Michael Mortimore

**Michael Mortimore** (7 Septemba 1937, na Bermuda - 10 Septemba 2017 ) bụ onye Britain na-amụ banyere ala na onye na-eme nnyocha banyere nsogbu ndị dị na ala kpọrọ nkụ nke Afrịka.  Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na mahadum Naijiria ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Nyocha Ndụmọdụ nke British, Nnyocha Ala kpọrọ nkụ.  A maara ya nke ọma maka akụkọ na-emegide Malthusian banyere mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, More People, Less Erosion, na ọmụmụ ihe na-adabere n'ọhịa nke ime mgbanwe na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo.

## Mmalite
Nna Mortimore rụrụ ọrụ na Cable &amp;amp; Wireless plc ma n'ihi ya, a mụrụ Mortimore na Bermuda ma ọgụrụ akwụkwọ na Ascension Island, tupu ọ banye na Monkton Combe School na Somerset mgbe e zigara nna ya na Aden. Ọ gara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Leeds (BA Geography 1960, MA 1962) ebe o zutere nwunye ya, Julia. Ọ hapụrụ UK na 1962 ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi na Naịjirịa.

O tinyere aka n'ịzụlite ikike Naịjirịa iji zụọ ma kwado nyocha nke ya n'etiti mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. O bu ụzọ kụzie ma mee nchọpụta na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, Zaria, n'etiti afọ 1962 na 1979, n'oge ahụ ọ zụrụ ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, wuo ọbá akwụkwọ map, ma dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ *Savanna*. Ọ bụ Ọkammụta nke Giografi na Mahadum Bayero ọhụrụ, Kano, site na 1979 ruo 1986. Mgbe ahụ, ọ hapụrụ Naijiria, ma ezinụlọ ya bu ụzọ, mgbe okpukpe siri ike na Kano nke ezubere iche maka Ndị Kraịst.

Emesịa, ọ gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe dị ka Senior Research Associate na Ngalaba Geography, Mahadum Cambridge, Overseas Development Institute na London, na dị ka Honorary Fellow nke Centre of West African Studies, Mahadim Birmingham.

Ọ bụ onye mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ iwu nke ya na Mary Tiffen guzobere na 1990s, Dryland Research. Ọ bụ Honorary Senior Fellow na Mahadum Melbourne, Australia. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ maka DFID, CIFOR, UNCCD, DANIDA, Natural Environment Research Council, na Drylands Development Centre dị na Kano. Ọ bụ onye ọbịa ugboro ugboro na Naịjirịa, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 2016.

## Ọrụ nyocha
A maara Mortimore maka ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ya banyere usoro ọrụ ugbo, mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe mmadụ na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa, yana ọrụ ntụnyere na Kenya, Niger, na Senegal. Ọ nyochara mgbanwe nke mmadụ n'ógbè na mpaghara siri ike ma dị mgbagwoju anya.

Mortimore mepụtara ọtụtụ ederede na-emetụta ma na-akpali echiche; ndị a gụnyere Adapting to Drought (1989), Working the Sahel (ya na W.M. Adams, 1999) na akụkọ revisionist nke ndụ na Machakos, Kenya nke akpọrọ More People, Less Erosion (ya na M. Tiffen na F. Gichuki, 1994).

Nnyocha na mbipụta akwụkwọ Mortimore niile metụtara ala kpọrọ nkụ nke Afrịka. Ime mgbanwe na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo bụ nchịkọta nke echiche ya ogologo oge na ọbụna ndị nwe obere ala Afrịka kachasị daa ogbenye 'na-eme mgbanwe' nke ọma ma ọ bụ na-erughị mgbanwe ihu igwe na oké ọkọchị, kama ido onwe ha n'okpuru ya. Ọ dabeere na nyocha nke aka ya, nke na-agba ọsọ karịa afọ iri abụọ na ise, na ọkachasị nke ụnwụ nri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke Sahelian na ngwụcha afọ 1970 na 1980. *Mmanụ osisi na Kano* (ya na Reg Cline-Cole et al.) bụ nnyocha zuru oke nke ahịa mmanụ osisi nke emere na ngwụcha afọ 1980s mgbe nnukwu ụkọ mmiri ozuzo gasịrị.

