Calabar River

thumb|Stanley Founding of Congo free state 232 old Calabar Factories near Duke Town
Ụzọ Calabar dị na Cross River State, Nigeria na-esi n'ebe ugwu egwu obodo Calabar, na-abanye na Cross River buru ibu ihe dịka 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) n'ebe ndịda.  six ahụ dị na Calabar bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri okike zuru oke maka ụgbọ mmiri nwere mpempe 6 meters (20 ft) [1]

Ụka Calabar bụbu isi ebe ndị ohu si n'ime ime gbadata ka ebuga ya n'ebe-atụ n'ahịa ohu nke Atlantic .  A ịgba ohu n'afọ 1860, mana ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Calabar ka dị mkpa na mbupụ ọkpọ nkwụ na-atụgharị ndị ọzọ, ruo mgbe Port Harcourt kpuchiri ya na 1920. Site na ụzọ ndị ka mma na-abanye n'ime ime, Calabar  enwetaghachila mkpa dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma na-eto ngwa ngwa.  A na-ebibi oke mgbochi mmiri ozuzo dị na iche Calabar ngwa ngwa, na mmetọ na-adị azụ na oporo n'ụdị mmirika.  Ndị njide nwere ikike ikike mma nke mmetọ.

## Ebe
Pịa Calabar na-ahọpu bụ ugwu Oban dị na paịkiri Cross River .  [2] Geology nke osimiri basin pre-Cambrian Oban Massif, Cretaceous sedimenti nke Akụkọ Calabar na ɔdɔ mmirika Niger Delta na-adịbeghị anya.  .  kpuchiri ya kpamkpam 

Mpaghara ahụ nwere oge mmiri ozuzo site na Eprel ruo Ọktoba, n'oge nke 80% nke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-ada, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu na June na Septemba. Nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na-eru 1,830 millimetres (72 na) . Nkezi okpomọkụ dị site na 24 Celsius C (75 °F) n'August ruo 30 Celsius C (86 °F) na February. Iru mmiri dị ala dị elu, n'etiti 80% na 100%. Basin ahụ nwere iyi 223 nwere ngụkọta ogologo nke 516 kilometres (321 &#x5D; **' &#x5B;</sup> . Nke a bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nyere nha nke basin ahụ. </link>Ọdọ mmiri na-adịghị mma, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">**' &#x5D; &#x5B; mmiri mmiri na-adaba na idei mmiri, oke mmiri ozuzo na mbuze. 

Na 1862 Zoological Society nke London natara nke agụ iyi ọhụrụ aha ya bụ Crocodilus frontatus nke e si na Old Calabar River, nwere isi sara mbara na Crocodilus vulgaris .  [3] A kọkwara bat ọhụrụ a na-akpọ Sphyrocephalus labrosus . [4]

Usoro osimiri nke Cross River, Calabar, Great Kwa na ndị ọzọ na-aṣọ asɔ na-eme ka nnukwu ide mmiri na ala mmiri na-ahọọ na Cross River.  Usoro a nwere nsogbu nke 54,000 square kilometers (21,000 sq mi) N'ihe dị ka 2000 ihe dị ka tɔn azụ 8,000 na tonne 20,000 nke shrimp ka a na-ejide kwa afọ.  [5] Shrimp na-enye ndị Calabar ụdị protein dị ọnụ ala.  Ndị na-akụ azụ̀ ahụ na-akụta ihe ha gbutere n’ụdị osimiri Alepan dị n’ịhụ osimiri Calabar, a na-erekwa azụ̀ ndị ahụ n’ahịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu. [6]

## Azụmahịa ohu
thumb|Ochie osimiri Calabar ọnụ
Obodo Calabar nke oge ntobere ntọala site n'ịbụ ndị Efik ndị Creek Town, na-aga n'ihu n'osimiri Calabar, na-edozi n'ịdị , mere nna ha na-enwe ike okporo ụzọ na ụgbọ mmiri.  mmiri Europe na-akpa n'osimiri ahụ, n'oge na-ahụkwa anya anya ụgbọ mmiri.  kacha ike na mpaghara.  [7] Na 1767 na ogbugbu mgbe ndị ọrụ nke ndị ohu Britain isii ndị aka na ndị na-adị n'etiti ndị nke nke egwuregwu ohu abụọ na-achumpi na osimiri, Old Town na New Town, ma ọ bụ Obodo Duke: e gburugburu.  ndị ikom 400. [8] Akwa Akpa (Duke's Town) ikpe ebe a na-azụ ebe ndị ohu na-eji ngwá ọrụ ndị na-eme Europe. [9]

N'ihi na eze na eze ndịiche ohu, British House of Commons nwere ikike maka iwepụ 1767 na 1790. [10] Ndị Britain ndị eze egwuregwu ohu na 1807 wee sie ike nke ọma n'ịkwụsị ụgbọ mmiri nke mba ndị ọzọ.  ọzọ.  N'agbata 1807 na 1860 West Africa Squadron jidere ihe dịka ụgbọ mmiri mmiri 1,600 na-etinye aka na ahia ohu.  [11] HMS Comus dị ka ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ gbagoro n'Osimiri Calabar ruo Akwa Akpa na 1815. mmiri mmiri ya nwụchiri ndị ohu Pọtugal na ndị Spen asaa bu ihe dị ka ndị ohu, ise na iri ise.. [12]

Na 6 Jenuarrị 1829 Brig Jules bụ HM Eden weghaara Brig Jules n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Old Calabar ya na ndị ohu 220 nọ n'ogbo ahụ, ndị e bugara n'ime osimiri ahụ.  [13] Na 26 February 1829 Iden weghaara Hirondelle n'ime ọnụ ụzọ osimiri ahụ ya na ndị ohu 112 nọ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri ahụ.  [14] Na 5 January 1835, ụgbọ mmiri sitere na HMS Pelorus weghaara Spanish polacca -bark Minerva, nke ejiri egbe abụọ 18-pounder na abụọ 8-pounder.  mmiri mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ejirila 60 miles (97 km) gbagoro n'osimiri Calabar wee jide na ụkwụ.  Ijikwa nkà eme ihe mere ka e jide onye ohu ahụ n'onye onye ọ hardware ahụ n'ime ụlọ oriri na-eme ahụ n'agbanyeghị na a gbagburu égbè ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ugboro ma ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-abanye na  - obere obere ngwa agha.  Ohu ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ike ndị ohu isii na iri ise n’ime ya [15]

## Akụkọ mgbe e mesịrị
Site na ekiri nke ahia ohu na 1850s, fim nkwụ na nkwụ isi mbupụ nke osimiri ahụ.  Ndị isi Akwa Akpa debere onwe ha n'okpuru Briten na 1884. [16] Site na 1884 ruo 1906 Old Calabar bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Niger Coast Protectorate, mgbe nke ahụ ebere Lagos ekiri isi ebe.  [16] Ugbu a a na-akpọ Calabar, obodo ahụ́ bụ́ ụgbọ mmiri dị mkpa nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, osisi, beeswax na nkwụ na-ebe ruo 1916, mgbe e mepere ụgbọ okporo ụzọ na Port Harcourt, 145. km n  'ebe ezu [17]
thumb|Nigeria Calabar port
Calabar taa enwetaghachila mkpa dị ka ụdọ ụgbọ mmiri na-emecha okporo ụzọ na-enye nhọrọ dị mma na ndị ọrụ Nigeria na-afọ mbụ Cameroon.  Mbupu nkwụ, osisi, rọba, koko, koko, na piassava fibre.  Ndị ọrụ na-agụnye osisi osisi, ụlọ ọrụ, ndị na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri na ihe mere maka nhazi rọba, isiokwu nkwụ na nri.  Ndị na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ ebony maka njem njem nlegharị anya Lagos .  papa 1975 obodo a bụ ụlọ nke Mahadum Calabar .  [1] Mmepe nke ụgbọ mmiri, yana mpaghara Calabar Free Trade Zone na Tinapa Free Zone & Resort ejidela azụ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya site na nsogbu ọrụ ndị ọrụ, yana site na ọkụ ọkụ, okporo ụzọ ka mma na  mmiri mmiri nke mmiri mmiri Calabar na-emighị emi [18] [19]

## Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi
thumb|Calabar
Calabar dị n'obodo osimiri Calabar n'ụdị muuqaalka, nnukwu osimiri Kwa dị n'ịkpọ ngosi yana ala mmiri nke Cross River dị n'ụdị ndịda.  Ọ nwere ike itolite naanị n'ebe ugwu banye, n'egwu mmiri mmiri Calabar, nke a na-eme.  [ nhota dị mkpa ] Ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpuchi mmiri mmiri Calabar na mbụ.  Akọrọla ọtụtụ ihe ugbu a site na ọrụ ugbo,, okporo ụzọ ụzọ, ụlọ, ụlọ na ụlọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto na Calabar.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, National Integrated Power Project na-ekpuchi nnukwu ala ma e wezụga okporo ] [ - Itu dị na Ikot Nyong na mpaghara iche Odukpani 

Nnyocha e mere maka mgbanwe n'iji ala eme ihe n'osimiri Calabar n'agbata afọ 1967 na 2008 gosiri na mpaghara oke ọhịa kpuchiri belatara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 30% n'oge ahụ. N'afọ 1967, oke ọhịa kpuchiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 70% nke mpaghara mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule 2008 ọ kpuchiri ihe na-erughị 40%, ọkachasị na ugwu. Mgbawa okwute ụlọ ọrụ malitere na 1980s ma ugbu a na-emetụta nnukwu mpaghara. O nwere ike na-ebute oke mmiri na idei mmiri yana mmetọ ikuku na mmiri. &#x5D; ** &#x5B; ihe karịrị okpukpu abụọ site na 3.5% ruo 7.6% nke ala n'ime oge ọmụmụ. 

Obodo Calabar ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ mkpofu.  A na-atụba ihe mkpofu mmadụ na ndị sitere n'iche ọrụ ụlọ n'ebe dị n'elu ma ọ bụ n'ime mmiri mmiri mepere emepe.  Oke mmiri ozuzo na-ewepụsa ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu n'ime oke osimiri Calabar na Akwa Kwa.  [20] Mmetọ ime obodo na ọrụ mpaghara n'ime mpaghara dị nso na-eyi gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụdị mmirika, na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị dị iche nke na-enye nri maka oporo na azụ.  [21] image e mere n'afọ 1999 azụ azụ ndị a nwụnahụrụ n'ime osimiri Calabar na Kwa na n'ebe dị iche iche kpara ọkwa ọkwa na hydrocarbon dị elu nke Òtù Ahụ Ike nwere nwe ike ikwere na ihe niile.  Ọdịnaya igwe dị elu ụzọ ụzọ ekwenyere na 20% nke ihe.  [22] ndị mbụ nke mkpokọta hydrocarbons dị ukwuu n'oge mmiri mmiri, na-ihi na ụzọ dị elu nke ihe mmetọ nke mmiri ozuzo na-asachapụ n'aja na-edozi ụgbọ ala. [23]

Obodo Calabar na Calabar South nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 371,000 na 2006. Onu ogugu ndi Kuros Riva steeti na-arrị elu n'ihe dika 3% kwa afo 1991. Amaego uto dị elu nke ukwuu na obodo Calabar.  Gọọmenti ] steeti [ eche ihe ịma aka siri ike ihu n'ịkwado uto a ma na-edobe ọkwa ego ma na-ezere gburugburu ebe obibi obibi 

## Ntụaka

## Isi mmalite
 
Òtù:Ȯra Cross River