open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Usoro nhazi ụyọkọ kpakpando

thumb| Ihe ngosi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Milky Way Galaxy, na-egosi ogologo mbara igwe.  Otu vector dabara na ụgbọ elu nke mgbaama, na 0° longitude, nwere nke ọma nwere ebe Galactic ma na-agbakọ aka mgbochi.  Ụyọkọ ndị dị obere na-adabere n'ebe ọ ALA nwere ogologo ogologo 180 ° na-abata
The galactic coordinate system is a celestial coordinate system in spherical coordinates, na Sun dị ka etiti ya, bụ isi direction kwekọọ na nso center nke Milky Way Galaxy, na isi ụgbọ elu yiri ihe approximation nke galactic ụgbọ elu ma ike ya.  ugwu.  Ọ na-eji ọhụrụ aka nri, nke nọmba na nhazi dị mma n'ebe ugwu na n'ebe ụmụaka na ụgbọ elu bụ isi .
thumb| Elizabeth galactic na-eji Sun dị ka akụkụ.  Galactic longitude ( l ) ka a na-eji ntụzịaka bụ́ isi site na ọmụmụ ruo n'etiti mbara igwe dị n'egwuelu galactic, ebe latitude galactic ( b ) na-atụ ihe ahụ n'elu ụgbọ elu galactic .
Longitude (akara l ) na-atụ anya nkuku ihe dị n'ikiri ụkwụ ụmụaka n'ihu ala galactic site na Galactic Center.  N'ihe dị ka ogologo mbara ala, a na-atụ ogologo ogologo nke galactic na ogo (°).
Flinders bar

Ogwe Flinders bụ ogwe ígwè dị nro nke a na-etinye n'ime tube n'akụkụ ihu nke compass binnacle. A na-eji ogwe Flinders eme ihe iji gbochie magnetism kwụ ọtọ nke dị n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke usoro a maara dị ka ịgbagharị compass, ebe a na-egbochi ntụgharị nke magnetism a sitere na iji ndị na-edozi (ma ọ bụ quadrantal). 

Ebe enweghị ike imechi mgbagha site na ebe kompas site n'iji Flinders bar, bọọlụ Kelvin, magnetik njehie ikiri ụkwụ na ihe ndọta kwụ ọtọ, kaadị mgbapụ, ma ọ bụ eserese, na-emepụta.  Kaadị a, ma ọ bụ eserese, depụtara mgbagha maka nkuzi kompas dị iche iche ma onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na-ezo aka ya mgbe ọ dị mkpa ka edoziri usoro ọmụmụ kompas..

 na-akpọ ya aha onye England na-eme njem n'ụgbọ mmiri Matthew Flinders (1774-1814) onye dere akwụkwọ banyere magnetism ụgbọ mmiri maka Royal Navy.  chọpụtara na mgbakwunye nke ígwè ga-akwụ ụgwọ maka njehie nke ibu ya kpatara n'oge njem ya na Australia.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Flinders agụmakwụkwọ unit E debere  Wayback Machine site na Royal Geographical Society of Queensland
Gamma-ray gbawara

thumb|300x300px| Ihe atụ nke onye na-ese ihe na-egosi ndụ nke nnukwu mgbasa ozi kaadị na-eme ka ihe ndị dị mfe nke dị arọ arọ.  Standazi ọnọdụ ebute zuru oke iji ike ndoda,mkpọ ahụ na-ada ngwa ka ọ bụrụ mgbe oghere ojii .  N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ike ike ike n'oge àmà n'ụdị axis nke ntụgharị iji mgbatị GRB.
. Na gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts ( GRBs ) bụ nnukwu mgbawa ike nke ahụrụ na ike ndị dị anya, nke NASA ndị dị ka "klas ọgụ ike nke mgbawa na mbara igwe".  [1] Ha bụ ihe omume elektrọn kacha nwee ume na ọkụ Big Bang .  [2] Mgbawa nwere ike gbaa site na milliseconds iri ruo ọtụtụ awa.  [3] [4] Mgbe ọkụ gamma nwuchara nke mbụ, a na-ebunye okpomọkụ "ọkụ ọkụ" na-adịte aka n'ogologo ogologo ogologo ( X-ray, ultraviolet, optical, infrared, microwave and radio ).

. The Source of most GRBs are billions of light years away from Earth, na-egosi na mgbawa bụ ma oké ike (a unit gbawara releases dị ka ike na a Central ole na ole dị ka Sun ga na ya dum 10-ijeri-afọ ndụ.  ) [1] na oke ụkọ ( ole na ole kwa iwe kwa nde afọ [2] ).  GRB niile a na-ahụ anya sitere n' akara ndị Mgbidi Milky Way, ọ bụ ebe na klas gbakwunyere ya, ndị na- ike gamma dị nro, akwụkwọ ya na magnetars n'ime Milky Way.  A na-eche na ihe gamma-ray gbawara na Milky Way, na-atụ aka kpọmkwem n'ụwa, nwere ike ime ka ihe mkpochapụ dị ukwuu .  [3] ụfọdụ ndị ọgụ na-eche na mkpochapụ nke Late Ordovician bụ na ọ bụ n'ihi mgbawa gamma-ray dị otú ahụ.  

Achọpụtara GRBs na 1967 site na satịla ịtịla Vela, bụ nke emebere iji mkpụrụ osisi ngwa agha zoro zoro ezo ;  Mgbeyọchara nke ọma, e fịna nke a na 1973. [1] Mgbe Mpụga ha mechara, a tụpụtara ọtụtụ ụdị usoro ihe atụ iji ihe mgbawa ndị a, dị ka nda ezi n'etiti egwuregwu neutron .  [2] Obere ozi dị iji ụdị ụdị ndị a ruo mgbe mgba 1997 nke mbụ X-ray na anya afterglows na nha kpọmkwem nke redshifts ha site na iji anya spectroscopy, ya mere anya ha na-amụ ume.  Nchọpụta ndị a, na-etinye ihe ndị ọzọ sochirinụ nke akwụkwọ na supernovae, mgbawa ahụ, mere ka anya na ìhè nke GRB dokwuo anya, na-etinye ha n'ụzọ doro anya na akwụkwọ ndị dị anya.
Ihe nrite Tycho Brahe

. Ndị European Astronomical Society na-enye ihe nrite Tycho Brahe .  Emebere ya na 2008, a na-enye ihe nrite a kwa afọ iji kwado ọsụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ nrigbu nke ngwa mbara igwe nke Europe, ma ọ bụ ndị agha ndị siri ike dabere na ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ.

## Tycho Brahe nwetara ihe nrite
Ndị na-esonụ enwetala ihe nrite Tycho Brahe:

## Ntụaka
Krab (otu)

thumb|Nshịkọ
thumb|African Rainbow crab
Nshịkọ bụ ọkọlọtọ astrophotometric maka ike nke isi nke X-ray Astrophysical .  [1] [2] [3] [4] A kọwapụtara otu nshịkọ dị ka ike nke Crab Nebula na ike foton X-ray ngwaọrụ.

Crab Nebula, na nshịkọ Pulsar dị n'ime ya, bụ isi iyi X-ray dị egwu.  A na-eji ya dị ka kandụl ọkọlọtọ na usoro nhazi nke ngwa X-ray na mbara igwe.  Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ihe ike nke Crab Nebula na ike X-ray dị iche iche, ntụgharị nke Crab gaa na okporo ụzọ ọzọ na-adabere n'ogo ike X-ray nzọụkwụ.

. Na ike foton sitere na 2 ruo 10 keV, 1 Crab nhata 2.4 · 10 -8 erg cm -2 s -1 = 15 keV cm -2 s -1 = 2.4 · 10 -11 W m -2 .  Maka ike ụmụaka ~ 30 keV, Crab Nebula na-aghọ ihe na-adịghị mma maka nhazi nhazi, n'ihi na akara ike iji otu ụdị na-azụ ya na mgbawa ya.

## Ntụaka
Ihe nrite Jules Janssen

Prix ​​Jules Janssen bụ mgbasa elu nke Société astronomique de France (SAF), ọha mmadụ na-egosi mbara igwe nke France.

A na-enye onye France ihe na- ngosi mbara igwe ma ọ bụ onye na- mbara igwe nke mba ọzọ ihe nrite a kwa afọ iji kwado ọrụ mbara igwe n'ozuzu ya, ma ọ bụ maka ọrụ a na-arụ na mbara.  igwe.  [1] Onye mbụ ihe nrite bụ Camille Flammarion, onye nna Société astronomique de France, na 1897. A na-enye ihe nrite ahụ ahụ ma e ghọrọ agha ụwa abụọ.  Ndị na- ndị France na-enweta ihe sitere na mba dị iche iche United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Hungary, India, bụbu Czechoslovakia, na mbụ Soviet Union  .

. Onye France na-ịhụ mbara igwe bụ Pierre Jules César Janssen (nke a mara dị ka Jules Janssen) hibere ya n'oge ọ na-achị SAF site na 1895 ruo 1897. [1] Janssen kwuputara ihe nrite ọhụrụ na akwụkwọ nke Société  Astronomique de France na 2 Disemba 1896.

## Ntụaka
George Darwin Ọkụziri Ihe

Nkuzi nkuzi George Darwin bụ ihe nrite nke Royal Astronomical Society nyere onye ‘ọkà okwu ndọrọ iche na nke na-ekwu okwu’ isiokwu isiokwu mbara igwe ịgụ akwụkwọ, ịgụ akwụkwọ na physics agụ akwụkwọ .  A kpọrọ aha ahụ ahụ n'aha onye na-ekiri mbara igwe bụ George Darwin ma na-enye ya kwa aafo 1984. [1] Ọkà okwu nwere ike dabere na UK ma ọ bụ esenidụt.

* 2022: Alan Fitzsimmons
* 2021: Filippo Fraternali
* 2020: Nyefee Lahav
* 2019: Chris Emeela
* 2018: Stephen J. Smartt : "Kilonove na ọmụmụ nke ọtụtụ ozi mbara igwe" 
* 2017 Catherine Heymans : *Ikiri akụkụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke eluigwe na ala anyị*  
* 2016 Michael Kramer : Inyocha Einstein's Universe na physics ya - ọṅụ nke ịchọ ịmata ihe 
* 2015 Katherine Blundell : Evolushọn ngwa ngwa na mbara igwe 
* 2014 James S. Dunlop : The Cosmic History of Star Formation 
* 2013 Eline Tolstoy : Galactic Palaeontology 
* 2012 Andrew Collier Cameron : Ifufe, Tides na Migration of Hot Jupiters
* 2011 Michael Turner : Ijikọ quarks na cosmos
* 2010 Carlos Frenk : Ọdịdị Obere nke Eluigwe na Ala
* 2009 Neil Gehrels : SWIFT na nsonaazụ ya
* 2008 Alan Watson : Ọmụmụ nke Cosmic Ray Astronomy na Argentine Pampas
* 2007 Reinhard Genzel : Nnukwu oghere ojii na ụyọkọ kpakpando nuklia nke Milky Way
* 2006 Michael Werner : The Spitzer Space Telescope: Iji anya infrared na-enyocha mbara igwe
* 2005 Joseph Silk : Akụkụ gbara ọchịchịrị nke Eluigwe na Ala
* 2004 Mike Edmunds : Eluigwe na Ala
* 2003 Anneila Sargent : The Formation of Planetary Systems
* 2002 Ramesh Narayan : Ihe akaebe maka ihe omume Horizon Black Hole
* 2001 Wendy Freedman : Ọnụego Mgbasawanye nke Eluigwe na Ala
* 2000 Kip Thorne : Igwe ndọda ndọda: Imeghe windo ọhụrụ na mbara igwe.
* 1999 Geoff Marcy : mbara ala ọzọ
* 1998 Michael Perryman : Echiche Stereoscopic nke Galaxy
* 1997 Simon White : The Formation of Galaxies
* 1996 Andrew Fabian : Ahịrị ígwè sara mbara sitere na AGN: Nnwale nke ike ndọda
* 1995 Bohdan Paczyński : Micro lensing ndọda na ịchọ ihe gbara ọchịchịrị
* 1994 Scott Tremaine : Igwe Igwe Igwe Ọdụdọ Ọ bụ Stable?
* 1993 Riccardo Giacconi : Nlebanya na nso nso a site na teliskop Hubble Space
* 1992 John Barrow : Cosmology na-enweghị ụkpụrụ
* 1991 Sandra Faber : Olee otú ụyọkọ kpakpando (ma eleghị anya) si malite
* 1990 Andre Maeder : Nnukwu kpakpando na Galaxies
* 1989 Roger Blandford : anyanya ndọda
* 1988 Roger Taylor : Anyanwụ dị ka kpakpando
* 1987 Wal Sargent : Ikiri mgbanwe nke nnukwu usoro n'ime Eluigwe na Ala
* 1986 Gerald Neugebauer : mbara igwe infrared
* 1985 Robert Wilson : Echiche nke ultraviolet astronomy
* 1984 Icko Iben : Ndụ nke kpakpando etiti etiti - na iche / na ọnụọgụ abụọ
Zenith Electronics

thumb|Zenith Electronics
. Zenith Electronics, LLC, bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-abụ America nke na-ahụ ATSC na njikwa njikwa ikike ikike .  Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ South Korea LG Electronics nwe ya.  Zenith bụbu akara American nke ndị na-eji eletrọnịkị, onye na-ahụ redio na igwe onyonyo na ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị ọzọ na-azụ ajaajị, ma bụrụ onye isi na Glenview, Illinois .  Mgbe ọtụtụ nchụpụ arụchara ọrụ, isi ụlọ ọrụ ozire kwagara Lincolnshire, Illinois .  Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, slogan ha a ma ama (nke a gbaziri site n'aka onye na-ahụ Piano Crown George Bent nke Chicago, nke e ji mee ihe na 1890s) bụ "onye na-abanye tupu aha ahụ aga n'ihu"  .  [1] LG Electronics òkè na-achịkwa Zenith na 1995;  Zenith onye nwe nwe kpam kpam na 1999. Zenith bụ onye akara ndenye aha na njikwa ime ihe nke oge a, ma bụrụ onye mbụ ụmụaka dị elu (HDTV) na North America

 

Ralph Matthews na Karl Hassel [1] hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Chicago, Illinois, dị ka Chicago Radio Labs [2] na 1918 dị ka obere onye na-achọta redio redio amateur .  Aha "Zenith" sitere na ZN'th, ike nke akara oku redio ham nke onye mgbasa ya, 9ZN.  Eji ozi ha na 1921 site na Eugene F. McDonald, [2] na Zenith Radio Company ewebanyere na 1923.

. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eto eto bịara mara maka redio dị elu na ihe ọhụrụ electro.  Zenith webatara redio mbu nke mbu na 1924, [1] redio AC mbụ emepụtara na 1926, [1] na ntugharị bọtịnụ push-na 1927.  ọṣọ generator ma ọ bụ echiche dị iche, na-ere na US $ 59.95.  [2] Igwe onyonyo nke mbụ Zenith dị na 1939, na-eresị ọhaneze mbụ mbụ ya na 1948. [1] A na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ihe ihe ndị dị ka ikuku ikuku na FM multiplex stereo .  Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Zenith ji okwu a bụ "ndị na-abanye tupu aha ahụ aga n'ihu".  Ndị Geo ji akpaokwu a.  Onye ọrụ P. Bent Piano nke Chicago dị ka 1906.
Oge ehihie

thumb| .Baku Street na Noon (1861) nke Alexey Bogolyubov, na-egosi ọkwa na-adaba na obodo Baku.
Elekere (ma ọ bụ etiti ehihie ) bụ elekere iri na abụọ nke ehihie.  Edere ya ka elekere iri na abụọ nke ehihie, elekere 12:00 m.  (maka meridiem, n'ụzọ n'ụzọ 12:00 ehihie), 12 pm (maka post meridiem, n'ụzọ nke "mgbe etiti ehihie"), 12 pm, ma ọ bụ 12:00 (iji a 24-hour elekere) ma  ọ bụ 1200 ( agha oge ).  N'abalị bụ oge na-egosi na ọ ga-akpọtụrụ meridian mpaghara.  Nke a bụ mgbe rutere n'ogo ihu elu na mbara igwe, n'elekere iri na abụọ nke echeta oge anwụ na ike ịhụ ya site na iji anwụ anwụ .  Oge mpaghara ma ọ bụ elekere nke ehihie nke na-adabere na lonjitude na ụbọchị, yana oge nchekwa ụbọchị na-edobe ehihie nke nso n'elekere 1:00 nke ehihie

Okwu ehihie sitere na Latin nona hora, awa nke iteghete nke ndị ụbọchị, na-ekwu maka okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị nke Ebe Ọdịda, Nones (liturgy), (onye ọrụ), otu n'ime oge ekpere asaa a kapịrị ọnụ na ndị agha  omenala.  akaebe ndị ochie ochie nke Rome na Western Europe mgbaàmà na 6:00 ụtụ (06:00) n'oge equinox site n'ịhazi oge nke oge a, ya mere awa nke akụkọ n'ihe dị ugbu a n'elekere 3:  00.  pm (15:00) na equinox.  [ bekee ] ihe okwu ahụ elele n'etiti ehihie na oge jiri ọrụ ọrụ na 12:00 oge obodo.  – ya bụ, n’ebughị ụzọ chepụta oge a na-ahụ oge.  Mgbanwe ahụ ahụ na mberede nke 12 ma dozie ya na ike awụ nke 14
Nkwughachi gamma dị nro

Adị nro gamma repeater (SGR) bụ ihe na-enyocha mbara igwe nke na-ebunye nnukwu mgbawa nke gamma-ray na X-ray n'oge oge.  A na-eche na ha bụ ụdị magnetar ma ọ bụ, ọzọ, kpakpando neutron nwere diski fossil gburugburu ha.

