Mgbasa osisi

**Mgbatị osisi** - nke a makwaara dị ka ogwe osisi ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi, - bụ usoro nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ, ihe na-eguzogide osisi, ma ọ bụ fatịlaịza n'ime anụ ahụ xylem nke osisi na ebumnuche nke ichebe osisi ahụ pụọ na ụmụ ahụhụ, ma ọ bụkwa ịgba ọgwụ na-edozi ahụ iji dozie ụkọ nri. Usoro a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ijikọta usoro vascular nke osisi iji gbanwee ma kesaa ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime osisi, okpokoro na mgbọrọgwụ ebe nchebe ma ọ bụ nri na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa.

Mgbatị osisi bụ usoro kachasị ewu ewu ugbu a maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi ihe, pathogens, na nematodes na nlekọta osisi ala.

## Nkọwa
E mepụtara ogwe osisi maka iji ya mee ihe na nnukwu osisi na nso obodo ukwu ebe  ala na ikuku na-adịghị mma n'ihi nnukwu ọnwụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwe ka ọ ghara ịdị n'ihi ikpughe mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, isi ihe na-akpali iji ọgwụ osisi eme ihe abụwo mkpa zuru oke maka ịchịkwa ọtụtụ pathogens osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ na-awakpo. Ihe atụ kachasị njọ bụ nke *Ophiostoma* fungi nke na-akpata Dutch Elm Disease (DED) na ụmụ ahụhụ Emerald ash borer (*Agrilus planipennis*) nke nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ pụrụ iche nke na-eduga na nnukwu mmebi n'ime osisi ma si otú a nwụọ osisi, nke na-eme ka nlekọta ha sie ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na usoro itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ. A na-ele ọgwụ mgbochi osisi anya dị ka ihe ọzọ dị nchebe na gburugburu ebe obibi maka itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebute compound n'ime osisi ahụ, si otú a na-enye ohere maka ikpughe ihe ọkụkụ. N'ime ala na mpaghara obodo ukwu, injection trunk na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama ikpughe mmiri, ala, ikuku, na anụ ọhịa na ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọgwụ osisi na-enweta ume site na mmepe na nnweta nke ngwaọrụ injection ọhụrụ, nke dị irè na ọgwụ injectable na xylem mobile formulations nke pesticides, biopesticides na nutrients. 

Mgbakwunye ogwe osisi na-arụ ọrụ site na ịgbakwunye kemịkal na-agbaze mmiri kpọmkwem n'ime ogwe osisi dị ala. [otú?&#x5D;

## Ngwa
Ọtụtụ nje na-emepe emepe na ngwa ngwa na-agbasa na ọrịa ndị na-awakpo ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa dịka Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) (Euwallacea spp.), nke nwere ike ibute nje fungus *Fusarium* *[[Euwallacea|euwallaceae]]*, na Sudden Oak Death (SOD) nke Oomycete *Phytophthora ramorum* kpatara, na-eguzobe ojiji nke ogwe osisi  usoro nchebe kachasị mma na ala na ọhịa obodo. [dị ka onye si kwuo?&#x5D;

N'oge gara aga na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-enyocha ọgwụ ahụhụ na ihe na-eguzogide osisi [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa] n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịchịkwa pathogens na ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu na osisi mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ vaịn. Ndị a na-enyocha nke ọma bụ ọrịa na ihe na-egbu egbu nke avocado, apụl, na mkpụrụ vaịn, dị ka Phytophthora mgbọrọgwụ rot nke avocado *Phytophphthora cinnamomi* na avocado thrips *Scirtothrips perseae*, ọkụ *Erwinia amylovora* na apple scab *Venturia* inaequalis, oblique banded leaf roller *Choristoneura rosaceana* na codling moth *Cydia pomonella*, na mkpụrụvaịn downy mildew *Plasmopara viticola* na powdery necator. Osisi apụl na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa dị ka ihe nlereanya nyocha n'ọrụ ugbo ebe ọ bụ na a maara na mmepụta apụl chọrọ usoro mgbasa siri ike maka ịchịkwa fungus pathogenic V. inaequalis na ihe ruru 15-22 sprays nke fungicides kwa oge na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.

A na-ewere ọgwụ ahụhụ dị ka nhọrọ maka nnyefe zuru oke nke ga-ebelata mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-efu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-eme mgbe ikuku ma ọ bụ ala gbasịrị ọgwụ ahụhụ. E wezụga nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ ugboro ugboro na gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-enyocha ọgwụ mkpụrụ vaịn na viticulture maka ịchịkwa pathogens nwere ihe siri ike nke na-emetụta ma na-ebibi anụ ahụ osisi na nke a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa nke ọma site na itinye fungicides. Iji mee ka arụmọrụ nke ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime osisi na osisi vaịn, ihe ndị dị mkpa a na-atụle bụ anatomy nke osisi, ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ala osisi, usoro physiology, nkesa nke oghere na oge nke ihe ndị e tinyere n'ime ya, na ihe ndị dị na kemịkal nke ihe ndị ahụ a na-enye na nhazi.

## Ihe odide