Jita asụsụ

**Jita** bụ asụsụ Bantu nke Tanzania, a na-asụ n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Victoria /Nyanza na n'àgwàetiti Ukerewe .

áká_èkpè|thumb| Ibe aha nke Testament Ọhụrụ na Jita

## Nhazi
Guthrie (1967) na-ekewa Jita na mpaghara Bantu E, Group 20 n'ihi na, dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara a, o nwere prefixes abụọ (prefixes or augments  ) na aha, "akụ na ụba na-enweghị atụ" nke ngwaa ngwaa na ezi ihe na-adịghị mma nwere prefix ọjọọ pụrụ iche. Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya (Bastin 2003, Maho 2009) na-ekewa Jita dịka akụkụ nke otu Interlacustrine Bantu (Zone J). Karịsịa, Jita bụ onye otu Suguti Bantu, nwere koodu Guthrie JE.25.

Kwaya (KYA, JE.251); Kara (REG), Regi/Leki (ma JE.252); na Ruri/Rori (JE.253) nwere njikọ chiri anya na Jita. Ọ bụ ezie na Glottolog na-ewere Ruri dị ka olumba Kwaya,  Massamba's (1977) ntule nke Jita, Ruri na Kwaya na-atụ aro na Ruri yiri Jita, ebe ma Jita na Ruri na-egosi ọtụtụ ọdịiche dị na Kwaya.

## fonology

### Udaume na usoro ụdaume
Jita nwere usoro ụdaume ise - gbakwunyere ogologo ọdịiche - nke egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru.

Dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, nkwekọrịta ịdị elu ụdaume (VHH) na-emetụta ogo ụdaume n'ụdị suffixes, nke mere na ọ bụ naanị mgbọrọgwụ-ụdaume mmalite nke ngwaa na-emegide ịdị mma ụdaume. A na-ewepụ ogologo ụdaume na-eso usoro consonant-glide na usoro NC na-aga n'ihu, ebe a na-ahụ naanị ụdaume ogologo n'ihi usoro a maara n'akwụkwọ Bantu dị ka ịgbatị nkwụghachi ụgwọ . (Lee Downing 1990, 1996 na *Nkwupụta Orthography Jita*  maka ihe atụ nke usoro ndị a sitere na Jita; lee Hyman 1999 na Odden 2015  maka mkparịta ụka izugbe nke usoro ụda olu ndị a.)

### Consonants
Jita nwere ekwentị consonant IPA ndị a.

*Nkwupụta Orthography Jita*  kwuru na [p] na [d] na-ahụkarị n'okwu agbaziri. Ọ dị ka enwere mgbanwe dị ukwuu na nghọta nke fọnịm mmiri mmiri. Downing (1990, 1996) na-ekwu na mmiri mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka [l] ma ọ bụ [r] wee họrọ [l] dị ka fọnịm, ebe ọ dị ka ọ bụ variant a na-egosipụtakarị na mgbọrọgwụ (morpheme) ọnọdụ mbụ. Van der Weken (2002) kwuru ọdịiche dị n'etiti [l] na mpụta retroflex [ɭ], kama ịbụ trill [r]. *Nkwupụta Orthography Jita*  depụtara [r] dị ka fọnịm na ekwughị mgbanwe dị na mmezu ya.

### Ụda
Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, Jita bụ ụda olu . Downing (1990), (1996) na (2014) na Rolle (2018) emeela nyocha zuru oke nke usoro ụda Jita.  Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Downing (2011), Kisseberth & Odden (2003), Marlo (2013) na Philippson (1991) tinyere Jita tonal usoro na a wider Bantu anya.

