open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ Suobi

**Suobi 梭比**bụ asụsụ Southern Loloish nke ndịda etiti Yunnan, China. Edere ya na Bai (2010). Suobi nwere njikọ chiri anya na Haoni . 

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Suobi n'ime obodo 2 nke Yinyuan Township 因远镇 nke Yuanjiang County, ya bụ Pugui Village 浦贵村 (na Pugui 浦贵,  Ga'e 嘎俄,   Puhai 浦 ) 旑 旑旳 na Puhai 旑 (na Yuga 玉嘎,  Sanlingsan 三零三, Shuitong 水桶,  na Beize 北泽  ) (Bai 2010:118).

Ndị na-asụ Suobi na Yinyuan Township 因远镇 bụ Baihong na ndị na-asụ Haoni gbara ya gburugburu (Bai 2010).

A na-asụkwa Suobi na Xinping Yi na Dai Autonomous County (na Meiziqing 梅子箐 nke Jianxing 建兴乡, na Dazhai 大寨 nke Fuxing 复兴). 

## Ntụaka
anya na asụsụ Koro n'okwu nke nwere ike ọ gaghị

* Bai Bibo [白碧波] (2010). *Sociolinguistics nke asụsụ nke Yinyuan Town, Yuanjiang County* [元江县因远镇语言使用现状及其演变]. Beijing: Ụlọ mbipụta nke agbụrụ [民族出版社]. ISBN&nbsp;
Asụsụ Phunoi

**Phunoi** (Sinsali) is a Loloish language of northern Laos. Dialects are divergent and may be distinct languages; these are Black Khoany, White Khoany, Mung, Hwethom, Khaskhong. Bradley cites six languages within Phunoi.

In Phongsaly Province, Phunoi is spoken in Phongxaly District and Bun Tay District (including in Langne Village) (Kingsada 1999).

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo nke ngwaa ndị

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Boute, Vanina. 2010. Names and Territoriality among the Phounoy: How the State creates Ethnic Group (Lao PDR), in C. Culas et F. Robinne (eds.), Inter-Ethnic Dynamics in Asia. Considering the Other through ethnonyms, territories and rituals, London: Routledge, pp.&nbsp;79–99.
* Kingsadā, Thō̜ngphet, and Tadahiko Shintani. 1999. *Basic Vocabularies of the Languages Spoken in Phongxaly, Lao P.D.R.* Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
* Kingsada, Thongpheth. 2002. Languages and Ethnic Classification in the Lao PDR. International Workshop on the "Cultural Diversity and Conservation in the making of Mainland Southeast Asia and Southwestern China: Regional Dynamics in Past and Present". Luang Prabang, Lao P.D.R.
* Dai Qingxia. 2018. The Punei language of Laos [Laowo Puneiyu yanjiu 老挝普内语研究]. Beijing: Science Press 科学出版社.
Asụsụ Wanyä

**Wanyä** (  : **' ; a na-akpọkwa **Muchi*' ) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke dị n'ebe ugwu Laos . A na-asụ ya na obodo Ipoeching, Bun Tay District, Phongsaly Province (Shintani 2001).

== Nhazi ==
Wanyä bụ nwanne nke ụyọkọ asụsụ Sila nke gụnyere Sila, [[Asụsụ Khir|Khir]], [[Asụsụ Cosao|Cosao]], [[Asụsụ Paza|Paza]] (Phusang), na [[Asụsụ Phanaʼ|Phana']] (Bana). 

== Ntụaka ==
ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Vietnam. A na-ahụ ndị n

== Isi mmalite ==

* Shintani, Tadahiko, Ryuichi Kosaka, na Takashi Kato. 2001. *Nnyocha asụsụ nke Phongxaly, Lao PDR'' Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
Asụsụ Bangni-Tagin

**Tagin** (Tagen), makwaara dị ka **West Dafla** na **Bangni** (tinyere Na ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet a na-asụ na India. 

Stuart Blackburn na-ekwu na ndị na-ekwu okwu 350 nke Mra bụ "mgbe niile, na-ezighị ezi, na-abanye n'okpuru akara nchịkwa nke Tagin." O doghị anya ma Mra bụ olumba  nke Bangni-Tagin, ma ọ bụ asụsụ Tani dị iche kpamkpam.

## Ntụaka
asusu obodo nke ngwaa
Asụsụ Woi

**Woi** (Wooi) bụ asụsụ Malayo-Polynesian nke Papua, Indonesia a na-asụkarị n'ime obodo Wooi na Woinap dị na Yapen Island na obodo Yenuari na Moisnum Island . 

## Ntụaka
ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Vietnam. A na-ahụ ndị n

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Paradisec nwere mkpokọta ohere mepere emepe sitere na Emily Gasser nke gụnyere ngwa asụsụ Woi
Tangam

**Tangam** bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibetan nọ n'ihe egwu nke otu obere Tani a na-asụ na steeti Arunachal Pradesh na North-East India . Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ọkà okwu Tangam ka akwadoro ọzọ na 150 [ 3 ] na 253. [ 4 ] Obodo mbụ Tangam bụ Kuging , nke dị na 28°57'22"N na 94°59'25"E, ije ije ihe dị ka awa anọ site na Tuting na Upper Siang district . A na-ahụkwa ndị na-asụ Tangam na ụfọdụ obodo ndị gbara agbata obi, yana n'obodo Tuting.

Ọtụtụ ndị Tangam bụ ndị ebo ugwu, nwere omenala ihe onwunwe yiri nke ọtụtụ ndị Tani bi na ndagwurugwu Siang . Otú ọ dị, n'ihi mmekọrịta chiri anya ugbu a na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndị Memba ( Bodic -speaking ) ndị Tibet na Arunachal Pradesh, Tangam ewerewokwa àgwà omenala Tibet .

N'ime naanị nnukwu ọrụ na-emeso asụsụ Tani, Sun (1993) enweghị ohere ịnweta data Tangam ma chere na ọ bụ ụdị Damu dị iche iche. [ 5 ] Post (July 2013) tụrụ aro na nke a nwere ike ọ bụghị ya, yana na Tangam bụ asụsụ Tani dị iche, na-enweghị nghọta nke ukwuu na asụsụ Tani ọ bụla ọzọ. [ 1 ] N'usoro ọmụmụ, Tangam nwere ike dabara na asụsụ Western Western, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị ka asụsụ Tani Eastern nke ọ na-akpakọrịta karịa. [ 6 ]

E bipụtara nkọwa zuru oke nke Tangam (ụdaasụsụ, lexicon na ederede) na 2017. [ 3 ]

## Ntụaka
yana na Tangam bụ asụsụ Tani dị iche, na-enweghị nghọta nke ukwuu na asụsụ Tani ọ bụla

* 
*  
*  
* 
*
Asụsụ Termanu

**Termanu** bụ asụsụ Central Malayo-Polynesian nke Roti Island, na Timor, Indonesia. Ndị na-asụ olumba Korbafo na Bokai dị iche n'agbụrụ.

## fonology

### Consonants

* /ᵑɡ, l/ nwere ndịiche nke [ɡ, ɾ] na olumba ndị ọzọ.
* Ụda [w, j] na-apụtakwa na okwu mbinye ego na ntinye aka.

### Udaume
A na-ekesakwa ogologo ụdaume. 

## Ntụaka

## Isi mmalite
yana na Tangam bụ asụsụ Tani dị iche, na-enweghị nghọta nke
Asụsụ Phunyot

**Phunyot** ( ** ) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ugwu Laos .

A na-asụ Phunyot na Namo District, Oudomxai Province, gụnyere n'ime obodo Namkang (Kato 2008).

## Ntụaka
anyanwụ India, Bangladesh na Myanmar, ma mejupụtara asụsụ

* Kato, Takashi. 2008. *Nnyocha asụsụ nke asụsụ Tibeto-Burman na Lao PDR* Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Yiche

**Yiche** ( *Yicyu* ; Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Hanoish nke ndị mmadụ 23,000 na-asụ na Honghe County, Yunnan, China (Lan 2009:11).

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Yiche n'ebe ndị a na mpaghara Honghe, Yunnan, China (Lan 2009:11).

