Claudia Goldin

**Claudia Dale Goldin** (amụrụ na Mee 14, 1946) bụ onye America na-Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na akụ na ụba ọrụ. Ọ bụ Henry Lee Prọfesọ nke Economics na Mahadum Harvard .  N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, e nyere ya ihe nrite Nobel Memorial Prize na sayensị akụ na ụba "n'ihi ịkwalite nghọta anyị banyere nsonaazụ ahịa Ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị". Nwanyị nke atọ meriri ihe nrite ahụ, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ meriri ihe mmeri ahụ n'onwe ya.  

Ọ bụ onye ntụzi aka (onye na-eduzi Claudia Olivetti na Jessica Goldberg) nke National Bureau of Economic Research's (NBER) Gender na otu ọmụmụ Economy, [1] ma bụrụkwa onye isi NBER's Development of the American Economy program site na 1989 ruo 2017. 

Ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Goldin na ụmụ nwanyị na akụnụba America bụ ihe a kacha mara ya.Banyere isiokwu ahụ, akwụkwọ ya kacha emetụta bụ nke gbasara mmetụta ọgwụ mgbochi ime na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na mkpebi alụmdi na nwunye.agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nwoke ọnụ na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na-achụso ọrụ na ezinụlọ, aha ikpeazụ ụmụ nwanyị mgbe alụmdi na nwunye dị ka ihe ngosi ọha mmadụ, ihe kpatara ọtụtụ ndị na-agụghị akwụkwọ ugbu a bụ ụmụ nwanyị, na akụkọ ndụ ọhụrụ nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị.

N'afọ 1990, Goldin ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba akụ na ụba nke Harvard. N'afọ 2013 ọ bụ oge isi oche nke American Economic Association . 

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Claudia Goldin na Bronx, New York City na Mee 14, 1946. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ndị Juu. Nna ya Leon Goldin (1918-2011) rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa nhazi data na Burlington Industries,  nne ya Lucille Rosansky Goldin (1919-2020) bụ onye isi nke Public School 105 na Bronx.   Dị ka nwatakịrị, Claudia kpebisiri ike ịghọ onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie, mana mgbe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ Paul nke Kruif's Microbe Hunters (1926)  na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ dọtara mmasị ya na nkà mmụta nje. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'oge ọkọchị na Microbiology na Mahadum Cornell ma mgbe ọ gụsịrịụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bronx High School of Science ọ banyere Mahadum cornell na ebumnuche nke ịmụ microbiology.

N'afọ nke abụọ ya, Goldin weere Alfred Kahn klas, "bụ onye obi ụtọ ya n'iji akụ na ụba kpughee eziokwu zoro ezo mere maka akụ na ụba ihe akụkọ Paul de Kruif mere maka microbiology.Na 1967 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell na BA na akụnụba, na 1969 ọ gụchara akara ugo mmụta masta ya na akụ na ụba na Mahadum Chicago.

Goldin nwetara PhD ya na Industrial Organization na Labor Economics na Mahadum Chicago na 1972.  O dere edemede ya ("The Economics of Urban Slavery: 1820 to 1860") banyere ịgba ohu n'obodo ndịda antebellum.

### Ọrụ
Site na 1971 ruo 1973, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Wisconsin.  Ọ bụkwa osote prọfesọ nke akụnụba site na 1973 ruo 1979, na Mahadum Princeton.  Site na 1979 ruo 1985 ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke akụnụba na Mahadum Pennsylvania, na site na 1985 ruo 1990 ọ bụ onye prọfesọ nke akụnụba ebe ahụ.[1]  Ọ sonyeere ngalaba mmụta akụ na ụba na Mahadum Harvard na 1990, ebe ọ bụ na 1990 nwanyị mbụ enyere ikike na ngalaba ahụ.

Goldin bụ onye isi oche nke American Economic Association na 2013 na onye isi oche of Economic History Association na 1999/2000. A họpụtala ya dịka onye otu ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere American Academy of Political and Social Science, Society of Labor Economists, Econometric Society, na American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Ọ bụ onye otu ngalaba 53 (Social and Political Sciences) na 54 (Economic Sciences) nke National Academy of Sciences .  Ọ natala ọtụtụ nzere doctorate nsọpụrụ gụnyere Mahadum Nebraska,   Mahadum Lund,  European University Institute,  Mahadum Zurich, [4] Dartmouth College, [4] na Mahadum Rochester. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal of Economic History, site na 1984 ruo 1988. 

N'afọ 2015, site n'iji ego sitere na Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Goldin na Tatyana Avilova malitere ihe ịma aka ụmụ nwanyị na-agụsị akwụkwọ na akụ na ụba (UWE) na-enwe olileanya ibelata ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ na akụnụba. E mere nnwale a na-achịkwa na mberede maka otu afọ site na iji ụlọ ọrụ iri abụọ iji nweta ọgwụgwọ na iri isii na asatọ ndị ọzọ dị ka njikwa iji hụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụ ọkụ, ntinye aka dị ala nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi akụ na ụba. Achọpụtara na ọgwụgwọ ahụ "ma eleghị anya gara nke ọma na kọleji nka na ikekwe na mahadum ndị buru ibu nke, na mgbakwunye, nwere RCT nke ha [nnwale a na-achịkwa na mberede]. "

Ruo afọ 28 na-agwụ na 2017, Goldin bụ onye nduzi nke Development of the American Economy (DAE) Program na National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). 

## Nnyocha

### Omume akụkọ ihe mere eme na itinye aka n'ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị
Nnyocha Claudia Goldin agbanweela nghọta nke ihe mere ụgwọ ọrụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ji dị ala karịa nke ụmụ nwoke ma chọpụta isi ihe na-akpali ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ahịa ọrụ.

N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women (1990), o dere banyere ọganihu nke ndị ọrụ nwanyị na United States site na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ruo ngwụcha nke narị afọ nke abụọ, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu gbasara ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ ma na-ama nghọta a na-ahụkarị na ọganihu ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ nzaghachi maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya karịa ọganihu akụ na ụba ogologo oge. Ọ na-egosipụta na ọdịiche ụgwọ ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị adịla kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ ma bụrụkwa nke e mere site na ụkpụrụ ọha mmadụ, usoro ahịa ọrụ, na mmachi iwu.[1]  Goldin na-eleba anya n'okwu abụọ bụ isi "okwu ụmụ nwanyị" na akụnụba taa: Gịnị kpatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè ji rịa elu nke ukwuu n'ime ọkara narị afọ gara aga, karịsịa maka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di?  Kedu ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ego ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ji na-aga n'ihu n'otu oge a? 

N'akwụkwọ ọrụ ya "The U-Shaped Female Labor Force Function in Economic Development and Economic History" (1994) Goldin dere banyere otu ụmụ nwanyị si etinye aka na ọrụ na-agbaso usoro U. Na mbido, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ma ka mmepụta mmepụta ihe na-aga n'ihu, òkè ha na-ebelata n'ihi ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mgbanwe nke ahịa ọrụ n'ime akụkụ ndị nwoke na-achị.  Otú ọ dị, ka agụmakwụkwọ na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alaghachi n'ọrụ ọrụ, ya mere U-ụdị.  Usoro a na-enyere aka ịkọwa usoro ọrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke mba.

Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ya kacha akpọtụrụ, "A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Ikpeazụ Chapter" (2014), na-akọwapụta otú ime ka ọrụ dịkwuo mfe ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na imechi ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị.  Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka nkà na ụzụ, sayensị, na ahụike, anabatala usoro ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, mgbanwe ndị a ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ejide ọrụ dịka azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ, ego, na iwu.

Akwụkwọ Goldin bụ Career and Family: Women's Century-Long Journey Toward Equity (2021) bụ nchịkọta zuru oke nke nyocha ya sara mbara, na-enyocha etu ụkpụrụ ọha na eze, ike akụ na ụba, na nhọrọ onwe onye si ejikọta ma kpụzie ndụ na ohere ụmụ nwanyị na narị afọ gara aga.  Ọ na-achọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji na-emeso nsogbu nke ijikọ ọrụ na ezinụlọ na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na United States, gụnyere mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, Goldin na-agbagha nkwenkwe ndị dị mfe banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị, na ọ bụ maka nhọrọ onwe onye, na-enweghị mkpa ọ bụla maka itinye aka na iwu. Ọ na-ekwu nke ọma na nhọrọ na-akpụzi site na mgbochi nke ọha mmadụ, teknụzụ, usoro iwu, na atụmanya onwe onye.

