Ousmane Sembène

**Ousmane Sembène** (   [usman sɑ̃ спон]; 1 Jenụwarị 1923 ma ọ bụ 8 Jenụwarụ 1923 - 9 June 2007), nke a na-ekwukarị na ụdị French dị ka **Sembène Ousmane** nke o yiri ka ọ na-akwado dị ka ụzọ isi mesie "mmanye ọchịchị" nke emume aha a ike ma mebie ya,  bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Senegalese, onye mmepụta na onye edemede.   *Los Angeles Times* weere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede kachasị ukwuu n'Africa ma a na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke ihe nkiri Afrịka". [1]  sitere n'ezinụlọ Serer site n'akara nne ya sitere n'agbụrụ Matar Sène, Ousmane Sembène dọtara mmasị ya karịsịa na ememme okpukpe Serer karịsịa *Ememme Tuur*.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ nwa nwoke nke onye ọkụ azụ, Ousmane Sembène na Ziguinchor na Casamance n'ezinụlọ Lebou. Site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ matara okpukpe Serer karịsịa *Ememme Tuur*, ebe e mere ya "ohu ofufe".  bụ ezie na ndị *Tuur* na-achọ ka mmụọ ndị nna ha (Pangool) nye ha mmiri ara ehi, Sembène ejighị ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ejere okpukpe ozi kpọrọ ihe ma bụrụ onye a maara maka ịṅụ onyinye ndị e nyere ndị nna nna ha. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya ndị toro eto na-adabere na isiokwu Serer. Nne nne ya zụlitere ya ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ nọ. Ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. 
Ihe ọmụma Sembène banyere French na Arabic bụ isi ma e wezụga Wolof, asụsụ nne ya, sochiri ịga ya na madrasa, dị ka ọ na-adịkarị n'ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke Alakụba, na ụlọ akwụkwọ French ruo 1936, mgbe ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ sere okwu. Sembène  nna ya rụọ ọrụ - ọ na-arịa ọrịa n'oké osimiri - ruo 1938, mgbe ahụ ọ kwagara Dakar, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ aka dị iche iche.

N'afọ 1944, e debara aha Sembène n'akwụkwọ na Senegalese Tirailleurs (otu ndị agha nke Ndị agha France).  Ọrụ ya na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mechara bụrụ na ndị Free French Forces. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri n'ala nna ya ma na 1947 sonye na ogologo oge ụgbọ okporo ígwè, nke o mechara dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ God's Bits of Wood (1960).

Ná ngwụsị afọ 1947, ọ gara France, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Citroën na Paris wee gaa n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Marseilles, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na òtù ndị ọrụ France. Ọ sonyeere CGT nke ndị Kọmunist na-eduzi na ndị Kọmunisti, na-enyere aka iduzi ọgbaghara iji gbochie mbupu ngwá agha maka agha ndị France na Vietnam. N'oge a, ọ chọpụtara onye edemede Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay na onye edemede Marxist nke Haiti Jacques Roumain.

## Ọrụ edemede mbụ
Sembène kụziiri onwe ya ịgụ na ide na French ma mesịa jiri ọtụtụ ahụmahụ ndụ ya mee ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya n'asụsụ French, Le Docker Noir (The Black Docker, 1956),  akụkọ Diaw, onye Africa na-eme njem nke na-eche ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmeso ọjọọ ihu na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na Marseilles. Diaw dere akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke nwanyị ọcha mechara zuo ma bipụta ya n'aha ya; ọ na-eche ya ihu, gbuo ya na mberede, ma kpee ya ikpe ma gbuo ya n'ihe nkiri ndị na-echetara Albert Camus The Stranger (1942, nke a sụgharịrị dị ka The Outsider). Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na mmeso ọjọọ nke ndị mbịarambịa Africa, Sembène kọwakwara mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ Arab na Spanish, na-eme ka o doo anya na okwu ndị ahụ metụtara xenophobia dịka ha na-eme agbụrụ. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ ifo ya, a na-ede ya n'ụzọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ malitere aha Sembène n'akwụkwọ ma nye ya nkwado ego iji gaa n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ nke Sembène,*Mba, ndị mara mma m!*  (Oh mba, ndị m mara mma!, 1957), na-akọ akụkọ banyere Oumar, onye ọrụ ugbo ojii nwere oké ọchịchọ na-alaghachi n'obodo ya bụ Casamance na nwunye ọhụrụ na echiche maka imeziwanye ọrụ ugbo nke mpaghara ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Oumar na-alụ ọgụ megide ma gọọmentị French na usoro mmekọrịta obodo, ma mesịa gbuo ya. *Mba, ndị mara mma m!* bụ ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa, na-enye Sembène akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù site na gburugburu ụwa, ọkachasị site na mba Ndị Kọmunist dị ka China, Cuba, na Soviet Union.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke atọ na nke a ma ama nke Sembène bụ Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu (God's Bits of Wood, 1960);  ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ na-ewere ya dị ka ọrụ nka ya, naanị *Xala* na-asọ mpi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na-akọ akụkọ ndụ nke ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Dakar-Niger nke were site na 1947 ruo 1948. Ọ bụ ezie na onye na-ekwuchitere ndị otu ahụ, Ibrahima Bakayoko, bụ onye kachasị mkpa, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ enweghị ezigbo dike ma e wezụga obodo ahụ n'onwe ya, nke na-agbakọta ọnụ n'ihu ihe isi ike na mmegbu iji kwado ikike ha. N'ihi ya, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe odide iri ise na Senegal na Mali agbata obi ya, na-egosi ọgbaghara ahụ site n'akụkụ niile enwere ike; na nke a, a na-ejikarị akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ tụnyere Germinal nke Emile Zola.

Sembène sochiri Les Bouts de Bois de Dieu na (1962) nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Voltaïque (Tribal Scars). Nchịkọta ahụ nwere akụkọ dị mkpirikpi, akụkọ, na akụkọ ifo, gụnyere "La Noire de..." nke ọ ga-emecha mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya. N'afọ 1964, o wepụtara l*'Harmattan* (The Harmattan), akwụkwọ akụkọ dị egwu banyere ntuli aka maka nnwere onwe n'isi obodo Afrịka.

Site na 1962 ruo 1963, Sembène mụrụ ime ihe nkiri otu afọ na Gorky Film Studio, Moscow, n'okpuru onye nduzi Soviet Mark Donskoy.

## Ọrụ edemede mgbe e mesịrị
Site na mbipụta 1965 nke Le mandat, nke Vehi-Ciosane (The Money Order and White Genesis) bu ụzọ, nkwenye Sembène malitere ịgbanwe. Dị nnọọ ka o ji ike wakpo mmegbu agbụrụ na akụ na ụba nke gọọmentị France, ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ a, ọ tụgharịrị anya ya na ndị isi Africa rụrụ arụ nke sochiri.  bụ otu n'ime ndị nyere aka na *Lotus* nke a malitere na Cairo na 1968 ma bụrụ nke Egypt na Soviet Union kwadoro.

Sembène gara n'ihu n'isiokwu a na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1973 *Xala*, akụkọ nke El Hadji Abdou Kader Beye, onye ọchụnta ego bara ọgaranya nke ihe o kwenyere na ọ bụ ọbụbụ ọnụ nke Enweghị ike ("xala" na Wolof) n'abalị agbamakwụkwọ ya na nwunye ya mara mma, nke atọ. El Hadji na-echegbu onwe ya maka iwepụ ọbụbụ ọnụ ahụ site na ileta Marabouts, mana ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ tụfuru ọtụtụ ego ya na aha ya ka ọ chọpụtara na isi iyi ahụ bụ onye arịrịọ bi n'èzí ọfịs ya, onye o mejọrọ n'inweta akụ ya.

## Ihe nkiri
Dị ka onye edemede na-echegbu onwe ya banyere mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Sembène chọrọ imetụ ndị na-ege ntị aka. Ọ ghọtara na ọrụ ya ga-eru naanị ndị isi ọdịbendị, mana na ihe nkiri bụ "ụlọ akwụkwọ abalị ndị mmadụ"  ma nwee ike iru ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị n'Afrịka.

N'afọ 1963, Sembène mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, obere ihe a na-akpọ *Barom Sarret* (The Wagoner). N'afọ 1964, o mere obere ihe ọzọ akpọrọ *Niaye*. N'afọ 1966, o mepụtara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, La Noire de...*Onye Ojii nke ...*, dabere na otu n'ime akụkọ mkpirikpi nke ya; ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ nke onye nduzi mpaghara Sahara Africa wepụtara. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị nkeji iri isii, ihe nkiri asụsụ French meriri Prix Jean Vigo,  na-eweta uche mba ụwa ozugbo na ihe nkiri Afrịka n'ozuzu ya na Sembène kpọmkwem. Sembène sochiri ihe ịga nke ọma a na 1968 *Mandabi*, na-emezu nrọ ya nke imepụta ihe nkiri n'asụsụ obodo ya bụ Wolof. 

Ihe nkiri ndị e mechara jiri asụsụ Wolof gụnyere *Xala* (1975, nke dabeere na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ya), *Cedar* (1977), Camp de Thiaroye (1987), na *[[Guelwaar]]* (1992).  machibidoro mbipụta nke *Cedar* na Senegal nke ukwuu, n'ihi nsogbu na akwụkwọ Sembène, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-atụ aro na nyocha a nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe a ga-akọwa dị ka ihe na-emegide ndị Alakụba na fim ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Sembène kesara akwụkwọ mpịakọta na ụlọ ihe nkiri na-akọwa ihe ndị a na-enyocha ma wepụta ihe nkiri ahụ na-enweghị mbelata maka ahịa mba ụwa. N'afọ 1971, Sembène mekwara ihe nkiri na French na Diola nke akpọrọ *Emitaï*, nke a banyere na 7th Moscow International Film Festival, ebe ọ meriri Silver Prize.  machibidoro ya iwu na French West Africa niile.  [2] [3]  tinyere ihe nkiri ya nke 1975 *Xala* n'ime 9th Moscow International Film Festival. [1]

## Ọnwụ
Ousmane Sembène nwụrụ na 9 June 2007, mgbe ọ dị afọ 84.  na-arịa ọrịa kemgbe Disemba 2006, ma nwụọ n'ụlọ ya na Dakar, Senegal, ebe e liri ya n'ime ákwà mkpuchi e ji amaokwu koranic chọọ mma. Sembè nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ site n'alụmdi na nwunye abụọ.

Seipati Bulane Hopa, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI), kọwara Sembène dị ka "onye na-enwu ọkụ nke na-enwe ọkụ maka ndị nkịtị ka ha na-aga n'ụzọ nke ìhè... olu na-ekwu okwu n'egbughị oge, nwoke nwere nkà na-enweghị ntụpọ nke na-ejide ụkpụrụ nka ya ma jiri iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ùgwù mee nke ahụ" 

Pallo Jordan nke South Africa, Minista nke nka na ọdịbendị, gara n'ihu n'ịkwalite Sembène dị ka "onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ọma na onye nwere ọdịbendị pụrụ iche... onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya [onye] nyere ụwa ihe ọmụma ọzọ banyere Africa". 

## Ọrụ

### Akwụkwọ

* Ọzọkwa mbipụta ọhụrụ site n'aka onye na-ebipụta Présence Africaine nke 2002. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụgbọ mmiri ojii Ndị edemede Africa. London: Heinemann.  OCLC 16084389. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụgbọ mmiri ojii Ndị edemede Africa. Oxford: Heinemann.  OCLC 476822988.
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* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkụ osisi nke Chineke: Banty mam yall. [Paris]: Akwụkwọ Contemporain. OCLC 62109468. Mbipụta nke mbụ nke 1960. 
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* Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi. 
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* Sembène, Ousmane (1964). L'Harmattan (akwụkwọ akụkọ)  Paris: Ọnụnọ Africa. OCLC 460661419. E bipụtaghachiri ya na 1973.
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** [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nke ikpeazụ nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ: akwụkwọ akụkọ Senegalese. Ọ bụ Adams, Adrian sụgharịrị ya. London: Heinemann. . OCLC 10030343. "A key for Senegalese politics" - Werner Glinga.
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** Ọzọkwa Oxford na Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 1992.

### Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ
 nkiri Sembène gụnyere:

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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* Rubaba, Protas Pius (2009). "Mmetụta nke nkwurịta okwu ụmụ nwanyị n'ịmepụta mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya: nyocha nke ihe nkiri Moolaade (Ousmane Sembene) na Mmiri (Deepa Mehta) " (PDF). vital.seals.ac.za. South East Academic Libraries System (SEALS). peeji nke 132. Master thesis na Applied Media Studies, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.
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## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

### Vidio

* ","href":"./Template:YouTube"},"params":{"id":{"wt":"9ipcync79CI"},"title":{"wt":"Ceddo (1977), with English and French Subtitles (**enable Closed Caption for English subtitles**)"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="" id="mwAuY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Ceddo (1977), na Bekee na French Subtitles (**enable Closed Caption for English subtitles**)  na YouTube. Oge vidiyo 1h:51m:41s. Onye na-ebudata XMusicMusicX 2013.
* FILM GUELEWAR Ousmane Sembene 1992 (n'asụsụ French)  . Oge vidiyo 1h:29m:38s. Onye na-ebudata Roomnart 2022.

### Ọchịagha

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* "Ousmane Sembene". wnyc.org. New York Public Radio, WNYC. 12 Ọktoba 2004. E nwetara ya na 7 Ọktoba 2023. Onye Senegal na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Ousmane Sembene na ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na nke na-arụpụta ihe, yana ihe nkiri ọhụrụ ya: Moolaadé . Ogologo oge 31 min 20 sekọnd. faịlụ ọdịyo nke ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe ngosi Leonard Lopate.
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* Nnyocha nke ihe nkiri ahụ site na Manthia Diawara na Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o.

#### N'asụsụ French

* Amekudji, Anoumou "Nleba anya na Sembène Ousmane, onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Senegal". blog.cineafrique.org (n'asụsụ French). E debere ya na nke mbụ na 7 Mee 2011. E nwetara ya na 7 Ọktoba 2023. Akụkọ pụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Senegal, Weekend, Quotidien, izu nke August 2 ruo 8, 2007. Otu n'ime ajụjụ ọnụ ikpeazụ nke Sembene Ousmane.
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* Ebe e si nweta ya: International Herald Tribune.
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Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations