Christiana Figueres

**Karen Christiana Figueres Olsen** (amụrụ 7 Ọgọst 1956) bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Costa Rican onye duziri mkparita ụka amụma mba, mba ụwa na ọtụtụ akụkụ.  A họpụtara ya onye odeakwụkwọ Executive nke UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) na July 2010, [1] [2] ọnwa isii ka COP15 dara na Copenhagen.[3]  N'ime afọ isii sochirinụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ iji wughachi usoro mkparita ụka mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, [4] na-eduga na Agreement Paris 2015, nke a ghọtara nke ọma dị ka mmezu akụkọ ihe mere eme.

Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, Figueres arụwo ọrụ na ngalaba mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmekorita teknụzụ na ego, ike, ojiji ala na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. N'afọ 2016, ọ bụ onye Costa Rica na-azọ ọkwa Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations  ma bụrụkwa onye na-ebute ụzọ, mana o kpebiri ịpụ mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nkwado zuru oke.  Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu Global Optimism,  onye so dee The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis (2020) ya na Tom Rivett-Carnac,  na onye so na-akwado podcast a ma ama Outrage and Optimism.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Figueres na San José, Costa Rica.  Nna ya, José Figueres Ferrer, bụ Onye isi ala Costa Rica[1] ugboro atọ.  Nne Figueres, Karen Olsen Beck, jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya Costa Rican na Israel na 1982, bụrụkwa onye so na Mgbakọ Iwu site na 1990 ruo 1994. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ anọ.  Nwanne nwoke Figueres nke okenye José Figueres Olsen, bụkwa onye isi ala Costa Rica (1994–1998)

N'ịbụ onye tolitere na La Lucha, Figueres gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ụtọ asụsụ Cecilia Orlich.  Ọ kwagara German Humboldt Schule na isi obodo wee gụchaa na Lincoln High School.  Ọ gara England otu afọ nke A Level ọmụmụ tupu abanye Swarthmore College na Pennsylvania, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1979.[1]  Dị ka akụkụ nke ọmụmụ ya na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ, o biri na Bribri, Talamanca, obodo nta dịpụrụ adịpụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Costa Rica ruo otu afọ.[2]  Ọ gara London School of Economics maka nzere masta na social anthropology wee gụchaa na 1981. A mụrụ ada Figueres Naima na Guatemala na Maachị 1988, nwa nwanyị Yihana mụrụ na Washington DC na Disemba 1989.

## Ọrụ mmalite
Figueres malitere ọrụ ọha na eze ya dị ka Minista Onye ndụmọdụ na Embassy nke Costa Rica na Bonn, West Germany, site na 1982 ruo 1985.

N'ịlaghachi na Costa Rica na 1987, a kpọrọ Figueres onye isi nke mmekorita mba ụwa na Ministry of Planning.[1]  N'ebe ahụ, ọ haziri na eduzi mkparita uka nke keukwu ego na teknuzu imekọ ihe ọnụ omume na mba asatọ Europe, na-elekọta nwale niile mba oru na ego enyemaka arịrịọ.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ nye Minister nke Agriculture n'etiti 1988 na 1990.[2]  Ọ na-ahụ maka mmezu nke mmemme mba iri abụọ na abụọ metụtara ọzụzụ, kredit na ịzụ ahịa. 

N'afọ 1989, Figueres na di ya kwagara Washington DC ma nyefee onwe ya n'ịzụlite ụmụ ha nwanyị abụọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ. N'afọ 1994, Figueres laghachiri na ndụ ọkachamara wee bụrụ onye nduzi nke Renewable Energy in the Americas (REIA), nke dị taa na Organisation of American States (OAS). 

Na 1995 Figueres tọrọ ntọala wee bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Center for Sustainable Development na America, otu anaghị akwụ ụgwọ maka ịkwalite nsonye nke mba Latin America na Mgbakọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe.[1][2]  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ dị ka onyeisi oche ruo afọ asatọ.

### Onye na-ekwurịta okwu mba ụwa
Na-anọchite anya Gọọmentị Costa Rica, Christiana Figueres bụ onye na-ekwuchitere nkwekọrịta United Nations Convention on Climate Change 1995-2010.  N'afọ 1997, o nyere atụmatụ mba ụwa dị oke mkpa maka inweta nkwado na nkwado mba na-emepe emepe nke Kyoto Protocol na Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Site na 2007 ruo 2009 ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Bureau  nke Climate Convention, na-anọchite anya Latin America na Caribbean. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke mkparịta ụka mba ụwa dị iche iche: 

* Onye isi oche nke Contact Group on Guidance to the CDM Executive Board: Nairobi, December 2006;  Poznan, December 2008; Copenhagen, December 2009.
* Onye isi oche nke Contact Group na usoro mgbanwe maka ọchịchị post 2012, Bonn na June 2008,  Accra, Ghana  na August 2008, na Poznan na December 2008.
* Onye otu Friends of the Chair Group nke kwurịtara atụmatụ Bali Action maka ọrụ mmekorita ogologo oge nke mba niile, Bali, Indonesia, December 2007. 

### Usoro Mmepe Dị Ọcha
N'afọ 2002, Figueres tụrụ aro "Sectoral CDM" nke a ga-agba mba ndị na-emepe emepe ume ka ha mepụta ọrụ mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke ngalaba nke nwere ike ịbụ nsonaazụ nke iwu mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. N'afọ 2005, o bipụtara otu nnyocha na-atụ aro "CDM mmemme" nke a na-enweta mbelata nke ikuku ọ bụghị site n'otu saịtị, kama site na ọtụtụ omume a na-eme n'oge dị ka nsonaazụ nke usoro gọọmentị ma ọ bụ mmemme afọ ofufo.  

Na Disemba 2005 Figueres weghaara echiche ahụ na COP11 na Montreal, [1] [2] wee nweta nkwado maka ya n'aha ndị otu 77 na China.  O wee bute ụzọ n'iso ndị dị iche iche nke mba mepere emepe kwurịta echiche ahụ, n'ikpeazụ nweta mkpebi ogbako nke ndị otu (COP) iji kwe ka "mmemme mmemme" na CDM.[3][4]  Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, dị ka onye so na CDM Executive Board, o nwetara nkwenye na iwu na usoro maka nrubeisi nke "mmemme nke ihe omume" na CDM.

### Ngalaba onwe onye
Na 2008 na 2009 Figueres jikọrọ aka na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe ndị kwadoro onwe ha na ebumnuche enyi na ihu igwe.  Figueres jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na C-Quest Capital, ụlọ ọrụ ego carbon na-elekwasị anya na ntinye ego CDM mmemme.[1]  Ọ bụ onye isi ndụmọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na ENDESA Latinoamérica, ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo kachasị na Latin America nwere ọrụ na Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia na Peru.  Ọ bụkwa onye osote onye isi oche kọmitii ọkwa ọkwa nke Carbon Rating Agency, ụlọ ọrụ izizi tinye nka nka na akụ carbon.

### Nkwekọrịta ndị na-enweghị uru

* Onye isi oche nke Bureau nke UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2008-2009. 
* Board of Directors and Trustee, Winrock International. 2005-dị ugbu a. Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Gọọmentị na Onye otu kọmitii, 2007-?
* Board of Trustees of the Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Cordillera Volcánica Centrales [es] (FUNDECOR),  nzukọ Costa Rican nwere onyinye nke $ 15 nde na nke natara 2001 King Bauldwin Award. 1999-dị ugbu a
* Board of Directors, International Institute for Energy Conservation, 2006-2008

## Ịduzi Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe
N'isochi ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke COP15 dara na Copenhagen,[1] [2] onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN họpụtara Christiana Figueres ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ onye isi ọhụụ nke Mgbakọ Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na Mgbanwe Climate, na-amalite okwu mbụ ya na July 2010.[3]  Mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ ahụ, ọ kwadoro maka mgbanwe n'usoro atụmatụ: na-esi na mgbagha dị n'elu ala nke Kyoto Protocol gaa na mgbagha mgbago elu dabere na mmasị onwe onye nke mba n'ihe gbasara amụma sayensị.

N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ, ọ duziri nnyefe nke UN Climate Change Secretariat nke nnọkọ nkwekọrịta ụwa isii na-aga n'ihu kwa afọ, nke ruru na nkwekọrịta Paris nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Disemba 2015.  Mmekọrịta ya na mmekọrịta chiri anya ya na ndị isi ala na-agbanwe agbanwe kwa afọ (Mexico,  South Africa,  Qatar,  Poland,  Peru [4] na France [4] nyere usoro dị mkpa na ịga n'ihu nke nyere ohere ka mkparịta ụka ọ bụla kwa afọ wuo ala siri ike nke ebumnuche.
thumb|Figueres na Ban Ki-Moon na nzukọ Cancun
N'okpuru onye isi ala Patricia Espinosa (Mexico) COP16[1] na 2010 gosipụtara ọpụpụ siri ike na ogbako gara aga na Copenhagen, na-ebuga akụrụngwa ngwugwu zuru oke iji nyere mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe aka gụnyere Green Climate Fund, UNFCCC Technology Mechanism,[2] na  The Cancun Adaptation Framework. 

Na COP17 nke e mere na Durban na Disemba 2011,  gọọmentị kwere nkwa na nke mbụ ya iji mepụta nkwekọrịta mgbanwe ihu igwe ọhụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ site na 2015 maka oge gafere 2020.  Connie Hedegaard, onye isi ọrụ ihu igwe nke EU, keere òkè dị mkpa iji gbanwee usoro mkparịta ụka.

A malitere ọrụ maka usoro iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na COP18 Doha na Nọvemba 2012, [1] n'otu oge ahụ ka anabatara oge nke abụọ nke Kyoto Protocol n'okpuru Doha Amendment.[2]  Na COP19 na Warsaw na 2013[3] gọọmentị gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ mana ha nakweere akwụkwọ iwu maka ibelata ihe ọkụkụ sitere na igbutu osisi na mbibi nke oke ọhịa yana usoro iji gboo mfu na mmebi nke mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na-adịte aka.Na-ezukọ na Lima maka COP20 na njedebe nke 2014, [1] gọọmentị kọwapụtara isi ihe dị na nkwekọrịta na-abịanụ, ma kwenye na iwu ala iji nyefee onyinye mba na-aga n'ihu na mkparịta ụka 2015.[2].  Site na mgbe ahụ, mgbalị Figueres lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ọchịchọ nke nkwekọrịta na-apụta iji hụ na ọ ga-abụ sayensị dabeere na ogologo oge.

### Nkwekọrịta Paris
áká_èkpè|thumb|Nkwekọrịta Paris
COP21 nke e mere na Paris na Disemba 2015 bụ nke a ma ama n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka ihe ịga nke ọma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.  Site na nduzi nke Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations na Onye isi ala Holland nke France, na ịkụ ihe ndekọ gara aga nke nzukọ ndị isi ala n'otu ụbọchị, ndị isi ala 155 gbakọtara ọnụ iji zipụ ihe ngosi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke nkwado maka nkwekọrịta siri ike na nke dị irè. N'ụbọchị ikpeazụ n'okpuru onye isi ala Laurent Fabius, gọọmentị 195 nke bụ ndị otu na Nkwekọrịta Mgbanwe Ihu igwe ji otu olu nabata Nkwekọrịta Paris, na ebumnuche nke ịkpachara anya mgbanwe nke akụ na ụba ụwa gaa na carbon dị ala na nnukwu ume. Figueres na ndị France na-elekọta ya mere ka o doo anya na a ga-edozi nnukwu ihe mgbochi mkparịta ụka tupu mmalite nke nkwekọrịta ahụ.

Figueres nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime oge ya na-agakwuru ndị isi ihe karịrị gọọmentị site na itinye aka na ndị na-enye teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ ego gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị, [1] obodo sayensị, otu okwukwe [2], [3] otu ntorobịa na ụmụ nwanyị, [4] na ndị otu ndị ọzọ.  ọha,[5] na-agba ha ume isonye na mbọ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gboo mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Na 2013, ọ gwara World Coal Association, kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ coal na-eche ihe egwu na-aga n'ihu azụmaahịa ihu, mana na-akpọ ha ka ha bụrụ akụkụ nke ngwọta zuru ụwa ọnụ.

**Christiana Figueres** rụchara oge nke abụọ ya dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke UNFCCC na 6 Julaị 2016. 

## Ọrụ post-UNFCCC
thumb|Christiana Figueres na Stockholm Resilience Centre maka Mission 2020
Mgbe ọ gachara dịka onye isi odeakwụkwọ, Figueres rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi nke Mission 2020  ma jee ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ nke The *Lancet* Countdown: Tracking Progress on Health and Climate Change.  Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu Global Optimism,  onye so dee akwụkwọ The Future We Choose  na onye so na-akwado podcast a ma ama Outrage and Optimism.   Ihe omume ndị ọzọ gụnyere:

* Onye isi oche nke The Earthshot Prize Foundation 2021-dị ugbu a
* B Team Leader  (site na 2016) 
* Ihe oriri na-agaghị ekwe omume, Onye otu ndị nduzi (2021) 
* Acciona, Onye otu ndị nduzi (site na 2017) 
* Acciona Energía,  Onye otu ndị nduzi (site na 2021) 
* Eni, Onye otu ndị ndụmọdụ (site na 2017) 
* Formula E, Onye isi oche nke Global Advisory Board (site na 2017) 
* Kọmitii Olimpik Mba Nile (IOC), Onye otu Sustainability and Legacy Commission 
* World Resources Institute (WRI), Onye otu Board of Directors 
* Inter-American Dialogue, Member (site na 1995) 

### Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations
Na 7 Julaị 2016, Christiana Figueres ghọrọ onye ọchịchị Costa Rican maka onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations.[1]  Ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ihu, mana o kpebiri ịpụ na Septemba ka ọ nwetachara nkwado zuru oke na ntuli aka nke atọ na nke anọ.

N'oge arụmụka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN nke Al Jazeera, Christina Figuerres welitere aka ya mgbe a jụrụ ndị niile na-azọ ọkwa onye chere na ndị na-arịa ọgbụgbọ kwesịrị ịrịọ mgbaghara. A tụlere ma katọọ ọrụ UN na Ntiwapụ nke ọgbụgbọ na Haiti. Ndị na-ahụ maka udo nke UN nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya maka iwebata ọgbụgbọ na Haiti. Òtù iri atọ na asaa na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ bịanyere aka na nkwa nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN na-arịọ ndị na-achọ ime ihe maka mmebi ikike mmadụ abụọ mebiri onyinyo nke United Nations: enweghị ike inye ọgwụgwọ maka ndị na-arịa ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na Haiti, na mmegbu mmekọahụ na mmegbu site n'aka ndị na-ahụ n'udo. N'agbanyeghị nguzo ya na arụmụka UNSG, ọfịs ya jụrụ ịkwado nkwa ahụ."

## Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ
E nyela Figueres ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ na ihe nrite, gụnyere ọtụtụ nzere doctorate.

### Site na gọọmentị

* Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), United Kingdom, 2022
* Ihe nrite n'oge afọ 500 nke nchọpụta nke Magallanes Strait, Chile 2020 
* Ihe nrite nke udo na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, Costa Rica 2018 
* Onye isi nke Order of Orange-Nassau, Netherlands, 2016 
* Legion of Honour, France, 2016 
* Ihe nrite nke Obodo Paris, 2015 
* Grand Cross nke Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany, 1985 

### Site na ọha mmadụ

* Ihe nrite Dan David nke 2019 maka ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ 
* Ihe nrite udo nke Ewald von Kleist site na Nzukọ Nchebe nke Munich, 2016 
* Hero for the Planet Award site na National Geographic Magazine na Ford Motor Company, Machị 2001, iji kwado idu ndú mba ụwa na ike na-adịgide adịgide 
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Hero nke El Pais nke Spain nke afọ 2015 
* Magazin Fortune depụtara ọnụọgụ asaa ya n'ime ndị isi 50 kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'afọ 2016, naanị nwanyị Latin America edepụtara 
* *Magazin Time* gụnyere ya n'ime ndị isi 100 kachasị mma n'ụwa maka afọ 2016 
* The Nature Journal of Science depụtara nke mbụ ya na ndepụta nke 2015 Top 10 
* N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2023, a kpọrọ aha Figueres na ndepụta 100 nke BBC. 

### Doctorate nke nsọpụrụ

* Doctor of Humane Letters, Mahadum Yale, 2020
* Doctor of Laws, Mahadum Bristol, 2019 
* Doctor of honoris causa, Mahadum nke Edinburgh, 2019 
* Degree Honorary, Mahadum Warwick, 2017 
* Degree Honorary, Mahadum Cranfield, 2017 
* Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree site na Mahadum Georgetown, 2016 
* Doctorate Honorary site na Mahadum Concordia, 2015 
* Degree doctorate nke iwu site na Mahadum Massachusetts Boston, 2014 

## Mbido ndụ
A mụrụ Figueres na San José, Costa Rica. Nna ya, José Figueres Ferrer, bụ onye isi ala Costa Rica  ugboro atọ. Nne Figueres, Karen Olsen Beck, jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya Costa Rican na Israel na 1982, ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị omeiwu site na 1990 ruo 1994. Nne and Nna Figueres mụrụ ụmụ anọ. Nwanne nwoke nke toro Figueres bụ José Figueres Olsen, bụkwa onye isi ala Costa Rica (1994-1998). 

Ka ọ na-etolite na La Lucha, Figueres gara ụlọ akwụkwọ grammar Cecilia Orlich. Ọ kwagara na German Humboldt Schule na isi obodo ma mesịa gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Lincoln High School. Ọ gara ala bekee England maka otu afọ nke ọmụmụ A Level tupu ọ banye Swarthmore College na Pennsylvania, gusia akwụkwọ na 1979.  O guru Anthropology, bie na Bribri, Talamanca, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na South East plateau nke Costa Rica ruo otu afọ. 

Figueres ga London School of Economics maka nzere masta na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1981. 

O mụrụ nwa nwanyị Figueres ana-akpo Naima na Guatemala na Machị 1988, o mụkwara nwa nwanyị bụ Yihana na Washington DC na Disemba 1989.
## Akwụkwọ

* Onye so dee ya na Tom Rivett-Carnac, The Future We Choose: Surviving the Climate Crisis (Manilla Press, 2020)  . 

## Hụkwa

* Ihe Na-adịghị Mma: Eziokwu na Ike

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Library resources n'ọbá akwụkwọ gịnan'ọbá akwụkwọ ndị ọzọnke Christiana Figueres dere
* Osisi fig na C-SPAN
* Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe
* Ezigbo nchekwube zuru ụwa ọnụ; N'ime afọ iri na-esote anyị ga-ahọrọ ọdịnihu anyị maka ọgbọ ndị na-abịa.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations