open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ebe Ndị Na-azụ Mmanụ

thumb|200x200px| oriri oriri na ọṅụṅụ, Brooklyn Home for Consumptions (1899)
Ndị Brooklyn maka oriri oriri (na mbụ, Garfield Memorial Home ; emesia, Brooklyn Thoracic Hospital na Brooklyn Hospital ; ugbu a, Brooklyn Hospital Center ) bụ ụlọ ezumike America nke dị na Brooklyn, New York .  Tọrọ ntọala na 1881 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ alms, [1] ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ebere na-azụ nke otu.  O nwere ngalaba abụọ, otu n'ime ya bụ ndị dibia bekee homoeopathic na nke ọzọ bụ ndị na-ahụ maka allopathic, [2] bụ ndị mesoro ndị dị ka nhọrọ ha siri dị.  [3] tupu ndị nwe nwe obere ikike nke ndị nwe Ọgwụgwụ Ọgwụgwụ Brooklyn .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere ya na Ọktoba 6, 1881, n'okpuru aha Garfield Memorial Home dị ka ebe obibi iji nye ebe nchekwa na njikọ, ndị ọrịa ụkwara nta, ndị anaghị anabata ọgwụ ụlọ n'ihi ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala nke ọrịa ha.  .  [1] N'afọ 1882, a kpọpụtara ndị na-enye Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Brooklyn Maka Ndị Na-eri Ihe, na 1938, a kpọpụtara ya Ndị Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Brooklyn Thoracic.  Ebe izizi ụlọ ahụ dị bụ 219 Raymond Street.  Na 1887, ebugara ya n'alụ ọhụrụ na Kingston Avenue, na-anọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe emechiri na 1955. Hospitallọ ọgwụ Brooklyn Thoracic akwụkwọ ya na Hospitallọ Ọgwụgwụ Brooklyn na 1956. Ka ọ na-erule 2010, arụ ọrụ ụlọ Brooklyn na  -aga n'ihu, a na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka Centerlọ Ọgwụgwụ Brooklyn.

N'ime ndị ọrịa 151 ndị batara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'oge 1889, 109 na-akwụkwọta site na allopatic na 42 na-elekọta ndị isi homeopathic.  Ime ụlọ ọhụrụ, nke meghere na March, nwere ọtụtụ ngwa ọhụrụ maka oriri oriri, nke ndị ikwu kwuru, nyere aka n'ụzọ anụ ahụ mbo ha na-agba àmà ahụ.  N'agbata Ọktoba 1888 na Ọktoba 1889, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-abanye na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ 151, ndị 94 bụ ndị nwoke na 57 bụ ụmụ anọ.  N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ a, 76 njikọ na US, 14 na England, 26 na Ireland, 14 na Germany, 11 na Sweden, 2 na Norway, 1 na Cuba, 1 na Russia, 1 na Canada, 1 na France, 1 na  Italy., 1 na Switzerland, na 2 na China.  Ndekọ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ a na-eji obi ụtọ ọgwụgwọ ya ruru 16,734.  Eliza M. Chandler White bụ onye isi ala.

N'ime 1897, ndị ọrịa 236 nọ na-agwọ ọrịa, 84 n'ime ha nọ na ngalaba homoeopathic. N'ime ndị a gwọrọ ọrịa, mmadụ 84 nwụrụ, 39 hapụrụ ka mma, ma 85 ka nọ n'ụlọ. 

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1899, agbakwunyela ngalaba ụmụaka. A nabatara nwoke na nwanyị niile n'efu, n'oge ọ bụla, ọbụlagodi na-anwụ anwụ. 

Na 1909, adreesị ya bụ Kingston Avenue, Sterling na St. Johns Places. Ikike ahụ bụ 115, na n'ime afọ ahụ, ọ nwere ndị ọrịa 369. Ụlọ ahụ nwetara US$16,900 site n'obodo ahụ; ngụkọta ego ha nwetara bụ US$33,811 ; na ọnụ ahịa ala na ụlọ bụ US$115,000 . N'oge ahụ, Oriakụ WR Adams jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche, Mary B. Wardell bụ onye nchekwa ego, na Miss EP Smith bụ onye nlekọta. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta sanatoria na United States

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Foto ojii na nke ọcha, nke e depụtara na February 20, 1930, Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Ọha na Brooklyn
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ebe obibi nke Fairview District

Fairview District Home bụ ụlọ alms nwere ihe mere eme dị nso na Dublin, Pulaski County, Virginia .  Ewebere ya na 1928, ma buru ibu, okpukpu abụọ, ụlọ ụdị brik Colonial Revival nke nwere ụdị T. Facade dị n'ihu nwere ebe a na-eme akwụkwọ, nke nwere ọnụ ụzọ atọ, pavilion etiti nwere nnukwu oghere pedimented.  N'ime ụlọ ahụ bụ ụlọ okpukpu abụọ na-enye aka, ebe a na-adzọba brik.  E hiwere ya dị ka nke odi Gọvanọ Harry F. Byrd -era nke sistemu ụlọ almshouse dị na Virginia.  N'etiti 1970s, Fairview Home kwagara n'ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ na ụzọ wee gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi .

Tinyere ya na National Register of Historic Places na 1997.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ndepụta nke mba site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nri na-eri onwe ya

## Ndepụta nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo

## Ndepụta nke Ministri Ọrụ Ugbo, ọhịa na Azụ nke Japan
thumb| Eserese nke ọnụego izu oke nri
Nke a bụ ndepụta 2010 nke mba ndị bụ isi site na ọnụego izu oke nri na nda ere ọkọnọ kalori. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndogide onwe onye
* Nchekwa nri

## Edensibia
Greene County Almshouse

Greene County Almshouse bụ ụlọ ogbenye ihe mere eme dị na Greene County, Illinois, n' okporo ụzọ obodo na igwu egwuregwu nke obodo Carrollton .  Ewebere ụlọ alms ahụ na 1870 dị ka iwu steeti 1839 siri dị nke nyere mpaghara ọ lla iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ebere ya ma ọ bụ ugbo dara ogbenye maka ndị nnata ụdị.  Tupu e bibie iwu ahụ, ibelata nsogbu na eze na Illinois ewerela ụdị "ihe n'ụdị", nke ndị ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo maka nkwalite Nkwado.  Nokpuruokpuru almshouse nke steeti Illinois, ndị ogbenye bu n'obi nata ebe nchekwa na ihe ndị dị mkpa n'iche, na-agbanwe ọrụ ugbo n'iche ahụ.  Ka ọ na-erule 1903, mpaghara mpaghara abụọ nke Illinois ehiwela ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ugbo dara ogbenye.

Greene County akara ugbo mbụ dara ogbenye na 1842.  Ndị agha alms ọhụrụ a na-ejide ihe ruru iri atọ n'oge ọ llaba;  Ndị bi na ya ndị ogbenye bi n' ahụ, ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị, ndị nwere ikike n'anụ ahụ na nke uche, ụmụ mgbei, na ndị agadi.  Ndị bi na ụlọ alms na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi ọka na anụ ụlọ, ubi akwụkwọ nri na, n'afọ ndị ọzọ, ubi na osisi na ụlọ ahụ.  Dị ka State Board of Public Charities si kwuo, ndị bi na almshouse ụgbọ ụlọ obibi "ezigbo" n'ụzọ dị iche na ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị ogbenye na steeti ndị ọzọ. 

Na narị afọ nke 20, ụlọ ọrụ ebere ghọrọ ebe obibi maka ndị agadi kama ịbụ ụlọ ogbenye n'ozuzu ya. Ka ọ na-erule 1910, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na almshouse karịrị afọ 60, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ mụbara ruo 90% site na 1928. N'ihi ya, ụlọ ọrụ ebere ahụ gbanwere ozi ya iji jeere ndị ọpụrụiche ọhụrụ ozi. N'afọ 1932, Illinois tụgharịrị gaa na mmemme ọdịmma ozugbo steeti nke wepụrụ mkpa maka mmemme almshouse County. 

Edepụtara ụlọ ọrụ alms na National Register of Historic Places na Mee 17, 1991.

Ụlọ ọrụ alms bụ n'okpuru omume abụọ a na-enyo enyo na ịgba ọkụ n'August 2022, nke mere ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ fọdụrụnụ tụfuo. 

N'October 2022, otu ndị bi na Greene County rịọrọ ndị Board of Trustees Greene County ka ha wuo ncheta n'ebe a na-eli ozu almshouse, nke ndị bọọdụ kwadoro. 

## Hụkwa

* Ugbo Ogbenye Saline County

## Ihe ndetu

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Rockland Almshouse

The Rockland Almshouse bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka nwere ihe mere eme na 198 Spring Street na Rockland, Massachusetts .  Nke buru ibu -kpọ L nke ụlọ e wuru na 1876, wee jee ozi dị ka ụlọ ogbenye obodo ruo 1979. Ọ bụ ihe atụ a na-ahụ ahụkebe nke ngosipụta nke ọma nke ụlọ ọrụ nke àjà nke 19. [1]  Edepụtara ụlọ ahụ na National Register of Historic Places na 1983. A na-eji ya ugbu a dị ka ebe njikọ

## Nkọwa na akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ụlọ alms dị na ndịda nke Rockland's village center, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Spring Street, nnukwu akwara ugwu-ndịda na mpaghara ndịda obodo ahụ. Isi ụlọ bụ ụdị L  - akụkọ ihe owuwu osisi, nke nwere elu ụlọ elu, akwa akwa akwa, na ntọala nke brik na nkume mkpọmkpọ ebe. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ nke L nwere otu ọnụ ụzọ mgbanaka hip-roof nke nwere otu akụkọ na-agbatị n'ihu ihu ndịda ya, nwere ọkwa mbụ tụgharịrị na balustrade. Facade a bụ ọnụ ụzọ ámá ise n'obosara, yana ọnụ ụzọ isi na etiti etiti. Oghere gable nke chere ihu n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ bụ ọnụ ụzọ atọ n'obosara, nwere windo sash abụọ na gable, windo atọ na ọkwa nke mbụ, yana windo abụọ na-ekpuchi ụzọ ọpụpụ ihe mberede ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke abụọ. Akụkụ ugwu-ndịda nke ụlọ ahụ na-enye ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ise n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, n'agbanyeghị na ha abụghị ihe atụ. 

E kewapụrụ obodo Rockland na Abington na 1874, ma o doro anya na a mkpa ụlọ alms ahụ n'oge na-ahụ anya ka e hụ, maka mbụ mbụ ụlọ a, iche iche-ọdịda, ka e wuru na 1876  . Agbakwunyere nku ugwu–ndịda na 1899, iji nye ụlọ ọgwụ.  E mechiri ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na 1979 ka arụchara ọrụ ihe nna otu ụtụtụ.  [1] Emeziịla ụlọ ahụ, ma ugbu a nwere ụlọ ọrụ North River Collaborative, na ịchọ maka ihe na ndị nwere ikike.

## Hụkwa

* Ndebanye aha obodo nke ndepụta ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme na Plymouth County, Massachusetts

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ mmekorita nke North River
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Claes van Beresteyn

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Claes van Beresteyn na-ese ihe mgbakwunye n'aka nri (c. 1635) n'otu ihe osise nke ezinụlọ Beresteyn sitere na 1630.
Claes van Beresteyn (1627 – 1684), bụ onye Dutch Golden Age na-ese ihe nkiri nke nkata ntọala hofje n'obodo ya bụ Haarlem .

## Akụkọ ndụ
A Ajụjụ ya na Haarlem dị ka ọdụdụ nke ụmụ 6 nke ọkàiwu Paulus van Beresteyn na eje nke a atọ Catharina van der Eem.  [1] Agbakwunyere ihe onyonyo ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata na eserese na akwa akwa akwa n'ụdị aka nri.  E resị akwa akwa a na ikpeazụ awụ nke 19 na Louvre dị ka ụzọ Frans Hals, ọ bụ ihe na-achagharị nke ndị nchoputa ihe mere eme mechara rụrịta ụka egwuregwu ihe ya na Pieter Soutman .  Na 5 Jenuarị 1644 ọfị onye otu Haarlem Guild nke St. Luke dịka nwa akwụkwọ Salomon de Bray wee bụrụ onye na-ese ihe na mbara ala n'ụdị Cornelis Vroom na Adriaen Hendriksz Verboom .  [1] Nwanne amụrụ Elisabeth sere enyi ya, onye na-ese ụgbọ Pieter Cornelisz Verbeeck, bụ onye na-esekwa ihe osise Claes.  [1] Nwanne ya nwoke Arnold ghọkwara onye na-ese ihe na na 1637 abụrụla nwa akwụkwọ Willem Heda .  [2] Arnold nwụrụ na nwata ma ọ nweghị ọrụ dị ndụ.

Claes alụghị di ma biri n'ụlọ nne na nna ya na Zijlstraat, ebe o wepụtara uche ya na 18 June 1677 ya na notary Gellinckhuizen iji mepụta hofje maka ụmụ nwanyị Katọlik 12 merela agadi. 

## Na-arụ ọrụ
thumb| Ichu nta Falcon
Dị ka RKD si kwuo Jacob van Ruisdael nwere ike ya.  [1] A mara ya maka akara na ala ala ya na ndị na-agba ụgbọ.  [1] Rijksmuseum nwere usoro etchings n'aka ya.

## Ihe nketa

Ọ nwụrụ na Haarlem na ndụ ndụ ya nke hiwere Hofje van Beresteyn nke o debere na 1677 ka egburu n'aha ya na 1684. Ewubere hofje na Heerenstraat ma mechaa iche ya na Hofje van Codde iji jide Hofje Codde na Van Beresteijn .  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụbu onye ọrịa, e liri Claes van Beeresteyn na St. Bavochurch .

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Maria Ponderus

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Maria van Aerden-Ponderus
Mevrouw van Aerden, née Maria Ponderus (January 27, 1672 – 20, 1764), bụ onye nchịkọta nka na àjà nke 18 na onye adi hofje sitere na Northern Netherlands.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Amụrụ ya na Monster, South Holland dị ka ada nke ọma na-awa na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin.  Ọ akụkọ onye notary bara Pieter van Aerden na Hague na 1692. [1] Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1719, Maria ketara akụ na ọnọdụ ya, nchịkọta ihe osise ya, nke o debere, na "adụ ọrụ shell", nke ọ rere n  'otu afụ ahụ.

Maria biri dị ukwuu, na-adị ndụ ụfọdụ ụmụ ya atɔ wee pịa hofje na-adịgide maka ndụ ikwu ya dara ogbenye nke The Hague kama ikesa ala ahụ na oke nhata.  [1] Ọ hụla ụfọdụ mgbe ala maka egwu a n'ebe ugwu nke Maliebaan, mana ka ọ na-erule oge ọ nwụrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikwu ya ka daa ogbenye ọrịa na Hague, kama ha nọ na Leerdam na mgbe ọ na  -agafe, ndị ikom ọ ndụ.  dị iche ya iwu ụlọ hofje na Leerdam .  [1] A na-ama kpọrọ ụmụ ndị nwere ike igosi ha na ya ibi n'ebe ahụ ma nweta ego ma nye ha turf blocks (Ikike ọkụ dị ka coal).

The hofje ka dị na-akpọ Hofje van Mevrouw van Aerden .  Dị ka ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ Aleida Greve na Maria Duyst van Renswoude, Maria Ponderus mere ọtụtụ iwu n'ime ngwá ya ichekwa ihe ike ya ruo mgbe nche ebi.  Ime ụlọ regent ka nwera nchịkọta nka dum nke dị ya ma bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ dịka ọmụmaatụ nke afọ nke 18 na-atọ ụtọ na nka.

Maria van Aerden-Ponderus gburu n'iche ya na Hague ma lie ya n'ịkpọ ya na's-Gravenzande .

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Jacobus Zaffius

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Frans Hals, Jacobus Zaffius na 1611, mkpokọta Frans Hals Museum
Jacobus Hendriksz Zaffius makwaara dị ka Saffius ma ọ bụ Saffio (1534 – 19 Jenụarị 1618), bụ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik na Haarlem.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A map ya na Amsterdam ebe o na-ahụ nwee ụfọdụ ihe ike.

Site na 1568 ọ bụ tupu Canons ebe obibi mọnk De Blinken na Heiloo .  Na Mee 1571 ọ obe onye isi nke Grote Kerk, Haarlem .  Ɔ gbara ama Satisfactie van Haarlem na 1577, yana Alteratie nke Amsterdam na 26 Mee 1578. , radio atɔ mgbe nke a, ndị Calvin zukọrọ Grote Kerk na afã abụọ ka e ịhụ Zaffius agara n'echebe maka ike inyefe ihe ụlọ n'  'aka kansụl obodo Haarlem.  William the Silent nyere ya mgbaghara, ọ bụkwa n'oge a ka o nyere onya ya na Frans Loenenhofje .  Na 1611 o mere Frans Hals ụzọ ya dị ka ihe ọmụmụ nke eziokwu a.  Ọ nwụrụ na Haarlem.

## Foto Hals
A na-ese ihe osise ya nke Frans Hals mgbe afọ 1609 gachara ka ọ kwụgidere n'ọnụ ụlọ onye na-achị isi nke Frans Loenenhofje ebe a na-etinye nkume nraranye Zaffio n'otu awụ ahụ, mana ihe mbụ ya efuola.  Dị ka Hofstede de Groot si kwuo, onye na-ahụahụ ya, a na-ewere ihe osise ahụ furu efu, dị ka mara nke mbụ site na ike Jan van de Velde .  O dere, sị: "245. JACOBUS ZAFFIUS (1534-1618), Proctor for the Archbishop in Haarlem. M. 86. Ọkara ogologo. Ọ na-anọdụ ala na eserese, ndị ụzọ n'tọdị aka nri, na-ele.  anya n'aka nri onye na-ekiri ihe nkiri ekpe Aka ya dabere na isi ; ikike ya na-eme ka a ga-asisa na ọ na-ekwu Okwu. Ogwe aka nri ya dabere na ogwe O nwere  a ọnụ na afụ ọnụ na-acha ọcha. Ọ na-eyi okpu na uwe mwụda ajị anụ n'elu uwe gbara. N'elu aka nri ka e nwere uwe mwụda, nke ewu na-amali n'aka nri, ma n  'okpuru ya ihe e dere, 'AETA 84, obiit 1618'. Lee Moes, Iconographia Batava, Nke 9378. Kọwaa ya site na akara nke J. van der Velde, 1630; mbụ furu efu."

Achọpụtara ihe osise a na 1919 ma Mazị na Oriakụ Phillips-de Jongh nke Eindhoven onyera ya bụ onye nyere ya ihe ngosi nka Frans Hals na 1920. Na 1974 Seymour Slive ngosi ya dị ka izizi sitere na Hals na n'oge ahụ a na  -ahụta ya dị ka ihe mbụ furu efu, mana obere okwu n' watch niile.  [1] Ihe omume mweghachi egosila na anaghị egbutu ogwe osisi, ma eche dendroloji egosila na a na-ese panel ahụ n'oge kwesịrị den.  [2] Ugbu a, a na-ewere ahụ ahụ dị ka ihe mbụ na ihe ọrụ na- elele niile.
Usòrò:Frans_Hals_and_Jan_van_de_Velde_-_portrait_of_Jacobus_Zaffius_seated_at_a_table_with_skull.jpg
Usòrò:Hals Frans - Zaffius, Jacobus Hendricksz - Google Art Project.jpg
Usòrò:Haarlem-Frans_Loenenhofje-donors.jpg


## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Deutzen Hofje

thumb|280x280px| Ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị n'ihu na Prinsengracht
Deutzen Hofje ma ọ bụ Deutzenhofje bụ hofje nke ike afụ nke 17 na Prinsengracht 857 na Amsterdam.  Ọ bụ hofje kasịnụ e wuru na awụ nke 17.

## ụlọ
Ụka mmiri okpukpu atọ nke dị na Prinsengracht bụ nke nke hofje, mana ọ bụ naanị ọnụ ụzọ etiti mara mma ka ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ hofje ji.  Ozi dị abụọ n'ụdị bụ ụlọ ọrụ na- ike ego hofje.  Ọnụ ọnụ ụzọámá bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọwa mmiri na-ahụ ahụkebe n'ihi na ọnụ ụzọ ahụ dị n'ogo okporoámá, nke ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ ezumike nká na-eji.  N'ozuzu, ụgbọ mmiri Amsterdam nwere steepụ na-eduga na bel-etage .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ewubere hofje na 1692 site na ego nke Agneta Deutz, onye nwera ala ahụ ma ndị isi aha tupu ọnwụ ya.  O bu n’obi ka ndị ohu ochie na ndị enyi na-ahụ mma jiri ya mee ihe.  N'elu nkume nke dị n'ihu ka e dere:*Agneta Deutz nwere ike ime nke ọma na chi dienst blijken* *Den Armen nwere obi ụtọ, nke na-eme ka m nweta ya* *Afọ 1695*N'elu ala ụlọ regent nwere echiche n'elu ọwa mmiri. N'ebe ahụ, a ka nwere ike ịhụ ihe osise Agneta. Hofje nwere ụlọ mbụ maka ndị ezumike nka 19. Ogige ahụ nwere mgbapụta ochie ma na-akụ ya na okooko osisi na ọnwa okpomọkụ. N'afọ 1964, a gbasaara ya gaa n'ụlọ ndị ezumike nká 31. A ka na-anabata ndị agadi nwanyị ibi ebe ahụ.

## Ntụaka

* *Het Deutzen Hofje*, nke Eeghen, IH van, Amsterdam, Deutzen Hofje, 1960
Hofje

thumb| Begijnhof dị na Amsterdam
thumb| Hofje van Bakenes, hofje na Haarlem akụkọ na 1395
thumb| Gablestone nke Hofje van Bakenes na Haarlem
thumb| Groot Sionshofje na Leiden (Netherland), 1860
thumb| Hofje van Gratie na Delft
thumb| ''Geesthof'' dị na Naaldwijk
thumb| Middengasthuis na Groningen
thumb| Ọnụ ụzọ mbata na ''Hofje van Pauw'' na Delft
hofje (nke dị na 'hof', 'M pụtara') bụ okwu Dutch maka nwe nwe ụlọ ọrụ ebere gburugburu ya.  Hofjes adịlaamụ akaracha eri.

LA hofje nyere ndị agadi ụlọ (ahụsịa ụmụ amụrụ).  Enyere ha ego na, ma jee ozi dị ka ụdị nchekwa nchekwa.  Na Netherlands a ka nwere ọtụtụ hofjes eji.

 are usually built in a U-shape with a yard or garden in the middle, and a gate as entrance. The shape of  was most likely inspired by 

Begijnenhofjes (ndị okenye)—ìgwè nke obere ụlọ nke nanị ụmụ nwanyị okpukpe bi.

A na-enwekarị ọdịiche n'etiti Begijnenhofjes na '  ' oge niile . Ndị mbụ bụ nanị ndị inyom (Katọlik) ndị na-akwado onwe ha. Ha bụ ụdị cloister. Ndị nke ikpeazụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ebere karịa.

* Mmekọahụ: ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ  niile e tọrọ ntọala maka ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihi na a pụrụ ịdabere na ha na-eme ka ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ; ọ bụ ezie na  n'ihi na ndị ikom na ndị di na nwunye dị adị
* Okpukpe: ọtụtụ  tọrọ ntọala maka ndị nwere otu okwukwe dịka onye malitere (ụfọdụ  Ndị obodo ụka tọrọ ntọala)
* Afọ: site na narị afọ nke 17, a na-ejikarị afọ opekempe eme ihe. Afọ iri ise bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke a bụkwa agadi n'afọ ndị ahụ
* Nzụlite mmekọrịta-akụ na ụba:  e lekwasịrị anya maka ndị ogbenye

Na narị afọ nke 18 ụfọdụ  e tọrọ ntọala maka azụmahịa; ndị bi na ya ga-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ.

"Hofje van Mevrouw Van Aerden" dị na Leerdam bụ ghe oghe maka ndị ọbịa dị ka ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie.

Obodo nwere ọtụtụ  na Netherlands gụnyere:

* Alkmaar
* Amsterdam
* Delft
* Hague
* Groningen
* Haarlem (lee Hofjes na Haarlem )
* Leiden
* Utrecht

## Njikọ mpụga

* Okwu mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke hofjes
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Hofje van Mevrouw Van Aerden
* Nlegharị vidiyo nke Haarlem's Hofjes
* Maapụ Hofjes dị na Amsterdam
Bruiningshofje

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|320x320px| Na-akpachapụ anya
Bruiningshofje bụ hofje na Haarlem, Netherlands.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ewubere ya na 1610 site n'aka Jan Bruininck Gerritz (a na-eche ya), ma bụrụ otu n'ime hofje anọ nke ụka Mennonite nke Haarlem nwere.  Ndị ọzọ bụ Wijnbergshofje na Barrevoetestraat, ndị Zuiderhofje na Zuiderstraat, na Blokshofje na Klein Heiligland ( rere na 1970).  Onye nchoputa ahụ sitere na Sneek, ma anụ anya ọ ntọala ntọala hofje na ụmụ ya n'uche, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ndị edemede e nyere ikike mbụ maka ebe na hofje.  Akwụkwọ mbụ dị ndụ sitere na mgbe onye mbụ nyere akụkọ a nwụsịrị.  Otu akwụkwọ dị ndụ site na 1647 bụ nke ikiri nchikota Carolus guldens 150 maka ụdị ụlọ ọhụrụ na ubi, natara n'aka Lysbeth van Blenckvliet .  [1] Onye nyere mbụ a bụkwa onye nchoputa nke Zuiderhofje, ma ji ihe eji onye ọrụ ubi Zuiderhofje ji jikwaa akwụkwọ ahụ.

## Ọnọdụ obibi
Anyị maara ihe ọnọdụ ibi ndụ na hofje a site na ndepụta ụmụ abịa ibi ebe ahụ, ma e jiri ya menu ndepụta, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ aha aha ndị ma ama ka idheer.  Ụmụ ndị nwoke a na-adị ogologo ndụ ọha mmadụ.  isi nke echiche n'ụdị preuve s .  [1] [2] ogologo;  Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ inye nwa obere ego (cent ise) n'ụbọchị anwụ ha.  N'afọ 1800, nke a etoola n'efu maka ụmụ anọ isii niile, na n'ime afɔ,ndị na-esonụ maka hofje: 20 centi 25 kwa izu, 20 tɔn turf, barel bɔta abụọ 20, akpa poteto, na  akpa abụọ.  ọkara akpa nnu.

Na mbụ hofje nwere ọnụ ụlọ maka ụmụ nwanyị isii nwere otu nzuzo na ogige ahụ. Emezigharịghị ya maka mmiri pọmpụ ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ gas ruo n'afọ 1936, mgbe e gburu nrụzigharị, na-akpatara ụlọ ise. A rụzigharịrị ya ọzọ na 1978, e mekwara ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ belata ọzọ site na ise ruo anọ. Hofje bụbu otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya na Haarlem, ma ọ ka dịkwa mma taa. Ụlọ-ụgwọ ahụ bụ n'efu maka ụmụ nwanyị anọ bi n'ebe ahụ; naanị ha kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ.

## Ntụaka


## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Crandijk, J. (1904). *[https://books.google.com/books?id=WasTAAAAYAAJ&dq=bruiningshofje&pg=PA80 De Haarlemsche hofjes: Lichtdrukken zutere bijschriften: XX Het Bruinings hofje]* Haarlem: Erven F. Bohn. eweghachiri 26 Jan 2019.
* Kurtz, G., (1972). *[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/989566170 Haarlems hofjes]* . Haarlem : Schuyt. ISBN&nbsp;
* L. Peetorn, L., na van der Hoek, l. (2001). *[https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A9073983177 Door gangen en poorten naar de hofjes van Haarlem]* . Leiden Ebe: Barabinsk 
* van der Ree-Scholtens, G., Bank, J. et al (eds.)(1995). *[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/782211121 Deugd boven geweld, Een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245-1995]* Amsterdam: Hilversum : Verloren. ISBN&nbsp;
* Vogelesang, Hans (1992). *[https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=wikipedia&q=isbn%3A9090053034 Het Zuiderhofje na Haarlem]* . Haarlem : Regenten na Regentessen van het Zuiderhofje. ISBN&nbsp;

## Njikọ mpụga

* Haarlemse Hofjes:Groene oases na Haarlem (2018). Eweghachitere *[https://www.haarlemsehofjes.nl/hofje/bruiningshofje/ Bruiningshofje]* 26 Jan 2019.
* Hofjes na Haarlam (2019). Eweghachitere *[http://www.hofjesinhaarlem.nl/hofjes-in-haarlem/bruiningshofje/ Bruiningshofje]* 26 Jan 2019.
* Wikipedia Swedish: Hofje na Haarlem
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Almshouse nke ndị enyi nke Philadelphia

The Friends 'Almshouse of Philadelphia ntọala ntọala na 1713 site na obodo Quaker ndú iji nyere ndị n'ụkọ nke Society of Friends, ọ bụ ebe na ndị nke ọzọ n'ụkpụrụ a na-anabata mgbe ụfọdụ.  Dị ka nke a, nke a bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ na America na-elekọta ụmụ amaala dara ogbenye.  The Nchikota poorhouse na workhouse nwere obere ụlọ wuru maka ya n'ụdị ndị nke Walnut Street n'etiti atọ na nke anọ n'okporo ụzọ.  Ejiri nnukwu ụlọ wuo ụlọ ndị ahụ n'ihu Walnut Street na 1729.

Ka a inwe inwe anya anya na obodo Philadelphia Almshouse (nke e akara na 1732), Quaker Almshouse nyere nri, ụlọ, ọrụ na ọrụ egwuregwu vidiyo dị mma maka ndị ogbenye ruo 1841 mgbe a kwaturu ya, n'agbanyeghị na otu n'  ime ụlọ mbụ dịgidere n'ime ụlọ.  1870s.  Taa, ebe a na-edebe ihe nketa na-eso na saịtị ahụ.

## Ntụaka

* Thompson Westcott, *Ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ nke Philadelphia, na ụfọdụ ọkwa nke ndị nwe ha na ndị bi* (Philadelphia, PA: Porter & Coates, 1877), na 96.
* J. Thomas Scharf & Thompson Westcott, *History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884,* 3 vols. (Philadelphia, PA, 1884), na 856 (vol. 2).
* *Center City Philadelphia na 19th Century,* Onyonyo nke America Series (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2006), na 48.
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Coomanshof

thumb| Ụlọ mbụ guild nke Coomanshof n'azụ Witte Herenstraat.
thumb| Ọnụ ụzọ mbụ na Witte Herenstraat
Coomans Hof bụ onye bụbu hofje in Haarlem, Netherlands, naar Witte Herenstraat.

Akpọrọ aha ya "mercerie" ma ọ bụ cramersneringhe n'aha ndị otu ndị ozi mpaghara nke dị site na 1407. Obere ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1644. Hofje na-eto gburugburu ya bụ ụdị hofjes ọrụ dị ka Brouwershofje nke tolitere na guild Brewer.  mpaghara.  Onye ezi senti nke ndị aha bụ Saint Nicholas, bụkwa onye ozi senti nke Amsterdam .  Mgbe agbasasịrị ndị guild n'okpuru Napoleon na 1798, a gbaziri hofje ahụ ruo 1854 mgbe erere ya.  Mgbe onye isi obodo nke ebe nchekwa Adrian Justus Enschedé onyera ala ahụ na 1871, ọ kwaturu obere ụlọ hofje iri na otu mana debere ụlọ guild dị ka ihe nzuzu maka ubi ya.  Isi ụlọ ya dị na Zijlstraat.  Enschede mmekwakwara nkume gable mbụ ma tinye ya na 1871 n'elu ọnụ ụzọ na Witte Herenstraat.

## Paradijsje
Na 1950 Godfried Bomans ekiri ụlọ Teisterbant ya na Grote Markt wee nwee ike ịgbazite ụlọ na akwụkwọ a dị ka ebe ngosi, nke ọ pịa "Het Paradijsje" (obere paradaịs).  N'afọ 1951, onye na-ese ihe bụ Anton Heyboer batara wee biri n'ebe ahụ na-egosi ya Elsa na onye na-ese ihe Piet van Heerden na-enye ya sonyeere ha.  [1] N'na owo, Heyboer kpọgidere lantern n'ime alaka ubi nto osisi dị n'ogige wee jee ozi azụ si IJmuiden nye ndị otu Teisterbant.  Dị ka onye na-ese ihe ọ alaka site na taịlị ochie na akwụkwọ na ala nke obere ụlọ guild na motifs si n'ala taịlị nwere ike ịhụ na etchings ya site na oge a.

Na 1955 obodo Haarlem zụtara ogige ahụ nwere obere ụlọ guild n'aka onye nwe ya wee weghachi ya na 1962. Taa ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ogbako onye na-ese ihe ma nwee ike irute n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá egwuregwu ụmụaka a na-akpọ "Paradijsje". 

## Ntụaka

* *Haarlems hofjes*, Dr. GH Kurtz, Schuyt & Co CV, Haarlem, 1972, 
* Akwụkwọ nta ngosi *Anton Heyboer: De Haarlemse Jaren*, nke Pina Cardia dere, Historisch Museum Haarlem, 2013
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Frans Loenenhofje

thumb| E hiwere Frans Loenen Hofje na 1607, n'agbanyeghị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Lieven de Key mere na-egosi ụbọchị 1625. Ọdụm na-enweghị isi bụ ọta ezinụlọ nke Frans Loenen.
 Lutherse hofje Frans Loenenhofje klas=notpageimage| Lutherse hofje dị na Witte Heren straat n'akụkụ ugwu Lutherse Kerk (Haarlem), na Frans Loenenhofje dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ụka ahụ.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Jacobus Zaffius kwadoro ọnụ ụlọ 5 ọzọ.
Frans Loenenhofje bụ hofje na Haarlem, Netherlands, na Witte Herenstraat.

Akpọrọ ya aha "ọnụ ụlọ ise" ma ọ bụ *Vijfkamer* hofje na 1607 mgbe ọnụ ụlọ ise ọhụrụ wuru site na ego nke ọchịchọ na ọgbụgba ndụ nke Frans Loenen (1543-1605).

Frans Loenen bụ onye ọrịa nke si Amsterdam gbagara Haarlem na 1578 maka ọhụrụ dị nro ha nwere n'ebe ndị na-ejigọ ochie nọ.  Ọ alọ ya niile nye ndị ogbenye na ihe iche e pụtara ụbọchị 3 tupu ọ Bute.  enyi ya ike ịgbakọ ihe nketa ya, n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị ahịa ya ka dị na Spanish Netherlands, mgbe ahụ ike ndị iro, na ụfọdụ n'ime ego ya na-alụ na nzọ ndị nwoke.  Dị ka ihe atụ, ọ gbala obere akụ̀ nke ndị guilder 16,000 na nnɔchibido nke Sluis nọrọ adịru afọ abụọ.  Ekpebiri na hofje ga-abụ nhọrọ kacha mma, ma ọ bụrụ na nzo ọla akwa, nke ha mere.

Ubi nke hofje a bụbu ụzọ nke ubi ama ama sitere na ebe obibi ndị mmadụ St Anthony, nke hiwere na 1414. E mechara kwụsị iwu St. Anthony na Vrouwe-en Antonie Gasthuys na ebe obibi ndị mọnk Norbertine bi na 1484. Ndị Norbertine bụ  ndị na-elekọta ubi ahụ na-eyi akwa scapular na-acha ọcha.  Ya mere aha okporo ámá;  "White gentlemen street".  Ha LED ebe ahụ ruo 1543, mgbe ala ndị bịara n'okpuru ụkpụrụ nke St. Elisabeth Gasthuis .  Ndị kansụl obodo weghaara ma weghara ala ha n'ụzọ na 1581 ka ndị Protestant Ndoziịgharị, dị ka ụlọ na ala ndị ndị ọzọ dị na Haarlem ka e mesịrị akara ngosi

N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ n'ezie oge nke nnyefe nke omume mere nanị afọ iri na ise ka e mesịrị na 1596, na ndị Katọlik na-akpakọrịta na ihe onwunwe a eleghị anya bụ ihe mere e ji họrọ ya site execucutor nke Frans Loenen ga.

Afọ ka akara ngosi, na 1607, onye provost Jacobus Zaffius onye ọnụ ụlọ 5 ọzọ, nke e ihu mara dị ka "ọnụ ụlọ provost" nke Frans Loenen Hofje.  Jacobus Zaffius bụbu abbot na ebe obibi ndị mọnk St. Anthony dị na Heiloo site na 1578 ruo 1571, mgbe ọ na-ekiri onye akwado nke Sint-Bavokerk .  Ọ iconoclasm na afọ 3 ka e ịhụnanya, ọ gara n' isha maka nri inyefe ihe mmetụta n'aka ndị kansụl obodo.  William nke Orange gbaghaara ya, ọ bụkwa n'oge a ka o nyere onyinye ya na hofje na 1611, o mere ndị ya dị ka ihe nke eziokwu a.

Hofje nwere ugbu a ụlọ iri maka ụmụ nwanyị, ndị ga-enwerịrị afọ opekempe nke afọ 60 na ndị ga-ebirịrị na Haarlem afọ ise ma ọ bụ karịa.

## Njikọ mpụga

## Ntụaka

* Deugd boven geweld, Een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245–1995, nke Gineke van der Ree-Scholtens deziri, 1995, 
* *Haarlems hofjes*, Dr. GH Kurtz, Schuyt & Co CV, Haarlem, 1972, 
* *Door gangen en poorten naar de hofjes van Haarlem*, L. Peetorn na L. van der Hoek, Stichting Uitgeverij Barabinsk Leiden, 2001, 
* Meer dan Steen, De Haarlemse kerken en andere gebedshuizen, vroeger en nu, Haarlem Historical Society, 2007
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Hofje van Guurtje nke Waal

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|280x280px| Hofje van Guurtje de Waal
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|225x225px| Ọnụ ụzọ ámá na Lange Annastraat
Hofje van Guurtje de Waal bụ hofje na Haarlem, Netherlands.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọ bụ Guerte Jansdochter de Wael, ada nke onye na-azụ aha akwa akwa, hiwere ya na 1616 maka ụmụ dara ogbenye nke obere Dutch Reformed .  Ọ nwụrụ na 1632. Na mbụ 6 obere ụlọ, a ịma ya na ụlọ 8 na 1661 mgbe e ji uwe agha wuo ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ.  Uwe ihu a na-ahụ ahụkebe, na-egosi ọdụm Dutch nke ebipụrụ isi ya, na-agbapụta ike.  A na-eche na nke a na-egosi ụzọ ndị na-egosi okwu ara.

Ruo n'afọ 1853, dị iche iche na-achị ka e nyere site na nne ruo nwa nwa.  Saịtị n'oge ahụ gawa, ndị kansụl obodo na-achị ya ma jiri enyemaka jụrụ.  N'afọ 1985, e mebere akwụkwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ 4 ọgbara ọhụrụ.  Kamar ahụ ọ bụzi ebubo ụghazi hofje ma ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ụlọ Haarlem na-elekọta ya.

Adreesị: Lange Annastraat 40

## Ntụaka

* Deugd boven geweld, Een geschiedenis van Haarlem, 1245–1995, nke Gineke van der Ree-Scholtens deziri, 1995, 
* *Haarlems hofjes*, Dr. GH Kurtz, Schuyt & Co CV, Haarlem, 1972, 
* *Door gangen en poorten naar de hofjes van Haarlem*, L. Peetorn na L. van der Hoek, Stichting Uitgeverij Barabinsk Leiden, 2001, 
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Hofje In den Groenen Tuin

thumb| Ogige Hofje "N'ọgba Groene Tuin". N'azụ bụ ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụzọ isi na ọnụ ụlọ ndị regents.
 
Hofje dị na den Groenen Tuin bụ hofje na Haarlem, Netherlands.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb| Hofje regents Dr. RJ Niehe na Ing. JH Willenk n'ime ụlọ regents.
áká_èkpè|thumb| Gable nkume n'elu ọnụ ụzọ azụ na Lange Veerstraat.
E hiwere ya na 1616 site na Catherina Jansdr.  Amen, nne Claesz.  van Schoorl.  N'afọ 1885-6, e wu amara hofje kpamkpam na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ maka ndị na- echere ezumike na-eweghachite na 18 site na 20 iji nwe ụlọ ma mee ka ụlọ ndị ahụ mma maka ibi ndụ ọgbara ọhụrụ.

Ọ bụ ebe na taa mmachibido iwu akụrụngwa emetụta, a na-edobe akwụkwọ iwu na akwụkwọ ochie maka Hofje n'iche ọnụ ụlọ.  Ọ na-ekwu na ndị òtù ga-dịkarịa ala 50 afọ, na ka na-enwe ike iketa ndụ, nke mere na ha ịzọpụta ibu arọ na Hofje.  Ọzọkwa, ha ga-eji guilder iri ise ọrịa ebe ha, ma weta ihe ndina, ibé akwụkwọ isii, uwe mara mma na ajị anụ na linen.  A ga-achịkwa ma debanye aha nke a site na regents.  Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe niile onye ezumike nka na-enweta ma ọ bụ nye ya, ma ọ bụ ketara, ga- Celo na Hofje mgbe onye ezumike nka ọnwụ.

Ọ na-emeghe ọha na eze Monday ruo Friday site na 10:00 AM ruo 12:00 ehihie.

Adreesị ya bụ Warmoesstraat 23.

## Ntụaka
 

## Njikọ mpụga
Media related to Hofje In den Groenen Tuin at Wikimedia Commons
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Hofje van Bakenes

thumb|300x300px| Abụ n'elu ọnụ ụzọ hofje na Bakenessergracht: "Ingang van t Gesticht van Dirck van Baekenes voor Vrouwen acht en twee mael ses".
 E hiwere hofje site na ihe nketa nke Dirck van Bakenes (ma ọ bụ Dirc van Bakenesse) na 1395. Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ hofje kacha ochie na Netherlands.  Okwu izizi ya na ndị obodo sitere na History of Haarlem nke Samuel Ampzing dere na 1628, onye na-ekwu na o depụtala nkwubi okwu nkenke ma ọ bụ leta ntọala (ebe ọ bụ na efunahụ ya).  N'ihe isi nke Hofje van Gratie (tiwara na 1960 iji mee ka ọhụrụ nke Haarlem Public Library ), stichtingsbrief ha sitere na 1554 na-ekwu na a na-achịkwa ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ site na kansụl Haarlem dị ka Hofje van  Bakenes  .  Ihe dị iche iche sitere na ebe a na-edebe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Haarlem na-egosi na e ji tiled elu ụlọ ahihia na 1610, e mekwara nnukwu mweghachi na 1657, nke yiri ka ọ bụ ụbọchị kwesịrị nke ụlọ ndị dị ugbu a.  Na mbụ ụlọ 13 maka ụmụ 20, e me otu ụlọ ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ regent na 1663. Nke a bụkwa ụbọchị isi okwu nwere ukwe Ingang vant Gesticht/ van Dirck van Baekenes/ voor Vrouwen acht en/ twee mael ses
Hofje van Bakenes ma ọ bụ Bakenesserkamer bụ hofje na Haarlem, Netherlands, nke dị n'etiti Bakenessergracht na Wijde Appelaarsteeg.  Na Middle Ages "kamer" ma ọ bụ "ime ụlọ" ụlọ.  Ọtụtụ ụlọ, ụlọ ndị dị n'ime hofje na-enwe nanị otu ọnụ ụlọ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ntọala
alt=The Hofje van Bakenes.|áká_èkpè|200x200px| Hofje van Bakenes.

: Nke a nwere ihe abụọ pụtara
: m = (8 + 2) * 6 = 60 bụ afọ kacha nta maka ụmụ nwanyị tozuru oke ibi ebe ahụ
: n = 8 + (2 * 6) = 20 bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ *nwere ike* ibi ebe ahụ
Hofje van Loo

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ejiri ego sitere na ihe nketa Symon Pietersz van Loo hiwere Hofje van Loo na Barrevoetstraat. N'azụ na-achọ ụlọ ọgbara ọhụrụ nke ọbá akwụkwọ Haarlem
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Mgbapụta n'ogige a na-achọ mma na Baroque heraldic ọta na-egosi okpueze atọ na-egosi St. Elisabeth nke Groote Gasthuis.
 
Hofje van Loo bụ hofje na Barrevoetestraat 7 naar Haarlem, Netherlands .

E hiwere ya na 1489 site n'aka onye isi obodo Haarlem Symon Pieterszoon van Loo na si na Godelt Willemsdochter, na Grebbesteeg 'dị oke iji sọpụrụ ma zuru ike maka obi nke nne na nna ha na onwe ha' site n'inye ego  ụlọ iri na atọ nwere nke 'gasthuismeesters' ga-elekọta.  St. Elisabeth Gasthuis dị nso

Enwere ọtụtụ ọnọdụ elele na mgba a, n'etiti ha bụ ụlọ na ụlọ ndị ahụ na-ama na Grebbesteeg n'azụ ụlọ van Loo, nke dị na Barrevoetsteeg.  Ndị gasthuismeesters kwesịrị inye onye ọlụ otu izu kwa izu otu stuiver (cent 5), otu nkata ma ọ bụ abụọ nke turf (eji kama nkụ maka isi nri na ikpo ọkụ).  Wezụga nke a, e nyere otu ala dị na Castricum ka e jiri ya nweta ego, na ọnụ ụlọ, ala na igodo, e nyere inye ya iche iche.  N’agbanyeghị iwu ikpeazụ a, e rere ala dị na Castricum n’afọ 1633, na 1683 kwa, e akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na St. Elisabeth Gasthuis

Ndị nna ndị mbụ dị na hofje apụọla, ọrịa ya na ike awụ nke 17, ma rụzi ọrụ ya na 18th.  N'afọ 1843, a rụzi ụlọ ụlọ ndị regents (nke a na-ejighị ya eme ihe) wee kewaa ụlọ abụọ, nke mere na òtù 15 nwere ike ndị na-enweghị ọnụ.  Na 1884, hofje ibu nke nta ka ọ kwụsị kpamkpam, mgbe Barrevoetsteega ka ọ ihe Barrevoetstraat.  Ọ dị mkpa ka a kwatuo otu nna dum nke hofje, ya mere e mere emuga hofje dum n'ebe ọzọ.  Na 1885, kansụl Haarlem nchekwa nchekwa Oud-Alkemade hofje nke atụmatụ na Barrevoetsteeg, ma kwatuo ikike ụlọ atọ dị n'akwụkwọ okporo ámá nke van Loo hofje.  E wukwara ụlọ ọhụrụ atọ n'azụ site n'okporo ụzọ (ndị a bụ ụlọ abụọ dị n'aka ekpe na aka nri nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá), ebe a na-akpọkwa ọnụ ụlọ ochie nke ndị nche ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị ka  ọnụ ụlọ ndị nche ọnụ ụzọmá, na-eweta ọnụ nke ọnụ ụlọ iri na anọ.

Ọrụ nke onye nche ọnụ ụzọ ámá dị ka e dekọrọ na St. Elisabeth's regents na 1835 nwere ụgwọ ọnwa nke guilder 11 kwa afọ na ọrụ ya bụ imeghe na imechi ọnụ ụzọ ámá, gbanye ma gbanyụọ ìhè okporo ámá, hichaa ihe nzuzo, na iziga ọgwụ maka ndị ọrịa. ndị otu. Taa, a na-ahọpụta otu n'ime ndị otu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ kọntaktị izugbe maka ndị ọchịchị.

Hofje a bụ nke a na-ahụ anya site n'okporo ámá nke hofjes niile dị na Haarlem. E kwaturu n'ihu ahịrị ụlọ atọ na 1880 mgbe okporo ụzọ dị n'ihu ya, Barrevoetesteeg, gbasapụrụ. N'ihi ya, kama U-ụdị nke ụlọ gburugburu a ubi, otu akụkụ nke hofje dị ugbu a n'okporo ámá, kewapụrụ nanị site nsu.

## Ntụaka

* *Haarlems hofjes*, Dr. GH Kurtz, Schuyt & Co CV, Haarlem, 1972, 
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
RTMark

**RTMark** / ˈɑːr tmɑːrk / ( nke a na-akpọ **®™ark** ) bụ mkpokọta ndị na-emegide ndị na-eri ihe, onye ebumnuche ya bụ imebi "ọta ụlọ ọrụ" nke "na-echebe" ụlọ ọrụ America . E nwetara aha ahụ site na " Akaraahịa Edebanyere aha".

RTMark n'onwe ya bụ ụlọ ọrụ edebanyere aha nke na-achịkọta ndị na-eme ihe na-eme atụmatụ na ndị na-enye onyinye na-akwado ha. Ọ si otú a na-arụ ọrụ na-abụghị iwu na-achị ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, na-eritekwa uru n'iwu ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

RTMark kwuru dị ka ihe egwuregwu mbụ ya bụ " Barbie Liberation Organisation ", bụ ebe a na-atụgharị igbe ụda okwu Barbie na GI Joe ụmụaka, na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka ahụ laghachiri n'ụlọ ahịa (1993). Ihe omume mbụ a na-ede dị ka onye na-akwado RTMark bụ SimCopter "mbanye anataghị ikike" (1996), nke onye guzobere Jacques Servin mere<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

Ndị ọzọ RTMark stunts bụ *gwbush.com* (webụsaịtị mgbasa ozi adịgboroja maka George W. Bush ). Ha sokwa na ihe egwuregwu toywar na ha kwadoro nkwekọrịta ka James Baumgartner, onye mbụ chepụtara *votu*  nwere ike resị UBERMORGEN dị n'Austria ngwa ọrụ ahụ.

Weebụsaịtị otu ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Whitney Biennial na 2000. 

## Hụkwa

* Omume rụrụ arụ
* Jacques Servin
* Igor Vamos
* Ndị Ee Men

## Ntụaka
Joe ụmụaka, na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka ahụ laghachiriJoe ụmụaka, na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka ahụ laghachiri

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Weebụsaịtị RTMark gosipụtara na Rhizome Archive
* Òtù nnwere onwe Barbie
* SimCopter mbanye anataghị ikike
* ®™ dọba n'ụlọ akụ data vidiyo
* GW Bush mgbasa ozi parody webụsaịtị
Billboard Na-eji Ndị Na-ede Ihe Maka Ịkwado Ihe Ndị Na-adịghị Ahụ Ike

thumb| Mgbasa ozi agbanwere.
**Billboard Utilizing Graffitists Against Unhealthy Promotions**, ma ọ bụ **BUGAUP** (" bugger up ") bụ mmegharị nka na-emebi ihe n'Australia. Ọ na-eme ịkwatu bọọdụ site na iji détournement ma ọ bụ gbanwee ya na ihe odide akwụkwọ ozi nke na-akwalite ihe e chere na adịghị mma.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ngagharị ahụ malitere n'ime ime obodo Sydney na Ọktoba 1979, mechaa gbasaa na Melbourne, Hobart, Adelaide na Perth . Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike kemgbe ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ọrụ ya bụ na njedebe 1970 na mmalite-etiti 1980s. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị otu ahụ sitere na nzụlite ọkachamara na mahadum. Onye malitere ntọala bụ Bill Snow, onye malitere iji graffiti gbanwee akwụkwọ akụkọ ụtaba, wee na-agbasi mbọ ike na mgbasa ozi mgbochi ise siga na ịkwasa ahịhịa. Ọnụ, Bill Snow, Ric Bolzan na Geoff Coleman chepụtara acronym BUGAUP wee malite itinye ya na bọọdụ mgbasa ozi ndị gbanwere, iji jikọta ihe odide ahụ na mmegharị kama ịbụ ọrụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.

## Mmetụta na arụmụka mgbasa ozi ụtaba na Australia
Kansụl Cancer nke Western Australia na-ekwu na mkpọsa BUGA-UP nke etiti 1980s "mere arụmụka mgbasa ozi wee mee ka ọ bụrụ nkwanye ùgwù na mberede maka ndị otu ahụike na kọleji na-eche nche na mbụ ịkwatu ọnụ ụlọ omebe iwu".  Onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ Daily News Joanne Fowler na-ekwu na tupu mgbasa ozi BUGA-UP nke afọ 1980 ndị nta akụkọ achọghị ibipụta akụkọ na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba n'ihi na a na-ahụ ha ka ọ bụ ihe nkịtị.  Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị mgbasa ozi ụtaba niile bụ nke iwu na-akwadoghị na Australia na 1992. 

## Hụkwa

* Billboard Liberation Front (aka Billboard Improvement)
* Bill Snow
* Lord Bloody Wog Rolo
* Peter Vogel (onye nrụpụta kọmputa)

## Njikọ mpụga
mgbasa ozi BUGA-UP nke afọ 1980 ndị nta akụkọ achọghị ibipụta akụkọ na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba

* Webụsaịtị BUGAUP

## Edensibia
Society for the Prevention of Useful Infe

**Society for the Prevention of Useless Giving** (SPUG) bụ otu mkpọsa na New York megide onyinye na-enweghị isi n'oge ekeresimesi, na karịsịa megide mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ obere ọrụ site n'aka ndị nlekọta ha.

Ọ tọrọ ntọala na 1912 site n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-elekọta mmadụ Eleanor Robson Belmont  na Anne Morgan,  ada JP Morgan,  tinyere ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ na New York City . Ụmụnwaanyị abụọ a bara ọgaranya ma nwee mmasị n'ịkwalite oke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na New York.

N'agbata 1912 na 1913 otu ahụ toro ruo ndị òtù 6,000.

Ndị SPUG mere mgbakọ, ma kwalite ịdị n'otu nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụrụgodị na nkewa klaasị na-adịte aka, na-enye oge ahụ ikuku nke ọrụ ebere na nwanne nwanyị. 

Ndị òtù SPUG bụ nanị ndị inyom na mbụ, Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị kwe ka ụmụ nwoke banye, nke bụ isi n'ihi President Theodore Roosevelt,  bụ onye, na December 1912, ghọrọ "nwoke Spug" mbụ, na-akwalite ọtụtụ narị ndị ọzọ ịbanye na mmegharị ahụ. iji belata inye onyinye ekeresimesi. 

"Ekwenyere m na otu ahụ nwere ike ịrụzu ihe onye ahụ na-enweghị ike ime - ya bụ, iji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ezi mmụọ nke inye ekeresimesi, n'ọnọdụ omenala nke 'mkpokọta' na 'ịgbanwe' onyinye nke dị taa," ka ndị otu ọha na-agụ. kaadị Roosevelt bịanyere aka na ya. “Ekwenyere m ịkwụ 10c. ụgwọ otu afọ na iyi n'oge mkpọsa niile bọtịnụ Spug. " 

Ka ọ na-erule Christmas 1914 ọha mmadụ kwụsịrị, n'ihi agha nke dara na Europe, nke dọtara uche nke ndị SPUG malitere Belmont na Morgan.

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmegide SPUG megide ndị na-azụ ahịa enwetala ihu ọma ọzọ.  

## Edensibia
nwayọọ dochie ezi mmụọ nke inye ekeresimesi, n'ọnọdụnwayọọ dochie ezi mmụọ nke inye ekeresimesi, n'ọnọdụ
Hofje van Noblet

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ọnụ ụzọ nke hofje.
 
Hofje van Noblet bụ hofje na Haarlem, Netherlands.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb| Hofje (etiti) dị n'ụdị nke osimiri Spaarne na ọwa mmiri Nieuwe Gracht na ụlọ ndị Regent na- Mudd Haarlem na Spaarne (ya mere aha ahụ Haerlem en Spaargesigt )
áká_èkpè|thumb| Onye na-achị hofje na-esetịpụ n'akụkụ ihe osise ya n'ime ụlọ onye isi nke Hofje van Noblet.
áká_èkpè|thumb| Hofje van Noblet.
thumb| Aha osisi "'T Hofje van Noblet begonnen 1758 volbouwt 1760" na ndepụta aha nke ndị regents nke Hofjes Staats na Noblet, malite na 1758-1760.
Ewubere ya na 1761 site na ihe nketa nke Leonard Noblet na emetụ n'ahụ Sara en Geertruida.  A na-ewu ụlọ ndị dị na hofje n'ogige nke ụlọ nke Aha Noblet, Haerlem en Spaargesigt .  Nna Leonard, Elezar Noblet, họpụtara ya na 1737. Ezin ihe Noblet sitere Amsterdam na mbụ.  N'ihi na Leonard, Sara na Geertruida akara ndị nketa iwu akwụkwọ, ha na iwu gwu ikpeazụ.  Ha dere na ha mama hofje, na ndị ndu nke Hofje van Staats dị nso ga-abụ ndị na-emezu uche ha

E ji ụlọ iri abụọ wuo hofje ahụ.  Iri maka ụmụ nwanyị si Haarlem, n'a watch , na iri maka ụmụ ekiri si Amsterdam, n' ima-aከል.  Ụmụ ndị mmadụ bi n'ebe ahụ ga-eke opekata mpe afọ 50, na-alụ agha di na eje n'oge ndụ ha niile ma bụrụkwa onye otu Nederduits Gereformerde Kerk, aha ochie nke ọtụka Dutch Reformed .

Otu akụkụ nke ụlọ mbụ nke ezinụlọ Noblet na-eje ozi dị ka ụlọ nke onye nlekọta nke hofje, akụkụ ọzọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke ndị gọvanọ (ndị ọchịchị) nke hofje (ndị bụkwa ndị gọvanọ nke Hofje van Staats).

Isi ọnụ ụzọ hofje dị na Nieuwe Gracht nke na-ele osimiri Spaarne anya ma nwee ọnụ ụzọ azụ na Parklaan.  Mgbe e wuru hofje nke a na-akpọghị Parklaan, kama 'Achter Nieuwe Gracht', mmiri mmiri.  Aha ụzọ nke ụlọ ochie nke aha Noblet dị na Hooimarkt.  Ihe osise mbụ nke Hofje van Staats, yana ihe sitere na sitere ihe mere eme nke hofje, dị n'ime ụlọ na ụlọ regent nke Hofje van Noblet, onye ego ya na-ahụ otu " ntọala maka nchekwa nke Hofjes Staats na Noblet"  .  N'elu ọnụ nwe ụlọ nke Regent, otu osisi ndepụta aha ndị na-achi achị na-eko na ụbọchị nke nhọpụta ha, nke bụkwa ụbọchị nke ihe ọrụ oval ha na-eko onye n'ime ọnụ ụlọ abụọ dị n'ihu

## Ndepụta nke regents na foto ha

A rụzigharịrị ụlọ hofje ahụ na 1992, mgbe e wepụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ site na 20 ruo 16 iji nye ohere ibi ndụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ihe ncheta Dutch Rijks 19579

## Ntụaka

* *Haarlems hofjes*, Dr. GH Kurtz, Schuyt & Co CV, Haarlem, 1972, 
* *Door gangen en poorten naar de hofjes van Haarlem*, L. Peetorn na L. van der Hoek, Stichting Uitgeverij Barabinsk Leiden, 2001,
Hofje van Oorschot

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Hofje van Oorschot, anya site n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá.
 
Hofje van Oorschot bụ hofje na Kruisstraat 44 na Haarlem, Netherlands

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb| Egwu elu ụlọ na ọta ezinụlọ nke ezinụlọ Oorschot na Savarij
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Echiche nke ọnụ ụzọ ámá.
áká_èkpè|thumb| Ụlọ David van Lennep n'ofe hofje.
E hiwere hofje a mgbe onye nyere ndị na-enye ọnwụ na 1768 (ụbọchị dị na ihe na-asahel na facade), ma e wughị ya ruo 1770, n'ihi ihe onye agbata obi n'ụdị nke ọzọ okporo ụzọ, David Van Lennep.  .  Ọ mmetụta nlegharị anya mara mma, wee hazie ọrụ ọnụ ụzọ ma e ji ozi nke dị taa.  Onye nyere nri bụ Wouterus van Oorschot, onye burger nke Amsterdam onye amuru na Dordrecht.  Ọ ntọala ntọala hofje na ịnwụ ya n'ihiihe Haarlem ya.  E liri nna nna ya Levinus Savarij na St. Bavochurch na grave nr.  142. [1] A na- akara ọta nke Oorschot na Savary n'elu facade nke isi ụlọ ahụ, obere uri nke na-agụ "Wouterus van Oorschot na-egosi ya ebe a maka ndị ogbenye na dị ka ihe atụ.  nye ndị; ọnwụ 19 March 1768."

Ewubere hofje n'elu ala nke Heilige Geesthui mbụ, ụlọ ọrụ ochie dị ka St. Elisabeth gasthuis nke n'onwe ya bụ ụdị hofje.  [1] Nkwenye na n'idi ndụ Van Oorschot pụtapụtaghị ebe, Van Lennep, n'onwe ya na kansụl obodo, mere emebere aka megide irere ndị na-ahụ hofje ala ahụ (ndị na-eme ekiri nke Van Oorschot).  Ozugbo e mechara akwụkwọ ahụ, Van Lennep jisiri ike tinye ọnụ ụzọ ámá ahụ, bụ́ nke gbochiri ịbanye na hofje n'ụzọ dị irẹ.

N'ime ụlọ regent, ebe a na-ere ọkụ nwekwara ọta ezinụlọ nke Oorschot na Savary.

## Ntụaka

* *Haarlems hofjes*, Dr. GH Kurtz, Schuyt & Co CV, Haarlem, 1972, 
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Olimpik LA

**NOlympics LA** bụ njikọ aka nke otu obodo na-emegide ime egwuregwu Olimpik Summer 2028 na Los Angeles .

Otu a hibere na 2017 na Democratic Socialists of America na-agụnye Black Lives Matter, LA Tenants Union, Sunrise Movement na ndị ọzọ.   Ndị otu mbụ gụnyere Molly Lambert . 

Na Mee 12, 2021, NOlympics LA mebiri ọgbakọ nta akụkọ Kọmitii Olympic International (IOC) na Tokyo, Japan. Onye nnọchi anya otu ahụ gosipụtara dị ka onye nta akụkọ "David O'Brien sitere na Yahoo " nwere ọkọlọtọ na-agụ "Ọ dịghị Olympic na Tokyo 2020" ma na-abụ abụ ruo mgbe ebibiri nri.     Ihe onyonyo a ka ehichapụrụ na ọwa YouTube nke IOC. 

Na Julaị 19, 2022, NOlympics LA mebiri ogbako ndị nta akụkọ na Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum nke onye isi obodo Los Angeles Eric Garcetti na Onye isi ala IOC Thomas Bach kwupụtara ụbọchị gọọmentị nke asọmpi Olimpik Summer 2028. Onye ngagharị iwe ahụ tiri mkpu banyere ndị nwe ụlọ chere ihu nchụpụ n'akụkụ coliseum wee wepụrụ ya site na nchekwa, na-aga n'ihu na-eti mkpu na ihe omume ahụ site na nsu n'èzí.  

Akwụkwọ Jules Boykoff *NOlympians: Inside the Fight Against Capitalist Mega-Sports na Los Angeles, Tokyo na Beyond* na-elekwasị anya na mbọ NOlympics LA, site na nguzobe otu ahụ ruo na nsonye ya na nnọkọ mgbochi Olympic na Tokyo, Japan, otu afọ tupu ememme ahụ. Emebere asọmpi Olimpik n'oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 2020 .   Akwụkwọ a gbadoro ụkwụ na ajụjụ ọnụ 100 a gbara ndị na-akwado asọmpi Olympic, ahụmịhe onwe onye, na nyocha ebe nchekwa. 

## Edensibia
Olympic na Tokyo, Japan, otu afọ tupu ememme ahụ. Emebere asọmpi Olimpik n'ogeOlympic na Tokyo, Japan, otu afọ tupu ememme ahụ. Emebere asọmpi Olimpik n'oge

## Njikọ mpụga
Eze Mob

**King Mob** bụ otu radical English nke hibere na London n'oge ngwụcha 1960s/ mmalite 1970s. 

Ọ bụ mgbanwe omenala nke ndị Situationists na otu anarchist UAW/MF . Ọ chọrọ imesi ike na ọgba aghara ọdịnala na ọgba aghara a na-eleghara anya na Britain, na ebumnuche kachasị nke ịkwalite mgbanwe mgbanwe proletarian . Ọ nwetara aha ya site n'akwụkwọ Christopher Hibbert 's 1958 na Gordon Riots nke June 1780, bụ nke ndị ọgba aghara kụdara okwu ahụ bụ "Majesty King Mob" n'ahụ mgbidi nke Newgate Prison, mgbe ọ gbasasịrị ụlọ ahụ.

## Omume
Eze Mob nwere ekele maka omenala pop ma kesaa echiche ya site na akwụkwọ mmado dị iche iche na site na mbipụta ya *King Mob Echo*, nke kpasuru mmeghachi omume site n'ememme ndị gburu dịka Jack the Ripper, Mary Bell na John Christie . Otu flyer akpan akpan ememe Valerie Solanas '1968 agbapụ nke Andy Warhol na gụnyere a hit-ndepụta nke Yoko Ono, Mick Jagger, Bob Dylan, Richard Hamilton, Mario Amaya (onye solanas gbakwara), David Hockney, Mary Quant, Twiggy, Marianne Faithfull na onye nchịkọta akụkọ *IT* Barry Miles .

Ndị otu King Mob boro ebubo na ha haziri usoro omume dị egwu, gụnyere ịfụ mmiri mmiri na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri, na-ese ụlọ onye na-ede uri Wordsworth na okwu " Coleridge Lives", na kwụgidere peacocks na Holland Park, London.  Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime atụmatụ ndị ahụ e kwuru n'elu e mezuru. Ihe omume emere, nke sitere na "Mill-in at Macy's " nke Black Mask nke New York, gụnyere King Mob pụtara n'ụlọ ahịa Selfridges dị na London, ya na otu onye, yi uwe dịka Fada Christmas, na-agbalị ikesa ihe niile. nke ụlọ ahịa ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu. Ndị uwe ojii mechara manye ụmụaka ahụ iweghachi ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka ahụ. Omume a metụtara Malcolm McLaren bụ onye a na-akwanyere ùgwù tinye echiche nke otu ahụ n'ịkwalite egbe egbe mmekọahụ . 

## Ihe eserese
A na-ahụ graffiti nke sitere na King Mob n'ọtụtụ ebe, ọkachasị na mpaghara Notting Hill, gụnyere, "Ekweghị m na ọ nweghị ihe ọ bụla - ọ dị m ka ha kwesịrị ịgba ụwa ọkụ - naanị hapụ ya ka ọ gbaa nwa."

Ihe odide kacha ewu ewu nke ekwuru na King Mob bụ okwu e sere n'akụkụ akụkụ nke ọkara maịl nke mgbidi n'akụkụ ụzọ tube (ụzọ ụgbọ oloko) na-abanye London n'etiti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Ladbroke Grove na Westbourne Park dị na ọdịda anyanwụ London:

: "Otu ihe kwa ụbọchị - tube - ọrụ - nri abalị - ọrụ - tube - oche oche - TV - ụra - tube - ọrụ - ole ka ị ga - ewere? - otu onye n'ime iri na - ara - otu onye n'ime ise na - agbawa." 

## Hụkwa

* Mgbochi nka
* Brigade iwe

## Edensibia
akpan ememe Valerie Solanas '1968 agbapụ nke Andy Warhol na gụnyere a hit-ndepụtaakpan ememe Valerie Solanas '1968 agbapụ nke Andy Warhol na gụnyere a hit-ndepụta

## Isi mmalite

* "Njedebe nke Egwu", akwụkwọ nta nke David na Stuart Wise dere n'etiti-na ngwụcha 1970s wee bipụta ya na Glasgow. AK Press mechara bipụtaghachi ederede a na 1990 dịka akụkụ nke akwụkwọ Stewart Home *What is Situationism?* *Onye na-agụ* .
* *Eze Mob.* *Nosotros, el Partido del Diablo* , Nchịkọta ederede Spanish nke King Mob, nke La Felguera Ediciones deziri na 2007
* *Situationist International na Britain: Modernism, Surrealism, na Avant-Gardes* (Routledge 2016)