open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Port Chalmers oge bọọlụ

Oge bọọlụ Port Chalmers bụ ákàrà ụgbọ mmírí Victorian Greenwich Mean Time nke dị na Aurora Terrace n'elu Observation Point na ọdụ ụgbọ mmírí Port Chalmèrs, New Zealand. Ọ bụ Kansụl Ógbè Otago guzobere ya n'afọ 1867. bọọlụ oge dara kpọmkwem n'elekere 1:00 nke ehihie kwa ụbọchị. N'ịbụ nke elekere nna ochie kpaliri, site n'afo 1882 gaa n'ihu, akara telegraph sitere na Wellington weghaara ọrụ a.E wepụrụ ya n'afọ 1970, mànà e weghachiri ya n'ọrụ n'afọ 2020. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mgbè ewepụtara bọọlụ ógè izizi nke New Zealand, nkè e guzobere na Wellington n'ọnwa Machị afọ 1864, e wepụtara aro màkà iwebata ngwaọrụ mgbaàmà ógè yiri ya na Port Chalmers. Na mbụ, onye na-elekọta ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri W. Thomson tụrụ aro na a ga-eji égbè ógè mee ihe karịa bọọlụ ógè, dịka n'ehihie, ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri na-anọkarị n'ụsọ osimiri, ma nwee ike ịnụ égbè karịa ịhụ bọọlụ. Mgbọ ahụ -egosikwa oge nye ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha anọghị n'ebe a na-ahụ akara, na ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri.Ọ bụghị ruo  afọ 1867, na-esote nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị nwe ụgbọ mmiri, na Kansụl Ógbè Otago kpebiri itinye bọọlụ ógè na ọkọlọtọ dị ugbu a n'elu Ebe Nledo. Flagstaff nke etinyere na 1864 bụbu mizzen mast na ụgbọ mmiri a mara ikpe "Cincinnati". Ọ bụ ónyé a ma ama bụ Bully Hayes nwe ụgbọ mmiri a.

N'elekere iri na abụọ na iri anọ na ise nke ehihie, a na-ebuli bọọlụ ógè n'elu ọkọlọtọ, ébé ndị isi nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ga-eguzo n'akụkụ elekere ha na onye mmụta ga-anọ n'èzí na-ekiri bọọlụ. N'elekere 1:00 nke ehihie, ónyé isi mgbaàmà ga-atụfu bọọlụ ahụ ma onye mmụta ga-eti mkpu "Kwụsị". Ndị uwe ojii ga-enyocha elekere ha (ma o doro anya na ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-enyochakwa elekere na elekere ha). E dekọrọ ógè mgbè bọọlụ bidoro ịda, ọ bụghị mgbè ọ ruru ala.

 nọgidere na-eji bọọlụ ahụ eme ihe ruo n'afọ 1931 iji dọọ ndị ọkụ azụ nọ n'ógbè ahụ aka ná ntị banyéré oké osimiri dị elu na Taiaroa Head na banyere ụgbọ mmiri na-abịa site na Upper Otago Harbour site na Dunedin.  nọgidere na-akwụnye ya n'elu ọkọlọtọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, mànà ewepụrụ ya n'afọ 1970 mgbè e weghachiri ọkọlọtọ ahụ ma kwaga ébé ọhụrụ yadi iri ise ruo otu narị nso na Port Chalmers, mànà ọ ka dị na Observation Point.

## Nweghachi
N'afọ 2019, Port Chalmers Historical Society kwetara ịkwado atụmatụ nke obere ìgwè nke ndị otu ya iji weghachite bọọlụ ógè na ọkọlọtọ dị ugbu a. Ìgwè a nke gụnyere Garry Bain, Warner Gardiner, Norman Ledgerwood, na Harold Woods, nwetara puku dollar iri ise iji wụnye bọọlụ oge.

A na-etinye elekere nke na-arụ ọrụ na bọọlụ ógè na nchịkọta nke Toitū Otago Settlers Museum na Dunedin. bọọlụ oge ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na New Zealand bụ na Lyttelton.

## Hụkwa

* Ihe ịrịba ama oge

## Edensibia
Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị nke Ala ọma jijiji (Japan)

E nwèrè usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị tsunami n'ụwa niile (Japanese: 大津波警報・津波警报・津波注意報). Usoro a na-enyekarị ịdọ áká ná ntị nkeji ole na ole mgbè ewepụtara ịdọ aka na ntị mbụ nke ala ọma jijiji (EEW), ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ ányá ebili mmiri,   na-emekarị mgbè a na-ahụ njikọta nke nnukwu, epicenter na usoro anya kwụ ọtọ.  E nwèrè ịdọ aka ná ntị tsunami n'ime nkeji ato na ọkwa kachasị njọ na ọkwa ịdọ akaebe ya n'oge ala ọma jijiji na tsunami nke Tōhoku n'afọ 2011; a kpọrọ ya "nnukwu tsunami", na-adịkarịa ala 3 m (9.8 ft) n'ịdị elu. &nbsp;&nbsp; kpughere usoro ka mma n'ọnwa Machị ụbọchị asaa, n'afọ 2013, na-esote ọdachi nke afọ 2011 iji nyochaa tsunami na-abịanụ nke ọma. [1] [2]

## Nchịkọta
Mgbè ala ọma jijiji mèrè, ụlọ ọrụ Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) na-eme atụmatụ na e nwèrè ike ịmepụta tsunami site na data nyocha ala ọma jijijii. Ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ anya ebili mmiri ọdachi na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, JMA na-enye ịdọ aka ná ntị / ndụmọdụ Tsunami màkà mpaghara ọ bụla a na-eche na ọ ga-emetụta ya dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ e mèrè atụmatụ nke ịdị elu nke tsunami. JMA -enyekwa ozi gbásárá nkọwa nke tsunami dịka oge mbata na ịdị elu. Mgbè ala ọma jijiji mere, JMA na-enye Tsunami Warnings/Advisories na Tsunami Information bulletins ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ anya tsunami strike.  na-enye nnukwu ịdọ aka ná ntị tsunami na nhazi nke ịdọ aka na ntị mberede dị ka nke iri atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2013. [1]

## Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị nke Ala ọma jijiji
Mgbè ala ọma jijiji mèrè nke nwéré ike ịkpata ọdachi tsunami na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Japan, JMA na-enye Major Tsunami Warnings, Tsunami Warning na / ma ọ bụ Tsunami Advisories màkà mpaghara ọ bụla dabere na atụmatụ ịdị elu nke tsunami ihe dị ka nkeji atọ mgbè ala ọma jijizi ahụ gasịrị (ma ọ bụ dị ka nkeji abụọ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ). 

A na-enye nnukwu ịdọ áká ná ntị tsunami na nhazi nke ịdọ aka na ntị mberede. A na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyéré Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede na isiokwu Emergency Warning System.

## Hụkwa

* Usoro Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede

## Edensibia


## Ihe odide


* Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị n'Ime Otu Mmiri / Ndụmọdụ - JMA

Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede dị n'okpuru ikikere CC BY 4.0.
Onye Nnyocha nke Usoro Anyanwụ Dị Ndụ Ogologo Oge

Long Lived In-situ Solar System Explorer (LLISSE) bụ ihe NASA nwèrè ike ibu na ọrụ Venera-D nke Russia na Venus.  -eji ihe ọhụrụ na ngwá electronic na-eguzogide okpomọkụ nke ga-eme ka ọ rụọ ọrụ n'onwe ya màkà ihe dị ka ụbọchị 90 nke ụwa. Nkwụsi ike  E nwèrè ike inye ya ohere inweta ọnụọgụ ógè nke data ihu igwe iji melite ụdị mgbasa zuru ụwa ọnụ ma chọpụta mgbanwe kemịkal dị nso n'elu. Ngwá ọrụ ya a na-atụ ányá ya gụnyere ihe mmetụta ọsọ / ntụziaka nke ifufe, ihe mmetụta okpomọkụ, ihe mmetụta nrụgide, na usoro ihe mmetụta kemịkal. LLISSE  obere cube iri abụo  in)  ihe dị ka kilogram iri (22 .  [2] - lander nwèrè ike iburu nkeji LLISSE abụọ; otu ga-abụ batrị (3,000 h), nke ọzọ ga-abụ ikuku.

