open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Osimiri Alibori

thumb|River Niger Tributaries from Benin
Osisi Alibori bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara ugwu egwuregwu nke Benin .  Ọ na-ebili nso na obodo Tobré dị na Ngalaba Atakora wee na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọmụmụ, na-emecha banye n'ime osimiri Niger dị nso na Birni-Lafia .  [1] [2] Na ngalaba Alibori ọ mebere oke mmalite nke obodo Banikoara na Karimama yana oke ihe nke W Transborder Park .  Osisi Pako bụ otu n'ime ebe ọ na-aga.  Ọ bụ agụ iyi juru .

## Ntụaka
Osimiri Sirba

thumb|River Niger Tributaries from Burkina Faso
Ụgbọ mmiri Sirba bụ osimiri Naịja dị na ike Africa.  Sirba na-ebilite na Burkina Faso wee na-aga n'ebe egwuregwu, ndị Niger wee jide dị nke oke ala dị n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.  Ọ na-ezute nọrọ Niger n'etiti etiti obodo Gothèye na Karma na Niger, ihe dị ka kilomita 50 site na Niamey mgbago elu.
Osimiri Tinkisso

thumb|USGS geologic map Guinea
ike Tinkisso bụ osimiri dị na Guinea na ihu Africa.  siri ahụ dị ahụ nso na Dalaba na ugwu Fouta Djallon, n'ebe ugwu nke Mamou na rị dị ka ugwu-ọwụwa ọmụmụ na mgbe ahụ n'ebe ekiri ndị ọzọ dị nke Guinea, ruo mgbe ọ na-abanye na siri Niger na  Siguiri .  ahụ ahụ dị ihe dịka kilomita 400 (250 miles) n'ogologo.

Ndị Niger Basin Authority na ndị nke Guinea osimiri ahụ na ala ala ya ka ọ bụrụ na saịtị Ramsar n'afọ 2002. ahụ na otu ya bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị manatee

## Ntụaka

* Mwepụta mgbasa ozi sitere na Ramsar Convention Bureau na nhọpụta wetland ọhụrụ.
Ogun River

thumb|Ogun River
Osimiri Ogun (Yoruba: Odò Ògùn) bụ okporo ụzọ mmiri na Naijiria na-asọba na ọdọ mmiri Lagos.[1][2][3]  Akpọrọ steeti Ogun nke Naijiria aha osimiri ahụ.

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ojiji
geo-nondefault,.mw-mmepụta-mmepụta .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-mmepụta .geo-  inline-zoro ezo{ ngosi: ọ dịghị onye}.mw-parser-mmepụta .longitude,.mw-parser-mmepụta .latitude{ọcha-ofe:nowrap}8°41′0″N 3°28′0″E  / 8.68333°N 3.46667°E / 8.68333;  3.46667 wee banye na steeti ndị ọzọ banye Ogun State wee banye Lagos steeti ebe ọ ga-abanye n'ọdọ mmiri Legọs n'obodo Isheri na Owode onirin. [1]  Osimiri ahụ gafere n'ọdọ mmiri Ikere Gorge dị n'okpuru ọchịchị Iseyin nke steeti Oyo.  Ikike ebe nchekwa ahụ dị nde cubic 690 (560,000 acre⋅ft).[2]  Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'Ogige Ochie Oyo, na-enye ebe ntụrụndụ maka ndị njem nlegharị anya, osimiri na-agafekwa n'ogige ahụ.[3]  Osimiri Ofiki, nke dịkwa nso na Shaki, bụ isi iyi nke osimiri Ogun.  [4] [4] Osimiri Oyan, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ọzọ, na-agafe mmiri mmiri nke Oyan nke na-enye mmiri na Abeokuta na Lagos.[5]  N'ebe ndị mmadụ bi na ya, a na-eji mmiri na-asa ahụ, ịsa ahụ na ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ.  Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka igbapu maka ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu ahịhịa sitere na anụ ụlọ ndị dị n'akụkụ ụzọ osimiri ahụ 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'okpukpe ndị Yoruba, Yemoja bụ chi nke osimiri Ogun.  Onye catechist Charles Phillips, nna Charles Phillips nke mechara bụrụ Bishhọp nke Ondo, dere na 1857 na ndị mmadụ bi n'ụdị mmiri ya na-efe efe na-akpa na Ogun site n'ebe ọ na-ebili ruo ebe ọ na-ahọba n'ime.  ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ .  [1] ahụ siri n'ime etiti obodo Oyo ochie .  E kewara Metropolitan Oyo na mpaghara isii nwere atɔ dị n' nti-ụka nke osimiri Ogun na atọ n'ịmụ anụmanụ nke osimiri ahụ.  [2] N'otu oge, osimiri ahụ hibere ụzọ dị mkpa maka ndị na-ebu isi n'okiri mmiri n'etiti Abeokuta na Lagos Colony . 

## Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka

Usòrò:Ogun_river_in_Abeokuta_Ogun_State,_Nigeria.jpg|alt=Ogun river in Abeokuta which is referred to as "Odo Ogun" by the locals.|Pịa Ogun dị n'Abeokuta nke ndị obodo na-akpọ "Odo Ogun".
Usòrò:Ogun_river_view_from_Olumo_top_in_Abeokuta,_Ogun_State-Nigeria.jpg|alt=Ogun river from the top of Olumo rock in Abeokuta, ogun state|Osimiri River si n'eluOlumo rockn'imeAbeokuta,ogun state
Usòrò:Sun_sets_at_Ogun_River.jpg|alt=Sunset at Ogun river|ụgbọ dara na osimiri Ogun
Usòrò:Birds_Cloaking_on_a_Tree_Beside_Ogun_River.jpg|alt=Dawn at Ogun river|Ututu n'osimiri Ogun
Usòrò:Bridge_over_Ògùn_river.jpg|alt=Bridge over Ogun river|Akwa n'elu osimiri Ogun
Usòrò:River_Ogun_Bridge_Enterance_(Enu_Gada)_(1).jpg|alt=River Ogun bridge entrance|azụ ụzọ akwa mmiri Ogun
Usòrò:Kara_meat_market_by_river_ogun.jpg|alt=A meat market called Kara by Ogun river|Ahịa anụ Kara dị n'ụdị osimiri Ogun


## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ȯra Ogun
Òtù:Ȯra Ọyọ
Katsina Ala River

thumb|Katsina Ala River
Katsina Ala (ma ọ bụ Katsina-Ala) bụ osimiri dị na etiti Nigeria, nke dị n'ime Middle Belt .  Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka isi iyi nke osimiri Benue na Nigeria .  Isi iyi nke osimiri ah ụ dị na ugwu Bamenda dị n'ebe igwu egwu egwuregwu Cameroon .  [1] Ọ na-eru 320 kilometers (200 mi) n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu na Cameroon, na-agafe egwuregwu Nigeria - Cameroon banye Nigeria .

Katsina Ala River iin Benue state. Ebe obodo katsina ala nwere mpaghara 2,402km[sup 2] nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị ihe dị ka 224,718 na ngụkọ mba 2006, akụkụ dị mkpa nke osimiri Benue ma bụrụ mpaghara siri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enweghị ike imegide mgbanwe ihu igwe na Steeti Benue. Mbelata mmiri ozuzo, ikupu nke osimiri na akụkụ mmiri ndị ọzọ dị n'elu, idei mmiri, mgbawa, mgbakasị na mbuso agha na ala. 

## Ebe
Pịa Katsina Ala dị na steeti Benue nke ụzọ, ka ọ gafechara oke ala Nigeria na Cameroon, tupu ebufee ihe dị n'ime ya na mmiri Benue .  [1] Ọ dị n'agbata lonjitudu 9° 15′ na 9° 56′ East na Latitude 6°55′ na 7° 36′ North

## Obodo
Katsina-Ala bụ isi obodo na isi obodo Katsina Ala local government na Benue State, Nigeria .  A na- mkpa ya n'ụdị osimiri Katsina Ala nke nwere ọtụtụ nta na obodo n'obodo okporo ụzọ.  Ọ nwere akara etiti na-eme ụbọchị Tọzdee ọ nkọwa n'izu. 

## Mmetọ
Pịa Katsina-ala meruo akwụkwọ;  Ọdịnaya ọla dị arọ sitere na akụ anụ ụlọ na-akpaghasị nguzozi physicochemical nke osimiri ahụ;  bioaccumulation na bio-magnification nke arọ ola nwere ike pụta site na iji ogologo oge iji mmiri mmiri eme ihe ihe;  ma a na-atụ aro ka a na-elekọta anụ ahụ tupu ahapụ ya n'ime osimiri iji ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na mberede.

## Ntụaka
Nhazi nri

thumb|Mmepụta cheese ụlọ ọrụ
**Nhazi [[Food|nri]]** bụ mgbanwe nke ngwaahịa ugbo n'ime nri, ma ọ bụ otu ụdị nri n'ụdị ndị ọzọ. Nhazi nri n'ewere ọtụtụ ụdị, site na ịcha ọka n'ime ntụ ọka, isi nri n'ụlọ, na ụsoro ụlọ ọrụ dị mgbagwojụ anya eji eme nri dị mfe. Ụzọ nhazi nri ụfọdụ n'arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata ihe oriri na imeziwanye Nchekwa nri, si otú a belata mmetụta zuru oke nke ọrụ ugbo na imezi ihe nchekwa nri.

Nchịkọta Nova n'achịkọta nri dịka usoro nhazi nri dị iche iche.

### Nhazi nri bụ isi
thumb|unere ndị a niile, ndị a kpọrọ nkụ na Thailand bụ ihe atụ nke nhazi nri bụ isi.
Ọrụ Ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo

Oru function is to market American agricultural products inside and outside the United States. In addition to this, AMS also funds, administers, and supports agricultural research; grades and certifies the safety of agricultural products; and disseminates information and expertise in the agriculture and agriculture marking industries.

 

**Ọrụ Ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo** (**AMS**) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States; ọ n'enwe mmemme na mpaghara ahịa ise:  ogho na ụtaba; mmiri ara ehi; mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri; anụ ụlọ na mkpụrụ; na ọkụkọ. Ihe omume ndị a n'enye nnwale, nhazi, nhazi na ọrụ akụkọ ahịa maka ngwa ahịa ndị ahụ, ma nelekọta nkwekọrịta ahịa na iwu, n'achịkwa mmemme nyocha na nkwalite, ma na'azụ ngwa ahịa maka mmemme nri gọọmentị etiti. AMS n'etinye iwu ụfọdụ nke gọọmentị etiti dịka Iwu Ngwa ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo na Iwu Mkpụrụ Federal. Mmefu ego AMS bụ ijeri $ 1.2. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Jamie L. Whitten Building na Washington, D.C.

Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Julaị n'afo 2021, onye nchịkwa Bruce Summers na-eduzi AMS.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere ya n'afọ 1939 site n'aka Odeakwụkwọ Ọrụ Ugbo Henry A. Wallace (mgbe e mesịrị Osote Onye isi ala) site na njikọta na nchịkọta a nke ụlọ ọrụ na mmemme dị iche iche nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo (USDA), ọrụ Ọrụ ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo na Ọrụ (AMS) bụ ịkwalite ahịa ziri ezi na nke ọma nke ngwa ahịa ugbo America, gụnyere nri, eriri, na ihe ọkụkụ pụrụ iche ma n'ime ụlọ ma na mba ụwa.

E mechara jikọta ọtụtụ ọrụ nke Ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ n'ime nlekọta ịre ahịa ụgbọ  n' afọ 1942 tupu a gbanwee ya ọzọ ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ 1940s na n'afọ 1950s. A gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ime AMS site n'afọ1953 ruo n'afọ 1965 tupu ọ ghọọ Ndị Ahịa na Ahịa. N'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1972, e guzobere usoro AMS ugbu a n'okpụrụ Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo. AMS malitekwara itinye akụkụ nke Iwu Nwepụta Nri Organic nke afọ 1990.  N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, AMS toro iji kwado ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ, ndị n'ebubata ihe, ndị n'ebupụ ihe, na ndị ọzọ n'arụ ọrụ ugbo.

N'afọ 2017, odeakwụkwọ ọrụ ugbo Sonny Perdue gbanwere ọtụtụ ọfịs USDA, dị ka Grain Inspection, Packers, and Stockyards Administration (GIPSA) na ọtụtụ mpaghara mmemme site na Farm Service Agency (FSA), n'ime Ọrụ Ahịa Ọrụ Ugbo na ebum n'uche nke inye ndị ọrụ ụgbọ, ndị n'azụ anụ ụlọ, na ndị n'emepụta ihe ka ha n'emeziwanye Ọrụ ndị ahịa na arụmọrụ.

AMS' primary function is to market American agricultural products inside and outside the United States. In addition to this, AMS also funds, administers, and supports agricultural research; grades and certifies the safety of agricultural products; and disseminates information and expertise in the agriculture and agriculture marking industries.
Osimiri Sankarani

thumb|Upper Niger Guinea
ike Sankarani (French: Fleuve Sankarani ) bụ oke osimiri Naịja .  [1] Na-aga n'ebe ugwu site na Guinea Highlands nke Fouta Djallon na Guinea, [2] [3] ọ na-agafe na ndịda Mali, ebe ọ na-abanye na Niger ihe dịka 40 kilometers (25 mi) n  'elu Bamako, [1] isi obodo Mali.  Ọ bụ nke egwu Ivory Coast-Guinea na Guinea-Mali 

Sika Sankarani, nke dabara n'ọdịnala nke ọma maka ihe ọmụmụ, nweekwa ire na ọla edo, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 35,500 square kilometers (13,700 sq mi), ụzọ abụọ n'ime ụzọ n'ime ya dị na Guinea,  ebe ọ bụ ụzọ ụzọ ya: okporo ụzọ Kourai, Yeremou na Dion .  [1] [2] Na Mali, ọ na-aṣọba n'osimiri Niger na mgbago Bamako dị nso na obodo Kourouba. 

A ahụmahụ mmiri mmiri Sélingué na 1980, n'ebumnobi nke inye Bamako ọkụ ọkụ;  [1] [2] ewepụtara ya na 13 Disemba 1982. [3] Ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrịka na-eso ya nwere ọrụ izi ike na-enyere ntolite Mali ruo oge ahụ.  [3] Ndị ọrụ ahụ nwere ikike ikike elekere 44.8 nde kilowatt.  [3] E mekwara ịgba ịgba mmiri, nke mbụ iji mmetụta ndị a ga-akwagharị;  ọ kpuchiri 1,200 hectare (3,000 acres), kewara n'etiti ndị nwere ebe 1943, [4] ma ọ bụ 60,000 hectare (150,000 acres) 

Sankanarni nwere ala idei mmiri na- Nche n'ebe dị anya nke 170 kilometers (110 mi) na Guinea .  [1] nọrọ dị n'ụdị mmiri na-akwado oke guzo gallery, n'agbanyeghị na mmiri mmiri Selingue Dam kpuchiri ọtụtụ n'ime ha.  [2] Dị ka nke 2008, ihe ezinụlọ otu puku ndị ọkụ azụ jidere "n'etiti 400 na 1000 kg / ụbọchị na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu oge na 10 ka 50 kg / ụbọchị na obere oge (March ka May)" na ngalaba  nke osimiri n'etiti dam na mmetụtatụ na.  nke Niger 

N'ebe dị elu nke ike ya, site na tupu adọ nke 13 ruo 16 OA, a ọrịa na isi obodo nke Ukwu Mali oge ochie dị na Niani, n'ụdị mmirika Sankarani. 

## Ntụaka
Goulbi de Maradi River

thumb|Sokoto map
Goulbi de Maradi bụ osimiri na ndịda etiti Niger na ugwu etiti Nigeria .  [1] N'agbata isi iyi ya dị nso na Katsina na Nigeria, na njedebe ya na siri Rima, Goulbi de Maradi eru ihe mbọ 48 kilometers (30 mi) sitere na oke Niger-Nigeria.  [2] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo na anụ anụ, na-agafe na obodo Niger nke Maradi, Guidan Roumdji, na Madarounfa, Goulbi de Maradi bụ osimiri nke oge na-aputapụta onwe n'oge mmiri mmiri. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Nkọwa
egwu ugwu Naijiria nwere osimiri Rima .  gbara Goulbi de Maradi na-agbanahụ ya n'ebe ugwu ya.  Na-agba ọsọ na ndị nēnweta, ọ àmà ya na osimiri Sokoto dị nso na Sokoto tupu ọ gawa na ndịda na osimiri Niger .  naanị n'oge udu mmiri ka oke osimiri Rima na-ahọ.  Otu nnukwu ọrụ ịgba mmiri a na-akpọ Zauro polder project aanọwo na-arụ ọrụ ọtụtụ awụ.  N'ebe idei mmiri Rima dị n'etiti Argungu na Birnin Kebbi, ọ ga-agbapụta hectare 10,572 (acres 26,120) nke ala ubi. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọgụgụ osimiri Goulbi De Maradi na Madarounfa, 1954–1977, UNESCO .
* Suttie, JM, Agro- pastoral ike nke Goulbi de Maradi na El Fadama River Basins (Niger). FAO - AGO; ESP. Maradi (Niger), Jenụwarị 1985
* Schembri, H., Ntụle nke nrụgide na conductivity nke mmiri nke usoro phreatic nke elu cretaceous na quaternary tebụl mmiri na Goulbi de Maradi na El Fadama basins. FAO - AGO; ESP. Maradi (Niger), Jenụwarị 1985
Yobe River

thumb|Osimiri Yobe na 1990
Ụzọ Yobe, nke a dị ka Komadougou Yobe kpọkwara Komadugu Yobe River ma ọ bụ Komadugou-Yobe ( French  ), bụ osimiri dị n'Ebe Ọdịda nke Africa nke na-ahọba n'ọdụ mmiri Chad site na Nigeria na  Niger .  [1] [2] N'ịkpọ ya egwu Hadejia, osimiri Jama'are, [3] na osimiri Komadugu Gana .  [4] ahụ mebere ozi nke nke ụkwụ mba ụwa dị n'etiti Niger na Nigeria nke nwere kilomita 150 (kilomita 150) ma na-eru mkpokọta 200 kilomita (320 km).  

A na-enwe ihe mgbaàmà, n'osimiri, akụ na ọnọdụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi mmiri mmiri dị n'elu, nke igbochi ogbu a bụ Tiga Dam na Kano State, na- መሪ maka mmiri mmiri Kafin Zaki na steeti  Bauchi . 

Ụzọ Yobe na-enye ụzọ e ji ebi ndụ maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke azụmahịa na ọrụ ugbo n'ogologo ya ogologo nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 200 na mpaghara ugwu steeti ahụ, nke esemokwu ime  obodo asaa (LGAs) site na Nguru ruo Yunusari. 

ama ama n'obodo egwu ahụ Gashua, Geidam, na Damasak na Nigeria, na Diffa na Niger.

## Mmetọ
Ụfọdụ ndị bi na Yobe, na Satọde, mere na kemịkalụ na ihe mkpọfu akụla isi mmiri dị iche iche n'obodo ha, na-ebute ndụ ndụ.

A naekiri ule mmiri site na Yobe River n'ime oge mmiri mmiri ozuzo na ọkọchị na Nguru, Gashua, Azbak, Dumsai na Wachakal.  A nyocha ule ndị a maka ihe m mineral ha na-agụta Zn, Pb, Fe, Mn na Mg na-eji Nuclear Assimilation Spectrometry (AAS) ebe Na, Ca, na K na-egosi site na iji Fire Emanation Spectrometry (FES)  .  The nso nke metal ịta ikike bụ;  Zn (7.06 mg/dm3 - 13.44 mg/dm3), Pb (0.05 mg/dm3 - 0.135mg/dm3), Fe (0.052 mg/dm3 - 0.53 mg/dm3), Mn (0.102 mg/dm3 - 0.383 mg/dm  ), Ca (28.50 mg/dm3 – 87.52 mg/dm3), mg (7.34 mg/dm3 – 29.4 mg/dm3), Na (13.95mg/dm3 – 22.98 mg/dm3) na K (40.08mg/dm3 – 78.2mg  /dm3).  Site na ọkwa nke elelera, ndị ike ikwubi na mkpokọta Zn, Pb, Fe na Mn ụmụaka oke WHO na Child na mpaghara mpaghara niile.  Nke a na-egosi egosi n'ụkọ mmetọ ọla, ma ọnọdụ anya n'ihi pụtara fatịlaịza, ihe kpatara agrarian na ndị na-ejinara mmiri na-asaa asɔ.  Nnwale mmiri esitere na iyi a nwere ike ịbụ na dị ka ụdị ike iji ya maka ụdị agrarian na usoro mmiri mana adaba maka ojiji mmadụ..

## Hụkwa

* Yobe State
* Hadejia-Nguru ala mmiri

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ȯra Yobe
Aba River

thumb|Osimiri Aba
Ụgbọ Aba bụ osimiri dị na ndịda Naijiria .  Pịa Imo nke na-agafe n'obodo Aba, Nigeria .  [1] Its headwater is in Okpu-Umuobo area (Isiala-Okpu and Mgboko-Umuette autonomous community ) Osisioma Ngwa LGA in the Ngwa heartland.  A na-akpọkwa Aba a dị ka Waterside. 

A na- osimiri ahụ anya nke ukwuu n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị iche na mkpa ọ dị.  Ihe omume nke mkpọ ájá dị n' ahụ bụ́ ndị na-ahụ ájá dị nkɔ maka owuwu na-eme ka osimiri na-eru.. 

## Mmetọ
Osimiri Aba echewo mmetọ dị iche iche ihu kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ sitere na Multinational, ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị bi na mpaghara gbara agbata obi. Ndị bi n'ime ya bụ ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha jibu akụ nke osimiri ahụ, kwuputara na mmiri na-ejupụta na ndụ mmiri ma nyekwa ndị bi n'ime obodo dị n'akụkụ mmiri ya mmiri ọñụñụ na ihe ndị ọzọ eji arụ ụlọ tupu e nwee ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-anaghịzi ewepụ ihe mkpofu ha. banye n'ime mmiri na 1970s. 
Nke kadị njọ bụ na ndị “Ahiaudele” (ahịa udele) bụ ndị na-eri anụ na ahihia ehi, bụ nke dị n’ụdị osimiri ahụ, mụbara mmetọ mmiri ahụ.  Akụ na ụgbọ nke osimiri ahụ na-adị ụkọ.
Obodo dị n'iche ndị Nigerian Breweries PLC, Aba Plant, gbara akwụkwọ n'ibu ikpe dị elu nke Abia steeti maka ihe ha na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi na-aga n'ihu.  obodo ahụ kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ Breweries nke Naijiria gara n'ihu na-ama ihe ndị mkpofu, kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ, na mmiri na-asaa asɔ n'ime osimiri Aba, nke a na-akpọ "Iyi Aza Ogbor" ma ọ bụ  "Ebe mmiri. 

## Ntụaka
Iwu Nri

**Iwu Nri** bụ mpaghara nke Iwu ọha na eze gbasara otu esi emepụta nri, nhazi, kesaa, zụta, ma ọ bụ nye ya. A n'emepụta ụkpụrụ nri iji metụta ọrụ nke usoro nri na ọrụ ugbo nke kwụsiri ike iji hụ na mkpa ahụike mmadụ. Nke a n'agụnyekarị mkpebi gbasara usoro mmepụta na nhazi, ahịa, nnweta, ojiji, na oriri nke nri, maka ọdịmma nke izute ma ọ bụ ịkwalite ebum n'uche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Enwere ike iwepụta iwu nri na ọkwa ọ bụla, site na mpaghara rụo n'ụwa niile, ya na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, azụmaahịa, ma ọ bụ nzukọ. Ndị n'eme iwu nri n'etinye aka n'ihe omume ndị dị ka ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara nri, n'eguzobe ụkpụrụ iru eru maka mmemme enyemaka nri maka ndị ogbenye, n'ahụ maka nchekwa nke nri, akara nri, na ọbụna iru eru nke ngwa ahịa a ga-ewere dị ka ihe dị ndụ.
A na-amalite ọtụtụ iwu nri na mpaghara ụlọ maka ebum n'uche nke ijide n'aka na nri zuru oke maka ụmụ amaala. Na Mba na-emepe emepe, e nwere ebum n'uche atọ maka iwu nri: ichebe ndị ogbenye pụọ na nsogbụ, ịzụlite ahịa ogologo oge nke n'eme ka ojiji nke ihe onwunwe dị mma, ya na ịbawanye mmepụta nri nke ga-akwalite mmụba nke ego.

Iwu nri n'agụnye ụsoro nke gọọmentị n'ekwu maka ma ọ bụ n'achịkwa ihe gbasara nri, gụnyere ndị otu mba ụwa ma ọ bụ netwọk, ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe. Ndị n'arụ ọrụ ụgbo n'ebukarị ibu arọ nke ọchịchọ gọọmentị ime ka ọnụahịa nri dị ala iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na-eto eto. Ọnụahịa dị ala maka ndị n'azụ ahịa nwere ike ịbụ ihe n'egbochi ndị ọrụ ugbo imepụta nri karịa, n'akpatakarị agụụ, atụmanya azụmaahịa n'adịghị mma, na mkpa dị ukwuu maka mbubata nri.

Na mba mepere emepe dịka United States, a ghaghị ile iwu nri na nri n'edozi ahụ anya n'ihe gbasara nchegbu akụ na ụba mpaghara na nke mba, nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta nke netwọk nchekwa ọha na eze, ahụike, agbamume nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe na ihe ọhụrụ, na ala ugbo nke obere, nnukwu ugbo. Mba ndị mepere emepe n'agba mbọ ịhụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo n'enweta ego siri ike n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ọnụahịa na nnyefe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'adịghị mma. A n'enyefe ndị n'azụ ahịa ego a na-akwụ maka ego a  n'enweta n'ugbo n'ụdị ọnụahịa nri dị elu.
Ụlọ ọrụ ugbo

Ụlọ ọrụ Ụgbọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ Njikọ ọrụ ugbo na mba North Amerika mgbe ọ mechara ree ihe onwunwe ya niile n'afọ 2002-04. N'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme ya nke afọ 74, ala ụbi jere ozi dị ka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ dị iche iche, nzukọ jikọtara ọnụ, n'arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ahịa ọrụ ụgbo ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile.

Akara ala ụbi na okwu ya "Good Food From the Heartland" bụ nke ndị China, Smithfield Foods, nnukwu onye n'emepụta anụ ezì na onye n'edozi anụ n'ụwa, mana Farmland Foods, Inc. n'arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya ma n'aga n'ihu n'ere ngwa ahịa anụ n'okpụrụ akara "Farmland". Nrị ala ụbi na-eje ozi ma n'ahịa obodo ma na mba ụwa ma nwee ego karịrị ijeri $ 3.5 kwa afọ.
thumb|300x300px|Farmland's former headquarters at 12200 N. Ambassador Drive by Kansas City International Airport in 2009
Howard A. Cowden guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'afọ 1929 dị ka Union Oil Company (dị ka onye nọchiri Cowden Oil Company nke o guzobere n'afọ gara aga). N'afọ 1935, ọ natara aha Consumers Cooperative Association (CCA), n'afọ 1966 **Farmland Industries, Inc.**

N'oge ọ kachasị elu, nzukọ ahụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ n'ahụ maka ọrụ ụgbọ na mba North Amerika, nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo 1,700 nwere na mba United Steeti, kanada na Meziko, nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ihe karịrị ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo 600,000. O nwere ndị ọrụ 16,000 na steeti 50 niile na mba 90. N'afọ 1977, ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ #78 na ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ Fortune 100. N'afọ 2001, ego ọ n'enweta kwa afọ karịrị ijeri $ 11.8. E depụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Forbes "nke a na-enwe mmasị na ya". Ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ #170 na Ndepụta Fortune mgbe e mere mkpebi ire akụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Njikọ ahụ nyere ma ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ahịa sitere na nnucha mmanụ, mmepụta fatịlaịza, nri, mbupu, mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ, mmepụta anụ ụlọ, na ire ere na ahịa nri friji. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ onye mmekọ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere: Archer Daniels Midland na nchekwa ọka, nkesa na ahịa; Simplot na mmepụta phosphate; ConAgra na ahịa ọka wit; Land O'Lakes na usoro nri na ihe ọkụkụ; Cenex Owuwe ihe ụbi Steetị na mmanụ,propane na mmanụ a nụchara anụcha; Mississippi Chemical na mmepụta nitrogen na mbupu (Trinidad na Tobago); Nnyocha fatịlaịza na ahịa; Nri anụ ụlọ nke steeti Kansas ; Nchebe na nkesa. ala ụbi nwekwara Tradigrain, otu ụlọ ọrụ n'azụ ahịa ọka nke mba ụwa nwere isi na Geneva, Switzerland. Tradigrain bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka nke Farmland ma nwee alaka ụlọ ọrụ na Buenos Aires, Argentina; Paris, France; Bremen, Germany; Budapest, Hungary; Almaty, Kazakhstan; Tokyo, Japan; Mexico City, Mexico; Moscow, Russia; Seoul, Korea; Kyiv, Ukraine; Mykolaiv, Ukraine, London, United Kingdom; na Akkala, Uzbekistan.
Chanomi creek

Chanomi Creek bụ otu mmiri dị na Niger Delta na Delta State, Nigeria 

## Ihe omume na na nso Chanomi Creek
Na Julaị 12, 2006, ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri mmiri iri abụọ wakporo otu ụgbọ mmiri ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri.  Egburu ndị agha ụgbọ mmiri anọ, ma kpụrụ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Chevron n'agha;  a tọhapụrụ ha Julaị 14 

N'afọ 2006 kwa, ndị mmadụ ndị dị ka "ndị agha na-alụ ogụ" bụ Funsho Kupolokun bụ onye isi otu na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka onyonyo ala Naijiria (NNPC) mebiri paịpụ na mpaghara ahụ.  [1] NNPC kwuputara na ọ ga-arụkwa paịpụ ndị ezubere iche 

Na Jenụwarị 20, 2007, ndị Filipinos isii na otu onye Naijiria nọ na ụgbọ mmiri (nke ụlọ ọrụ German Baco Liner na-arụ) na Chanomi Creek tọrọ ka ha na-aga Warri .  [1] Ama ndị otu ndị a tọọrọ na ha.  [1] Gọọmenti Naijiria etinyela aka na ofufe ụka na Movement for the Emancipation of Niger Delta (MEND) bụ ndị na-ejide ndị ahụ, ọnụ na-ekwuchitere egwu Sheddy Ozoene kwuru na ndị Filipin isii "nwere ezi ahụ ike."

## Mmetọ
Akụkọ na-ekwu na e ji sawdust, ọrụ aka na-adị azụ azụ metọọ mmiri chamomi ahụ, ebe a na-ekpofu , ọkpọkọ akwụkwọ, mmetọ ego, na ihe ndị ọzọ na- akụ akụ . 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Satellite ele nke Chanomi Creek
* Shell mechiri ọrụ na Western Division
Owerri west

Owerri West bụ ndị ime obodo na steeti Imo, Naijiria .  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'obodo Umuguma .  A na-elekọta ime obodo Owerri West n'okpuru iwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria.  A na-eme mbụ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ Louis nke dị iche ime obodo site na nhọpụta ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị debanyere aha dị ka iwu nke Federal Republic of Nigeria siri, n'okpuru isiokwu nke Imo State Electoral Commission.  Egwu pụtara Owerri West n'ime ime obodo Owerri na 1996. Otu nnukwu ego nke echiche ime obodo bụ isi obodo Imo State, Nigeria.

Ọ nwere mpaghara 295 km2   na onu ogugu ndi mmadu nke 99,265 na ngụkọ 2006.

## Ihu igwe
Owerri nwere ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke bụ ihe na-egosi ịrị ihu igwe ya.  Na Owerri, obere oge ọkọchị na oke mmiri mmiri kwa ụbọchị.  A na- foto ihu igwe nke mpaghara ka Am site na aha nhazi Köppen-Geiger.  25.9 Celsius (78.6 Celsius F) bụ ụmụ nke Owerri kwa afọ.  2412 mm |  95. mgbochi mmiri mmiri na-ada ebe a kwa afọ &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

N'ebe ugwu, ị nwere ike ịhụ Owerri.  A na-ewere September June ka ụnwapụta.  Julaị, Ọgọst na        nwanwanyị na-eme n’oge.  Ọ ka mma ịga njem na Jannarị, Febụwarị, Maachị, , Mee, na Nọvemba na Disemba.   

Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ 460 

== Obodo ==

# Umuguma
# Avu
# Okuku
# Oforola
# Obinze
# Nekede
# Ihiagwa
# Eziobodo
# Okolochi
# Emeabiam
# Irete
# [[Orogwe]]
# Amakohia-Ubi
# Ndegwu
# Ohi
# Eziokele

**Ebe ama ama na Owerri West gụnyere:'''

# Federal Polytechnic Nnekede, Owerri  (FPNO)
# Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO  ) - nke dị na Eziobodo na Ihiagwa dị ka obodo abụọ bụ isi na Okolochi, Obinze na Emeabiam dịka obere obodo ndị ọbịa.
# Zoo Nekede 
# Nekede Divisional Police
# Federal Secretariat - dị na Umuguma along Port Harcourt Road
# Secretary State
# General Hospital Umuguma
# Ụlọ akụ ụlọ akụ ụwa, Umuguma, Area L, M, N
# Federal Housing Estate Umuguma
# Imo State Housing Estate Umuguma 
# Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Concorde 
# Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ OCHIE Microfinance Bank
#

## Ntụaka
Ọtụtụ puku nri

thumb|Ụgbọala n'ebu ihe
 
Ụgbọ nri bụ ebe a n'ebu nri site n'oge a n'eme ya rụo mgbe ọ ruru onye n'azụ ya. Ụzọ nri bụ otu ihe eji eme ihe mgbe a n'anwale mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke nri, dị ka akara carbon nke nri.

Echiche nke nri kilomita malitere na mbido afọ 1990 na mba United Kingdom. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Tim Lang  na Sustainable Agriculture Food and Environment (SAFE) Alliance  chepụtara ya ma gosipụta ya na mbụ na akụkọ, "The Food Miles Report: The Dangers of Long-Distance Food Transport", nke Angela Paxton nyochara ma dee.

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta kwenyere na mmụba nke njem nri dị anya bụ n'ihi ijikọ azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ; n'elekwasị anya na ebe a n'enye nri n'ime obere, nnukwu mpaghara; mgbanwe dị egwu na usoro nnyefe; mmụba na nri a n'edozi na nke a n'etinye na ngwugwu; na ime obere njem na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa. Ndị a n'eme obere akụkụ nke gas n'ekpo ọkụ nke nri n'emepụta; 83% nke ikuku CO2 n'ozuzu ya nọ n'oge mmepụta.

Ọtụtụ nnyocha na-atụle ikuku n'esi n'ime usoro nri dum, gụnyere mmepụta, oriri, na njem. Ihe ndị a gụnyere atụmatụ nke ikuku n'emetụta nri nke gas n'ekpo ọkụ 'ruo ọnụ ụzọ ugbo' na 'n'elu ọnụ ụzọ ugwo'. Na mba UK, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku n'emetụta ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịbụ ihe dịka 40% nke Usoro nri n'ozuzu ya (gụnyere mkpọsa, nkwakọ ngwa ahịa, mmepụta fatịlaịza, na ihe ndị ọzọ), ebe gas n'ekpo ọkụ n'apụta na njem n'akpata ihe dị ka 12% nke ikuku nri n'ogologo.

Nnyocha e mere n'afọ  n'atụ aro na nri zuru ụwa ọnụ CO n'esi n'iyi bụ okpukpu 3.5-7.5 karịa ka e mere atụmatụ na mbụ, na njem n'eme ihe dị ka 19% nke ngụkọta nri,   ọ bụ ezie na ịkwaga na nri sitere na osisi ka dị mkpa. 

A katọrọ echiche nke "ụgbọ nri", ọ bụghịkwa mgbe niile ka a n'ejikọta kilomita nri na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta nri. N'iji ya tụnyere, pasentị nke ike niile eji eme nri n'ụlọ bụ 26% na nhazi nri bụ 29%, karịa njem.

With processed foods that are made of many different ingredients, it is very complicated, though not impossible, to calculate the  emissions from transport by multiplying the distance travelled of each ingredient, by the carbon intensity of the mode of transport (air, road or rail). However, as both Tim Lang and the original Food Miles report noted, the resulting number, although interesting, cannot give the whole picture of how sustainable – or not – a food product is.
Hadejia River

thumb|Osimiri Hadejia
Ọnọdụ Hadejia ( Hausa : kogin Haɗeja ) [1] bụ osimiri dị na Northern Nigeria ma bụrụ nke osimiri Yobe (Komadugu Yobe).  [2] Otu n'ime obodo na obodo ndị dị n'ụdị ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè mmiri ya bụ Hadejia [2] na Nguru .  [3] Mkpịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịbutu esedịghị egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu egwu. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

Pịa Hadejia ugbu a bụ 80% na-achịkwa mmiri mmiri Tiga na Challawa Gorge dị na Kano steeti  

## Iju mmiri
Gọọmenti steeti ahụ ahụ ikpochapụ ọwara mmiri Hadejia na ịdị oke mmiri, ka steeti nwechara oke ide mmiri, a ọrụ a iji idei mmiri n'etiti.  

Emere egwuregwu nke ugboro ide mmiri n'ogo awụ maka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Hadejia sitere na Hadejia Jama'are Komadugu TrustFund, Damaturu, maka afọ 1963 ruo 2014. [1] Maka egwuregwu ahụ, a na-arụ ọrụ nkesa nke puru omume.  atọ - Oke Uru Ụdị 1 (EV-1), Lognormal, na Log Pearson Ụdị III -.  Eji ụdịdị ndị dị iche na iche na ụzọ mwepu ide mmiri mmiri maka oge nloghachi nke 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, na 200 afọ.  N'oge agaghachi nke afọ 20, amụ EV-1, LN, na LP III mkpaka ekwentị mkpanaaka nke 157.419, 169.43, na 135.21, n'otu n'otu.  A na-adụ ọdụ ka iji usoro nkesa lognormal maka imewe nchekwa ebe ọ bụ na mbọ na ọ na-enye onyinye mwepu mmiri ka ukwuu. 

## Ihu igwe na ihu igwe
Na Hadejia ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke oge mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ese urukpuru .  Oge ọkọchị bụ obere urukpuru.  Na mfe iche site na 59 Degree F. ruo 105 Degree F, ọ dịghịkwa eji n'okpuru 59 Degree n'ime afọ Gburugburugburu. 

Site na Machị 21 ruo June 2, oge ụmụ na-adị ụnwanyị 2.4, yana nkezi Ezi kwa ụbọchị ụmụaka 101°F.  Na Hadejia, Mee bụ ụnwayọ kacha ewu ewu n'afọ, na nkezi ọ dị elu 103°F na obere 80°F. 

Site na Disemba 9 ruo Jenụwarị 31, oge oyi na-ekpo ọkụ, nke nwere oke ụkpụrụ kwa ụbọchị n'okpuru 90 Celsius, na-adị ụnwa 1.7.  Na nkezi nke 59°F na elu 88°F,nwanwanyị bụ ụnwanyi kacha oyi n'afọ na Hadejia. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ȯra Yobe
Òtù:Ȯra Kano
Òtù:Ȯra Jigawa
Òtù:Ȯra Bauchi
Igbe kọfị nwere otu ihe

thumb|Ụdị ụlọ ahịa Lidl Nespresso-compatible coffee capsule
thumb|Nespresso kọfị capsules, na-egosi oghere perforation n'elu na ala maka ịgwakọta ngwaahịa na mmiri
Igbe kọfị n'enye otu bụ akpa jupụtara na kọfị, nke a n'eji eme kọfị iji kwadebe naanị kọfị zụrụ ezu maka otụ akụkụ. Igbe kọfị n'abịa n'ụdị na ihe dị iche iche, mgbe mgbe dị ka **pods** siri ike na nke dị nro ma ọ bụ **pads** e ji akwụkwọ nzacha mee, ma ọ bụ **capsules** aluminum siri ike na plastik.

Igbe kọfị nwere otu ike belata oge achọrọ iji mee kọfị ma mee ka usoro ịṅụ kọfị dị mfe site n'iwepụ mkpa ọ dị ịlele akụkụ, ihe n'atọ ụtọ, na ihe mgbakwụnye site na nnukwu akpa. Ha nwekwara ike inye aka mee ka ngwa ahịa a n'ejighị mee ihe dị ọhụrụ site n' itinye akụkụ dị iche iche n'otu n'otu n'enweghị ikpughe ikụkụ na ìhè. Akpụkpọ akwụkwọ kọfị nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ yiri nke plastik na capsules kọfị ígwè, ma ọ bụrụ na a n'emechi akwụkwọ kọfị n'otu n'otu na akpa dị iche iche. N'otu oge ahụ, ngwa ahịa ndị a n'eji eme ihe n'otu oge n'agbakwunye na mmepụta ihe mkpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọrụ ugbo na India

thumb|300x300px|Akụkụ nke ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo na India
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke **ọrụ ugbo na India** malitere n'Oge Neolithic. Obodo India nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ụwa niile na mmepụta ugbo. Dị ka nnyocha akụ na ụba India site n'afọ 2020 rụo 21, ọrụ ụgbọ were ihe karịrị 50% nke ndị ọrụ India n'ọrụ ma nye aka 20.2% na GDP nke mba ahụ.

N'afọ 2016, ọrụ ụgbo na ngalaba ndị metụtara ya dị ka ịkpa anụ, ọrụ ọhịa na ịkụ azụ mejupụtara 17.5% nke GDP (ngụkọta ngwa ahịa ụlọ) na ihe dị ka 41.49% nke ndị ọrụ n'afọ 2020   . India bụ nke mbụ n'ụwa na mpaghara kachasị elu nke mba US na China sochiri. Enyemaka akụ na ụba nke ọrụ ugbo na GDP nke India n'ebelata nwayọọ nwayọọ na uto akụ na ụba zuru oke nke mba ahụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọrụ ugbo bụ ngalaba akụ na ụba kachasị ukwuu ma n'arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba nke mba India.

gụkọta nke ngwa ahịa ugbo bụ US $ 3.50 ijeri na onwa Machị - June n'afọ 2020. India bubatara $ 38 ijeri ngwa ahịa ugbo n'afọ 2013, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke asaa kachasị ebubata ugbo n'ụwa niile na nke isii kachasị ebubata. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-ebupụ n'ọrụ ugbo na-ejere mba ndị na-emepe emepe na ndị n'enweghị ọganihu ozi. A n'ebupụ ihe oriri ndị India na ihe karịrị mba 120, ọkachasị mba Japan, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, mba SAARC, European Union na United States.
Akpụkpọ iko kọfị

thumb|Akpụkpọ iko kọfị n'elu iko kọfịa. Mkpịsị aka ya na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ijide ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ.
Mkpịsị aka iko kọfị, nke a makwaara dị ka aka kọfị,[lower-alpha 1] bụ aka cylindrical nke n'adaba n'elu iko kọfị n'enweghị aka iji kpụchie aka onye n'aṅụ kọfị na kọfị ọkụ. A n'ejịkarị mpempe akwụkwọ eme aka kọfị, mana enwere ike ịchọta ya na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mkpịsị aka kọfị n'enye ohere Ụlọ kọfị, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nri ngwa ngwa, na ndị n'ere ahịa ndị ọzọ iji zere ịkpụ okpụkpụ abụọ, omume nke iji iko akwụkwọ abụọ (ma ọ bụ karịa) maka otu ihe ọṅụṅụ n'ekpo ọkụ. Ụfọdụ ndị n'ejide iko akwụkwọ n'ebu mgbasa ozi.

Jay Sorensen mepụtara aka kọfị ahụ n'afọ 1991  ma nye ya ikike n'afọ 1995  (n'okpụrụ aha ahịa Java Jacket), ma ugbụa ụlọ kọfị na ndị n'ere ahịa ndị ọzọ n'ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ere ihe ọṅụṅụ n'ekpo ọkụ nke a n'ekesa na iko akwụkwọ a na-atụfu atụfu. E nwere ọtụtụ ikike nke n'ekpụchi uwe kọfị dị iche iche n'akụkụ ha. Nke a gụnyere Coffee Clutch, nke Starbucks na-eji. Ndị ọzọ ekwuola na ha mepụtara aka kọfị. 

E nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ n'emepụta aka kọfị; ụlọ ọrụ anọ kachasị elu site na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aka kọfị a na -ere na mba US bụ, n'enweghị usoro ọ bụla, International Paper, LBP Manufacturing, Java Jacket, na Labansat & Schulz Manufacturing.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;
Nri sitere n'okike

[thumb|Ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'[ahịa ndị ọrụ ugbo n'Argentina]]
Nri organic, nri gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ nri organic bụ nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ a n'emepụta site na usoro ndị n'agbaso ụkpụrụ nke Ọrụ ugbo organic. Ụkpụrụ dịgasị iche n'ụwa niile, mana ọrụ ugbo n'emepụta ihe ndị n'agbanwe ihe onwunwe, n'akwalite nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi, ma n'echekwa ụdị dị iche iche. Òtù ndị n'achịkwa ngwa ahịa ndị sitere n'okike nwere ike igbochi ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ ụfọdụ na fatịlaịza na usoro ọrụ ụgbọ eji emepụta ngwa ahịa ndị dị otú ahụ. A naghị edozi nri ndị sitere n'okike site na iji radiation, solvents ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ Ihe mgbakwunye nri aka.

Na narị afọ nke 21, mba European Union, United Steetị, Kanada, Meziko, Japanị, na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka ndị n'emepụta ihe nweta [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Organic_certification" id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Organic certification">asambodo pụrụ iche] iji ree nri ha dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe a n'emepụta n'ubi kichin nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị a n'ahụkarị, ndị n'ahụ maka nchekwa nri gọọmentị n'achịkwa ire nri nwere akara ihe ndị a hụrụ n'anya, dị ka National Organic Program nke US Department of Agriculture (USDA)  ma ọ bụ mba European Commission (EC). 

Site n'echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, fatịlaịza, mmepụta gabigara ókè, na ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na ọrụ ụgbọ nwere ike imetụta usoro okike, ahụike ala,   ụdị dị iche iche, Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Ebum n'uche nke nsogbụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ahụike ndị a bụ iji belata ma ọ bụ zere na ọrụ ugbo.
Ọrụ ugbo na New Zealand

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Otu ìgwè ndị na-ebu ibu na-ewere ajị anụ site na ọdụ ugbo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ atụrụ na New Zealand ruru n'ókè dị elu n'afọ ndị 1980 ma belata n'ihi uru dị ala site na ajị anụ, na ụdị atụrụ buru ibu maka anụ
Na New Zealand, **ọrụ ụgbọ** bụ ngalaba kachasị ukwuu nke akụ na ụba a na-azụ ahịa. Mba ahụ bubatara NZ $ 46.4 ijeri nke ngwa ahịa ụgbọ (n'enweghị isi na nke arụpụtara) n'ime ọnwa 12 rụo  ọnwa June n'afọ 2019, 79.6% nke ngụkọta ngwa ahịa mba ahụ. Ọrụ ụgbọ, ọhịa na ịkụ azụ nyere $ 12.653 ijeri (ma ọ bụ 5.1%) nke GDP mba n'ime ọnwa 12 rụo ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2020,  ma were mmadụ 143,000 n'ọrụ, 5.9% nke ndị ọrụ mba New Zealand, dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ n'afọ 2018. 

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe eji ala eme ihe, mana a n'enyekwa ala dị ukwuu maka ọrụ ụgbọ.

Mba New Zealand so na otu nke cairns group nke n'achọ inwe free trade  n'ahia ọrụ ụgbọ
Ọnụ ahịa ugbo na mkpọsa

Ọnụahịa n'agbasa site n'ugbo rụọ n'ahịa bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọnụahịa ụgbọ na ọnụahịa mkpọsa nke nri, n'egosipụta ụgwọ maka nhazi, mbupu, na ire ahịa (mgbe ụfọdụ a n'akpọ mgbasa ahịa). 

Mgbasawanye nke ugbu a n'akpata ihe dị ka ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọnụahịa mkpọsa maka nkata ahịa nri, dị ka USDA si kwụo. Ọnụ ahịa ụgbọ dịgasị iche maka ụdị nri ọ bụla; dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'afọ 2004, ọ mejupụtara ihe dị ka 35% nke ọnụahịa mkpọsa nke àkwá, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe dị ka 19% maka mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, na ihe dị ka 6% maka ọka na ngwa ahịa achịcha.

## Ihe odide
Ọrụ Nnyocha nke Congress.
Ịdị iche iche nke ọrụ ugbo

N'ihe gbasara **ọrụ ụgbọ**, enwere ike iwere **ụdị dị iche iche** dị ka ịkekọrịta ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe n'arụpụta ihe, dị ka ala, isi obodo, Ngwá ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ maka ngwa ahịa ndị ọzọ na, ọkachasị na mba ndị bara ọgaranya, maka ọrụ ndị n'abụghị ọrụ ụgbọ dịka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ ahịa. Ihe ndị n'eduga na mkpebi dị iche iche dị ọtụtụ, mana gụnyere: ibelata ihe ize ndụ, imeghachi omume na mgbanwe ndị ahịa chọrọ ma ọ bụ gbanwee iwu gọọmentị, imeghachite ihe mgbagwoju anya ndị ọzọ na, n'oge n'adịbeghị anya, dịka nsonaazụ Mgbanwe ihu igwe.
Ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi na Canada

[thumb|Ehi ehi n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na [Quebec]]
Ọrụ ugbo mmiri ara ehi bụ otu n'ime ngalaba ọrụ ụgbọ kachasị na mba kanada. Mmiri ara ehi nwere ọnụnọ dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara niile ma bụrụ otu n'ime ngwa ahịa ụgbọ abụọ kachasị elu na mpaghara asaa n'ime mpaghara iri.

N'afọ 2018, e nwere ehi mmiri ara ehi 967,700 na ụgbọ 10,679 gafee mba ahụ. obodo Quebec na Ontario bụ mpaghara ndị n'emepụta mmiri ara ehi, nwere ụgbọ 5,120 na 3,534 nke n'emepụta 37% na 33% nke mmiri ara ehi niile nke kanada. A n'eche na nke a ga-anọchite anya 8% nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ na mba Kanada. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ara ehi ka bụ ihe a ma ama na ọha mmadụ nke mba kanada, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụgbọ mmiri ehi na mba kanada anọwo n'ebelata nke ukwuu kemgbe n'afọ 1971 ebe oke nke ụgbọ ahụ amụbaala nke ukwuu ruo ehi 89 n'otu ụgbọ.
Ezigbo ahia koko

thumb|240x240px|Mkpụrụ koko n'ime mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ ''pocha'' sitere na osisi koko Theobroma
thumb|A n'akpọ Mkpụrụ koko tụpụ a sie ya
thumb|A n'esi mkpụrụ koko n'ọkụ
Ezi ahịa koko bụ ngwa ahịa ụgbọ a n'ewepụta site na osisi koko site na iji Ụsoro a kwadoro nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ koko, ndị n'azụ ahịa, na ndị n'emepụta chokọleetị  n'agbaso, a n'emekwa ya iji mepụta ego n'adịgide adịgide maka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ na ezinụlọ ha. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị n'eji ezigbo ahịa akị bekee iji mepụta ngwa ahịa nwere ike ịkpọsa na ha n'enye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, na Nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọrụ ụgbọ.

N'afọ ndị 1990, a n'emepụta otu pasentị nke koko n'ụwa n'obere ụgbọ ezinụlọ, ọkachasị na odịda anyanwụ Afrịka na Latin Amerika. Ndị n'anakọta ihe na ndị n'anọchite anya obodo n'azụta ma n'ebugharị koko na ndị na'ahịa. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ amaghị ebe ikpeazụ ha na uru ha bara. Ọnụahịa dị ala na mkpa n'arịwanye elu maka fatịlaịza n'akpatakarị ụkọ ndị ọrụ, n'eduga n'ọrụ ohu n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka na mmepụta koko.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

E mepụtara asambodo koko ahịa ziri ezi iji merie nsogbụ ndị a. Max Havelaar Foundation nke mba Netherlands haziri asambodo azụmahịa mbụ nke ngwa ahịa koko n'afọ 1994. Ngwa ahịa ahụ bụ Green & Black's Maya Gold Chocolate, nke e ji koko si Belize mee. Max Havelaar Foundation bụkwa akara asambodo Fair trade mbụ. Ntọala Dutch etinyela onwe ya ugbu a n'ime Fairtrade International (FLO), otu n'enweghị uru nwere mba 25 so na ya n'eji akara asambodo azụmahịa ziri ezi.

N'afọ 2002, Fair Trade mba USA, nke e debanyere aha ya n'oge ahụ na Fair Trade International (FLO), malitere ịkwado ngwa ahịa koko n'ere na mba United Steeti. N'onwa Septemba n'afọ 2011, Fair Trade mba USA kewara na Fair Trade International (FLO). 

N'afọ 2001, usoro isiokwụ ndị Sudarsan Raghavan, Sumana Chaterjee, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Knight Ridder bipụtara na mba United Steetị mere ka ọha mara ọrụ mmanye na mmepụta koko. Ha gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị a n'ere ahịa ụmụaka maka mmepụta koko. N'ịhụ na United Steetị nwere iwụ megide mbubata ngwa ahịa ndị e mepụtara site na iji ọrụ ohu, onye omeiwu Eliot Engel na Senator Tom Harkin tụrụ aro ka ha mee ka akara "n'enweghị ohu" maka chocolate. Ụlọ ọrụ koko nke United Steetị gbara mbọ megide nke a, a belatara atụmatụ akara iwụ ka ọ bụrụ usoro afọ ofufo. N'okpụrụ usoro a, nke a maara dị ka Harkin-Engel Protocol, ndị n'emepụta chokoleetị kwere nkwa na ka ọ n'erule ụbọchị 1 n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2005, ha ga-eji "ụkpụrụ ... kwekọrọ na iwụ gọọmentị etiti, nke n'ahụ na emepụtala agwa koko na ngwa ahịa ha n'enweghị ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ. " 

Nnukwu nnyocha nke mbipụta ahụ n'afọ 2016, nke e bipụtara na magazin Fortune na mba US, kwubiri na ihe dị ka nde ụmụaka 2.1 na odida anyanwụ Afrika "ka n'arụ ọrụ dị ize ndụ na nke n'atụ ụtụ isi nke owuwe ihe ụbi koko". Akụkọ ahụ nwere obi abụọ ma enwere ike imeziwanye ọnọdụ ahụ.
Usoro uru ọrụ ugbo

Ụsoro **uru [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]]** bụ ngụkọta nke ngwa ahịa na ọrụ (usoro uru) dị mkpa maka ngwa ahịa ụgbọ iji si na onye n'emepụta gaa na onye na'azụ ahịa ikpeazụ. A n'eji echiche a eme ihe kemgbe mmalite nke pụkụ afọ ahụ, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị n'arụ ọrụ na mmepe ọrụ ụgbọ na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ọ bụ ezie n'enweghị nkọwa zụrụ ụwa ọnụ nke okwu ahụ.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|340x340px|Ihe nnọchianya nke ọnụ ahịa
Okwu a bụ nke mbụ a ma ama n'akwụkwọ Michael Porter bipụtara n'afọ 1985,  onye jiri ya gosipụta otu ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike isi nweta ihe ọ kpọrọ "uru asọmpi" site n'ịgbakwunye uru n'ime nzukọ ha. N'ikpeazụ, a nabatara okwu ahụ maka ebum n'uche mmepe ọrụ ụgbọ  ma ugbụa a ọ ghọwo ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị n'arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa a, ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ n'arịwanye elu nke òtù enyemaka abụọ na nke ọtụtụ n'eji ya eduzi ntinye aka ha na mmepe.

N'etiti echiche nke Ụsoro ọrụ ụgbọ bụ echiche nke ndị n'eme ihe nkiri jikọtara n'usoro n'emepụta ma n'enye ndị n'azụ ahịa ngwa ahịa site na usoro ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, usoro "nke kwụ ọtọ" a enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya na akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro usoro uru bụ na ọ n'atụle mmetụta "nke kwụ otu ebe" na usoro ahụ, dị ka ntinye na inye ego, nkwado ndọtị na gburugburu ebe obibi n'enyere aka. A chọpụtala na usoro a bara uru, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị n'enye onyinye, n'ihi na ọ dugara n'ịtụle ihe ndị ahụ niile n'emetụta ikike ndị ọrụ ụgbọ nwere ịnweta ahịa n'ụzọ bara uru, n'eduga n'ọtụtụ ntinye aka. A n'eji ya eme ihe maka imelite agbụ ígwè dị ugbụ a  na maka ndị n'enye onyinye iji chọpụta ohere ahịa maka obere ndị ọrụ ụgbọ.
Ụlọ ọrụ shuga

thumb|Ọnụahịa shuga 1962-2022 USD kwa pound<br />
**ụlọ ọrụ [[Ńnú odẹne|shuga]]** n'etinye aka na mmepụta, nhazi na ahịa shuga (karịsịa sucrose na fructose). N'ụwa niile, a n'ewepụta ọtụtụ shuga site na okpete (~80% karịsịa na okpomọkụ) na shuga beet (~ 20%, karịsịa na ihu igwe dị jụụ, dị ka na mba US ma ọ bụ mba Europe).
thumb|Sugar beets n'echere nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ Holly Sugar Corporation dị nso na Brawley, California n'afọ 1970
A n'eji shuga eme ihe maka Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ, ihe ọṅụṅụ ndị n'atọ ọchị, nri dị mfe, nri ngwa ngwa, swiiti, ihe ndị e mere achịcha, na nri ndị ọzọ n'atọ ezigbo ụtọ. A n'eji okpete eme ihe na distillation nke rum.

Ọtụtụ mba n'akwado shuga. N'ụwa niile n'afọ 2018, e mepụtara ihe dị ka nde tọn shuga 185, nke mba India ji nde tọn 35.9, mba Brazil na Thailand sochiri. E nwere ihe karịrị mba 123 n'emepụta shuga, mana ọ bụ naanị 30% nke ihe a n'emepụta na ahịa mba ụwa.

## Ahịa
Nkwado shuga emeela ka ọnụ ahịa maka shuga dị ala karịa ọnụahịa mmepụta. Ka ọ n'erule n'afọ 2019, 3/4 nke mmepụta shuga ụwa anaghị ere ahịa n'ahịa mepere emepe. Mba Brazil n'achịkwa ọkara ahịa ụwa, n'akwụ ụgwọ kachasị ($ 2.5 ijeri kwa afọ) n'enyemaka maka ụlọ ọrụ shuga ya.

Akụkọ Oxfam nke afọ 2004 kpọrọ enyemaka shuga EU "dumping" ma kwụo na ha n'emerụ ndị ogbenye ụwa. Mkpebi WTO megide EU quota na usoro enyemaka n'afọ 2005 rụọ n'afọ 2006  manyere EU belata ọnụahịa ya kacha nta na quotas, ma kwụsị Ịzụ ahịa.  EU wepụrụ ụfọdụ oke n'afọ 2015,   mana ọnụahịa kacha nta ka dị.   about="#mwt85" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-12","html":"nbsp;nbsp;: a sweet transition after 2015. . :. nbsp;. nbsp;.: website= ignored ()"}}' id="cite_ref-12" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Sugar_industry#cite_note-12 ] Ụtụ isi n'adịgide maka ọtụtụ mba. N'afọ 2009, EU nyere mba ndị n'emepe emepe (LDCs) ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ efu n'ahịa EU  dị ka akụkụ nke Ihe niile ma e wezụga Ngwá Agha. 

Ka ọ n'erule n'afọ afọ 2018, mbaIndia, Thailand, na Meziko na-enyekwa shuga nkwado.

## Ndị egwuregwu ụwa
Ụlọ ọrụ iri kachasị emepụta shuga dabere na mmepụta n'afọ 2010: 

Ụlọ ọrụ shuga zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere òkè ahịa dị ala. Ndị n'emepụta shuga anọ kachasị elu n'eme ihe n'erughị 20.0% nke ahịa.

## Ngwaahịa

* Ọka shuga a na-esighị esi
* Ọkụ shuga
* Shuga a nụchara anụcha
* Mkpụrụ osisi molasses
* Mmanya shuga
* Shuga na-acha nchara nchara
* Ọka shuga e ji ntụ mee

## Nkwado na ahịa
Ụlọ ọrụ shuga n'etinye aka na ahịa shuga na lobbying, n'ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke shuga - oke ibu na ezé - ma n'emetụta nyocha ahụike na ndụmọdụ ahụike ọha na eze.   

### Nzukọ

* Òtù shuga mba ụwa
* Sugar Association (USA) 
* European Association of Sugar Manufacturers (EU) 
* Nri shuga UK
* Òtù Na-emepụta Ọka nke India
* Global Energy Balance Network

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ shuga

## Hụkwa

* Nkatọ nke ụlọ ọrụ shuga
* Ụlọ ọrụ nri
* Peeji niile nwere aha nwere mmepụta shuga
** Ụlọ ọrụ shuga nke Philippines
* Ụdị:Ụlọ ọrụ shuga
Owuwe ihe ubi omenala

N'ọrụ ugbo, iwe ihe ubi ma ọ bụ ijikọta omenala bụ ọrụ nke iwere ihe ubi maka ndị ọzọ. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi na-enwekarị ngwakọta nke ha ma na-arụ ọrụ maka otu ugbo n'oge ọ bụla owuwe ihe ubi. Omenala owuwe ihe ubi na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo ghara itinye ego n'ime akụrụngwa dị oke ọnụ, n'otu oge ahụ na-abawanyekwa iji ígwè ọrụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi omenala nwere mgbọrọgwụ na etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Tupu e mepụta onye na-ewe ihe ubi, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enwekarị ígwè ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi nke ha ma soro ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ, bụ́ ndị na-eweta ngwá ọrụ nzọcha mkpụrụ nke ha. Ka ngwakọta na-agbasawanyewanye nke ọma, ọchịchọ maka ọrụ ndị si mba ọzọ na-ebelata. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi nke ndị ahịa, nwere ngwakọta nke ha, dị na-amalite na 1920s, n'agbanyeghị n'obere ọnụ ọgụgụ.[1] Otú ọ dị, Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ kpatara ụkọ ọrụ na ihe onwunwe, ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi na-enwekwa ọganihu dị ukwuu. Na North America, mpaghara site na Texas ruo Saskatchewan bụ ndị na-ewe ihe ubi gafere nke ukwuu. N'afọ 1942, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị otú ahụ 500 na mpaghara a, mana ka ọ na-erule 1947 ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ etoola ruo 8,000 na Kansas naanị. N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere site n'ịbụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-achị ka ọ bụrụ azụmahịa ezinụlọ. Ndị na-ewe ihe ubi ga-ebufe ụzọ ha na ndị ahịa na-agakwuru ụmụ ha, si otú a na-atụgharị omenala ijikọta na omenala ezinụlọ.

Ndị na-ejikọta ndị ahịa na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ ha n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: ọnụahịa ala dị larịị, ọnụahịa ala, ma ọ bụ pasent nke ihe ọkụkụ. Otu n'ime nnukwu nsogbu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ewe ndị na-ewe ihe ubi n'ọrụ bụ nnweta ọrụ na oge owuwe ihe ubi. Ọ bụrụ na onye owuwe ihe ubi enweghị ike ịdị kpọmkwem mgbe ihe ọkụkụ dị njikere, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke owuwe ihe ọkụkụ ala (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ngwa) ma ọ bụ mebie (ma ọ bụ na ọ dị oke oge). 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ewe ihe ubi ọdịnala adaala n'oge a n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya. Maka otu, ijikọ ugbo n'ime nnukwu ọrụ enyerela ha aka ịrụ ọrụ na akụ na ụba nke ukwuu nke na ọ dịghị ha mkpa ịdabere na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. Ịsọ mpi bụ ihe ọzọ kpatara ya. Na China, owuwe ihe ubi omenala ghọrọ ọrụ a ma ama na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 nke na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọnụahịa dị ala nke ukwuu iji nweta uru.

## Hụkwa

* The Great American Wheat Harvest (2014) nke Conrad Weaver (ConjoStudios) mepụtara ma duzie.
* Wild Harvest, ihe nkiri 1947 nke Alan Ladd, Robert Preston na Dorothy Lamour na-egosi ndụ ndị na-ewe ihe ubi omenala.
* Amber Wave (TVM) (1980), nke Kurt Russell na Dennis Weaver gosipụtara
* Race Against the Harvest (1987), nke Wayne Rogers, Mariclare Costello, Fredric Lehne, Matt McCoy gosipụtara.
* The 2000 Mile Harvest, nke Dylan Winter mepụtara ma duzie
* Custom Cutters, nke Dylan Winter mepụtara ma duzie

## Ebem si dee
Deadheading (flowers)

Deadheading bụ omume ubi nke iwepụ okooko osisi ndị e ji mee ihe site na osisi ịchọ mma. 

Isi ọnwụ bụ ụdị ịkwa osisi juru ebe niile,[1] ebe ọ bụ na ifuru na-ada ada adịghị adọrọ adọrọ ma na-eduzi ike dị ukwuu n'ime mmepe mkpụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na a na-emetọ ya.[2] Ebumnuche nke isi ọnwụ bụ ichekwa ịma mma nke osisi ndị dị n'àkwà, oke, arịa na nkata nghọta, yana ịgba ume n'ihu ntoju. Okooko osisi ndị nwere ọtụtụ petals, dị ka roses, peonies, na camellias na-egbochi ha ịkwakọba ihe. Enwere ike iji mkpịsị aka na mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ mma kwachaa, mma ma ọ bụ mkpa..

Osisi ndị na-achọghị isi nwụrụ anwụ bụ ndị na-adịghị emepụta ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ na-enwekarị isi nwụrụ anwụ n'onwe ha. Ndị a gụnyere Lobelias, salvias, na fuchsias. Deadheading bụ ihe a na-achọghị ma ọ bụrụ na nnụnụ na-enwe mmasị na mkpụrụ osisi ahụ, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ụdị sitere na ezinụlọ Asteraceae. N'otu aka ahụ, ọ bụrụ na osisi ahụ na-amị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi mara mma, a na-ezere igbu egbu.

## Ebem si dee
Ịchụpụ (flowers)

Deflowering bụ ụdị ịkwachaa nke mejupụtara iwepụ okooko osisi tupu ha etoo. Ọ dị ka isi ọnwụ mana ọ siri ike, dịka isi ọnwụ na-ezo aka na mwepụ nke okooko osisi ndị dara ada. A na-arụkarị ịkọ ifuru n'osisi na osisi ndị na-amị mkpụrụ na nke na-amị mkpụrụ n'ime afọ mbụ ha. Ebumnobi ya bụ igbochi ihe ọkụkụ ndị ahụ ka ha ghara itinye ume na nri na-edozi ahụ na mmepe mkpụrụ tupu ha eguzobe onwe ha. Ịhapụ ụfọdụ okooko osisi na mkpụrụ osisi tolite nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka ebumnuche njirimara..

## Ebem si dee