Otu ọrụ Mortimore mere site na UK na 1990s nke ya na Prọfesọ Bill Adams (Cambridge) na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Naijiria, nke ha ji ego ESRC. O mere ka nchọpụta mbụ ya na Naijiria dị ọhụrụ ma gbasaa ya site na ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na-egosi ihe nlereanya nke otu ndị ọrụ ugbo si emeso nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba na mpaghara ahụ (lee Working the Sahel, 1999).

Site na 1991, Mortimore malitere nnukwu ọrụ nke ya na Mary Tiffen na Francis Gichuki, na Machakos Hills nke dị na Kenya. Ọ dịla anya e weere mpaghara a dị ka nke nwere nnukwu mbuze ya na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta - mgbe ha nwetasịrị ego site n'ọtụtụ ebe - malitere ntụle ụdị na mmekọrịta ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na-adabere na (ma na-emeziwanye) ọrụ Ester Boserup, ha chọpụtara na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ime ka gburugburu ebe obibi kara nma site na nkunye ọtụtụ mkpụrụ zuru na usoro ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ, ịkụnye ihe na-ala maka igbochi mbuze ala, na òtù obodo siri ike. Ntụnyere foto nke Mortimore nke bidoro na 1930 nakwa 1990 gosipụtara ọganihu na ala na njikwa ihe onwunwe (kama mmebi na ịda ogbenye, nke a na-eche n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọ dị), ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na usoro ọrụ gbanwere.

Nchọpụta a 'na-emegide' echiche Malthusian. Mmalite na 1993 nke More People, Less Erosion na ODI na London bụ eletrik - ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nke UK Department for International Development, World Bank, na ndị na-eme nchọpụta agụmakwụkwọ si East Africa nọ ebe ahụ, na ọmụmụ ahụ ekwughachila site na echiche revisionist banyere akụkọ ifo nke African degradation na iwu ala kemgbe ahụ. Ọ ka bụ edemede na-ese okwu ma na-ekwu maka ụzọ mmepe Afrịka.  depụtara ya ihe karịrị ugboro puku na narị asatọ.

Ọrụ ntụnyere nke Mortimore mere ka ya na ụfọdụ ndị nwere ikike ikwu okwu banyere 'ọzara', okwu jikọtara ya na Sahel na Africa. Ọ bụ onye nkatọ ogologo oge nke arụmụka na Sahara na-agbasa n'ihi nlekọta ala na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ atụrụ na-achọ ibibi isi obodo ha. Na Adapting to Drought, ọ mara ụlọ ọrụ ọzara nke mba ụwa aka ma gbaa ya aka ige ndị ọrụ ugbo ntị, ndị, site na nkwado ziri ezi, na-emeziwanye ụdị dị iche iche ma na-akwụsị mmebi ala na-enweghị itinye aka dị oke ọnụ na nke na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, na ịgbaso mmasị na ihe nlereanya Machakos, ọ bụ n'ezie ka UN Convention to Combat Desertification na-etinye aka na ha (Mortimore 2005).

## Onyinye

* 1999. Ihe nrite Busk, Royal Geographical Society na IBG.
* 2008. Netting Award maka onyinye maka ọdịbendị gburugburu ebe obibi, Association of American Geographers . 

## Ọnwụ
Mortimore  na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ obere ka ọ nwụọ, na nnọchi anya úkwù abụọ pụtara na ọ na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè, ụzọ njem kachasị amasị ya, ruo n'afọ 2017. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa siri ike na Septemba 2017.

## Akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa
AKWỤKWỌ

* Mortimore, MJ na R Behnke (ed.). 2016. *Ọgwụgwụ nke Ọzara? Ịgba arụmụka Mgbanwe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ala Ndị Ọkọchị*. Springer
* Mortimore, MJ na onyinye 2009. Ohere Mmiri Mmiri: Ihe ọhụrụ maka ndị mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; IIED, London na UNDP / DDC, Nairobi.
* Mortimore, MJ. 2005. Global Drylands Imperative: Ịchọta Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke puku afọ na ala kpọrọ nkụ nke ụwa. Drylands Development Centre, Nairobi.
* Mortimore, MJ. 2004. Gịnị mere itinye ego n'ala kpọrọ nkụ? Global Mechanism nke UN Convention to Combat Desertification, Rome. http://www.drylandsresearch.org.uk/pdfs/Website2%20GM%20Published%20Why%20Invest%20in%20Drylands.pdf
* Mortimore MJ & WM. Adams 1999. *Ịrụ ọrụ na Sahel*. Ọha na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa. London: Routledge.
* Mortimore MJ 1998. Mgbọrọgwụ n'ájá Afrịka: na-akwado ala kpọrọ nkụ nke SubSahara. Cambridge University Press.
* Tiffen, M, Mortimore MJ. na F Gichuki. 1994. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091205012546/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3497.pdf Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, obere erosion. Mgbapụta gburugburu ebe obibi na Kenya]*. Chichester: John Wiley
* English J, M. Tiffen, na MJ. Mortimore 1994. Nchịkwa ala na Machakos District, Kenya, 1930-1990. *Akwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke World Bank* no. 5. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 
* Tiffen, M. na Mortimore, M.J. 1990. *Echiche na omume na ọrụ ugbo: nyocha akụ na ụba *. London: Overseas Development Institute. 
* Cline-Cole, R.A., Main, H.A.C., Mortimore, M.J., Nichol, J.E., & O'Reilly, F.D. 1990, *Mmanụ osisi na Kano*. United Nations University Press, Tokyo. :Report - https://web.archive.org/web/20061122003615/http://www.odi.org.uk/fpeg/publications/greyliterature/fuelwood/clinecole/index.html
* Mortimore MJ 1989 *Ime mgbanwe maka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo: ndị ọrụ ugbo, ụnwụ nri, na ọzara na West Africa *. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

AKWỤKWỌ NDỊ A HỌPỤTARA

* Batterbury, S.P.J. na Mortimore, M.J. 2013. Ime mgbanwe maka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na Sahel nke West Africa. Na Palutikof J. na D.Karoly (ed.) Ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Cambridge University Press. peeji nke 149-157
* Mortimore, MJ. 2010. Ime mgbanwe maka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na Sahel: Ihe mmụta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. *Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Mgbanwe ihu igwe*. 1(1): 134 – 143
* Reynolds J.F., D.M. Stafford-Smith, E. Lambin, B.L. Turner nke Abụọ, M.J. Mortimore, S.P.J. Batterbury, T.E. Downing, H. Dowlatabadi, R.J. Fernandez, J.E. Herrick, E. Huber-Sannwald, H. Jiang, R. Leemans, T. Lynam, F. Maestre, B. Walker, na M. Ayarza. 2007. Ọzara zuru ụwa ọnụ: iwulite sayensị maka mmepe ala kpọrọ nkụ. *Sayensị*. 316 (May 11): 847-851.
* Mortimore, MJ. 2006. Nchịkwa mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo na ala kpọrọ nkụ nke Africa. *LEISA Magazine on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture* (2006) 22 (2): 32-34.

: https://web.archive.org/web/20120330032234/http://www.agriculturesnetwork.org/magazines/global/changing-farming-practices/managing-agricultural-transition-in-african/at_download/article_pdf
: Trans.
: 2006. Mgbanwe nke ọrụ ugbo na ọkara mmiri ozuzo nke Africa, Revista agricultura experiensias en agroecologia 3/3: 29-32
: 2006. Mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo n'ebe kpọrọ nkụ nke Africa, Agridape. *Agha. Magazin banyere ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide na obere ego si n'èzí* 22/2: 29-31
: 2006. Mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ala kpọrọ nkụ nke Africa, Revista de Agroecología 22/3: 18-20.

* Mortimore MJ 2005. Mmepe ala kpọrọ nkụ: akụkọ ihe ịga nke ọma sitere na West Africa. *Ebe obibi*, 47 (1).
* Mortimore, MJ & F Harris. 2005 Mmetụta ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ na-emegide ọnọdụ mmebi nke ihe oriri maka Africa? Iwu Ojiji Ala. 22, 43–56.
* Mortimore, MJ & B Turner. 2005. Ọ bụ na njikwa obere onye Sahelian nke ọhịa, osisi ugbo, ala ịkpa anụ na-akwado echiche nke ọzara nke mmadụ kpatara? Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Arid Environments. 63, 567–595.
* Mortimore, MJ. na Tiffen, M. 2004. Iwebata nyocha na iwu: nkuzi sitere na ọmụmụ distrikti nke mmepe ala kpọrọ nkụ na Sub-Saharan Africa. Ntụle Iwu Mmepe 22 (3): 259-286.*Tiffen, M. na MJ. Mortimore 2002. Ịjụ ajụjụ banyere ọzara n'ala kpọrọ nkụ nke dị n'okpuru Sahara Africa, Natural Resources Forum. 26(3), 218–233.
* Mortimore, MJ. 2001. Imeri mgbanwe na mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ugbo Sahelian. Na: Benjaminsen, T. na Lund, C (ed.), *ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ihe onwunwe na mmepụta na West African Sahel. * Ịghọta njikwa ihe onwunwe. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. 233–255
* Mortimore, MJ. na WM Adams 2001. Mgbanwe nke ndị ọrụ ugbo, mgbanwe na 'ọgba aghara' na Sahel. Global Environmental Change, 11, 49-57.
* Lambin EF, BL Turner, HJ Geist, SB Agbola, A Angelsen, JW Bruce, O. Coomes, R Dirzo, G Fischer, C Folke, P.S. George, K Homewood, J Imbernon, R Leemans, X Li, E Moran, MJ Mortimore, P.s. Ramakrishnan, JF. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2001. Ihe na-akpata iji ala eme ihe na mgbanwe ala: ịgafe akụkọ ifo. *Mgbanwe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Ụwa* 11 (4): 261-269.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ụdị dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ime na n'etiti ala nke pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) n'okpuru nlekọta ndị ọrụ ugbo na West Africa. Ihe onwunwe na Ọganihu Ọdịdị 47: 561-568.
* Mortimore, M.J, Harris, F., na Turner B. 1999. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe maka mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ na Sahelo-Sudanian shrub-grasslands na ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 8 243-256.
* Mortimore MJ na W.M.Adams 1997. Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo na mgbanwe na Sahel nke Naịjirịa. The Geographical Journal, 163:150-60.
* Mortimore, MJ, M Tiffen. 1994. Uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide: akụkọ Machakos. *Ebe obibi* 36 (8) 10-20, 28-32.
* Mortimore, MJ, M Tiffen na F Gichuki. 1994. Uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mgbake gburugburu ebe obibi: nkuzi iwu sitere na Kenya. Gatekeeper usoro **45**. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
* Tiffen, M. na Mortimore, MJ. 1994. Malthus na-arụ ụka: Ọrụ nke isi obodo na teknụzụ na uto na mgbake gburugburu ebe obibi na Kenya. World Development, 22 (7): 997-1010.
* Mortimore MJ 1993. Uto nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mbelata ala. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Mortimore, M.J. 1993, Mmụba nke ọrụ ugbo na-eme n'obodo: mpaghara Kano Close-Settled, 1964-86, na Turner B.L.II, R. W. Kates, & G. L. Hyden, (eds.) Uto nke ndị mmadụ na mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo n'Africa. University Press of Florida, Gainesville, peeji nke 358-400.&nbsp;
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkụ ise nke ụnwụ nri. Na Bohle HG, Cannon T, Hugo G na Ibrahim, FN.  (eds.) *Ụnwụ nri na nchekwa nri n'Africa na Eshia*. Bayreuth: Mahadum nke Bayreuth. 11–36.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchịkọta ala na uto obodo na Bradford na gburugburu ya na West Riding Conurbation, 1850-1950. *Mmekọrịta nke Institute of British Geographers* 46: 105-119.

## Edemsibịa

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations