Ihe nchọpụta MicroMegas

Onye nchọpụta **M** (Micro-Me**S** **Ga** Structure) bụ onye nchọpụta nke gas na ọganihu nke Ụlọ waya. N'ịbụ nke Georges Charpak na Ioannis Giomataris mepụtara na 1992,  A na-eji ihe nchọpụta micromegas eme ihe na physics nnwale, ọkachasị na physics, physics nuklea na astrophysics maka nchọpụta nke ionizing particles.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe nchọpụta Micromegas na-arụ ọrụ na COMPASS spectrometer
A na-eji ike nchọpụta Micromegas achọpụta ihe ndị na-agafe agafe ma nweta ihe ndị dị ka ọnọdụ, oge mbata na ume. uru nke teknụzụ Micromegas bụ nnukwu uru nke 104 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na obere oge nzaghachi n'usoro nke 100 ns. A na-achọpụta nke a site na ịkewa ụlọ gas na microscopic mesh, nke na-eme ka ihe nchọpụta Micromegas bụrụ ihe nchọpụta gas micropattern. Iji belata nsogbu na ihe na-emetụta ya, ihe nchọpụta ahụ dị naanị milimita ole na ole n'obosara. 

## Ụkpụrụ ọrụ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụkpụrụ ọrụ nke ihe nchọpụta Micromegas. A na-emepụta electron / ion abụọ (1), na electron na-aga (2) na cathode. N'akụkụ ụyọkọ (3) na-agafe usoro avalanche (4), nke a na-achọpụta na electrode a chọrọ (5).

### Ionization na charge amplification
Mgbe ị na-agafe ihe nchọta, otu urughuru ionizes gas, na-ebute ụzọ eletrọn/ion.  N'ihi ọkụ eletrik n'usoro nke 400 V / cm, ụzọ abụọ ahụ adịghị ejikọta, na eletrọn ahụ na-agafe na electrode amplification (ntupu) na ion n'ebe cathode.  Na nso ntupu, igwe eletrik siri ike na-eme ngwangwa elektrọn, na-adịkarị n'usoro nke 40 kV/cm na oghere mmụba.  Nke a na-emepụta ụzọ abụọ eletrọn/ion ọzọ, na-ebute oke oke mmiri.  Uru dị n'usoro nke 104 na-emepụta akara ngosi zuru oke nke a ga-agụpụta site na electrode e bu n'obi gụọ ya.  A na-ekewakarị elektrọd agụpụta n'ime ibe na pikselụ iji wughachi ọnọdụ nke irighiri ihe na-adapụta.  Ngosipụta na ọdịdị nke mgbaàmà ahụ na-enye ohere ịnweta ozi gbasara oge na-adịghị mma na ike nke ihe na-emepụta ihe.

### Ihe mgbaàmà yiri nke Micromegas
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe mgbaàmà a na-eme na electrode readout nke ihe nchọpụta Micromegas (simulation). Akara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi akụkụ nke mgbaàmà nke electrons na-akpata na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara nke ion.
A na-akpali mgbaàmà ahụ site na mmegharị nke ụgwọ na olu dị n'etiti micro-mesh na readout electrode, nke a na-akpọ oghere amplification. Ihe mgbaàmà 100 ns ogologo nwere elu electron (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na ọdụ ion (acha ọbara ọbara). Ebe ọ bụ na mmegharị electron na gas karịrị okpukpu 1000 karịa mmegharị ion, a na-edebanye aha mgbaàmà ya ngwa ngwa karịa mgbaàmà ion. Ihe mgbaàmà electron na-enye ohere ịlele oge na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi, ebe ihe mgbaàmà ion dị mkpa iji weghachite ike nke ihe ahụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Echiche mbụ na Hadron Blind Detector
N'afọ 1991, iji melite nchọpụta nke hadrons na nnwale Hadron Blind Detector,  I. Giomataris na G. Charpak belatara oghere amplification nke oghere ọkụ dị n'otu akụkụ iji mee ka oge nzaghachi dị mkpirikpi. E wuru prototype 1 mm amplification gap maka nnwale HDB mana uru ahụ abụghị otu iji mee ihe na nnwale ahụ. &nbsp;A naghị achịkwa ọdịiche millimeter nke ọma ma mepụta nnukwu mgbanwe mmeri. Ka o sina dị, egosila uru nke mbelata ọdịiche dị ukwuu ma mụọ echiche Micromegas n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1992, obere oge tupu ọkwa nke onyinye Nobel na Georges Charpak maka imepụta Ụlọ waya. Georges Charpak -ekwukarị na ihe nchọpụta a na ụfọdụ echiche ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ sitere na ezinụlọ nke micro-pattern gas detectors (MPGDs) ga-agbanwe physics nuklia na nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ihe nchọpụta ya mere.

### Nnyocha na mmepe nke teknụzụ Micromegas
Malite n'afọ 1992 na CEA Saclay na CERN, emeela teknụzụ Micromegas iji nye ihe nchọpụta siri ike, nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, nke ziri ezi na nke ngwa ngwa. N'afọ 2, e ji nnukwu ihe nchọpụta Micromegas iri na abụọ nke 40 x 40 cm2 mee ihe na nke mbụ ya na nnwale buru ibu na COMPASS nke dị na Super Proton Synchrotron accelerator na CERN.&nbsp;

Ihe atụ ọzọ nke mmepe nke ihe nchọpụta Micromegas bụ mmepụta nke nkà na ụzụ "oke".  Nkà na ụzụ "oke" gụnyere ntinye nke micro-mesh na bọọdụ sekit a na-ebipụta na-ebu electrodes na-agụ iji wuo ihe nchọpụta monolithic.  Ihe nchọpụta dị otú ahụ siri ike ma nwee ike ịmepụta ya site na usoro mmepụta ihe (3M gosipụtara na mmejuputa nke ọma na 2006). ) na-enye ohere itinye akwụkwọ ọha na eze.  ọmụmaatụ, site n'ịgbanwe micro-mesh iji mee ka ọ na-emetụta foto na ìhè UV, enwere ike iji ihe nchọpụta Micromegas chọpụta ọkụ ọhịa. A na-ejikwa Micromegas na-emetụta foto maka ngwa ngwa ngwa. PICOSEC-Micromegas -eji Cherenkov radiator na fotocathode n'ihu olu gas na oge mkpebi nke 24 ps na-atụle obere ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ dị.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Otu n'ime nnwale mbụ na ihe nchọpụta Micromegas: COMPASS. Na foto 2001 a, anyị na-ahụ Georges Charpak na ndị otu COMPASS Saclay n'ihu nnukwu ụlọ Micromegas.

### Micromegas detectors na physics nnwale
A na-eji ihe nchọpụta micromegas mee ihe n'ọtụtụ nnwale: 

* Hadronic physics: COMPASS, NA48, na ọrụ maka ILC-TPC na CLAS12 na J-lab na-amụsi ike
* Physics nke ụmụ irighiri IXO: T2K, CAST, HELAZ, IAXO
* Neutron physics: nTOF, ESS nBLM

 ga-eji ihe nchọpụta Micromegas mee ihe na nnwale ATLAS, dịka akụkụ nke mmelite nke muon spectrometer ya.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe nchọpụta nke gas
* Ihe nchọpụta gas nke micropattern
* Gas electron mụbaa

## Ihe edeturu na Edensibia