open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Tropical night

A tropical night bụ okwu a na-eji n'ọtụtụ mba Europe akọwa ụbọchị mgbè okpomọkụ anaghị ada n'okpuru Celsius iri abụo (68.0 ) n'ogè **abalị**.  A na-eji nkọwa a eme ihe na mba ndị gụnyere United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary, Serbia na Croatia. Na United States n'ụzọ dị íchè, a na-eji ókwú ahụ bụ "abalị na-ekpo ọkụ" eme ihe mgbè okpomọkụ anaghị ada n'okpuru Celsius iri abụọ (80.6 ) na steeti Gulf na Atlantic.

A na-ahụkarị abalị ndị na-ekpo ọkụ n'ogè oke okpomọkụ ma na-emekarị n'oké osimiri, ụsọ mmiri nà ọdọ mmiri. A na-echekwa okpomọkụ na mmiri n'ogè anwụ na-acha ma na-ekpo ọkụ n'ehihie, nke a na-ewepụta n'abalị ma mee kà okpomọkụ abalị dị elu.

## United Kingdom
Ụlọ ọrụ Met bidoro ịchọpụta 'abalị okpomọkụ' n'afọ 2018. A naghị emezu ụkpụrụ a ugboro ugboro, na afọ iri atọ n'etiti 1961 na 1990 na-ahụ abalị 44 na-ekpo ọkụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha metụtara oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 1976 na 1983. Site na 1991 ruo ụbọchị iri na abuo n'ọnwa Ọgọst 2020, e dekọrọ abalị iri asatọ na anọ dị otú ahụ, ébé iri abụọ na otu n'ime ha mèrè kemgbe afọ 2008. E dekọrọ abalị ise nke nọrọ n'elu 20 °C na 2018, na anọ na 2019. Ka ọ na-erule n'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020, edekọla abalị anọ nke okpomọkụ maka afọ ahụ, otu n'ọnwa Juun June na atọ na August.

N'oge okpomọkụ nke July 2022 , a kọrọ na abalị okpomọkụ e dekọrọ n'otu abalị site n'ubochi irí na asatọ ruo iri itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị bụ nke kachasị ọkụ na ndekọ, ebe okpomọkụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mba ahụ adaghị n'okpuru 25 °C. E debere abalị kachasị ọkụ na 18 July 2022 na Croydon na-eru 25.9 °C na-emebi ndekọ gara aga nke 23.9 °C.

## Croatia
Na Croatia, a na-akpọkarị ihe omume a 'abalị na-ekpo ọkụ' (Croatian: ),: 32 ma bụrụkwa tropska noć ('abalị na-okpomọkụ'). 'N'abalị na-ekpo ọkụ' (vrlo topla noć) na-eme mgbè okpomọkụ dị n'elu 25 °C (77.0 ) n'otu abalị. N'oge okpomọkụ, abalị ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme mgbè niile n'akụkụ oké osimiri n'oge ok okpomọkụ. N'afọ 1961, e nwèrè nkezi nke abalị irí ruo irí abụọ n'ọnwa n'ogè ọkọchị n'akụkụ oké osimiri: 32 mànà ihe na-erughị otu kwà afọ n'ọtụtụ mpaghara Croatia: 41 Otú ọ dị, ha abụrụla ihe a na-ahụkarị na Zagreb kemgbe afọ 2000. N'ime afọ 1990 na 2014, Zagreb dekọrọ mmụba nke abalị 19.5 ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ kwa afọ iri. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị na-ahụ anya na Zagreb Grič debanyere aha abalị iri abụọ na anọ nke okpomọkụ, na-emeri ihe ndekọ gara aga site na 2003.

## Ireland
Na Ireland, a hụrụ abalị abụọ na-ekpo ọkụ na Valentia Observatory na County Kerry n'oge oke okpomọkụ n'ọnwa Julaị 2021. Nke a bụ ógè mbụ e dekọrọ abalị abụọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'usoro na Ireland. 

## Hụkwa

* Oké okpomọkụ
* Agwaetiti okpomọkụ nke obodo

## Edensibia
Tethersonde

**Tethersonde** bụ ụdị radiosonde eji eme ihe na sayensị ikuku màkà ụda ikuku. A na-ejikọta Tethersondes na balloons kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ tethered site na eriri dị íchè ma enwèrè ike ịkwaga n'elu na ala eriri iji nweta ọtụtụ ọgụgụ ikuku.

## Edensibia
Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization

The Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organisation (TGO) (Thai) (Thailand Greenhouse Gas management Organisation (TG)); ma ọ bụ, RTGS: ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-achị onwé ya n'okpuru Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MNRE) nké e guzobere site na iwu eze, Establishment of **Thailand Greenhouse gas Management Organisation** (Public) BE 25507). Ọ bụ ọrụ ya màkà ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG) na Thailand. Iwu eze ahụ bịdoro n'ubochi asaá n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2007.

## Nchịkwa na mmefu ego
Dị ka nke 2020 ónyé isi nchịkwa nke Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organisation bụ Mr.Kiatchai Maitriwong. Ego mmefu TGO màkà FY2019 bụ 158.1 million baht.

## Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba
Thailand bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta Paris màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ubochi irí abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2016. O tinyere "Intended Nationally Determined Contribution" (INDC) màkà mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG) n'etiti 720 nke "azụmahịa dị ka ọ na-emebu" (BAU) site na 2020. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030, Thailand ekwewo nkwa belata ikuku GHG site na Pasent iri abụọ ruo iri abụọ na ise site na ntọala BAU: 35 

## Ihe E E E Mere
Akụkụ nke asaa nke iwu na-eguzobe TGO nyere ebumnuche TGO:

# iji nyochaa, nyochaa, ma chịkọta echiche na echiche gbásárá nkwenye nke ọrụ, ya na ịchụso ma nyochaa ọrụ enyere ikike
# iji kwalite ahịa màkà ahia gas na-ekpo ọkụ
# ịbụ ebe ozi màkà ọrụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ
# iji mepụta nchekwa data nke ọrụ ndị e nyèrè ikike na azụmaahịa a kwadoro nke ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, dịka iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ mba ahụ kpebiri.
# iji bulie arụmọrụ yana inye ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na ndị nwe onwe ha ntụziaka na ọrụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ
# iji jikwaa njikwa gas na-ekpo ọkụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze
# iji kwado ọrụ mgbanwe ihu igwe

## Ọganihu
Dị ka *Bangkok Post* si kwuo, na 2006, n'afọ tupu e guzobe TGO, Thailand wepụtara nde tọn 232 (Mt) nke carbon dioxide (CO2), nde tọn irí anọ na anọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ site na ọkụ coal. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2016, ikuku CO2 nke Thailand arịgoola ruo nde tọn narị nde atọ na iri anọ na abụọ, nde tọn irí isii na ise nke ya site na ọkụ coal. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke International Energy Agency (IEA) dị iche: ọ na-akọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ngụkọta nke 202 Mt na 2006 na 245 Mt na 2016.   2018[update], ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na Thailand na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye. Obere mbelata na uto GHG kwa afọ nke 3.3% na 2014 na-adabere na usoro mbelata gas na nchedo site na ọhịa: 15 

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

*
Ụgbọelu Tropical Ista

Tropical Easterly Jet (jet stream) bụ okwu ihu igwe na-ezo aka n'ikuku ọwụwa anyanwụ nke dị n'elu nke na-amalite na ngwụcha June ma gaa n'ihu ruo mbido ọnwa Septemba. Mmiri ikuku a siri ike nke na-etolite n'elu ikuku n'oge mmiri ozuzo nke Eshia dị na 15°N, 50-80°E ma gbasaa site na South-East Asia ruo Africa. Mmepe kachasị ike nke jet ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita irí na ise (9 mi) n'elu elu ụwa na ọsọ ifufe rúrú mita irí anọ kwà sekọnd (140 km / h; 89 mph; 78 ) n'ofe Oké Osimiri India.

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta India bụ P. Koteshwaram na P.R. Krishnan nyéré ókwú a bụ **ụgbọ** elu ọwụwa anyanwụ n'afọ 1952 Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) malitere ịdị ngwa ngwa mgbè Sub Tropical Jet (STJ) gbanwere gaa N'ébé ugwu nke Himalayas (mmalite June).

Tropical Easterly Jet na-esi n'ébé ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n'ébé ọdịda anyanwụ n'elu Peninsular India na kilomita itoolu ruo iri na abuo (6 ruo 7 mi) na n'elu mpaghara Northern Africa.

Ọdịdị nke TEJ na-ebute mgbanwe nke usoro ikuku ikuku dị n'elu (mgbanwe nrụgide dị elu na nrụgide dị ala) mà na-eduga na mbido ngwa ngwa nkè mmiri ozuzo.

Nchọpụta ndị e mèrè n'ogè na-adịbeghị anya kpughere na ike na ogologo ógé nke okpomọkụ nke Tibetan Plateau nwèrè mmetụta kpọmkwem na oke mmiri ozuzo na India site na mmiri ozuzo.

Mgbè okpomọkụ nke ikuku n'oge okpomọkụ na Tibet nọgidere na-adị elu ruo ogologo ógé, ọ na-enyere áká n'ịkwalite ụgbọ elu ọwụwa anyanwụ ma na-akpata nnukwu mmiri ozuzo na India.

Ụgbọ elu nké ọwụwa anyanwụ anaghị adị ma ọ bụrụ na snow dị n'elu Tibet Plateau anaghị agbaze n'ihi na nkè a na-eme ka okpomọkụ Tibet ghàrà ịdị ike. Nké a na-egbochi mmiri ozuzo na India.

Ya mèrè, afọ ọ bụla nke nnukwu snow na Tibet ga-esochi afọ nké mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị ike na obere mmiri ozuzo.

## Edensibia
Daniel Kunene

**Daniel Pule Kunene** (afọ 1923 ruo 2016) bụ onye ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ South Afrika, onye ntụgharị na onye edemede. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Asụsụ Afrika na Akwụkwọ edemede na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Daniel Kunene na ọnwa Eprel 13, 1923, na Edenville, South Afrika. O nwetara nzere BA n'afo 1949 na Mahadum South Africa, MA na 1951 na Mahadụ Cape Town na PhD na 1961 na Mahadim Cape Town. Ọ lụrụ Selina Sekhuthe n'afọ 1953. N'afọ 1963, ya na ezinụlọ ya hapụrụ South Africa, chọta ebe mgbaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na United States mgbe ha nọrọ na London.

Kunene kụziri na UW Madison ruo afọ iri atọ na atọ. Ọ kụzikwaara na Mahadum Cape Town, Mahadum London, Mahadim California, Los Angeles, na Mahadim Johannes Gutenberg nke Mainz.

N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1993, Kunene gara South Afrika, ohere mbụ ya ịlaghachi mgbe afọ iri atọ nke ịgba ọsọ ndụ gasịrị. Nwunye ya Selina nwụrụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1993. N'afọ 2003, ọ lụrụ Marci Ellis ọzọ ,ma Ọ nwụrụ na Mee 27, afọ 2016.

## Ọrụ

* Dithoko, dithothokiso le dithoholetso tsa sesotho. Cape Town: Oxford University Press, 1966.
* *Ọrụ Thomas Mofolo* : nchịkọta na nkatọ : onye bu ụzọ na A digest of African vernacular literatures, 1967
* *Mmalite nke akwụkwọ ọdịnala South Africa*: Ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme.
* Abụ uri nke Basotho, 1971
* Ndị ohi ụgbọ mmiri aghọwo ndị eze anyị: uri. Nairobi, Kenya : East African Pub. Ụlọ, 1978.
* The *ideophone na Southern Sotho*, Berlin: Reimer, 1978.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]) *Chaka* nke Thomas Mofolo dere. 1980.
* *Mkpụrụ ga-eyi ka ọ ga-anwụ*, 1981
* *Site n'olulu Hel ruo n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke ndụ*, 1984
* *Thomas Mofolo na mpụta nke ederede Sesotho*, 1989
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Zulu nke C.L.S. Nyembezi : nyocha dị oke egwu. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

## Edensibia
Kelwyn Sole

**Kelwyn Sole** (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1951) bụkwa onye na-ede uri na agụmakwụkwọ na South Afrika. 

Sole gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya na nsọpụrụ na Bekee n’imeMahadum nke Witwatersrand ma na-esote nke ahụ, Mahadum London nke East and African Studies nyere ya nzere MA.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Arfak pygmy bandicoot

**Arfak pygmy bandicoot** (***Microperoryctes aplini***) bụ ụdị marsupial na ezinụlọ Peramelidae . Ọ dị na ugwu Arfak na Vogelkop Peninsula nke West Papua, na Indonesia. Ebe obibi ya sitere n'okike bụ ọhịa ugwu na ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ nke na ekpuchi okpomọkụ. A maghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya ma ihe egwu nwere ike ịbụ mmụba mmadụ na ịchụ nta mana Arfak  Ndokwa na echebe ya.

## Ihe odide
Sally Singhateh

**Sally Sadie Singhateh** (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1977) bụ onye Gambia na-ede uri na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Foundation for Research on Women's Health, Productivity and the Environment (BAFROW), o bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu na The Voice of Young People Magazine, nke BAFROW bipụtara ma lekwasị anya na ndị ntorobịa. N'afọ 1995, ọ meriri Merit's International Poetry Award.

Singhateh nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Communication ma na-enweta Master of Arts na Contemporary Literature na 2004 na Mahadum Wales, Swansea. Na BAFROW, otu nzukọ na-eme mkpọsa megide ibi ụmụ nwaanyị ùgwù na Gambia. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'afọ 2008.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọfịs Gambia nke UNESCO, nakwa na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, site na 2009.

## Ọrụ

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* *Nsogbu Christie*, 1988
* *Nsogbu Nwa*, Nairobi
* The Sun Will Soon Shine, London: Athena Press, 2004

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ihe nzacha Berkefeld

thumb|Ihe osise nke nzacha Berkefeld
thumb|Nchịkọta ubi Berkefeld
A Berkefeld filter bụ a mmiri nzacha mere na diatomaceous earth (*Kieselguhr*). E mepụtara ya na Germany na 1891, na 1922 ka Berkefeld Filter Co naere ya na United Kingdom. Berkefeld bụ aha onye nwe ebe a naegwupụta ihe na Hanover, Germany, ebe a nwetara ihe ndị e ji ụrọ mee. 

Berkefeld bụ ezigbo nzacha mmiri bacteria nke a naeji na ụlọ nyocha microbiological, nụlọ na nèzí nọhịa.

## Nhazi na ụzọ e si eme ihe
Ụlọ nzacha ahụ nwere cylinders abụọ ígwè ma ọ bụ plastik naanọdụ otu nelu nke ọzọ. Nke dị nelu nwere mkpuchi ma nwee ike jupụta na mmiri naadịghị ọcha. Nala nke cylinder dị nelu bụ otu ma ọ bụ karịa oghere ndị nwere ala diatomaceous (*Kieselguhr*) ogidi nzacha (candles nzacha). A naamanye mmiri ahụ site na nzacha site na ike ndọda, wee gbadaa na cylinder dị ala ebe a naechekwa ya ma wepụ ya dịka achọrọ.

A naetinye ụdị nzacha ụfọdụ na isi carbon iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka adsorbent naeme ka ọ ghara isi ísì. A pụkwara itinye ha ọlaọcha iji gbochie uto nje bacteria. Ụdị ụfọdụ, dabere na ogo ha, naewepụkwa ụfọdụ microscopic fungi na particulate matter.

A naeme ka nzacha ndị naenweghị ọlaọcha naenweghị afọ ime site na autoclaving ma ọ bụ site na steam sterilizer mgbe a sachara ya nke ọma.

### Berkey Filters
New Millenium Concepts (NMC) Ltd. natara ikikere ikesa nzacha British Berkefeld na North America. Otú ọ dị, ha mepụtara ihe nhicha nke ha na 2003, nke a naakpọ "Black Berkey," nke a naiji na nzacha mmiri "Berkey". Ihe nhicha Black Berkey nke NMC naeji ngwakọta nke mgbasa ozi nzacha isii dị iche iche, ebe ihe nhicha mmiri nke British Berkefeld mejupụtara isi ala diatomaceous. 

### Mmiri Mmiri Ozuzo Dị Ọhụrụ
Netiti afọ 1990 Envirogard Products Limited na Canada mepụtara ụdị nke ya nke Berkefeld ceramic filter nke a gaere nokpuru akara Rainfresh. Ihe nzacha ceramic ndị a naejikwa ala diatomaceous, mana ha naagụnyekwa ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke ihe ndị ọzọ nke naeme ka 0.3-micron zuru oke nzacha nke naenye >7-log mbelata nke nje bacteria pathogenic.

### Ụdị
A naekewa nzacha ndị ahụ dabere na dayameta nke oghere dị nime ihe ceramic:

* **V** (Viel) - Ọnụ Ọwara ndị siri ike
* **N** (Nụzọ Dị Mma) - Ọnụ ụzọ dị netiti
* **W** (Wenig) - Ọdịdị kacha mma

## Uru bara uru
Berkefeld bụ ihe dị ọnụ ala, nke a naebugharị ebugharị ma naarụ ọrụ nke ọma nozuzu ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị ewepụ nje dị ka Hepatitis A na ụfọdụ nje dị ka mycoplasma. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ naekwu na ha naenyocha site netiti 100% nke ụmụ irighiri ihe karịrị 0.9 micrometre ruo 98% nke ụmụ irigbiri ihe karịrị 0.5 micrometre nobosara. Ndị a bụ nzacha naadịgide adịgide, a pụkwara ịsacha ihe nzacha ahụ ihe karịrị 100 ugboro tupu ọ chọọ mgbanwe.

E ji ụfọdụ nime nzacha Berkefeld mbụ mee ihe noge ọrịa ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba 1892 na Hamburg.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe nzacha mmiri Woder
Jim Kosek

**Jim Kosek** bụ ónyé America na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe na telivishọn na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye isi na-ahụ Màkà ihu igwe na WAND na Decatur, Illinois. A maara Kosek nke ọma màkà ụdị ngosi ya, nke gụnyere mkpu na-ada ụda, mmegharị gabigara oke, njikọ na omenala a ma ama, na mkpu yiri nke ónyé na-eme ihe ọchị Sam Kinison.

## Ọrụ
Jim Kosek gụrụ meteorology na Mahadum Penn State, mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na AccuWeather na 1985. Ọ bidoro dị ka ónyé na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe, mànà ọ malitere ime ihe dị ịtụnanya site n'ébé afọ 1990s gaa n'ihu. Business Insider akọwaala ya dị ka "Bill O'Reilly nke ihu igwe", site na The Washington Post dị ka "Al Roker zutere Sam Kinison," na Jimmy Kimmel dị ka ihe yiri "Glenn Beck kwesịrị ekwesị" *ónyé* na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe. Ụbọchị ikpeazụ ya na Accuweather bụ ụbọchị iri na otu n'ọnwa Jenụwari, 2012.

Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka Chief Meteorologist màkà KTVX ABC 4 na Salt Lake City, Utah n'ubochi irí na asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị, 2012, wee kwụsị ọrụ ya n'ogè ọkọchị nke afọ 2014.  Dan Pope nọchiri ya bụ ónyé laghachiri na KTVX. Mgbè KTVX gasịrị, Kosek bidoro igosi ihu igwe na KCTV na Kansas City, Missouri.

Ọ sonyeere WGCL-TV na Atlanta n'ubochi mbu n'ọnwa Disemba, 2014, wee laghachi n'ọkwa Chief Meteorologist. Ụbọchị ikpeazụ Jim na WGCL bụ ụbọchị iri abụo na atọ n'ọnwa Juun, 2017, mgbè ụlọ ọrụ ahụ hapụrụ ya. N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ ahụ, ọ sonyeere WLTZ na Columbus, Georgia dị ka ónyé isi na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma nọrọ n'ọkwa ahụ ruo n'ọnwa Ọgọst 2019.

## Hụkwa

* Al Kaprielian

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Peeji ndị na-akwado Facebook
* Vidio Jim Kosek na Accuweather.com
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mariama Khan

**Mariama Khan** (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1977) bụ onye Gambia na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-ede uri, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na onye ọ̀kà mmụta. Ọ na-akụzi mmepeanya Afrịka na Ụmụnwanyị n'obodo Afrịka na Lehman College na New York.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Mariama Khan na 1977 n'aka nna bụ onye Senegal na nne bụ onye Gambia. O tolitere na Brikama New Town na mpaghara Kombo Central nke Gambia.

Khan malitere ime ihe nkiri dị n'obere n'obere dị ka nwa akwụkwọ Henry Felt na Mahadum Brandeis. O mere ihe ngosi anọ na 2008-9. *Sutura* meriri ihe nrite UNFPA, e gosikwara The Journey Up The Hill na Cinekambiya International Film Festival na 2016.

Na Gambia, Khan rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchite anya ma mesịa bụrụ onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Nnyocha Iwu na Ọfịs Onye isi ala. Onye isi ala Yahya Jammeh họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ọrụ gọọmentị Gambia na 2010, ọ bụ ezie na nhọpụta ahụ nọrọ naanị ọnwa ole na ole. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ụlọ Ọrụ Nlekọta Ndị Ọrụ.

N'afọ 2018 o degaara Onye isi ala Adama Barrow akwụkwọ ozi n'ihu ọha, iji gbachitere ASP Musa Fatty. Fatty, onye o kwenyere na e boro ebubo ụgha, na ọ gbagburu ndị ntorobịa, bụ otu n'ime ndị uwe ojii ise e boro ebubo igbu ọchụ maka ọnwụ nke ndị ntorobịa atọ na-eme ngagharị iwe na nnọkọ mgbochi mmetọ na Faraba Banta.

## Akwụkwọ

* Futa Toro: uri, 2003
* (ya na Bamba Khan) Juehffur : isusu gị ọnụ na egbugbere ọnụ na-emerụ ahụ : uri, 2004
* (Na Bamba Khan) *Ilu nke SeneGambia*
* "Mpaghara Gambia-Senegal: Nsogbu na Njikọ Ógbè", (Routledge, 2019)

### Ihe nkiri

* *Sutura: ndina n'ike na ikpe ziri ezi na Senegal*
* Njem Nrịgo Ugwu.

## Edensibịa


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ngalaba na Lehman College

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Ụmụnwanyị odee Gambia
Òtù:Ndị odee uri Gambia
Echiche Köhler

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Kohler curves na-egosi otu oke diamita na supersaturation si dabere na ọnụọgụ nke solute. A na-eche ebe a na solute bụ ihe zuru oke nke sodium chloride.
**Echiche Köhler** na-akọwa usoro nkè mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbakọta ma na-emepụta mmiri igwe ojii, ma dabere na thermodynamics. Ọ na-ejikọta mmetụta Kelvin, nké na-akọwa mgbanwe na nrụgide ikuku saturation n'ihi elu gbagọrọ agbagọ, na Iwu Raoult, nke na'ejikọta nrụgide ikuku saturatation na solute. Ọ bụ usoro dị mkpà n'ọhịa nke physics igwe ojii. Ọ bụ Hilding Köhler, Prọfesọ nke Meteorology na Mahadum Uppsala bipụtara yá nà afọ 1936.

\ln \left ( \frac{p_{w}(D_{p})}{p^{0}} \right ) = \frac{4M_{w}\sigma_{w}}{RT\rho_{w}D_{p}} - \frac{6n_{s}M_{w}}{\pi\rho_{w}D_{p}^{3}}

ébé nrụgide mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, bụ nrụgide ikuku na-ekwekọ n'elu ala dị larịị, bụ nrụrụ aka n'elu mmiri, bụ njupụta nke mmiri dị ọcha, bụ moles nke solute, bụ ịdị arọ nke mmiri, ọ bụkwa dayameta nke igwe ojii.p_wp^0\sigma_w\rho_wn_sM_wD_p

## Okirikiri Köhler
A na-akpọ echiche Köhler aha Hilding Köhler (1888[[1982). Usoro Köhler bụ ihe ngosi ányà nke usoro Köhler. Ọ na-egosi supersaturation nke igwe ojii na-adaba na gburu-gburu ébé obibi n'ọtụtụ diameters. Ezigbo ọdịdị nke usoro ahụ dabere na ọnụọgụ na ihe mejupụtara solutes dị na ikuku. Usoro Köhler ébé solute bụ sodium chloride dị íchè na mgbè solute bụ soda nitrate ma ọ bụ ammonium sulfate.

Ihe osise dị n'elu na-egosi usoro Köhler atọ nke sodium chloride. Tụlee (maka mmiri nwéré solute nke diamita yá bụ 0.05 micrometers) otu ébé na eserese ébé mmiri dị na 0.1 micrometers na supersaturation bụ 0.35%. Ébé ọ bụ na iru mmiri dị n'elu 100%, droplet ga-eto ruo mgbè ọ nọ na thermodynamic equilibrium. Ka mmiri ahụ na-eto, ọ naghị ahụ nkwụsi ike, ya mèrè ọ na-eto n'enweghị njedebe. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na supersaturation bụ naanị 0.3%, ọdịda ahụ ga-etolite ruo ihe dị ka 0.5 micrometers. A na-akpọ supersaturation nké ọdịda ahụ ga-etolite n'enweghị njedebe supersaturasion dị oke egwu. A na-akpọ dayameta nke ọnụ ọnụ ọnụ ahụ dị oke egwu.

## Hụkwa

* Kelvin equation – Equation describing the change in vapour pressure due to a curved liquid–vapor interface
* Ostwald–Freundlich equation – Equation describing a phase boundary

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkụ dị n'ime na uto nke mmiri hygroscopic. Trans.Faraday Soc., 32, 11521161.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] A Short Course in Cloud Physics, 3rd Ed. Pergamon Press. 293 pp.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Usoro Microphysical na Clouds. Oxford Press. 427 peeji.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Atmospheric Science: Nnyocha Nkwupụta. Academic Press. 467 peeji.
Košava (ikuku)

**Košava** (Serbian Cyrillic: Кошава, a na-akpọ [kɔ̌ʃa navegador]) bụ ifufe oyi, nke na-efe n'ébé ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke a na-ahụ n'akụkụ ndị dị N'ébé Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe na Balkans.  Ọ na-amalite na Ugwu Carpathian ma soro Danube n'ébé ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ site na mpaghara Iron Gate ebe ọ na-enweta mmetụta jet, wee gaa Belgrade.  Ọ nwere ike ịgbasa ruo n'ébé ugwu dị ka Hungary na n'ébé ndịda dị ka Niš na Sofia.

N'ogè oyi, ọ nwèrè ike ime ka okpomọkụ daa ruo -30 °C (-22 ).  N'ogè ọkọchị, ọ dị jụụ ma nwee uzuzu.  Ọ na-adịgasị íchè n'ehihie, ọ dịkwa ike n'etiti 5:00 nà 10:00 n'ụtụtụ.  Košava na-abụkarị mpaghara nrụgide dị ala n'elu Oké Osimiri Adriatic na mpaghara nrụgide siri ike na ndịda Russia.

A na-ejikwa aha ahụ eme ihe n'ụzọ ọdịnala n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Bulgaria iji gosipụta ifufe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ma ọ bụ nke ọwụwa Anyanwụ. E nwèrè ókwú na-ekwu, sị: "Mgbè košava na-afụ, Nišava na-ajụ oyi".

Ọsọ na ọbịbịa nké ifufe Košava belatara site n'afo 1949 ruo afọ 2010. Otu nnyocha ahụ gosiri na Košava na-adịkarị ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, ihe omume otu ụbọchị bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe.

Ifufe Košava na-efegharị mgbè enwèrè nrụgide ikuku dị elu (an anticyclone) n'ébé ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe na / ma ọ bụ ọdịda anyanwụ Eshia na nrụgide dị ala (a cyclone) na etiti na / maọ bụ ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ mpaghara Mediterenian. Otú ọ dị, anticyclone siri ike bụ isi ihe na-akpata ifufe Košava. Košava bụkwa oké ifufe na-efe n'ime oghere. Enwèrè ike ịkọ ọdịnihu Košava n'ụzọ gárá nke ọma site na iji nrụgide dị n'elu ugwu na ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpomọkụ.

## Hụkwa

* Ifufe Katabatic

## Edensibia
Khazri

***Khazri*** (Azerbaijani: ) bụ aha ikuku oyi na-ekpo ọkụ n'ébé ugwu nke Oké Osimiri Caspian nke na-efegharị gafee Absheron Peninsula n'afọ niile, ọkachasị na Baku. *Khazri* bụ ifufe na-efe n'ụsọ oké osimiri na otu n'ime ifufe ndị na-efe na mpaghara ahụ. Ọsọ nke *khazri* na-eru 40 m / s (140 km / h; 89 mph; 78 ) mgbé ụfọdụ. Ọ na-emebi ụfọdụ ngalaba akụ na ụba. Otú ọ dị, ifufe na-enye okpomọkụ dị jụụ n'oge ọkọchị. Ifufe Khazri na-emegide Gilavar, ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ sitere N'ébé ndịda, nkè a na-enwekarị mmetụta n'ogè ọkọchị.

## Edensibia
Ogwe oghere

Kern arc bụ ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ikuku nké sitere na ezinụlọ nke ice crystal halos. Ọ bụ okirikiri zuru okè na nke na-adịghị ike gburu-gburu zenith, n'adịghị ka okirikiri okirikiri na-emetụta yá nà nkè a na-ahụkarị, nké bụ naanị okirikiri.

A na-akpọ oghere Kern aha H.F.A. Kern na Netherlands, ónyé mbụ kọrọ ya na ụbọchị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 1895.  Kemgbe ahụ, a kọọrọ ya ugboro isii.

A na-emepụta ya site na ụzarị na-abanye n'elu ihu nkè kristal dị larịị ma na-apụ site na ihu dị nso. Igwe ụzarị ụzarị na-enwe n'ime n'akụkụ ihu na-agbadata na 60 ° na ihu ọpụpụ. N'akụkụ *triangular* hexagonal crystals nwèrè ihu atọ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ndị ọzọ na-enye ohere ka oghere Kern mee.

Foto mbụ nke oghere Kern bụ nke Marko Mikkilä sere na nso Vuokatti Ski Resort, Sotkamo, Finland n'ubochi irí na asaa n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2007. Foto ndị ahụ dị n'ìhè anyanwụ sitere n'ikuku mmiri nke ice crystals nke snowguns mepụtara. Na Vuokatti Ski Resort ihe dị ka otu narị snowguns nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'otu ógè. Okpomọkụ bụ -15 ruo -18 °C na mbara igwe doro ányá na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ikuku adịghị. A na-eji igwefoto Nikon D70 na Nikon FM na Sigma 8mm EX F4, Sigma 15mm EX F2.8 anya. A chịkọtakwara ụfọdụ ihe nlele nke ice crystals, na-akwado ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ntọala triangular ha.

E bipụtara foto Mikkilä na mbụ na Tähdet ja avaruus-magazine 1/2008. Ọ bụ URSA, òtù Finnish nkè nkà mmụta mbárá igwe, bipụtara magazin ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Halo (ihe ọhụụ)
* Okpokoro gburugburu

## Edensibia
Ndepụta ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke Keetchī Biram

Nkọwa ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke KeetchīByram (nke **a maara dị ka KBDI**), nke John Keetch na George Byram mepụtara n'afọ 1968 màkà Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States, bụ ihe atụ nke ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe màkà ebumnuche nke ịkọ ọdịnihu na ịdị njọ nkè ọkụ ọhịa. A na-agbakọ ya dabere na mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ ikuku, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ihu igwe.

KBDI bụ atụmatụ nke ụkọ mmiri nke ala, nke bụ mmiri dị mkpà iji mee ka mmiri nke ala ruo ikike ya zuru oke. Nnukwu ụkọ mmiri dị n'ala pụtara na e nwèrè obere mmiri màkà evaporation ma ọ bụ ọsụsọ osisi. Nkè a na-eme n'ọnọdụ nke oke ọkọchị, ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na omume ọkụ.

Na United States, a na-egosipụta ya dị ka ihe dị iche site na efu ruo narị asatọ, na-ezo aka na otu narị nke sentimita nke ụkọ mmiri; na mba ndị na-eji usoro metric, a na'egosipụta ya site na 0 gaa na narị abụọ, na-ezo áhà milimita.

## Hụkwa

* Usoro Ntụziaka Ihe Iche Ọkụ Mba
* Nkọwa nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo Palmer
* McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index
* 1988 revision nke akwụkwọ ahụ, "A drought index for forest fire control. 

## Edensibia
Koniscope

**Koniscope** (ma ọ bụ **coniscope**) bụ ngwá ọrụ sayensị iji chọpụta ma tụọ ọdịnaya nké uzuzu n'ime ikuku. A na-akpọkwa koniscope ntụ, ma ọ bụ Aitken ntụ ntụ, nkè áhà yá bụ John **Aitken** onye mepụtara koniscope mbụ.

A na-eme koniscope site na ijikọ mgbapụta na tube nnwale nkè ejiri akwụkwọ mmiri kpuchie. A na-ejide tube ahụ n'akụkụ isi iyi ọkụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na mgbapụta ahụ n'ogè na-adịghị ányá. Akụkụ uzuzu ga-arapara na akwụkwọ ahụ, na-emepụta mgbanwe a na-ahụ ányà na agba.

## Edensibia
Paul Kocin

**Paul Kocin** (amụrụ n'ubochi isii n'ọnwa Mee, 1955) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na ọkachamara n'ogè oyi. Ọ tolitere na Long Island, New York ma nata B.S. ya na Mahadum Cornell, M.Sc. ya na-esote na Mahaduma Pennsylvania State. Mgbè ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa ógè na NASA dị ka ónyé ọrụ ngo mgbè ahụ US National Weather Service were ya n'ọrụ na Hydrometeorological Prediction Center n'afọ 1989. Kocin rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na The Weather Channel site n'afo 1998 ruo 2006. Ọ laghachiri na NOAA mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, nke mbụ dị ka ónyé na-enyocha ihu igwe n'elu ma mesịa gaa na tebụl dị n'etiti, na-ebu amụma ihu igwe màkà Alaska ruo ụbọchị asatọ tupu ógè eruo.

Ya na Louis Uccellini, Kocin mepụtara Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale, nké na-ekewa nnukwu snowstorms nke Northeest United States site na "ihe a ma ama" ruo "nke gabigara oke".  Ha mepụtara mpịakọta gbásárá Northeastern United States Snow Storms n'ogè afọ 1990s na 2000s.

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụgbọelu Biak

Biak glider (***Petaurus biacensis***) bụ ụdị marsupial n'ezinụlọ Petauridae. Ọ dị na Schouten Islands na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Papua Ógbè Indonesia. A na ewere ya n'oge gara aga dị ka ụdị nke *Petaurus breviceps* (sugar glider); a ka nwere ejighị n'aka banyere ọnọdụ ya dị ka ụdị dị iche.

Biak glider dị n'ogologo site na 130-150 mm (5.1-5.9 in) na ịdị arọ site  79-00 g (2.8-3.5 oz ).

## Nkesa
Biak, Supiori na agwaetiti Owi.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọnọdụ Taxonomic MSW - Ugbu a dị ka nke November 16, 2005 - Retrieved 07:58, 19 October 2012 (UTC)
Ọdụm na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ

Anụ ọhịa Biak roundleaf ma ọ bụ Geelvinck Bay ụsụ imi imi (***Hipposideros papua***) bụ ụdị ụkpara n'ezinụlọ Hipposideridae. Ọ dị na Biak Islands (Schouten Islands) na Cenderawasih Bay (Geelvinck Bay) nke Papua Ógbè, nke dị na Western New Guinea, Indonesia.

## Nchịkọta na etymology
A kọwara ya dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ na 1886 site n'aka onye Britain na ahụ maka ụmụ anụmanụ Oldfield Thomas na onye Italy na ahụ Maka ihe ndị e kere eke Giacomo Doria. Ha bu ụzọ tinye ya na ụdị *Phyllorhina*, nke na adịghịzi adị, na aha sayensị *Phyllorhin papua*. Aha ụdị ya "papua" na ezo aka na *Papua* New Guinea ebe Odoardo Beccari chịkọtara holotype.

## Nkọwa
Ọ nwere ogologo ogwe aka nke ihe dịka 50.5 mm (1.99 in). Ọ nwere akwụkwọ imi nwere akwụkwọ abụọ dị n'akụkụ.

Ọ na-eme njem n'abalị, na-anọ n'ebe ndị zoro ezo n'ehihie dị ka ọgba.

## Ọnọdụ na ọnọdụ
Ọ bụ ihe a na ahụkarị na Indonesia. Ogige ya gụnyere ọtụtụ agwaetiti nke Indonesia, gụnyere Halmahera, Bacan, Gebe, Biak, Supiori, Numfoor, na Vogelkop Peninsula nke New Guinea.

Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 2008, IUCNIsit nyochara ya dị ka nchegbu kachasị ala.

## Ihe odide
Oge oyi nke Oge Iron

alt=|thumb|Okpomọkụ ice nke Greenland na-akọwa na 18O isotope site na 6 ice cores (Vinther, B., et al., 2009)
Iron Age Cold Epoch (nkè a na-akpọkwa Iron Age climate pessimum ma ọ bụ Iron Age neoglaciation) bụ **ógè** ihu igwe oyi na-adịghị ahụkebe na mpaghara North Atlantic, nke sitere na 900 BC ruo ihe dị ka 300 BC, ya na oke oyi karịsịa na 450 BC n'oge mgbasa nke Gris ógè ochie. Oge okpomọkụ nke Rom (250 BC) sochiri ya.
Gill Plunkett na Graeme T. Swindles nke Queen's University Belfast jiri ntụ ọkụ na radiocarbon dating mee ihe iji gbochie mmalite nkè Iron Age climate deterioration na Ireland ruo 750 BC.

## Ihe

* 
* 
* 
*
Nnyocha isentropic

thumb|Nnyocha isentropic nke 300 Kelvin isotrope na foto satellite ihu igwe nke igwe ojii n'oge snow na Colorado
**Nnyocha Isentropic** na meteorology bụ usoro iji chọta mmegharị kwụ ọtọ na nke kwụ ọtọ nke ikuku n'ogè usoro adiabatic n'elu oke mbara ala. Mgbanwe nke ọnọdụ nke ikuku na-esote elu isentropic anaghị agụnye mgbanwe nké okpomọkụ na gburu-gburu ébé obibi. Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwekwara ike nyochaa nkwụsi ike nke ikuku na akụkụ kwụ ọtọ ma ikuku na-agafe n'elu dị otú ahụ ga-eme ka igwe ojii convective ma ọ bụ stratiform. Ọ dabeere na ọmụmụ nkè map ihu igwe ma ọ bụ akụkụ dị larịị nke ọnụọgụ okpomọkụ nwere ike ịdị na troposphere.

Na synoptic scale, A na-ejikọta nyocha isentropic na weather fronts: warm fronts A na-achọta ébé ikuku na-agafe ahịrị nke okpomọkụ nwèrè ike ịhọrọ site n'ebe dị elu gaa na nke dị elu, ebe cold fronts bụ ebe ifufe na-agafe na-agbada elu. Synoptic ígwé ojii na ọdịda nwere ike si otú a ga-mma na ndị a na mpaghara nke advection karịa na omenala isobaric maapụ. Site na  mesoscale N'uche, ngwugwu ikuku na-agagharị na kwụ ọtọ ga-agafe iche iche nke ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nwere ike, ọ ga-adịkwa mma ma ọ bụrụ na uru nke ahịrị ndị ahụ belata na elu, ma ọ bụ kwụsie ike ma ọ bụrụ na ha abawanye..

## Edensibia
Nnụnụ a na-akwụnye n'elu osisi Bismarck

Nnụnụ na akwụsi ike Bismarck ma ọ bụ **nnụnụ** na na akwụsịghị akwụsị (***Loriculus*** tener) bụ obere ụdị nnụnụ n'ezinụlọ Psittaculidae.
Ọ dị n'oké ọhịa na Bismarck Archipelago na Papua New Guinea. Ọ na eyi egwu site na mbibi ebe obibi. A na ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ụdị nke oroma na akwụsi ike parrot.

## Nkọwa
Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ nwere ahụ na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ntụpọ na acha ọbara ọbara na egbuke egbuke n'olu ya, ọnụ ojii, na anya odo. Ụmụ nwoke nwere azụ na acha odo odo/akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọdụ na acha ọbara ọbara. Ụmụ nwanyị nwere ntì na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (ya na ụmụ nwoke) mana, nwere obere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri/acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ụmụ nnụnụ enweghị mgbu akpịrị, ma nwee ọnụ na anya na acha nchara nchara.

## Nkesa na ebe obibi
Enwere ike ịchọta nkuku kwụ ọtọ Bismarck n'àgwàetiti dị na Bismarck Archipelago. Ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ebe dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ala dị ala nke New Britain na New Ireland, ebe ọ na ezere mpaghara ugwu dị n'etiti. A pụkwara ịchọta ya na Duke nke York Islands, New Hanover Island, Manne Island, Selapiu Island, Tsoilaunung Island, Agwaetiti Patio na obere agwaetiti ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu. A na-ahụ ya n'ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị ala n'ebe dị elu ruo mita 500, mana ọ na ahọrọ ibi n'ebe na-erughị mita 200 n'elu.

## Omume na gburugburu ebe obibi
Ọ na eme ihere ma na ezochi ya n'ihu ọha. Ọ na ejikarị ụdị ndị ọzọ nke *Loriculus* genus na emekọrịta ihe. A na-ahụkarị ya na obere ìgwè nke nnụnụ 2 ruo 4 n'otu n'otu. Ụmụ nwanyị na eyi àkwá 3 ruo 4. Nri ya nwere mkpụrụ osisi ọhịa dị iche iche, okooko osisi, buds, na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ ga eri obere ụmụ ahụhụ larva (maka protein ọzọ).  O nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọhịa nke ihe dị ka nnụnụ 15,000 ruo 30,000.

## Egwu
Dị ka ọtụtụ nnụnụ ndị ọzọ dị na Bismarck Archipelago, a na eyi nnụnụ Bismarck na-akwụnye ọkụkọ egwu site na mgbukpọ ọhịa, ịbanye n'ebe obibi mmadụ, ọrụ igwu ala, na igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na akwadoghị. IUCN kewara ya dị ka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe na eyi egwu site na 2004-2018, mana e belatara ya ka ọ bụrụ nchegbu kacha nta na 2021.

## Ihe odide
Ọdụm na-acha anụnụ anụnụ

Ọdụm na acha anụnụ anụnụ (***Rhinolophus euryotis***) bụ ụdị ọbọgwụ n'ezinụlọ Rhinolophidae. A na ahụ ya na Indonesia na Papua New Guinea.

## Ihe odide
Ogwu agụ nke Brehm

thumb|Ogwu agụ nke Brehm
Brehm's tiger parrot (***Psittacella brehmii***), nke a makwaara dị ka Brehms ground parrot, bụ obere nkuku na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke a na-ahụ n'ugwu New Guinea, site na 1,500-2,600m (oke 1,100-3,800m).  A na-akpọ ụdị ahụ aha Alfred Brehm (1829X1884), onye njem na onye nchịkọta Germany.

## Nchịkọta Nchịkọta
E nwere ụdị anọ na apụta na mmadụ atọ dị iche iche:

* P. b. brehmii: Nnụnụ Isi Peninsula, West Papua.
* P. b. intermixta: Central highlands nke New Guinea. Akụkụ dị n'okpuru na mgbochi n'azụ na-acha odo odo-akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ka ibu.
* P. b. pallida: Ugwu SE nke New Guinea. Dị ka onye a họpụtara ma ọ dị mkpụmkpụ.
* P. b. harterti: Huon Peninsula (NE New Guinea). Isi na-acha odo odo, na-acha obere odo na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Obere.

N'etiti etiti Brehm, agba agba agba Tiger, P. *picta*, na-ewe ihe karịrị 2700m, mana a naghị ahụ ụdị ahụ na Huon, ebe Brehm dị elu.  A na-ahụ ha n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè dị nta ma na-eri mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi na sub-okpukpu ma ọ bụ na nso ala.

## Nkọwa
Brehm's tiger nkuku bụ ụdị kachasị ukwuu n'ụdị *Psittacella* ma dị ihe dị ka 24 cm (9.4 in) n'ogologo ma dị n'agbata 94 ka 120 g (3.3[[4.2 ). Ọ na abụkarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na isi na acha odo odo, na acha uhie uhie na ogwe ojii n'azụ na azụ, na mkpuchi na acha ọbara ọbara n'okpuru ọdụ. Iris ya na acha ọbara ọbara, ọnụ ya na-adịkwa na acha anụnụ anụnụ na acha ntụ ntụ na acha ọcha n'isi ya. Ụkwụ ya na-acha ntụ ntụ. Nke nwoke nwere akara odo odo n'akụkụ olu ya na ara na acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na enweghị ihe mgbochi. Ụmụ nwanyị enweghị akara odo n'olu ma nwee ara na acha odo odo na oji. Ụmụaka na-eyi ụmụ nwanyị, mana ha nwere irises na-acha odo odo na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na egbochi n'obi. A na ahụkarị nku ndị a n'otu oge n'ịzụ ụmụ nnụnụ ma ọ nweghị ihe ndekọ nke ihe ịga nke ọma. Ha nwere ike ibute ọrịa; otu ugboro na-atachi obi karịa ọnwa 2 ruo 3 n'agbụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị nta nke nnụnụ: 2.5 x 1 x 2 m (8 x 3 x 6 ft). A ga-achịkwa okpomọkụ n'ime gburugburu ha (ọ bụghị nke dị elu, ọ bụghị nke dị ala).

## Ihe odide

* Juniper & Parr (1998) *Parrots*: A Guide to Parrots of the World;  .

## Ihe odide ndị e depụtara

*
Ari Sitas

**Ari Sitas** (onye nke amụrụ n'afọ 1952 na Limassol, Saịprọs) bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na obodo South Africa, onye na ede edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-arụ ọrụ obodo.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Sitas gụrụ maka mmekorita ọha na eze na obodo na nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na Johannesburg, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere ndị otu Junction Avenue Theatre Company. N'afọ 1978, ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara onyinye bụ Olive Schreiner maka egwuregwu ahụ, Randlords na Rotgut, na, n'afọ 1981, meriri ihe nrite maka vidiyo ya Howl at the Moon . Ọ gụsịrị Ph.D. ya na mpụta nke otu ndị ọrụ ọrụ na East Rand n'okpuru nlekọta Eddie Webster na David Webster (onye ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburu). Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ nwa oge na ihe okike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gasịrị, Mahadum Natal, Durban were ya n'ọrụ na 1982. Kemgbe ahụ, Durban, n'agbanyeghị njem ya niile, anọgidewo na-abụ ebe obibi ime mmụọ na nke ihe onwunwe ya. Dabere na ngalaba Industrial Organizational and Labour Studies (IOLS), ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọgụgụ isi na ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma rụọ ezigbo ọrụ nke ọma na ndị otu ọrụ na ndị otu obodo. Ọ bụ isi ihe na-eme ka mmụba nke omenala na òtù dị iche iche na njedebe nke oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi kachasị mkpa na mkparịta ụka na-eduga na nkesa ọdịbendị. A matala ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri kachasị akọwapụta ọgbọ ya na onye na-emepụta ihe, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị omenala, onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

Na onwa nke afọ 2009, ọ sonyeere Mahadum Cape Town dị ka Prọfesọ na Ngalaba Sociology.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Adam Obere

**Adam** Small (biri ndụ site na  21 Disemba 1936 ma rụọ na 25 June 2016) bụ onye edemede si obodo South Africa, O sonyere na Black Consciousness Movement na ọrụ ndị ọzọ. A maara ya dị ka onye edemede mara mma nke dere akwụkwọ n'asụsụ Afrikaans nke na-ekwu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma na-akọwa ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ụfọdụ nchịkọta gụnyere uri Bekee, ọ sụgharịrị onye na-ede uri Afrikaans N P van Wyk Louw n'asụsụ Bekee.

A mụrụ Adam Small na ụbọchị 21 na ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1936 na Wellington. Ọ banyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ n'afọ 1953 na St Columbas High School dị na Athlone na Cape Flats. Ọ gara Mahadum nke Cape Town ebe ọ gụrụ maka nzere na asụsụ na nkà ihe ọmụma. N'afọ 1963 ọ gụsịrị MA (cum laude) na nkà ihe ọmụma nke Nicolai Hartmann na Friedrich Nietzsche. N'otu oge ahụ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke London na Mahadum nke Oxford.

Adam ghọrọ onye nkuzi na nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum áhà ya bụ Fort Hare na afọ 1959, n'afọ 1960 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Mahadum Western Cape (UWC) mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka Onye isi nke Ngalaba Nkà ihe ọmụma. Na mbido afọ 1970 ọ sonyeere Black Consciousness Movement.

N'afọ 1973, a manyere ya ịhapụ UWC. Nke a mere ka ọ kwaga Johannesburg, ebe ọ ghọrọ Onye isi nke Ọrụ Ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand (Wits). Ọ laghachiri na Cape Town n'afọ 1977, ebe ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Western Cape Foundation for Community Services ruo afọ 1983. N'afọ 1984 ọ laghachiri na UWC dị ka Onye isi nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ọha, ọkwá o nwere ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 1997.

E nyere Small ihe nrite Hertzog n'afọ 2012 maka enyemaka ya na ụdị ihe nkiri. Agbanyeghị na a nabatara onyinye ahụ nke ọma maka ịbụ ogologo oge, esemokwu ụfọdụ bilitere n'ihi na Academy, n'ime onyinye ahụ, mebiri otu n'ime iwu nke ha na-ekwu na a ga-enye onyinye ahụ naanị onye edemede bipụtara ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke dị mkpa n'otu ụdị n'ime afọ atọ gara aga. E bipụtara egwuregwu ikpeazụ Small n'afọ 1983. Otu n'ime uri ya a ma ama nke ọma bụ nke a  na-akpọ "Doemanie".

Mgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ gachara n'anya ọha na eze, Small, na ụbọchị 14 na ọnwa Septemba ne afọ 2013, natara nnabata dike na Breytenbach Centre na Wellington, ebe ọ bụ onye ọbịa nsọpụrụ na mmemme uri nke etiti ahụ. Ọ gụrụ ụfọdụ uri sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụrụ ya bụ *Klawerjas*. N'afọ 2015, a na-agbasa ihe nkiri ọhụrụ, Maria, Moeder van God, na mmemme mmemme nka kwa afọ nke Radio Sonder Grense.
Anụ rat nwere ọdụ ojii mosaic-tailed

thumb|Anụ rat nwere ọdụ ojii mosaic-tailed
Nku ojii na acha odo odo (***Melomys rufescens***) bụ ụdị ụmụ oke n'ezinụlọ Muridae. Ọ dị na agwaetiti New Guinea.

## Aha
A maara ya dị ka *alks* n'asụsụ Kalam nke Papua Ọhụrụ Guinea.

## Ihe odide

** [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  Melomys gracilis [link nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide]. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   E webatara ya na 9 Julaị 2007.
**
Bartho Smit

**Bartho Smit** (onye biri ndụ site na 15 Julaị 1924 ruo 31 Disemba 1986) bụ onye edemede si obodo South Africa, onye na-ede uri, onye na'eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi. Ọ bụ onye otu Sestigers, otu ndị edemede Afrikaans nwere mmetụta nke afọ 1960. O dere *Moeder Hanna* ("Nne Hanna") n'afọ 1959, nke bụ ihe nkiri a ma ama banyere Agha nke Abụọ nke Boer. N'afọ 1962, o dere egwuregwu Putsonderwater ("Ọ dị mma na-enweghị mmiri"), mana enweghị ike ịme ya na South Africa n'ihi ozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.

A mụrụ Bartholomeus Jacobus Smit na (1924-07-15)  na Klerkskraal, nso Ventersdorp, South Africa. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Standerton n'afọ 1949 na nzere bachelọ, n'afọ 1951 O nwetara nzere Master of Arts na Mahadum Pretoria. N'afọ 1949, ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Kita Redelinghuys ha wee lụọ. Site n'afọ 1952 ruo afọ 1957 ha gara Paris, Munich na London dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri n'okpuru Jan Rabie. O tinyekwara onwe ya na nkà ihe ọmụma mgbe ọ nọ na Europe.
Akwụkwọ mbụ o bipụtara bụ akụkọ Outa Lukas, die строkind, nke e bipụtara na ụbọchị 27 n'ọnwa Machị nke afọ 1941. N'afọ ndị iri anọ, o bipụtara akụkọ na uri na magazin ndị dị ka The Sentinel na *Huisgenoot* . N'afọ 1949, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bụ Unie-Boekhandel wepụtara akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya, Mure: amaokwu. O mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na 1955 na *Moeder Hanna*, mana ọ bịara n'ihu ọha na 1962 na egwuregwu ya Putsonderwater . N'afọ 1978, ọ natara onyinye Hertzog maka ihe nkiri maka ọrụ ya. N'afọ 1979 ọ meriri Perskor Prize for Literature maka *Die Keiser* . Ọzọkwa, na 1960, ọ natara onyinye Encyclopædia Britannica maka nsụgharị Bekee nke *Die verminktes* (The Maimed). Ọ nwụrụ na (1986-12-31)  site na ọrịa kansa.
Sjaka Septemba

**Sjaka Septembir** (amụrụ na 20 Julaị 1972 na Port Elizabeth dị na obodo South Africa) bụ onye na-ede uri, onye na ede  edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi South Africa.

N'afọ 1994, Sjaka bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya nke aha ya bụ *[[Viva Dada!|Viva Dada]]*! n'okpuru aha Jan Afganistan . Antjie Krog kọwara ya bụ akwụkwọ dị ka akwụkwọ banyere nke a, nke ahụ na ihe niile' (Die Suid-Afrikaan). *[[Viva Dada!|Viva Dada]]*! mesịrị kpalie mmụọ Koos Kombuisńs Ronde Roman.

N'afọ 1996, o bipụtara akwụkwọ nke aha ya bụ *[[Christ Spiders Like a Coacaroach|Christ Spiders]]* Like a Coacaroach (sic) n'asụsụ Bekee na *[[Terpentyn Canves]]* (sic) na Afrikaans (akwụkwọ). Akwụkwọ uri abụọ a pụtara n'okpuru aha Shaka September.

Ọrụ ya nwere mmetụta nke Punk, Dada, Abject Art na Beats. A maara ya ama maka ihe omume ya na-akpaghasị, magazin ndị a na-ebipụta na akwụkwọ uri ndị e bipụtara n'onwe ya.

A kọwago ya dị ka "onye na-eyi ọha egwu n'akwụkwọ nke oge a".V

Aha a bụ Sjaka S. Septembir bụ njirimara e wuru site na ijikọta aha onye agha siri ike Zulu bụ Shaka Zulu na aha nna Cape, Coloured. Ọ bụ okwu na-ese okwu, na-ezo aka na ndị Afrikaans nke nwere ike ịchọta mgbọrọgwụ ya na ndị nna Creole na Dutch. Azụmaahịa ohu na Cape bụ ụgbọ ala nke kpọkọtara ndị a ọnụ ma mee ka ihe a na-akpọkarị (na nke na-ese okwu) ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara. Ọ bụ aha nna a ma ama na Western Cape mana n'ọnọdụ a, a na-asụ ya na Septemba. "S" mbụ na Sjaka S. Septembir na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe nkpuchi ma ọ bụ ogwumagala  nke nweere onwe ya iwere okwu ọ bụla na-amalite na "S", dịka. Sjaka Shagwell Septemba.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mongane Wally Serote

thumb|Mongane Wally Serote
**Mongane Wally Serote** (onye nke amụrụ na 8 Mee 1944) bụ onye na-ede uri na onye edemede si obodo South Africa. Ọ banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eguzogide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site na isonyere African National Congress (ANC) n'afọ 1969 e jidere ya ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ ọnwa n'ekpeghị ya ikpe. O mechara nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na mba ọzọ, na-arụ ọrụ na obodo Botswana, ma mesịa rụkwa na London, England, maka ANC na Ngalaba nka na ọdịbendị ha, tupu ọ laghachi South Africa n'afọ 1990. A raara ya nye dị ka onye South Africa's National Poet Laureate n'afọ 2018.

A mụrụ Mongane Wally Serote na Sophiatown, Johannesburg, n'afọ 1944, naanị afọ anọ tupu National Party (South Africa) abịa n'ọchịchị na South Africa. Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya mere n'obodo Alexandra dara ogbenye ma mesịa gaa Morris Isaacson High School na Jabavu, Soweto na Sacred Heart Commercial High School, Lesotho. O bidoro tinyewe aka na Black Consciousness Movement mgbe ọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Soweto. Ọnụnọ ya n'obodo ahụ jikọtara ya na otu a maara dị ka "township" ma ọ bụ "Soweto" ndị na-ede uri, abụ ya na-egosipụtakarị isiokwu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, mmepe nke njirimara ndị isi ojii, na ihe oyiyi ime ihe ike nke nnupụisi na nguzogide. Gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ jidere ya n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu na June 1969 ma nọrọ ọnwa itoolu n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya, tupu a tọhapụ ya n'ebughị ebubo. Ọ gara gụọ akwụkwọ na New York City, nweta akara ugo mmụta Fine Arts na Mahadum nke Columbia.

Mgbe o nyechara uri na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, n'afọ 1972 o bipụtara nchịkọta mbụ ya *nke aha ha Yakhal'Inkomo* . Ọ meriri Ingrid Jonker Poetry Prize n'afọ 1973.

Ọ bụ Fulbright Scholar ma nweta akara ugo mmụta nka mara mma na Mahadum nke Columbia n'afọ 1979. O nweghị ike ịlaghachi South Africa ma malite ndụ n'ebe a chụgara ya, Serote nọgidere na-agba ọsọ ndụ n'afọ ofufo, na-aga Botswana na 1977 ebe ọ laghachiri na ANC n'okpuru ala na ngalaba agha ya, uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK). bi na Gaborone, Botswana, ebe ọ sonyere na Medu Art Ensemble, na London, ebe ọ kwagara n'afọ 1986 wee rụọ ọrụ maka Ngalaba nka na Ọdịbendị nke ANC.

Ọ laghachiri obodo South Africa n'afọ 1990, mgbe a machibidoro ANC iwu. N'afọ 1993, ọ meriri Noma Award maka mbipụta na Africa. N'afọ 2004, ọ natara onyinye Pablo Neruda site n'aka gọọmentị Chile.
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụgbọ okporo ígwè buff-banded

thumb|Ụgbọ okporo ígwè buff-banded
**Ụgbọ okporo ígwè buff-banded** (***Hypotaenidia philippensis***) bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè nwere àgwà pụrụ iche, nke na agbasa nke ukwuu, nke dị n'etiti nke ezinụlọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, Rallidae. Ụdị a nwere ọtụtụ ụdịdị a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ Australasia na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Pasifik, gụnyere Philippines (ebe a maara ya dị ka **tikling**), Ọhụrụ Guinea, Australia, Ọhụrụ Zealand (ebe a mara ya dị ka banded rail ma ọ bụ moho-pererū na Māori), na ọtụtụ obere agwaetiti, na ekpuchi ọtụtụ latitudes site na okpomọkụ ruo Subantarctic.

## Nkọwa
thumb|Ihe osise nke John Gould.
Ọ bụ nnụnụ na-ebi n'ala nke dị ka obere ọkụkọ, nke nwere elu na-acha nchara nchara, obere ala ojii na nke na-acha ọcha, ihu na-acha ọbara ọbara, eriri chestnut na agba ọsọ site na ọnụ na-agba gburugburu azụ, yana eriri buff n'obi.  Ọ na eji ọtụtụ ebe obibi mmiri ma ọ bụ ala mmiri nwere obere ahịhịa dị larịị maka ikpuchi.  Ọ na emekarị ihere ma ọ nwere ike ịghọ onye na eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro ma nwee obi ike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dịka na ebe ezumike agwaetiti dị n'ime mpaghara Nnukwu Ihe mgbochi Reef.

Ụgbọ okporo ígwè buff-banded bụ ihe na eri ihe niile nke na eri ọtụtụ anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na obere vertebrates, mkpụrụ, mkpụrụ osisi dara ada na akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ, yana anụ nwụrụ anwụ na ihe mkpofu.  A na-ahụkarị akwụ́ ya n'ime ahịhịa ahịhịhịa ma ọ bụ ahịhụ ahịhọn dị nso na mmiri, na-enwe oke nke 3-4.  Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị bi n'àgwàetiti nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-eyi egwu, ma ọ bụ ọbụna kpochapụ, site n'aka ndị na eri ibe ha, ụdị ahụ n'ozuzu ya yiri ka ọ dị mma ma a na ewere ọnọdụ nchekwa ya dị ka nke na adịchaghị echegbu onwe ya.

## Ọdịdị
A na-amata ọtụtụ ụdịdị maka ụgbọ okporo ígwè buff-banded n'ihi mgbasa nke nnụnụ ugboro ugboro na agwaetiti dị na Pasifik, na-esokarị mmetụta ndị guzobere ya na mbelata ikike maka mmegharị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Weka na Ọhụrụ Zealand sitere n'agbụrụ nwere otu nna gaa n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke oge a, ma gbanwee ka oge na-aga ka ọ ghara ife efe.

## Ụdị ndị ọzọ
 

## Ihe ngosi na mgbasa ozi
thumb|250x250px|Lady Elliot Island, Qld, Australia

## Hụkwa

*  Birds portal
*  New Zealand portal
*  Oceania portal
*  Philippines portal

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Media related to Gallirallus philippensis at Wikimedia Commons
* Data related to Gallirallus philippensis at Wikispecies
Chaetodon trichrous

***Chaetodon trichrous*** (Tahiti butterflyfish) bụ ụdị azụ dị na ezinụlọ Chaetodontidae .
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|240x240px|Ihe osise nke ''Chaetodon trichrous''

## Nchịkọta Nchịkọta
A gụnyere ụdị a na subgenus *Lepidochaetodon*. N'afọ 1984, André na Roland Bauchot Maugé tụrụ aro itinye ụdị a na ụdị ọhụrụ *Mesochaetodon*.

## Nkọwa
*Chaetodon trichrous* nwere ike iru ihe dị ka sentimita 12 (4.7 in). Ọkara azụ nke ahụ na acha nchara nchara ruo oji, ebe akụkụ ihu na acha ntụ ntụ, na obere akara ojii kwụ ọtọ site na anya. Ọdụ ya na acha odo odo.

## Biology
Azụ ndị a na eri nri n'elu ihe siri ike na plankton. Ha na ebikarị naanị ha, abụọ ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè.

## Nkesa
Ụdị a dị na French Polynesia (Agwaetiti Marquesas, Society IslandsTahiti, Tuamotu Archipelago) na etiti ndịda Oke osimiri Pasifik.

## Ebe obibi
*Chaetodon trichrous* na ahọrọ ebe obibi ndị na adịghị omimi n'ụsọ oké osimiri, lagoon reefs na nkume reefs, na omimi n"etiti mita 3 na 25.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* ITIS
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Banyere Ụdị Anụmanụ
* Ndepụta nke ndụ
* NCBI
* Photos of Chaetodon trichrous on Sealife Collection
Echymipera nke Clara

++++*Clara's echymipera (**Echymipera** clara), ma ọ bụ Clara's spiny bandicoot ma ọ bụ *-egbugbere ọnụ ọcha **bandicoot**, bụ ụdị marsupial n'ezinụlọ Peramelidae. A na ahụ ya na West Papua, Indonesia na Papua New Guinea. Ebe obibi ya sitere n'okike bụ ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke subtropical ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ.

A na-achụ ya maka oriri mmadụ na New Guinea.

## Ihe odide