 Na Machị 5, 1979 [1] ka ahụrụ ihe mgbawa gamma-ray siri ike.  Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị nnata nọ n'ebe dị iche iche na Solar Sistemu [2] mgbawa n'oge dịtụ iche, a ga- magnesium ntụzịaka ya, ma gosi na ọ sitere n'ụdị ihe nke supernova na nnukwu igwe Magellanic.

Astronomer Chryssa Kouveliotou nke Universities Space Research Association (USRA) na NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center echiche echiche ahụ na ndị na-ama gamma dị nro bụ ihe ndọta.  [1] [2] Dị ka echiche ahụ si kwuo, mgbawa ahụ ga-eme ka ihe ahụ ikelata ntụgharị ya.  Na 1998, [1] [2] o ji akara oge nke soft gamma repeater SGR 1806-20 .  Oge ahụ nkọwa site na 0.008. Mpempe 1993, ọ gbakọọ na nke a ga-akụkọ ya site na magnetar nwere ike ndọta nke 8 × 10 10 teslas (8 × 10 14 gauss ).  Nke a zuru iji mee ka obodo mbara igwe nke mba ụwa kwenye na ndị na-eji gamma dị nro bụ ihe ndọta.

Ihe mgbawa gamma dị nro dị egwu na-ama atụ bụ SGR 1900+14 agbara na Ọgọst 27, 1998. N'agbanyeghị nnukwu anya na SGR a, nke e mere ndụ na afọ 20,000 ọkụ, mgbawa ahụ nwere ikike dị ukwuu na ikuku ụwa.  .  Atɔm ndị dị na ionosphere, bụ nke a na-ahụ ionized site na radieshon Sun n'ehihie ma na-ahụ ya na atom na-anọpụ iche n'iji, bụ ionized n' Meghan na ọkwa ala-ụzọ ehihie na-agụ.  Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer ( RXTE), satĩlattị X-ray, natara akara ngosi zie ike site na mgbawa a n'oge a, n'agbanyeghị na a na-eduzi ya n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mbara igwe, ọ  ụzọ ka a na-echebe ya dị na radieshon.  .
Kpakpando gbara ya gburugburu

thumb|250x250px| .Ụzọ Ụzọ Circumpolar na foto agbatịre ogologo nke ụzọ ọtụtụ awa.  Kpakpando ndị dị nso n'osisi celestial na-ahapụ ụzọ mkpirisi na ogologo m
Kpakpando sekọmpolar bụ akụkụ nke, dị ka a na-ahụ ya site n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ebe e nyere n'ụwa, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-edobe n'okpuru mbara igwe n'ihi na ọ dị nso n'otu n'ime okporo ụzọ.  osisi celestial .  Ya mere, a na-ahụ ịhịa ebe n'ebe e kwuru n' okporo osisi kacha nso maka iji dum n'iመደ ọ mgba nke afọ (a ga-ụpọ na-ahụ ya n'ụbọchị dum, ma ọ bụrụ na  ọdịdị mkpuchighị ha).  A na-akpọ ndị ọzọ ọrụ oge .

Kpakpando sekọmpolar niile na-edina n'ime ụgbọ nke onye na-ekiri ihe na-egosi ogo ya.  Kpọmkwem, ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ nkuku nke radius nke ụgbọ a hà nhata latitude nke onye na-ekiri ihe.  Ka onye na-ekiri ya na-azụrụ nso na North ma ọ bụ South Pole, ka ebubo ya na-echeta.

Tupu MB nke Arctic e formalized dị ka mpaghara n'ebe ugwu nke Arctic Circle nke na-ahụ n'etiti ọmụmụ ihe, ọ pụtara n'ụzọ sara mbara ebe ndị 'agba' mkpuru mkpọ ( Ursa Major, Great Bear, na Ursa Minor  , the Little Bear ) dị elu na mbara igwe.  Ya mere okwu a 'Arctic' sitere na Grik ἀρκτικός ( arkticos ), 'bearish', sitere na ἄρκτος ( rktos ), 'agba'.
Oge anyanwụ

[áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Na ala ala dị elu dị ka mmetụta, sidereal ụbọchị dị iche iche echiche .  N'oge 1, ego na ụfọdụ ndị dị anya na-aga n'elu.  N'oge 2, mbara ala akaala 360 ° na ndị na-agụ dị anya na-agafe ọzọ (1 → 2 = otu ụbọchị dị n'ụdị).  Ma ọ bụghị ruo mgbe obere oge egwuregwu, na oge 3, na Sun na-agafe ọzọ (1 → 3 = otu ụbọchị ọmụmụ).  N'ụzọ dị mfe mfe, 1-2 bụ ntụgharị zuru oke nke ike, ma n'ihi na mgbanwe gburugburu Sun na- mmetụta nke Sun na-ahụ site na mmetụta, 1-3 bụ ogologo oge ọ na-ewe ehihie,  .  Rịba ama na n'ime ụzọ a, a na-ekwubiga okwu ókè maka amụma.]
. Oge nkuzi bụ oge nke oge dabere na ọnọdụ na mbara igwe .  ụbụrụ bụ isi nke oge bụ ụbọchị, dabere na oge ntụgharị synodic .  Omenala, e nwere ụdị nke atọ nke ọkara oge dabere na astronomical tara: oge ​​mme poly poly na-egosipụta oge ( ndịre n' akụkụ a), na sidereal oge, nke na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ndị na-eso ụzọ Sun.

Osisi toro ogologo nke edobere n'ala na-eme dị iche iche anwụ anwụ na-acha.  N'otu oge n'ụbọchị,kaa ahụ ga-atụ aka kpọmkwem n'ebe ugwu ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndịda (ma ọ bụ na-enwe ike n'anya mgbe ma ọ bụrụ na-enweta na-aga n'elu).  Oge ahụ bụ ehihie na mpaghara ehihie, ma ọ bụ elekere 12:00 o doro anya na mpaghara.  Ihe dị ka awa iri na anọ na anɔ gachara, akara ga-akpa aka n'ebe ugwu-ndịda, na-adị ka ọ kpuchiri ogo ogo 360 n'ụdị axis ụwa.  kpuchiri kpọmkwem ogo 15 (Mgbe1/24 nke gburugburu, a na-atụkwa abụọ ahụ n'akpaelu na-adaba na axis ụwa), oge obodo ahụ bụ 13:00 kpọmkwem;  mgbe 15 ọzọ degrees ọ ga-abụ 14:00 kpọmkwem.

Nsogbu bụ na na September Sun na-ewe obere oge (dị ka elekere ziri ezi) iji mee elele ìhè ihe ka ọ na-eme na December;  24 "awa" nke ihe nwe ike ịbụ 21.  Nke a iwu na- quantified site nhata nke oge, na bụ n'ihi na eccentricity nke Earth si orbit (dị ka na, Earth's orbit bụghị n'ụzọ zuru okè, nke nwanna na-amata – Sun anya iche n'ime afọ.  ), na eziokwu na Earth axis bụ.  ọ bụghị perpendicular na ụgbọ elu nke orbit ya (ihe a na-akpọ obliquity nke ecliptic ).
Njem ụgbọ mmiri n'eluigwe

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|327x327px| Eserese nke sextant na- Arsenal, ngwa eji eme njem nlegharị anya celestial iji obere n'etiti ihe abụọ a na-elele site na anya anya ya.
Celestial navigation, nke a ntụgharị dị ka astronavigation, bụ omume nke idozi site na iji ojiji ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ikiri na-enyere onye na-akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri aka n'ezie ụlọ anụ ha dị ugbu a na mbara igwe.  igwe ma ọ bụ n'elu ụwa n'adabereghị nanị na ngụkọ nhazi ọkwa, na-emekarị.  nke a mara dị ka "ọnụọgụ ọnwụ anwụ."  A na-eme igodo nke Celestial na-ejighi satịlaịtị igodo ma ọ bụ ụzọ eletrọnịkị ọgbara ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ngwaọrụ yiri ya.

.Ntugharị Celestial na-eji “nlegharị anya,” ma ọ bụ ihe nleba anya n'oge, a na-ewere n'etiti ahụ nke ike (ike, na-anwale, mbara ala ma ọ bụ ike ) na mbara ihu a na-  ahụ anya.  Celestial navigation see ike iri uru nke nha n'etiti celestial ozu na- ike na-ezo aka na mbara ụwa, dị ka mgbe ụnwa na ndị ọzọ eji ozu na-eji na omume na-akpọ "onye" ma ọ bụ mụ n'  ụnwa anya usoro, eji maka kpọmkwem oge mgbe oge bụ.  ebe

Celestial navigation site n'ile anya nke egwuregwu na mbara igwe mgbe n'elu ụwa na-eme eme ihe, na-enye ụzọ dị iche iche nke ọnọdụ, otu n'ime ha bụ usoro a ma na nke dị mfe a na  -akpọ "nlegharị anya n'ehihie" - ịbụ otu nleba anya nke kpọmkwem elu nke na kpọmkwem oge nke elu elu (nke a mara dị ka " ehihie mpaghara") - ebe ekiri elu nke Sun n'elu mbara igwe site na ọnọdụ  onye na-ekiri ya n'otu ụbọchị ọla.  Nleba anya n'akuku a, akwụkwọ ya na oge oge kpọmkwem oge ya, nke a na-akpọ oge dị na meridian, na-akpọ oge dị na meridian, na-apụtapụta latitude na longitude ahụ ozi n'oge na ebe ọrụ site na mbelata ikike na dị mfe.  Ọnwa, ọnwa, Polaris, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ 57 ndị ọzọ na-agagharị agagharị bụ ndị a na-hazi nhazi ya na nke ọ lla n'ime akwụkwọ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ ikuku nke ebipụtara ekiri ike nkịtị otu otu.  ihe mkpesa a.

Njegharị ụzọ na-emezu ebumnobi ya site n'iji nha anya (nhụhụ) n'etiti aru nna na mbara igwe a na-ahụ anya iji soro ọnọdụ mmadụ n'ụwa, ma n'elu ala, ikuku, ma ọ bụ n'  osimiri.  Na mgbakwunye, ihe nleba anya n'etiti egwuregwu na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na mbara igwe rụpụtara otu nri ahụ mgbe ha nọ na mbara igwe.  – ejiri mee ihe na mmemme oghere Apollo ma ka na-ọtụtụ satịlaịtị dị ugbu a.  N'otu aka ahụ, ngwaọrụ ike iji igodo nke nku mee ihe mgbe ọ nọ na mbara ala ndị ọzọ iji mee njem dị n'elu ha, na-eji mbara ala ha na ahụ nke ese adaba adaba na mbelata dabara na ihe enyemaka dị n'elu ha.  nke oge mpaghara
Oge Orbital

thumb|Oge Orbital
Oge orbital (nakwa oge ugwu ) bụ oge nke ihe e nyere na mbara igwe na- ewe iji mechaa otu orbit gburugburu ihe ọzọ.  Na-emetụta mbara mbara ala ma ọ bụ asteroids gburugburu, na-agba gburugburu mbara ala, exoplanets orbiting mbanye ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụ abụọ .  Ọkàn ike na-ezo aka na oge ọ na-ewe satịlaịtị na-agba gburugburu mbara ala ma ọ bụ ụnwanyi mechaa otu orbit.

Maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe n'ozuzu, a na- mada oge orbital site na akara 360 ° nke otu ahụ gburugburu isi ya, dị ka gburugburu Sun.

mkpụrụ iwu nke atọ nke Kepler si kwuo, oge orbital T nke ọnụọgụ abụọ na-agbapụta na ibe ha na kilogram ma ọ bụ elliptical orbit bụ: [1]
Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements
Nchịkọta kpakpando

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| .Logarithm nke ihe ike ikwu (ε) nke proton-proton (PP), CNO na Triple-α fusion Filiks na umu dị iche iche (T).  Ahịrị a ịhụnanya na-egosi ike nke usoro PP na CNO n'ime akwụkwọ.  Na arụ nke usoro, PP na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma
Stellar nucleosynthesis bụ ihe okike (nucleosynthesis) nke kemịkalụ site na mmemme mmemme ike n'ime akwụkwọ.  Stellar nucleosynthesis emeela e kere hydrogen, helium na lithium n'oge Big Bang .  Dị ka mgbaàmà, ọ na- a Wayne ziri ezi nke agwara ihe ndị a mụrụ.  Ọ na-amasị ihe mere ọtụtụ ihe ndị a na-anya ji agbanwe ka oge na-aga nakwa ihe mere ihe ụfọdụ na isotopes ha ji ahụ dị ukwuu ndị ọzọ.  Fred Hoyle tụpụtara ya na mbu na 1946, [1] onye mechara nụchaa ya na 1954. [2] Emere àmà ndị ọzọ, Pentagon na site na nucleosynthesis site na neutron ejide ihe ndị dị arọ isi, site na Margaret na Geoffrey Burbidge, William Alfred  Fowler na Fred Hoyle na akwụkwọ 1957 B 2 FH ha a ma ama, [3] bụ nke ike otu n'ime ihe ndị a kacha akpọtụrụ.  akwụkwọ na ihe mere eme astrophysics.

.Kpakpando na-etolite n'ihi nkwụsị n'ime ihe ha m (ọtụtụ ihe ndị ha) n'ogologo ndụ ha, nke mbụ site na ọkụ hydrogen (kpakpando usoro ), mgbe ahụ, helium (kpakpando alaka alaka kwụ ọtọ ),  ma jiri ụgbọ na-ere ihe ndị dị elu ọkụ.  Otú ọ dị, nke a n'onwe ya agbanwe agbanwe nke ọma n'ụba nke ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe ihe ndị dị n'ime ya dị n'ime mgbalị.  Mgbe e ahụ na ndụ ya, ndị dị ala ga-eji ngwa na-ebupụ ikuku ya site na ifufe stellar, na-akpụ nebula mbara ala, ebe mgba dị elu ga-esi n'ụdị ngwaọrụ na ngwaọrụ na-akpọ supernova .  A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ supernova nucleosynthesis mmepụta okike nke ihe n'oge mgbawa nke nnukwu ihe ma ọ bụ dwarf ọcha.

Usoro dị elu nke ọkụ na-ebute site na ndakpọ ndò na ikpo ọkụ ọkụ ya, na-ebute ọkụ nke carbon, oxygen na silicon na-esote.  ụgbọala, ọtụtụ nucleosynthesis na oke oke A = 28–56 (site na silicon ruo nickel) na-akpata n'ezie site na ɔkwan elu nke mmụta na-adaba na isi, na-eme ka ebili mmiri na-ama jijiji na- egwu  azụ.  N'ihu ujo na-ebuli Site na 50% obere oge, si otú a na-eme ka ọkụ na-ewe ihe dị ka otu n'ibu.  Ọkụ ikpeazụ a na nnukwu ọrụ, nke a na-akpọ nucleosynthesis mgbawa ma ọ bụ supernova nucleosynthesis, bụ oge ikpeazụ nke nucleosynthesis Njikọ.

. Ihe mkpali maka nke tiori nke nucleosynthesis bụ akara nke ịdị na-akpa ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe .  Mkpa anụ ahụ́ agbagorịrị saịtị na ọnọdụra kemịkalụ kemịkalụ dị na sistemu ọmụmụ.  Ihe Ahara ndị ahụ, mgbe a na-akpa nkata na ihe dị ka ọrụ nke ọnụọgụgụ atọm nke mmewere, nwere sawtooth jagged nke ịdị iche site na ihe dị ka iri nde mmadụ (lee ihe mere eme nke nucleosynthesis theory ).  [1] Nke a bụ aro usoro okike na-usoro.  Ihe mkpali nke abụọ iji usoro nke nucleosynthesis stellar mere na apụ nke 20, mgbe a tara na ike a napụtara site na mmemme mmemme, mere ka anwụ dị ndụ ogologo dị ka isi iyi ọkụ na ọkụ na ọkụ na ọkụ.
Andromeda (ìgwè kpakpando)

**Andromeda** bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ iri anọ na-enwe nke onye na- mbara igwe Gris na Rom nke ike afụ nke depụtara, yana otu n'ime m ike 88 nke oge a .  Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu nke n'azụ, aha ya bụ Andromeda, ada Cassiopeia, na merụrụ ifo ndị Gris, bụ onye agbụ ire n'ime nkume ka nnukwu anụ mmiri Cetus rie ya .  Andromeda bụ onye a ma ama n'oge mgbede mgbụsị akwụkwọ na Northern Hemisphere, yana ọtụtụ mịkọrọ ndị ọzọ aha maka ndị odide na-eme ifo Perseus .  N'ihi ugwu ya, Andromeda na-ahụ anya naanị n'ebe ugwu nke 40 ° south latitude;  maka ndị na-ekiri ihe na ndịda, ọ dabere n'okpuru mbara igwe.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime m egbochi ukwuu, nwere mpaghara 722 square degrees .  Nke a ụmụaka 1,400 ugboro nke ugboro ugboro zuru ezu, 55% nke nha nke ukwuu mpịaji, Hydra, na ihe ugboro 10 nke obere mkpuru, Crux .

Kpakpando ya na-Ma eleghị anya, Alfa Andromedae, bụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke a na-agụkwa dị ka ụgwọ nke Pegasus, mgbe Gamma Andromedae bụ ọnụọgụ abụọ mara mma na ihe na-ewu ewu maka ndị na-na-agụ mbara igwe.  obere obere obere Alfa, Beta Andromedae bụ nnukwu okwu, agba ya na-ahụ anya na anya gba ɔtɔ.  Ihe kacha pụta ìhè nke mbara igwe nke akwụkwọ ahụ bụ anya gba ɔtotu Andromeda Galaxy (M31, nke a na-akpọkwa Great Galaxy nke Andromeda),  M'ama kacha nso na Milky Way na otu n'ime ihe ndị Messier na- misalin.  Ọtụtụ ndị mgbasa ndị na-agwụ ike, ndị agha ndị enyi M31 M110 na M32, yana NGC 891 dị anya ụzọ, dina n'ime Andromeda.  Blue Snowball Nebula, mbara ala nebula, na-ahụ anya na teliskop dị ka ihe na-acha ọkụ ọkụ.

Na ndị na-agụ igwe nke China, ndị na-agafe Andromeda bụ ndị otu mkpụrụ aanọ dị iche nwere uru ịgụ akwụkwọ na ụdị ifo;  otu mfọn amụ Andromeda echiche na ike ifo ndị Hindu.  Andromeda bụ ebe radiant maka Andromedids, mmiri mmiri meteor na-adịghị ike na-eme na Nọvemba.
Òtù Nnyocha Banyere Kpakpando Ndị Dị Nso

Consortium Research On Nearby Stars ( RECONS ) bụ otu mba ụwa nke ndị na- mbara igwe hiwere na 1994 iji ngwaọrụ ndị kacha nso na Sistemụ akwụkwọ - na-eke anya na ndị n'ime 10. nkeji (32.6 afọ ọkụ ),  mana dị ka nke 2012, elelewo mbara igwe ruo 25 parsecs.  N'ụdị ọrụ ahụ na-atụ anya ziri ezi ezi nke usoro usoro mpaghara ga-enye ndị dị mma nke usoro na Galaxy n'ozuzu ya.

Consortium na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ya bụ onye dere usoro The Solar Neighborhood in The Astronomical Journal, nke isiokwu na 1994. [1] Usoro a dị ugbu a nhọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40  akwụkwọ na ụdị.  Nchọpụta ndị sitere na usoro isiokwu a:

* Achọpụtara GJ 1061 ka ọ bụ nke iri abụọ&nbsp;Usoro kpakpando kacha nso ama ama, n'ebe dị anya nke 11.9&nbsp;afọ ọkụ.
Sarah Fawcett

**Sarah Fawcett** bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara oké osimiri na ihu igwe na South Africa.  nkuzi  elu na Ngalaba nke Oceanography na Mahadum Cape Town, ọ nwere mmasị karịsịa na ọrụ nke oké osimiri na-achịkwa Okirikiri biogeochemical na otu dysregulation ha si enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe.  na-asọpụrụ ya na World Economic Forum Young Scientists Class of 2020, [1] na P-Rating site na National Research Foundation, nke na-ekweta na ọrụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ ga-enwe mmetụta dị elu. 

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Fawcett na Benoni, Gauteng, ma gaa Benoni High School .   gara n'ihu na-amụ Earth and planetary science na Mahadum Harvard (2006) wee mechaa PhD na Princeton (2012) ebe o mechara nwee postdoctoral fellowship (2012-2015). [1]

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara Fawcett ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi na oceanography na Mahadum Cape Town .   rụrụ ọrụ iji wulite otu nyocha dịgasị iche iche, na-amata ịkpa ókè ụmụ nwanyị sayensị ka na-eche ihu. Site  2016, o sonyere na atụmatụ SEAmester nke na-ezube ịzụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta postdoctoral oceanography.

doctorate ya, Fawcett nyochara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nitrogen na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke phytoplankton na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Oké Osimiri Sargasso.  gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ndị a, na-elekwasị anya na subpolar North Atlantic na Southern Ocean dị ka ebe ndị dị mkpa. Nchịkọta nke carbon site  mgbapụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mpaghara ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa na-achịkwa usoro oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ, mana ike nke usoro nitrogen-phytoplankton na-egbochi arụmọrụ ya. Ọtụtụ 'ime ọrụ Fawcett dabeere na nha nke isotopes nitrogen kwụsiri ike. Fawcett -ekwukwa maka enweghị nyocha na Benguela Upwelling System, nke dị mkpa maka ụdị dị iche iche na akụ na ụba nke mpaghara ahụ.  bụkwa onye nchọpụta bụ isi maka Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition (ACE). [1]

'afọ 2017, ọ natara onyinye South African Network for Coastal and Oceanic Research (SANCOR) Young Researchers Award na Claude Leon Merit Award for Early-Career Researchers. Mail na Guardian gosipụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime Top 200 Young South Africans ma nata NRF P-rating nke pụtara na ọrụ mbụ ya tụrụ aro na ọ ga-aga n'ihu ịghọ "onye ndu mba ụwa n'ọdịnihu n'ọhịa ya".   'afọ 2018, Mahadum nke Cape Town nyere ya onyinye College of Fellows Young Researcher Award. 'afọ 2020, World Economic Forum gbakwunyere Fawcett n'òtù ya nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-eto eto 25 na "ihu nchọpụta sayensị" maka afọ ahụ n'ihi nyocha ya na "mmụta kemịkal na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri na ihu igwe" na "mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu mmiri".

## Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ

*  
*  
*  

## Databox

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Denzil Miller

**Denzil George Miller** (30 Eprel 1951 - 30 Nọvemba 2019) bụ Onye sayensị mmiri na ọkachamara na nchekwa Antarctic, ịkụ azụ, iwu na ọchịchị.  

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Miller tolitere  Zambia ma gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ na Zimbabwe.  gara n'ihu nweta PhD na Marine Biology na Mahadum nke Cape Town . [1]

## Ọrụ
Miller rụrụ ọrụ  ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị maka ngalaba Marine and Coastal Affairs nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke South Africa ruo afọ 23, site na 1979 ruo 2002.  N'oge a, ọ gara Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) dị ka onye otu ndị nnọchi anya South Africa.  kpọkọtara Kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ na Krill (1987 ruo 1994) ma bụrụ onyeisi kọmitii sayensị ya (1997 ruo 2000). [1]

 rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke CCAMLR site na 2002 ruo 2010.

Site na 2003 ruo 2008, Miller bụ onye isi oche nke United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's Regional Fisheries Bodies Secretariat Network.

N'afọ 2011, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi nke Antarctic Tasmania's Science and Research Unit . 

Miller bụ onye nnọchi anya Tasmanian na Forum of Australian Chief Scientists site na 2012 ruo 2017. 

## Onyinye
'afọ 1995, e nyere Miller ihe nrite South African Antarctic na BP Antarctic Award . 

'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2007, ọ bụ otu n'ime mmadụ isii si mba ụwa natara ihe nrite Duke of Edinburgh Conservation Medal maka onyinye ya na nchekwa Antarctic na njikwa azụ.

## Edensibia


Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Buyisiwe Sondezi

**Buyisiwe Sondezi** bụ onye sayensị South Africa.  bụ nwanyị mbụ n'Africa nwetara Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) na physics nnwale nke ihe jikọtara ya na ya mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Johannesburg na 23 Septemba 2014.

## Ndụ agụmakwụkwọ
Buyisiwe  nwa mbụ a mụrụ na nwanne nwanyị nke ụmụnne iri. Ọ tolitere na Newcastle ma mụta sayensị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ime obodo. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ enweghị ụlọ nyocha. "Aghachiri m iche n'echiche otú ihe dị, n'ihi na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ enweghị ụlọ nyocha. A gwara m ma ọ bụrụ na ị gwakọta 'otu' na 'abụọ' ị ga-enweta 'atọ'. Anyị dabere n'ihe akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru, ka Dr Sondezi kwuru. Ọ hụrụ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha na nke mbụ ya mgbe ọ na-amụ maka nzere ya na Mahadum Vista na Soweto, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Mahadum Johannesburg. Buyisiwe gụsịrị akwụkwọ  Bachelor of Science (BSc) na Physics, Chemistry na Statistics. [1]

Buyisiwe rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye nkuzi na Sandringham High School, Johannesburg na 2003. 'afọ 2005, ọ kụziri klas Fundamental Physics na Mahadum Rand Afrikaans ma gosipụta afọ nke abụọ Physics Practicals n'otu mahadum ahụ.

O nwere nzere nsọpụrụ na nzere masta na physics, na-eme nchọpụta banyere njirimara nke mkpụrụ ndụ anyanwụ.  malitere PhD ya n'otu ụzọ ahụ, Otú ọ dị, ọ gbanwere isiokwu nke doctorate ya na ihe jikọrọ ya na physics nnwale na 2007.

South African Nuclear Energy Corporation (NECSA) were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na Radiation Utilisation Division n'etiti afọ 2005 na 2007. 'afọ 2007, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Johannesburg dị ka onye nkuzi.

N'afọ 2009, ọ meriri ụmụ nwanyị nke Ngalaba Sayensị na Teknụzụ na Science  ma họpụta ya dị ka otu n'ime "Fun and Fearless Women" nke magazin Cosmopolitan. 

'afọ 2012, a kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa South Africa 200 nke Mail &amp;amp; Guardian, na ngalaba sayensị na teknụzụ.

Buyisiwe mere isi akụkọ dị ka nwanyị mbụ n'Africa nwetara Ph.D. n'ọhịa ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014.
 
deela akwụkwọ na mmekorita ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị iche iche bi gburugburu ụwa.

'oge ezumike ya, ọ na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị.

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Nkà mmụta mbara igwe nke ultraviolet

thumb|Ihe onyonyo GALEX nke ụyọkọ kpakpando Messier 81 dị na ìhè ultraviolet. Ebe E Si Nweta:GALEX/NASA/JPL-Caltech.
Astronomy ultraviolet bụ nleba anya nke radieshon electromagnetic na ultraviolet wavelengths n'etiti ihe dịka 10 na 320 nanometers; A na enyocha mbara igwe X-ray na mbara igwe gamma-ray na-amụ ogologo ebili mmiri dị mkpụmkpụ—photons ume dị elu. Anya mmadụ anaghị ahụ ìhè Ultraviolet. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọkụ ndị a dị n'ogologo ikuku na etinye uche na ikuku nke ụwa, n'ihi ya, a ga emerịrị ihe nleba anya n'okiri ụkwụ ndị a site na ikuku elu ma ọ bụ site na mbara igwe.

## Nchịkọta
A na eji ihe nleba anya ultraviolet line spectrum (spectroscopy) achọpụta ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ, njupụta, na okpomọkụ nke etiti interstellar, yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na ngwakọta nke kpakpando na ekpo ọkụ na eto eto. Nleba anya UV nwekwara ike ịnye ozi dị mkpa gbasara mmalite nke ụyọkọ kpakpando. Enwere ike iji ha chọpụta ọnụnọ nke dwarf ọcha na ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ onye na eso usoro n'usoro na gburugburu kpakpando jụrụ oyi.

Eluigwe na ala ultraviolet dị nnọọ iche na kpakpando na ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị a maara nke ọma a na ahụ n'ìhè a na ahụ anya. Ọtụtụ kpakpando bụ n'ezie ihe dị mma nke na ebunye ọtụtụ radieshon electromagnetic ha n'akụkụ a na ahụ anya ma ọ bụ nke dị nso nke infrared nke ụdịdị ahụ. Ụzarị ultraviolet bụ mbinye aka nke ihe ndị na ekpo ọkụ karị, nke na emekarị n'oge mmalite na njedebe nke evolushọn ha. N'ime mbara igwe nke ụwa a na ahụ n'ìhè ultraviolet, ọtụtụ kpakpando ga apụ n'anya. Ụfọdụ kpakpando na eto eto na ụfọdụ kpakpando ochie na ụyọkọ kpakpando, na eto eto na ekpo ọkụ ma na emepụta ọkụ ọkụ dị elu n'akụkụ ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ ha, ga ahụ anya. Ígwé ojii nke gas na uzuzu ga egbochi ọhụụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Milky Way.

Ndị na ahụ maka anyanwụ dabere na mbara igwe dị ka SDO na SOHO na eji telescopes ultraviolet (a na akpọ AIA na EIT, n'otu n'otu) iji lelee ọrụ na Sun na corona ya. Satịlaịtị ihu igwe dị ka usoro GOES-R na ebukwa teliskop maka ikiri anyanwụ na ultraviolet.

Igwefoto oghere Hubble na FUSE abụrụla igwe teliskop oghere kacha nso nso a iji lelee ụdịdị UV dị nso na nke dị anya nke mbara igwe, n'agbanyeghị na ngwa UV ndị ọzọ efegoro na obere nlele dị ka GALEX, yana rọketi na ada ụda na ụgbọ elu Space.

Ndị ọsụ ụzọ na mbara igwe ultraviolet gụnyere George Robert Carruthers, Robert Wilson, na Charles Stuart Bowyer.
center|thumb|500x500px|Andromeda Galaxy  na X-ray ike dị elu na ìhè ultraviolet (wepụtara 5 Jenụwarị 2016).

## Igwe teliskop oghere ultraviolet
thumb|Astro 2 UIT weghaara M101 na ultraviolet gosipụtara na acha odo odo
Hụkwa Ndepụta nke telescopes oghere ultraviolet

## Ngwa ultraviolet dị n'ụgbọ elu mbara ala

* - UVIS (*[[Cassini–Huygens|Cassini]]*) - 1997 (at Saturn from 2004  o 2017)
* - MASCS (*[[MESSENGER]]*) - 2004 (at Mercury from 2011 to 2015)
* - Alice (*[[New Horizons]]*) - 2006 (Pluto flyby in 2015)
* - UVS (''Juno'') - 2011 (at Jupiter since 2016)
* - IUVS (MAVEN) - 2013 (at Mars since 2014)

## Hụkwa

*

## Ntụaka
Nigel Hemming

**Nigel Hemming,** bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe, ọkachamara na foto anụmanụ na ihe osise. A mụrụ ya na afọ 1957 na Staffordshire.   ọ bụ kwa onye na-ese nnụnụ, ọ bụ ihe osise nkịta ya ghọrọ ihe a ma ama.

A kọwara  ya dị ka "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkịta a ma ama na UK"  na otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma. 

## Onyinye na ọrụ ndị a ma ama

*  - E bipụtara onye na-ese ihe nke afọ site na Fine Art Trade Guild.

## Edemsibe

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Tichodroma (akwụkwọ akụkọ)

Tikodroma bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ornithogical Society / Slovak Slovakia na mmekorita ya na ndị Institute of Courlogy of Clovak Academy, Zvolen. A na-ewepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ otu ugbọrọ kwa afọ ma na-ebipụta akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na akụkọ dị mkpirikpi na Slovak, Czech na asụsụ Bekee na Bekee ma ọ bụ German adịghị adị. Akwụkwọ edemede ahụ bụ ndị ọgbọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ornithology

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe mbido akwụkwọ akụkọ
* Slovak Ornithological Society/BirdLife Slovakia
* Institute of Forest Ecology nke Slovak Academy of Sciences, Zvolen
Onye nzuzu Huntin

Huntin' Fool magazin bụ magazin a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa nke a raara nye ịchụ nta nnukwu anụ na Western United Steeti. Magazin a bụ akụkụ nke Carter Hunter Services .  Huntin' Fool bụ ihe enyemaka maka ndị dinta na-abụghị ndị bi na ya, yana ndị nwere mmasị ịchụ nta iko. Akwụkwọ a lekwasịrị anya na nnukwu ịchụ nta egwuregwu na Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington na Wyoming.

## Ihe ndị dị na ya
Huntin' Fool na-akọwa ozi nnukwu ndị dinta egwuregwu na-eji etinye akwụkwọ maka ikike ịchụ nta na mkpado yana ịhọrọ njem ịchụ nta dabere na ụdị na ebumnuche ha. Na mgbakwunye na akụkọ ndị otu na ohere ịchụ nta ekike, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ ịchụ nta, oge inye ikike, ụbọchị ịchụ nta, na ozi ndị ọzọ bara uru.

Ọwa Jenụwarị ruo June nke Huntin 'Nzuzu raara onwe ya nye na nyocha nke ọma nke ohere ịchụ nta egwuregwu ọ bụla nke ọdịda anyanwụ steeti, na steeti 2 ruo 3 na-ekwu okwu na mbipụta ọ bụla.

## Hụkwa

* Hunter-Trader-Trapper (1900-1938) magazin America n'èzí

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Huntin' Fool Magazine
Johnny Wanna Live

"Johnny Wanna Live" bụ abụ pop nke onye ọbụ abụ German Sandra, nke Michael Cretu, Klaus Hirschburger na Frank Peterson dere, nke Cretu mepụtara. Ewepụtara egwu a na mbụ na album studio nke anọ nke Sandra Paintings in Yellow na 1990 wee mechaa megharịa ya maka mkpokọta 1992 ya 18 Greatest Hits. E weputara ụdị ọhụrụ a dị ka otu iji kwalite ọba ahụ, na-akwado ya na "Mirrored in Your Eyes" sitere na album Sandra kacha ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ, Close to Seven, ma na-ezute naanị obere ihe ịga nke ọma chaatị.

"Johnny Wanna Live" bụ abụ ụdị obi ndị a na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ na aha Johnny n'ozuzu ya na-anya anya anụmanụ ọ lara. Abụ ahụ sitere   enweghị nkwenye Sandra ma ka ndị mmadụ na-eyi uwe ajị anụ.

## Mmeghachi omume
Na Media kwuru, "N'ịbụ nke sitere na abọm nke afọ a Close to Seven, nke a bụ mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi maka nchịkọta CD ọhụrụ 18 Greatest Hits, echiche zuru oke ọrụ ya. N'abụ a, di ya / onye na -ahụ ya na-eji otu ụdị ahụ dị ka ọ dị na ọrụ Enigma ya, ebe Sandra ngwaọrụ na olu."

## Vidio egwu
Onye nduzi egwu Britain bụ Howard Greenhalgh duziri Vidio egwu ahụ ma ihe dị iche nke obi ụmụ anụmanụ, dị ka anụ na anụmanụ ya na  ihe na-eyi uwe ajị anụ. E njikọ vidio ahụ na mkpokọta vidiyo nke Sandra 18 Greatest Hits na afọ1992     na 2003 DVD The Complete History . 

## Ụdị na ndepụta egwu

* **CD maxi otu**

# "Johnny Wanna Live" - 3:52
# "Johnny Wanna Live" (Extended Version) - 5:18
# "E lere ya anya n'anya gị" - 3:26

* **7" otu**

: A. "Johnny Wanna Live" - 3:50
: B. "E lere ya anya n'anya gị" - 3:26

* **12" otu**

: A. "Johnny Wanna Live" (Extended Version) - 5:18
: B1. "Johnny Wanna Live" - 3:50
: B2. "E lere ya anya n'anya gị" - 3:26

## Chaatị

## Ụdị mkpuchi

* Ọ bụ Sarah Brightman, n'ezie enyi nwanyị nke onye na-ede egwu ahụ, Frank Peterson, dere abụ ahụ na 1993 album ya Dive .

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Discogs.com/master/65270" id="mwoA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Johnny Wanna Live" na Discogs
Mma Skinner

thumb|300x300px|mma akpụkpọ anụ 

**Mma akpụkpọ anụ ma ọ bụ mma akpụkpọ anụ bụ ngwá ọrụ ọkachamara maka akpụkpọ anụ. Dịka mma akpụkpọ anụ nwere agụba obosara, nke dị mkpụmkpụ, gbagọrọ agbagọ.**

Mma akpụkpọ anụ bụ ngwá ọrụ karịa ngwa agha. Emepụtara ọdịdị ha gbagọrọ agbagọ iji belata ihe ize ndụ dị n'ịkụnye akpụkpọ ahụ n'oge a na-akpụ akpụkpọ ahụ, na iji nye ohere iji mpaghara ikiri ụkwụ nke agụba.

## Ojiji
N'adịghị ka echiche na-ezighi ezi a ma ama, a gaghị eji mpaghara isi nke mma ahụ mee ihe ma ka akpụkpọ anụ.   ọrụ mfe iji mpaghara ndịkwụ nke mma ahụ mee ihe dịka o kwere mee, nke na-echekwa nkoro nke mpaghara elu nke mma ahụ maka mkpa dị anya, ọ bụrụ na achọrọ ha. 

Mma akpụkpọ anụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ókèala America, nke a na-esikarị na Sheffield, England, ma kesaa ya site na Hudson's Bay Company.   n'afọ 1830, Green River Works rụkwara mma akpụkpọ anụ. 'etiti ndị bi n'ókè, okwu ahụ bụ "e *mere ruo Green River*" gosipụtara àgwà nke ihe ma ọ bụ afọ ojuju ha na nkwekọrịta azụmahịa.

## Edemsibe
Akara ubi

Akara ubi bụ njirimara (dịka ọmụmaatụ na plumage) bara uru maka njirimara ụdị, na-abụkarị nnụnụ. A na-ejikarị ha na ntuziaka ubi ma ọ bụ igodo njirimara. N'okwu sara mbara karị, enwere ike ịkpọ akara ubi dịka agwa (dịka "agwa dị iche" ma ọ bụ "agwa nchọpụta"). Maka nnụnụ nke a nwere ike ịgụnye plumage, àgwà ụgbọ elu, oke, olu, omume, wdg, ya bụ, njirimara niile na-enyere aka njirimara. N'adịghị ka akara n'aka, nke a na-amata mgbe ejidere ihe nlere anya n'aka, akara ubi bụ karịsịa akara ndị na-anọgide na-aba uru n'ọnọdụ na-erughị ezigbo ọnọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe isiokwu ahụ dị anya, ọ bụ naanị nke a na-ahụ anya ma ọ bụ na-ejighị ya ọkụ. hụ na agba ya.

## Edemsibe

* http://www.allaboutbirds.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=1053
* http://www.backyardnature.net/birdmark.htm
Òtù Ndị Na-achụ nta Gris

**Party of Greek Hunters (Grik: Κόμμα Ελλήνων Κυνηγών, KEK), bụ otu obere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Gris na-akwado ikike nke ndị dinta. Giorgos Tsagkanelias na-edu ya.**   

## Nsonaazụ ntuli aka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke òtù
Oké osimiri (ihe ọmụmụ mbara igwe)

Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ahụ bụ mpaghara mbara igwe nke ọtụtụ igwe metụtara mmiri na ole na ole metụtara ala, na eme. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na anyanwụ gafere n'akụkụ a nke mbara igwe n'oge mmiri ozuzo.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ìgwè kpakpando ndị a bụ Ptolemy kpọrọ aha:

*

Mgbe ụfọdụ gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri Argo na Crater the Water Cup.

Ụfọdụ ìgwè kpakpando nke nwere mmiri dị ọhụrụ, yabụ na ọ bụghị na mpaghara a. Ha gụnyere Hydrus, agwọ dị obere; Volans, azu na efe efe; na Dorado, mma agha.

## Hụkwa

## Ntụaka
Ardea (akwụkwọ akụkọ)

*Ardea   bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na-enyocha kwa afọ nke ndị ọgbọ nke hiwere na 1912. Ọ bụ mbipụta gọọmentị nke Netherlands Ornithologists' Union ma na-ekpuchi gburugburu ebe obibi, akụkọ ndụ ndụ, na mgbanwe nke nnụnụ. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ebipụta mbipụta pụrụ iche na usoro ọgbakọ ma ọ bụ usoro ọmụmụ ihe. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-ewepụta aha ya site na genus genus Ardea.*

## Hụkwa

* Dutch Birding - akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Dutch Birding Association
* Ndepụta nnụnụ nke Netherlands
* Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin ndị metụtara nnụnụ na nnụnụ

## Edemsibe


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Okporo ụzọ kpakpando

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Star transits (Reticle 2°, magnif. ~10, two stars passing the vertical thread). Timing accuracy may be ±0,5 s.
Njegharị kpakpando bụ ngafe kpakpando gafere n'ọhụhụ nke ihe nlegharị anya teliskop.

Nleba anya nke ọma nke njem kpakpando bụ ntọala nke ọtụtụ ụzọ na mbara igwe na geodesy. Enwere ike ime nha n'ụzọ dị iche iche:

# anya (ọtụtụ n'ime ruo 1990): izi ezi 0,1 "ruo 2" (dabere na ngwá ọrụ); oge na elekere dijitalụ ihe dịka 0,05-0,2 sekọnd

## Hụkwa

* e
* Transit instrument

## Akwụkwọ

* Karl Ramsayer, 1969: *Geodätische Astronomie*, Vol.2a of Handbuch der Vermessungskunde, 900 p., J.B.Metzler-Verlag Stuttgart.
* Ivan I. Mueller, 1969: Spherical and Practical Astronomy as applied to Geodesy, 610 p., Fred.Ungar publ., USA
* IAU Coll.48: *Modern [[Nkà mmụta mbara igwe|Astrometry]]*, Egermann, University Vienna.
Equator nke eluigwe

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Equator celestial na- ụgbụ a ihe dịka 23.44° n'gboelu eklips .  Onyonyo a na-egosi gosiri dị n'etiti tilt axial nke ụwa (ma ọ bụ obliquity ), axis ntụgharị, na ụgbọ elu orbital .
Equator celestial bụ nnukwu ibu nke mbara igwe a na-eche echiche n'otu ụgbọ elu dị ka equator nke ike .  Site na ndọtị, ọ bụkwa ụgbọ elu ntụaka na usoro nhazi nke equatorial .  N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, equator celestial bụ ntụle a na-ahụ ahụ anya nke equator terrestrial na mbara mbara .  [1] N'ihi ntugharị axial nke ụwa, equator celestial na-achọ ugbu a ihe dị ka 23.44 Celsius n'ihe gbasara eklips (gbo elu nke orbit ụwa ), mana ọ dị iche site na ihe dịka 22.0 ° ruo 24.5 ° n  'ime 5 gara aga.  nde afu [2] n'ihi nhụsianya sitere na mbara ala ndị ọzọ.

. Onye na-ekiri ihe na-eso n'elu equator na-ama na-ahụ anya nke ọnụnọ equator dị ka ọkara na-agafe zenith, isi ihe dị n'elu.  Ka onye na-ekiri ihe na-aga n'ebe ugwu (ma ọ bụ n'ebe ndịda), equator celestial na-ehulata n' maida nke ọzọ.  A kọwapụtara equator celestial ka ọ dị anya na-achọ achọ (ebe ọ dị na mbara igwe);  Ya mere, nsõtụ nke ọkara na-agbakọ mgbe niile na mbara ihu n'ụdị iwu na-egosi, n'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri ya n'ụwa.  N'osisi ndị dị n'elu, mbara igwe na-adaba na mbara igwe.  N'ebe niile, mbara igwe equator bụ arc ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ edo edo n'ihi na onye na-ekiri ya na-anọ naanị n'ebe dị anya site na ụgbọ elu nke akara equator, mana njedebe na mbara igwe.  onwe ya
Isiokwu Mbụ nke Aries

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Isi ihe mbụ nke Aries na-akụkọ nchikota eklips nke (0°, 0°).  Ọ dị na mbara igwe equator n'aka ekpe na aka nri nke chaatị mbara igwe, na-eji eklips (ope nwere ikike sine curve ) na-agafe na ya.
Isi ihe mbụ nke Aries, nke a na-adị ka cusp nke Aries, bụ ebe vernal equinox ( March equinox ), dị were ka ebe ntụaka na ndị na-akpakọrịta .  Na tsare-eji usoro nhazi dị otú ahụ, a na- Type ya na akara ♈︎.  A aha maka mfọn nke Aries, ọ bụ otu n'ime isi ihe dị na mbara igwe nke mbara igwe na-agafe na mbara igwe, nke ọzọ bụ isi ihe mbụ nke Libra, nke dị kpọmkwem 180 ° site na ya.  N'ihi na precession nke equinoxes ebe ọ bụ na ọnọdụ na mbụ aha ya n'oge ochie, ọnọdụ nke Sun mgbe na vernal equinox bụ ugbu a na Pisces;  mgbe ọ dị na Autumnal equinox ( September equinox ), ọ bụ na Virgo (dị ka nke J2000).

N'iyi ụzọ ya kwa afọ site na zodiac, ọmụmụ na-ezute equator nke onye site na ndịda ruo n'ebe ugwu na ebe mbụ nke Aries, na site na ugwu ruo n'ebe ndịda na ebe mbụ nke Libra.  A na-ewere isi ihe mbụ nke Aries dị ka nke ọnụnọ " prime meridian " nke esi na ya gbakọọ nrịgo aka nri .
Udawalawe Elephant Transit Home

thumb|Udawalawe Elephant Transit Home
thumb|African elephant (Loxodonta africana)
  

The **Udawalawe Elephant Transist Home** () bụ ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa dị n'ime Udawalawe National Park na Sri Lanka nke e guzobere na 1995 site na Ngalaba Nchekwa Anụ ọhịa nke Sri Lanka.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Enyí Sri Lanka (Elephas maximus maximus) bụ ụdị dị n'ihe ize ndụ na ndụ ha n'ebe obibi ha na-eyi egwu n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ. A na-egbu enyí n'iji mgbe niile, ọtụtụ ụmụ enyí na-aghọ ụmụ mgbei. Iji kwado enyí ndị a na-ahụ nne na nna Ngalaba Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa, Elephant Transit Home n'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Udawalawe site n'ebe nke Born Free Foundation.   guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'okpuru Ndezigharị nke 29 na Iwu Nchedo Fauna na Flora Nkebi nke Abụọ.

## Ụlọ ọrụ na nlekọta
 na-egbu ihe ruru enyí atɔ kwa izu na Sri Lanka n'ihi eziokwu ya na ụmụ anụmanụ, na-ahapụ nwa ụmụ mgbei. A na-edebe enyi n'ịkpọ nke Ogige Ntụrụndụ Udawalawe iji nleta na-alụ ebe obibi ha.     &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Ebe etiti ahụ nwere ozi gbasara enyí. Na mgbakwunye, Dilmah Conservation hibere igwe na-ekpo ọkụ anyanwụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji kpoo mmiri a na-eji eme mmiri ara ehi na-enye ụmụ mgbei nri.

## Hụkwa

* Ebe Ọmụmụ Ụmụ Mgbei nke Elephant Pinnawela
* Anụ ọhịa nke Sri Lanka

## Edemsibe
Joseph Pohl

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|
&#x2D;Joseph Pohl (1864–1939) bụ onye omenkà ihe ọkụkụ German mụrụ na Breslau (ugbu a Wrocław, Poland).

N'ịbụ onye mụtara dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Pohl rụkọrọ ọrụ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Adolf Engler (1844-1930) ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa Engler. A na-eto ọrụ Pohl maka izi ezi ọ bụghị njiri nka ya. A na-ewere ihe atụ ya dị oke ọnụ ahịa n'ihi mbibi nke ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ezie n'etiti bọmbụ nke Berlin herbarium n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ndị a bụ ndepụta nke akwụkwọ ndị bụ isi Engler nke Pohl nyere ihe atụ maka:

* *Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien* (1887-1909) 
* *Das Pflanzenreich* (1900 na ndị ọzọ) 
* *Ndị Afrika nwụrụ anwụ* (1908-10) 
* *Akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrikanischer Pflanzenfamilien* (1898-1904) 

Ọ nyekwara ọtụtụ ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Engler's Botanische Jahrbücher, wee mepụta ihe atụ orchid maka Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius' Flora Brasiliensis. Engler kpọpụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọkụkụ nke Pohliella sitere na ezinụlọ Podostemaceae na nsọpụrụ Pohl.

## Edemsibe

* Ihe osise nke ihe osise osisi: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Wilfrid Blunt na William Thomas Stearn