## Ọnụ ọgụgụ morphology
Nouns na Jita, nke na-agụnyekwa infinitives, nwere usoro ihe omimi ndị a: **Preprefix** (PP) - **Prefix Agreement Class** (CP) - **Stem** . N'okpuru bụ eserese nke prefixes nkwekọrịta aha. Rịba ama na a na-eji mkpụrụedemede IPA na chaatị niile dị n'isiokwu a; hụ *Nkwupụta Orthography nke Jita*  maka ihe kwekọrọ n'asụsụ Jita. Rịba ama na N na-egosi imi na-ejikọta n'ọnọdụ ya na consonant na-esonụ:

Na klaasị 5, preprefix na-apụta naanị na ụfọdụ ụdaume-mbụ ma ọ bụ monosyllabic. Na klaasị ndị ọzọ niile, preprefix na-apụta na aha niile. Ngbanwe aha aha na-eso aha. preprefix na klaasị prefixes na-emekwa na adjectives. Ndị na-eme mgbanwe na-abụghị adjectival na-ewere prefixes nkwekọrịta dị iche, nke na-enweghị prefixes:

## Ụdị okwu ọnụ
Nhazi morphological maka ngwaa bụ:

**Prefix Isiokwu** (SP) - (Ngagharị Na-adịghị mma-) **Ihe nrịbama / Aspect marker** (TAM) - ( **Prefixes Object** (OP) -) **Mgbọrọgwụ** - ( **Mwepụta Suffixes** -) ( **Tense Marker** (TAM) -) **Udaume ikpeazụ** .

Mgbọrọgwụ gbakwunyere na-eso suffixes gụnyere *azuokokoosisi* ; nchịkọta a gbakwunyere ihe prefixes gụnyere *Macro-Stem* . Jita bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Bantu nke na-enye ohere prefixes abụọ n'ihu n'ihu Stem.

### Nkọwa okwu na ihe
Nkọwa okwu na ihe prefixes maka ngwaa bụ otu n'ime prefixes CP2 edepụtara n'elu, ma ewezuga Klas 1. Nke mbụ, nke abụọ na nke atọ (Klas nke 1 na 2) onye otu na ọtụtụ isiokwu na prefixes nkwekọrịta ihe maka ngwaa bụ ndị a:

### Mwepụta al suffixes (mgbakwunye)
Mwepụta mwepu na Jita, dị ka ọ dị n'asụsụ Bantu ndị ọzọ, na-agbanwe nhazi arụmụka nke ngwaa iji kwupụta echiche ụtọ asụsụ dị ka ihe na-akpata, bara uru, ebe obibi, nkwụghachi, ntughari na nke na-agafe agafe . N'okpuru ebe a ka edepụtara ụfọdụ suffixes okwu (mgbakwunye) na-emekarị na Jita. Rịba ama na ụfọdụ ndọtị nwere ụdị abụọ ekpebiela n'ọnọdụ ọnọdụ n'ihi nkwekọ dị elu nke ụdaume, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.

Ụdị agbatị nke ụfọdụ Jita Infinitives dị na tebụl dị n'okpuru ( *oku-* bụ prefix nke enweghị njedebe; nnukwu ụda olu na ụdaume na-egosi ụda dị elu):

### Ndị TAM
Dị ka Guthrie (1967) siri kwupụta, Jita nwere "akụnụba" nke ngwaa ngwaa / akụkụ / ọnọdụ (TAM) paradigms . Downing (1990, 1996, 2014) na Odom & Robinson (2016) na-enye ndepụta zuru oke nke paradaịs. Rịba ama, Otú ọ dị, na Odom & Robinson (2016) adịghị akara ụda, ọ bụ ezie na usoro ụda olu ụtọ e kenyere ụkpụrụ nke ọ bụla bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nkwupụta nke TAM. (Lee Odden & Bickmore 2014 maka nkọwapụta njirimara nke ụda olu Bantu.) N'okpuru ebe a bụ Ihe Mgbakwunye sitere na Downing (2014), na-enye nkọwa nke usoro ụda olu ụtọ e kenyere ndị TAM na-ejikarị eme ihe na Jita. Rịba ama na ọ bụghị naanị TAM kamakwa prefix na-adịghị mma, yana ụdị ngwaa ikwu, nwere ike ikpebi ụkpụrụ ụda olu ụtọ:

Mgbe enweghị ike ikpebi ụkpụrụ ụda olu na-agbanwe agbanwe maka ihe atụ, Downing kpọrọ ụkpụrụ ahụ "ọgbaaghara." Rolle (2018) na-etolite nyocha nke ụda olu ụtọ Jita nke na-achọta ụkpụrụ ọbụna na paradaịs "ọgbaaghara"

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

### Na-arụ ọrụ na Jita/Isi mmalite nke ozi maka akụkọ a

* Bastin, Yvonne. 2003. Mpaghara Interlacustrine ( Mpaghara J). Na D. Nọọsụ & G. Philippson (eds.), *Asụsụ Bantu*, 501-528. London: Routledge.
* Downing, Laura J. (1990) ''Nsogbu na Jita Tonology'' . Mahadum nke Illinois PhD nyocha.
* Downing, Laura J. (1996) ''The Tonal Phonology of Jita'' . Lincom Europa.
* Downing, Laura J. (2014) "Ụdị ụda ngwaa melodic na Jita" . Na *asụsụ Africa* 20:101-119, Jenụarị 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2014.1026
* *Nkwupụta Orthography nke Jita: Mpempe akwụkwọ akụkọ akwadoro* . 2016. Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International.
* Kagaya, Ryohei. 2005. *A Jita okwu* . (Asian na African Lexicon, 47.) Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. xxi+482pp.
* Massamba, David Phineas Bhukanda. 1977. *Ọmụmụ ihe atụnyere nke ruri, jita na kwaya "asụsụ" nke ụsọ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Nyanza (Victoria)* . Usoro mmụta MA, Mahadum Dar es Salaam; iii+138pp.
* Odom, Shannon Ronit na Robinson, Holly. 2016. *The Grammar Basics of Jita* . Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 24p. https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/88/54/88/88548820777557838119416803851435335337/The_Grammar_Basics_of_Jita_Final.pdf
* Philippson, Gérard. 1991. *Tons et Accent dans les Langues Bantu d'Afrique Orientale: Ụdị Comparative Typologique et Diachronique* . Akwụkwọ mmụta doctoral, Université de Paris V - René Descartes.
* van der Veken, A. 2002. *Akụkụ nke ọmụmụ asụsụ nke Jita* . Akwụkwọ edemede Licentiaat, Mahadum Ghent.

### Ọrụ ndị ọzọ e zoro aka na ya

* Ụlọ akwụkwọ, LJ 2011. Bantu Tone. Na van Oostendorp, M., CJ Ewen, E. Hume & K. Rice (eds.), *The Blackwell Companion to Phonology*, Isi nke 14. Cambridge; Oxford: Blackwell.
* Guthrie, Malcolm. 1967. *Nhazi nke asụsụ Bantu* . London: Dawsons nke Pall Mall maka International African Institute.
* Hyman, Larry M. 1999. Nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndakọrịta ụdaume na Bantu. Na Jean-Marie Hombert & Larry M. Hyman (eds.), *Bantu Historical Linguistics: Theoretical and Empirical Perspections* . Stanford, CA: CSLI, 235-295 .
* Kissebert, CW & D. Odden. 2003. Ụda. Na D. Nọọsụ & G. Philippson (eds.), *Asụsụ Bantu*, 59-70. London: Routledge.
* Marlo Michael R. 2013. Ụda ngwaa n'asụsụ Bantu: ụkpụrụ micro-ụdị na ụzọ nyocha. *Asụsụ Afrịka* 19, 137-234. DOI https://doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2013.1020
* Odden, David. 2015. Igwe okwu Bantu. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Oxford online. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.013.59
* Odden, David & Lee Bickmore. 2014. Ụda olu dị na Bantu: nyocha. *Asụsụ Afrịka* 20, 3-13. DOI https://doi.org/10.3406/aflin.2014.1021
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations