open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Medicaid Home na Community-Based Services Waivers

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ndị ọrụ maka Medicare na logo Friday Medicaid (onye nri Medicaid).
¢ 
Nkwụsị ọrụ n'iche na nke obodo (HCBS waivers) ma ọ bụ Nkebi 1915(c) ihe, 42 USC Ch.  7, § 1396n §§ 1915(c), bụ ụdị nhapụ Medicaid .  Mwepu HCBS na-agbasawanye ụdị ntọala nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike akwụkwọ ogologo oge zuru oke n'okpuru Medicaid.  Tupu e kee ntọhapụ HCBS, ihe ogologo oge zuru oke dị site na Medicaid naanị na ntọala ụlọ ọrụ.  N'okpuru nwere HCBS, steeti ike iji ego Medicaid nye ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akpata (e ụlọ ụlọ na bọọdụ) nke Medicaid kpuchitere ma ọ bụrụ na ọrụ ndị ahụ na-ekwe ka ndị nnata ndekọ na obodo na ebe obibi dịka ihe.  ọzọ na nhazi ụlọ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
.  Nkebi nke 1915 (c) bụ ụmụaka na-ahụ maka Social Security Act nke emepụtara dị ka nke Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act nke 1981 .  Nkwenye nke ịwepụ HCBS site na steeti dị obere na mbụ, mana Congress emebela ụzọ mgbochi 1981 iji mee ka ojiji nke HCBS wepụrụ እምብዛም ya.  Ikpeikpe Ndị Kasị Elu, Olmstead v. LC (1999), tara na ụlọ ọrụ na-enye isi bụ isi nke ikike obodo nke Americans with Disabilities Act nke 1990 na a ga-enye ọrụ mpaghara kacha nta .  Olmstead kwere na steeti ahụ ike na-agba ọsọ iwu ndị America nwere ikike ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ike igosi na ha nwere ike zuru oke, na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka ndị nwere ikike na ntọala ndị na-enweghị mma.  Ndokwa a yana erslọ Ọrụ maka Medicare na malite Medicaid na nrube isi nke Olmstead butere ụmụaka ngwa site na steeti nke ịwepụ HCBS.

## Iwu Ntọala HCBS
Iwu ntọala bụ ụkpụrụ na-achọ ịhụ na ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ na-enweta ọrụ site na nkwụsị HCBS. Edere iwu a site na erslọ Ọrụ Maka Ọrụ Medicare na Medicaid wee bata na Maachị 17, 2023 zuru oke. 

## Hụkwa
 

## Ntụaka

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkwado HCBS – Ozi maka ndị na-akwado gbasara iwu ụlọ ọhụrụ na iwu ọrụ dabere na obodo
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Paul K. Martin

**Paul K. Martin** bụ onye ọka iwu America na onye Inspector General nke US Agency for International Development, nke ndị ụlọ omebe iwu US kwadoro na Disemba 2023.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbụ dị ka Inspector General nke National Aeronautics and Space Administration site na 2009 ruo 2024. A kwadoro ya na US Senate maka ọnọdụ ahụ na Nọvemba 20, 2009.  A họpụtara ya onye osote onye isi oche nke kọmitii nzaghachi nzaghachi ọrịa ọrịa na Eprel 1, 2020 site na Council of Inspectors General on Integrity and Efficiency Chair Michael E. Horowitz, n'ihi na enyemaka nke Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Mee ihe. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
Martin nwere BA na nta akụkọ sitere na Mahadum steeti Pennsylvania yana JD sitere na Ụlọ Ọrụ Iwu Mahadum Georgetown . Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ maka Greenville News, akwụkwọ akụkọ na Greenville, South Carolina . Ọ sonyere na United States Sentencing Commission ka emechara ya na 1985 wee nye aka n'ịmepụta usoro izizi ikpe ikpe gọọmentị etiti . Martin nọrọ ngụkọta nke afọ 13 na Commission, gụnyere afọ isii dị ka osote onye isi ndị ọrụ. 

Site na 1998 ruo 2001, Martin bụ Onye Ndụmọdụ Pụrụ Iche na Ọfịs nke Inspector General nke Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke US, wee bụrụ ndụmọdụ site na 2001 ruo 2003. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onye nyocha izugbe na ngalaba nke ikpe ziri ezi, tupu ndị omebe iwu US kwenye ya ịbụ onye Inspector General NASA na Nọvemba 20, 2009.  N'ime nguzozi n'etiti nyocha na iso NASA na-arụkọ ọrụ, Martin ekwuola, "Ọ dị ka ịdọrọ mgbidi waya." Dị ka NASA IG, Martin akwadola maka nkwalite ọchịchị nke ụkpụrụ nchekwa teknụzụ ozi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. 

## Edensibia
site na 2009 ruo 2024. A kwadoro ya na US Senate maka ọnọdụ ahụ na Nọvemba 20,
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Erin Elizabeth McKee

**Erin Elizabeth McKee** bụ onye nnọchi anya mba America bụ onye enyemaka nchịkwa ugbu a nke United States Agency for International Development for Europe and Eurasia. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya United States na Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands na Vanuatu site na 2019 ruo 2022. 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
McKee si California. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Mahadum California, Davis na Master of Arts na Mahadum Washington . Ọ na-asụ Russian, Spanish na Indonesian. 

## Ọrụ
McKee na mmalite ọrụ ya rụrụ ọrụ maka Morrison Knudsen, Inc.'s International Ngwuputa ngalaba na mbụ Soviet Union. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi njikwa na mgbe ahụ onye isi nchịkwa maka ọrụ Capital Investment Group (CIG) Russia. 

McKee sonyeere ndị ọrụ mba ofesi US na 1995. McKee wee jee ozi na USAID Missions na Kazakhstan, Iraq, Peru, Bolivia, Israel, na Russia . O mechara bụrụ Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator na Chief Human Capital Officer na USAID Office of Human Capital and Talent Management, na Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator for Bureau of Policy, Planning and Learning na USAID n'isi ụlọ ọrụ USAID dị na Washington, DC Tupu ọ bụrụ onye nnọchianya, McKee. bụ onye isi oche nke United States Agency for International Development (USAID) na Indonesia .

## Nkeonwe
McKee lụrụ nwanyị ma nwee nwa.  Ọ na-asụ Russian, Spanish, na Bahasa Indonesia .

## Hụkwa
 na USAID Office of Human Capital and Talent Management, na Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator for Bureau of Policy

* Ndepụta ndị nnọchianya nke United States

## Edensibia

|-

|-

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ihe Nkume Garritt

**Garritt E. Roelofs** (June 6, 1900 - Nọvemba 21, 1976) bụ onye nkuzi America, onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Garritt E. Roelofs mụrụ na nne na nna Evert Jans Roelofs na Jessie de Vries na June 6, 1900. Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ sitere na Dutch. Mgbe ọ gachara ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo dị nso na obodo ya nke Prinsburg, Minnesota, Roelofs kwagara Grand Rapids, Michigan, ịga n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya na Calvin Preparatory School na Calvin College, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1918 na 1921, n'otu n'otu. Na 1919, Roelofs bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Minnesota, na n'oge 1922, edebanye aha ya na Mahadum Michigan . 

## Ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na mgbasa ozi
Roelofs malitere ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ site n'ije ozi afọ abụọ dị ka onye isi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ Ndị Kraịst na Edgerton, Minnesota . Ọ kụziziri akwụkwọ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Ndị Kraịst dị na Holland, Michigan, otu afọ, tupu ọ kwaga Western Academy na Hull, Iowa, maka afọ asatọ na-esote. N'ime afọ anọ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya na Western, Roelofs bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Na 1930, Roelofs tọrọ ntọala *Sioux Center News*, ma jee ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ. 

## Ọrụ ọhaneze
Roelofs jere ozi otu afọ anọ na Senate Iowa maka District 49 site na Jenụwarị 9, 1933, ruo Jenụwarị 10, 1937. N'oge ọchịchị omebe iwu steeti ya, Roelofs so na Republican Party jikọrọ aka.  Mgbe ọ gbasịrị n'aka ndị omebe iwu steeti, Roelofs ghọrọ onye ntụzi mbụ nke Kọmishọna na-akwụ ụgwọ enweghị ọrụ na steeti Iowa, bụ nke mechara bụrụ nke akpọrọ State Employment Security Service.   Site na 1938, Roelofs rụrụ ọrụ maka Ngalaba Agriculture nke United States dị ka onye isi mgbasa ozi mpaghara North Central. N'afọ 1943, ọ sonyeere Office of Price Administration dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka usoro nri maka ọrụ ugbo na iwu ọnụahịa. N'oge ọrụ nke Japan mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị ọrụ Douglas MacArthur were Roelofs n'ọrụ afọ anọ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ ndị nkịtị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Roelofs laghachiri Japan na 1952 dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọhaneze na Embassy nke United States, Tokyo .  Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ ọha na eze, Roelofs gara India dị ka onye òtù Rockefeller Foundation, wee gaa Burma mgbe ọ na-ejikọta ya na Robert R. Nathan Associates .   Ndị United States Agency for International Development goro Roelofs na 1960 wee ziga njem njem afọ abụọ na Colombia. Mgbe Roelofs lọghachiri na United States ma gaa Netherlands, ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ atọ na Uganda. 

## Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ na ihe nketa
Roelofs lara ezumike nká na 1968, wee biri na Washington, DC afọ abụọ, tupu ya ekpebi ịlaghachi Grand Rapids, Michigan na 1970.  Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa obi n'ụlọ na Grand Rapids na Nọvemba 21, 1976.  Mahadum Calvin nwere nchịkọta akwụkwọ ya.  

## Edensibia
Ndị Kraịst dị na Holland, Michigan, otu afọ, tupu ọ kwaga Western Academy na Hull, Iow na Holland, Michigan, otu afọ, tupu ọ kwaga Western Academy na Hull, Iowa, maka afọ
Mgbaghara nke ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike

Wall Waiver Medicaid na-enyere aka ịnyị ndị mmadụ ga-anọ na ụlọ ọrụ, ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi, ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ iji njikọ ogologo oge na obodo.  Tupu 1991, mmemme Medicaid Federal ekiri maka ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ bi na ụlọ ọrụ.  Nkwenye nke mmemme Medicaid Federal Waiver nyere ikike ịnya ndị ọrụ n'iche ha na n'ime obodo ha. 

## Ụdị Mmemme Mwepu Medicaid

* Katie Beckett ma ọ bụ TEFRA waivers : kwe ka ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na itoolu nweta nlekọta ahụike n'ụlọ ha n'agbanyeghị ọkwa ego nke nne na nna ha, ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọnụ ahịa nlekọta ụlọ dị obere ma ọ bụ hà nhata nke inye nlekọta ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. ntọala.
* Nkeji 1115 Nnyocha na ihe ngosi: Steeti nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka mgbanwe mmemme iji nwalee ụzọ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ dị adị maka itinye ego na ịnye Medicaid na CHIP.
* Nkeji 1915(b) Nkwụsị Nlekọta achịkwa: Steeti nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka ịwepụ iji nye ọrụ site na sistemụ nnyefe nlekọta jisiri ike ma ọ bụ kpachie nhọrọ nke ndị na-enye ndị mmadụ.
* Nkebi 1915 (c) Ụlọ na Ọrụ Ndị dabeere na obodo : Steeti nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka nkwụsị iji nye ọrụ nlekọta ogologo oge na ụlọ na ntọala obodo karịa ntọala ụlọ ọrụ.
* Nkebi nke 1915 (b) na 1915 (c) Waivers: Steeti nwere ike itinye n'otu oge mejuputa ụdị nkwụghachi ụgwọ abụọ iji nye ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, ọ bụrụhaala na achọrọ ihe niile Federal chọrọ maka mmemme abụọ ahụ. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Reginald J. Brown

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|255x255px| Reginald J. Brown mgbe ọ bụ nwa okorobịa.
**Reginald J. "Reggie" Brown** (1940–2005) bụ onye enyemaka onye odeakwụkwọ nke United States (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) site na 2001 ruo 2005.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Brown na February 13, 1940, na New Orleans wee zụlite na California, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na El Cerrito High School na June 1957.   Ọ gara United States Military Academy, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BS na 1961. Brown sonyeere ndị agha United States na 1961 wee jee ozi na ndị agha ruo 1971. N'oge a, ọ nwetara MPA na Mahadum Harvard, nke enyere ya na 1965. Brown hụrụ ọrụ n'oge agha Vietnam wee nye ya ihe nrite Bronze Star na ihe nrite Ọrụ Meritorious . Ka ọ na-erule oge ọ hapụrụ ndị agha na 1971, ọ nwetala ọkwa nke Major .

Brown laghachiri n'ọrụ ọha na 1989 mgbe Onye isi ala United States George HW Bush họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka nchịkwa nke United States Agency for International Development, na-ahụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Mmemme na nhazi amụma.

Na 2001, President George W. Bush kpọrọ Brown Assistant Secretary of the Army (Manpower and Reserve Affairs) . Brown nwere ụlọ ọrụ a site n'August 2001 ruo Jenụwarị 2005.

Mgbe agha ya na ọrịa cancer pancreatic gasịrị, Brown nwụrụ na Solomons, Maryland na Disemba 17, 2005. E liri ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu West Point .

## Edensibia
bụrụ onye enyemaka nchịkwa nke United States Agency for International Development, na-ahụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka

* Nhọpụta Brown ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka USAID
* "Mpịakọta ikpeazụ" sitere na webụsaịtị West Point

## Njikọ mpụga

* Appearances on C-SPAN
Charles J. Nelson

**Charles Joseph Nelson** (1921 Battle Creek, Michigan -2011, Washington, DC ) bụ onye nnọchi anya America, agụmakwụkwọ na onye nchịkwa USAID. 

Nelson gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Lincoln na 1942 wee jee ozi na US Army na Europe n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Mgbe ọrụ ndị agha ya gasịrị, ọ nwetara nzere masta na nchịkwa ọha na Mahadum New York na 1948. 

Nelson malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka Nlekọta Nchebe Mutual (onye bu ụzọ nke US Agency for International Development (USAID)) na Philippines dịka osote onye isi nke ngalaba mmepe ime obodo site na 1952 ruo 1958. Mgbe obere oge gasịrị na Iran, ọ laghachiri na Philippines dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba mmepe obodo site na 1958 ruo 1960. 

Ọ sonyeere Peace Corp, na-arụ ọrụ na West Africa wee laghachi na USAID. Richard Nixon họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya US na Botswana, Lesotho, na Swaziland (nke a na-akpọ Eswatini ugbu a) na June 9, 1971, ọ jere ozi site na 1971 ruo 1974. Site na 1974 ruo 1978, Nelson rụrụ ọrụ na Nairobi, Kenya dịka onye isi USAID nke Mmemme Kenya. Ọ nọrọ afọ atọ sochirinụ na-aga mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ihe ọmụmụ mba ụwa nke Mahadum Howard . 

Nelson nwụrụ maka ọdịda akụrụ na Jenụwarị 15, 2011, na Washington, DC. 

## Edensibia
Development (USAID)) na Philippines dịka osote onye isi nke ngalaba mmepe ime obodo site
Ọrụ na Ọzụzụ Nchịkwa

Nlekọta Ọrụ na Ọzụzụ ( ETA ) bụ nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ US .  ikike ya bụ ike, ọrụ, ozi ọrụ na ọrụ ego.  ETA na-ahụ maka egwu ọrụ egwu etiti na mmewere ndị ọrụ, egwuregwu etiti nyere steeti maka mmemme ọrụ ọha na eze, yana uru ngwaọrụ ọrụ.  A na-enye ọrụ ndị a n'ụzọ bụ isi site na mụrụ ndị ọrụ steeti na mpaghara

Onye isi ala Joe Biden ihe onye ọka iwu ọrụ na onye isi ike Florida José Javier Rodríguez maka ɔkwan onye ike ọrụ maka ọrụ na ngwaahịa, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na June 2, 2021;  Ndị Senate ezinụlọ ya na Ma ọchịchị 21, 2024   

## Mmemme ndị a na-elekọta

* Akaụntụ Ọganihu Ọrụ
* Enyemaka Ọzụzụ dabere na obodo
* Enyemaka Enweghị Ọrụ Ọdachi
* Mmemme nkwekọrịta Federal
* Asambodo ọrụ mba ofesi
* Enyemaka Ọzụzụ Uto dị elu
* Mmemme Ọzụzụ Ndị India na Ndị America
* Ụlọ ọrụ Job
* Mmemme Ọzụzụ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo nke Migrant na Oge Oge
* Enyemaka Mberede Mba
* Ụlọ ọrụ otu nkwụsị
* Netwọk ozi ọrụ ( Koodu Holland )
* Ọzụzụ edebanyere aha
* Mmemme Employment Service Senior Community Service (SCSEP)
* Enyemaka mgbanwe mgbanwe ahia
* mkpuchi enweghị ọrụ
* Mmemme Iwu Wagner-Peyser
* Ebe E Si Nweta Ụtụ Isi Ohere Ọrụ
* Ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọrụ na mmepe akụ na ụba mpaghara (WIRED)
* Ndị Ọrụ Innovation na Ohere Act Mmemme Ọzụzụ Ndị okenye
* Ihe ọhụrụ na iwu ohere ndị ọrụ na-achụpụ mmemme ndị ọrụ
* Ndị Ọrụ Innovation na Ohere Act Mmemme Ọzụzụ Ndị Ntorobịa
* YouthBuild

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
A na-akpọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na mbụ Management Manpower mgbe e hiwere ya na 1954. Enyere ya aha ya ugbu a na 1975. 

.Onye isi nnyemaaka kacha nso a bụ John Pallasch, onye e ṅụrụ iyi na Julaị 29, 2019. [1] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na January 20, 2021. Akpọrọ Suzan Levine ka ọ bụrụ onye isi osote onye nyere site na ebe Biden na  -abata na January 28, 2021, wee jee ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbidi ike 

## Hụkwa

* Isi 20 nke Usoro Iwu Federal
* Ụlọ ọrụ Job
* Ọrụ Ọrụ United States

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* State Unemployment Insurance and Employment Service Operations account on USAspending.gov
* Training and Employment Service account on USAspending.gov
* Job Corps account on USAspending.gov

Òtù:Aha
Donald Steinberg

**Donald K. Steinberg** (amuru Maachị 25, 1953) bu onye nnọchi anya mba America bu onye nnochite anya US na Angola .  Ọ bụkwa onye bụbu onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke mmụta ụwa . 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Steinberg na Los Angeles, California na Maachị 25, 1953.  O nwetara akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na Mahadum Columbia na mmepe akụ na ụba na Mahadum Toronto, yana nzere bachelọ na Economics na kọleji Reed . 

## Ọrụ
Steinberg rụrụ ọrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ na gọọmentị, yana otu ndị na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị (NGO). Tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ na World Learning, ọ bụ osote onye nchịkwa na United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Ọrụ ndị ọzọ maka gọọmentị US gụnyere onye isi otu kansụl Joint Policy Council nke US Department of State, osote onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke White House, na onye isi ngalaba nchekwa mba maka ihe gbasara Africa. Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịbụ osote onye isi oche maka amụma na International Crisis Group, onye isi otu Randolph Jennings na US Institute of Peace, na onye ndụmọdụ na Commissionlọ Ọrụ Ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị, UN Development Fund for Women, UN Civil Society Advisory Group for Women, Udo na nchekwa, yana Institute for Inclusive Security. 

Mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nnọchianya US na Angola na 1995, ọ bụ echiche ya na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala America "bụ n'ezie, ndị nnọchiteanya America na Angola n'oge ahụ. ... Naanị ezigbo mmekọrịta bụ site na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ." 

N'afọ 1997, Steinberg zipụrụ eriri ekwetaghị (nke akpọrọ "Dissent Against US Positions on Landmines na Oslo APL Conference") nke katọrọ ntụziaka Ngalaba Ọchịchị na-eduzi ndị nnọchianya na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ka ha manye gọọmentị ndị ọzọ ka ha mee ka ihe mgbochi ndị mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na Nkwekọrịta Ottawa. (nke nọ na mkparịta ụka mgbe ahụ) site n'ikwe ka "United States na mba ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịme ọtụtụ nkwụsị, wepụ ngwá agha mgbochi tankị, wepụ South Korea, na ịnakwere ogologo oge mmejuputa iwu."  N'ime eriri ya, Steinberg zoro aka na ọnọdụ US dị ka "enweghị mgbagha, jupụtara na esemokwu, na ekwekọghị n'ezigbo nchekwa mba US na ọdịmma amụma mba ọzọ" ma na-ezo aka na mbibi nke ogbunigwe na ndị obodo mgbe agha obodo Angolan gasịrị . na-ede, "Olee otú ọrụ America zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmasị amụma mba ọzọ si ekpebi na anyị na-echebe ngwá agha dị egwu na arụrụala nke na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị enyi anyị niile na-achọ nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ iji kpochapụ ha n'egbughị oge?"  E wepụrụ eriri ahụ na 2020, Steinberg wee dee akụkọ gbasara ya na *Just Security* .  O kwuru na gọọmentị US na-agbaso "ụkpụrụ iwu" nke Mgbakọ Ottawa site n'oge ọ malitere na 1999 ruo mgbe ọchịchị Donald Trump gbanwere usoro na 2020, na-enye ndị agha US ohere iji ụdị ogbunigwe ndị dị otú ahụ mee ihe karịa; Steinberg kpọrọ mmegharị ahụ enweghị uche na enweghị ọrụ. 

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* USAID n'ihu
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Program

enyemaka Enyemaka Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Edward Byrne Memorial, ma ọ bụ JAG sitere na Actikọ Ngwakọta Ngwakọta nke 2005 .  Aha mmemme a bụ maka onye uwe ojii New York City Edward Byrne bụ onye e gburu n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na 1988 ka ọ na-echebe onye ọrịa mbata nke ọgụ ọgụ ndị na-ere ọgwụ.  Emebere Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Assistance Grant Programme (EBMGP) site na Ọrụ Mgbochi Ọgwụgwụ Ụbọchị nke 1986 na 1988, na-ekenye ihe ruru $200 nde dollar n'ime obodo ma mpaghara na steeti.  A na-eji ego ahụ e kenyere na-eme zie iji beta mpụ ọgwụ na ike ọgwụ, bụ nke bụ nna mba n'oge ahụ.  [1] Ọ bụ Office of Justice Programs 's Bureau of Justice Assistance na-elekọta mmemme JAG, ma na-enye ego ikpe mpụ mbụ etiti nye ikike steeti, mpaghara na ebo.  [2] Ezubere ego a maka mpaghara dị iche iche, dịka ndị ọrụ, ngwa, njikwa na ike.   Na Fiscal Year 2019, $263.8 nde na ego sitere na mmemme JAG.  [3] Iwu mgbake nke 2009 wetara $2 Ozi ego na mmemme JAG

Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke United States iji na-ahụ Julaị 2017 na a ga-ichepụ ihe ahụ ike obodo abụọ dị nsso eserese Byrne ma ọ bụrụ na ndidi ha na mbata na ike US na mmanye iwu na-aga n'  ihu.  [1] Ọtụtụ obodo na-agbagha agbagha agbagha ahụ n'iche ikpe, na dị ka nke Nọvemba 2018, ikpe na District Courts nke New York, Pennsylvania, California na Illinois niile makala maka obodo, na Seventh Circuit Mkpe-ịtụgharị Court na-akwado Illinois  district mpaghara.  [2] [3] Na February 2020, Onyeikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka Sekit nke amaghị kagburu egwu New York, na-eme ka o kwe omume na ikpe ahụ ga-aga n'ikpe Kasị Elu.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke Bureau of Justice Assistance
* Akaụntụ enyemaka mmanye mmanye iwu steeti na mpaghara na USAspending.gov
Òtù:Aha
Maazị J. Rosenberg

**Michael Jay (MJ) Rosenberg** (amụrụ Mee 4, 1952) bụ onye nkọwa America na Middle East.

## Ọrụ
Rosenberg rụrụ ọrụ maka Kọmitii Ọha na Ọha nke America site na 1982 ruo 1986, wee dee akwụkwọ akụkọ otu izu kwa izu *Near East Report* . 

Tupu nke a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Capitol Hill maka afọ 15 maka ndị otu Democratic dị iche iche nke Houselọ na Senate . 

Site na 1998-2009, ọ bụ onye ntụzi amụma na Nzukọ Amụma Israel (IPF).  O bipụtakwara blọọgụ ama ama na TPMCafé Okwu Memo. Dị ka Nick Bunzl si kwuo, onye isi nchịkwa IPF n'oge ọpụpụ ya, Rosenberg bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na ndị na-ede blọgụ na-agụkarị, yana na ụdị mbinye aka ya na-akpali akpali kpaliri mkparịta ụka ahụ n'ụzọ dị mkpa. 

N'ime 2009-2012, Rosenberg rụrụ ọrụ maka Media Matters maka America . Ọ hapụrụ ọnọdụ ahụ mgbe esemokwu ya na Alan Dershowitz, bụ onye jụrụ Rosenberg iji okwu ahụ bụ "Israel Firster." Dershowitz yiri egwu imenye MMFA ihere ma ọ bụrụ na Rosenberg nọgidere na nzukọ ahụ. 

## Edensibia
ama na TPMCafé Okwu Memo. Dị ka Nick Bunzl si kwuo, onye isi nchịkwa IPF n'oge ọpụpụ ya, Rosenberg bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede

## Njikọ mpụga

* Huffington Post Archive
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Institute for International Cooperation and Development

**Ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke International Cooperation and Development (IICD)**, ugbu a **One World Center**,  bụ ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na United States nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Dowagiac, Michigan . Ebumnuche ha kwuru bụ ịzụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo maka ọrụ enyemaka na South na Central America na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ha na-ejikọta na Tvind, netwọk ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na azụmahịa azụmahịa nke dabeere na Denmark, dịka akụkụ nke "DRH Movement" nke Tvind.

IICD abụrụla isiokwu nke ọtụtụ akụkọ mgbasa ozi dị oke egwu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ chetara ọnọdụ ibi ndụ na-ezighi ezi, oge ọrụ enweghị ezi uche, mmegbu, na ọbụna ọnọdụ "òtù nzuzo". Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo akọpụtakwala ịnata obere ọzụzụ na enweghị ọzụzụ, kama a chọrọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ inye ego maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na ịrụ ọrụ n'azụmahịa ndị Tvind nwere n'okpuru mkpuchi nke ịkpata ego maka ọrụ ha na mba ofesi. Ndị ọzọ chetara na mmemme enyemaka ahụ n'onwe ha jupụtara na njikwa na-adịghị mma na ọbụna nsonaazụ ọjọọ.   

## Edensibia
inye ego maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na ịrụ ọrụ n'azụmahịa ndị Tvind nwere n'okpuru mkpuchi nke ịkpata ego maka ọrụ ha na mba ofesi
National Science & Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant

The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent ( SMART ) Onyinye bụ mkpa dabere na nhọrọ nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ n'afọ nke atọ nke anọ nke mahadum.  E webatara onyinye SMART nke mba ka ọ nyere aka idowe oke nke United States nwere na ngalaba Sayensị na Nkà na ẹzà.  naanị ndị majors bụ ndị tozuru oke maka nri SMART, ndepụta ndepụta zuru oke n'okpuru

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọ bụ Senator Bill Frist, R-Tennessee webatara onyinye Sayensị mba na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke mba na 21 Disemba 2005 dị ka akụkụ nke Iwu Ndozi Mmụta Elu.  President Bush bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu na Febrụwarị 8, 2006. Mmemme a kwụsịrị June 30, 2011.

## Ngwa
. Itinye akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ SMART nke mba akwụkwọ nwa akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ka ha me akwụkwọ anamachọihe efu maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Federal ( FAFSA ).  [1] Ụmụ akwụkwọ tozuru oke dabere na GPA, isi na ntozu Pell Grant site na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ga-amata.  Onye na- ndị na-egosi ndị dị mkpa akwụkwọ akwụkwọ anamachọihe dị iche maka elele maka onyonyo SMART

## ntozu
Nwa akwụkwọ a ga-abụrịrị nwa amaala US, ga-edebanye aha ya na mmemme nzere afọ anọ tozuru oke, ga-abụ n'afọ nke atọ ma ọ bụ nke anọ nke mmemme ahụ, ga-enwerịrị ike ịnata Pell Grant n'otu afọ ahụ, ga-edobe obere GPA nke 3.0 

### Mmemme ogo ntozu
Mmemme ogo ma ọ bụ majors maka onyinye SMART bụ Sayensị (gụnyere Sayensị Kọmputa, Sayensị Ahụ Ike na Ndụ), Injinịa, Teknụzụ, mgbakọ na mwepụ, Arts Liberal na Sayensị, ọmụmụ asụsụ mba ofesi dị egwu na ụfọdụ nchekwa ihe okike na mmemme multidisciplinary. 

N’August 2006, The Chronicle of Higher Education kwuru na e wepụrụ usoro ihe ọkụ evolushọn na ndepụta nke ndị na-eso ụzọ ruru eru.  [1] Nke a kpalitere elele n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị ọkà ojiji na ndị mmekọ, bụ́ ndị na-atụ egwu na ọ bụ ndị a kpachapụrụ anya mee ka e na-enyere ya na ike agha.  Ngalaba Education gọnarị nke a, na-ekwu na e wepụrụ isi na ndepụta ahụ n'ọnụ ama, na ọ ga-edozi ihe ahụ.

Na Septemba 2006, agbakwunyere bayoloji evolushọn, yana physiology mmega ahụ, na ndepụta nke ndị ọkachamara tozuru oke.

## Ọnụ ego nrite
Onyinye onyinye a kacha nke $4,000 kwa afọ.  Aka ego nke SMART Grant, mgbe eji ngwaọrụ na Pell Grant, nwere ike ọ ibu agafe ego nwa akwụkwọ.  Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ tozuru etozu buru ibu nke na, na-echekwa nke ego onyunyo zuru oke ga-akarị oke mmemme n'ime afọ fu ego ọ llala, mgbe ahụ ike ibelata ego iwere nwa akwụkwọ ọ lụba.  tozuru oke

Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mahadum Binghamton si kwuo, "A na-akwado mmemme SMART Grant site na afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2010-11. Onyinye ahụ agaghị adị maka afọ 2011-2012 na karịa."  Agbasara onyinye SMART na Eprel 2011. 

## Njikọ mpụga

* SMART na studentaid.ed.gov

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Òtù Na-eduga n'Imepụta Ego Maka Mmepe

**Otu na-eduga na Innovative Financing for Development** bụ ikpo okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mba 55 mejupụtara nwere ọkwa mmepe dị iche iche, na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ otu mba ụwa na ndị NGO. N'ịbụ nke a na-akpọbu dị ka ndị isi otu on Solidarity Levies to Fund Development, otu ndị ndu na-achọ ịkwalite mmejuputa na nkọwapụta usoro ego ọhụrụ na gburugburu ụwa.

Emebere ya na 2006, otu ndị isi na-ahazi ya site na Secretary Permanent Secretariat nke dị na Paris na Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs nke France .

## Ndị otu
thumb| Otu ndị isi na ntinye ego ọhụrụ maka mapụ mba mmepe
Mba ndị a bụ ndị otu ndị isi ugbu a:Algeria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Djibouti, Ethiopia, European Commission, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, India, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Republic nke Korea, Romania, Sao Tome na Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Togo, United Kingdom na Uruguay.Mba ndị a na-eje ozi dị ka mba ndị na-ekiri ihe na otu ndị ndu:Austria, China, Egypt na RomaniaOtu mba ụwa ndị a bụ ndị otu ndu ugbu a:

* United Nations
* Ụlọ akụ mmepe Africa
* Ụlọ akụ ụwa
* Inter-American Development Bank
* Ụlọ akụ mmepe Asia
* FAO
* International Monetary Fund
* Ego United Nations Population Fund (UNPF)
* Ego Global Fund
* OECD
* WHO
* UNAIDS
* WFP
* International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
* Ngalaba Nzụta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UNPD)
* UNICEF

## Njikọ mpụga
inye ego maka ụlọ akwụkwọ na ịrụ ọrụ n'azụmahịa ndị Tvind nwere n'okpuru mkpuchi nke ịkpata ego maka ọrụ ha na mba ofesi

* (in English) Official website
* (in French) Le site officiel
* (in Spanish) Página web oficial
Ụlọ Ọrụ Maka Mmepe Mba Nile

**Ụlọ ọrụ maka mmepe mba ụwa** (IID) bụ ụlọ ọrụ Australia na-ejedebe site na nkwa, nke na-enye ọrụ ọkachamara n'ịkwado mmepe zuru oke nke mba ụwa. Ọ na-eme nke a site na ndụmọdụ ndị isi mba ụwa na mmepe nke ya, mbipụta, mgbanwe, na ihe omume omenala ndị metụtara ya. IID dabere na Adelaide ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ụwa niile.

Ndị guzobere IID, bụ ndị wulitere otu MPW Australia na 1980s, chere na enyemaka mba ụwa kwesịrị ịgbanwe iji gosipụta mkpa mmepe. N'ime mgbanwe a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-aga n'ihu, nzukọ a na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ikike ya iji nwetakwuo ebumnuche nke nghọta mba ụwa mgbe ọ na-eduzi ọrụ ndị ọkachamara ahọpụtara maka ụlọ ọrụ dịka UN, Bank World, Asia Development Bank, NGO na AusAID .

Ọkachamara ngalaba gụnyere ọtụtụ ọzụzụ metụtara mmepe ime obodo, gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, mmekọrịta ọha na eze, akụ na ụba, ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ. Ahụmahụ mpaghara gụnyere ọtụtụ mba Eshia, ọkachasị Central, South na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.

## Njikọ mpụga
nwetakwuo ebumnuche nke nghọta mba ụwa mgbe ọ na-eduzi ọrụ ndị ọkachamara ahọpụtara maka ụlọ ọrụ dịka UN, Bank World, Asia

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ IID
Njikọ MCC nke Kosovo

Mmekọrịta Kosovo na US Government Agency Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), hiwere na nke mbụ na Disemba 2015.

Na nzukọ kwa afọ nke ụlọ ọrụ a, MCC Board nke onye odeakwụkwọ nke United States John Kerry na-edu, họpụtara Kosovo iji mepụta mmemme 'compact', nnukwu mmemme ntinye ego onyinye. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Kosovo malitere iso MCC na-akpakọrịta mgbe niile kemgbe 2010. N'agbanyeghị nkwado ndị US Congress na-aga n'ihu, usoro ahụ kwụsịrị n'ihi enweghị njikọ doro anya sitere na Gọọmenti Kosovo iji nweta ntozu ahụ.

## ntozu
Na February 2015, Onye isi ala mbụ Atifete Jahjaga butere nkwa nke Kosovo iji tozuo maka ego MCC. O guzobere otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite arụmọrụ Kosovo na akara akara MCC.  Ọ họpụtara Adrian Prenkaj, onye ndụmọdụ amụma mba ofesi, ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche ndị ọrụ Kosovo-MCC. 

Na Septemba 2015, n'oge nleta na United States, Onye isi ala Jahjaga zutere na Washington na Beth Tritter, onye isi oche nke MCC. Na nzụkọ a, ndị ọrụ MCC kelere President Jahjaga maka njikọ aka ya ma kwusie ike na ha nwere obi ụtọ na ọkwa nkwado MCC nwere na ndị ọrụ Kosovo na-arụ ọrụ na ọganihu e nwetara n'ime obere oge. 

Onye isi ala Jahjaga họpụtara Adrian Prenkaj ka o duo otu Inter-Institutional Working Group iji kwalite arụmọrụ amụma nke Kosovo na ihe ngosi akụ na ụba na iwu nke iwu. Ndị na-arụ ọrụ bụ Ministry of Health, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Education, Kosovo Agency of Statistics na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ UN pụrụ iche na Kosovo, dị ka UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, na UNKT. N'ime oge nke ọnwa 10, Kosovo nwere ike ịnye MCC data yiri ya kpọmkwem maka anọ n'ime ihe ngosi UN isii na-efu efu wee gafere MCC Scorecard na Nọvemba 2015. 

## Edensibia
Ebe A Na-etinye Ego n'Ụlọ Ọrụ Obodo

**Local Enterprise Investment Center** (LEIC) bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Canada kwadoro site na Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) yana IDLC Finance Limited (IDLC) na-elekọta iji duga ọrụ ntinye ego na Bangladesh.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ntinye ego mpaghara na 18 Septemba 2005.  Nzukọ mbụ nke kọmitii nduzi LEIC mere na Mee 2006. Ọ bụ Robert Beadle, onye isi oche kọmitii ahụ na-elekọta ya.  Na June 2007, LEIC mepụtara mmemme iji kwalite ọrụ Bangladesh SME na ụlọ ọrụ ngwanrọ. 

## Nkọwa
LEIC na-arụ ọrụ maka mmepe nke obere ụlọ ọrụ na obere ụlọ ọrụ (SMEs) na Bangladesh site na ịmepụta njikọ aka ma ọ bụ ụdị mmekọrịta ogologo oge na ụlọ ọrụ mba ọzọ ma ọ bụ nnukwu obodo, nke ga-enye ha ohere ịnweta isi obodo yana nkà na ụzụ. ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na usoro emelitere. LEIC nyere ndị SME aka n'akụkụ abụọ: usoro ọmụmụ na usoro mmejuputa. Enyemaka nke LEIC nyere sitere na oke ọnụ ahịa.

Ọrụ LEIC na-enye ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara: imekọrịta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ - mba ụwa ma ọ bụ mpaghara; na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe omume maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ha; nweta teknụzụ ọhụrụ, ịma ụzọ na omume kachasị mma maka ọrụ mmekọ; mụbaa nkà-nhazi nke akụrụngwa mmadụ maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ha; mejuputa usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na nha anya nwoke na nwanyi maka oru mmekorita ha.

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọrụ America Maka Mmepe Ọrụ Nwere Onwe

**Ụlọ ọrụ American Institute for Free Labour Development** (AIFLD) tọrọ ntọala na njedebe 1961 site na AFL-CIO na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ. Ọ nwetara ego n'aka gọọmentị US, ọkachasị site na USAID ( United States Agency for International Development ). Na 1980s, ọ malitere ịnata ego n'aka NED ( National Endowment for Democracy ), nke a na-enweta site na mmefu ego nke USAID nke US State Department . Ejikọtara AIFLD na otu atọ yiri ya n'ime American Center for International Labor Solidarity .

## Ụlọ ọrụ America maka ịdị n'otu ndị ọrụ mba ụwa (1997)
Na October 1995, John Sweeney nọchiri Thomas R. Donahue dị ka Onye isi oche nke AFL–CIO . Sweeney jikọtara AIFLD na ụlọ akwụkwọ atọ ndị ọzọ iji guzobe American Center for International Labor Solidarity . Ebe nchekwa nchekwa nke etiti jikọtara ọnụ dị na Mahadum Maryland Special Collections and University Archives. 

## Hụkwa
ego n'aka NED ( National Endowment for Democracy ), nke a na-enweta site na mmefu ego nke USAID nke US State Department .

* Kọmiti Union Trade Free

## Edensibia

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Lodge, George C. (1962). *Ndị isi ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya: Ọrụ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe* . Harper &amp;amp; Row maka Kansụl na Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ : New York. ASIN B0006AY0AU
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga
Blog Business FreeLabors
Njikọ maka agụmakwụkwọ teknụzụ mba ofesi

Nke **Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship** ( **AOTS** ; Japanese : 海外技術者研修協会) e hiwere na 1959 site na nkwado nke Ministry of International Trade and Industry (ugbu a Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry, METI) dị ka teknụzụ mbụ. nkwado nzukọ na nzuzo ndabere na Japan. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite mmekorita akụ na ụba mba ụwa na ịkwalite mmepe akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta enyi n'etiti mba ndị ahụ na Japan. Isi ọrụ nke AOTS bụ ndị a:

* Ọzụzụ ndị injinia na ndị njikwa sitere na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na Japan
* Ọzụzụ ndị injinia na ndị njikwa na mba ofesi
* Nlekọta nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Kenshu

Ejikọtala AOTS na Japan Overseas Development Corporation (JODC) ma ugbu a bụ Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe (HIDA). Emere njikọ a na Maachị 30, 2012. Edebanyere Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ (HIDA) na 1 Eprel 2013. 

AOTS eguzo ala ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum na mba ọ bụla so na ya. Ọtụtụ obodo ka na-ebu aha AOTS. 

## Edensibia
Maachị 30, 2012. Edebanyere Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe

## Njikọ mpụga

* Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị
Lahash International

**Lahash International** bụ ọgbakọ Ndị Kraịst na-arụ ọrụ na East Africa . Lahash na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere ụmụaka aka na-adịghị ike na obodo ndị agha, ọrịa na nrụrụ aka metụtara. A na-arụ ọrụ a site na mmekorita ya na ndị ụka na ndị ozi dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa nwere ọhụụ maka ijere ụmụaka adịghị ike ozi n'ụzọ zuru oke. Lahash na-akwado ugbu a ụmụaka 450 na Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania na Rwanda .

Nkwado ụmụaka bụ ụzọ bụ isi iji nweta nkwado mba ụwa ogologo oge maka ọrụ na East Africa. Otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na Portland, Oregon bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke nzukọ a. Ministri ahụ ewepụtala mmemme mmemme ọnwa Rice & Beans Month. Ọnwa a na-enye ndị mba ụwa ohere iweghachite mmefu ego nri maka otu ọnwa iji soro ndị mmadụ nọ n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa na-eche ụkọ nri ihu.

Edere akwụkwọ na 2011 nke Lyla Peterson banyere njem nke nzukọ ahụ na mmekorita ya na Susan Tabia na ozi ya na South Sudan na Uganda na ndị Sudan.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Daniel Holcomb na ọtụtụ ndị enyi tọrọ Lahash na 2005. Afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ, n'afọ 2002, Daniel gara Northern Uganda ma hụ Ụlọ Ụmụaka Amazing Grace. Ndị South Sudan nọ n'ụlọ jụrụ Daniel ma ọ ga-eso ha rụkọọ ọrụ n'ọrụ ha nke ijere ụmụaka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ aka. O kwetara wee malite iso ọtụtụ ministri ndị ọzọ na-emekọ ihe n'ofe East Africa.

N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ Lahash ejeworo ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọ na-enweghị ka ọ hà ha ozi. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, nzukọ a na Mama Margaret Nyabuto jikọrọ aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ Tenderfeet. 

## Mmemme otu ohu
Lahash na-akwado mmemme ịbụ ndị na-eso ụzọ na mmemme ọrụ nke a na-akpọ Otu ndị ohu. Mgbe ha na-ekere òkè na mmemme ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto na-abanye n'oge mmụta nke klas, na-eje ozi na Portland, Oregon na ụlọ ụka, na ije ozi na East Africa na ndị ọrụ Lahash na-arụkọ ọrụ. 

## Edensibia
ndị na-eto eto na-abanye n'oge mmụta nke klas, na-eje ozi na Portland, Oregon na ụlọ ụka,na-ekere òkè na mmemme ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-eto

## Njikọ mpụga

* Lahash International
* Ọnwa osikapa na agwa
* Ekpere ntanye
* Na-enwu n'ọkwa grassroots
Nkọwa nke Isi

Tọrọ ntọala na 2004, **Keystone Accountability** bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nwere ọnọdụ na United Kingdom, South Africa, United States . Ọrụ Keystone na-agba mbọ imelite arụmọrụ nke otu ebumnuche ọha. N'iji nyocha benchmarking,  nzaghachi  na nyocha, Keystone na-ahụ maka ndị NGO, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa, na ntọala ndị bụ isi iji mee atụmatụ, tụọ na ịkọ akụkọ mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.   Na 2009, Keystone jikọtara ntule ntinye aka na afọ ojuju ndị ahịa iji mepụta usoro ọhụrụ akpọrọ Constituent Voice . 

## Ọrụ gara aga

* Ntụle Mmekọrịta Ọmụma zuru ụwa ọnụ (2007) 
* Mmepe mmepe nke Rural Enterprise Development. (2007) 
* Nnyocha ndị enyemaka nke East Africa (2008) 
* Nnyocha arụmọrụ Grantmaker (2008) 
* Nyocha netwọkụ (2009) 
* Nnyocha NGO mba ụwa (2010-2011)   
* Ọrụ itinye ego na-elekọta mmadụ (2010) 
* Nnyocha ndị enyemaka South Africa (2010–2011) 

## Hụkwa

* Ọrụ ebere
* Ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta
* Mgbanwe mmekọrịta
* Onye ndụmọdụ
* NGO
* Ntinye ego nke ọha na eze

## Edensibia
ntọala ndị bụ isi iji mee atụmatụ, tụọ na ịkọ akụkọ mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.
Kụọ Ụgwọ Dị Ka Ị Na-enweta

Pay As You Earn (PAYE) bụ mmemme ego nwa akwụkwọ akwụkwọ etiti bịanyere aka na ya na 21, 2012, nke Onye isi ala Barack Obama bịanyere aka na ya.  [1] Ọ bụ otu n'ime nri echere a na-akpata ego

## Ikike
naanị ndị na-agbaziri agbaziri ọhụrụ nwere ike iru eru ma ọ bụrụ na ha natara nkwụghachi ụgwọ na mbinye ego na ma ọ bụ mgbe Ọktoba 1, 2011 nchebe.  Otu onye tozuru oke dị ka onye na-agbaziri agbaziri ọhụrụ ma ọ bụrụ na ya nguzozi ìhè na mbinye ego mbụ ma ọ bụ mbinye mkpa FFEL mgbe ọ natara mbinye ego FFEL na ma ọ bụ mgbe Ọktoba 1  , 2007. nzaghachi nkwụghachi dabere na Income-Dabere (IBR), onye gbaziri agbaziri ga- nọmba ihe isi ike ego.

## Mgbanwe na ndọtị
Ego mpi nke President Obama 2015 tụpụtara nnukwu na mmemme Pay ka Ị Na-enweta.  Na mgbakwunye na ịgbasa mmemme ahụ nye ndị niile na-agbaziri ego, n'agbanyeghị mgbe a na-echere ego mbụ ha, ọ ụfọdụ aro ụfọdụ njedebe na PAYE bụ nke e mere iji "ichebe omume ụlọ ọrụ nke ike ọrụ na-ekiri.  ụmụ akwụkwọ, na-ahụ na mmemme ahụ na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ efe zuru oke.  Mgbanwe ndị a bụ aro

* Wepụ okpu ịkwụ ụgwọ ọkọlọtọ n'okpuru PAYE ka ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu, ndị na-agbazinye ego na-akwụ ụgwọ nha nha nha nke ego ha nwetara ka ego ha na-arị elu;
* Ịgbakọ ugwo maka ndị na-agbaziri di na nwunye na-ede akwụkwọ iche iche na nnukwu ego n'ụlọ agbakwunyere;
* Capping Public Sector Loan Mgbaghara (PSLF) na mkpokọta mbinye ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọọrọ onwe ha na-agụghị akwụkwọ ka ha chebe megide omume ụlọ ọrụ nke nwere ike ịbawanye ụgwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ, ebe ị na-ahụ na mmemme ahụ na-enye ahụ efe zuru oke maka ụmụ akwụkwọ kwadoro ọrụ ọha;
* Ịmepụta oge mgbaghara afọ 25 maka ndị na-agbaziri ego nwere nguzozi karịa mkpokọta nbinye ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nọọrọ onwe ha;
* Na-egbochi ịkwụ ụgwọ a na-akwụ n'okpuru atụmatụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ na-enweghị ego na-akpata itinye n'ọrụ na PSLF iji hụ na mgbaghara mbinye ego bụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere mkpa kachasị; na
* Ịdekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụrụ nwa nke nwere ike ịba ụba mgbe ugwo onye na-agbazinye ego ezughị ezu iji kpuchie ọmụrụ nwa iji zere itule nbinye balloon. 

Na nchikota, n'agbanyeghị na mmefu ego na-atụ aro ịgbasa PAYE na ndị niile na-agbaziri agbaziri, ọ na-egbochi uru ya nke ukwuu maka ndị nwere nnukwu ego / nnukwu ego mgbazinye ụmụ akwụkwọ yana maka ndị na-achụso ọrụ na mmasị ọha. Ọ bụrụ na agafere, amabeghị ma ndị gbaziri agbaziri tupu mgbanwe ndị etinyere n'ọrụ ga-abụ nna nna na atụmatụ PAYE, IBR na PSLF dị ugbu a.

Na June 9, 2014, Onye isi ala Barack Obama ịnwale iwu ịgbatị Pay as You Earn (PAYE) nkwụghachi ụgwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ enwetara tupu Ọktoba 2007

## Mbinye ego ruru eru

* Ego nbinye ozugbo na enweghị nkwado
* Ego mgbazinye Direct Plus maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara 

## Nbinye ego na-erughị eru

* Mbinye ego nkeonwe
* Mbinye ego nne na nna gbakwunyere 

## Hụkwa

* Ịkwụsị ụtụ isi na United States
* Ego mgbazinye Federal Perkins
* Ego mgbazinye Stafford
* Mmemme mbinye ego ụmụ akwụkwọ Federal Direct
* Mgbakwunye ego nbinye ụmụ akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Enyemaka ego
* Enyemaka ụmụ akwụkwọ
* Nchịkọta ego mgbazinye ego
Òtù:Aha
Obodo Eshia

**Mmemme Asia Urbs** bụ mmemme mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nke EuropeAid Co-operation Office nke European Commission kwadoro. Ọ na-ezubere maka imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti Europe na Eshia . E guzobere na 1998. Mmemme ahụ nyere gọọmentị ime obodo, ndị otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị onyinye maka akụkụ ọ bụla nke ndụ obodo na atụmatụ ime obodo.

Ego mmefu ego bụ nde euro 33.2 (akụkụ mbụ) na nde €10 (akụkụ nke abụọ, site na 2004). Ihe omume ahụ metụtara ọtụtụ mba Eshia, gụnyere China, Cambodia, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Bangladesh, na ndị ọzọ.

## ebumnobi

* Kwalite nghọta n'etiti Asia na Europe,
* Kwado ibelata ịda ogbenye,
* Zụlite mmekọrịta akụ na ụba.

## Isi akụkụ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ

* Nlekọta obodo
* Mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba obodo
* gburugburu obodo
* Akụrụngwa mmekọrịta obodo 

## Edensibia
guzobere na 1998. Mmemme ahụ nyere gọọmentị ime obodo, ndị otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mmemme Asia Urbs
Òtù Ndị Enyemaka Alwaleed

**Alwaleed Philanthropies** (nke a na-akpọbu "The Al Waleed bin Talal Foundation") bụ ọrụ ebere na ọrụ enyemaka nke Al-Waleed bin Talal hiwere.    Ntọala ahụ eguzobela ebe na mmemme na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu gburugburu ụwa.  Na 2016, Lamia bint Majed Al Saud ka a họpụtara odeakwụkwọ ukwu.  

## Edensibia
guzobere na 1998. Mmemme ahụ nyere gọọmentị ime obodo, ndị otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Obere ikpe ziri ezi

**Ikpe na-ezighị ezi** bụ okwu izugbe maka ịnye ọrụ iwu bụ isi n'ọkwa onye ọ bụla, nke kachasị nye ndị ogbenye na ndị otu ewepụrụ.

Enyemaka iwu enyere gụnyere na ndị mmadụ, ndị na-arịọ maka enyemaka, na-enyere aka site n'inweta akwụkwọ iwu ziri ezi, dị ka asambodo ọmụmụ, akwụkwọ ndebanye aha ụlọ na ala na ụdị akwụkwọ obodo ndị ọzọ. Site na akwụkwọ ndị a, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike, microfinance, uru ndị mmadụ na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere iji chebe ihe onwunwe ha. 

A na-ewepụta echiche nke Microjustice site na echiche nke microfinance ( ego gụnyere ).  Ihe atụ nke otu nzukọ na-enye ọrụ microjustice bụ Microjustice4all.

## Ọrụ
Ikpe na-ezighị ezi nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka ịnye akwụkwọ iwu, ihe omume na-akwalite mmata, ikike ime obodo yana ịgbachitere ihe akaebe. Ihe omume ndị a niile bụ iji mee ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike isonye na ọha mmadụ ma gbaa ha ume ka ha nwee ntụkwasị obi. 

## Edensibia
nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka ịnye akwụkwọ iwu, ihe omume na-akwalite mmata, ikike
Ego na-agbagharị agbagharị

Ego steeti steeti (SRF) bụ ego nke steeti US na-elekọta maka ndị ego obere obere ọmụrụ nwa maka ikike ego na mmiri mmiri na ọcha (kakọka ọmụmaatụ, onyinye ezinụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri mmiri, onyinye mmiri ara ọ drinkụ drinkụ ), yana maka mme ihe iwu njikwa mmetọ isi iyi na-agụnye isi na ọrụ estuary. Otu SRF na-enweta isi ego mbụ site na egwuregwu egwuregwu etiti na ngosi steeti. Ọ na-akwa nkekọ nke isi ego mbụ na-ekwe nkwa. Ọ "na-agbaịgharị" site na nkwụghachi nke isi na-ahụhụ ọmụrụ nwa na mbinye ego sere ìhè.

## Mmemme ugbu a
Enwere SRF abụọ ọcha a, Fundlọ Ọrụ Mgbanwe dị nke ọcha emepụtara na 1987 n'okpuru Iwu mmiri dị, [1] na Watering Water State Revolving Fund nke emepụtara na 1997 n'okpuru Iwu Ọ bụrụ Ọgwụ. [2] A na- iri mmemme abụọ a na okwa etiti site n'aka Ndị Nche Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EPA).

## Ntụle ego nke State Revolving Fund ndabere
Tupu e kee mmemme Funding Water State Revolving Fund, EPA tụlere ike nke sistemu mmiri ọha steeti n'oge mmalite ya nke Iwu Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ 1974. Ebumnuche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ iwepụta "isi" (ya bụ nlekọta nke sistemu mmiri ọha na eze) na steeti ndị dị njikere ịnakwere ọrụ ahụ yana iji ego ọhụrụ nke Congress nyere na mmefu ego EPA iji nye steeti nkwado ego.

## Hụkwa

* Mmetọ mmiri
* Mmiri dị ọcha
* Ịkwanye mmiri na ịdị ọcha na United States

## Ntụaka
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ego Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Mmiri dị ọcha - EPA
* Ego Mgbanwe Ọchịchị nke Mmiri ọṅụṅụ - EPA
Òtù:Aha
Ọganihu Lux

**Lux-Development SA**, nke a maara dị ka **LuxDev**, bụ ụlọ ọrụ nkwado mmepe nke gọọmentị Luxembourg .

Emepụtara ya na 1978 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ iji kwadoo obere ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa na Luxembourg ma bụrụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ mmepe na 1992. Ugbu a, LuxDev bụ société anonyme (SA) nke ndị na-ere ahịa ha bụ steeti Luxembourg (98%) na ụlọ akụ steeti nwere steeti Société Nationale de Crédit et d'Investissement (2%). 

Dị ka OECD si kwuo, ngụkọta ODA Luxembourg (USD 530, data mbido) mụbara n'ụzọ zuru oke na 2022 n'ihi mmụba nke onyinye abụọ, nke ka ukwuu maka enyemaka mmadụ. ODA gara n'ihu na-anọchi anya 1% nke GNI. 

LuxDev bụ isi n'akụkụ ebe des Martyrs na Luxembourg City, mana o nwere ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na Pristina (Kosovo), Dakar (Senegal), Praia (Cape Verde), Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso), Bamako (Mali), Kigali (Rwanda), Cotonou (Benin), Vientiane (Laos), na San Jose (Costa Rica).

## Ozi
LuxDev na-ejikwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụrụngwa niile gọọmentị Luxembourg kenyere maka enyemaka mmepe gọọmentị abụọ. Ọ nwekwara ike mebe mmemme nke ndị na-enye onyinye na mba ọzọ na European Commission kwadoro.

## Mpaghara ọrụ
The Agency jikwaa oru ngo na : Agriculture, ọhịa na ịkụ azụ, Digitalization na ICT, Education, Vocational ọzụzụ na ọrụ, Environment na mgbanwe ihu igwe, Governance, Health, gụnyere na ọhụrụ ego, Socio-Economic development, na mmiri na mmiri. ịdị ọcha.

## Ọnụọgụ na eziokwu
Na 2024 LuxDev jisiri ike na oru ngo na mmemme 89 wee kesaa ngụkọta nke euro 144,364,226.

Enyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ asambodo ISO 9001: 2000 na 2005.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka mmepe

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* LuxDev weebụsaịtị
Ihe Omume Njem Na-enweghị Motọ

Emepụtara mmemme pilot Transportation Nonmotorized (NTPP) na 2005 dị ka nkenke echiche njem ụgbọ njem njem etiti United States afu isii ịse SAFETEA-LU .  iwu siri dị,

 

Ọ na-enye $21.5 nde onye ọ àlà n'ime obodo anọ: Columbia, Missouri ;  enyemaka Marin, California;  Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota;  na Sheboygan County, Wisconsin.  Ọ ga-ịhụ ka obodo ndị a ga-esi ekiri ụgbọ njem na- moto site na 2010 site na ịdọ ego na àjà, àmà, na alụ ọgụ.  Ndị obodo ga-amụkwa ka agụ ego ndị a ga-esi atụgharị okporo ụzọ, ojiji ike, mbikọ, na gburugburu ebe obibi

Obodo Minneapolis-St.  As Paul, nke e wepụtara na 2007 dị ka Bike/Walk Twin Cities, na-elekọta site na Transit for Livable Communities, ngwa elele.  Agba nke atọ nke ego maka Bike / Walk Twin Cities na-eme na 2009 ma tinye $ 1.75 maka Nice Ride Minnesota, mmemme nkesa igwe kwụ otu ebe Minneapolis, na $ 524,000 maka Mahadum Minnesota Bike Center

N'agbata afọ 2007 na 2013, njem ndị na-agafe agafe mụbara site na 22.8% na njem igwe kwụ otu ebe gbagoro 48.3% n'ogbe anọ niile. Ihe dị ka nde 85.1 nde ụgbọ ala kwụsịrị n'etiti 2009 na 2013. Ndị obodo ahụ hụkwara mmụba na nchekwa yana mbelata 20% na ọnwụ ndị ji ụkwụ aga na mbelata 28.6% nke ọnwụ igwe n'etiti 2002 na 2012. 

## Ihe ndetu


## Ntụaka

* Nkwanye igwe kwụ otu ebe na onye ji ụkwụ aga na (SAFETEA-LU) anabataghị ya na Mbụ 23 (Sec. 1807)
* Mbufe maka Ogbe ndị dị ndụ Minneapolis Ozi NTP
* Mmemme pilot njem na-anaghị eji ụgbọ ala : gara n'ihu na-aga n'ihu n'ịzụlite netwọk ije na ịgba ígwè - Mee 2014

## Njikọ mpụga

* Marin County Bike Coalition NTP Ama
* Ịnya igwe/ije ije ejima
* Kpesa ozi na US Congress maka nsonaazụ NTPP
Òtù:Aha
DAC Network on Development Evaluation

**DAC Network on Development Evaluation** bụ otu enyemaka nke Kọmitii Enyemaka Mmepe (DAC). Ebumnuche ya bụ ịbawanye arụmọrụ nke mmemme mmepe mba ụwa site n'ịkwado nyocha siri ike, ama ama na nke onwe.

Netwọk ahụ na-akpọkọta ndị njikwa nyocha na ndị ọkachamara sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mmepe OECD na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe multilateral. Ndị otu gụnyere ngalaba nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ nkwado mmepe nke ndị otu 29 DAC niile, yana ngalaba nyocha nke ụlọ akụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mba asatọ.

## Ọrụ
DAC Evaluation Network na-azụlite nduzi na ụkpụrụ maka ngwa bara uru ma kwalite ọrụ nkwonkwo n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ na-enye onyinye na ndị mmekọ. Ọ na-akwado DAC Evaluation Resource Center (DEReC), nchekwa data ịntanetị enyi na enyi nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ịrịba ama nke akụkọ nyocha sitere n'aka ndị isi niile na-enye onyinye na ụlọ ọrụ asaa. Ọrụ ya bụ odeakwụkwọ na-akwado, nke dị na Development Co-operation Directorate nke OECD na Paris, France .

Ebumnuche na ebumnuche nke netwọk bụ:

* Iji meziwanye amụma nyocha na nnyefe site n'ịkekọrịta ezi omume na site na imekọ ihe ọnụ na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ, akụkọ na akwụkwọ nduzi;
* Iji meziwanye uru enyemaka site n'ịkwado mmepe nke nkuzi ọrụ na amụma;
* Iji kwado mmekorita na nyocha nkwonkwo na ọtụtụ ndị na-enye onyinye na ọmụmụ ihe;
* Iji welie mmepe ikike nyocha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe maka nkwupụta nghọta, nkọwa na mmepe mmepe;
* Iji nyere obodo nyocha aka, nye aka dị mkpa maka nsonaazụ mmepe.

## Edensibia
DAC Network on Development Evaluation website: www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation