Ndị na-ejikọ ya na Amsterdam

thumb|Thérèse Schwartze (1885): Ụmụ agbọghọ atọ nke ogige ụmụ mgbei na Amsterdam - Rijksmuseum nke Amsterdam.
Ndị Amsterdamse Joffers bụ otu ndị inyom na-ese ihe na-ezukọ kwa izu na Amsterdam na njedebe nke 19th na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. Ha kwadoro ibe ha na ọrụ ọkachamara ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten ma so na mmegharị nke Amsterdam Impressionists. Onye ọ bụla ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe na-aga nke ọma. Dị ka otu ha nyere aka na nnabata ọha na eze na Netherlands nke ụmụ nwanyị ịghọ ndị ọkachamara ọkachamara.

## Mmalite na mmepe
thumb|Thérèse Schwartze (mgbe 1879): Nwa okorobịa Italian na nkịta ya Puck - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.

### Mmalite
Na 1894, Lizzy Ansingh na Coby Ritsema malitere ọmụmụ ha na Rijksacademie na klas dị iche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwanyị.[1] Gburugburu ha, otu ụmụ agbọghọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe, gbakọtara ịhụ okirikiri. Ebumnuche bụ ịgbanwe ahụmịhe dịka ụmụ nwanyị chọrọ ịghọ ọkachamara nka. Ha na-enwe nzukọ kwa izu n'ụlọ Thérèse Schwartze, onye na-ese ihe bụ́ nwanne nwanne Ansingh..

Ha si n’ezinụlọ ndị ọgaranya na ndị na-ese ihe, ha adabereghịkwa n’ise ihe maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Rijksakademie wee soro August Allebé, Nicolaas van der Waay na Carel Dake soro ọmụmụ ihe. Suze Robertson bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ wezuga onwe ya na otu ahụ. Ọ bụ okenye, lụrụla di ma ọ bụ nwunye ma mụọ na Delft University of Technology. Nelly Bodenheim bụ onye na-ese ihe, ọ bụghị onye na-ese ihe dị ka ndị otu ndị ọzọ. Ansingh, Ritsema, Robertson, Jacoba Surie na Betsy Westendorp-Osieck bụ ndị otu ndị nka Arti et Amicitiae, kunstvereniging Sint Lucas na Pulchri Studio.

A na-ewere Ritsema dị ka onye kacha nwee nkà n'ime otu ahụ.[1] Ọ nwetara akwụkwọ na mbụ na Haarlem School of Art tupu ọ banye n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị na Rijksakademie. Ndị na-eche echiche Dutch dị ka nwanne ya nwoke bụ Jacob Ritsema, George Hendrik Breitner na Fredrik Theodorus Grabijn metụtara ya. Ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ Ritsema bụ Jacoba Surie, Jan van den Hengst, Tine Honey, Victoire Winix na Lize Duyvis.

Malite n'ihe dị ka 1900, na ihe ngosi nka kwa afọ nke ndị na-ese ihe Sint Lucas na Stedelijk Museum, Arti et Amicitiae na Pulchri Studios, gosipụtara ọrụ Ansingh, Ritsema na Robertson ma nabata ya nke ọma.

### Nkwado onwe onye
N'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20, ndị otu ahụ na-anọkarị na ihe ngosi nka kwa afọ nke ndị na-ese ihe na Amsterdam. N'afọ 1905, Ansing, Ritsema na Marie van Regteren-Altena sonyere n'ihe ngosi na Hamburg. N'afọ 1906, Ansingh natara Willink van Collenprijs, nkwanye ùgwù maka ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1907, ndị otu ahụ sonyere n'ihe ngosi nke ndị isi mba ụwa na Stedelijk Museum. N'afọ 1910, Ritsema ritere ọla nchara na Brussels international. N'oge ahụ, ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ bụ ndị na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1919, Ansingh na Ritsema ghọrọ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ikike ịtụ vootu nke otu ndị na-ese ihe na Arti na Amicitiae. 

### Nkwado mkpokọta: otu ahụ na-anakwere aha
Albert Plasschaert, onye na-enyocha nka na enyi edemede nke Ansingh, kpọrọ otu ahụ Amsterdamse Joffers n'otu akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1912.  A maara okwu ahụ bụ Amsterdamsche Joffers, dị ka a na-asụ ya n'oge ahụ, n'ihi akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-enweghị njikọ nke Marie van Zeggelen site na 1900. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwere ihe osise nke Ansingh. Aha ahụ kwụsiri ike, ọ bụghị ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ihi na ndị na-ese ihe n'onwe ha, na-eru nso afọ 40, na-eji ya eme ihe ugboro ugboro. Okwu *Joffer* pụtara nwa agbọghọ, Miss ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ. N'afọ 1920 na n'okpuru aha *Amsterdam* Joffers, otu ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ ha ugboro ugboro na Kunstzaal *Frans Buffa*, ụlọ ngosi nka nke Amsterdam. Akwụkwọ Johan van Eikeren dere n'afọ 1947 kwadoro okwu ahụ bụ Amsterdamse Joffers na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Dutch. Klas dị iche maka ụmụ nwanyị na *Rijksacademie* adịla anya.

## Ụdị na isiokwu
Ndị Amsterdamse Joffers jiri ụdị dị iche iche mee ihe mana n'ozuzu ha bụ akụkụ nke Amsterdam Impressionism art movement. Nhọrọ isiokwu ha na-achịkwa ndụ na ihe osise. Ansing bụ onye a ma ama maka ihe osise ya nke ụmụ bebi.

Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nke Amsterdam Impressionism bụ ndị ọgbọ ọzọ karịa ụmụ nwanyị French na-ese foto Marie Bracquemond (1840-1916), Mary Cassatt (1845-1926), Eva Gonzalès (1847-1893) na Berthe Morisot (1841-1895). Ihe e ji mara ụmụ nwanyị French impressionists bụ ihe dị ike, nke jupụtara na ụcha na-egbuke egbuke. Ndị Joffers jiri agba ndị na-eduga na Dutch impressionist movement, Hague School. Agba ndị a na-agba ọchịchịrị na-emepụta ọnọdụ dị jụụ na nke na-ewute. Ụmụ nwanyị France na-ese ihe na-ahọrọ ise ihe osise nke ụsọ mmiri, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ime obodo na ọhụụ nke obodo ahụ, yana ndụ na onyinyo. Ụmụ nwanyị Dutch họọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị ndụ na onyinyo. Ụdị na isiokwu nke otu ọ bụla na-egosipụta oge na ọnọdụ ha na-arụ ọrụ, nke bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ isi ihe nke impressionism.
none|thumb|Marie Bracquemond (1887): N'okpuru Lamp - Sisley na nwunye ya riri nri na Braquements na Sèvres, nchịkọta onwe onye.
thumb|Suze Robertson (1883): Nwanyị ahụ dị ka onye na-agụ kaadị - Breda Museum of Breda.

## Ndị otu ahụ
Akwụkwọ Johan van Eikeren dere n'afọ 1947 gosipụtara ndị omenkà asatọ dị ka Amsterdamse Joffers: Ansingh, Ritsema, van den Berg, Bauer-Stumpff, Bodenheim, Westendorp-Osieck, Surie na van Regteren-Altena. Ndị nyocha ndị ọzọ na-agụnyekarị Robertson na nwanne Ansingh, *Sorella* Therese. A na-ahụkarị mmetụta nke onye ọbịa na onye nduzi Theresa Schwartz. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ Suze Robertson mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị Joffers, ọ bụghị otu n'etiti ha.

* Lizzy Ansingh (1875-1959) 
* Jo Bauer-Stumpff (1873-1951) 
* Ans van den Berg (1873-1942) 
* Nelly Bodenheim (1874-1951) 
* Marie van Regteren Altena (1868-1958) 
* Jacoba Johanna (Coba) Ritsema (1876-1961) 
* Jacoba Surie (1879-1970) 
* Johanna Elisabeth (Betsy) Westendorp-Osieck (1880-1968) 

## Ndị na-ese ihe ndị metụtara ya

* Thérèse Ansingh (1883-1968) 
* Elsa van Doesburgh (1875-1957) 
* Thérèse Schwartze (1851-1918), onye nduzi
* Josefa Tepe (1884-1962) 
* Marie Wandscheer (1855-1936) 

## Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ
thumb|Suze Robertson (tupu 1922): Ndụ nwụrụ anwụ na efere pewter na karama - Rijsmuseum nke Amsterdam.

## Ihe ngosi nka nke Amsterdamse Joffers
Ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Netherlands na mba ofesi nwere ọrụ nke Amsterdam Joffers na nchịkọta ha.
thumb|Thérèse Schwartze (1894): Lutheran initiates - Stedelijk Museum of Amsterdam).

* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Breda, Breda
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Dordrechts, Dordrecht
* Gemeentmuseum, Den Haag
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Egwuregwu Paume, Paris
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Boijmans, Rotterdam
* Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Stedelijk, Amsterdam
* Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Central, Utrecht
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Teylers, Haarlem

## Ihe ngosi

* 1903 Stedelijke internationale tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.
* 1905 Thérèse Schwartze nọchitere anya na ngosi nke ọrụ nka sitere na Wiesbaden na Biebrich Private Collections 
* 1905 Lizzy Ansingh, Jacoba Ritsema na Marie van Regteren Altena na nchịkọta nke "Arti et Amicitiae" na "Pulchri Studio" - *Kunstverein na Hamburg* zu Hamburg 
* 1907 Stedelijke internationale tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.
* 1912 Stedelijke internationale tentoonstelling van kunstwerken van levende meesters, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam.
* 1913 Ihe ngosi: Ụmụ nwanyị site na 1813 ruo 1913 - Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
* 1955 Suze Robertson - Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
* 1984 Suze Robertson - Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
* 1991 Lizzy Ansingh na ihe ngosi jikọrọ aka na Amsterdam
* 1991 Nelly Bodenheim - Amsterdam Historical Museum
* 2003/2004 Suze Robertson - Museum Rijswijk
* 2005/2006 Lizzy Ansingh - Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie
* 2008/2009 Suze Robertson - Museum Kempenland
* 2022 Amsterdamse Joffers - Museum Villa Mondriaan

## Ihe edeturu