Florence Kelley

thumb|Florence Kelley
Florence Moltrop Kelley (Septemba 12, 1859 - Febụwarị 17, 1932) bụ onye ngbanwe ọchịchị na eze na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke okwu mpụ ewepụ ọrụ .  Ọrụ ya megide sweatshops na maka nchegbu kacha nta, ụbọchị ọrụ iche, [1] na ikike [2] ka a na-ewere taa.

Site na ntọala ya na 1899, Kelley jere ozi dị ka izu ike mbụgbe nke National Consumers League .  Na 1909, Kelley nyere aka National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

## Ndụ mbido
"Na Septemba 12, 1859, akwụkwọ ozi Kelley nye William D. Kelley (1814–1890) na Caroline Bartram Bonsall na Philadelphia .  [1] Nna ya bụ onye mkpochapụ, onye Republican Party, onye ọka ikpe, na onye nọtere aka na Ndị Nnọchiteanya US .  Aha otutu ya bụ "Iron ezi." 

Nna ya metụrụ Kelley n'ụzọ bụ isi wee sị, "Eji m ya ihe nile m nwetụrụla ike ịmụta ime."  N'oge niile ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-agụrụ ya akwụkwọ ndị metụtara ime ụmụaka.  Ọbụna mgbe ọ dị afọ 10, nna ya kụziiri ya ihe omume ya, ma nwee ike ịgụ akwụkwọ nna ya, *The Resources of California* . 

Caroline Bartram Bonsall, nne Kelley, abụghị onye ama ama. Bonsall metụtara onye ama ama Quaker botanist, John Bartram . Nne na nna Bonsall nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị obere, Isaac na Kay Pugh kpọchiri ya. 

Nwanne nne Kelley, Sarah Pugh, bụ onye Quaker na onye iro nke ịgba ohu. Mkpebi Pugh ịgọnarị iji owu na shuga n'ihi njikọ nke ọrụ ohu nwere mmetụta na Kelley site na nwata.  Pugh bụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị wee gwa Kelley banyere ndụ ya dị ka nwanyị a na-emegbu emegbu. 

Kelley nwere ụmụnne abụọ na ụmụnne nwanyị ise; ụmụnne nwanyị ise niile nwụrụ mgbe ha bụ nwata. Ụmụnne ya nwanyị atọ bụ Josephine Bartram Kelley, Caroline Lincoln Kelley, na Anna Caroline Kelley. Josephine nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ọnwa iri, Caroline nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị ọnwa anọ, Anna nwụkwara mgbe ọ dị afọ isii.

Kelley bụ onye nkwado mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ụmụnne ya nwanyị nwụsịrị wee rụọ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha mmadụ, gụnyere NAACP, nke Kelley nyere aka chọta. Na Zurich, ọ zutere dị iche iche European socialists, gụnyere Polish-Russian nwa akwụkwọ ahụike Lazare Wischnewetzky, onye ọ lụrụ na 1884 na onye o nwere ụmụ atọ;  di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 1891. Ọ chọrọ ịgba alụkwaghịm n'ihi mmegbu anụ ahụ ya  na ụgwọ zuru oke.  N'ịbụ onye na-enweghị ike ịgba alụkwaghịm di ya maka "enweghị nkwado," ọ gbagara Chicago wee nweta ikike zuru oke nke ụmụ ya.  O debere aha nwa agbọghọ ya mana ọ họọrọ ka akpọ ya " Oriakụ Kelley." 

## Agụmakwụkwọ
N'oge ọ bụ nwata, Kelley rịara ọrịa nke ukwuu, ọ na-enwekwa ike ibute ọrịa nke ukwuu, yabụ enweghị ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo oge ụfọdụ. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;  N'ụbọchị ọ ga-agụ akwụkwọ, ọ na-anọ n'ọbá akwụkwọ nna ya na-agụ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ.

. Na 1882, Kelley gara Mahadum Cornell mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. [1] Na Cornell, ọ bụ onye otu Phi Beta Kappa .  [2] O dere tesis ya mgbasa ndị dara ogbenye.  Okwu nna ya na-akpa nkata na- ihe ọ gbakwunye mgbakwunye isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ya.  [1] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ akwụkwọ na Cornell

Ọ bụ ebe na Kelley akwụkwọ iju na Mahadum Pennsylvania, a kra kra ya n'ihi okike ya.  [1] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ gbasoro ngwaọrụ ya maka ụmụ na-arụ ọrụ site na izi na ịga klas mgbede na New Century Guild for Working Women.  [2] Ka oge na-aga, ọ gara Mahadum Zurich, mahadum mbụ nke Europe nyere ụmụ ogo ogo, wee sonye n'òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ na-akwado socialism.

Kelley ikikekwara akara ugo nhọrọ iwu na Northwwest University School of Law na 1894. [1] O nweziri ike ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Pennsylvania.

## Socialism na ikike obodo
Kelley bụ onye otu Intercollegiate Socialist Society, onye na-akwado ịhọpụta ụmụ àmà na ikike obodo Africa-American .  Ọ bụ onye na-eso Karl Marx na enyi Friedrich Engels .  N akara ya n'afọ 1885 nke The Condition of the Working Class in England n'asụsụ Bekee ka e edi ya site na Nkwado Engels na 1887, n'okpuru aha ngalaba na-enye ya "Mrs. F. Kelley Wischnewetzky," ma ka na  -eji ya taa.

Mgbe mahadum, Kelley nyere aka na nguzobe alaka New Century Guild nke Philadelphia, yana Gabrielle D. Clements na onye Eliza Sproat Turner duziri.  O nwere klas na mmemme iji nyere ụmụ na-arụ ọrụ aka.  [1] Kelley n'onwe ya emeghịri klaas mgbede n'ebe ahụ

Guild nke adọ ọhụrụ bu n'obi unit ogo ọrụ na ọnọdụ obibi nke klaas dị ala n'ime obodo mepere emepe.  [1].  [2] Mgbe ya na di ya na ụmụ ya kwagara New York City, Kelley haziri oriri nke New York Working Women's Society na 1889 na 1890 "ịgbakwunye ụmụ dịka ndị isi na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ".  [3] Ka ọ na-erule 1890, ndị omebe iwu New York, iwu na-ekepụta ọkwa maka ụmụ, dị ka ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ steeti.

Kelley sonyeere ụlọ ụlọ Hull House site na 1891 ruo 1899. Ndị nwe Hull kwere ka Kelley nwee ikike àmà n'ahụ ya site n'inye ya ikike na òtù ndị ọzọ na-elekọta mmadụ na ihe iji gbasoo àmà nke ikike maka ụmụ na-egosi  na-arụ ọrụ.  [1] Mgbe ọ nọ na Hull House, Kelley akwụkwọ ya na Jane Addams na Julia Lathrop, bụ ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ dị ka ndị na-eme ọrụ.  Ụmụ atɔ ahụ bụ ndị n'ibu nke etiti etiti ma nwee ike nna na-agbasi mbọ ike na ndị agha.  [1] Ọ ghọkwara enyi na Grace na Edith Abbott yana Alice Hamilton, ihe dibịa nke anụ n'ịgbochi ọrịa ọrụ.  [2] Kelley na Chicago Women's Club na-eme ihe n'okpuru nkwado site Jane Addams site n'imepụta ndị ejiri Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Ụmụaka n'ime Hull House.  Dị ka otu ngwaọrụ, Hull House nyere Kelley nhọrọ ịgafe òtù ụmụ nwoke iji na-achọso ọha na eze maka ụmụ anụmanụ, bụ ndị agha na-agụ na ngwaọrụ aka na-alụso n'oge ahụ.  A na-akwado ya na ọ ngalaba ụmụ na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi 

Kelley nyere aka ma ọ bụ duru ndị òtù dị iche iche na ndị nnọchiteanya National Child Labor Committee, National Consumers League, National Conference of Social Workers, [1] American Sociological Association, National American Woman Suffrage Association, NAACP, [2]  Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, [3] na Intercollegiate Socialist Society.

## Nyocha ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ụmụaka
N'afọ 1892, Kelley mere ihe ndị mkpọmkpọ ụlọ Chicago na onye Kọmishana Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na United States, Carroll D. Wright, [1] mgbe Henry Demarest Lloyd akwụkwọ ya.  The ahụ ndị ሜrére sitere na afọ atọ na-arụ ọrụ na "ihe ndị mmadụ juru n'ọnụ."  gosiri ahụ gosikwara na ndị inyom na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ukwuu n'oge gara aga, ndị ọrụ na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nke oyi baa, na ngosi nwere ọkụ.  [1] Mkpesa pasta ndị emetụtara butere ụdị nke ebute n'ime Illinois, nke Kelley sonyeere n'ịhazi.  Ọ nta onye ndu na njikọ aka nke ndị ọrụ na ndị otu obodo na-eme ire n'aha iwu iwu.  Ya na ndị otu ya butere ndị omebe iwu steeti na nlegharị anya ụlọ egwuregwu ọs ụbọchị

Mgbe e ịhụ na 1892 Kelley faịlụ aro ka a usoro "usoro ọs mmalite", "nke inyefe ọrụ n' ndị ogbenye," na Chicago na Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ nke Illinois.  O mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwenye ka ọ were ya dị ka onyeiche anya, iche iji ọnọdụ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Chicago.  N'ime ndị ya, ọ na-agụ chọkịta nke ngwa na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ruo awa 16 kwa ụbọchị, ụbọchị asaa n'izu na-enwe ụfọdụ ọrụ na- egwuregwu eru iji kwado kwado 

Mgbasa mgbasa ozi na nyocha Kelley butere iwu mgbanwe mgbanwe ọrụ steeti na 1893. Ndị omebe iwu Illinois gafere iwu ụlọ nrụpụta izizi na-amachi ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị awa asatọ kwa ụbọchị ma machibido ọrụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na anọ.   A na-amata iwu ọrụ nchekwa ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka mmalite nke Oge Ọganihu na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ. 

. Dị ka dị nke ihe mmetụta nke ihe, Kelley ekiri mbụ na-ejide ikike na mgbe steeti Gọvanọ Peter Altgeld na-egosi ya na ụzọ nke Chief Factory Inspector maka steeti Illinois, ọnọdụ e izi na nke a na-anụ ihe maka .  [1] Ɔ ụmụ ndị inyom ise na ndị ikom isii ka ha nyere ya aka.  [2] Onye bi na Hull House bụ Alzina Stevens jere ozi dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ịkọ ụlọ ọrụ Kelley

N'ime ọrụ Hull House ya, ọ mere enyi Frank Alan Fetter mgbe Mahadum Chicago gwara ya ka o duzie ozi gbasara mpaghara Chicago.  Na-eche Fetter, e mere ya onye otu Cornell's Irving Literary Society dị ka onye nkuzi, mgbe ọ nchọpụta na ngalaba Cornell

## NAACP ma rụọ ọrụ na nha anya agbụrụ
.Mgbe William English Walling na Mary White Ovington akwụkwọ ya, Kelley ikpe onye ntọala NAACP .  Zoo onye otu ndị isi oche, ọ so na kọmitii na Nomination, Budget, Federal Aid to Education, Anti-Lynching, na Inequality Expenditure of School Funds.  [1] Dị ka WEB DuBois si kwuo, a maara Kelley nke ọma maka oriri ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji usoro omume.  [1] Mkparịta ụka ọhaneze ya gbasara ndị isi ojii na ụka, ụdị nsogbu na eze, na ịhaghị n'etiti ọha mmadụ.

N'afọ 1913, ọ mụtara usoro nkesa ego maka agụmakwụkwọ gọọmenti etiti. Ọ hụrụ ọtụtụ nkesa na-ezighi ezi maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ọcha na-emegide ụlọ akwụkwọ ojii.  Nke ahụ malitere ya ịmepụta ụgwọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ Sterling, nke bụ ọgụ megide Sterling Towner Bill, bụ nke tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị etiti kwadoro $ 2.98 maka ndị nkuzi ụmụaka nwere agba na $ 10.32 maka ụmụaka ọ bụla n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na ụlọ akwụkwọ 15 dị na South na Washington., DC Ndị NAACP jisiri ike na ọ ga-eme ka ịkpa oke na nleghara anya nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha maka ndị isi ojii na-aga n'ihu. Ya na WEB DuBois ekwenyeghị na otu a ga-esi wakpo ụgwọ a. Ọ chọrọ ịgbakwunye asụsụ na-ekwe nkwa nkesa ego n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ. DuBois kwenyere na ekwesịrị inwe ahịrịokwu agbakwunyere kpọmkwem maka agbụrụ n'ihi na ọ ga-achọ ka gọọmentị etiti manye ka a na-emeso ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị isi ojii n'ụzọ ziri ezi.

Kelley kwenyere na ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere ihe ọ bụla gbasara agbụrụ na ụgwọ ahụ, ọ gaghị agafe na Congress. Ọ chọrọ ka e nweta ụgwọ ahụ ma gbanwee asụsụ ahụ. Ya mere, mgbe a kwadoro ụgwọ ahụ, ọ na-akpọ ka e kesaa ụlọ akwụkwọ n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu nke steeti ga-elekọta ya dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Okwu a ka dịgidere ma steeti ga-ekesa ego otu nha ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ekesa.

Na-enye akụkọ dị nkenke nke mmalite nke iwu ụgwọ ọnwa kacha nta na England na United States. Kelley dọrọ ndị steeti aka na ntị ka ha ghara iwepụta ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa na iwu edeghị nke ọma nke mere na ụlọ ikpe nwere ike ibibi ya wee wepụta ụkpụrụ maka iwu ndị yiri ya. N'ikpeazụ, Kelly nyochara nkenke ka ọha mmadụ na-emecha na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ịkwụghị ụgwọ opekempe zuru oke, site na ilekọta ndị ogbenye na site na nlekọta ụlọ mkpọrọ.

Ọ na-arụrịta ụka maka nke a site n'ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ọrụ ebere abụọ: bourgeois philanthropy na philanthropy nke ndị ọrụ. Bourgeois philanthropy "na-achọ inyeghachi ndị ọrụ ntakịrị ihe usoro mmekọrịta anyị na-apụnara ha, na-eme ka usoro ahụ dịkwuo ogologo oge," (92) ya mere ọ bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-echekwa usoro dị ugbu a. Philanthropy nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ, n'aka nke ọzọ, na-achọ ime ka usoro onye isi obodo ghara ịda mbà site na ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị ka ịbelata ụbọchị ọrụ na ịmachi ọrụ ụmụaka. Usoro ndị a na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa ntanye dị ala na-emepụta nke na-emegide usoro nke onye isi obodo.

## Ntụaka

* Blumberg, Dorothy Rose. *Florence Kelly.* *Ime Onye Ọsụ Ụzọ Na-elekọta mmadụ.* (1966)
* Goldmark, Josephine. *Onye Ntụte na-enweghị ndidi: Akụkọ ndụ Florence Kelley* (1953)
* Grinspan, Jon. Afọ nke Acrimony: Olee otú ndị America si gbaa mbọ idozi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ha, 1865–1915. Mbipụta Bloomsbury. 2021.
* Piott, Steven L. *Ndị Ndozigharị America, 1870–1920: Ndị na-aga n’ihu n’okwu na omume* (2006); Isi nke 9 dị na Kelley.
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish. *Florence Kelley na Ọrụ Mba: Nkwalite Omenala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, 1830–1900.* New Haven na London: Yale University Press. 1995.
* Sklar, Kathryn. Ihe ndetu nke afọ iri isii: Akụkọ gbasara onwe ya nke Florence Kelley, ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Charles H. Kerr. 1986.

* Amico, Eleanor B., ed. *Nduzi onye na-agụ akwụkwọ maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị* (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998)
* Sklar, Kathryn Kish, na Beverly Wilson Palmer, ed. *Akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahọpụtara nke Florence Kelley, 1869–1931* (Urbana: Mahadum nke Illinois Press, 2009). lxii, 575 p. 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na United States, 1600-2000 . "Kedu ka mkpọsa Florence Kelley si megide Sweatshops na Chicago na 1890s gbasaa ọrụ gọọmentị maka ọnọdụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ?"

* Works by Florence Kelley at Project Gutenberg
* Works by or about Florence Kelley at Internet Archive
* Works by Florence Kelley at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) 
* The Life and Times of Florence Kelley in Chicago (1891–1899) on Northwestern University
* Florence Kelley (1859–1932) on harvard.edu
* Kelley Kelly on schoolnet.co.uk
* Florence Kelley on Women and Social Movements, subscription required
* Biographical note 
* ''A letter from Engels to Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky''
* Entry at 'project Muse' (needs a subscription to read it all)
* Florence Kelley fought for civil rights
* Smithsonian Magazine article about William D. Kelley
* Florence Kelley, A lifelong 'radical' who fought for worker and women's rights
Òtù:Aha
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations