Film

thumb|Film
Ihe **nkiri**, nke a na-akpọkwa ihe **nkiri**, **ihe onyonyo** ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri **na-akpu akpụ**, bụ ọrụ nke nkà na-ahụ anya nke a na-eji eme ka  ahụmahụ na-ekwurịta echiche, akụkọ, echiche, mmetụta, ịma mma, ma ọ bụ ikuku site na iji ihe oyiyi na-akpali akpali. Ihe onyonyo ndị a na-esonyekarị na ụda, yana adịkarịghị, mkpali mmetụta ndị ọzọ.  Okwu ahụ bụ "sinima ", nke dị mkpirikpi maka ihe nkiri, a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ime ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, na ụdị nkà nke sitere na ya.

## Odide na osise  na nnyefe nke ihe nkiri
A na-emepụta ihe oyiyi na-akpali akpali nke ihe nkiri site na iji igwefoto ihe onyonyo na-ese foto n'ezie, site na ịse eserese ma ọ bụ obere ụdị site na iji usoro ihe nkiri ọdịnala, site na “CGI” na ihe nkiri kọmputa, ma ọ bụ site na ngwakọta nke ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ usoro ndị a niile. na mmetụta ndị ọzọ a na ahụ anya .

Tupu iwebata mmepụta dijitalụ, a na-edekọ usoro onyonyo ka o dị n'obere celluloid nwere mmetụta kemịkal (ngwaahia ihe nkiri foto), na-abụkarị fremu 24 kwa nkeji. A na-ebufe ihe onyonyo a site na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri n'otu ọsọ ahụ edere ya, yana draịvu Geneva na-ahụ na etiti ọ bụla ka dị n'ime obere oge ntule ya. Ihe mkpuchi na-atụgharị na-akpata “stroboscopic” etiti oge nke ọchịchịrị, mana onye na-ekiri ahụ anaghị achọpụta nkwụsịtụ n'ihi “flicker fusion”.Ntugharị a na-ahụ anya na ihu igwe onyonyo bụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na echiche a na-ahụ anya enweghị ike ịmata ihe oyiyi nke onye ọ bụla na nnukwu ọsọ ọsọ, ya mere mmetụta nke ihe oyiyi ahụ na-ejikọta na oge gbara ọchịchịrị ma si otú a jikọta ọnụ iji mepụta echiche efu nke otu ihe oyiyi na-akpali akpali. Ụda ngwa anya yiri ya (ihe onyonyo eserese nke okwu a na-ekwu, egwu na ụda ndị ọzọ) na-aga n'akụkụ akụkụ nke ihe nkiri a echekwabara naanị maka ya, ewepụtaghị ya.

Ihe nkiri nke oge a na-abụkarị dijitalụ zuru oke site na usoro mmepụta, nkesa, na ngosi.

## Mmalite okwu a
Aha "ihe nkiri" na mbụ na-atu aka na oyi akwa fotochemical emulsion  dị na celluloid strip nke na-abụbu ihe na- emebu maka ịdekọ na igosi ihe nkiri.

Ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ dị maka foto ngagharị nke onye ọ bụla, gụnyere *foto*, *ihe ngosi* *onyonyo*, eserese na- *akpụ akpụ*, egwu egwu, na *imegharị* anichin donghua. Okwu a na-ahụkarị na mba Amerika bụ *ihe nkiri*, ebe a na-ahọrọ *ihe nkiri* na Europe . Okwu ochie gụnyere "foto animetedi" na "foto animated".

Okwu ndịa na-ahụkarị maka ubi n'ozuzu gụnyere *nnukwu ihu igwe onyonyo*, *ihu igwe onyonyo ọlaọcha*, *ihe nkiri*, na *sinima* ; A na-ejikarị nke ikpeazụ n'ime ihe ndị a eme ihe, dị ka okwu zuru oke, n'edemede ndị ọkà mmụta na edemede dị egwu. N'afọ ndị mbụ, a na-eji *mpempe* okwu ahụ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ kama *ihu igwe  onyonyo* .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Nkà ihe nkiri adọtala n'ọdịnala dị iche iche nke mbụ n'akụkụ dị ka ịkọ akuko ọnụ, akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri na nkaa anya . Ụdị nka na ihe ntụrụndụ ndị egosipụtalarị ihe onyonyo na-akpali akpali na/ma ọ bụ atụpụtagoro gụnyere:

* “shadowgraphy”, ikekwe ejiri ya kemgbe oge ochie
* igwefoto “obscura”, ihe okike nke ejirila mee ihe dị ka ihe enyemaka nka kemgbe oge ochie.
* nwa nkịta onyinyo, ikekwe sitere na 200 TOA na Central Asia, India, Indonesia ma ọ bụ China
* “Lantern” anwansi, nke emepụtara na 1650. The multi-media “phantasmagoria” na-egosi na tinye n'ọrụ anwansi lanterns na-ewu ewu site na 1790 ofụri akpa ọkara nke narị afọ nke 19 na nwere ike na-egosipụta n'ibu slides, n'azụ projection, mobile projectors, “superimposition”, “dissolving views”, ndụ eme ihe nkiri, anwụrụ ọkụ (mgbe ụfọdụ na-emepụta ihe oyiyi n'elu), ísì, ụda na ọbụna ọkụ eletrik.

### Tupu “celluloid”
Ewebatara ụkpụrụ “stroboscopicanimation” na 1833 na diski “stroboscopic”(nke a maara nke ọma dị ka phénakisticope)ma mesịa tinye ya na “zoetrope”(ebe 1866), akwụkwọ mpịakọta (ebe 1868), na “praxinoscope” (ebe 1877), tupu ọ ghọọ isi ụkpụrụ maka cinematography.

Emere nnwale ndị na-eme ihe ngosi ihe nkiri nke dabere na phénakisticope opekata mpe dị ka 1843 wee lelee ya n'ihu ọha na 1847. “Jules Duboscq”rere sistemu amụma “phénakisticope”na France site na ihe dịka 1853 ruo 1890s.

Ewebatara foto na 1839, ma na mbụ 'emulsions' foto chọrọ ogologo mkpughe nke na ndekọ nke ihe ndị na-akpali akpali yiri ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume. Opekempe ka ọ dị ka 1844, e mepụtala usoro isiokwu eserese nke ewepụtara n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche iji tụọ usoro ngagharị ma ọ bụ idetu ụdị akụkụ nlele dị iche iche. Ọbịbịa nke foto stereoscopic, na nnwale ndị mbụ na 1840s na ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa kemgbe mmalite 1850s, welitere mmasị n'ịmecha usoro foto na mgbakwunye nke ụzọ isi jide agba na mmegharị. N'afọ 1849, Joseph Plateau bipụtara banyere echiche ahụ iji jikọta mmepụta ya nke phénakisticope na stereoscope, dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri stereoscope Charles Wheatstone tụrụ aro ya, na iji foto nke ihe ọkpụkpụ plasta na ọnọdụ dị iche iche ka a na-emegharị na ngwaọrụ jikọtara. N'afọ 1852, Jules Duboscq kwadoro ngwá ọrụ dị ka "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope", mana ọ na-ere ya naanị obere oge, na-enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Otu diski Bïoscope nwere foto stereoscopic nke igwe dị na mkpokọta Plateau nke Mahadum Ghent, mana ọ nweghị ngwa ma ọ bụ diski ndị ọzọ ahụbeghị.

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1850s ihe atụ mbụ nke foto ozugbo bịara wee nye olile anya na ịse foto ngagharị ga-ekwe omume n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana o were afọ ole na ole tupu e jikọta ya nke ọma na usoro iji dekọọ usoro onyonyo n'usoro n'oge. N'afọ 1878, “Eadweard Muybridge” nwee ike ịse foto nke ịnyịnya na-agba ọsọ na batrị igwefoto n'ahịrị n'akụkụ egwu ahụ wee bipụta nsonaazụ ya dị ka *“The Horse in Motion*on cabinet cards” . Muybridge, yana Étienne-Jules Marey, Ottomar Anschütz na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ga-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ “chronophotography” ọzọ. Muybridge nwere ọtụtụ usoro chronophotographic ya ka etinyere na diski ugegbe wee were zoopraxiscope were tụọ ha na nkuzi ya site na 1880 ruo 1895. Anschütz mepụtara Electrotachyscope nke ya na 1887 iji wepụta onyonyo onyonyo 24 na-ese foto na diski ugegbe dị ka ihe onyonyo na-akpụ akpụ, na-adọkpụ ogologo oge ọ na-eche na ọ na-atọ ndị na-ege ntị ụtọ.