* Obodo Dayangjie 大羊街乡
* Obodo nta Langdu 浪堵村,  Obodo Langdi 浪堤乡
* Obodo nta Hadie 哈垤村,  Chegu Township 车古乡

Ndị Yiche na-ekwu na ndị nna nna ha si n'obodo nta dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri Dian dị nso na Kunming, ma kwaga na ndịda ma gafee Osimiri Uhie (Honghe) mgbe agbụrụ ndị ọzọ meriri (Lan 2009: 3).

Lan degharịrị okwu Yiche ndị a (2009 ) na pinyin . (Rịba ama: *ss* bụ IPA [z].)

## Ntụaka
yana na Tangam bụ asụsụ Tani dị iche, na-enweghị nghọta nke ukwuu na 

* Lan Qing [澜清]. 2009. *Ịmụ nwa: Ezinụlọ nke China Yicyu* [丰饶：哈尼族奕车人的亲属关系]. Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社]. ISBN&nbsp;
Asụsụ Chepya

**Chepya** (onye aha ya bụ: ** )  bụ asụsụ Southern Loloish nke ugwu Laos .

Chepya nke obodo Sano Kao, Bun Tay District, Phongsaly Province, Laos ka edebere na Kingsada & Shintani (1999).

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo

## Isi mmalite

* Kingsada, Thō̜ngphet, na Tadahiko Shintani . 1999. *Okwu ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Phongxaly, Lao PDR* Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Culture of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
N'asụsụ

**En** ( autonym : *aiɲ <sup>53</sup>* ma ọ bụ *eɲ <sup>33ʔ</sup>*,  nke a makwaara dị ka **Nùng Vẻn** ) bụ asụsụ Kra a na-asụ na Vietnam. Tupu achọpụtara ya na 1998, asụsụ En enweghị ọdịiche na Nùng, nke bụ asụsụ Central Tai nwere njikọ chiri anya na Zhuang . N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, onye na-asụ asụsụ Vietnamese Hoàng Văn Ma achọpụtala na ọ bụghị asụsụ Tai, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga n'ọrụ ubi na-amata ọdịiche En dị ka asụsụ dị iche. Ndị nchọpụta ekpebiela na En ga-abụ otu n'ime asụsụ Buyang .

Ndị na-ekwu okwu En bi na ugwu Vietnam n'akụkụ ókèala Jingxi County, Guangxi . Na 1998, a chọtara ndị ọkà okwu En 12&nbsp;km n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Hà Quảng na obodo Nội Thôn, Hà Quảng District, Cao Bằng Province .

## Ekwentị
En nwere ụda isii:   (/54, 243, 332, 33, 212, 32/).

## Ntụaka
na-ekwu okwu na-ebikarị na China. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Akha, yana na

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, na Yongxian Luo ed. *Asụsụ Tai-Kadai* . Usoro Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Routledge. Psychology Press, 2008.
Asụsụ Guohe

**Guohe** ( Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Southern Loloish nke Yunnan, China. A na-asụ ya na Dengqu Village 登去村, Majie Township 马街乡, Yuanjiang County元阳县, Yunnan (Wang 2011).  A maara ya dị ka Guohong 郭宏 na Yuanyang County, Yunnan ( *Yuanyang County Gazetteer* 1990:625). 

Edere asụsụ Guohe na Wang (2011).

## Ntụaka
chiri anya na Akha, yana na ọ bụ akụkụ

## Isi mmalite

* Wang Linghong 王凌虹. 2011.国际哈尼/阿卡区域文化调查: 中国元阳县马街哈尼族郭合人文化实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云南人民出版社. ISBN&nbsp;
Agha Beatriz

Agha Beatriz (Portuguese: A Guerra da Beatriz) bụ Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri 2013 nke Luigi Acquisto na Bety Reis duziri.  Ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ zuru oke nke East Timor.[1]  Emere ya na 17 September 2013 na Dili.  E sere ihe nkiri ahụ n'onye mbụ nye ndị East Timor 30,000 na ịdi n'akwụkwọ.  E gosiri ya na 2013 Adelaide Film Festival .  [2] meri Golden Peacock (Ihe nkiri kacha mma) na 44th International Film Festival of India.

## Atụmatụ
Ihe nkiri a na-egosi n'okpuru Martin Guerre [1] na pụrụ afɔ nke iri na isii na France, nke a na-etinye n'ime ọnọdụ East Timor n'oge ndị Indonesia bi.  Ihe nkiri a na-agba gburugburu ndụ nwa anya East Timor aha ya bụ Beatriz.  Akụkọ ahụ gosiri na Beatriz zutere di ya n'ahụ, Tomas, dị ka ihe.  Ha ngosi di na egosi na nwata ma n'oge na-ahụ anya anya mgbe ha ngosi, ihe Indonesia na East Timor gosiri.  Beatriz na-alụ ogụ maka ezi ya na mba ya

## Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri

* Irim Tolentino dị ka Beatriz: nwa agbọghọ Timorese nke sonyeere ọgụ megide ndị Indonesia 
** Sandra da Costa dị ka Beatriz na-eto eto
* Augusta Soares dị ka Teresa: Nwanne nwanyị Tomas onye, na arịrịọ Beatriz, ghọrọ nwunye Sumitro  
** Doretea Soares dị ka Teresa na-eto eto
* José da Costa dị ka Tomás dos Anjos: di Beatriz nke ndị agha Indonesia jidere ma pụọ 
** Eugenio Soares dị ka Tomás na-eto eto
** Raimundo dos Santos dị ka Tomás dị afọ iri na itoolu
* Osme Gonsalves dị ka Nna Nicolau: onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik nwere ọmịiko 
* Gaspar Sarmento dị ka Captain Sumitro: onye ọrụ Indonesian na-elekọta obodo Kraras 
* Funu Lakan dị ka Celestino dos Anjos: nna Tomás na onye agha nnupụisi Falintil  
* Bety Reis dị ka Estela: nne Beatriz 
* Newtom Varudo Filipe dị ka onyeisi ndị agha Indonesia 
* Evangelina Soares Gama dị ka Kemala: nwa nwanyị Sumitro na Teresa 
* Nazarello Martins dị ka Celestino Jr.: nwa Tomás na Beatriz 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Ema Nudar Umanu

Ema Nudar Umaru (transl.  "Onye Ịbụ / n'ime ọdịdị mmadụ"[1]) bụ ihe nkiri 2018 East Timorese experimental fantasy film dere ma duzie ya site n'aka Thomas Henning, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Australia, na Jonas Rusumalay Diaz, onye bụkwa onye mmepụta ya.  Ọ bụ ihe nkiri izizi nke mkpokọta ihe nkiri Malkriadu Cinema, yana so na ihe nkiri izizi nke East Timor ga-eme, mgbe agha Beatriz [2] na Abdul & José gasịrị.[3] [4] [5]  Emere ihe nkiri a na Melbourne International Film Festival na 16 Ọgọst 2018.

## Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri

* Apo Quintao dị ka Tokadór
* Lola Bety Pires dị ka Mmụọ ("Mate-klamar") 
* Tuta Monteiro Pires dị ka Ela
* Juvencio da Silva Correia dị ka Amanu

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Francisco Borja da Costa

Francisco Borja da Costa (October 14, 1946 - Disemba 8, 1975) [1] bụ onye na-ede uri East Timorese na onye dere "Pátria", ukwe mba nke East Timor..

## Ọrụ
A njikọ ya n'afọ Ọktoba n'afọ 1946, [1] o dere ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na Tetum.[2]  Ndị agha Indonesia gburugburu Borja da Costa na Disemba 8, 1975, ụbọchị mgbe ndị Indonesia egwu ịwakpo East Timor.  [3] Onye dere abụ mba ahụ, Afonso Redentor Araujo, bụ onye ndị Indonesia gbukwara afụ anọ ka e ịhụ.  E nso ukwe mba East Timorese, ọrụ ya a ma nwere ike ịbụ uri "Um Minuto de Silêncio" (English: "A Minute of Silence"). 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Ashing

**Ashing** ma ọ bụ **Aashing** bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet na-ekewaghị ekewa, ikekwe nke alaka ụlọ Tani, nke a na-asụ n'isi mmiri nke osimiri Siang dị na North Eastern India na nso ókèala Tibet, site na Ramsing na ndịda ruo Tuting n'ebe ugwu.  Obodo Ashing kacha nwee mmadụ bụ Pango na Bomdo.

## Ntụaka
nke ukwuu na asụsụ Tani ọ bụla

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
Otú:All articles with unsourced statements
Asụsụ Gokhy

**Gokhy** (  ) bụ asụsụ Southern Loloish nke mpaghara ala China, Thailand na Myanmar . Ndị otu Akha ndị ọzọ na-akpọkwa ha *Akhə Akha* .  Ndị na-ekwu okwu na-ebikarị na China. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Akha, yana na ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu asụsụ *Hanoid* ( Ndịda Loloish ), mana ejighị n'aka na nhazi ya n'ime Hanoid. 

E nwere otu obodo nta Gɔ̀khý dị n’ebe ugwu Thailand nke nwere ihe dị ka otu narị mmadụ. Ndị Gɔkhý nke Thailand si na nso Menghai, Yunnan kwaga Mianmaa.

## Ntụaka
na-ekwu okwu na-ebikarị na China. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Akha, yana na ọ b

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Hansson, Inga-Lill. 1990. "Akhə Akha na Pahi Akha &#x2014; Abụọ Little Known Burmese-Yipho Languages." Na *Nna-ukwu kwuru, ịmụ ihe na--: nye Soren Egerod na emume ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke iri isii na asaa*, nke Birthe Arendrup et al deziri. 89-105. Ụlọ ọrụ East Asia, Mahadum Copenhagen.
* Hansson, Inga-Lill. 1992. Ntụnyere Gɔkhy na Akha. Na Dai, Qingxia na Shi, Jinbo na Wu, Jingzhong na Yang, Yingxin na Xu, Shixuan na Fu, Ailan na Wu Hede (eds.), 彝缅语研究*YiMianyu yanjiu [Studies on Yi-Burmese Languages]*, 465-558. Chengdu: Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ mba Sichuan.
Asụsụ Dela-Oenale

Dela-Oenale (Western Rote, Delha, Oe Nale, Rote, Rote Barat, Roti) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Indonesia.  Western Rote bụ onye otu Timor-Babar nke ọnwụ Malayo-Polynesian nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 7,000 na-asụ n'ụbọchị oké osimiri, isi nke Rote Island dị nso na Timor..

## Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ
Asụsụ Western Rote nwere ihe Bekee 26 niile (Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz), ọmụmụ glottal, 5 di graphs, nd, na graphs, nd, na graphsmb  trigraph (g).

gh (nke g dochiri), kh (k), q (k), sy, v (f), x, na z (s) na-eji naanị na okwu ndị a gbazitere na aha mba ọzọ.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ na ịkpọpụta
Asụsụ East Damar

East Damar bụ otu n'ime aha abụọ Austronesian a na-asụ na Damar Island na Maluku, Indonesia..

Ọ dịghị ihe ya na ndị ọzọ nke Damar Island,iche dị iche iche nke West Damar.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Galoli

Ndị Galoli, ma ọ bụ Galolen, bụ ndị East Timor nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 50,000, na-achọ n'ugwu nke Manatuto.  N'ebe egwuregwu bụ ndị Mambai.  E nwere akụkọ ochie n'oge osimiri ndị na-eso nke ọgụ Wetar, ndị Talo, ndị na-asụ olumba Talur..

Asụsụ ha, nke a ịdị ka Galoli, bụ otu n'ime akara Timor-Babar nke Austronesian.  Ọ bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ mba ndị iwu East Timor àmà.  N'ihi na e ji mpaghara mee ihe dị ka ebe ịzụ ahịa dị iche iche, ọtụtụ okwu ndị na-eje ozi mba ọzọ na okwu, ngwaahịa na saịtị Moluccan na Malay.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọtụtụ ndị ozi asụ ya dị ka akara mba ndị ọzọ, mgbasa Roman mkpọkpọ ya na mpaghara Manatuto ma si otú a bụrụ ihe a na-edozi na ozi ọma na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu..

A na-edepụta Dadu'a n'ụzọ na-akụzi ezi n'ebe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba nke Galloli (ihe Glottolog), mana n'ezie na-anya anya ndị na-enye nke olumba Atauro nke Wetarese..

## Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ
'akara na-anọchite anya nkwụsị glottal, [ʔ] . 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke Galoli
* Paradisec open access Galoli textsIhe odide Galoli
* Paradisec open access Galoli phrasesOkwu Galoli
Asụsụ Cantan

**Cantan** (autonym: ** ) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ugwu Laos . Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Sinsali .

## Ntụaka
nwere njikọ

* Udomkool, Kitjapol. 2006. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131622/http://ic.payap.ac.th/graduate/linguistics/theses/Kitjapol_Thesis.pdf Ntụnyere ụda olu nke ụdị Bisoid ahọpụtara]* . akwụkwọ edemede MA. Chiang Mai: Mahadum Payap.
* Wright, Pamela Sue. nd *Singsali (Phunoi) Okwu dị iche iche nke Phongsali Province* . ms
Asụsụ Phukha

**Phukha** bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ndị Phula bi na Vietnam na China na-asụ. 

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Phukha na nso obodo Lao Cai ; Xin Mun District nke Ha Giang Province na Lai Chau na Son La Provinces na Vietnam na obodo nta na Maguan, Malipo na Hekou Counties na China. Ndị Phula bi na Yen Bai Province anaghị asụ Phukha kama ha na-asụ Laghuu .

## fonology

### Consonants
Phukha nwere consonants ndị a. 

Phukha nwere ụdaume ndị a. 

### Ụda
Phukha nwere ụda ise:  elu  (/55/), etiti  (/33/), ala  (/22/), ala na-arị elu  (/24/), na ala ada  (/21/).

## Ihe ndetu
na nso obodo Lao Cai ; Xin Mun District nke

## Ntụaka

* Robert Wayne Fried. 2000. "Ihe osise izizi nke Phu-kha, Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman A na-asụ na Northern Vietnam," Mahadum Texas na Tesis Arlington MA.
* Jamin R. Pelkey. 2005. " Ihe mgbagwoju anya n'elu Phula: N'ihe gbasara nchịkọta na nkwupụta nke ngalaba dị n'okpuru ala, " *Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area* 28/2: 41-78.
Asụsụ Bukong

**Bukong** ( Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Southern Loloish nke Yunnan, China. A na-asụ Bukong na Jiangcheng Hani na Yi Autonomous County, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, na Zhenyuan Yi, Hani na Lahu Autonomous County .

## Ntụaka
nwere njikọ chiri 

* Ị Weiqiong [尤伟琼]. 2013. *Nkewa agbụrụ nke Yunnan* [云南民族识别研究]. Beijing: Nationalities Press [民族出版社].
Asụsụ Cốông

**Cốông** bụ asụsụ Loloish nke Vietnam . Ndị na-ekwu okwu ruru 1,500 na-asụ ya na Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, Vietnam. Ọ metụtara ma ọ dị nnọọ iche na Phunoi .

## Nkesa
Dịka Jerold Edmondson (2002) siri kwuo, a na-asụ Cốông n'ime obodo ise nke Mường Tè District, Lai Châu Province, Vietnam.

* Bo Lếch, Can Hồ nkwurịta okwu
* Nậm Khao, Nậm Khao commune
* Nậm Pục, Nậm Khao commune
* Tác Ngá, Mường Mồ commune
* Nậm Kè, Mường Tong commune

Dịka Phạm Huy (1998:10) siri kwuo, a na-asụ Côống n’obodo nta ndị a, nke niile dị na Mường Tè District ma ewezuga Huổi Sâư.

* Bo Lếch, Can Hồ nkwurịta okwu
* Nậm Luồng, Can Hồ commune (akụkụ nke Bo Lếch tupu)
* Nậm Khao, Nậm Khao commune
* Nậm Pục, Nậm Khao commune
* Tác Ngá, Mường Mô commune
* Nậm Kè, Mường Toong commune
* Huổi Sâư, Chà Cang commune, Mường Lay district

## Nkebi
Phạm Huy (1998:12) depụtara mpaghara agbụrụ Côống abụọ ndị a.

* Xí Tù Mạ (Silver Côống)
* Xám Khổng Xú Lứ (Golden Côống)

## Akpaokwu
Golden Côống na Silver Côống dị iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, dịka e gosipụtara site na nkebiokwu ndị a sitere na Phạm (1998:13) n'asụsụ Vietnamese ( *quốc ngữ* ).

* *Golden Coong*
** Háng lế ('Ònye nọ ebe ahụ?')
** Hàng chà ('rie osikapa')
** Ý sộ tắng ('aṅụ mmiri')
* *Silver Coong*
** À sáng lê ('Ònye dị?')
** Hắng tà ('rie osikapa')
** Ịṅụ mmiri ('ụnụ mmiri')
 

## Ntụaka
kwaga na ndịda ma gafee Osimiri Uhie (Honghe)

* Edmondson, Jerold A. 2002. "Asụsụ Central na Southern Loloish nke Vietnam". *Usoro nke Nzukọ Kwa Afọ nke iri abụọ na asatọ nke Berkeley Linguistics Society: Oge Ọpụrụiche na Tibeto-Burman na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia* (2002), p.&nbsp;1–13.
* Phạm Huy. 1998. *Bước đầu tìm hiểu văn hóa dân tộc Côống* . Lai Châu: Sở Văn Hóa Thông Tin Lai Châu.
* Dị iche iche. 2014. *Văn hóa dân gian người Cống tỉnh Điện Biên (Quyển 1)* . Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin. ISBN&nbsp;
* Dị iche iche. 2014. *Văn hóa dân gian người Cống tỉnh Điện Biên (Quyển 3)* . Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản văn hóa thông tin. ISBN&nbsp;
Asụsụ Nuoxi

**Nuoxi Yao** ( Chinese ), ma ọ bụ **Nuoxihua 𦰡溪话**, bụ asụsụ Kam–Sui nke obodo Nuoxi, Dongkou County, Hunan Province, China. N'agbanyeghị na gọọmentị China kewara ha dị ka ndị Yao agbụrụ, ndị Nuoxi Yao na-asụ asụsụ Kam-Sui nwere njikọ chiri anya na Dong . Shi (2015: 132) na-ewere Nuoxi Yao ka ọ kewapụrụ na Dong ihe dị ka afọ 600.

## Aha
Nuoxi Yao na-akpọ onwe ha **' 1  ( Shi 2015:107 ) ma ọ bụ **' 2 **' 1 (Shi 2015:125), ma rụtụ aka n’asụsụ nke ha dị ka **' 1 (Shaị 2015:107). Obodo Nuoxi (a na-akpọ syllable nke mbụ *nuó* na Mandarin (Shi 2015:107)) n'asụsụ Hunanese mpaghara ka **' 2 **' 1.

## Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ
Shi (2015:107) na-ekwu na ngụkọta nke ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,500 na agbụrụ Yao 5,000 na obodo Nuoxi. Dị ka *Shaoyang Prefecture Gazetteer* (1997) si kwuo, a na-asụ ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche metụtara Southern Kam na Nuoxi, Dongkou County (nke nwere agbụrụ 4,280 Yao na 1982 (Chen 2013: 39)) na Lianmin, Suining County .

The *Suining County Gazetteer* [绥宁县志] (1997) na-edepụta ụdị dị iche iche nke Lianmin Yao dị ka ekwuru na Xiaohuang, Tianluoxuan Village, Lianmin Ethnic Miao na Yao Township, Suining County, Hunan Province, China. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nuoxi Yao.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Chen Qiguang (2013:39)  na-akọ na ndị nna nna nke ndị na-asụ *Nuoxihua* si na Tianzhu, Liping, na Yuping ógbè ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou kwaga ebe ha nọ ugbu a n'oge mmalite narị afọ nke 15. Dịka Shi Lin (2015:126) siri kwuo, ndị Nuoxi Yao esiwo na Gaoyi Township, Huitong County, Hunan Province kwaga na 1403.

## Hụkwa

*  (nwere data lexical nke Nuoxi Yao na Lianmin Yao)

## Ntụaka

* Long Mingyao [龙明耀]. 1984. "Asụsụ Nuoxi Yao na mmekọrịta ya na Dong" [𦰡溪瑶语与侗语的关系]. Na *Guizhou Minzu Yanjiu* [贵州民族研究] 1984, mba. 3, p.&nbsp;243-253.
* Shi Lin [石林]. 2015. *Xiang-Qian-Gui bianqu de san ge zuqun fangyandao* [湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛] / *Asụsụ atọ dị na mpaghara oke Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi* . Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press [中国社会科学出版社]. ISBN&nbsp;
Asụsụ Macro-Bai

Asụsụ **Macro-Bai** ma ọ bụ naanị **Bai** ( Chinese ) bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Sino-Tibet tụpụtara na 2010 site n'aka ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zhengzhang, onye rụrụ ụka na Bai na Caijia bụ asụsụ nwanne .  N'ụzọ dị iche, Sagart (2011) rụrụ ụka na Caijia na asụsụ Waxiang nke n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Hunan mejupụtara mmalite nkewa pụọ na Chinese ochie .  Na mgbakwunye, Longjia na Luren bụ asụsụ abụọ ekpochapụla n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou na Caijia (Guizhou 1984).    

## Asụsụ

* Bai 
* Cai–Asụsụ ogologo :  Caijia, Longjia, Luren 

Hölzl (2021) gosiri na Caijia, Longjia, na Luren nwere njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha dịka akụkụ nke otu asụsụ nke ọ na-akpọ *Ta-Li* ma ọ bụ *Cai-Long* . Ọ na-ekwukwa na Longjia na Luren nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa nke Caijia, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ekwusi ike na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga emebeghị iwu ụda mgbe niile n'etiti asụsụ atọ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-amata nke ọma n'etiti ihe ndị ketara eketa na nke agbaziri. 

Myirịta dị n'etiti Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, na Bai bụ Wu & Shen (2010) akọwapụtala ya.  Gong Xun (2015) kwuru na Bai nwere ma oyi akwa okwu Sino-Bai yana oyi akwa okwu na-abụghị nke Sinitic, nke nwere ike ịbụ Qiangic .  Gong tụkwara aro na oyi akwa China ochie dị na Bai yiri ụdị etiti China ochie nke narị afọ nke atọ na Ji, Yan, Si na Yu nke gosipụtara ihe ọhụrụ phonological sitere na Old Chinese * l̥ˤ- > * xˤ-, karịa ụdị ndị China ochie nke ọwụwa anyanwụ (ya bụ Qingzhou na Xuzhou, wdg) nke mechara metuta Middle ʤ > MC nke. Nkewa olumba ọwụwa anyanwụ-ọdịda anyanwụ na Chinese ochie ka Baxter & Sagart hụkwara ya (2014:113-114). 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta agbụrụ nke Guizhou na-amaghị ama
*  (Wiktionary)

## Ntụaka
na nso obodo Lao Cai ; Xin Mun District nke ngwaa ndị mmadụ ọwụwa anyanwụ Guizhou
Asụsụ Biao Min

**Biao Min**, ma ọ bụ **Biao-Jiao Mien**, bụ asụsụ Hmong–Mien nke China. Ụdị abụọ a, Biao Min na Jiaogong Mian, bụ ihe doro anya na ha aghọtachaghị nke ọma.

## Nkesa
Ethnologue na-akọ na a ga-asụ asụsụ Biao Min na mpaghara ndị a na China.

* North Eastern Guangxi : Quanzhou County, Guanyang County, na Gongcheng County
* Ndịda Hunan : Shuangpai County na Dao County

## Olumba
Olumba nke Biao Min dị ka ndị a, dịka Mao Zongwu (2004) siri kwuo. Naanị ụdị Biao Min nke Dongshan Yao Ethnic Township, Quanzhou County (全州县东山瑶族乡) na Sanjiang Township, Gongcheng County (恭城县三江乡) ka akọwara n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

* Olumba **Dongshan 东山**: Ndị na-ekwu okwu 35,000 na Shuanglong, obodo Huanglong, obodo Dongshan, County Quanzhou (全州县东山乡黄龙村双龙屯); Aha njirimara: **' .
* Olumba **Shikou 石口**: Ndị na-ekwu okwu 8,000 na obodo Shikou, obodo Sanjiang, Gongcheng County (恭城县三江乡石口村); aha njirimara: **' . A makwaara dị ka **Chao Kong Meng** ( Chinese )  ma ọ bụ **Moruo** ( Chinese ) (Mao 2004:306).
* **Niuweizhai 牛尾寨**olumba: Ndị na-ekwu okwu 2,000 na obodo Niuwei, obodo Sanjiang, Gongcheng County (恭城县三江乡牛尾村); aha njirimara: **' . A makwaara dị ka **Moxi*' ( Chinese ).  Yoshihisa Taguchi (2005)  na-enye autonym *mo2 xi2 mũ2*, ma rụtụ aka mmekọrịta kọntaktị dị n'etiti ya na Jiaogong Mien 交公勉 (Shikou). Taguchi (2005) na-akọ na n'ime obodo Sanjiang 三江乡, a na-asụ ya n'ime obodo Dalitian 大栗田村, Xiaolitian 小栗田村, na Niuwei 牛尾村. 

Strecker (1987) na-eji "Chao Kong Meng" maka Shikou, na "Moxi" maka Niuweizhai. 

Enwere ike ịchọta ndepụta okwu maka olumba Biao Min na Mao Zongwu (2004).

=== Obodo Quanzhou ===
Biao Min nke Quanzhou County, Guangxi nwere mpaghara olumba ise ndị a ( *Quanzhou County Gazetteer*全州县志).  

* *Mpaghara olumba 1*
** Obodo Hongqi 红旗乡: Wenhua 文化, Xiufeng 秀凤, Shangwang 上王, Helong 鹤龙
** Obodo Xinyu 新圩乡: Hongshuiqing 洪水箐, Guiyang 贵阳
** Obodo Shuiche 水车乡: Shangpao 上泡, Xiapao 下泡, Dongliu 东流, Hecheng 合成, Sanhuang 三皇, Xiumu 修睦
* *Mpaghara olumba 2''
** Jiangtang, Shuiche 水车乡江塘; Baizhuping, Wenshi 文市镇白竹坪

Edere olumba Jiangtang na Baizhuping nke Biao Min na Hsiu (2017).   

## Hụkwa

*  (Wiktionary)

## Ihe ndetu
Bai nwere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-ekwu okwu, mana Longjia na Luren nwere ike ikpochapụ, ebe Caijia nọ n'ihe egwu nke ukwuu yana ihe dị ka 1,000 ọkà okwu. Ndị Qixingmin nke Weining  a.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ Habun

Habu (Habun) bụ aha a na-asụ na etiti East Timor .

mkpa nke Habu edoghị anya.  N'ọdịdị, ọ bụ Malayo-Polynesian.  Otú ọ dị, okwu ya bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu Papuan, yiri nke Makasae.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Idalaka

Idalaka ( ) bụ ụdọ olumba Malayo-Polynesian a na-asụ na East Timor.  Aha ahụ bụ portmanteau nke Idaté na Lakalai.

## Mmekọrịta ya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ
Asụsụ Idalaka nwere njikọ chiri anya na Tetum na Habun, ebe ha na- naira ọtụtụ ihe yiri Galloli.  Idalaka ibi ka Asụsụ Kemak n'ihi na e nwere ihe ochie dị ka prefixes onwe onye na ngwaa, nke furu efu na Mambai na Tokodede..   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
A na-asụrụ olumba ndị ahụ n'ugwu Ramelau ma e wezụga Lolein dị n'ihe ize ndụ, nke a na-asụrụ na Dili.  ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ 2015 dekọrọ mmadụ 19,913 na East Timor dị ka ndị na-asự bụ Idalaka. 

### Ọnọdụ gọọmentị
Idalaka bụ otu n'ime asụsụ mba iri na ise a ma ama nke East Timor . 

## Asụsụ
Idaté (Idate) bụ asụsụ obodo dị na Laclubar (Manatuto Municipality) na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Manufahi. O nwere ngụkọta nke ndị na-asụ ya 14,178. 

A na-asụ Lakalei na mpaghara Fahinehan (Manufahi).  Ọ nwere akụkụ nke ndị na-asộede 3,669. 

A na-asụ Isní n'ebe mmalite nke Turiscai (Manufahi), na mmegharị nke 1,855 ndị ​​na-asụrụ ya.. 

A na-asụrụ Lolein na Talitu (Aileu Municipality), Becora Leten na Hera (Dili Municipality).  Lolein akụkọ site na Isní nke mfe awụ nke 19 si Turiscai.  Na obodo Dili, mmadụ 568 na-asụ Lolein, ndị ọzọ 533 na-asụrụ ya bi na obodo Alieu dị nso.  Ngụkọta nke mmadụ 1,155 bụ ụmụ amaala n'asụsụ ahụ mgbasa East Timor.

## Okwu

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ
Asụsụ Kemak

Kemak bụ Asụsụ a na-asụ na East Timor na mpaghara mpaghara Ndị Indonesia West Timor .  Aha ọzọ bụ Ema.  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Tocodede na Mambai.  Ọ nwere ikike nke otu n'ime ọrụ mba na iwu East Timor, ma e wezụga Asụsụ Portuguese na Tetum.  ezi ndị na-ekwu okwu ada n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

* Enwere ike ịnụ ụda /b, ɡ/ dị ka [β, ɣ] mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ intervocalic.
* /t/ nwere ike ịnwe allophone nke  n'efu na ọnọdụ mbụ, na [tʃh] mgbe tupu /i/.
* /s/ nwere ike ịnụ dị ka [z] mgbe ọ na-ekwupụta assimilation, na dị ka [tʃh] mgbe /n̪/ bu ụzọ.
* /t, k/ nwere aspirated allophones nke [kh, th].
* /ɡ, h/ na-anụ dị ka [ɡw, ː] mgbe tupu /u/.

* /e, a/ nwere ike ịnụ dị ka [ɪ, ɤ] mgbe ọ na-esote ma ọ bụ na-eso /u/ n'ime nkeji okwu.
* /o, u/ nwere ike ịnụ dị ka [ɔ, ɯ] mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume egbugbere ọnụ.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta Kaipuleohone nke ihe Robert Blust gụnyere
Asụsụ Ache Yi

**Ache** ( Chinese ) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ndị Yi na ndịda etiti Yunnan, China na-asụ. *Ethnologue* depụtara *Azhe* dị ka aha ọzọ.

## Ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ
A na-asụ Ache na mpaghara Shuangbai (pop. 23,000), Ógbè Yimen (pop. 11,100),  Ógbè Eshan, na Ógbè Lufeng . Yunnan (1955) kọrọ na aha ha nọ na Xinping County bụ ** . 

## Nhazi
*Ethnologue* na-ekewa Ache dị ka asụsụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Loloish, wee depụta ndị na-asụ 35,000 dịka nke 2003. Achebebeghị Ache na nhazi ọkwa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Loloish site na Pelkey (2011) na Lama (2012), yabụ na-anọgide na-ekewaghị ekewa n'ime ngalaba Loloish.

## Ntụaka
na nso obodo Lao Cai ; Xin Mun District
Asụsụ Azhe

**Azhe** (Chinese: 阿哲; Azhepo; autonym:  ) bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Loloish nke ndị Yi nke China na-asụ .  

## Olumba
Wang Chengyou (王成有) (2003:210)  depụtara olumba atọ nke Azhe, ndị niile nwere nghọta.

* **Wushan 五山土语**(na Mile County弥勒县)
** Xunjian 巡检, Mile County弥勒县
** Hongxi 虹溪, Mile County弥勒县
** Panxi 盘溪, Huaning County华宁县
* **Jiangbian 江边土语**(na Mile County弥勒县)
* **Qujiang 曲江土语**(na Jianshui County建水县)

A na-asụ Azhe na mpaghara Mile, Huaning, Kaiyuan, na Jianshui, nwere ihe dị ka 100,000 ndị na-ekwu okwu.

## Ntụaka
na nso obodo Lao Cai ; Xin Mun District nke
Asụsụ Kisar

Kisar bụ ihe Central Malayo-Polynesian nke a na-na-na Kisar Island, n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu nke East Timor na Maluku, Indonesia.  Ọ na-ekerịta ahụ na Oirata, nke bụ Asụsụ Papua.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku". 32, Nke 2 (Winter, 1993), peeji nke 389-441. &nbsp;Mahadum nke Hawaii.
Asụsụ Luang

Luang, makwaara dị ka Literi Lagona (Letri Lgona), bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na agwaetiti Leti na agwaetiti Babar dị na Maluku, Indonesia.  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Leti gbara agbata obi, yana 89% na-ekekọrịta okwu bụ isi.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* Palatalization na labialization [j, w] n'etiti ụda nwere ike ime mgbe ụda glide  bu ụzọ.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  n'efu.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  mgbe ọ na-esote .
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume. Enwere ike ịnụ ya dị ka  mgbe ọ dị n'etiti ụdaume abụọ dị elu, a pụkwara ịnụ ya n'efu dị ka  mgbe ọ nọ n'etiti mkpụrụedemede na-abụghị elu na ụdaume dị elu.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  n'okwu ngwa ngwa.
*  mgbe a na-eme ka ọ dị ka [t̪j, dj], enwere ike ịnụ ya dị ka ụda  mgbe ọ na-ekwu okwu ngwa ngwa.

### Mkpụrụedemede

* Enwere ike ịnụ schwa epenthetical  n'etiti ụdaume homorganic.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  okwu-etiti na mkpụrụedemede mechiri emechi, na mkpụrụedemade a na-ekwusi ike na nke a na-emesi ike.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  okwu-n'ikpeazụ na ma na mkpụrụedemede a na-ekwusi ike na nke a na-echusi ike.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ Nsọ Luang
*
Asụsụ Makuva

Makuva, nke a makwaara dị ka Makuʼa ma ọ bụ Lóvaia,[1] bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke o doro anya na ekpochapụla nke a na-asụ n'ọnụ ọnụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke East Timor na nso obodo Tutuala.

Asụsụ ndị agbata obi East Timorese Papuan emetụtala Makuva nke ukwuu, ruo n'ókè nke na a na-eche na ọ bụ ahia Papuan.  Ndị jị ahụ dị iri ise na 1981, mana ụgbọ ndị na-eto eto na-eji Fataluku dị ka nna mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ ha.Akụkọ 2003 mere nna na e nwe naanị mmadụ ise na-asụ ahụ nke ọma. 

## Ọnụ ọgụgụ

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* ELAR archive nke akwụkwọ asụsụ MakuʼaIhe odide asụsụ Makuʼa
Asụsụ Nila

Nila bụ akara Austronesian na-dịdị adị nke a na-asụ na Nila Island na Maluku, Indonesia.  A kpọ ikike ndị ọkà okwu na Seram n'ihi ọrụ mgbawa ugwu na Nila.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Romang

Rom ma ọ bụ Romang bụ ụbọchị Malayo-Polynesian nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,700 na-asụ (na 1991) n'Obodo Jersusu na Romang Island na Maluku, Indonesia. . 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Rote-Meto

Asụsụ Rote-Meto bụ obere mịg nke Ezin leiche Austronesian nke a na-asụ na Lesser Sunda Islands.  Ɔka Meto a na-asũ na Timor na nna nke Rote Island.

## Asụsụ
Meto (nke a na-akpọkwa Dawan, Atoni ma ọ bụ Timorese) bụ akara ndị yiri ya nke a na-asụ n'ụdị Indonesia Timor na-akpa Oecusse nke East Timor.  Enwere ike kewaa ụdị Rote-Meto a na-asụ na Rote Island n'ịgụ abụọ, West Rote na Nuclear (ma ọ bụ East) Rote: 
* Ụzọ ọdịda anyanwụ: Dela-Oenale, Dengka
* Ụzọ nuklia: Ba'a, Bilbaa, Bokai, Keka, Korbafo, Landu, Lole, Oepao, Rikou, Termanu, Tii

## Nchịkọta
Njikọ chiri anya n'etiti Meto na asụsụ Rote ka Jonker (1913) na Mills (1991) chepụtara na narị afọ nke 20.[1][2] Edwards (2018a, 2018b, 2021) mụrụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asụsụ Rote-Meto ma wughachi asụsụ ndị nna nna ya, Proto-Rote-Meto, dabere na ihe akaebe dị n'ime site na asụsụ Rote, yana site n'elu ala site na ịchọpụta mgbanwe fonological nke mere na Rote-Austronesian na Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. 

N'ịbụ ndị na-emegharị n'ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara okwu Rote-Meto, ụdị Meto na West Rote nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ ha na okwu ha na-ama pastọ ihe mere eme.[1][2]  Nke a na-egosi na Proto-Rote-Meto kewara na alaka, West Rote-Meto na Nuclear Rote.N'ikpeazụ, Meto bịara na mmekọrịta chiri anya na ụdị Nuclear Rote ma nwee ụfọdụ ihe ọhụrụ na nke ikpeazụ. O yikarịrị ka, ndị na-asụ ụdị mbụ nke Meto na mbụ biri na Rote Islands na nso ndị na-ekwu okwu West Rote, mana mgbe e mesịrị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme kwagara Timor, ebe ha nọgidere na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-akpọ ụdị Nuclear Rote.

N'ọkwa dị elu, akara Rote-Meto na ụbọchị Austronesian a na-asụrụ n'ebe ihe ncheta.[1]  Edwards (2021) egwu ha na mpaghara Timor-Babar, nke ncheta Austronesian niile a na-asụrụ n'tọ sitere na Rote Island gafe Timor na Barat Daya Islands ruo Selaru (otu n'ime Tanimbar Islands). 

## Ihe owuwu

### Tebụl ntụnyere
Tebụl ntụnyere a (obere nhọrọ sitere na Edwards (2021:88-403)) na-egosi nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti asụsụ Rote-Meto, gụnyere okwu nketa yana ihe ọhụrụ Rote-meto.

### Mmetụta okwu sitere n'asụsụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Austronesian
Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi e wu ike maka Proto-Rote-Meto ngwaọrụ na-etymon Austronesian ma ọ bụ Malayo-Polynesian a ma ama.  Ụtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị a e wu nwe nwe ike na-icheghị n'asụsụ ndị nna Proto-Malayo-Polynesian na Proto-Austronesian, dị ka echichetụ prenasalized na-eme nke okwu.  O ire ka, a gbaziri okwu ndị a site n'asụsụ na-ahụ nke Austronesian nke ndị bi n' rii ahụ na-asụ..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Mambai (Timor)

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe atụ nke Asụsụ Tetum (n'aka ekpe), asụsụ Mambai (n'etiti) na Asụsụ Portuguese (n'ụzọ nri) na-eji tụnyere ibe ha.
Mambai, nke a na-akpọkwa Mambae ma ọ bụ Manbae, bụ akara Ndị Mambai na-asụ, ụzọ nke abụọ ikwubiga okwu ókè na mba nchoputa nke East Timor..

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
Mambai bụ otu n'ime nhọrọ mba iri na ise a nabatara n'iwu.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Mambai bụ Ermera, Aileu, Remexio, Turiscai, Maubisse Administrative Post, Ainaro Administrative Post na Same Administrative Post.   Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Timorese nọ n'Australia bụ ndị obodo Mambai.

A na-asụ Mambai n'ịbụ ndị dị gburugburu Dili, mgbe ndị Portugal amụ na obodo ahụ bụ isi obodo nke ndị Portugal Timor.  Ya mere, Tetum Prasa a na-asụ na Dili ka na-mmiri siri ike site na Mambai.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

*  nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka .
*  nwekwara ike ịnụ dị ka aspirated [ph, kh].
* A na-anụkwa  dị ka ụdaolu post-alveolar .
*  bụ obere aspirated  tupu ụdaume dị n'etiti na nke dị ala.  nwekwara ike ịnwe allophone  mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume dị elu.
* A naghị ewepụta mkpụrụedemede  n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ nke okwu.

### Mkpụrụedemede

*  nwekwara ike ịnwe mkpirisi allophones .

## Asụsụ
Enwere ike kewaa Mambae n'asụsụ atọ dịka Fogaça si kwuo (2017): : 82: 82 

; Ebe Ugwu Ọdịda Anyanwụ

* Ihe oriri: Bazartete
* Ermera: Hatulia
* Ermera: Railaco

; Ebe Ugwu Ọwụwa Anyanwụ

* Ala: Laulara
* Ala: Vila Grupo
* Ala: Mmiri
* Ainaro: Hatu-Builico

; Ndịda

* Ainaro: Hato-Udo
* Manufahi-Same: Letefoho
* Manufahi-Same: Betano

Ihe atụ nke ọdịiche dị iche iche na Mambae: 

Ntụnyere nke okwu ndị ahọpụtara n'asụsụ Mambae: 

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Geoffrey Hull, Celestino de Araújo, and Benjamim de Araúxo e Corte-Real, Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro dialect, Sebastião Aparício da Silva Project, 2001.
* Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald na Robert M. W. Dixon (ed), Grammars in contact: a cross-linguistic typology, Oxford University Press, 2006, Isi nke 6.
*  
*  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Jọn 8,1-11 na Mambai
* Ihe Kaipuleohone dere gụnyere ihe Robert Blust dere na Mambai
Asụsụ Naueti

Naueti (nke edekwara dị ka Nauoti, Nauete na Nauweti mana n'ikpeazụ site na Naueti nau eti 'ugbu a') bụ Night Austronesian nke 15,045 na-asũ (ọnụ ọgụgụ 2010) na mpaghara Uato-Lari, Uatucarbau na Baguia na ndị ọrụ na East Timor.  1 062 Naueti bi na Baguia.

Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Waima'a, Kairui na Midiki, atɔ ndị ọzọ nke Austronesian na-asụ na Timor.  Onye Australia na-amụ Geoffrey Hull chepụtara aha mkpirisi Kawaimina iji zoo aka na ha dị ka akara na-aga n'ihu mana ọ ka mma ikike ha dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche.  Onye ọka iwu Dutch Aone Van Engelenhoven na-etinye akara Eastern Extra-Ramelaic asụsụ.

N'ọdịdị, ọ bụ akara Malayo-Polynesia dị ike.  Otú ọ dị, okwu ya bụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ Papuan, n'ihiረዱ ya na Makasae, nke gbara ya gburugburu ma soro Naueti biri.  Enwere ma ọtụtụ ala abụọ nke Naueti, Uatolari na Uatocarbau-Baguia Naueti, nke ikpeazụ a na-amata ya site na okwu ụfọdụ site na [g] allophone nke /w/ tupu ọrụume gbara gburugburu (ihe /wono/ 'agha' a na-akpọ [wono] na Uatolari mana [gono] na Ualocarbau na Baguia).  A na-akọkwa ụdị dị iche nke Naueti a na-asũ na Uatolari na- agụnye ịdị elu nke ụdị ego Makasae n'ihi na-enye nke enyemaka.[1]  Veloso (2016: 5-6) na-akọ na ọtụtụ ndị ikom ikom nna apụta 20 na mpaghara Uatolari nwere "ọ ọkwa ala nkà yere onwe ya na Makasae".

Dị nnọọ ka asụsụ ndị yiri ya dị ala, Naueti nwere nkwụsịtụ na ụda olu na-enweghị olu mana ọ na-egosi ụdaume preglottalized kama ejectives ma ọ nweghị ihe yiri Waima'a na Midiki /s / . N'ụzọ dị iche, Naueti nwere rhotic na-enweghị olu nke na-efu na ndepụta ndị ọzọ.

Usoro ụzọume dị mfe na ụzọume /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ na /u/.  Enweghị ogologo lugume iche, dị ka ụzọume bụ heterosyllabic.  Nrụgide na-adaba na nsogbu okwu nke abụọ, na- nchegbu ihe ole na ole.  Okwu ndị a gbazitere na- ndị nna mbụ ha.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Tokodede

Tokode (nke a jụrụ dị ka Tukude, Tocod, Tokodé, na Tocod) bụ otu n'ime ụbọchị ndị East Timor, nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 39,000 na-asụ na obodo Liquiçá, ndị isi isi nke Maubara na Liquiçá n'ekiri ugwu nke usoro Loes.  Akọ ndị na-ekwu okwu belala n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya.  Ọ bụ Malayo-Polynesia n'òtù Timor.

Ihe odide mbụ dị mkpa e na Tokodede bụ Peneer meselo laa Literatura kidia-laa Timór, nke João Paulo T. Esperança, Fernanda Correia, na Cesaltina Campos ebe site na edemede João Paulo T, Esperança nke akwụkwọ "A Brief Look at the Literature of Timor".  E akara Tokodede na mgbakwunye akwụkwọ Várzea de Letras, nke Ngalaba Asụsụ Portuguese nke Mahadum Mba nke Timor-Leste, na Dili, edi na Disemba 2005.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Peneer meselo laa Literatura kidia-laa Timór, ederede mbụ dị mkpa e bipụtara na Tocodede
* Jọn 8,1-11 na Tokodede
* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Tokodede n'ịntanetị
Asụsụ Waimoa

Waima'a ma ọ bụ Waima'a bụ akara nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 27,000 na-asuru (nchịkọta ọnụ nke afọ 2015) n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu East Timor.  A na-akọ na Waimoa n'onwe ya na ndị agbata obi Kairui na Midiki, nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nwere ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu 5,000.

mkpa nke Waimoa edoghị anya.  N'ọdịdị, ọ bụ Malayo-Polynesian.  Otú ọ dị, okwu ya bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu Papuan, yiri nke Makasae.  Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na a na-hazi ha n'ozuzu ha dị ka akara Austronesian ma ọ bụ olumba ndị A tọhapụrụ ya ụzọ dị ukwuu n'okpuru tsare nke ndu Makasae, ọ ga-ekwe omume na Waimoa, Kairui, na Midiki bụ aha Papuan ike MakasaE nke Austronesian gụnyere.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Waimoa nwere ikeume aspirated / voiceless na glottalized / ejective, nke a na-ekesa dị ka /hC/ na /ʔC/ ndaume (ma ọ bụ ma anụmanụ anya /Ch/ na /Cʔ/) mana a na-akpọkarị ya dị ka otu ọrụ.

N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ụda olu na glottalized .

E mmetụta ụfọdụ.

## Hụkwa

* Kawaimina

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Welaun

Welaun (nke a ntụgharị dị ka Bekais ma ọ bụ Wekais) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ n'ókè East Timor na West Timor (maka Indonesia).  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Tetun.

## Ọmụmụ ihe gara aga
Hull (2003) [1] na Edwards (2019) dere Welaun.  Edwards (2019) na-eme mmeri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ 5,575 .  [2] Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Welaun e dere site da Silva (2012). 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Arguni

Arguni (Argoeni) bụ obere Asụsụ Austronesian nke ụbọchị osimiri ugwu nke Bomberai Peninsula na ọmụmụ New Guinea.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Kei-Tanimbar

Asụsụ Kei-Tanimbar bụ obere mịgị Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụrụ na alụ Kei na Tanimbar na ndịda Maluku Islands, na n'egwú ugwu nke Bomberai Peninsula .  [1][2] Asụsụ ndị egwu:

 

Grimes & Edwards gbakwụnye asụsụ ndị a, na mbụ incertae sedis, wee nyegharịa ezinụlọ Tanimbar–Bomberai aha.

* Teor-Kur
* Irarutu-Nabi: Irarutu, Kuri (Nabi) 
* Bedoanas-Erokwanas: Arguni, Bedoanas, Erokwanas

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Kowiai

Kowiai (Kuiwai) bụ asụsụ Austronesian nke Bomberai Peninsula na New Guinea.  Dị ka Atlas of Languages ​​of Intercultural Communication na Pacific na Asia si kwuo, a na-asụ Kowiai na mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti Arguni na Etna bay..

## Nbudata
Ebe dị n'ime Kaimana Regency: 

* Mpaghara Kaimana: Obodo nta Namatota na Bicari
* Mpaghara Buruwai: Obodo Pulau Adi na Nusa Ulang
* Ógbè Teluk Etna: Obodo Kayu Merah
* Ógbè Niraran: Obodo Trikora
* Mpaghara Coa: Obodo nta Sowa
* Ógbè Kroy
* Obodo Kaimana

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Nao Klao

**Nao Klao** (Naogelao) ma ọ bụ **Baonao** bụ asụsụ Hmongic nke ndịda China.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Dị ka Meng (2001) siri kwuo,  Baonao 包瑙 (Nao Klao, Naogelao 瑙格劳, autonyms:  ) nwere 28,952 ndị na-ekwu okwu na Nandan, Hechi, na Tian'e na Guangxi yana mpaghara Libo, Guizhou . Olumba onye nnọchi anya na Meng (2001) bụ nke obodo Lihu 里湖瑶族乡, Nandan County南丹县, Guangxi.

Beidongnuo 被动诺, nke nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu 244 (dị ka nke 1984) na Libo County, Guizhou, nwere ike ịbụ ụdị Nagelao (Nao Klao) dị iche iche.  Achọpụtara ya dị ka Dongmeng nke Bradley (2007). 

