig
* Senhaja
* Ezinụlọ

Agbanyeghị, Senhaja bụ asụsụ Atlas n'ezie.

## Maapụ asụsụ

Faịlụ:Mzab-Wargla_Berberophone_areas.PNG|alt=Mzab, Wargla and Wad Righ| Mzab, Wargla na Wad Righ
Faịlụ:Gourara_ksour_-_Linguistic_map.PNG|alt=Gourara| Gọwara
Faịlụ:South_Oranie_and_Figuig_Berber.PNG|alt=South Oranie and Figuig| South Oranie na Figuig


## Ntụaka
Mozabit na-ejikwa Arabic nke Algeria . N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2010, UNESCO mere atụmatụ
Asụsụ Gangari

**Gangari**, ma ọ bụ **Gangadi**, (  gaṅgāṛī ), bụ olumba Garhwali   a na-asụkarị na mpaghara Uttarkashi na steeti Uttarakhand, ugwu India.

Enwere okike atọ (nwoke, nwanyị na neuter) na ọnụọgụ abụọ (otu na ọtụtụ). Ọgwụgwụ ndị dị iche iche maka aha bụ: 

* otu nwoke: -o
* otutu mmadu: -a
* otu nwanyị: -e
* otutu nwanyi: -ae
* neuter otu: -a
* neuter plural: -a:

## Ntụaka
mpaghara mpaghara Northern Berber . A na-asụ ha na
Asụsụ Juruna

A na-asụ **asụsụ Juruna**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Yudjá**,  na Brazil. A na-asụ ya na Xingu Indigenous Park nke steeti Mato Grosso . N'afọ 2001, e nwere ndị na-asụ obodo 278. Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ lanarịrị asụsụ Yuruna .

## fonology

### Udaume

### Consonants

## Ntụaka


## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Ego ntanetị WALS maka Juruna. Haspelmath, Martin (onye nchịkọta akụkọ); Drer, Matthew S. (onye nchịkọta akụkọ); Gil, David (onye nchịkọta akụkọ); Comrie, Bernard (onye nchịkọta akụkọ). 2008-05-01. Max Planck Digital Library ( http://mpdl.mpg.de/ ). oai:wals.info:languoid/jrn
*
Asụsụ Yuruna

**Asụsụ Yuruna** (ma ọ bụ **asụsụ Jurúna**  ) nke Brazil na-etolite alaka ezinụlọ asụsụ Tupian .

Ha bụ Jurúna, Maritsauá, na Xipaya .

## Ụdị dị iche iche
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke asụsụ Yuruna dị iche iche nke Loukotka (1968) depụtara, gụnyere aha ụdị na-akwadoghị. 

* **Yuruna** / **Paru-podeari** - a na-asụ n'etiti osimiri Xingú .
* **Arupai** / **Urupaya** - a na-ekwubu n'osimiri Xingu na ndịda ebo Yuruna. (Enweghị nkọwa.)
* **Shipaya** / **Achipaya** / **Jacipoya** - a na-ekwubu n'Osimiri Iriri na Osimiri Curua, ugbu a nwere ike ịla n'iyi.
* **Manitsauá** / **Mantizula** - a na-asụ n'otu obodo dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Manissauá-Miçu, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Xingú .

Ụlọ Instituto Socioambiental [ pt ] depụtara Yudja na Arupaia (Arupai), Xipaia, Peapaia, Aoku (anaghị amata), na Maritsawá. 

## Ntụaka
bụ ndepụta nke asụsụ Yuruna dị iche iche
Asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Tai

**Asụsụ Northern Tai** bụ ngalaba guzobere nke asụsụ Tai nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia . Ha gụnyere asụsụ Zhuang ugwu na Bouyei nke China, Tai Mène nke Laos na Yoy nke Thailand.

## Asụsụ

### Ethnologue
*Ethnologue* na-ekewa asụsụ ndị a: 

* Saek (Laos na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Thailand ; edepụtara na mpụga Tai kwesịrị ekwesị na nhazi *nke Ethnologue*, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ka Tai Maen, nke edepụtara dị ka Northern Tai)
* Tai Maen (Laos)
* Yoy (Thailand) [?] 
* Bouyei (Buyi) (China) (gụnyere asụsụ ndị Giáy nke Vietnam)
* Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
* Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
* Guibei Zhuang
* Yei Zhuang
* Lianshan Zhuang
* Liujiang Zhuang
* Liuqian Zhuang
* Yongbei Zhuang
* Youjiang Zhuang

A na-ekewa Yoy n'ebe ọzọ dị ka Southwwest Tai, na E, nke bụ asụsụ agwakọtara Northern Tai-Chinese.

Longsang Zhuang, asụsụ Northern Tai nke a kọwara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na-asụ Longsang Township, Debao County, Guangxi, China. Hezhang Buyi bụ asụsụ Northern Tai nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou nke ama ama maka inwe mpaghara mpaghara Kra .

### Pittayaporn (2009)
Pittayaporn (2009:300) na-akọwapụta otu ụdị Zhuang dị ka otu "N", nke mgbanwe ụda olu kọwara *ɯj, *ɯw → *aj, *aw.  Ọ na-ebuga olumba ugwu nke Zhuang, olumba Wuming, site na Northern Tai Yongbei Zhuang gaa Yongnan Zhuang - nke a na-akpọ Central Tai - n'ihi na enweghị mgbanwe ndị a. Asụsụ na mpaghara dị iche iche Pittayaporn gụnyere n'ime otu N, yana ihe hakọrọ *Ethnologue*, bụ:

* Saek
* Bouyei布依 (gụnyere asụsụ ndị Giáy nke Vietnam)
* Yei Zhuang 剥隘
* ( *Wenshan Zhuang na Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan* )
** Guangnan Sha 广南沙族 = Guibian Zhuang (north Guangnan; south Guangnan bụ Nong Zhuang)
** Qiubei丘北县 = Qiubei Zhuang
* ( *Baise, Guangxi* )
** Lingyun凌乐/凌云县 = Guibian Zhuang
** Pingguo平果县 = Yongbei Zhuang
** Tiandong田东县 = Youjiang Zhuang
** Tianlin田林县 = Guibian Zhuang
* ( *Nanning Prefecture, Guangxi* )
** Hengxian横县 = Yongbei Zhuang
** Shanglin上林县 = Hongshuihe Zhuang
** Yongbei 邕北 = Yongbei Zhuang
* ( *Guigang Prefecture, Guangxi* )
** Guigang贵港 Obodo = Hongshuihe Zhuang ?
** Obodo nta Dulan独兰, Pingnan平南县
* Laibin来宾 Prefecture, Guangxi = Hongshuihe Zhuang (south Laibin), Liujiang Zhuang (north Laibin)
* ( *Hechi Prefecture, Guangxi* )
** Obodo Hechi河池 = Guibei Zhuang
** Huanjiang环江 = Guibei Zhuang
** Nandan南丹县 = Guibei Zhuang
** Yishan宜州 = Liujiang Zhuang
* ( *Liuzhou Prefecture, Guangxi* )
** Liujiang柳江县 = Liujiang Zhuang
** Rong'an融安县 = Guibei Zhuang
* Longsheng龙胜县, Guilin桂林, Guangxi = Guibei Zhuang
* Dong'an东安县, Yongzhou永州, Hunan
* Lianshan, Qingyuan清远, Guangdong = Lianshan Zhuang

## Okwu okwu
Ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke ndịiche na ụda olu dị n'etiti Northern Tai na Central-Southwwest Tai: 

## Ntụaka
ekwesị na nhazi nke Ethnologue, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ka Tai Maen, nke edepụtara
Asụsụ E

**E** ( ), makwaara dị ka **Ei**, **Wuse**, ma ọ bụ **Wusehua**, ( simplified Chinese          ) bụ asụsụ agwakọta Tai - Chinese a na-asụ na Rongshui Miao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China. O nwere njiri mara ụdị Tai na ndị China, na-anabatakarị okwu ndị China na ụtọ ụtọ Tai. E bụ asụsụ ụda olu — nke dị iche n’etiti ụda asaa — ma nwee fọnịm ole na ole na-adịghị ahụkebe: ụdị enweghị olu nke consonants imi na-ahụkarị na akụkụ akụkụ alveolar .

## Etymology
Aha a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke asụsụ E, nke bụkwa aha aka, na-enweta site na ntụgharị pinyin nke mkpụrụokwu Mandarin na-adịghị ahụkebe诶;誒;  ( ), nke na-egosipụtakarị okwu nkwenye (ma dị iche na *ē* na pinyin site na iji sekọmfleksị ). [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Ndị na-asụ asụsụ a na-akpọkwa asụsụ ha *Kjang E*  . [ 2 ] *Wusehua* bụ aha mkparị maka E. [ 4 ]

## Ụtọasụsụ na lexicon
A na-ekewakarị E dị ka asụsụ agwakọta nke sitere na ezinụlọ Tai-Kadai na Sino-Tibet, bụ ndị bi na ndịda China na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia . [ 4 ] Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-abụghị ndị China na-ewere ya dị ka asụsụ Tai-Kadai nwere mmetụta Chinese . [ 8 ] N'agbanyeghị nkewa ya, ụtọ asụsụ ahụ yiri nke alaka Tai nke Tai-Kadai. Atụmatụ ụtọ asụsụ E yiri ka ọ bụ ngwakọta nke Northern Zhuang, Mulam, na Kam .  [ 7 ] Asụsụ Caolan nke Vietnam na-egosipụtakwa ọtụtụ myirịta na E. [ 7 ]

Otú ọ dị, okwu a na-abụkarị Chinese, dabere na Guiliu na ụdị Tuguai nke Pinghua .  [ 7 ] N'ime okwu E 2,000 a na-ejikarị eme ihe, naanị ihe dị ka 200 sitere na Tai-Kadai. [ 9 ] E na-eketakwa akụkụ nke ụda olumba ndị China na nhazi okwu.  E morphology bụ nlebara anya nke ọma, nwere echiche ndị dị ka mgbaghara n'okwu inyeaka ( *pat <sup>6</sup>*, *m <sup>2</sup>* ) na enweghị nkwekọrịta aha. [ 6 ]

N'okwu nnọchiaha ya, E na-ekewapụta mmadụ n'etiti nke mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ; n'ọnụọgụgụ n'etiti otu na ọtụtụ; na, n'ihe banyere nke mbụ mmadụ plural, n'etiti inclusive na nanị  . E, Otú ọ dị, adịghị eme ka ndịiche maka ụtọasụsụ okike . [ 6 ]
 

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
 nwere njiri mara ụdị Tai na ndị China, na-anabatakarị okwu ndị China na ụtọ ụtọ Tai. E bụ asụsụ ụda olu — nke dị iche n’etiti ụda asaa — ma nwee fọnịm ol
Asụsụ Saʼban

Saʼban bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ ndị dị ike nke Borneo, n'ókè Sarawak-Kalimantan.  A mara ahụ dị ka hmeu Saʼban n'asụsụ Saʼban.

## Nchịkọta
Saʼban bụ onye otu Apo Duat nke ike, nke akpọ Kelabit, Lun Bawang / Sundayeh na Tring.[1]  N'ozuzu, ha sitere na mpaghara North Sarawak nke Eziniche Austronesian.  [2] Taa, ndị Saʼban bi na Long Peluan, Long Banga' na Long Balong na Sarawak, Malaysia.  E ndị ndị otu Saʼban na Kalimantan, Indonesia.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Asụsụ Saʼban nwere ọtụtụ ụda ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe n’asụsụ ụwa.  Ndị a na-agụnye consonants imi na mmiri na-enweghị olu[1] yana ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdaume ogologo na nke dị mkpụmkpụ yana ogologo na nke dị mkpụmkpụ.  Enyere ụfọdụ ọmụmaatụ okwu ndị nwere imi na mmiri na-enweghị olu na tebụl dị n'okpuru.  Ha nwere ọgụgụ isi n'ụzọ dị iche na consonants ogologo: 

## Akwụkwọ

* 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Asụsụ, Asụsụ na Mgbanwe ụda ọgba aghara: Ihe gbasara Saʼban. " Na Graham W. Thurgood (ed.) Akwụkwọ sitere na Nzukọ nke itoolu nke Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 249-359. Oge: Mahadum Arizona State.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Nnyocha mbụ nke asụsụ Lun Bawang (Murut) na Saʼban nke Sarawak. " Sarawak Museum Journal 20: 40-41, 45-47.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Saʼban: a case of language change. " Na Peter W. Martin (ed) Shifting Patterns of Language Use in Borneo, 209-226. Williamsburg VA: Kansụl Nnyocha Borneo.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Asụsụ ndị Kelabit na ọdịnihu nke 'focus': ihe akaebe sitere na Kerayan. " Na I Wayan Arka & Malcolm Ross (ed.) Ọtụtụ ihu nke usoro olu Austronesian: ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ọhụrụ, 17-57. Canberra: Asụsụ Pacific.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "A preliminary typology of the languages of Middle Borneo." Na Peter Sercombe, Michael Boutin & Adrian Clynes (ed.) *Ọganihu na nyocha gbasara omenala na asụsụ na Borneo*, 123-151. Phillips, Maine USA: Borneo Research Council.
* 
* Omar, Asmah Haji (1983). *Ndị Malay nke Malaysia na Asụsụ Ha*. Kuala Lumpur: Ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ nka.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Kaipuleohone nwere  na ihe ndekọ ọdịyo (, ) 

Nchịkọta ụdaolu n'ịntanetị maka Saʼban
Asụsụ Lengilu

Lengilu bụ asụsụ Indonesian Borneo fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụ.  Ugbu a,  nwere naanị anọ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Lengilu.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Berawan-Lower Baram

Asụsụ Berawan - Lower Baram bụ otu msị nke ọkara edemede iri na abụọ a na-asụ na Borneo.

## Asụsụ

* Berawan
* Lower Baram: Belait, Kiput, Lelak, Narom, Tutong

## Ihe odide