#### Ọrụ nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị
Isiokwu "The Power of the Pill: Oral Contraceptives and Women's Career and Marriage Decisions" (August 2002), nke Goldin na Lawrence F. Katz, gosipụtara otu ịnweta igbochi ọmụmụ si gbanwee ohere akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị. Ọgwụ ahụ na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka igbu oge ịlụ di na nwunye na ịmụ nwa, ma na-enye ha ohere itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ dị elu, ya mere na-eduga n'inwekwu ndị ọrụ na ọganihu ọkachamara.

N'isiokwu "The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family" (May 2006), Goldin na-akọwa etu ịnweta igbochi ọmụmụ, ịgbanwe ọchịchọ, na iwu ebe ọrụ si mee ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị chụsoo ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu. Nnyocha Goldin na-achọpụta mgbanwe atọ na ntinye aka nke ụmụ nwanyị na narị afọ nke 20, na-agwụcha ihe ọ na-akpọ "mgbanwe dị jụụ". N'oge mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole lụrụ di na-arụ ọrụ, ọganihu akụ na ụba naanị ezughị iji mụbaa ntinye aka ha. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe ọha na eze, dịka ọmụmaatụ ịrị elu nke "ọrụ dị mma" nke belatara echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di na-arụ ọrụ, melite ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na iwebata ọrụ nwa oge, jikwa nwayọọ nwayọọ mee ka ọrụ dịkwuo mma. Site na nke atọ, malite na 1960s, ụmụ agbọghọ malitere ịhazi ọrụ dịka nnweta nke ọgwụ mgbochi ọmụmụ, na-ahụ ịrị elu nke ịgba alụkwaghịm, na mgbanwe atụmanya mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Mgbanwe a dugara n'ịbawanye itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ, ya mere o nyere aka n'ịgbanwe ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ahịa ọrụ, na-anọpụ iche na di ha.

### Ọrụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama
Goldin dere banyere Agha Obodo America na ịgba ohu. N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ya na onye nwụrụ anwụ Frank Lewis, dere edemede "The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications" (1975). .Ọzọkwa, na 1976 akwụkwọ ya Urban Slavery in the American South, 1820 ruo 1860: A Quantitative History e bipụtara.

" The Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap" (2006), nke Goldin, Lawrence F. Katz, na Ilyana Kuziemko dere, nke e bipụtara na Journal of Economic Perspectives (20), na-enye nkọwa nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'azụ ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na ndebanye aha na kọleji site na 1930, nke ruru nhata na 1980s, n'ikpeazụ gbanwee.

Goldin na Katz dere banyere mmekọrịta agụmakwụkwọ na ọganihu teknụzụ n'akwụkwọ The Race Between Education and Technology (2009). Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na mgbanwe teknụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na enweghị nhata etinyela aka n'ụdị agbụrụ. N'ime afọ iri asatọ mbụ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, mmụba nke ndị ọrụ gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu karịa ihe achọrọ ha. Nke a nwere mmetụta nke ịkwalite ego maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na ibelata ahaghị nhata. Otú ọ dị, ihe dị iche bụ eziokwu kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 1980. Mbelata agụmakwụkwọ a na-esonyere enweghị nhata na-arịwanye elu. Ndị dere ya na-atụle ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya kpatara nke a, na ihe a ga-eme iji melite ya. A na-eto akwụkwọ a dị ka "nnukwu mmezu nke na-enye usoro dị n'otu maka ịkọwa otú ọchịchọ na ịnye ego mmadụ si kpụzie nkesa nke ego n'ahịa ọrụ US na narị afọ nke iri abụọ", [1] na Alan Krueger nke Mahadum Princeton kwuru na ọ "na-anọchite anya ihe kachasị  mma nke ihe akụ na ụba nwere inye".

Claudia na Katz rụkọkwara ọrụ ọnụ n'ịkọwa uru nke agụmakwụkwọ kọleji n'ahịa ọrụ na akwụkwọ ha nke afọ 2016 "The Value of Postsecondary Credentials in the Labor Market: An Experimental Study".

Goldin arụwokwa ọrụ na isiokwu ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere mmetụta nke inye mmiri dị ọcha na usoro nsị dị irè na ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ, [1] na otú Japan na United States nwere ike isi belata nrụgide nke ịka  nká. 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Goldin lụrụ onye prọfesọ akụ na ụba Harvard ibe ya Lawrence F. Katz.  O nwere Golden Retrievers malite na 1970, ma aha nke mbụ ya bụ Kelso. Pika, ya na di ya Golden Retriever onye nwụrụ na 2024, bụ ndị a ma ama maka ihe nrite ya na asọmpi ísì, a zụrụ ya maka asọmpi nrubeisi, ma bụrụkwa nkịta ọgwụgwọ n'ụlọ ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi n'ógbè ahụ.

## Ihe nrite

* 1990, 2008, 2021: Ugboro atọ laureate nke Richard A. Lester Award maka akwụkwọ pụtara ìhè na mmekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ na akụ na ụba ọrụ 
* 1991: Allan Sharlin Memorial Book Award site na Social Science History Association 
* 2005: Carolyn Shaw Bell Award site na American Economic Association 
* 2008: R.R. Hawkins Award, The Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division nke Association of American Publishers 
* 2009: Jacob Mincer Award site na Society of Labor Economists 
* 2009: Onyinye John R. Commons 
* 2016: IZA Prize na Labor Economics "maka ọrụ ya ogologo oge na akụkọ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ na ahịa ọrụ" 
* 2019: BBVA Foundation Frontiers in Knowledge Award na ngalaba nke Economics, Finance, and Management maka onyinye ya na nyocha ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị 
* 2020: Clarivate Citation laureate na sayensị akụ na ụba 
* 2020: Erwin Plein Nemmers Prize na Economics 
* 2021: Society for Progress Medal 
* 2022: Onyinye ọhụụ sitere na Council for Economic Education 
* 2023: Ihe nrite Sveriges Riksbank na sayensị akụ na ụba na Ncheta Alfred Nobel 
* 2023: A gụnyere ya na ndepụta 100 nke ụmụ nwanyị nke BBC 
* 2023: E nyere ya ihe nrite Nobel Memorial Prize na sayensị akụ na ụba 
* 2024: Otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri na abụọ gụnyere na ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ nke magazin Time  
* 2024: A họpụtara ya site na Miriam's Cup, nke site na 2024 kwa afọ "na-amata nwanyị Juu nke ihe ịga nke ọma".

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ

* Goldin, Claudia Dale *Ịghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị: Akụkọ akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwanyị America*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia Dale et al. Strategic Factors in Nineteenth Century American Economic History: A Volume to Honor Robert W. Fogel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia Dale na Gary D. Libecap. Usoro akụ na ụba a na-achịkwa: Ụzọ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994,  . 
* Bordo, Michael D., Claudia Dale Goldin, na Eugene Nelson White. Oge Nkọwa: Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba na Ụba America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998,  . 
* Glaeser, Edward L. na Claudia Dale Goldin. Nrụrụ aka na Mgbanwe: Ihe mmụta sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia Dale na Lawrence F. Katz. *Asọmpi dị n'etiti agụmakwụkwọ na teknụzụ*. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press nke Harvard University Press, 2008,  . 
* Goldin, Claudia and Alsan, M. "Watersheds in Child Mortality: The Role of Effective Water and Sewerage Infrastructure, 1880 to 1920", Journal of Political Economy 127 (2, 2018), pp. 586-638&nbsp;
* Goldin, Claudia na Lawrence F. Katz. Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge: Ọrụ na-abawanye na ndị agadi. Chicago: Mahadum nke Chicago Press, 2018. ISBN  &nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ọrụ & Ezinụlọ: Njem ogologo oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2021. ISBN  &nbsp;
* "A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter," American Economic Review 104 (April 2014), peeji nke 1091-119.&nbsp;

## Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Na June 2024, ndị nrite Nobel iri na isii na akụ na ụba, gụnyere Goldin, bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi na-ekwu na iwu ego na azụmahịa nke Donald Trump tinyere mbọ iji belata nnwere onwe nke Federal Reserve ga-eme ka ọnụ ahịa na United States.  

Na 2025, Goldin kwuru na ọ na-eche banyere nchịkwa Donald Trump na-ewepụ ma na-eji data gọọmentị eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nke Claudia Goldin.
* AppearancesnaC-SPAN
* Claudia Goldin Curriculum vitae (PDF)
* Claudia Goldinna Nobelprize.org
** Nzọụkwụ sayensị maka ihe nrite Nobel na Economics (PDF)
** Nkwado sayensị maka ihe nrite Nobel na Economics (ụdị a ma ama) (PDF)
* Ajụjụ ọnụ Goldin site na The Region of the Minneapolis Fed
* The Economist as Detective, edemede dị mkpirikpi nke Claudia Goldin. Na: M. Szenberg (ed.). *Mmasị na Ọrụ: Ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na-arụ ọrụ*. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998,  . 
* Works by or about Claudia GoldinnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations