Val Curtis

Valerie Ann Curtis (20 Septemba 1958 – 19 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Britain nke bụ Onye isi otu Environmental Health Group na London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Nke a bụ otu nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche nke raara onwe ha nye n'ịkwalite nchekwa ahụike, nsacha na mmiri n'ụlọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ site n'ịkwalite ọmụmụ ihe.

Curtis nwere akwụkwọ ọmụmụ na injinịa, epidemiology na anthropology, ma nwee mmasị pụrụ iche na omume mmadụ, karịsịa site n'echiche mmepeanya. Ọ metụtara ndị a na ịdị ọcha na ịsa ahụ, na-eji ụzọ a maara dị ka Nhazi Ezigbo Ọrụ maka imeziwanye ịdị ọcha, ịsa ahụ, nri, mmepe ngwaahịa na nsogbu ndị ọzọ metụtara omume na ndokwa WASH.

## Ọrụ

### Ọrụ mmalite
Mgbe Curtis nwetara akara ugo mmụta mbụ ya, o rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ injinịa Arup n'iche ụlọ maka afọ anọ, wee rụọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ ebere gụnyere Red Cross na Save the Children na mba dị iche iche - gụnyere Ethiopia, Kenya, Iraq na Uganda - n'oge agha ime obodo na agụụ. N'oge a, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ya arụ ọrụ ịwụnye teknụzụ ọhụrụ maka inye mmiri dị ọcha, ọ ghọtara na mgbanwe omume mmadụ, karịa teknụzụ, ga-adị irè karị n'ịkwalite ihe ọṅụṅụ.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu nwetara nzere Master na PhD iji nyere ya aka mezuo ebumnobi ya.[2]

E tinyere ya dị ka onye nyocha n'ụlọ ọmụmụ banyere nne na nwa na London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine na 1989 wee nọrọ ebe ahụ n'oge ọrụ ya niile. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na 1996 wee bulie ya n'ọkwa ọkà mmụta.

Akụkụ dị iche iche nke mmụta ọzụzụ ya na ahụmịhe zuru oke nke ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mba nyere ya echiche sara mbara gbasara ịdị ọcha na ntinye aka n'ụlọ nakwa kwere ka ọ mepụta echiche gbasara mmepe maka echiche nke egwu. Ebumnuche sayensị ya bụ omume, ma n'oge ọrụ ya, o hụrụ ka mpaghara a si gbanwee site na isiokwu na-akọwa n'ụzọ dị elu gaa ihe nwere ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ na nke nwere ike ịkọ ihe ga-eme. 

### Ịsa aka na ahụike ọha na eze
Ọmụmụ ya gbasara omume ime ọcha n'ahụ mmadụ malitere site n'afọ 1990s gaa n'ihu. O nọrọ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke afọ 1990s na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Burkina Faso dị ka onye nlekọta nke atụmatụ ndị metụtara ihe ize ndụ maka nsị ọbara nwa na ule mgbasa ozi nkwado nke ime ọcha. O gosipụtara na ịgbanwe omume, kama ịkwalite ozi ahụ ike ọha, bụ isi ihe maka ime mgbanwe. Ndị nne anaghị asacha aka ha mgbe ha chere ụmụaka nsị n'agbanyeghị na ha amaghị na ịsacha aka dị mkpa iji mee ka ụmụ ha dị ndụ.
thumb|Ụbọchị Ịsa Aka Ụwa na Paccinang Elementary School, obodo Makassar, Indonesia, 2017
Curtis na ndị ọrụ ibe ya ghọtakwara na enwere nnukwu nsogbu n'ịtụle na idekọ omume ịdị ọcha nkeonwe iji chọpụta ma ọ bara uru.[1] Mgbe ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, o mepụtara ụzọ iji mụọ omume a. Otu ihe ọhụrụ bụ itinye accelerometer n'ime ncha iji nye nha mmegharị ahụ n'ezie. Nyocha ha gbasara ojiji ncha n'ịsa aka (ebipụtara na 2003 na Lancet Infectious Disease)[2] nwere ihe akaebe na echiche ndị chịkọtara òtù dị iche iche dịka gọọmentị, ụlọ akụ ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe iji mụbaa ịsa aka na ncha maka ọdịmma ahụike ọha na eze na azụmaahịa. Ọ so na ndị guzobere mmekorita a n'etiti mahadum, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa nlekọta onwe onye na òtù mba ụwa nke aghọọla Mmekọrịta Ịsa Aka zuru ụwa ọnụ. O nwere ebumnuche ya ime ka onye ọ bụla jiri ncha saa aka ha n'oge dị mkpa iji gbochie mbufe ọrịa. Mmekọrịta ahụ emeela mmemme na mba 12 gụnyere Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam, Peru na Senegal.

Na afọ 2008, òtù ahụ malitere Ụbọchị Ọcha Aka nke Ụwa, nke a na-eme kwa afọ na 15 Ọktoba n'ụwa niile. Maka nke mbu n’ime ihe omume ndị a, o gosipụtara na enweghị ịsa aka bụkwa nsogbu n’ọtụtụ mba ndị mepere emepe dị ka UK site n’ịchọta na aka ihe karịrị otu n’ime anọ n’ime ndị njem bọs na ụgbọ oloko jupụtara na nje mmadụ. Curtis bidoro ịkọwa onwe ya dị ka 'onye na-amụ ihe ịchọ mmadụ ihe' dị ka aha na-eru onye ọbụla n’ọrụ ya. Na 2009, ọ nwetara ihe nrite "Onye Nkwurịta Ozi Ọrịa Kasị Mma Afọ" site na British Medical Journal.

### Ihe ndabere evolushọn maka mmetụta nke iwe
Site na 2010 gaa n'ihu, Curtis nwere ọganihu n'inye usoro echiche maka mmeghachi omume mmadụ na nsị, nke na-akpata mmetụta nke iwe n'ụwa niile. O lere mmeghachi omume a anya dị ka nke gbanwere maka nchebe megide pathogens na parasites ọ nwere na ịbụ ihe mkpali mmadụ ochie na nke bụ isi. Enwere ike iji ebumnuche ndị ọzọ dị ka ịzụlite na ọnọdụ mee ihe iji gbaa aka ike. N'ịgbaso ozi e nwetara na nyocha na 2004, ebe ndị sonyere 40,000 nyochara foto maka etu esi ele ha anya dị ka ihe na-asọ oyi,  site na 2011 Curtis nwere ike ịtụ aro usoro echiche.  O wetara echiche ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2013 Don't look, don't touch: the science behind revulsion nke na-ekwupụta echiche na iwe bụ mmetụta mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ma na-atụ aro otu esi eji nghọta a gbanwee omume n'ebe dị iche iche dị ka ịdị ọcha ka mbelata ajọ mbunobi na ọrịa. Akwụkwọ ọzọ bụ Gaining Control: How human behavior evolved bụ maka evolushọn nke omume.

### Omume Dị Iche
Echiche ya gbakọtara site na iji echiche nke Behaviour Centred Design nke Curtis nwere ike ịzụlite n'ụzọ zuru ezu ma tinye ya n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ site na afọ 2010. O jiri echiche nke ntọala omume nke Roger Barker webatara. Otu nsonaazụ bụ ịghọta na ịgbanwe ọnọdụ ebe a ga-eme omume ịdị ọcha dị mkpa ka e wee mee ya n'ụzọ dị mfe ma hụ ya dị ka nke oge a na nke a chọrọ. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ. Na mgbakwunye, a chọrọ mmụba n'ọrụ interdisciplinary na ndị ọkachamara na nkwukọrịta na ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ iji chọpụta otú e si nweta ebumnuche a na iji kpọsaa ụzọ ọhụrụ dị irè.

### Onye ndụmọdụ iwu ọha na eze
Curtis bụ onye ndụmọdụ gọọmentị, gụnyere na India (Swachh Bharat Mission) na Tanzania, na mkpọsa nhicha. Ọ dụrụ gọọmentị UK ọdụ n'oge ọrịa coronavirus nke afọ 2020, dị ka onye otu Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Behaviors (SPI-B), banyere otu esi agba ndị mmadụ ume ịgbaso aro. N'oge ọrịa a, o nyekwara aka n'ọrụ nke Independent SAGE . 

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
Curtis bụ onye edemede ma ọ bụ onye edemedo nke ihe karịrị akwụkwọ sayensị 120, akwụkwọ nzukọ, akwụkwọ na akụkọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ:

### Akwụkwọ

* Robert Aunger and Valerie Curtis (2015) *Gaining Control: How human behavior evolved* Oxford University Press, 176 pp  
* Valerie Curtis (2013) *Don't look, don't touch: the science behind revulsion* The University of Chicago Press, 184pp  

### Akwụkwọ sayensị

* Chris Bonell, Susan Michie, Stephen Reicher, Robert West, Laura Bear, Lucy Yardley, Val Curtis, Richard Amlot na James G Rubin (2020) Iji sayensị omume eme ihe na mkpọsa ahụike ọha na eze iji nọgide na-enwe 'ịpụrụ adịpụ' na nzaghachi maka ọrịa COVID-19: ụkpụrụ dị mkpa. *Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health* **74** 617-619
* Annette Pruess-Ustuen, Jamie Bartram, Thomas Clasen, na ndị edemede 17 ndị ọzọ gụnyere Valerie Curtis (2014) Ibu nke ọrịa sitere na mmiri na-ezughị oke, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha na ntọala ego dị ala na nke etiti: nyocha nyocha nke data sitere na mba 145. *Ọgwụ Tropical na Ahụike Mba Nile* **19** 894-905
* Valerie Curtis, Michael de Barra na Robert Aunger (2011) Nkwụsị dị ka usoro mgbanwe maka omume izere ọrịa. *Mmekọrịta nkà ihe ọmụma nke Royal Society B: Sayensị Biological* 
* Valerie A Curtis, Lisa O Danquah na Robert V Aunger (2009) Atụmatụ, akpali na omume ịdị ọcha: nyocha mba iri na otu. *Nnyocha Mmụta Ahụike* **24** 655-673
* Valerie Curtis, Robert Aunger na Tamer Rabie (2004) Ihe akaebe na iwe malitere iji chebe onwe ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa. Ihe omume nke Royal Society B - Biological Sciences **271** Mgbakwunye 4Pages S131-S133
* Valerie Curtis na Yonli Cairncross (200**3**) Mmetụta nke iji ncha saa aka na ihe ize ndụ nke afọ ọsịsa na obodo: nyocha usoro. Ọrịa na-efe efe nke Lancet 3 275-281
* Simon Cousens, Bernadette Kanki, Seydou Toure, Ibrahim Diallo na Valerie Curtis (1996) Mmeghachi omume na imeghachi omume nke omume ịdị ọcha: Nnyocha a haziri ahazi site na Burkina Faso. Sayensị na Ọgwụ **43** 1299-1308

## Ndụ onwe onye
A mụrụ Curtis na mpaghara Cumberland nke England. Ọ gara Queen's School, Chester wee mụọ B.Sc. injinia obodo na Mahadum nke Leeds, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1980. E nyere ya M.Sc. na Community Health and Development site na London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine na 1988. Ọ sochiri ndị a na nzere doctoral na mpaghara nke anthropology site na Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo nke Wageningen, Netherlands nke Anke Niehof na Thierry Mertens nyere ndụmọdụ, nke e nyere na 1998. Ọ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ ma lụọ Robert Aunger . 

A chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2018, mgbe ọ matara na Febụwarị 2020 na a pụghịzi ịgwọ ya, ọ malitere itinye aka na mkpọsa megide mmetụta nke nkwụsi ike gọọmentị na UK National Health Service.  

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Val Curtis: akụkọ na nkọwa a chịkọtara na *The New York Times*
* Obituary, thebmj
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations