Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (/ ˈbjɜːrnsən/ BYURN-sən, [1]nono [ˈbjø̂ːɳstjæːɳərˈtiːnɪʉ̂s ˈbjø̂sːɳ NFL]; 8 Disemba 1832 - 20 nke Norwegian nke Nobel natara 1832 - 26 onye.  na edemede "dị ka ụtụ maka abụ ya dị mma, nke onwe ya na nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke a na-amata site na ọhụrụ nke ntaka ya".  noOnye Norwegian mbụ ihe nri nri Nobel, ọ bụ onye na-ese okwu nke ukwuu ma nwee ike dị ukwuu na ndụ na eze Norwegian na edidi Scandinavia.[2]  A na-ewere Bjørnson dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede Norwegian apụ, na-egosi Ibsen, Lie, na Kielland.[3]  A na-emekwa ya emee maka okwu ya na ukwe mba Norway, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet".[4]  Onye na-ede egwu Fredrikke Waaler na egwu maka olu na piano (Spinnersken) na ederede Bjørnson, dịka Anna Teichmüller (Die Prinzessin).

## Oge ọ bụ nwata na agụmakwụkwọ
A Mini Bjørnson na ugbo nke Bjørgan na Kvikne, obodo dị iche iche na mpaghara Østerdalen, ihe dị ka kilomita iri isii n'ebe nrịda Trondheim.  N'afọ 1837, a kpọfere nna Bjørnson bụ Peder Bjørn son, onye bụ pastọ nke Kvikne, na parish nke Nesset, na obere Molde na Romsdal.  Ọ bụ na mpaghara a mara mma ka Bjørnson osisi n'oge ọ bụ nwata, na-ebi na Nesset Parsonage..

Mgbe afọ ole na ole gachara akwụkwọ na Molde gbara agbata obi, e zigara Bjørnson mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa na  (Heltbergs Studentfabrik) na Christiania iji kwado maka mahadum.  Nke a bụ otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ zụrụ Ibsen, Lie, na Vinje.

Bjørnson akwụkwọ na ọ ሜ poliso nkà ya maka uri (ọ dere okpukpe ọ dị afọ iri na otu).  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Oslo na 1852, n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ pụtara ọrụ dị ka onye nta, na-anya anya na nkatọ nke ihe nkiri.

## Mmepụta mbụ
N'afọ 1857, Bjørnson akwụkwọ Synnøve Solbakken, nke mbụ n'ime akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ya.  N'afọ 1858, Arne sochiri nke a, n'afọ 1860 En glad Gut (A Happy Boy), na n'afọ 1868 Fiskerjenten [ọ bụghị] (The Fisher Girl).  [1] [6] Ọ̀ ala ndị na-ede egwu Danish asaa dere egwu dabere na Arne: Morten Eskesen, C. J. Frydensberg, Peter Heise, Anton Nielsen, Oluf Ring, Henrik Rung, na Sigrid Henriette Wienecke.

Bjørnson chọsiri ike "ịmepụtapụta ọhụrụ n'ìhè nke onye ọrụ," dịka o si kwuo ya, o chere na a ga-eme nke a, ọ bụghị naanị na-eme ifo, kama na ihe nkiri mba ma ọ bụ folke-stykker.  Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a bụ otu ihe mere na apụ afọ nke iri na abụọ, Mellem Slagene (N'etiti Agha), nke e dere na 1855 ma 1857. N'oge a, iwe nke Jens Immanuel Baggesen na Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger, n'oge okpomọkụ na Copenhagen, nwere ikike n'ụdị.  Mellem Slagene sochiri Halte-Hulda [ọ bụghị;  nl] (Lame Hulda) na 1858, na Kong Sverre (King Sverre) na 1861. [6] Ụbọchị ya mgbasa mkpa ruo ugbu a bụ trilogy nke Sigurd Slembe (Sigurd the Bad), nke Bjørnson ọhụrụ na 1862. 

## Onye edemede tozuru oke
Na afu 1857, a mgbaàmà Bjørnson ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri na Bergen, ọrụ nke ruo afọ abụọ, mgbe ọ la nwunder Christiania.  Site na 1860 ruo 1863 ọ gara ọtụtụ ebe na Europe.  Narị afọ 1865, ọ pụtara nke ụlọ Ihe nkiri Christiania, [1] ma wepụta ihe ọchị ya a ma ama nke De Nygifte [no;  sv;  ihe;  zh] (The Newly Married) na ihe ngosi nke Mary Stuart na Scotland.  N'afọ 1870, na Poems and Songs na Arnljot Gelline;  ike nke ikpeazụ nwere ode Bergliot, otu n'ime ngosi ngosi mma Bjørnson nyere maka uri. [6]

## Njikọ ya na Grieg
N'afọ 1870, Bjørnson na onye na-ede egwu Edvard Grieg, onye nwere ihe na-enye onwe onye nke Norway, àmà ndị enyi.  Grieg nọmba ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya na egwu, egwu Landkjenning na Sigurd Jorsalfar .  [1] N'ikpeazụ, ha bụ na opera dabere na Eze Olav Trygvason, mana nchọpụta ma a ga-ebu ụzọ ekiri egwu ma ọ bụ okwu mere ka a ọkụ Grieg ka ọ ọrụ na egwu na- man isi maka egwuregwu Henrik Ibsen bụ Peer Gynt, nke kpasuru Bjørnson iwe.  N'ikpeazụ, ụbọbụenyi ha ngalaba.

Bjørnson biri na ala ya nke Aulestad na Gausdal.  N'afọ 1877, o akwụkwọ ozi ndị ọzọ, Magnhild, ebe apụta echiche ya ndị na-egosi mmadụ na ibe ya ka ọ dị n' ịgba ịgbaze, ma izi ya na egwuregwu Kongen (The King).  Na akara nke egwuregwu ahụ, o bu ụzọ dee edemede "Intellectual Freedom" na ndị ọzọ kpatara ya.  Kaptejn Mansana (Captain Mansana), ihe omume nke agha nke akwụkwọ onwe Ịtali, e dere na 1878. [6]

N'ịchọsi ike inweta ihe ịga nke ọma zuru oke n'elu ikpo okwu, Bjørnson lekwasịrị anya n'ike ya na ihe nkiri nke ndụ ọha na eze, *Leonarda* (1879), nke butere esemokwu ime ihe ike.   [gịnị mere?] E mepụtara egwuregwu satirical,  (The New System), izu ole na ole ka e mesịrị. Ọ bụ ezie na a tụlere ihe nkiri ndị a nke oge nke abụọ nke Bjørnson, ole na ole nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ụzọ ego.[6]

## Mmasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bjørnson [nkọwa dị mkpa] wetara ya ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, [gịnị mere?] ọ gbabara nwa oge na Germany, laghachi Norway na 1882.     [otú?] N'ịbụ onye kwenyesiri ike na ihe nkiri ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mechie ya, [gịnị mere?] ọ laghachiri na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ma bipụta ya na 1884  (Flags are Flying in &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> and Port), na-egosipụta echiche ya banyere ihe nketa na agụmakwụkwọ.  N'afọ 1889, o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ọzọ dị ogologo ma dị ịrịba ama, Paa Guds Veje [no] (On God's Path), nke na-emetụta otu nsogbu ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, e bipụtara ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị, Geografi og Kærlighed (Geography and Love), nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma.  [6]

A chịchị ọtụtụ ndị agha, nke na-nkuzi ihe, na-ekwu maka ihe ndị na-eme nke mbọ uche, ma bipụta ya na 1894.  (1902), na Daglannet (Dag's Farm) (1904).[no] N'afọ 1899, mgbe a na-eche National Theatre, Bjørnson natara otuto, a na-emekwa ihe nkiri ya nke Eze Sigurd Onye Ntụte na mmeghe nke Nationaltheatret na Oslo..[6]

Otu isiokwu nke masịrị ya nke ukwuu bụ ihe nke bondemaal, ihe nkekwere ọrụ mba maka Norway dị iche na dansk-norsk (Dano-Norwegian), nke ikiri akwụkwọ Norwegian ruo ugbu a.[6]  Na Bloom, tupu 1860, Bjørnson n'onwe ya nwalere ma ọ na-acho ala otu ụdịdị e dere na landsmål.  Otú ọ dị, dị, ahụ adịteghị aka, n'oge na-adịghị ahụkwa anya ọ ọrụ a kpamkpam.  Mgbe nke ahụ, ọ kwara ụta na ọ dịtụghị ka ọ na-enweta ikike nke ịkpọ a.  Ịhụ mba n'anya siri ike na mgbe ụfọdụ nke dị ike nke Bjørnson dị ka ọ kpuo ịsị n'ihe ọ weere ka ihe nzuzo nke mmemme dị otú ahụ, na nkuzi ya na mpempe akwụkwọ ya 'esemokwu ahia' nke målstræv n'ụdị ya dị oke egwu dị.

Àgwà ya n'ebe a dị ga- agbanwe oge ụfọdụ mgbe 1881, ebe ọ ka na-ekwu maka ndị ọrụ ugbo n'oge a.  Ọ bụ ebe na o yiri ka ọ na-akwado Ivar Aasen ma na-enwe omume enyi na ndị ọrụ ugbo (n'asụsụ ndị ọrụ ugbe), o mechara katọọ nke a, ma kwuo na 1899 na ọgwụgwụ maka ọrụ ugbo.  "Enwere m ike ise akara na akara. Onye ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ikike onwe ya ruo n'ókè a, ọ bụghịkwa ihe ọzọ", ka o dere na 1899. Akụkọ na-ekwu na onye ọrụ ugbo kparị ya n'oge ụfọdụ, ma kwuo ozi ahụ n'iwe.  N'afọ 1881, o kwuru maka uwe onye ọrụ ahụ Henrik Wergeland yi, echiche ya na-ekwu na uwe a, nke Wergeland na-eyi, bụ "ihe mgbochi emetụta" na nke ụbọchị mba.  Àgwà Bjørnson n'ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ ka na-edoghị anya.  Nna ya n'onwe ya bụ nwa onye ọrụ ugbo.  N'ime afọ iri abụọ nke ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, o dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na akwụkwọ ozi ndị dị na Europe.  Ọ wakporo ndị ikpe French na Dreyfus Affair, ọ lụkwara ogụ maka ikike ikike n' na Slovakia akwụkwọ ngosi nne ha.  "Iwepụ ụdị n'asụsụ nne ha bụ otu ihe ahụ na eserese ha n'obi nne ha", ka o dere.

== Afọ ndị ikpeazụ ==
Na nwanyị afọ iri ise ya, Bjørnson na Guri Andersdotter dị afọ iri na asaa (nwụrụ n'afọ 1949), nke mere ka ha àgwà nwa ha nwoke, Anders Underdal (1880-1973).  E debere ihe omume ahụ na-adịghị, ọ bụ ebe na n'oge na-adịghị anya, Anders Underdal, onye na-ede uri, ga-agwa ụmụ ya model ya.  Ka oge na-aga, ọ-ahụ i atụgharị okwu ahụ, ọ dịghị ihe eserese ya.  Anders bụ nna onye edemede Norwegian-Swedish Margit Sandemo.  Audun Thorsen edeela akwụkwọ ozi ihe omume Bjørnson, Bjørnsons Kush og Margit Sandemos "familiehemmelighet" (lit. 'Nwanyị Bjørn son na 'ihe ihe ụlọ Margit Sandemo") (Genesis forlag, Oslo 1999).

== Akwụkwọ ==

* ''Mellem Slagene'', (N'etiti Agha) ihe nkiri saga, 1857
* Synnøve Solbakken, akụkọ onye ọrụ ugbo, 1857
* ''Arne'', 1859
* En glad Gut, (A Happy Boy) 1860
* Halte-Hulda, (Lame Hulda) 1858
* ''Kong Sverre'', (Eze Sverre) 1861
* ''Sigurd Slembe'', (Sigurd the Bad) 1862
* ''Maria Stuart na Scotland'', (Mary Stuart na Scotland) 1863
* De Nygifte, (The Newly Alried) 1865
* ''Fiskerjenten'', 1868
* ''Arnljot Gelline'', okirikiri epic 1870
* ''Digte na Sange'', (Abụ na Abụ) 1880
* Brudeslåtten, akụkọ onye ọrụ ugbo, 1872
* ''Sigurd Jorsalfar'', ihe nkiri saga, 1872
* En fallit, (The Bankrupt) ihe nkiri, 1875
* ''Redaktøren'', (The Editor) ihe nkiri, 1875
* ''Kaptejn Mansana'', (Captain Mansana) akwụkwọ akụkọ, 1875
* ''Kongen'', (Eze) 1877
* ''Magnhild'', 1877
* Det ny system, (The New System) 1879
* ''Leonarda'', 1879
* ''N'asụsụ hanske'' (A Gauntlet), 1883
* ''Støv'' (Uzuzu), 1882
* N'elu oge, oge, (N'elu Ike Mmadụ - I) 1883
* ''Det flager i byen og på havnen'', (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka "Ihe nketa nke ndị Kurts") 1884
* ''På guds veje'', (N'ụzọ Chineke) 1889
* ''Fred'', ụlọ ụka, 1891
* N'elu Ugboro Ugboro Ifufe, (N'elu Ike Mmadụ - II) 1895
* ''Paul Lange na Tora Parsberg'', 1898
* ''Daglannet'', 1904
* Ọ bụ mgbe mmanya ọhụrụ ahụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ 1909
* ''Norges Vel'', cantata, 1909

== Ihe odide ==


== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://archive.org/stream/henrikibsen00brangoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Henrik Ibsen Björnstjerne Björnson Nnyocha Nnyocha'']. London: William Heinemann.
* Payne, William Morton (1910). [https://archive.org/stream/bjornstjernebjor00payniala#page/n5/mode/2up ''Björnstjerne Björnson, 1832-1910'']. Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson ya bụ Barndom og Ungdom. Kristiania: H. Aschehoug & Co.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015055063534;view=1up;seq=7 ''Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson: Nnyocha na Norwegian Nationalism'']. New York: King's Crown Press.
* Haugen, Eva Lund; na Einar Haugen (1978). ''Bjørnson: Ala nke Nnwere Onwe. Akwụkwọ ozi America nke Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1880-1881''. Northfield, Minn.: Norwegian-American Historical Association.
* Haugen, Einar (1978). Vocabulary nke Bjørnson's Literary Works. N.Y.: Columbia University Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson'' J.W. Cappelen
* 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (1873). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25109728 "Björnstjerne Björnson dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri,"] The North American Review, Vol. 116, Nke 238, peeji nke 109-138.&nbsp;
* Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth (1895). "[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924026348288#page/n11/mode/2up "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson".]" Na: Essays on Scandinavian Literature. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027150519#page/n387/mode/2up "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson".]." Na:''Ndị edemede a ma ama nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu.''. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev45unkngoog#page/n56/mode/2up "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson,"] The Contemporary Review **21*', peeji nke 45-62.&nbsp;
* Gosse, Edmund (1890)  "Norwegian Poetry Since 1814." Na: Northern Studies. London: Walter Scott.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015048873353;view=1up;seq=287 "Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson".]" Na: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Norwegian Literature. New York: Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Scandinavian Theater." Na: The Modern Drama, an Essay in Interpretation. New York: B.W Huebsch.
* Naess, Harald S. (1993). Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Norwegian Literature. Mahadum nke Nebraska Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510011457190;view=1up;seq=9 *Akụkọ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo nke Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson'']. Minneapolis, Minn.: The Free Church Book Concern.
* Payne, William Morton (1903). 7#page/170/mode/2up" id="mwAxA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson," The International Quarterly 7, peeji nke 171-191.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ""Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson"." Na: Essays on Modern Novelists. New York: Ụlọ ọrụ Macmillan.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ""Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson"." Na: Adventures in Criticism. London: Cassell & Company, peeji nke 346-354.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Christiania Theater and Norwegian Nationalism: Bjørnson's Defense of the 1856 Whistle Concerts in 'Pibernes Program'," Scandinavian Studies, Vol. 76, Nke 3, peeji nke 317-340.&nbsp;
* Willcox, Louise Collier (1910). "Bjornstjerne Bjornson," The North American Review, Vol. 192, Nke 656, peeji nke 44-55.&nbsp;