## Ntụaka
nwere 28,952 ndị na-ekwu okwu na Nandan, Hechi, na Tian'e na
Asụsụ Bolyu

**Asụsụ Bolyu** ( autonym : **' ; Chinese ; makwaara dị ka **Paliu**, **Palyu**, ma ọ bụ **Lai*'俫语, 徕语) bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic nke ngalaba [[Asụsụ Pakanic|Pakistan]] . 

== Nhazi ==
Bolyu nwere njikọ na [[asụsụ Bugan]], ya na ya na-etolite [[Asụsụ Pakanic|alaka Pakistan]] . Na 1984, Bolyu bụ Liang Min nke Nationalities Research Institute na Beijing mụrụ nke mbụ. Liang bụ onye mbụ tụrụ aro njikọ Mon–Khmer nke Bolyu, bụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ dịka Paul K. Benedict, Paul Sidwell, na Jerold A. Edmondson mechara kwado. Agbanyeghị, ebe alaka ndị Pakanic dị n'ime ezinụlọ Mon–Khmer ejighị n'aka. Sidwell (1995) na-atụ aro na alaka ụlọ ọrụ Pakanic nwere ike ịbụ alaka Eastern Mon–Khmer, si otú a mee ka ọ bụrụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ Vietic nwere njikọ chiri anya. Agbanyeghị, Gérard Diffloth na-ekewa Pakanic dị ka Northern Mon–Khmer, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ njikọ chiri anya na ngalaba Palaungic .  Paul Sidwell mechara kewaa Bolyu na Bugan ọnụ dị ka ịmepụta ngalaba *Pakanic'' dị iche n'ime Austroasiatic, ebe ewepụrụ Mang ka ọ bụrụ ngalaba ọzọ dị iche iche nke Austroasiatic. 

## Nkesa
A na-ahụ ndị na-asụ Bolyu n'ebe ndị a na ndịda China .   

* Douhong 斗烘屯, Xinhe 新合村, obodo Changfa 长发, Longlin County, Guangxi (na-eso ndị agbata obi Gelao na-ebikarị). A na-ekwukwa okwu n'ime ime obodo Kechang 克长, De'e 德峨 na Changme 长么. 
** Xinhe 新合村 - Datiezhai 打铁寨, Changfajie 长发街: 50 ọkà okwu
** Xinhua 新华村 - Luowan 罗湾: 300; Kabao 卡保, Renshang 仁上: 160 ọkà okwu
** Obodo nwere naanị ndị Bolyu: Muzi 亩子, Dazhai 大寨, Xiaozhai 小寨
* Guosha/Hengsha 过沙/亨沙, Wenya 文雅村, Puhe Miao Autonomous Township 普合苗族自治乡, Xilin County, Guangxi . A na-ekwukwa na Naya 那牙, Badahe Township 八大河乡.  Ngụkọta ndị na-ekwu okwu 230.

Li (1999) na-edepụta ụdị Bolyu dị iche iche nke Muzitun 亩子屯, Xinhe Village 新合村, Changfa Township 长发乡, Longlin County, Guangxi .

N'ime obodo ndị a, ọ bụ naanị ndị ọkà okwu Bolyu merela agadi ka fọdụrụ.

* Obodo Zhelang 者浪乡: Zhezhai 者寨, Langrong 郎荣, Linghao 岭好
* Obodo Kechang 克场乡: Haichang 海长
* Obodo Shechang 蛇场乡: Daguo 达果

## Ntụaka
nwere 28,952 ndị na-ekwu okwu na Nandan, Hechi, na Tian'e na nwere 28,952 ndị na-ekwu okwu na Nandan, Hechi, na Tian'e na
Asụsụ Mangdi

**Mangdi** (autonym: **  ) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke Yunnan, China. Enwere ndị ọkà okwu 3,000 na Mangdi, Hepai, Gengma County, Lincang Prefecture, yana na Cangyuan County .

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo

* Yang, Cathryn. 2010. *Ụdị mpaghara Lalo: Phylogeny, dialectometry, na sociolinguistics* . Melbourne: Mahadum La Trobe nzere PhD. http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.9/153015 .
Asụsụ Chesu

**Chesu 车苏**bụ asụsụ Loloish a na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda Shuangbai, mpaghara ugwu Xinping na mpaghara Eshan dị na Yunnan, China .

Ndị Chesu na-akpọ onwe ha **'  ma ọ bụ **' (Jishupo 吉输颇).  Yunnan (1955) kọrọ na a na-asụkarị Chesu na Taihe Township 太和乡, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ karịrị 360 dịka nke 1955.  *Ethnologue* na-akọ ndị na-asụ Chesu 3,300 sitere na agbụrụ nke mmadụ 6,600, dịka nke 2007. 

Bradley (2007) kọrọ na Chesu nwere njikọ chiri anya na Nasu wee wepụta ya dịka asụsụ *Nasoid* . Ndị na-asụ Chesu na-ewere onwe ha dị ka agbụrụ dị iche na ndị na-asụ Nisu gbara ya gburugburu. Nisu na Chinese na-anọchizi asụsụ Chesu ugbu a. 

Na mpaghara Eshan, ndị na-asụ Hlersu na-ejikwa Chesu dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ. 

## Ntụaka
dịka asụsụ Nasoid . Ndị na-asụ Chesu na-
Asụsụ Hulung

Hulung bụ asụsụ Austronesian ekpochapụlarị nke Seram na agwaetiti Maluku nke Indonesia..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Central Flores

Asụsụ Central Flores (nke a na-akpọkwa Ngadha-Lio [1]) bụ obere m nke ikpeazụ nke Austronesian.  A na-asụ ha n'etiti Flores, otu n'ime Lesser Sunda Islands na ọkara mmemme nke Indonesia.  Ebe a na-asụ Central Flores dị n'ụdị atụmatụ nke Asụsụ Manggarai, na n'ihu ụmụaka nke Asụsụ Sikka.  

## Asụsụ
Central Flores subgroup nwere asụsụ ndị a, site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ (nke nwere ụdị dị iche iche): 

* Rongga
* Namut na Nginamanu
* Ngadha (Bajawa, Central, So'a) 
* Kéo
* Ịgba mmiri (Central, East) 
* Nga'o (Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ) 
* Ekele
* Lio

## Asụsụ
N'iche ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke Austronesian, ahia Central Flores na-anọpụ nke ukwuu.[1][2]  Ha akara hore derivational na inflectional kpamkpam, na-egosi nhọrọ bụ isi na-agụta site na usoro okwu.  apeere, na lit." data-linkid="96" href="./Rongga_language" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rongga language">Rongga, Usoro Okwu SVO siri ike: jara ndau kenda ja'o (n'ụzọ ọrụ ) 'ịnyịnyaazụ ahụ na-agba (ed) m'nwenyere n'ịnye n'ụlọ.  ja'o (n'ụzọ ) 'nne m'. 

## Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme
Dị ka McWhorter si kwuo (2010, 2011, 2019), àgwà dịpụrụ adịpụ nke asụsụ Central Flores bụ nsonaazụ nke Mgbanwe asụsụ site na "nnweta ndị okenye dị arọ", nke pụtara na ndị okenye na-asụ asụsụ dị iche iche na mbụ gbanwere gaa n'asụsụ nna nna na asụsụ Central Flore, mana ha wepụrụ ọdịdị niile. Usoro a bụ ihe e ji mara mmepe nke pidgins na Creoles, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-egosipụta ịdị mfe siri ike nke asụsụ isi.  

Elias (2020) echiche McWhorter nke onyinye ndị okenye na creolization na-esote, onye na-atụ aro na ili ike ike nke nkewapụ nke ọma site na àgwà pre-Austronesian, nke ga- enyo nke ụdị Mekong-Mamberamo.  Elias (2020) na-eme eze na elele ahụ ga-ewere ọnọdụ n'ihe dị ka 2,500-1,500 BCE.

A ka ga-enweta ihe mere Ikat si na Ngadha bụ naanị akwa Floresia dị otú ahụ iji nwee ihe dị iche iche dị ka ihe a ga-ahụ na foto prehistoric;  [1] na ihe ị ga-eme nchọpụta mgbe ochie ndị na-ekwu maka ibi n'ịkpọ ndị ụfọdụ 'ndị nta' ruo mgbe tara awụ ole na ole gara aga - kwuru na ndị tara siri ike ka dị na etiti Flores, obere n'ebe ahụ ụfọdụ ma ghara ọmụmụ n'ebe ọmụmụ..

## Ihe odide