open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Oge (usoro ihe omume)

**Tiempo** bụ mmemme nké na-enye mba ndị na-emepe emepe ozi dị mkpa iji meghachi omume nke ọma na nsogbụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Tiempo na-enye ozi iji nyéré mba ndị a aka isonye na mkparịta ụka nkwekọrịta ihu igwe, yana ịchọpụta ma tinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbochi ikuku na mgbanwe kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ na-enyekwa nzukọ màkà nkwurịta okwu na arụmụka ma n'ime mba ndị na-emepe emepe ma n'etiti mba ndị a na ụwa mepere emepe.

Tiempo bụ nkè Stockholm Environment Institute na International Institute for Environment and Development jikọrọ áká hazie. Ọ bụ Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency na-akwado ya.

## Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
Ébé nrụọrụ weebụ Tiempo na-enye ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ na-agụnye "The Tiempo Climate Portal", ndepụta nke ébé nrụọrụ weebụ ahọpụtara na-ekpuchi ihu igwe na mmepe na nsogbụ metụtara ya, na "Tiempo Climate Newswatch", magazin na-adị n'ịntanetị kwa izu nwere akụkọ, atụmatụ na nkọwa gbásárá okpomọkụ ụwa, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na nsogbụ mmepe.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị e biri ebi
Tiempo bụ magazin a na-ebipụta kwa nkeji iri na ise nkè na-enye ndị ọrụ na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na ozi gbásárá nsogbụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma na-enye ohere màkà ndị édémédé mba na-emepe emepe iji gosipụta echiche ha. Ọ nọ na mmepụta na-aga n'ihu kemgbe afọ 1994. Mbipụta ọ bụla nke magazin ahụ nwèrè ihe nkiri, ụfọdụ n'ime ha abụwo arụmụka. Saleemul Huq, Hannah Reid, Sarah Granich, Mick Kelly na Johan Kuylenstierna na-edezi Tiempo ugbu a.

Tiempo Afrique bụ asụsụ French nke Tiempo quarterly magazine màkà francophone West Africa. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi ENDA-TM na Dakar, Senegal mepụtara ya. Djimingue Nanasta, Jean-Philippe Thomas na Lawrence Flint na-edezi Tiempo Afrique ugbu a.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Tiempo
* Magazin TIEMPO nke gara aga
* TIEMPO AFRIQUE magazin gara aga
To the End (ihe nkiri)

To the End bụ ihe nkiri America nkè afọ 2022 nkè Rachel Lears duziri. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe ma gosipụta ónyé nnọchi anya US Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Varshini Prakash, ónyé guzobere Sunrise Movement, Alexandra Rojas, ónyé isi nchịkwa nke Justice Democrats, na Rhiana Gunn-Wright, ónyé nduzi iwu ihu igwe màkà Roosevelt Institute. Ihe nkiri ahụ malitere na 2022 Sundance Film Festival ma gosipụta ya na Tribeca Film Festival n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2022.

## Nnakwere
Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nkatọ nabatara ihe nkiri ahụ nke ọma, ihe nkiri ahụ emeghị ihe a tụrụ anya ya na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ. N'oge ngwụsị izu mbụ ya, egosiri ihe nkiri ahụ na ihuenyo otu narị na iri abụọ gafee United States, na-enweta dollar puku itoolu na narị isii na iri isii na asaa.

## Edensibia
Nkwekọrịta Stockholm

**Nkwekọrịta Stockholm** bụ akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ ndị Nobel Laureates bịanyere aka n'ọnwa May afọ 2011 dabere na mkpebi ikpe sitere na ikpe nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ, nke meghere 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium. Ndị ọka ikpe nke ndị nrite Nobel kwubiri na ụwa abanyela n'oge ọhụrụ nke ala, nke ọ na-akpọ Anthropocene, ebe ụmụ mmadụ bụ ndị kachasị mkpa na-akpali mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ebe omume mmadụ nwèrè ike ịnwe mmetụta mberede na nke a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe màkà ọbọdọ ụmụ mmadụ na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị mmeri iri abụo nke ndị mmeri Nobel Prize ma ọ bụ Sveriges Riksbank Prize for Economic Sciences bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ na Ncheta Alfred Nobel (isii na Chemistry, ise na Physics, atọ na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine, otu na Literature, otu ónyé mmeri Peace Prize na anọ na Economic Sciences) ka e zigara United Nations High Level Panel on global sustainability.

"Anyị bụ ọgbọ mbụ nwéré nghọta nke ihe ize ndụ ọhụrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-eche ụmụ mmadụ ihu, na ndị mmadụ na ọha mmadụ bụ ndị isi na-akpali mgbanwe ụwa. Nnyocha bụ isi abụghị ihe a na-enyo enyo: anyị enweghị ike ịga n'ihu n'ụzọ anyị dị ugbu a ma ọ dị anyị mkpa ime ihe ngwa ngwa. Sayensị nwèrè ike iduzi anyị n'ịchọpụta ụzọ na-eduga na nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ, ọ bụrụhaala na ọ na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka ihu ọha na ọha, "ka Prọfesọ Mario Molina, ónyé rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé ọka ikpe ma nata Nobel Prize na Chemistry n'afọ 1995.

## Mkpebi
Isi nkwubi okwu nkè Stockholm Memorandum gụnyere:

* na nkwado gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi bụ ihe dị mkpa màkà mkpochapụ ịda ogbenye, mmepe akụ na ụba, na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze.
* na inweta Millennium Development Goals bụ ihe kachasị mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ụwa na-emebi ihe na-erughị dollar abụọ  kwa ụbọchị.
* na Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ezughi oke dị ka ihe ngosi akụ na ụba na na, ya mèrè, a ghaghị ịmepụta ihe ngosi ọdịmma mmadụ ọhụrụ;
* na okpomọkụ ụwa ga-anọgide n'okpuru 2 degrees Celsius, nke, n'aka nke ya, chọrọ oke ikuku carbon dioxide zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge na-adịghị anya n'afọ 2015;
* na a ghaghị ịkwalite mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ ka e wee mepụta nri ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide n'ala ọrụ ugbo a na-eji eme ihe ugbu a.

## Edensibia
Mmetụta okpomọkụ zuru oke

**Mmetụta okpomọkụ zuru oke** (TEWI) bụ ma e wezụga **ihe** okpomọkụ ụwa nwéré ike iji gosipụta ònyìnyé màkà okpomọkụ Ụwa.

A na-akọwa ya dị ka ngụkọta nké ikuku na-apụtaghị ìhè (chemical) na ikuku na-adịghị apụta ìhè (iji ike eme ihe) nkè gas na-ekpo ọkụ.

## Edensibia

### Ebe e si nweta ya

*
Njem na Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe

**Njem na Ọnọdụ Ihu Ígwé** bụ nkwekọrịta interstate nke afọ 2010 na United States, nke ebumnuche ya bụ igbochi ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na isi mbido mmanụ ụgbọala na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ United States site na iji okpu na usoro azụmahịa na ndị na-eweta ihe.  Ndị mgbasa ozi kwukwara na atụmatụ ahụ bụ Northeast Climate Pact.

Ikike ndị sonyere na mkparịta ụka bụ District of Columbia na steeti US nkè Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, na Virginia.
Ufodu n'ime ikike ndị a esonyelarị na Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, usoro okpu na azụmaahịa màkà gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik.

Ọ bụrụ na emezuru atụmatụ ahụ, ọnụahịa mmanụ ụgbọala na steeti ndị sonyere ga-abawanye.  Atụmatụ ahụ sitere na ise ruo cent iri abụo na anọ kwa galọn n'afọ 2023.  Ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwekwara nchegbu na ụtụ isi ahụ ga-emetụta ndị ogbenye.

Atụmatụ ahụ gbásárá n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na United States. Massachusetts si na nkwekọrịta ahụ pụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, na-ekwu màkà ihe ọhụrụ, isi mbido ego ọzọ iji "melite okporo ụzọ ya, àkwà mmiri na usoro njem ọha na eze".  Steeti ikpeazụ ịpụ bụ Rhode Island.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi nke Transportation and Climate Initiative
Gbagọrọ agbagọ: mgbakọ na mwepụ gbagọrọ agwagọ nke Greenhouse Denial

Twisted: The Distorted Mathematics of Greenhouse Denial bụ akwụkwọ afọ 2007 nkè Ian G. Enting, ónyé bụ Prọfesọ Research Fellow na ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematics and Statistics of Complex Systems (MASCOS) nké dị na Mahadum Melbourne. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha arụmụka nke ndị na-agọnahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na ojiji na ngosi nkè ọnụ ọgụgụ.  Enting na-ekwu na enwere mgbagha na arụmụka ha dị íchè íchè. Ónyé édémédé ahụ na-egosikwa ngụkọta nke ọnụọgụ ikuku nke a ga-achọ iji mee ka CO2 kwụsie ike. Nke a bụ mmelite nke ngụkọta nke o nyère áká na akụkọ IPCC tupu Kyoto na Radiative Forcing of Climate.

## Hụkwa

* Mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Mmetụta okpomọkụ
* Mmetụta radiative

## Edensibia

* 
*
Ebe Ogige Tyndall

thumb|Logo nke Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (site na tyndall.ac.uk)
The **Tyndall Center maka nyocha mgbanwe ihu igwe** bụ òtù dị na United Kingdom nké na-ejikọta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị na-ahụ màkà akụ na ụba, ndị injinia na ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji "na-eme nchọpụta, nyochaa ma na-ekwurịta okwu site n'echiche dị íchè iche, nhọrọ iji belata, na mkpa iji mee mgbanwe ihu igwe ugbu a na-aga n'ihu na okpomọkụ ụwa, na iji jikọta ndị a n'ime ụwa, UK na mpaghara nkè mmepe na-adịgide adịgide".

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nkè akpọrọ áhà ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị Irish nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu bụ John Tyndall ma guzobe ya n'afọ 2000, nwèrè ndị mmekọ isi nke Mahadum East Anglia, Mahadum Cardiff, Mahadim Manchester, Mahadam Newcastle. Mahadum Fudan sonyeere mmekọrịta Tyndall Centre n'afọ 2011.

Ụlọ ọrụ Tyndall nwèrè isi ụlọ ọrụ, ya na Ngalaba Nnyocha Ihu igwe, n'ụlọ Hubert Lamb na Mahadum nke East Anglia.  Ónyé nduzi ya bụ Prọfesọ Robert Nicholls na Mahadum nke East Anglia na ónyé bụbu Mahadum Southampton. Ndị bụbu ndị nduzi nke Tyndall Center gụnyere Prọfesọ Corinne Le Quéré FRS CBE na Prọfesor Sir Robert Watson ndị nduzi oge Carly Mclachlan na Prọfọfesọ Kevin Anderson, Prọfesụ Andrew Watkinson na Prọfe John Schellnhuber. Ónyé isi nchoputa bụ Prọfesọ Mike Hulme. Asher Minns bụ ónyé isi nchịkwa.

**Nnyocha Ebumnuche**

The Tyndall Center nwèrè isi isiokwu nyocha anọ: Ịgba ọsọ mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Ịrụ ume, Imeri ịda ogbenye na omume ihu igwe, na Ịbịaru ikuku efu.

Ịgba ọsọ mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ isiokwu nyocha nké na-enye ákà n'ịgba ọsọ mgbanwe ọha na eze gaa n'ọdịnihu na-enweghị carbon, site na itinye aka na òtù na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị iji melite imepụta ihe ọhụrụ na ntinye aka na ịkwado mkpebi dabere na ihe akaebe.

Ịrụ ụlọ na-enyocha otu esi ewu ụzọ ihu igwe na-eme ka ihu igwe ghara ịdị ike nké na-ebelata nsogbu màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụzọ mgbochi. Nnyocha ahụ na-atụle njikọ na esemokwu n'etiti ụzọ ndị a na ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide iji mee ka ohere màkà omume ndị nwéré uru na ọtụtụ ọkwa ma zere nsonaazụ a na-atụghị anya ya pụta ìhè.

Site na mmeri nkè nyocha ịda ogbenye, Ụlọ Ọrụ Tyndall na-ewulite nghọta banyéré otu omume na mgbanwe ihu igwe si emekọrịta ma na-emekọrịta ihe na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ịda ogbenye na enweghị nhata n'ime na n'etiti mba.

Ịbịaru efu na-enyocha mkpa ọ dị màkà ngwa ngwa decarbonisation n'ime ngalaba ike na njem na mmepụta bioenergy site na Supergen Bioenergy Hub nke Manchester na-eduzi, niile jikọtara ya na iji ala na nchekwa nri.  Anyị na-enyocha ike na-adị nso na ogologo ógè na ọdịnihu màkà ụlọ ọrụ, njem na teknụzụ na-adịghị mma.

## Hụkwa

* Degrees 4 na Beyond International Climate Conference
* Mgbanwe ihu igwe na United Kingdom
* Kevin Anderson (onye sayensị)
* Ngalaba Nnyocha Ihu igwe
* Ime mgbanwe maka okpomọkụ ụwa
* Mbelata okpomọkụ ụwa

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Tyndall Centre
* Nnọkọ Mgbasa Ozi Dị Oké Iche
2005 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations

thumb|2005 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations
**Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ** **2005** mèrè n'etiti ụbọchị iri abụo na asatọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba na ụbọchị itoolu n'ọnwa Disemba 2005, na Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere *Nzukọ nke* iri na otu nke ndị otu (COP11) na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), ọ bụkwa Nzukọ mbụ nkè ndị otu ahụ (MOP1) na Kyoto Protocol kemgbe nzukọ mbụ ha na Kyoto n'afọ 1997. 

Nzukọ ahụ bụ otu n'ime nzukọ gọọmentị kachasị ukwuu gbásárá mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara ntinye nke Kyoto Protocol n'ubochi irí na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị 2005. Na-anabata ihe karịrị ndị nnọchiteanya puku iri, ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe omume mba ụwa kachasị ukwuu na Canada na nnukwu nnọkọ na Montreal kemgbe Expo nke irí isii na asaá. 

Atụmatụ Ọrụ Montreal bụ nkwekọrịta iji "gbatị ndụ nke Kyoto Protocol karịa ụbọchị ọ gwụchara n'afọ 2012 ma kwurịta màkà mbelata dị omimi na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ" site na ịmalite mkparịta ụka, n'egbughị ógè na ndọtị nke usoro ahụ. Minista gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi nke Canada, n'oge ahụ, Stéphane Dion, kwuru na nkwekọrịta ahụ na-enye "map màkà ọdịnihu".

## Edensibia
1998 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations

**Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ** **1998** méré n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1998 na Buenos Aires, Argentina. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere Nzukọ nké anọ nke ndị otu (COP4) na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A tụrụ ányá na a ga-emecha nsogbụ ndị fọdụrụ na Kyoto na nzukọ a. Otú ọ dị, mgbagwoju ányà na ihe isi ike nkè ịchọta nkwekọrịta na nsogbụ ndị a gosipụtara na ọ gaghị emeri, kama nke ahụ, ndị otu ahụ nabatara "Atụmatụ Ọrụ" afọ abụọ iji kwalite mbọ na ịmepụta usoro màkà itinye n'ọrụ Kyoto Protocol, nke a ga-emecha site na afọ 2000. N'oge nnọkọ ahụ, Argentina na Kazakhstan kwupụtara mkpebi ha ịnakwere ibu ọrụ nke mbelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ, mba abụọ mbụ na-abụghị Annex iji mee ya.
2001 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations

Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nkè afọ **2001** weere ọnọdụ site n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba ruo ụbọchị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 2001, na Marrakech, Morocco. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere Nzukọ nké asaa nkè ndị otu (COP7) na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ndị na-ekwu okwu mechiri ọrụ ahụ na atụmatụ omume nke Buenos Aires, na-emecha ọtụtụ n'ime nkọwa ọrụ ma na-edozi ọnọdụ màkà mba iji kwado Kyoto Protocol. A maara ngwugwu mkpebi a rụzuru dịka nkwekọrịta Marrakech. Ndị nnọchi anya United States nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ nledo ya, na-ajụ isonye na mkparịta ụka ahụ. Ndị ọzọ nọgidere na-ekwupụta olileanya na United States ga-etinye aka ọzọ na usoro ahụ n'oge ụfọdụ ma rụọ ọrụ iji nweta nkwado nke Kyoto Protocol site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mba dị mkpa iji mee ka ọ dị irè (mba iri ise na ise chọrọ iji kwado ya, gụnyere ndị na-eme pasentị iri ise na ise nke mba mepere emepe nke carbon dioxide n'afọ 1990). E wepụtara ụbọchị nké World Summit on Sustainable Development (ọnwa Ọgọst wee ruo ọnwa Septemba 2002) dị ka ebumnuche iji mee ka Kyoto Protocol rụọ ọrụ. A ga-eme World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) na Johannesburg, South Africa.

Mkpebi ndị bụ isi na COP 7 gụnyere:

* Iwu arụmọrụ màkà azụmaahịa ikuku mba ụwa n'etiti ndị otu Protocol na màkà CDM na mmejuputa njikọta.
* Ọchịchị na-agbaso iwu nke depụtara ihe si na ya pụta màkà ịghara iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ ikuku ma nyefee ya n'aka ndị otu Protocol ahụ, ozugbo ọ batara n'ọrụ, mkpebi ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ndị ahụ ga-esi na ya pụta ga-abụ iwu.
* Usoro ndekọ ego màkà usoro mgbanwe;
* Mkpebi ịtụle na COP 8 otu esi eme nyocha nke nkwekọrịta zuru oke nke nwéré ike iduga na mkparịta ụka banyere nkwekọrịta n'ọdịnihu site na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.
2003 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations

**Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ** **2003** mèrè n'etiti ụbọchị mbụ na ụbọchị iri na abuo n'ọnwa Disemba 2003 na Milan, Ịtali. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere Nzukọ nke asatọ nke Ndị otu (COP9) na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ndị otu ahụ kwetara iji Adaptation Fund guzobere na COP7 n'afọ 2001 karịsịa n'ịkwado mba ndị na-emepe emepe ka ha kwekọọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. A ga-ejikwa ego ahụ mee ihe maka iwulite ikike site na nnyefe teknụzụ. Na nnọkọ ahụ, ndị otu ahụ kwekọrịtakwara ka ha nyochaa akụkọ mba mbụ nkè mba  otu narị na iri na-abụghị Annex I nyèrè.
2004 Nzukọ Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations

**Nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke United Nations nke afọ** **2004** mèrè n'etiti  ụbọchị isii n'ọnwa Disemba na ụbọchị iri na asaá n'ọnwa Disemba, 2004 na Buenos Aires, Argentina. Nzukọ ahụ gụnyere Nzukọ nké irí nkè Ndị otu (COP10) na United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Ndị otu ahụ kwurịtara ọganihu e mèrè kemgbe Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke United Nations nké mbụ afọ iri gara aga na ihe ịma aka ya n'ọdịnihu, na-ekwusi ike na mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na mgbanwe. Iji kwalite mba ndị na-emepe emepe ka ha kwekọọ na mgbanwe ihu igwe, a nabatara atụmatụ omume nke Buenos Aires. Ndị otu ahụ malitekwara ikwurịta usoro post-Kyoto, banyéré otu esi ekenye ọrụ mbelata ikuku na-esote afọ 2012, mgbè ógè nkwekọrịta mbụ gwụrụ.

## Edensibia
Vanishing Point (ihe nkiri nke 2012)

**Vanishing Point** bụ ihe nkiri National Film Board of Canada nkè afọ 2012 nkè ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbụrụ-gbúrụ ***ebe*** obibi nke Alberta Stephen A. Smith na Julia Szucs duziri, na-akọ akụkọ ndụ na Arctic màkà ọbọdọ abụọ dịpụrụ adịpụ jikọtara site na mbata site na Baffin Island gaa Greenland. Navarana K'avigak' Sørensen, ónyé na-asụ asụsụ Inughuit na-akọ akụkọ ihe nkiri ahụ n'asụsụ Inuktitut, ónyé bụ nwa nwanne nna nke ónyé shaman nke Baffin Island nke duziri mbata ahụ n'afọ 1860.

Mmepụta nkè ihe nkiri ahụ wèrè Smith na Szucs afọ anọ. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri sonyeere Navarana na njem ịchụ nta atọ gafee n'ebe ugwu dịpụrụ adịpụ màkà Vanishing Point, nke na-emegide ndụ ọdịnala na tundra na ndụ na ọbọdọ ndị dị n'oge a. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosikwa mmetụta nke mbelata ice nke oké osimiri Arctic na ezinụlọ ndị ka na-aga n'ebe ugwu site na ìgwè nkịta. Ónyé édémédé Alberta bụ Marina Endicott dere Vanishing Point ma Szucs na David Christensen mepụtara ya màkà NFB. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara na Calgary International Film Festival ma họpụta ya màkà ihe ngosi kachasị mma na 2nd Canadian Screen Awards.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* ''Ebe'' Ọpụpụ na National Film Board nke Canada
* ''Ebe'' Ọpụpụ na Meltwater Media
Nzukọ Vienna (1985)

**Nzukọ Vienna** bụ nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ gbásárá mmebi nke ozone. E mèrè ya na Vienna, Austria n'afọ 1985 mgbè a hụrụ oghere dị na stratospheric ozone layer na South Pole nkè gosipụtara site na mmụba UV-B infiltration n'elu Antarctica. 'Oghere', nkè a na-ahụ site na mbelata dị ukwuu na ozone molecules na layer, dị ka nke United States ka otu ndị otu Britain chọpụtara.  E kwekọrịtara Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer na nnọkọ ahụ ma malite n'afọ 1987.

## Edensibia

* Beeta Environmental Education book (maka ICSE Examinations) -Beeta Publication (A Morning Star Venture)
Ọnọdụ bọlbụ dị mmiri mmiri

**Ọnọdụ bọlbụ dị mmiri mmiri** bụ ébé iru mmiri na okpomọkụ na-eru n'ókè ọsụsọ anaghịzi eme ka ahụ mmadụ jụọ oyi, na-eduga n'ọnwụ nke ndị nwéré ahụike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na Lamontšh Earth Observatory, na-enyocha data sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe n'etiti afọ 1979 na 2017, chọtara ihe puku asaa nkè ọnọdụ ndị a, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na South Asia, Middle East, na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ North America.

Ọnọdụ bọlbụ mmiri na-eme mgbè iru mmiri dị n'elu pasentị iri itoolu na ise na okpomọkụ dịkarịa ala 31.1 ° Celsius (88 ° Fahrenheit), ma ọ bụ, okpomọkụ mmiri nke 35 ° Celsius (95 ° Fahren Heat).

## Edensibia
Lee nụ Ụzọ A Ga-esi Aga: Ndụ Na Ọgwụgwụ Alaeze Ukwu

**What A Way To Go: Life at the End of Empire** bụ ihe nkiri afọ 2007 nkè Timothy S. Bennett dere, duzie ma kọọ.

Ọ na-atụle okwu ndị dị ka mmanụ kachasị elu, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na njedebe nke ụdị, yana otu ọnọdụ a si bido. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara na-akwado data na ajụjụ ọnụ nkè Daniel Quinn, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi Derrick Jensen na ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Richard Heinberg na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

Okwu mmeghe nkè ihe ngosi ahụ bụ, "Ónyé ọcha nọ n'etiti na-abịa na Peak Oil, Climate Change, Mass Extinction, Population Overshoot na njedebe nké ụdị ndụ America".

## Hụkwa

* Mgbukpọ nke Holocene
* Ụgwọ mkpochapụ

## Ihe odide
Ụdị ihu igwe nke Obodo Ukwu

A na-eji Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) emepụta simulations kọmputa nké usoro dị ike na-emekọrịta ihe n'etiti usoro ụwa na nkè anyanwụ nke na-emetụta ihu igwe nké ụwa. E mepụtara ụdị mbụ ahụ n'oge mbido nke puku afọ na iteration kachasị ọhụrụ, version nké isii (WACCM6), wepụtara n'afọ 2019. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model na thermosphere na ionosphere extension (WACCM-X) gbasaa ihe nlereanya ahụ na ihu igwe na ihu igwe.

## Edensibia
Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe Ụwa, Moscow

E mèrè World Climate Change Conference na Moscow site n'ubochi irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba ruo ụbọchị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 2003. Ọ bụ Vladimir Putin, onye isi ala nkè Russian Federation, butere ụzọ ịkpọkọta Nzukọ ahụ. Nzukọ ahụ bụ nke Russian Federation kpọrọ, ma kwado ya site na ndị otu mba ụwa gụnyere United Nations https://web.archive.org/web/20050502054548/http://ods-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/556/36/PDF/N0255636.pdf?OpenElement. E kwesịghị ịgbagwoju ya anya na World Climate Conferences.

## Nkwupụta
Akụkọ nchịkọta nkè nzukọ https://web.archive.org/web/20031210123748/http://www.wccc2003.org/report.htm , nkè a kwadoro na mmechi nke nzukọ ahụ, ụbọchị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, 2003, kwadoro nkwekọrịta nke IPCC TAR nọchitere anya:

: *Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) enyewo ihe ndabere màkà ọtụtụ n'ime nghọta anyị ugbu a banyéré ihe ọmụma na mpaghara a na Akụkọ Nnyocha nke Atọ (TAR) n'afọ 2001. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mba ụwa anabatala nkwubi okwu ya n'ozuzu ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eme, bụ isi n'ihi ikuku mmadụ na-ewepụta gas na aerosols, nakwa na nke a na-anọchite anya egwu nye ndị mmadụ na gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi. E wetara ụfọdụ nkọwa sayensị dị iche iche ma kwurịta ya na Nzukọ ahụ.*

Andreas Fischlin, ónyé sonyere na nnọkọ ahụ na ónyé édémédé IPCC katọrọ nnọkọ ahụ, na-ekwu, sị:

: Agbanyeghị, gbásárá ọdịnaya sayensị nke nzukọ ahụ, anyị ga-alụkwa ọgụ na nnukwu ihe isi ike.N'ụzọ dị mwute, ọ bụghị naanị na e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eduga, kamakwa ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ha jiri nzukọ ahụ kwupụta echiche onwe ónyé, nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dabere na ikpe ikpe bara uru kama eziokwu sayensị ma nweta ya nke ọma, nghọta sayensị yana nghọta zuru oke.N'ụzọ dị otú a, ekwenyere m na a na-emebi ụkpụrụ nke omume sayensị kwesịrị ekwesị ugboro ugboro ma mgbé ụfọdụ, ana m atụ egwu ikwu ya, ọbụlagodi n'usoro.

## Njikọ mpụga

*  - echekwara site na The Wayback Machine
* Afterthoughts On the World Climate Change Conference 2003 kwadebere site na Andreas Fischlin, onye sonyere na nzukọ na onye edemede IPCC
Ọrụ Nlekọta Glacier nke Ụwa

thumb|Ihe atụ nke data nke WGMS nyere: Mgbanwe nke Glacier kwa afọ maka glaciers
Ebidoro World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) n'afọ 1986, na-ejikọta **ọrụ** abụọ mbụ PSFG (Permanent Service on Fluctuations of Glaciers) na TTS / WGI (Temporal Technical Secretary / World Glacier Inventory). Ọ bụ ọrụ nkè International Association of the Cryospheric Sciences nkè International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IACS, IUGG) yana nke World Data System nke International Council for Science (WDS, ICSU) ma na-arụkwa ọrụ n'okpuru nkwado nkè United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), nakwa World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

WGMS dị na Mahadum Zurich na Switzerland, ónyé nduzi nkè ọrụ ahụ bụ Michael Zemp. Ọ na-akwado ya site na United Nations Environment Programme.

WGMS "na-achịkọta ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na mgbanwe na oke, olu, mpaghara na ogologo nkè glaciers na oge (mgbanwe glacier), yana ozi ọnụ ọgụgụ gbasara nkesa nke ice na-adịgide adịgide na mbara igwe (ihe ndekọ glacier). Mgbanwe glacier na data ngwongwo dị otú ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa dị elu na nlekota usoro ihu igwe; ha na-eme ka ihe ndabere maka modeling hydrological gbásárá mmetụta nkè okpomọkụ ikuku, ma na-enye ozi dị mkpa na glaciology, glacial geomorphology na quaternary geology. Mgbanwe glacier na data ngwongwo dị otú ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa dị elu na nlekota usoro ihu igwe; ha na-eme ka ihe ndabere màkà modeling hydrological gbásárá mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ikuku, ma na-enye ozi dị mkpa na glaciology, glacial geomorphology na quaternary geology. A na-achọta ozi kachasị elu màkà Alps na Scandinavia, ébé ndekọ ogologo na nke a na-akpaghị aka dị.

"N'ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na US National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) na Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS), WGMS na-ahụ màkà Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G) n'ime GTOS / GCOS. GTN-G na-ezube ijikọta (a) ihe ndị a hụrụ n'ọnọdụ ya na data a na-ahụ anya, (b) usoro nghọta na mkpuchi zuru ụwa ọnụ na (c) nha ọdịnala na teknụzụ ọhụrụ site na iji usoro jikọtara ọnụ na ọtụtụ ọkwa. 

## Ihe edeturu


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọrụ Nlekọta Glacier nke Ụwa
* Mgbanwe nke Glaciers VII, 1990-1995
Echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere okpomọkụ ụwa

World Wide Views on Global Warming: Ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke The Danish Board of Technology bịdọrọ n'oge United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP15) nkè emere na Copenhagen n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009.

World Wide Views on Global Warming (ma ọ bụ naanị WWViews) bụ ọrụ itinye áká na ụmụ amaala mba ụwa dabere nà usoro ndị The Danish Board of Technology mepụtara màkà ebumnuche itinye ụmụ amaala na usoro mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

## Usoro WWViews
E mèrè nzukọ ọrụ World Wide Views n'ubochi irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, 2009 n'otu ógè na mba niile sonyere ma n'ụbọchị a ụmụ amaala rụrịtara ụka otu isiokwu ahụ e nyèrè n'ọnwa Disemba 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Dabere na mkparịta ụka a maara nkè ọma na nke a haziri ahazi na nkwupụta ndị ọkachamara, ụmụ amaala otu narị na mba ọ bụla méré ka obi ha chee echiche banyéré ọtụtụ ajụjụ na nsogbụ gbásárá akụkụ dị iche iche nke arụmụka ihu igwe. A na-ebugote nsonaazụ n'ụbọchị niile ma dị n'ihu ọha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ọrụ (lee njikọ dị n'okpuru). Azịza ụfọdụ nwèrè ike ịba ụba, na-enye ohere iji ọnụ ọgụgụ tụnyere, mana n'adịghị ka nyocha ógè niile, usoro eji eme ihe màkà WWViews nyekwara ndị sonyere nhọrọ nke ikwurịta ajụjụ n'èzí ma mee ka azịza ndị ahụ ruo eru.

## Ndị mmekọ WWViews
Ihe karịrị ụmụ amaala puku anọ na-anọchite anya mba irí atọ na asato n'ofe ụwa sonyeere World Wide Views on Global Warming, ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgbasawanye uto nke ọrụ WWViews. Ọrụ ndị mmekọ bụ ịme nzukọ mba na mpaghara màkà WWviews. Enweghị enyemaka nke ndị mmekọ a si gbụrụ-gbúrụ ụwa, WWViews agaghị enwe ihe ịga nke ọma.

## WWViews na ụdị dị iche iche
Na-eduga na Nzukọ Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties (COP 11) màkà ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na India 2012, e mèrè nzukọ ụmụ amaala irí atọ na anọ na mba irí abụọ na ise gafee ụwa n'ubochi irí na ise n'onwa Septemba, 2012, na-agụnye ndị mmekọ irí anọ na abụọ ochie na ndị ọhụrụ ma na-ewulite na ahụmịhe sitere na World Wide View on Global Warming dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ World Wide Views kachasị ọhụrụ, World Wide Vieves on Biodiversity.

## Edensibia

* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Ihe ngosi vidio banyere World Wide Views on Biodiversity, October 17 2012
Mbelata Mgbasa Ihe Mgbapụta

**Mbelata Mgbasa Ihe Mgbapụta - Voluntary Emission Reductions** ma ọ bụ Verified Emission Reduktions (VERs) bụ ụdị carbon offset gbanwere na ahịa afọ ofufo ma ọ bụ n'elu ahịa màkà ego carbon. A na-enwekarị asambodo nkè mbelata ikuku a kwadoro site na usoro asambodo afọ ofufo.

A na-emekarị ka mbelata nké ikuku a kwadoro site na ọrụ ndị a kwadoro n'èzí Kyoto Protocol. Otu VER bụ otu tọn nke CO2 na-ewepụta. Site na atụmatụ ndị a, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akwụ ụgwọ màkà ikuku ha ma ọ bụ nye ònyìnyé ọzọ iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Enwere ike ịmepụta VERs ma gbakọọ ya na otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụkpụrụ VER. Ndị a setịpụrụ iwu na-akọwa etu esi atụ mbelata nke ikuku. Ụkpụrụ na-enye mmesi obi ike màkà ndị na-azụ VERs. Ọ dịkarịa ala, ónyé nke atọ nwere onwé ya kwesịrị ịnwapụta VERs niile.

## Hụkwa

* CEB VER
* Ụkpụrụ Carbon Onwe Onwe Onwa Onwe On
* CDM Gold Standard
* Mbelata Mgbasa Ozi

## Edensibia
Mmiri na-alaghachi

**Mmiri na-alaghachi** azụ bụ mmiri dị n'elu na n'okpuru ala nke na-ahapụ ubi ahụ mgbe etinyechara mmiri ịgba mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri na-alaghachi na ya bụ isi ihe, , na United States a napụrụ ha kpam kpam na ikike ịwepu n'okpuru thMmeputa Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha.

Nlaghachi azụ na-alọghachikarị n'ebe a na-agba mmiri ka ihe dị ka izu atọ ruo anọ gasịrị; n'ihi nke a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achọkarị ịwụsa bleach n'ime mmiri iji sachaa ya site na ihe ọ bụla batara n'iyi ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na anaghị elekọta nke a, ọrịa ndị dị ka typhoid ma ọ bụ ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụgba nwere ike ịbanye n'ịgba mmiri ma tinye ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe n'obodo na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu.

Nlaghachi na-aga n'ịgba mmiri bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ pasenti iri ise nke mmiri a na-enye n'ụdị ala ụrọ na mba ndị na-ekpo ọkụ. Salinity nke mmiri na-alaghachi na-abawanye na mbelata na % nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na-alaghachite. Mmiri ndị ọzọ a na-enye maka ịgba mmiri na-apụ n'ikuku n'ihi evapotranspiration.

Mgbe a na-amịpụta mmiri ala maka ịgba mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime nlọghachi azụ na-abanye n'ime ala kama ịbanye n'elu iyi dị nso. Mgbe a na-eji mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mee ihe karịa mmiri ozuzo / mmiri ozuzo, ogo mmiri dị n"okpuru ala na-emebi n'ime oge ma bụrụ nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka ịgba mmiri.

## Edensibia

*  This article incorporates public domain material from .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Jasper WomachAkụkọ maka Congress: Ọrụ ugbo: Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition ().
Ihe A Na-ejighị N'aka Emeela

**Ihe A Na-ejighị N'aka Emeela - The Uncertainty Has Settled** bụ ***ihe*** ngosi banyere ihu igwe, ike na ọrụ ugbo. Ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri Dutch bụ Marijn Poels mepụtara ma duzie ya, e wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'afọ 2017.

Áhà nkiri ahụ na-ezo áká na nkwupụta na "sayensị edoziwo", nkè ndị mmadụ dịka Arnold Schwarzenegger na Al Gore mèrè.

N'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Poels na-eleta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe, yana ndị na-ajụ sayensị ọnọdụ ihu igwe, ma hapụ ónyé na-ekiri ya ka ọ nweta nkwubi okwu nke ha. Ndị gárá gụnyere ndị na-enyo ihu igwe enyo Piers Corbyn, ónyé na-enyocha mbara igwe na Britain na onye na-ekwu maka nkwekọrịta, na ónyé na'ahụ màkà physics nke Britain / America Freeman Dyson.

Ihe nkiri a mèrè n'ụwa niile n'ubochi itoolu n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2017 na Berlin Independent Film Festival, na-egosi na akụkọ ihe mere eme Kino Babylon, ebe ọ meriri ihe ngosi kachasị mma.

E gosipụtakwara ya na Mindfield Film Festival Los Angeles, ébé ọ meriri Diamond Award màkà ihe ngosi kachasị mma, na Paris Independent Film Festival, ébé ọ ritere ihe ngosi kachasị kyau.

E nyèrè ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka ihe ngosi kachasị mma.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

*
Iroro Tanshi

**Iroro Tanshi** (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1984  n'afọ 1985) bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-echekwa ihe nke na-amụ banyere gburugburu ebe obibi da ụdị dị iche iche nke ụmụ oke Afrịka. Ọ bụ onye guzobere, Small Mammal Conservation Organisation (SMACON), otu NGO nke Naijiria,ebe ọ bụ onye isi mmemme nyocha ma na-eduzi ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọgbọ na nchekwa ụdị.

## Agụmakwụkwọ ya
Tanshi nwetara akara ugo mmụta na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na nzere masta na Environmental Quality Management na Mahadum Benin na Benin City, Nigeria. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Leeds na England, ebe ọ nwetara Masters na Biodiversity Conservation tupu ya emee nyocha na Tigga Kingston na Mahadụ Texas Tech na US, ebe enyere ya PhD n'afọ 2021.

## Ọrụ ya
Tanshi chọpụtara naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obere ọdụdụ (*Hipposideros* curtus) na Naịjirịa, nso Afi Mountain Wildlife Sanctuary, ma zọpụta ya ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi. Tanshi chekwakwara nnukwu ụsụ mkpụrụ osisi na-acha ahịhịa ndụ (Eidolon helvum) na Naịjirịa site n'atụmatụ gọọmentị ibibi osisi roost ha

A matara Tanshi maka ịchọpụta ụdị ụmụ oke na Naịjirịa nke a hụrụ n'ikpeazụ afọ 45 gara aga. 'Zero Wildfire Campaign' ya, na-etinye ndị obodo ahụ aka ichebe ebe obibi dị oke egwu maka ụdị ụkpara a na-amịpụta nsonaazụ ma na-enyere aka iweghachi ụdị a site na njedebe nke mkpochapụ. 

N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-arụ ọrụ na SMACON, Tanshi na-arụkọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Benin.

## Onyinye
N'afọ 2020, Tanshi ritere ihe nrite Future for Nature site na Future for Nature Foundation, iji kwado ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya na-achọpụta ụdị ụkpara. Ọ bụ nwanyị Afrịka mbụ meriri ihe nrite ahụ.

Na 2021, Tanshi meriri ihe nrite Whitley nke Whitley Fund for Nature nyere.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Protecting the Short-tailed Roundleaf bat on YouTube, video by Iroro Tanshi (2020)
* Òtù na-echekwa obere anụ na-enye nwa ara
* Publications by Iroro Tanshi at ResearchGate
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Industrial Ecology

The ***Journal of Industrial Ecology*** bụ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a na-enyocha kwa ọnwa na-ekpuchi gburugburu ebe obibi ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ Wiley-Blackwell bipụtara ya maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Yale maka ebe obibi  ma bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke International Society for Industrial Ecology. Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ bụ Reid Lifset.  Dị ka Journal Citation Reports si kwuo, *akwụkwọ* akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta nke 6.946 n'afọ 2020.

## Nchịkọta na ndepụta
A na-edobe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ma depụta ya na:
 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ụzọ na Ecology na Evolution

Methods in Ecology and Evolution bụ akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha kwa ọnwa na-ekpuchi usoro na gburugburu ebe obibi na evolushọn. E guzobere ya n'afọ 2010 ma bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ise nke British Ecological Society. Ọ bụ Wiley-Blackwell bipụtara ya n'aha British Ecological Society na ndị isi nchịkọta akụkọ bụ Aaron M. Ellison (Mahadum Harvard), Natalie Cooper (Natural History Museum), Nicolas Lecomte (Mahadum de Moncton), na Huijie Qiao (Chinese Academy of Sciences).
Na June 2022 a mara ọkwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ga-agbanwe gaa na ụdị mbipụta ohere mepere emepe zuru oke site na Jenụwarị 2023, yana akwụkwọ niile etinyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ site na 6 Julaị 2022 mepere emepe na mbipụta.

## Nchịkọta na ndepụta
Dị ka Journal Citation Reports si kwuo, *akwụkwọ* akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta mmetụta nke 2021 nke 8.330.

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* *Akwụkwọ akụkọ Ecology*
* *Journal of Animal Ecology*
* *Journal of Applied Ecology*
* *Njikọ gburugburu ebe obibi*

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Ebe obibi Mesik

Na gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe obibi mesic bụ ụdị **ebe obibi** nwere mmiri dị mma ma ọ bụ nke dị mma, dịka, ọhịa mesic, ọhịa osisi siri ike, ma ọ bụ ala ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ. Mesic bụ otu n'ime okwu atọ a na-eji akọwa oke mmiri dị na ebe obibi. Ndị ọzọ bụ xeric na hydric.

Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke ebe obibi mesic gụnyere iyi, ala ahịhịa mmiri, isi iyi, mmiri, ubi a na-agba mmiri, na ebe obibi dị elu. Ebe obibi ndị a na-enye mkpuchi ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'ụzọ dị irè ka ala dị n'ebe dị elu na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihi mgbanwe oge ma ọ bụ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ.

Ebe obibi mesic dị mma na-eme ihe dị ka sponge n'ihi na ha na-echekwa mmiri n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-edebe ya n'ebe ndị agbata obi dị ka ọ dị mkpa.  A na-ahụkarị ha na mpaghara nkụ nke ọdịda anyanwụ United States, ma nwee ike bụrụ ezigbo isi mmiri maka ebe obibi ọzara gbara agbata obi.  Ebe obibi mesic dị mma na-enyekwa forb na ụmụ ahụhụ maka ihe ndị dị n'ụdị trophic dị elu, dị ka grouse.

Ebe obibi Mesic nọ n'okpuru nrụgide site na ọrụ mmadụ dị iche iche dị ka ịzụ anụ, agbanyeghị ọtụtụ mgbalị nchedo na-aga n'ihu. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2010, ihe karịrị ndị na-azụ anụ otu puku, narị anọ na iri asaa na anọ ekwekọrịtala ka ha sonye na Sage Grouse Initiative n'okpuru Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US iji chebe ihe karịrị nde hekta 5.6 nke ebe obibi mesic.

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* Tugai

## Edensibia
Ala mesotrophic

**Ala mesotrophic** bụ ala nwere ọmụmụ dị mma. Ihe na-egosi na ala na-eme nri bụ ọnọdụ ntọala ya, nke a na-egosipụta dị ka oke na-ejikọta isi ihe na-edozi ahụ (calcium, magnesium, potassium na sodium) achọtara n'ebe ahụ na pasent ụrọ nke ala. A na-egosipụtakarị nke a n'ọtụtụ narị ahịrị ahịrị cation kwa kilogram ụrọ ya bụ cmol (+) kg−1 ụrọ.

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* Ọdọ mmiri Mesotrophic
Okike Ecology na Evolution

Nature Ecology and Evolution bụ akwụkwọ sayensị a na-enyocha kwa ọnwa n'ịntanetị nke Otu na-ebipụta ihe gbasara Nature bipụtara na-ekpuchi akụkụ niile nke nyocha gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na evolushọn. E guzobere ya n'afọ 2017. Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ na nke ugbu a bụ Patrick Goymer.

Dị ka Journal Citation Reports si kwuo, Nature Ecology na Evolution nwere mmetụta mmetụta nke afọ 2020 nke 15.46.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Osmotrophy

**Osmotrophy** bụ usoro nri nke na-agụnye mmegharị nke ihe ndị a na-agbanye n'ime ala site na osmosis maka nri na-edozi ahụ. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-eji osmotrophy **osmotrophs**. Ụfọdụ mixotrophic microorganisms na-eji osmotrophy iji nweta ụfọdụ ike ha. Osmotrophy na-eji ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche eme ihe. Ihe dị ndụ na-eji osmotrophy gụnyere nje bacteria, ọtụtụ ụdị protists na ọtụtụ fungi.  Ụfọdụ anụmanụ macroscopic dị ka molluscs, sponges, coral, brachiopods na echinoderms nwere ike iji nri osmotrophic dịka nri mgbakwunye.

## Usoro
Osmotrophy dị ka ụzọ isi chịkọta ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ microscopic na-adabere na mpaghara elu mkpụrụ ndụ iji hụ na mgbasa nke ihe na-eri nri na-eme na mkpụrụ ndụ.N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, osmotroph bụ ihe dị ndụ nke nwere "afọ" ha n'èzí ahụ ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, osmotrophs ka nwere ike ịnwe usoro mgbari nri dị n'ime na mgbakwunye na iji osmosis dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ihe oriri ndị ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe ihe ndị dị ndụ na-abawanye n'ibu, mpaghara elu kwa oke na-ada ma osmotrophy na-aghọ ihe na-erughị iji gboo mkpa nri. Ntule macroscopic buru ibu na-adabere na osmotrophy nwere ike kwụọ ụgwọ maka mbelata elu ala kwa oke nke nwere ahụ dị larịị ma dị gịrịgịrị.  Akpụkpọ anụ bụ ihe atụ nke mmegharị ahụ.ụ.

N'ime mmiri ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, fotoautotrophs nwere uru dị n'elu heterotrophic osmotrophs ebe ọ bụ na a naghị egbochi mgbanwe nke photons dị ka isi iyi ike na okpomọkụ dị ala, ya mere ọ dabere na mgbasa ozi maka inweta oke site na mgbasa ozi Brownian.

Osmotrophy dị iche na usoro nri mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ, mana enwere ike ịchọta ya na ụdị dị iche iche. Nke a na-enye ohere ka ihe ndị dị ndụ jiri osmosis mee ihe na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche. 

## Fungi<ref name=":0" /
thumb|Fungi bụ otu nnukwu ìgwè nke osmotrophic organisms ebe ọ bụ na Fungi na-emebi biomass.
Fungi bụ ọkachamara osmotrophic kachasị ukwuu ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ ndị na-emebi ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi niile.  Maka ihe ndị dị ka fungi, osmotrophy na-eme ka usoro ire ere dị mfe.  Nke a bụ nsonaazụ Osmotrophy nke na-ebute metabolites na-aga n'ihu na-eto eto.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Hụkwa

* Autotrophy
* Heterotrophy
* Phototrophy
* Phagotrophy
* Mixotrophy
Mkpụrụ osisi kachasị mma na-adịgide adịgide

Na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba, ihe kachasị mma na-adịgide adịgide bụ ọkwa mgbalị (LOE) nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngụkọta ego na ngụkọta ọnụahịa dị elu. Ma ọ bụ, ebe ego a na-enweta n'akụkụ ya bụ ego a na'akụkụ ya. Mgbalị a na-ebuli uru akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ mgbazinye, nke akụ a na-eji.  Ọ na-adakọkarị n'ogo mbọ dị ala karịa nke mkpụrụ na-adigide.

Na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, **ihe kachasị mma na-adịgide adịgide** bụ ihe kachasị mma nke akụ na ụba nke ihe onwunwe a na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ nke a ga-enweta n'ime ogologo oge n'ebelataghị ikike nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya iji kwado ịga n'ihu nke ọkwa a, ma mee ka usoro okike nwee uru mara mma dị elu. A na-eji echiche a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe kpọmkwem na njikwa azụ, ebe a na-ewepụ azụ ndị ọzọ ka ndị mmadụ wee nọrọ na ikike ibu ya. Nke a na-enye ohere ka a na-egbute ọtụtụ azụ̀ ka ọ ka na-edobe oke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ elu.

## Edensibia
Okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ

A na-akọwa **okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ** () dị ka okpomọkụ dị n'otu nke ogige ojii a na-eche n'echiche nke onye bi na ya ga-agbanwere otu okpomọkụ site na radiation gbakwunyere convection dị ka ọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị otu.t_o Ụfọdụ amaokwu na-ejikwa okwu 'okpomọkụ hà nhata' ma ọ bụ 'okpomụta dị irè' iji kọwaa mmetụta jikọtara nke nnyefe okpomọkụ na nke radiant. Na imewe, enwere ike ịkọwa okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nkezi nke okpomọkụ ikuku na-egbuke egbuke na nke ikuku gburugburu, nke a na-atụ site na ọnụọgụ nnyefe okpomọkụ ha. A na-akpọ ngwa eupatheoscope maka ịlele ntụsara ahụ ọkụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe gbasara okpomọkụ arụ ọrụ nke A. F. Dufton chepụtara ya n'afọ 1929.. Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwere ike igosi okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka;

:: t_o = \frac{(h_r t_{mr} + h_c t_a)}{ h_r + h_c}

ebe,

: = convective heat transfer coefficienth_c
: = ọnụọgụ nnyefe okpomọkụ radiative linearh_r
: = okpomọkụ ikukut_a
: = nkezi okpomọkụ radiantt_{mr}

Ma ọ bụ

:: t_o = \frac{(t_{mr} + (t_a \times \sqrt{10v}))}{ 1 + \sqrt{10v}}

: = ọsọ ikukuv
: ma nwee otu ihe ahụ dị ka n'elu.t_at_{mr}

A na-anabatakwa ịgbakọ mmekọrịta a maka ndị bi n'ime ahụ na-emega ahụ nke dị nso nke nwere ọnụego metabolic n'etiti 1.0 zutere na 1.3 zutere), ọ bụghị n'ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem, ọ bụghịkwa na ọsọ ikuku karịrị 0.10 m / s (20 fpm). 

:: t_o = \frac{(t_a + t_{mr})}{ 2 }

ebe na nwere otu ihe ahụ dị n'elu.t_at_{mr}

## Ntinye aka
A na-eji okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na nnyefe okpomọkụ yana nyocha nkasi obi okpomọkụ n'ụgbọ njem na ụlọ. Ọtụtụ chaatị psychrometric eji eme ihe na HVAC na-egosi naanị okpomọkụ bulb kpọrọ nkụ na x-axis(abscissa), Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke akọwapụtara na x-axis nke eserese psychrometric nke e gosipụtara na ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55 - Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ maka gburugburu mmadụ.

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* HVAC
* Psychrometrics
* Okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ala
* Ịnọrọ

## Edensibia
Ihe Omume Ụgbọelu Na-adịghị ekwu Ụda

Silent Aircraft Initiative nke a bụ nnyocha nke Cambridge-MIT Institute mere iji chọpụta ụzọ isi belata mkpọtụ ụgbọ elu nke ukwuu, ruo n'ókè ebe ọ ga-abụ **ihe** a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nye ndị mmadụ na-anọghị na gburugburu ọdụ  ụgbọ elu.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emebere ya na Nọvemba 2003, mmemme ahụ nwere nkwado nke Rolls-Royce, Boeing na Marshall Aerospace. Ọ bụ UK Treasury na ndị mmekọ ụlọ ọrụ kwadoro nyocha ahụ. [citation needed]

## Ugwu na-agbadata
Ihe sonyere Na  ihe ọmụmụ ahụ bụ iji nyochaa ma ọ bụrụ na ịrịda na-aga n'ihu n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ elu ga-ebelata ọkwa mkpọtụ. Nnyocha echiche ga-akwado site na nnwale n'ọhịa site na iji ezigbo ihe akporo jetliners.

## Okpokoro na imewe injin
Ihe sonyere ma dịkwa zi mkpa nke ọmụmụ ahụ bụ ịmepụta ihe akporo jetliner na injin nke nwere ike izute ebumnuche SAI.

Ntọala a na-ahọrọ bụ ngwakọta nku, na injin dị n'elu nku ahụ, iji chebe ndị na-ekiri ala site na mkpọtụ injin. N'ihi na nku a gwakọtara agwakọta adịghị omimi iji nweta injin abụọ, a tụpụtara nhazi injin anọ.

Ntọala engine kachasị amasị bụ turbofan nwere obere nkwalite, ya bụ oke ikuku ikuku. Nke a na-enye ọsọ ọsọ gas na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma (ụda ụgbọ elu dị ala) ya mere arụmọrụ dị ala, a pụkwara inweta ya n'oge ọdịda site na iji ebe a na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbanye ikuku iji weghachite fan. Ọzọkwa, ọgwụgwọ ụda na ntinye na anwụrụ ọkụ nwere ike belata mkpọtụ nke turbomachinery.

## Hụkwa

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Ụda ndabere

Mkpọtụ azụ maọbụ **mkpọtụ gburugburu** bụ ụda ọ bụla ọzọ karịa ụda a na-enyocha (**ụda** mbụ). Mkpọtụ azụ bụ ụdị mmetọ mkpọtụ maọbụ mgbochi. Mkpọtụ azụ bụ echiche dị mkpa na idozi ọkwa mkpọtụ.

Mkpotu ndị dị n'azụ gụnyere mkpọtụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ebili mmiri, mkpọtụ okporo ụzọ, mkpu, okwu ndị ọzọ, mkpọtụ sitere na ụmụ anụmanụ, na mkpọtụ eletrik sitere na ngwaọrụ dịka friji, ikuku oyi, ihe ike, na motors.

Mgbochi maọbụ mbelata mkpọtụ ndabere dị mkpa n'ọhịa nke njikwa mkpọtụ. Ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa iji ultrasound (dịka maka nchọpụta ahụike maọbụ ihe oyiyi), sonar, na mmepụta ụda.

## Ojiji ndị ọzọ
Na nkà mmụta nke mbara igwe, mkpọtụ ndabere maọbụ radieshon ndabere bụ radieshọn electromagnetic sitere na mbara igwe na-enweghị isi iyi a na-ahụ anya.

N'ime usoro ihe ọmụma, enwere ike ịkpọ ozi na-enweghị isi, nke na-emegharị maọbụ nke na-ezighị ezi mkpọtụ ndabere.

Na physics na nkwukọrịta, mkpọtụ mgbaàmà ndabere nwere ike imerụ ahụ maọbụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ bara uru. Nnyocha nke izere, belata maọbụ iji mkpọtụ mgbaàmà bụ ozi ozi.

Na ekwentị, a na-eji mkpọtụ nkasi obi eme ihe dịka ihe na-anọchi anya mkpọtụ ndabere okike, iji mejupụta mkpọtụ nke aka mepụtara site na usoro nnyefe na-akpaghị aka site na iji nchọpụta ọrụ olu.
Ụda n'azụ nwekwara ike imetụta itinye uche.

## Hụkwazi

* 4'33"
* Ọnọdụ mkpọtụ gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ụda eletrọniki
* Hum
* Agba nke mkpọtụ
* Ihe mkpuchi ụda

## Njikọ mpụga

* Otu esi enweta ọkwa mkpọtụ dị ala n'ụlọ ezumezu
* Ụda n'azụ na acoustics (demo)
Ab-polar current

**Ab-polar current**, okwu ochie a na-ahụ mgbè ụfọdụ na akwụkwọ ihu igwe nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, na-ezo ákà na ikuku ọ bụla na-apụ ma ọ bụ North Pole ma ọ bụ South Pole. Na Northern Hemisphere, okwu a na-egosi ifufe ugwu. Latin prefix *ab-* pụtara "site" ma ọ bụ "ébé dị ányá".
Oké ifufe nke Abrolhos

Otu Abrolhos squall (ma ọ bụ Abroholos squall ma ọ bụ naanị **abroholos**) bụ **oké ifufe** dị nso na Abrolhos Islands n'ụsọ oké osimiri nké ọwụwa anyanwụ Brazil nké na-emekarị site na Mee ruo Ọgọst (ógè oyi nkè Austral). Oké ifufe ahụ na-eme na nso 18°S latitude, nké dị n'etiti Cabo de São Tomé na Cabo Frio.

Ifufe azụmaahịa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nkè Oké Osimiri South Atlantic na-enweta okpomọkụ na mmiri na-agafe mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ nké Brazil n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-enye mmiri màkà mmiri ozuzo a na ihe omume égbè eluigwe.  Mmiri ozuzo Abrolhos na-emekarị n'akụkụ ihu oyi Antarctic na-abanye n'ime okpomọkụ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe ọmụma banyere ifufe
* Abrolhos na Ifufe nke Ụwa
Ombrotrophic

thumb|Mmiri ozuzo na-agbakọta n'ọtụtụ ahịhịa na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri.
**Ombrotrophic** ("igwe ojii na-enye nri"), site na Grik oge ochie ːaμβρος (*ómvros*) nke pụtara "mmiri ozuzo" na τροφή (trofí) nke pụtara" nri"), na-ezo aka n'ala ma ọ bụ ahịhịa nke na-enweta mmiri na *ihe* oriri ha niile site na mmiri ozuzo, kama site na iyi ma ọ bụ isi iyi. A na-ekewapụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị otú ahụ site na ala gbara ya gburugburu, ebe ọ bụ na mmiri ozuzo bụ acidic na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, ha bụ ebe obibi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-anabata acidic, ebe na-edozighị ahụ. Ahịhịa ahịhịa nke ombrotrophic peatland na-abụkarị ahịhịa, nke Sphagnum mosses na-achị.  Mmiri mmiri nke gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a na-emetụta kpọmkwem na ihu igwe ha, n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo bụ mmiri na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, na okpomọkụ na-egosi otú mmiri si esi ngwa ngwa na-esi na usoro ndị a.

Ọnọdụ ombrotrophic nwere ike ime ọbụna na ala ndị nwere limestone ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ebe mmiri ozuzo dị elu, a ga-eji ahịhịa ahịhịa ombrotrophic acid kpuchie nkume limestone.  Epiphytic ahịhịa (osisi na-eto eto na osisi ndị ọzọ) bụ ombrotrophic..

N'adịghị ka gburugburu ombrotrophic, gburugburu minerotrophic bụ ndị mmiri na-esikarị na iyi ma ọ bụ isi iyi. Mmiri a agafeela ma ọ bụ site na nkume na-enwetakarị kemịkal ndị a gbazere agbaze nke na-ebuli ọkwa nri ma belata acidity, nke na-eduga na ahịhịa dị iche iche dị ka fen ma ọ bụ fen na-adịghị mma.

## Hụkwa ihe ọzọ
 

* Chalk heath
* Lee

## Ihe edeturu

## Edensibia

* Charman, D., *Peatlands na Mgbanwe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi*. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  ISBN
Megaphorb

thumb|465x465px|Uto nke obodo megaphorb mgbe ọkụ ọhịa gasịrị
**Megaphorb** bụ mpaghara nwere obodo mgbọrọgwụ  dị ogologo, nke na-atọ ụtọ, nke na'oge niile. Obodo osisi na-enye ala mkpuchi ma na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ebe osisi ma ọ bụ ọhịa ma ọ bụ ala nke e kpochapụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ụdị ahịhịa a na-apụtakwa n'akụkụ ebe nsogbu dị ka n'akụkụ iyi ma ọ bụ osimiri.  A na-ahụkarị mpaghara osisi ndị a n'ebe ugwu.

## Edensibia
Accretion (meteorology)

A na-akọwa Accretion dị ka nchịkọta nkè ihe na-aga n'ihu n'ihu.  Na meteorology ma ọ bụ sayensị ikuku ọ bụ usoro nkè nchịkọta mmiri kpụkọrọ akpụkọ dị ka mmiri ozuzo ka ógè na-agbadata na ikuku, ọkachasị mgbè ice crystal ma ọ bụ snowflake kụrụ mmiri na-ajụ oyi, nké na-ajụkọ ọnụ, na-abawanye ogo nkè mmiri ahụ.  Nchịkọta nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-emecha mepụta snow ma ọ bụ akụ́ mmiri igwe na igwe ojii ma dabere na okpomọkụ ikuku dị ala nwèrè ike ịghọ mmiri ozuzo, snow, ma ọ bụ graupel. Accretion bụ ihe ndabere màkà mmepụta igwe ojii ma a pụkwara ịhụ ya ka mmiri na-agbakọta na ihe particulate ma mepụta jet contrails.  Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ime ikuku chọrọ nucleus condensation iji mepụta nnukwu mmiri siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri.

## Edensibia