Igwe magnetik

thumb| .A na-ihu nke oghere ndọta nke magnetị akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-ahụ site na nhazi nke akwụkwọ ozi a fesa na mpempe akwụkwọ n'elu magnet.
 
Ebe ndɔta bụ mpaghara vector nke na-mịka magnetik na- elele eletrici, mmiri ọkụ eletrik, [1]: ch1 [2] na ihe ndọta.  mmetụta na-akpụ akpụ n'ime oghere magnetik na-enweta ike na-adabere na ọsọ nke ya na n'olu ebe ndọta.  [1] : ch13 [3] : 278 Igwe ndota na-adịgide adịgide na-nyo ihe ndị dị ka mgbasa, na--amị ma ọ bụ na-ibu ihe ndọta ndị ọzọ.  Ashaka na nke ahụ, oghere magnetik nonuniform na-arụ ọrụ dị na ihe "nonmagnetic" site na ike magnetik atọ ndị ọzọ: paramagnetism, diamagnetism, na antiferromagnetism, ọ bụ ebe na ndị agha ndị a na- ngwá ọrụ na ha nwere ike  akwụkwọ ya site na ngwa ụlọ.  akụkụ ndọta gbara ihe magnetized gburugburu, mmiri ọkụ eletrik na mpaghara eletrịk dị iche iche n'oge.  Ebe ọ bụ na ike na ntụzịaka nke oghere ndọta nwere ike iche iche na ọnọdụ, a na-akpọ ya na ngwá na ngwaọrụ site na ọrụ na-ekenye vector n-maka ọ mgba nke oghere, nke a na-akpọ ubi vector .

Na electromagnetics, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "mpaghara magnetik" mee ihe maka mpaghara vector abụọ dị iche iche mana ha nwere njikọ chiri anya nke akara B na H na-egosi.  Na International System of Units, unit nke B, magnetik flux density, bụ tesla (na SI base ndị: kilogram kwa nsogbu 2 kwa ampere), [1] : 21 nke dabara na newton kwa mita kwa ampere.  ebe nke H, ike ndọta, bụ ampere kwa mita (A/m).  [1] : 22 B na H dị iche n'otú ha si were ọkara na/ma ọ bụ magnetization n'uche.  N'ime oghere, a na-ahụ mpaghara ahụ site na oghere oghere, B / μ 0 = H {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} /\mu _{0}=\mathbf {H} ;  na ihe magnetized, ọnụọgụ dị n' akara nke nha nha dị iche site na mpaghara magnetization nke ihe ahụ.

A na- oghere magnetik site na elele elele na-ahụ na oge ndọta dị mkpa nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị akwụkwọ ya na ihe mkpa nke quantum, ntụgharị ha.  [1] [2] : ch1 Igwe ndɔta na mpaghara ọnụọgụ ọnụ ma bụrụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke ike electromagnetic, otu n'ime ike anọ bụ isi nke okike.

.A na-eji oghere ndọta eme ihe na ike ọgbara ọhụrụ, anyị na injinịa eletrịkị na igwe eletrọnịkị .  A na-eji oghere magnetik na- መሪ na ma igwe elekitiri ma ndị na-ahụ ọkụ .  A na-eche echiche echiche ma na-atụgharị nke oghere magnetik na ngwaọrụ eletrik dị ka ihe ntụgharị dị ka sekit magnetik .  agha magnetik na-enye ozi gbasara ndị na-ebu na-eme n'ime ihe site na ụgbọ mmiri ndị .  nri na- oghere magnetik nke ya, nke na-echebe oyi akwa ozone nke ụwa site na ifufe ma dị mkpa na igodo njem site na iji kompas

Ike dị na eletiriki na-adabere na ọnọdụ ya, ọsọ ya na map ya;  A na-eji mpaghara vector abụọ ike a.  [1] : ch1 Nke mbụ bụ ọkụ elektrọnik, nke na-ahụ ike na-arụ na-arụ na-etinye na- echere ma na-enye nke ike nke na-adabere na ike ahụ.  Ebe ndɔta, n'ụzọ dị iche, na-akpara nke ike nke dabara na ọsọ na ntụzịaka nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ebubo.  [1] : ch13 A na-a mpaghara ahụ site na iwu Lorentz Force ma ọ bụ, n'otu ntabi anya ọ llaala, dabere na ma ajụjụ nke ebubo na ike ọ na-enweta.

Enwere mpaghara vector nwere dị iche iche mana nke njikọ chiri anya bụ nke a na-akpọkarị “ubi ndọta” nke idé B na H .  [note 1] Ọ bụ ihe na ma aha kacha mma maka mpaghara ndị a na-ama kpọmkwem nke ihe ubi ndị a na-amị anya bụ isiokwu nke isiokwu na-aga n'ihu, qeere sara mbara otú physics si arụ ọrụ.  [1] N'iche ihe mere eme, a na-edobe okwu ahụ "mpaghara magnetik" maka H mgbe ọ na-eji okwu ndị ọzọ maka B, ma ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na nso a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "magnetic field.  "B yana ma ọ bụ n'alụ H .  [note 2] Enwere ọtụtụ aha ọzọ maka ha abụọ (lee sidebars).

N'ebe a F bụ ike dị na urughuru, q bụ ụgwọ eletrik nke urughuru, v, bụ ọsọ nke urughuru, na × na-egosi ngwaahịa obe . Enwere ike ikpebi ntụziaka nke ike na ebubo ahụ site na mnemonic a maara dị ka *iwu aka nri* (lee ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ).  N'iji aka nri aka nri, na-atụ aka na isi mkpịsị aka na ntụziaka nke ugbu a, na mkpịsị aka na ntụziaka nke magnetik, ike na-akpata na ebubo na-apụta site na nkwụ. Ike dị na urughuru ebubo na-adịghị mma dị n'akụkụ nke ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụgharị ma ọsọ na ụgwọ ahụ, mgbe ahụ ntụziaka nke ike na-anọgide otu. N'ihi nke a, nha magnetik (n'onwe ya) enweghị ike ịmata ma enwere ụgwọ dị mma na-aga n'aka nri ma ọ bụ ụgwọ na-adịghị mma na-aga n'aka ekpe. (Ihe abụọ a na-emepụta otu ihe dị ugbu a.) N'aka nke ọzọ, oghere magnetik jikọtara ya na eletrik eletrik *nwere ike* ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị a, lee mmetụta Ụlọ Nzukọ n'okpuru.