## Edensibia
Likens-Nickerson Ngwaọrụ

**Ngwaọrụ Likens-Nickerson** bụ iberibe ugegbe nke ụlọ nyocha nkè Sam T. Likens na Gail B. Nickerson chepụtara maka nchọpụta nkè ihe ndị mejupụtara mmanụ hop n'afọ 1964. Ngwaọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ógè na-agbanye Mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-ejikarị ugegbe borosilicate rụọ ngwá ọrụ ahụ na mkpịsị aka oyi na karama na-esi ísì ụtọ nke nwéré nkwonkwo ugegbe. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji kewapụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ala màkà nyocha dị ukwuu na ma ọ bụ nke dị mma site na iji kemịkalụ ngwá ọrụ. Otú  dị, a pụkwara iji ya kewapụ ihe ndị a na-achọ site na mmiri dị ka ụzọ isi weghachite ihe bará uru.

## Nkọwa na ọrụ
thumb|Ngwaọrụ Likens-Nickerson nwere PTFE stopcock na mmiri-jacket condenser na mgbakwunye na mkpịsị aka oyi. A na-etinye karama na-esi ísì ụtọ nke nwere nkwonkwo iko n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ngwaọrụ ahụ na clips Keck.
Ngwaọrụ Likens-Nickerson a na-adịghị ahụkebe na-eji karama abụọ na-esi ísì. A na-etinye otu karama mmiri nke nwéré ihe (s) a chọrọ na nke ọzọ nwere ihe na-agbanye mmiri. A na-ekwe ka karama ọ bụla ruo ébé ha na-esi ísì ụtọ wee zipụ anwụrụ ha (ma ọ bụ mmanụ ikuku) n'akụkụ aka nke ngwaọrụ ahụ na etiti mkpịsị áká oyi ébé ha na'ime emulsify, condensed, ma daba n'ọnyà nkewa nke nwéré ike ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị enwe stopcock. Enwere ike ịhazi ogwe aka nke ọnyà na-eduga n'ụzọ ikuku mbụ n'ụzọ ga-eme ka ọ laghachi ma ọ bụ mmiri ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na flask ya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
K e mepụtara ya n'afọ 1964 ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eme nchọpụta anabatala, gbanwee, ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ebumnuche nke nyochaa ihe niile site na mmiri ara kamel na-agbanye ruo turbot.   Ikekwe mgb a ma ama nke ngwaọrụ Likens-Nickerson bụ ngwaọrụ Godefroot et al. kọwara n'afọ 1981. [1]   dị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta ewuola ma jiri ọtụtụ ọdịiche na-enye ohere ka ngwaọrụ ahụ rụọ ọrụ n'okpuru ikuku, jupụta na gas inert, ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ mgbè niile. [1] [2] Ma ha niile kwenyere na ngwaọrụ Likens-Nickerson mere ka ha màrà atụmatụ ha. 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ajụjụ ọnụ na Gail Nickerson
* Akụkọ ọnwụ Sam Likens
Akwụkwọ Ndị dike

. Akwụkwọ nke Giants bụ akwụkwọ apọkrịfa nke akarara na Jenesis Jenesis nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ Hibru, n'otu aka ahụ na akwụkwọ nke Inọk .  Tinyere ọrụ ikpeazụ a, Akwụkwọ nke Giants "guzoro dị ka njirimara otú o si na anụ omume ghọruru ebe niile na ahụ ike tupu iju mmiri ahụ; n'ime nke a, ọ na-ihe mere Chineke ji bụrụ ihe ziri ezi ezi.  ọzọ izipu nke ahụ. idei mmiri."  [1] Edeela ederede ederede tupu awụ nke BC .

Akwụkwọ nke Giants bụ ndị antediluvian (tupu Iju Mmiri ) nke natara n'ụzọ bụ isi na akwụkwọ Manichaean ma mara na Turfan .  [1] Otú ọ dị, omenala ndị mbụ a maara maka akwụkwọ ahụ sitere na akara Aramaic nke Akwụkwọ Ndị Giants n'etiti Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Nwụrụ Anwụ .  [2] A na- ntụaka n'ụzọ ifo ndị Giants na: Jenesis 6:1-4, akwụkwọ Inọk (Ethiopic, Slavonic, Hebrew, Greek), Jubilies, Jenesis Apocryphon, 2 na 3 Barọk (Slavonic), Akwụkwọ Damaskọs  , na ndị dị n'ime ya.  Daniel 7:9-14 .  [3] Akwụkwọ a na-akọ akụkọ n akara na akara aka nke ndị dike ndị a na- ịgbagha agbagha na ndị nna ha, ndị nche (a na-akpọ grigori na Slavonic 2 Enoch ), [4] [5] ụmụ Chineke  ma ọ bụ ndị nsasị (Daniel 4:13, 17).  ) bụ́ ndị nupụrụ isi n’ mama mgbe—na-emebi iwu siri ike nke “ókè nke ihe e kere eke” [6] —ha akwụkwọ, n’ọchịchọ ha, ha na “ụmụ ada nke mmadụ.

Ụmụ ha ndị kadị njọ ụzọ, ndị dike, ka e el-eke ndị Nefilim, giborim, ma ọ bụ refaim , ịbụ nke ọkara nke ụwa bụ́ ndị mụrụ egwuregwu Chineke na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya bụ onye ezi omume bụ onye ọnụ  obere ha gbata dị ka nrụrụ aka na ihe nri mmadụ;  Iberibe ndị Manikaịa nyere ndị ajị omume ndị a aha n’ozuzu ndị ịka nri (Inọk Grik na-akpọ ha ndị nzu ).  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na okwu maka ndị nche na ụmụ ha na-enwekarị watch anya na ntụgharị na ntụgharị dị iche iche ha, n'ozuzu ụdị nnupụisi a ka a na-ezo aka dị ka ndị ozi dara ada na akwụkwọ  apọkrịfa, dị ka ọ ntuziaka n'akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ ndị na-ezo aka na ha.

 Ebe ọ bụ na tupu ọkara nke ikpeazụ nke mfe apụ nke abụọ, a maara akwụkwọ nke Giants ogologo oge dị ka ọrụ Middle Iranian (nke ụfọdụ ndị ọkà ịgbu a ọrịa na e dere na mbụ n'Ebe Ọwụwa nwoke Aramaic ) nke kesara n  'etiti ndị Manichaean dị ka ihe ndị sitere na Mani ( c . AD 216 – 274)—nwa amaala Parthia nke ndịda Mesopotemia nke yiri ka ọ bụ onye na-eso ụzọ Elkesai, onye pụtara Juu na Onye na-enye onye mere nke ikike ndụ  na akpa Afọ nke.  [1] Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ihe ihe nri na-akwado maka nkesa mpaghara nke otu oge ochie, achịla ma myirịta ndụ ihe nketa na nke omenala n'etiti ndị Elcesaites na mbụ nke abụọ nke ndị nsọ ndị Juu nke Essenes ( Esaioi  "Ndị senti")
International Planetarium Society

International Planetarium Society, Inc.  Ndị otu ya ụmụaka isii sitere na mba iri anọ na gburugburu ụwa.  Ha na- anya ụlọ akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ na mahadum, ụlọ ihe mgbe ochie, na ụlọ ọrụ nke nha niile, ma mbara ala a na-edozi ma na-ebe.  LED bụ nke IPS bụ ịgba ume ikesa echiche n'etiti ndị otu ya site na-egosi, ntụ isi na ikerịta ụka n'Ịntanet.  Site n'ịke edemede na ọrụ okike ha, ndị otu IPS na-aghọ ndị ụwa ka mma.

Ndị otu IPS ghere oghe nye onye ọ bèla nwéra na mbara ala.  otu na-agụnye ndị nduzi, ndị nkuzi, ndị nkuzi, ndị na-ahụ maka nkà na ẹz, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị mgbasa ozi, ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-  Ezi ihe, ndị na-eme ihe ngozi, ndị na-ere akara, ndị na-ama akara, ụmụ akwụkwọ, na ndị nkwado na ndị enyi nke planetarium dome na mbara igwe mgbasa ya.  Ọ bụ ebe na planetariums nwere ike ịbụ usoro nke usoro mgbasa ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma na mpaghara mpaghara ma ọ bụ site na njem njem, ha na-ejekwa dị ka saịtị na isi ọrụ nke orisirisi ndụ ogologo na Sayensị, Teknụzụ, Injinia na ikike  na ụkpụrụ (STEM).

Ihe Ntụgharị 20 mpaghara na mba ụwa sitere na gburugburu ebe IPS.  Ndị isi anya a na-akọ na bọọdụ nwere ndị nwere ndị otu a na-ahụ njirimara sitere na mpaghara mpaghara 6, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị isi anya nke ọnụọgụ ndị otu IPS na mpaghara ahụ.  Ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ nọmba bụ Council Executive, òtù na-achị achị nke ihe ahụ.

Ndị otu IPS na-anata akwụkwọ ndị Planetarian mkpa;  gaa ogbako biennial na ndị agha-ọnụọgụ awụ;  nata ụzọ, na akwụkwọ iche.  Uru naanị ndị otu dị site na webụsaịtị IPS na ips-planetarium.org, ebe ndị nwere ikike ikike ike isonye.
Nhazi Galperin

Ntọala Galperin bụ otu nhazi nke ihe mmetụta dị na klas nkè ngwá ọrụ ala ọma jijiji na-atụle mmegharị ala ma na-akpọ ya aha ónyé Soviet seisomologist Evsey Iosifovich Galperin,  Ónyé webatara ya na 1955 maka nyocha mmanụ. 

## Nkọwa
alt=Geometry of the Galperin configuration: three orthogonal vectors (U, V, W) are rotated to the Cartesian coordinate system (E, N, Z).|thumb|300x300px|Geometry nke nhazi Galperin: atọ orthogonal vectors (U, V, W) na-atụgharị na usoro nhazi Cartesian (E, N, Z).
Ndị na-ahụkarị triaxial Seismometers na-enye ihe mgbaàmà na axis orthogonal atọ na-eche ihu n'ébé ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ (E), n'ébé ugwu-ndịda (N) na elu-ala (Z), ya bụ na usoro nhazi Cartesian. N'ụzọ dị iche, nhazi Galperin nwèrè axis orthogonal atọ (U, V, W) nke a na-eche ihu n'otu akụkụ ahụ n'ihe gbasara mbara ala (α=35.26°). A na-ekewapụta axis atọ niile n'elu ụgbọ elu ahụ site na otu narị na iri abụọ degrees, nke na-ebute "symmetric triaxial" imewe. A na-eweta ihe ndekọ ndị e nwetara na nhazi Galperin na usoro nhazi Cartesian site na mgbanwe nhazi na-esonụ, ébé β=30 °:

\begin{bmatrix} E \\ N  \\ Z \end{bmatrix}

=

\begin{bmatrix} -\cos\alpha & \cos\alpha\sin\beta & \cos\alpha\sin\beta \\  0 & \cos\alpha\cos\beta & -\cos\alpha\cos\beta \\ \sin\alpha & \sin\alpha & \sin\alpha \end{bmatrix}

\begin{bmatrix} U\\V\\W \end{bmatrix}

Isi uru nke nhazi Galperin bụ na ndị nnata atọ ahụ nwèrè otu ntụziaka n'ihe gbásárá axis kwụ ọtọ ma, ya mèrè, ha nwèrè otu nzaghachi ngwá ọrụ. Uru ọzọ bụ ikike iwu obere ngwugwu (ya bụ, ngwá ọrụ) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nhazi Cartesian,  nke na-eme ka nhazi Galperin dị irè karịsịa màkà ntinye borehole. Uru ndị ọzọ nke nhazi Galperin gụnyere ọdịiche dị mfe n'etiti isi iyi mkpọtụ mpụga na nke dị n'ime  na eziokwu ahụ bụ na nhazi ahụ anaghị echebara ntụgharị gburugburu axis kwụ ọtọ.  Otú ọ dị, isi ihe na-adịghị mma nke nhazi ahụ bụ na a na-ejikọta vector niile site na matrik ntụgharị, nke na-akpata ọdịda nke usoro dum mgbè otu n'ime ihe mmetụta atọ ahụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. Na nhazi Cartesian, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe abụọ dị larịị ka na-enye data bara uru ma ọ bụrụ na akụkụ kwụ ọtọ (Z) adaa.

Ntọala Galperin chọtara ọtụtụ ngwa na imewe seismometer, gụnyere ụdị màkà oghere, ala oké osimiri, na ntinye vault. A pụkwara itinye nhazi Galperin n'akụkụ isi iyi iji mepụta isi iyi atọ nkè ala ọma jijiji 

## Edensibia
Telescope buru oke ibu

Igwe onyonyo dị oke egwu ( ELT ) bụ ụlọ nke mbara igwe nke a na-arụ.  Mgbe emechara ya, ọ ga-abụ teliskop ngwa anya / infrared kacha ukwuu n'ụwa.  akwụkwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ European Southern Observatory (ESO), ọ dị n'elu Cerro Armazones na Desert Atacama nke ugwu Chile .

Nhazi ahụ nwere teliskop na- akara enyo nwere 39.3-metre-diameter (130-foot) na enyo bụ 4.2 m (14 ft) dayameta nke abụọ mirror.  A ga-akwado teliskop ahụ site na ngwa ihe ngbanwe, ndị njikwa ndu laser isii, yana ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa.  [1] [2] Nhazi nke ụlọ ahụ ga-achịkọta ìhè 100 nde mmadụ anya, nke ya na ihe dị ka okpukpu iri ìhè teliskop kacha ibu dị ka nke 2023, ọ ga-edozikwa mgbagha ikuku.  O nwere ihe dị ka okpukpu 250 mpaghara mkpokọta ọkụ nke Hubble Space Telescope yana, dịkapụta ELT siri dị, ga-enye ngosi ugboro iri na isi nke sitere na Hubble.

 Na 11 June 2012, ESO Council mmemme mmemme ELT ibido ọrụ obodo na saịtị teliskop, na ọrụ teliskop n'onwe ya na-echere echere ikpeazụ ya na ike nke ụfọdụ mba ndị otu.  Ụbọchị owuwu na saịtị ELT mgbasa na June 2014. Ka ọ na-erule December 2014, ESO enwetala ihe ọmụmụ 90% nke mkpokọta ego yana ikike, teliskop ka ụzọ, nke ga-efu ihe ruru otu ụdị euro maka usoro ihe owuwu nke mbụ mbụ.  .  Nkume mbụ nke teliskop ahụ bụ nke edobere emume na Mee 26, 2017, na-ebido wuo ihe owuwu na teliskop bụ isi dome.  [1] Teliskop ahụ, ọkara ụzọ n'ime kpọmkwem na owuwu ya na Julaị 2023, yana mmecha na ọkụ mbụ e mere akwụkwọ maka 2028

Na 26 na 2010, European Southern Observatory (ESO) Council Cerro Armazones, Chile, dị ka ebe ntọala maka ELT zubere.  Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-akpa ụka ụka Cerro Macon, Salta, na Argentina;  Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, na Canary Islands;  na saịtị dị na North Africa, Morocco, na Antarctica

Nhazi mbụ gụnyere enyo bụ isi nke kewara nke nwere dayameta 42 metres (140 feet) na mpaghara dị ihe dịka 1,300 m  , nke nwere enyo nke abụọ nwere dayameta nke 5.9 m (19 ft) . Agbanyeghị, n'afọ 2011, etinyere atụmatụ iji belata nha n'ozuzu ya site na 13% ruo 978.&nbsp;m 2, ya na 39.3 m (130 ft) mirror isi dayameta na 4.2 m (14 ft) dayameta nke abụọ mirror.  Nke a belatara ọnụ ahịa a tụrụ anya ya site na ijeri 1.275 ruo ijeri euro 1.055 ma kwesị ikwe ka emechaa teliskop ahụ ngwa ngwa. Obere nke abụọ bụ mgbanwe dị mkpa karịsịa; 4.2 m (14 ft) na-etinye ya n'ime ikike nke ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, na nkeji enyo dị ọkụ na-ezere mkpa maka ihe ndị dị elu na-akwado ududo nke abụọ.  : 15 

Onye isi oche ESO kwuru na nkwupụta mgbasa ozi 2011 na "Site n'ichepụta E-ELT ọhụrụ anyị ka nwere ike imeju ebumnuche sayensị siri ike ma hụ na a ga-arụcha ihe owuwu ahụ n'ime naanị afọ 10-11."  Kansụl ESO kwadoro nhazi usoro ntọala edegharịrị na June 2011 wee tụọ anya n'atụmatụ ihe owuwu maka nkwado na Disemba 2011.  E mechara tinye ego na mmefu ego 2012 maka ọrụ mbụ ịmalite na mbido 2012.  Ọrụ a nwetara nkwado izizi na June 2012.  ESO kwadoro mmalite nke owuwu na Disemba 2014, na-enweta ego karịrị 90% nke mmefu ego n'aha.
Nchọgharị Akụkụ Ukwu Maka Planets

. WASP ma ọ bụ Wide Angle Chọọ maka mbara ala bụ njikọ ụwa nke ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ndekọ na-eme nyọka n'akuku maka maka exoplanets site na iji fotometry transit .  Ụdị teliskop dị iche iche nke rọbọt na-achọ inyocha mbara igwe dum, na-na-egosi ọtụtụ puku ndị n'otu oge n'ogo oyiyi site n'ihe dị ka 7 ruo 13

. WASP bụ mmemme nke Isaac Newton Group, IAC na mahadum isii sitere na United Kingdom .  Ha abụọ-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu, ndị na-ahụ maka roboti na-ekpuchi Northern na Southern Hemisphere, n'otu n'otu.  SuperWASP-North dị na Roque de los Muchachos Observatory n'ugwu aha ahụ nke na-achị La Palma na Canary Islands .  WASP-South dị na South Africa Astronomical Observatory, Sutherland na ugwu Roggeveld kọrọ nkụ nke South Africa .  Ndị a na-eji usoro ndị na-eso ụzọ nke na-egosi mbara igwe n'otu oge maka ihe omume transit planet ma na-enye ọrụ nke nde ndị ọrụ n'otu oge, na-enyere aka ihe omume njem na-ahụkebe

.  . WASP nwere ihe nleba anya roboti abụọ;  SuperWASP-North na Roque de los Muchachos Observatory na mgbasa La Palma na Canaries na WASP-South na South Africa Astronomical Observatory, South Africa.  Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ nwere nwere ọtụtụ Canon 200  mm f1.8 lenses na saịtị na ụzọ mgba 2048 x 2048 CCD dị elu, ihe ejiri bụ iKon-L [1] nke Andor Technology rụpụtara.  [2] A na- ezinụlọ teliskop ndị ahụ n'elu igwe teliskop equatorial nke Optical Mechanics, Inc.

Ndị na-ekiri ihe na-egosi mbara igwe na-aga n'ihu, na-ese foto ihe dị ka otu ugboro kwa obodo, na-anakọta data ruru 100 gigabytes kwa mmụọ.  Site n'iji ụzọ ntụgharị, data ana ụzọ site na WASP nwere ike iji ikike nchapụta nke mgbasa ozi na onyonyo mgbasa ozi, ihe ike ihe na-egosi nke nnukwu ala ala na-agafe n'ihu mgbatị nne na nna ha  nwere ike egwu.

Otu n'ime ebumnuche WASP bụ ịgbanwe nghọta nke nhazi ụwa, na-emeghe ụzọ maka ozi mbara igwe n'ọdịnihu na-achọ ụwa 'ụwa'.
Astron (ụgbọ mbara igwe)

Astron bụ igwe teliskop oghere Soviet ewepụtara na 23 Ma ọchịchị 1983 na 12:45:06 UTC, na-eji Proton launcher .  [1] Dabere na ụgbọ elu 4MV na arụ ọrụ afọ isii, Astron bụ teliskop oghere ultraviolet kasị ukwuu n'oge ya.

. Ọ bụ Alexandr Boyarchuk na-eduzi ọrụ a.  [1] [2] Ndị Crimea Astrophysical Observatory na NPO Lavochkin mere ma ụmụaka ụgbọ elu ahụ.  Otu ndị ọkà ndọrọ ndọrọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ a onyinye nyere USSR State Prize maka ọrụ ha.

. ego a na- mgba bụ 80 cm ultraviolet teliskop, nke ndị USSR na France mụrụ aka haziri, yana ihe ọrụ X-ray .  [1] Ọ nwere ike were UV spectra 150-350 nm.

Etinyere n'ime orbit nke apogee nke 185,000 kilometers (115,000 mi), Astron nwere ike ime nleba anya na ngosi umbra ụwa na eriri radieshon .

Otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpa mkpa Astron mere bụ nke SN 1987A supernova sitere na Machị 4 ruo Machị 12, 1987, [1] na nke Halley's Comet na Disemba 1985, nke ikpeazụ otu ndị na-eje ozi Soviet aka ihe atụ nke  ihe atụ.  coma
Oregon Star Party

Oregon Star Party (OSP) ntọala ntọala na 1987 ma bụrụ nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime mmemme mmemme mma kwa afọ na United States maka nyocha mbara igwe .  [1] [2] Oregon Star Party na-ewere ọnọdụ na Ochoco National Forest, nke dị nso na etiti ala nke steeti Oregon.  O zuru oke site n'ebe ndị mmadụ na-ebi iji nye ụfọdụ mbara igwe kacha gbaa ugbo na North America.  [3] ahụ dị 5,000-foot (1,500 m) elu na-enye aka n'ịhụ ihe kwụpụta, nke na-enye ụkpụrụ nleba anya dị nso.  Satịtị OSP gburu ebe na- ewepu osisi na-enye ogo ogo 360 akara.

A na-emekarị na Ọgọst ma ọ bụ September n'oge ọhụrụ ọhụrụ, OSP na--agụ ihe ruru 600-800 bịara.  Mbụ mbụ elu bụ na 2003, yana ndị bịara 900. OSP nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji akwụkwọ ndụ aka dị ka ihe nkwụnye latte, nkwụnye chuckwagon, na ịsa ahụ.  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ere akara na-ere ngwa dị iche iche iche mbara igwe, ma ike ike kwa ụbọchị n'oge mmemme ụbọchị a anọ.

Ntinye aka anaghị achọ teliskop, ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na-ekwe ka ndị ọbịa lelee teliskop ha. Ihe omume ehihie gụnyere ndị na-ekwu okwu ọbịa, dị ka ndị na-emepụta teliskop, ndị nnọchi anya NASA, na ndị na-emepụta optics. Ọzọkwa, OSP nwere njem nlegharị anya na-eduzi site na "ubi teliskop" nke na-atụle ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị teliskop dị iche iche na nhazi omenala. OSP na-enyekwa mmemme maka ụmụaka ma na-enye ihe ịma aka nleba anya sitere na ihe isi ike site na onye mbido ruo n'ọganihu.

. A kagburu Star Party na 2020 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, wee kagbuo na 2021 n'ihi ihe egwu ọkụ.
Ebe Na-enyocha Ihe Ndị Dị na Ụzọ Mmiri

thumb| Echiche onye omenkà nke OAO-1 na orbit
thumb| Ndị ọrụ nka nọ n'ime ụlọ dị ọcha na-elele OAO 2 tupu mmalite nke ozi Dec. 7, 1968.
.Satellite Orbiting Astronomical Observatory ( OAO ) bụ usoro egwuregwu mbara mbara America a anọ nke NASA malitere n'etiti 1966 na 1972, nke NASA Onye isi nke Astronomy Nancy Grace Roman na-elekọta.  Ihe nleba anya ndị a, egwu teliskop oghere nke mbụ na-aga nke ọma, nyere ụzọ mbụ dị elu nke ọtụtụ ihe na ọkụ ultraviolet .  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ abụọ OAO bụ, ihe ịga nke ọma nke abụọ nke ndị ọzọ mụbara mmata n'ime obodo mbara igwe nke uru nke ihe nleba anya dabere na mbara igwe, ma duga na mkpali nke Hubble Space Telescope.

Emepụtara O mbụ nke ọma na 8 ụgbọ 1966, na-ebu ngwa eji ultraviolet, X-ray na gamma ray .  Tupu enwee ike ịgbanye ngwa ndị ahụ, ụbọchị ike mere ka a ike ọrụ mgbe atọ gachara.  ikike elu ahụ Pụ njikwa, nke mere na aghị ibunye oghere ndị dị na mbara igwe iji me ikike ndị ga-enye ọkụ elektrọn na ngwa elektrọn dị n'ime ụgbọ ahụ.

Ewepụtara O-2 na 7 Disemba 1968 ma buru telescopes ultraviolet iri na otu.  Ọ nke ọma ruo Jenụwarị 1973, ma nye aka n'apọlụ dị mkpa ama nke mbara igwe.  N'ime ndị a bụ nchoputa na nnukwu haloes nke hydrogen gbara comets gburugburu, ọtụtụ ndị puku kilomita agafe, na nleba anya nke novae nke ngwa na nchapụta UV ha na-emechi n'oge àmà nke nchapụta anya ha.
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mbara igwe

Astronomy mere eme bụ mgbakọ nke na-ahụ data gbasara mbara igwe nke ndị ihe mere eme.  American Astronomical Society (AAS) , nke e ibu 1899, na-ekwu na ya Historical Astronomy Division "... ga-adị maka nzube nke isi ihe na isiokwu ndị na-eso ụzọ ihe mere eme nke mbara igwe. Site na mbara igwe ọkụ.  ihe mere eme anyị na-agụnye ihe mere eme nke mbara igwe; ,bụrụ abụrụla nke a maara dị ka archaeoastronomy ; na ihe nkiri ihe ndị mere eme na nsogbu nke mbara igwe nke oge a."  [1] A na-eji nlebanya ihe mere eme na oge ochie wee na-agba ọsọ usoro ogologo oge, dị ka usoro n'ehihie na ọsọ nke igwe ojii nebular.  [2] N'aka nke ọzọ, site n'iji mmemme phenomenological mara ama nke edekọkwara nke ọma, ndị na-egosi mbara igwe ihe mere eme na-etinye ụdị kọmpụta iji kpọmkwem izi ezi nke ihe nleba anya oge ochie, yana oge ochie.  nwoke na ọrịa nlebanya na akwụkwọ ndị a na-akpa ama.

## Ihe atụ

* Otu ihe atụ nke ọmụmụ ihe dị otú ahụ ga-abụ Crab Nebula, nke bụ ihe fọdụrụ nke supernova nke July 1054, SN 1054 . N'oge usoro ndị eze Northern Song dị na China, e dere ihe ndekọ banyere mbara igwe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, bụ nke depụtara ihe ndị pụrụ iche a hụrụ na mbara igwe abalị. Ndị Japan na ndị Arab na-enyocha mbara igwe dekọkwara ihe omume ahụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta na-ejikọta nke a na nhazi nke Crab Nebula. [3]
* Nke abuo, onye na-enyocha mbara igwe Edmond Halley jiri sayensị a wepụta na comet atọ pụtara ihe dị ka afọ iri asaa na isii bụ n'ezie otu ihe ahụ .
* N'otu aka ahụ, a hụrụ na mbara ala dwarf Pluto ka e sere foto ya na 1915 n'agbanyeghị na amataghị ya ruo 1930.
* A na-ese foto Quasars kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 n'agbanyeghị na amataghị na ha bụ ihe pụrụ iche ruo 1960s.
Ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide na mbara igwe

Igwe igwe mgbe niile bụ nke ọ gbala n'ime ọtụtụ ihe na agbanwe agbanwe anụ ahụ na ejiri mbara igwe.  International Astronomical Union (IAU)pụtala usoro ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, yana akwadoro, ọtụtụ oge: na 1964 [1] na na 1976 [2] (yana mmelite na 1994 [3] ).  Na 2009 ndị IAU nakweere a ọhụrụ ugbu a set, na-ahụ na ọhụrụ ngwaọrụ na-enye mma maka ndị a constants, ha ma [4] ghara idozi ndị a, ma na-arụ ọrụ Group on numerical Standards.  ụzọ na-ejigide a set nke ugbu a.  Atụmatụ kacha mma.  [5] A na-nyogharị ihe niile n'ọtụtụ ebe n' akwụkwọ dị ka Astronomical Almanac nke United States Naval Observatory na HM Nautical Almanac Office .

The IAU usoro nke constants na-ahụ usoro nke astronomical maka ogologo, uka na oge (n'ezie, ọtụtụ ndị dị otú ahụ usoro), na-agụnyekwa mgbe niile dị ka ọsọ nke ìhè na mgbe nile nke gravitation nke na-enye.  ụzọ ụzọ n'etiti astronomical ọrịa na SI nsogbu.  .  A na-enweta mmetụta dị dị iche iche ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe dabere na etiti ntụaka ejiri.  Uru ndị e hotara na oge barycentric dynamical (TDB) ma ọ bụ oge nhata dị ka T eph nke Jet Propulsion Laboratory ephemerides na-ekiri anya pụtara nke onye na-ekiri ihe ga-atụ n'elu ụwa (nke ọma, n'  elu geoid ) n'elu.  ogologo oge.  IAU na-atụkwa aro iwu na ndị iwu SI, nke bụ ebu nke a ga- ndị ( n'ogologo na oge kwesịrị ịdị ) site n'aka onye na-ekiri ya na barycentre nke Solar System: a na-enweta ndị a site na  mmetụta ndị a
Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe

isi nke otu ama ewepụtara maka iche iche na ọnọdụ mbara igwe.

* International Astronomical Union (IAU)
* International Meteor Organisation
* Netwọk maka Mmụta Astronomy School
* The Planetary Society
Ihe mgbagwoju anya nke anyanwụ na-eto eto

. Ndị na-eto eto Sun paradox ma ọ bụ ndị dara mbà n'obi bụ nsogbu Sun na-miir ihe ihe anya dị n'etiti nke mmiri mmiri n'oge mbụ n'ihe ihe mere eme nke ụwa na ikike astrophysical na-amị  ụfọdụ ga-abụ egwu 70 dị ike n'oge ahụ dịka ọ dị n'oge oge a.  .  [1] Ihe ihe anya bụ nke a: site na irẹmi na-eto eto bụ naanị 70 nke ihe ọ na-ahụ ugbu a, a ga-atụ anya na-amụ ga-ajụ oyi kpamkpam.  – mana mkpa dị ka ọ nwere mmiri mmiri [2] ma kwado ndụ.

. Ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe bụ́ Carl Sagan na George Mullen welitere okwu a na 1972. [1] Mkpebi ndị a bụ aro nke paradox a eburula n'uche ọkụ grin haus, ruo na mbara ala albedo, m astrophysical, ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke  aro ndị a.  Ọ tụ na ikuku grin haus bụ carbon dioxide kacha enye aka

Models of stellar ihe, ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ, na-ama nke ọma n'oge ahụ [1] ihe a na-pụghị ikepụ: Ọ bụ n'ihi mbelata na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke irighiri ihe kwa unit uka n'ihi na nuclear.  fusion na Sun's isi, si anọ proton na eletrọn nke ọ ALA na otu helium nucleus na abụọ electrons.  Ihe dị ole na ole ga-eme ka dị ụgbọ.  A na-ama ndị n'okpuru nnukwu ike ndọda site na onyinye nke ụmụ, nke bụ ma ihe na-eme ihe na ike nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ntakiri.  Iche ihe nlegharị anya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na nke dị ugbu a 1.4 ugboro na--adaka mmetụta taa ụfọdụ ka ọ dị ndụ afụ 4.6 gara aga (Ga), nakwa na ihe na-egosi amụamụ nke ukwuu.  [2] N'elu, ike-asopọ-ahụ image dị elu (site na nri nri na radius), nke a na-akpọ n'ụwa na-eme ka ike ọkụ .

.  Sagan na Mullen na-atụ aro ndị n'oge nsogbu ha ihe ise anya na ike dozie ya site na nnukwu mkpokọta nke amonia gas, NH 3 .  [1] Otú ọ dị, egosila na ọ bụ ebe na amonia bụ gas na-ekpo ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, a na-ebibi ya ngwa photochemically na ikuku ma ọkụ na nitrogen (N 2 ) na hydrogen (H 2)  ) gas.  [2] A ụdị aro (ọzọ site na Sagan) na ọkụ ọkụ fotochemical nwere ike nri a nke amonia ma kwe ka onye na-eme dị ka gas na-ekpo ihe ọkụ n'oge a;  [3] Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-erule 2001, a nwalere echiche a site na iji ụdị fotochemical ma wetuo ya.  [4] Ọzọkwa, a na-eche na ikuku dị otú ahụdị oyi n'elu ụwa ma ihe nlele grin haus.  [ dị ] 2010, ndị ọkà mmụta na Mahadum Colorado anyị echiche echiche, na-arụ ụka na amonia hypothesis bụ ihe na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na haze na- usoro fractal
Suzaku (satellite)

. Suzaku (nke a na-akpọbu ASTRO-EII ) bụ satịlaịtị X-ray nke mbara igwe site na Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science na JAXA na NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center iji mmiri isi isi X-ray ike dị elu, dị  ka mgbawa supernova, oghere ojii.  na mmetụta galactic .  A akụkọ ya na 10 Julaị 2005 n'ime ụgbọ ala MV na ọrụ MV-6.  Mgbe akụkụ ya gara nke ọma, a kpọpụtara satịlaịtị Suzaku aha n'ọtụ ifo Vermilion ihe nke South

naanị izu ole na ole ka emechara, na 29 Julaị 2005, nke mbụ n'ime usoro iwu oyi mere.  Ihe ndị a mechara mee ka mmiri mmiri helium gbapụ n'ime oghere ka ọ na-erule 8 Ọgọst 2005. Nke a mechiri nke ọma X-ray Spectrometer-2 (XRS-2), bụ ngwá ọrụ bụ isi nke ụgbọ elu ahụ.  Ngwa ndị abụọ ọzọ, X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (XIS) na Hard X-ray Detector (HXD), arụ ọrụ ahụ.  N'ihi ya, ụzo XRS na- ikere na Hitomi X-ray satĩlaĩtĩ, ulo oru na 2016, nke see furu efu izu mgbeko.  Onye nọchiri Hitomi, XRISM, malitere na 7 September 2023, jiri X-ray Spectrometer (Resolve) nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri dị ka ngwa mbụ.
Nkà mmụta mbara igwe ọhụrụ

Astronomia nova ( bekee : New Astronomy, aha zuru oke na Latin mbụ : Astronomia Nova ΑΙΤΙΟΛΟΓΗΤΟΣ seu physica coelestis, tradita commentariis de motibus stellae Martis ex observationation [Tyyan Martis ex observation] G.  2] bụ akwụkwọ e ndidi na 1609, nke nwere mgbaàmà nke onye na-egosi mbara igwe bụ Johannes Kepler mere afọ iri ihie nke Mars .

. Otu n'ime akwụkwọ ozi mkpa na ndị mere ihe mere eme nke mbara igwe, Astronomia nova nyere ike siri ike maka heliocentrism ma nye aka ike bara uru na ike nke mbara ala.  Nke a play aha mbụ nke ụzọ elliptical nke mbara ala na akara nke ike ha na ike nke ahụ na-ese n'elu n'efu n'ihe ka ndị na-adịghị gburugburu na-ibu.  A akụkọ ya dị ka otu n'ime ọrụ mkpa nke mmechi .

Tupu Kepler, Nicolaus Copernicus ozi aro na 1543 ka amata na mbara ala ndị ọzọ na-agba gburugburu.  A na-ahụta ihe metụtara Copernican nke Sistemu, ike dị ka ngwaọrụ iji ọnọdụ ndị na-egosi na mbara ala akụkụ anụ ahụ.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;
Usoro Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede

## Nchịkọta
JMA na-enye ịdọ áká ná ntị dị ichè ichè iji dọọ ndị mmadụ aka ná ntị màkà ọdachi ndị nwéré ike ime site na ihe ndị dị egwu dị ka nnukwu Mmiri ozuzo, ala ọma jijiji, tsunami na oké ifufe.  mgbakwunye na ịdọ áká ná ntị, ndụmọdụ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ, JMA malitere ịnye ịdọ aka na ntị mberede iji dọọ ndị mmadụ áká na ntị banyéré nnukwu ohere nke ọdachi ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ anya na ihe omume ga-akarị ụkpụrụ ịdọ akaebe.

A na-ezube ịdọ aka ná ntị mberede màkà ihe ndị pụrụ iche dị ka nnukwu ala ọma jijiji nke afọ 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake kpatara nke gburu ma ọ bụ hapụ mmadụ puku iri na asatọ furu efu, oké ifufe nke afọ 1959 na Ise Bay nke Typhoon Vera kpatara, nke ihe karịrị mmadụ puku ise nwụrụ ma ọ bụ hapụrụ furu efu, na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 2011 nke Typhoon Talas kpatara, nke mere ka ihe dị ka mmadụ 100 nwụrụ ma ọ bụrụ furu efu.

## Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede na Ịdọ Aka Na ntị / Ndụmọdụ
 A na-enye ịdọ áká ná ntị mberede ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụ anya na ihe omume ga-akarị ụkpụrụ ịdọ akaebe dị mkpa, dị ka afọ 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake na Typhoon Vera na afọ 1959.

A na-ezube ịdọ aka ná ntị mberede màkà ihe ndị pụrụ iche a na-atụ anya na ha ga-abụ nke ga-agafe ụkpụrụ ịdọ akaebe.  na-aga n'ihu na-enye ịdọ àkà ná ntị na ndụmọdụ n'ụdị ha dị ugbu a ọbụna mgbè eweputara ịdọ aka na ntị mberede.

Ndị bi ébé ahụ ekwesịghị ịhapụ nche ha ọbụlagodi na ọ nweghị Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a n'ógbè ahụ.  dị mkpa ime ihe N'ogè ọ bụla o kwere mee na-ezo aka na akụkọ ihu igwe dị mkpa, ndụmọdụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị, nkè a na-emelite na nzaghachi maka ihe ọhụụ ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ amụma.

E kpebiri ụkpụrụ màkà ịdọ áká ná ntị mberede na nzaghachi nye echiche nke gọọmentị ime obodo na-ahụ màkà njikwa ọdachi maka mpaghara nke ha. Banyere ala ọma jijiji, tsunami na mgbawa ugwu, JMA na-ejigide usoro nke aha ịdọ aka ná ntị eji ruo ubochi iri abụo na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọst, afọ 2013 mànà na-enye ozi na nhazi ọhụrụ nke Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede màkà ọnọdụ dị elu. Ndị a gụnyere Nnukwu Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Tsunami, Ịdọ Aka Na Ntị Volcanic (Nkeji 4 ma ọ bụ karịa) na Ịdọ Aka na Ntị Ala ọma jijiji (na-etinye amụma nke ala ọma jijiji na-atụle 6 ma ọ bụ ihe dị ala na JMA). 

## Edensibia

* Usoro Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede - JMA
* [Usoro Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mberede (Ọrụ Ọhụrụ iji chebe Ndụ)](https://web.archive.org/web/20210726232642/https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Emergency_Warning/Leaflet(Emergency_Warning_System).pdf) - JMA
* [Usoro Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị Mkpa Na-amalite N'oge na-adịghị anya](https://web.archive.org/web/20210831184230/https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/Emergency_Warning/Leaflet(Emergency_Warning).pdf) - JMA
Mustapha Akanbi

**[[w:Muhammad Mustapha Olaroungbe Akanbi|Muhammad Mustapha Olaroungbe Akanbi]]** SAN (24 Jenụwarị 1971 – 20 Nọvemba 2022) bụ onye ọkammụta iwu nke Naijiria na onye bụbu osote onye isi mahadum Steeti Kwara. Ọ bụbu onye òtù Senior Advocates of Nigeria na òtù Nigeria Bar Association

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Mustapha Akanbi n'afọ 1971 na Ile Magaji Kemberi, Awodi, Gambari Quarters, Ilorin East, Steeti Kwara nke Nigeria nye Mustapha Akanbi, onye ọrụ gọọmenti Naijiria.  O nwetara asambodo Ule West Africa Senior School Certificate Examination site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị gọọmenti etiti dị na Okigwe n'afọ 1989. O nwetara nzere mbụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ iwu na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo n'afọ 1993. Ọ gụchara na Nigerian Law School n'afọ 1995, ewee kpọbata ya n'Òtù ndị ọrụ n'otu afọ ahụ N'afọ 1998, ọ gụchara ma nweta nzere Masters ya n'isi ọmụmụ iwu site na Mahadum Legọs n'afọ 1998 wee nweta nzere ọkankuzi ya site na King's College, United Kingdom nke Mahadum London n'afọ 2006.>{{Cite web |last=Odinkalu |first=Chidi Anselm |title=Mohammed Mustapha Olaroungbe Akanbi (1971-2022) |url=https: //www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/567768-mohammed-mustapha-olaroungbe-akanbi-1971-2022-by-chidi-anselm-odinkalu.html?tztc=1 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-12-06 |website= Premium Times}

### Ọrụ Ya
#### Ọrụ Ya na Nkega Agụmakwụkwọ
Mustapha Akanbi bidoro ọrụ ya na nkega agụmakwụkwọ dịka onye nkuzi na ngalaba iwu nke mahadum Ilorin wee bụrụ onye ọkàmmụta n'afọ 2012. Akanbi bụbu onye isi na ngalaba iwu azụmahịa, bụrụkwa onye isi ngalaba iwu na Mahadum Ilorin ma bụrụkwa onye osote onye isi mahadum nke Mahadum Steeti Kwara, Malete ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. 

#### Ọrụ Ya na Nkega Iwu
Mustapha Akanbi fere ala nna ya dịka onye enyemaka gbasara iwu na ngalaba iwu nke [[w:|Central Bank of Nigeria] na Steeti Legọs site n'afọ 1995 ruo 1996. N'ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Gafar & Co, Ilorin; Wole Bamgbala & Co, Lagos; Olawoyin & Olawoyin, Lagos; na Ayodele, n'otu n'otu, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọ̀ká ikpe nta n'etiti Maachị afọ 1996 na 1998.

### Mmekọrịta Ya na Òtù Ndị O Sogasị na Ha
Ọ ghọrọ onye òtù ndị ọka iwu Naijiria n'afọ 1995 wee bụrụ onye òtù Senior Advocates of Nigeria n'afọ 2018.

### Akwụkwọ Ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara
* Corruption and the challenges of good governance in Nigeria;
* Rule of law in Nigeria;
* The Case For The Integration;
* Customary arbitration in Nigeria: a review of extant judicial parameters and the need for paradigm shift (2015);

## Edensibia
Razaq Olatunde Rom Kalilu

**Razaq Olatunde Rom Kalilu** bụ okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ ǹkà na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ngalaba sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, na Mahadum Teknụzụ Ladoke Akintola, Ogbomoso .  Ọ bụ onye isi oche mahadum nwa oge na Ladoke Akintola University of Technology nke a maara dị ka (LAUTECH), nke dị na Ogbomoso, Oyo State.

## Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya
Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ife (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo)  nakwa Mahadum Ibadan.  O nwere nwere PhD sitere na Mahadam Ibadan (1992). 

## Ọrụ ya
Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Ladoke Akintola University of Technology na Septemba 1, 1992. Nhọpụta ya dị ka okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Arts and Arts History bụ n'Ọktoba 1, 1999. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche mahadum nwa oge na Jun 12, 2023. Tupu ọ banye na mahadum, mgbasa ozi azụmahịa, agụmakwụkwọ elementrị, sekọndrị na kọleeji, na usoro agụmakwụkwọ polytechnic bụụrụ mpaghara nka ọkachamara nye Kalilu.

## Ahụmahụ Nchịkwa O Nwere
Kalilu abụghị naanị onye ọrụ agumakwụkwọ; ọ bụkwa onye nchịkwa. O nwebuola ọ́kwá ndị gụnyere: 

* Onye isi oche na SSATHURAI n'ógó ngalaba nakwa n'ógó mpaghara.
* Onye isi ngalaba
* Osote Onye isi oche nke Fine Arts Students Association
* Faculty Diin
* Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke ndị Diin na Provosts
* Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii nke ndị Diin
* Osote onye isi mahadum na LAUTECH.

## Mmekọrịta ya na òtù ndị O sogasị na ha

* Onye òtù Society of Nigerian Artists. 
* Onye òtù International Association of Astronomical Artists . [1]

## Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru

* Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na mmepe nke ihe omume inweta nzere Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) n'isi ọmụmụ Fine and Applied Arts nke e guzobere na Naijiria n'afọ 1992.
* Usoro mmụta mbụ na Naijiria maka inweta diplọma postgraduate, Masters, na Ph.D n'isi ọmụmụ studio arts.

## Ihe Nrite Ya

* N'afọ 1979, o ritere ihe nrite ọla edo maka asọmpi All-Africa Painting Contest. 
* N'afọ 1997, e nyere ya onyinye National Arts Wizardry [1]
* E nyere ya ihe nrite maka irụzu ihe dị ịrịba ama n'ọ̀gbọ́ a na ngalaba ndị mmadụ n'afọ 2000. [1]

## Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara
Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara gụnyere ndị a:

* Onye nwere afụ ọnụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ: Islam, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na nka anya nke ndị Yoruba. 
* Mmiri Mmiri Mmịnye Ikike na Àgwà Anya nke Glass Pulverised dị ka Akụkụ maka Glass Ceramic Glazes
* Ebe e si nweta ntụ ntụ site na ọkpụkpụ ehi
* Ntụnyere nke Ọkpụkpụ nke Red Sokoto (Capra Hiracus) na West African Dwarf (Capra Aeagurus) Goats maka Mmepụta nke Glazes
* Ụdị na ejiji ejiji nke Ankara na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu South-Western Nigeria
* Omenala Omenala na atụmatụ mgbasa ozi na Naịjirịa
* Ihe dị n'ụdị ụlọ n'ime ụlọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ n'obodo ndị a họọrọ na steeti Oyo, Naịjirịa. 

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Akinola Alada

**[[w:Akinola Alada|Akinola Alada]]** bụ ọkammụta si Naijiria n'isi ọmụmụ physiology na Mahadum Ibadan na onye bụbu Dean nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nke mahadum ahụ.

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
Amụrụ Akinola Alada na Naijiria, o nwetara nzere BSc (Hons) ya n'isi ọmụmụ Human Anatomy and Physiology site na Mahadum Cairo n'afọ 1985, O nwetara nzere MSc ya n'afọ 1988 e wee bulite ya n'ọkwa ịbụ ọkammụta nke physiology, endocrinology and  metabolism n'afọ 2005 na Mahadum Ibadan 

### Ọrụ Ya Dika Onye Gụrụ Aakwụkwọ
Ọ bụ onye isi ngalaba Human physiology site n'afọ 2001 ruo 2003 ma ahọpụtakwa ya na 2010 ruo 2012. Ugbu a ọ bụ Dean ụmụ akwụkwọ na  Mahadum Ibadan. Ọ bụ onye òtù physiological Association of Nigeria ma bụrụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Nigerian journal of physiological sciences N'afọ 2023, e depụtara aha ya dịka onye isi nke Mahadum Ilorin 

### Akwụkwọ Ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara
*Biological effects of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) extract
*Hematological effect
* Effect of aqueous leaf extract of *tridax [[Procumbent|procumbens]]* on blood pressure and heart rate in rats
* Cardioprotective effects of curcumin-nisin based poly lactic acid nanoparticle on myocardial infarction in guinea pigs
* Efficacy of different brands of mouth rinses on oral bacteria load count in healthy adults
* A comparative study of students' performance in preclinical physiology assessed by multiple choice and short essay questions.
* Studies on the anti-inflammatory properties of Entada abyssinica
* Potassium channels and prostacyclin contribute to vasorelaxant activities of Tridax procumbens crude aqueous leaf extract in rat superior mesenteric arteries HM Salahdeen

### Mmekọrịta na Òtù Ndị O Sogasị na Ha
Akinola Alada bụ onye otu Nigeria, onye otu Nigeria otu ọkachamara, onye otu American Physiological Society, physiological Society London, na [ [west Africa]]n Society of pharmacology.

### Edensibia


### Njikọ mpụga
* https://ui.edu.ng/content/dean-students-affairs-division
* https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Akinola-R-Alada-Lab
Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi

**[[w:Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi|Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi]]** (amụrụ 28 Septemba 1965) bụ ọkammụta Naijiria gụrụ Biochemistry na Toxicology na ngalaba nke Basic Medical Sciences, kọleeji ọmụmụ ọgwụ, Mahadum Ibadan. Ọ bụ onye isi kọleji ahụ ma bụrụkwa onye isi, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratories na mahadum ahụ. Ọ bụ onye òtù Nigerian Academy of Science.

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
Farombi nwetara nzere Bachelor of Scienceya n'afọ 1987, nzere master of Science ya n'afọ 1990 na nzere Doctor of Philosophy PhD ya n'afọ 1995 site na Mahadum Ibadan.

### Ọrụ Ya Dika Onye Gụrụ Aakwụkwọ
Ebenezer Olatunde Farombi malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na mahadum Ibadan n'afọ 1988. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi ukwu n'afọ 2000. Ọ kwagara Mahadum Liverpool, England maka ọzụzụ ọkankuzi ya.

Farombi bụ ọkàmmụta nleta na National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Mahadum Seoul National (2005/2006), Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọgwụ Na-edozi Ahụ. 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Farombi na-alụ Temitope Farombi, onye ndụmọdụ gbasara neurology na Gastric Centre n'ụlọ ọgwụ kọleji Mahadum Ibadan], ha na ụmụ atọ na-ebikọ ọnụ.

### Akwụkwọ ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara
* Exogenous taurine administration abates reproductive dysfunction in male rats exposed to silver nanoparticles
* Atrazine: cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, apoptosis, testicular effects and chemopreventive Interventions
* Metoprolol elicits neurobehavioral insufficiency and oxidative damage in nontarget Nauphoeta cinerea nymphs
* Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin B1-mediated neurotoxicity: The therapeutic role of natural bioactive compounds
* Amelioration of neurobehavioral, biochemical, and morphological alterations associated with silver nanoparticles exposure by taurine in rats
* Co-administration of thymol and sulfoxaflor impedes the expression of reproductive toxicity in male rats
* Neurotoxicity of furan in juvenile Wistar rats involves behavioral defects, microgliosis, astrogliosis and oxidative stress

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye ùgwù Ya
Farombi bụ onye òtù Nigerian Academy of Science NAS (2014) . Onye isi, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Laboratories na Mahadum. Onye isi oche nke Forum of Nigerian Toxicologists (FONTOX)

### Òtù Ndị O Sogasị na Ha
Osote onye isi oche, Society for Free Radical Research Africa (SFRR-Africa)https://web.archive.org/web/20231203141725/https://fosconference.lasucomputerscience.com/secondplenary.php Onye ode akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ọhaneze ka pụrụ apụ nke Nigerian Academy of Science (NAS). Onye òtù kansụl nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ sayensị kacha elu na Naijiria.

## Edensibia


### Njikọ Mpụga
*https://ucbr.archivesbamui.com/speaker/prof-ebenezer-o-farombi/
*
Ibrahim Eltayeb

**Ibrahim Abdelrazzak Eltayeb** () bụ onye Sudan gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọkammụta nke applied mathematics na Mahadum Nizwa na Oman. Ọ bụ onye òtù African Academy of Sciences, Royal Astronomical Society, The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) na Royal Society of Edinburgh.

### Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya
A mụrụ Eltayeb n'obodo nta dị n'osimiri Nile, ihe dị ka kilomita 500 n'ebe ugwu Khartoum na Sudan, bụ ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na United Kingdom n'usoro Agụmakwụkwọ n'efu wee nweta nzere BSc n'isi ọmụmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ site na Mahadum London n'afọ 1968. N'afọ 1972, o nwetara nzere PhD na mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Newcastle on Tyne.

### Ọrụ na Ime Nnyocha Ya
Eltayeb malitere dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Khartoum n'afọ 1972, e wee bugoo ya n'ọ́kwá ka ọ bụrụ ọkammụta n'afọ 1980. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ngalaba mgbakọ na mwepụ nke Mahadum ahụ site na 1982 ruo 1984. Na 1986, ọ gafere na Mahadum Sultan Qaboos na Oman, bụ ebe o guzobere Ngalaba Mathematics and Computing ma duzie ya site na 1988 ruo 1998. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ jere ozi dịka Ọkammụta nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na Mahadum Nizwa na Oman.

Eltayeb ebipụtala ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri ise n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọkachasị na ngalaba geophysics, geomagnetism, na aeronomy. O mebekwara ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ na ụzọ maka ịmụ Ime ime ụwa.

### Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya
A họpụtara Eltayeb dịka onye òtù African Academy of Sciences n'afọ 1986, Royal Astronomical Society nke London n'afọ 1988, The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) n'afọ 1996, na Royal Society of Edinburgh n'afọ 2012. O nwetara ihe nrite TWAS Prize n'isi ọmụmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ n'afọ 1995 nakwa ihe nrite COMSTECH Award n'isi ọmụmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ Mathematics n'afọ 2007. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kọmitii ezege nke International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) site n'afọ 1991 ruo 1999 ma bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nkewa I nke IAGA na internal fields na secular variation site n'afọ 1999 ruo 2003. Ọ bụ onye otu kansụl nke Study of the Earth's Deep Interior (SEDI) kemgbe 1987 ma nọrọ na kọmitii n'ahụ maka ihe nrite n'isi ọmụmụ mgbakọ na mwepụ mba nke TWAS site na 1998 ruo 2006.

### Edensibia

## External links
* Profile at TWAS
*Profile at Royal Society of Edinburgh
John Edward Sowerby

John Edward Sowerby (17 Jenụwarị 1825 - 28 Jenụwarụ n'afọ 1870), ọ bụ onye Britain na-ese ihe osise na onye na-ahụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Lambeth, London na 17 Jenụwaray n'afọ 1825. Ọ bụ nke Ezin ihe Sowerby , ọ bụ nwa mbụ nke Charles Edward Sowerby na nwa James Sowerby. John ketara akara ma ka ụzọ botanical, na afọ 1841 mbụ ọrụ ya - efere ma ka Illustrated Catalog of British Plants nke nna ya. Site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu, ọ na-eke ihe osise nke ọrụ botanical, na njikọ aka ya na Charles Johnson (1791-1880), na Charles Pierpoint Johnson, bụ ndị nyere aka na ederede ahụ. ike ọrụ ya n'onwe ya bụ An Illustrated Key to the Natural Orders of British Wild Flowers, nke e ndidi na afọ 1865. Ọ nwụrụ na 28 January na afọ 1870 na London na Lavender Hill, Clapham. Ọ mụrụ na 10 Febụwarị afọ 1853 Elizabeth, nwa amụrụ nke Roger na Ann Dewhurst nke Preston, Lancashire. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ma, n'ịghọta uru uru nke ọrụ ya, e nyere ya ezumike nká.

## Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa
Ụkpụrụ Ndepụta nke onye edemede J.E.Sowerby a na-eji egosi onye a dị ka onye dere ya mgbena-ekwu maka yaaaha osisi.[1]
thumb|334x334px|''Osmunda regalis'', site na The Ferns of Great Britain''Ferns nke Great Britain''
Ihe osise Sowerby pụtara n'ọrụ ndị a:

* The Ferns of Great Britain nke C. Johnson, "London, 1855.
* The Fern Allies [ihe mgbakwunye na nke bu ụzọ]. Nkọwa nke C. Johnson, London, 1856.
* British Poisonous Plants, nke C. Johnson dere (mbadamba iri abụọ na asatọ bụ mbipụta sitere na 'English Botany"), London, 1856.
* The Grasses of Great Britain kọwara site na C. Johnson, London, 1857-61.
* Wild Flowers worth Notice, nke Mrs. Lankester, 8vo, London, 1861; editọ ọzọ. 1871.
* British Wild Flowers nke C. P. Johnson, London, 1858-60; nhazi ọzọ. na 1863.
* The Useful Plants of Great Britain nke C. P. Johnson, London, 1861.
* English Botany, mbipụta nke atọ. na mgbakwunye, London, 1863-1886.
* Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould nke M. C. Cooke, London 1865.

## Edemsibe


*  Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere na mbipụta ugbu a nangalaba ọha na eze: Woodward, Bernard Berham (1885-1900). "Sowerby, John Edward". Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọrụ nke ma ọ bụ banyere John Edward SowerbynaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet