open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Central African Forest Commission

**Central African Forest Commission** (French: Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale, maọbụ COMIFAC) bụ òtù na-emekọ ihe ọnụ na Central Afrika. Ebumnuche ya bụ ijikwa ọhịa nke Central Afrika n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akwado ya site na netwọk nlekota azụmaahịa anụ ọhịa TRAFFIC. Odeakwụkwọ ahụ dị na Obodo Yaoundé, Cameroon. Raymond Mbitikon na-eje ozi dịka onye isi odeakwụkwọ ya.

Asụsụ anọ ya bụ French, English, Spanish ya na Portuguese.

## Mba ndị so na ya
Mba iri so na Central Afrikan Forest Commission gụnuere:

* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Central African Republic
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gabon
* Republic nke Congo
* Rwanda
* São Tomé na Príncipe

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere COMIFAC na Machị n’afo 1999, site na "Nkwupụta nke Yaoundé". N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2005, nzukọ ahụ nabatara "Atụmatụ Nkwekọrịta maka nlekọta na nchekwa nke oké ọhịa na Central Afrika".

## OFAC
E guzobere n’afo 2007, Central African Forest Observatory (OFAC) bụ ngalaba pụrụ iche nke COMIFAC, nke na-enye data dị ọhụrụ na nke dịkwazi mkpa banyere ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mpaghara ahụ, na ebumnuche nke ime iwu na ịkwalite ọchịchị ka mma na njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe onwunwe okike.

## Hụkwazie

* Njikọ Ọhịa Congo Basin
* Ebe Nchekwa Pụrụ Iche
* Ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na ego nke Central Africa
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lobéké
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Nouabalé-Ndoki

## Edensibia
Gọvanọ Parr

***Gọvanọ Parr*** bụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere osisi anọ nke e wuru na Parrsboro, obodo Nova Scotia n’afo 1918. W.R. Huntley & Sons wuru ya maka Archie Davidson ya na Captain Angus D. Richards, a na-azọrọ na ọ bụ "ụgbọ mmiri kachasị mma e wuru na Atlantic Canada" ma bụrụkwa ụgbọ mmiri ikpeazụ e wuru n'Parrsboro. A gụrụ ya aha Gọvanọ mbụ nke obodo Nova Scotia aha ya bù  John Parr.

*Gọvanọ Parr* zutere ọdachi na Ọktoba 3, n’afo 1923 mgbe ọ na-ebu otu nde ụkwụ osisi site na Ingramport, NS gaa Buenos Aires, nke obodo Argentina. N'oge njem a, Parr  tụfuru mizzen na spanker ya n'oké ifufe. Captain Angus Richards na otu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri tụfuru ndụ ha n'oge ihe ahụ mere. S.S. *Schodack* bù onye napụtara ndị oru ndi Ozo fọdụrụ n'ime ugbo mmiri ahụ.

Mmebi nke *Gọvanọ Parr* kpatara dị ịrịba ama na masts na oche nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ mikpuru. Kama nke ahụ, ọ nọgidere na-ese n'elu mmiri ma na-agagharị n'ofe Atlantic. E mere ọtụtụ mgbalị iji bibie maọbụ dọrọ ihe a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ gaa n'ikpere mmiri, mana ha niile dara. Na Jenụwarị 1, n’afo 1924, USCGC *Tampa* nke Amerikan Coast Guard nwara ịdọrọ *Parr* gaa Halifax, NS. *Parr* hapụrụ akara na Jenụwarị 2 n'oké ifufe. *Tampa* kwụsịrị mgbalị a iji laghachi n'ikpere mmiri iji nweta mmanụ.

A hụrụ *Gọvanọ Parr* ọtụtụ afọ mgbe a gbahapụrụ ya n’afo 1923 mana o jisiri ike nọgide na-ese n'elu mmiri ma kpuchie nnukwu mpaghara nke Atlantic Ocean. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na "ihe iyi egwu maka njem ụgbọ mmiri," na-agafe ruo n'àgwàetiti Canary. Ikike ya ime njem a na-enweghị onye isi ụgbọ mmiri maọbụ ndị ọrụ na-egosi ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri dị elu. A maghị ọdịnihu ikpeazụ nke *Gọvanọ Parr*.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Ogwe Semicircular

thumb|226x226px|Ọkara ọnwa na Burkina Faso.
A semi-circular bund (nke a makwaara dị ka a half-lune ma ọ bụ half-moon) bụ usoro owuwe ihe ubi mmiri ozuzo nke na-agụnye igwu oghere semilunar n'ime ala na oghere na-aga n'ihu na mmiri na-asọ.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Oghere ndị a na-eche ihu na ndagwurugwu nke ala, na-emepụta obere dike n'ebe gbagọrọ agbagọ na ala site na oghere ahụ n'onwe ya, yabụ ha na-ejide mmiri ozuzo na-agbadata ugwu.

Ihe owuwu ndị a na-enye ohere ka mmiri banye n'ime ala, na-ejigide mmiri dị ukwuu n'okpuru ala. Mana, ọ na-egbochi ọnwụ nke ala na-eme nri.

A na-eji oghere ndị dị gburugburu eme ihe iji weghachite mpaghara kpọrọ nkụ nke nwere usoro mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma, na-enye ohere uto nke osisi na osisi, dịka na Sahel.

## Hụkwa

* Zaï
* Negarim
* Mmiri na-abanye
* Ịkọ ugbo gburugburu
* Nnukwu Mgbidi Na-acha Akwụkwọ ndụ
* Mmiri ozuzo na Sahel

## Ihe odide
Sahel and Sahel Observatory

The Sahara and Sahel Observatory (French: Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, OSS) bụ òtù gọọmentị etiti Afrịka nke e guzobere n’afo 1992 ma dabere na Tunis, Tunisia. Ebumnuche ya bụ ichebe gburugburu ebe obibi na Sahara ya na Sahel, nyochaa ojiji nke ihe onwunwe okike na mpaghara ahụ, na itinye aka na nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi, ọkachasị ndị metụtara ọzara na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere mba iri abuo na abuo nke Afrịka, mba ise na-abụghị Afrịka (Canada, France, Germany, Italy ya na Switzerland), òtù mba ụwa iri (gụnyere ndị nnọchi anya mpaghara ise sitere na West, East na North Afrika) na otu nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị. Òtù ahụ nwetara €nde iri na asaa n'etiti afọ 2006 ruo na 2011. N'ọnwa Eprel nke afo 2016, a họpụtara alaeze Morocco ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche afọ anọ nke nzukọ ahụ.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ OSS gụnyere Long Term Ecological Observatory  (French: Réseau d'Observatoires de Surveillance Ecologique à long Terme, ROSELT), nke nwere ụlọ nyocha 25 ya na mba 12; usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị n'oge ọkọchị na Maghreb; na njikwa mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na Algeria, Libya na obodo Tunisia.

## Edensibia
Nkwurịta okwu nke nrụgide

**Nkwurịta okwu nke** stress wave bụ usoro nke izipu na ịnata ozi site na iji usoro onye ọbịa n'onwe ya dị ka usoro nnyefe.
Enwere ike iji usoro modulation omenala dị ka amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift key (FSK), phase-shift koying (PSK), quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), pulse-position modulation (PPM) na orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) maka nkwurịta okwu mkpọtụ. Ihe ịma aka iji ebili mmiri nrụgide dị ka onye na-ebu nkwurịta okwu bụ nnukwu mgbagwoju anya n'ihi mgbasa nke ọtụtụ ụzọ. E jiri ya tụnyere usoro nkwurịta okwu ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ nkwurịta Okwu a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ngwa pụrụ iche, dị ka n'ime ihe owuwu simenti, eriri igwu olulu mmiri, ihe owuwu pipeline na ihe ndị ọzọ.

## Ihe odide
Ogige nke World Meteorological Organization

World Meteorological Organization (**WMO**) **squares** bụ usoro nke geocodes nke na-ekewa map ụwa nwere gridlines latitude-longitude n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ grid nke 10° latitude site na 10° longitude, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara ọnụọgụ anọ pụrụ iche (lee chaatị na NODC World Ocean Database 2005 page). Na mpempe akwụkwọ carrée, mkpụrụ ndụ grid na-apụta square; Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ejiri mpempe akwụkwọ Mercator mee ihe, mkpụrụ ndụ grid na-apụrụ 'gbatị' n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ n'akụkụ elu na ala nke map. N'elu Globe n'ezie n’ezie, mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ bụ ihe dị ka "square" naanị n'akụkụ Equator, ma na-adịwanye mkpụmkpụ ma na-agbatị (nakwa na nsọtụ ugwu na ndịda) ka ha na-eru nso n'osisi, mkpụrụ ndụ dị n'akụkụ osisi ndị ahụ bụ ndị pụrụ iche n'inwe ihu atọ kama anọ. 

A na-enyezikwa square 10°x10° ọ bụla nọmba dị n'etiti otu puku ya na puku asaa nari asato na iri na asaa . Usoro nọmba ahụ dabere na nọmba nke "global quadrant" ebe 1=NE, 3=SE, 5=SW, 7=NW nke na-enye nọmba mbụ nke koodu square ọ bụla (1xxx, 3xxx, 5xxx, 7xxx). Nọmba nke abụọ bukwazi  (x0xx site na x8xx) na-egosi ọnụọgụ iri nke ogo latitude (n'ebe ugwu na quadrants ụwa otu na asaa, ndịda na quadrents ụwa ato na ise) nke 'karịsịa' square ókèala (nke dị nso na Equator), ya bụ, mkpụrụ ndụ na-agbasa n'etiti 10°N na 20°N (maọbụ 10°S na 20°S) nwere nọmba a = 1, mkpụrụ ndụ na'etiti 20°N nwere nọmba a: wdg. Nọmba nke atọ na nke anọ (xx00 ruo xx17) n'otu aka ahụ na-egosikwa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke iri ogo nke longitude nke 'karịsịa' square boundary, kacha nso na Prime Meridian. Site n'ihe atụ, square puku si otú a gbasaa site na 0°N ruo 10°N, 0°E ruo 10°E, na square 7817 site na 80°N ruo 90°N, 170°W wee ruo 180°W, n'akụkụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke International Date Line. N'ụzọ dị otú a, reverse-engineering (decoding) ókèala square dị mkpa site na njirimara nke ndi WMO Square ọ bụla dị mfe, n'adịghị ka usoro ndị ọzọ yiri ya dị ka. Ogige Marsden

A na-ejikwazi square WMO were mee ihe dị ka ihe ndabere maka usoro c-squares maka ndepụta nke oghere, nke na-ekewawanye square 10°x10° WMO n'ime obere nkeji nke gunyekwaziri  5°x5°, 1°x1°, 0.5°x0.5°, 0.1°x0.1°, na ihe ndị ọzọkwazi.

## Hụkwazie

* Geocode
* Grid (nchịkọta oghere)
* Ogige Marsden
* C-square
* QDGC
Jan van Aken (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)

thumb|Jan van Aken na-agwa Milcah Lalam okwu, onye ndú nke ụlọ ọrụ NGO Sudan ''RECONCILE Peace Institute'' na 2010
**Jan Paul van Aken** (amụrụ na 1 Mee 1961) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (The Left Party). Ọ bụ onye otu German Bundestag site na 2009 ruo 2017.

Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ndị mba ọzọ na kọmitii na-ahụ maka mwepu, njikwa ngwa agha na enweghị mgbasa ozi na German Bundestag.  Jan van Aken batara na 17th Bundestag na 2009 ka edechara ya na ndepụta ntuli aka ekpe na Hamburg. Site na 2009 ruo 2011 Jan van Aken bụ osote onyeisi oche nke otu ndị omeiwu nke Left. 

## Akụkọ ndụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị Abitur ya na 1982, van Aken gụrụ ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na Mahadum Hamburg. N'oge a, o sonyekwara n'òtù Anti-nuclear. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị diplọma ya na Biology na 1989 wee nweta Ph.D. na 1993. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na Mahadum Hamburg . Site na 1997 ruo 2009 ọ bụ ọkachamara bi na injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka nzukọ gburugburu ebe obibi Greenpeace. Ọzọkwa n'oge a, site na 2004 ruo 2006, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha nke ngwá agha nje maka United Nations. Mmasị ya ogologo oge na ndị na-alụso agha nje ọgụ emeela ka ọ kpọọ oku ka a machibido ha iwu dị ka akụkụ nke Sunshine Project, nke guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nwere ebumnuche yiri nke ahụ na 2003. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Hamburg dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na UN, ọ sonyeere Left Party wee bụrụ, naanị afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, onye isi nke pati ahụ na Hamburg n'oge ntuli aka German Federal nke afọ 2009.

Ụlọ ikpe mpaghara Lüneburg nyere Jan van Aken iwu n'April 2013 ka ọ kwụọ ụgwọ nke € 2,250 maka "mkpasu ọha na eze ime mpụ" n'ihi na ọ bịanyere aka na mkpesa "Castor, schottern" na-akpọ maka mmebi nke okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na-emegide  ibuga ihe mkpofu nuklia.

Site na 2009 ruo 2011 Jan van Aken bụ osote onyeisi oche maka akụkụ ndị omeiwu nke Left Party na Bundestag, ma kemgbe 2012, ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere iwu mba ọzọ. Ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ na 2017.

Ebe ọ bụ na ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya dị ka MoP, Jan van Aken na-arụ ọrụ n'ọfịs Geneva nke Rosa Luxemburg Foundation dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ na peeji nke Bundestag
* Homepage nkeonwe
* Profaịlụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Representative Watch
* Profaịlụ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Left Archived  October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1961
Rainbow Warrior (egwuregwu vedio)

Rainbow Warrior bụ egwuregwu vediyo maka kọmputa ụlọ nke ulo oru Greenpeace mepụtara, nke e mepụtara na Source the Software House ma bipụtakwazi ya na MicroStyle n’afo 1989. E wepụtara nsụgharị maka Commodore 64, Amiga na Atari ST. Egwuregwu ahụ bụ nchịkọta nke obere egwuregwu nke metụtara mkpọsa gburugburu ebe obibi na omume Greenpeace n'oge 1980s. Akwụkwọ nta e biri ebi nke nwere ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara mkpọsa gburugburu ebe obibi sonyeere egwuregwu ahụ. Emere ya na Obodo nke United Kingdom ma kwuo na ọ bụ "software mbụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi". Emere egwuregwu ahụ n'ụzọ iwu n'ụgbọ Rainbow Warrior II ya na Doug Faulkner na Jonathan Smales na-anọchitekwazi anya Greenpeace.

## Ọganihu
Ọ bụ Tony Gibson ya na Mark Harrison haziri egwuregwu ahụ dabere na echiche mbụ nke Stevie Harrison meputara. Ọ bụ Paul Summers dere egwu ahụ. Ọ bụ Dave Semmens, Adrian Scothey ya na Ian Richards haziri Atari ST, ya na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri nke John Cassells, Tony Fawcett, Mark Scott ya nakwazi Bryn Redman.

## Edensibia
Obi na-awagharị

**Obi na-agagharị** agagharị bụ mmejọ dị na osisi, ebe obi osisi ahụ na-agafe site n'akụkụ ruo n'akụkụ, kama ịnọgide na-anọ n'etiti.  Nke a na-abụkarị n'ihi ifufe na-aga n'ihu.  A na-agbagọ ma na-agbakọta mbadamba ndị a, ma ha adịghị adaba maka iwu ihe n'ihi ọchịchọ ha ịgbagọ, na adịghị ike ha.

## Hụkwa

* Akpụkpọ ụkwụ

## Ihe odide
Ụzọ Nchịkọta Ndị Nnọchiteanya

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndị ọrụ niile na-amanye ikuku CO2 (n'akụkụ-nke ọ bụla-nke-mpịakọta (ppmv)) dị ka RCP anọ nke IPCC Assessment Report nke ise ji mee amụma

Ụzọ Nchịkọta Ndị Nnọchiteanya (**RCP**) bụ usoro gas  na-ekpo ọkụ (ọ bụghị ikuku) nke IPCC nabatara. E ji ụzọ anọ were mee ihe maka imepụta ihu igwe na nyocha maka IPCC  Assessment Report nke ise (AR5) n’afo 2014. Ụzọ ndị ahụ na-akọwa ọdịnihu ihu igwe dị iche iche, nke a na-ewere na ọ ga-ekwe omume dabere na oke gas na-ekpo ọkụ (GHG) nke a na'afọ ndị na-abịanụ. RCPs - nke mbụ bụ RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, na RCP8.5 - na-edepụta mgbe enwere ike ịnwe ọnụọgụ radiative forcing n'afọ 2100 (2.6, 4.5, 6, ya nakwazi 8.5 W / m2, n'otu n'otu). Ebe ọ bụ na AR5 a na-atụle ụzọ mbụ na Shared Socioeconomic Pathways: dịka RCP ọhụrụ dịka R CP1.9, RCP3.4 na RCP7.
Oké ọhịa Montmorency

thumb|Foret Montmorency
"Ọhịa Montmorency" bụ oké ọhịa nnwale nke dị n'ókèala a na-ahazighị ahazi nke Lac-Jacques-Cartier, na La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, na mpaghara nchịkwa nke Capitale-Nationale, na mpaghara Quebec, na Canada.

Ọhịa a a na-echebe na-ejikarị ụzọ ọhịa 33 nke jikọtara site na ndịda na ụzọ 175.

Nnukwu ụlọ obibi dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Lac Piché dị kilomita 56.7 (35.2 mi) n'ebe ugwu  etiti Quebec. Ọ bụ Faculty of Forestry and Geomatics nke Mahadum Laval na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ a. Mahadum natara ókèala a - malite na mpaghara nke uare kilomita 66 (25 sq mi) - site na Gọọmentị Quebec na 1964 site na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta  afọ 99. Na nzaghachi, ọ na-etinye aka n'ịmepụta nyocha na nkuzi na ngalaba dị iche iche nke sayensị okike. N'afọ 2014, Forêt Montmorency ritere uru site na ndọtị  mere ka mpaghara ya ruo 397 uare kilomita (153 sq mi).

## Gburugburu ebe obibi
N'ịbụ nke dị na Ugwu Laurentian, Osimiri Montmorency na otu n'ime ndị na-eso ya, osimiri Black, na-agbanye mmiri n'oké ọhịa Montmorence. E nwere ọdọ mmiri anọ: Lac Piché, Bédard, Laflamme na Joncas. Elu ya dị n'agbata mita 600 na 1,000 (3,300 ) na nkezi nke mita 750. Ebe kachasị n'ọhịa bụ osisi fir na-acha ọcha.

## Ọnọdụ ihu igwe
Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ gafere 1,500 milimita (59 in) na,  oyi, nkezi snow na-ada gafere mita 6. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ bụ 0.5-degree Celsius ma enwere ihe dịka ụbọchị 133 na-enweghị oyi n'afọ. E nwere ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe dị na mita 640 (2,100 ) site na 1965 ruo 2001.  E guzobere ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ na mita 672 (2,205 ) malite na 2003. Igbe ihu igwe na-eji ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma site na ọdụ mbụ.

## Ihe omume

### Ozizi na nyocha
Ọhịa Montmorency bụ ebe ọzụzụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nke 1st cycle na ụlọ nyocha ikuku maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na nke abụọ na nke atọ cycle, ndị nchọpụta na ndị prọfesọ si Mahadum Laval, ọkachasị ndị si Center d'études de la forêt. Main Pavilion nwere oghere buru ibu iji nabata ìgwè na ọzụzụ. A na-eme nnyocha karịsịa na ọhịa, kamakwa na ihe ndị dị ndụ na njikwa egwuregwu. Ihe karịrị otu narị edemede na theses na-ekwu maka otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ nke Montmorency Forest etinyela na Faculty of Graduate Studies nke Mahadum Laval kemgbe e kere ụlọ ọrụ nnwale ahụ.

### Ọganihu na-adịgide adịgide
A na-eji ọhịa Montmorency eme ihe maka ihe onwunwe ọhịa ya dịka ụkpụrụ nke njikwa dịgasị iche iche na nke na-adịgide adịgide si dị. A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-egbutu osisi na-echebe ala (CPRS [fr]) nke nwere oke oke, nke mere na ọhịa ahụ gosipụtara mosaic nke oge dị iche iche. A na-elezi anya pụrụ iche iji chebe mmelite n'oge ịwa osisi.

### Ihe omume ndị dị n'èzí
N'oge oyi, a na-eme ịgba ọsọ na-agafe mba site na mbido Nọvemba. Nnukwu snow na-emekwa ka oké ọhịa bụrụ ebe magburu onwe ya maka snowhoeing. N'oge okpomọkụ, ịga ije na igbu azụ bụ ihe omume a na-ahụkarị.

## Ihe edeturu na ntụaka





## Hụkwa

* Ọhịa Montmorency Site - Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Canada
* Forêt Montmorency - Faculty of forestry and geomatics
* Lac-Jacques-Cartier, ógbè a na-ahazighị ahazi
* Osimiri Montmorency
* Osimiri Ojii
Osisi ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ

Osisi tropical nwere ike izo aka na ụdị osisi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ **osisi** na-eto n'oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ na nke na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ ma na-ewepụta ya n'ebe ahụ. Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe zuru ụwa ọnụ gụnyere, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, osisi siri ike ndị a:

* Mahogany
* Teak
* Ebony
* Rosewood
* Akụkọ
* Chloroxylon

Iji oke ọhịa ndị ahụ eme ihe emeela ka e gbutuo oke ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ. Òtù gọọmentị dị n'etiti mba ụwa na-ahụ maka osisi Tropical na-echegbu onwe ya maka nchekwa nke ebe obibi nke osisi osisi na-ekpo ọkụ.
[thumb|Ịkụ osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na Madagascar. N'afọ 2009, a na-ebupụ ọtụtụ n'ime rosewood ndị e nwetara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na [China.]]

## Hụkwa
 
 

International Tropical Timber Agreement, 2006

Tropical Timber 94

Tropical Timber 83

Tropical Forest Trust

Forest Stewardship Council

CITES

tropical forest

forestry

Plant Resources of Tropical Africa

## Ihe odide
nkeji assist ebebuta odi ro
Tukkilaiskisat

thumb
thumb|''Puomillajuoksu''
thumb|''Rullaus''
thumb
thumb|''Sauvonta''
thumb|Ndị na-ege ntị na tukiskkilaisat, Ii
**Tukkilaiskisat** (**Tukkilaiset**) bụ asọmpi ọdịnala nke osisi rafting na Finland. Na mbụ, tukisetkila na-ezo aka na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala log.

Ebe ndị Tukkilaiskisat mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ Ii (Raasakkakoski), Kuusamo (Käylä), Laukaa (Kuusaankoski), Ylitornio (Kattilakoski), Imatra (Tainionkoski), na Lieksa. E mere asọmpi nke afọ 2017 na Torniojoki. Ndị sonyere nwere ike ịbụ ndị nwere ahụmịhe ma ọ bụ ndị ọhụrụ.

## N'omenala a ma ama

* *Koskenlaskijan Morsian*, (ihe nkiri nke 1923) nke Erkki Karus mepụtara.
* *Laulu tulipuna leer kukasta*, (akwụkwọ) nke Johannes Linnankoskis.
* *Tukkijoella*, (akwụkwọ) nke Teuvo Pakkalas dere

E mekwara akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ ka ha bụrụ ihe nkiri.

* Me tulemme taas (2008 akwụkwọ) nke Mauri Hast na Pekka lanko dere
* *Tukkilaisen tulo* ja Don's (1996 book) nke Hanna Snellman dere

## Ihe odide
Nọọsụ

Nọọsụ ihe ọkụkụ bụ subtype nke **nọọsụ** osisi, na-eme ka uto nke ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ dị mfe. A na-eji okwu ahụ eme ihe karịsịa n'ọrụ ugbo, kamakwa n'ọhịa. Ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi bụ ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na-enye nwa ara.

## Ọrụ ugbo
thumb|Oats dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na-enye nwa ara maka alfalfa
N'ọrụ ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ nọọsụ bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-eji eme ihe kwa afọ iji nyere aka guzobe ihe ọkụkụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ojiji kachasị nke ihe ọkụkụ na-enye nwa ara bụ na ịmepụta ahịhịa legumaceous dị ka alfalfa, clover, na trefoil. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ihe ọkụkụ na-enye nwa ara eme  maka ịmepụta ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide.

Ihe ọkụkụ na-ebelata ihe ọkụkụ, gbochie mbuze, ma gbochie ìhè anyanwụ gabigara ókè iru mkpụrụ osisi dị nro. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ewe ihe ọkụkụ maka ọka, ahịhịa, hay, ma ọ bụ ahịhịhịa. Oats bụ ihe ọkụkụ a na-ahụkarị, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikwa mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ a na-akụ kwa afọ. Nọọsụ na-akụ osisi ndị dị ogologo ma ọ bụ ndị nwere okpokoro nwere ike ichebe ụdị ndị ọzọ na-adịghị ike site na ndò ma ọ bụ site n'inye ikuku.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a naghị elekọta ya nke ọma, ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-elekọta ya nwere ike igbochi ìhè anyanwụ iru mkpụrụ osisi.

Ihe ọkụkụ na-egbochi ụmụ ahụhụ imetụta osisi a chọrọ.

## Ọhịa
 
N'ọhịa, enwere ike itinye 'ihe ọkụkụ nọọsụ' n'osisi ma ọ bụ obere osisi ndị na-enyere aka na mmepe nke ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ. Ifufe, nchebe oyi, okpomọkụ, na ndò nwere ike inye site na ihe ọkụkụ n'ime ọhịa. Aspens karịsịa na-enye ndò, na-enye ohere uto nke ala.

## Hụkwa

* Ịkụ ihe ibe
* Ịkụ ọtụtụ ihe

## Ihe odide
Mira Lloyd Dock na Progressive Era Conservation Movement

Author	Susan Rimby

Published	2012

Publisher	Penn State University Press

Pages	208

OCLC	841810164

***Mira Lloyd Dock*** and the Progressive Era Conservation Movement bụ akụkọ ndụ nke onye Pennsylvania na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-echekwa ihe, nke Susan Rimby dere.

## Nchịkọta
Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Susan Rimby, onye nwere Ph.D. na akụkọ ihe mere anya nke United States site na Mahadum Pittsburgh, malitere ime nchọpụta banyere akwụkwọ ahụ na 2001 mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Scholar-in-Residency na Pennsylvania State Archives. Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania's Center for Faculty Excellence in Scholarship and Teaching nyeere ya aka na njem nyocha maka akwụkwọ a na enyemaka abụọ. Rimby bụ ugbu a onye guzobere Dean nke College of Liberal Arts and Education na Mahadum Lock Haven nke Pennsylvania.

Mira Lloyd Dock (1853-1945) nọ n'ihu nke Progressive Era gburugburu ebe obibi na nchedo, na 1901 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na Pennsylvania Forest Commission ma ọ bụ kọmitii ọ bụla nke ọha na eze.  Rimby malitere site n'ikwu okwu ya banyere ihe mere akụkọ Dock ji dị mkpa, nke e mere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 nke ọrụ obodo na mpaghara nchekwa na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ka Dock malitere ịnata nkwado ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ maka nkuzi ya, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchite anya Pennsylvania na International Congress of Women nke a ga-eme n'oge ọkọchị ahụ na London. Onye edemede ahụ na-akọwa ihe Dock rụzuru gburugburu ọchịchọ ya ịbawanye ihe ọmụma mgbe niile, dị ka njem ọnwa ya n'ọhịa Germany nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Dietrich Brandis mere.  Rimby na-agbaso ọrụ Dock nke were ọtụtụ iri afọ iji mechie ihe nketa Dock nke fọdụrụ taa.

## Nnakwere
Kevin C. Armitage nke Mahadum Miami nke Ohio, n'ịtụleghachi akwụkwọ ahụ maka *akwụkwọ* akụkọ Ohio Valley History, kwuru na Rimby jiri nlezianya nye usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ndụ Dock nke mere njikọ dị n'etiti ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ọrụ obodo na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. O kwuru na akwụkwọ ahụ kwesịrị ịkpali mmepụta ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. 

Nnyocha H-Net nke Jessica DeWitt kwuru na akwụkwọ ahụ dị mfe na-edekọ usoro nchekwa. Mana ma ọ bụghị ya, DeWitt dere na ike akwụkwọ ahụ bụ n'ịnye akụkọ Dock nke ọma n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme, gburugburu ebe obibi na oge mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ọ biri.

Goodreads nyere akwụkwọ ahụ kpakpando anọ n'ime ise, ma kwuo na akwụkwọ ahụ mepụtara "ihe osise doro anya na nke a na-enweta nke nchedo Progressive Era n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States na ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nketa Dock na mmegharị ahụ".

## Nkọwa zuru ezu nke ntọhapụ

* 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
*
Ọhịa Mmụọ

thumb|Ghost Forest nke Maya Lin, na Mee 12, 2021
Ghost Forest bụ ihe osise nke Maya Lin tinyere na Madison Square Park na New York City. Akụkụ ahụ nwere osisi cedar ọcha Atlantic 49 nwụrụ anwụ.

Ntinye ahụ malitere na Mee 10, 2021, ruo Nọvemba 14, 2021. Osisi ndị ahụ dị ka arụnyere dị ihe dị ka mita iri na abụọ n'ogologo ma ha niile mere ndokwa ka a gbutuo ha dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme mweghachi na New Jersey Pine Barrens.

Osisi ndị ahụ, mgbe arụchara ya, e gburu ha n'ime osisi na Nọvemba 19, 2021, ma nye ha onyinye na Rocking the Boat, ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị uru na Bronx, ka ụmụ akwụkwọ wuo ya n'ime ụgbọ mmiri. Otu onye na-ahụ maka Rocking the Boat nwetara nrụnye ahụ ma jụọ maka iji osisi ahụ mgbe ọ gwụchara. Ndị Madison Square Park Conservancy na Lin kwetara, na Lin na-ekwu: 
 Osisi cedar na-acha ọcha nke Atlantic nwere nnukwu nkwụsi ike nke sitere na oke ọhịa na-anwụ anwụ ha guzoro na ogige Madison dị ka akara na akara ngosi maka ọnwa isii iji gosipụta anụ ahụ.Ihe onwunwe nke mgbanwe ihu igwe Ma ugbu a, a na-eji ihe ọhụrụ emeghachi ha 

A na-eme atụmatụ ka a rụchaa ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma bido ya na nke mbụ ya n'etiti afọ 2023.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Food and Agriculture Organization

thumb|FAO Logo
FAO na-achịkwa ogbako biennial nke na-anọchi anya obodo ọ bụla so na European Union, nke na-ahọpụta otu kansụl ndị isi 49.

## Ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ na mmekọrịta<p>Mmekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta na-enye maka ikere òkè mba na ọrụ na mmemme FAO na ọkwa mba, mpaghara mpaghara, mpaghara na mpaghara, yana nkwalite nkwado site na ọrụ ego ntụkwasị obi n'otu akụkụ yana nkwado South-South.</p>

Isi ụlọ ọrụ ụwa dị na Rome, na oche mbụ nke Ngalaba Italian East Africa.
Maggie Borg

thumb|300x300px|Maggie Borg n'ụlọ na Zebbug (1993)
**Maggie Borg** (1952-2004) bụ onye Malta na-ahụ maka ikike gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ọha na eze.

## Onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi
Maggie Borg bụ onye ama ama na gburugburu ebe obibi na Malta. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Friends of the Earth (Malta) na Greenpeace Mediterranean. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite imegharị ihe na ike dị ọcha na Malta na mba Mediterenian, na nchekwa nke okike n'ime ime obodo. Borg na ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-arụkọ ọrụ na Malta dịka Julian Manduca, onye nwere onyinye aha ya. Otu egwu egwu Maltese bụ Dripht raara abọm ha bụ Global Warning nye ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi abụọ ahụ.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Maggie Borg na Cospicua, Malta na 14 Jenụwarị 1952. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị mbụ n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụnne iri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Cospicua Public School, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi njem nleta, onye na-enyere ụlọ ahịa aka na dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya na onye na'imepụta akwa ajị anụ tupu ọ banye na Greenpeace. Borg lụrụ di mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ahụ gbasara, ọ malitere ịkwado ndị enyi na ndị na-eto eto n'ezinụlọ. 
Borg biri na Naxxar na Mosta ma mesịa biri na Zebbug. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ tozuru oke na Mahadum Malta ebe o nwetara nzere masta na Sociology & Environmental Studies na 1993. Ọ mepụtara ihe ọmụmụ na ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee malite ịkụzi klas ndị dị elu na San Anton School. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nne na nna nwere ekele maka ụzọ ọ na-esi akụzi ihe.  N'ikwu okwu na onye edemede Malta Independent Daphne Caruana Galizia: "A na-ewere usoro ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma ruo mgbe ụmụ akwụkwọ ya malitere ị nweta 1s na 2s na ule MATSEC ha".

## Ọnwụ
Maggie Borg nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa ara na 3 Ọgọstụ 2004, mgbe ọ dị afọ 52, mgbe ọ lụchara ọgụ megide ọrịa ahụ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri. Ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo na njedebe na-akwado ihe dị iche iche, dị ka Malta Cancer Foundation. A na-echeta aha ya kwa afọ na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Aboutmalta.com na ncheta ọnwụ ya.

## Ihe odide
The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy

***The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy*** bụ obere usoro ihe nkiri 1988 nke Australia-New Zealand nke dabere na Sinking of the Rainbow Warrion . Ọ bụ David Phillips dere ya, Chris Thomson duziri ya, Jack Thompson, Brad Davis na Germain Houde.

## Atụmatụ
Site na 1978 ruo 1985, Rainbow Warrior bụ flagship nke ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwado ọtụtụ mgbochi whaling, ịchụ nta mkpuchi mkpuchi, nnwale mgbochi nuklia na mkpọsa mkpofu mkpofu nuklia, n'oge ahụ.  N'afọ 1985, ọ bụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Auckland dị na New Zealand ka ọ na-aga mkpesa megide ule nuklia French a zubere na Moruroa.  Ọ dara site na ọrụ ogbunigwe site na ngalaba "ọrụ" nke ndị ọrụ ọgụgụ isi mba ofesi France, Direction générale de la sécurité extérieure (DGSE), mere na 10 July 1985. Fernando Pereira, onye na-ese foto, riri mmiri n'ụgbọ mmiri na-emikpu.

## Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri
 

* Jack Thompson dị ka Stuart Irvine
* Brad Davis dị ka Neil Travers
* Germain Houde dị ka Alain Mafart
* Louise Laparé dị ka Dominique Prieur
* Peter Carroll dị ka Louis-Pierre Dillais
* Guy Thauvette dị ka Manignet
* Bruno Lawrence dị ka Terry Batchelor
* Christian Manon dị ka onye ụkọchukwu French
* Alex Menglet dị ka Velche
* Ụbọchị Gary

## Hụkwa

* The Rainbow Warrior, ihe nkiri 1993

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy at IMDb
* ''The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy'' at screenaustralia
* ''The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy'' at BFI
* ''The Rainbow Warrior Conspiracy'' at NZ Film Archive
Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa

otu onye na-eche nche n'oké osimiri bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, nchekwa nchekwa mmiri dabere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Friday na San Juan Island, Washington, na United States. .
Ikike mmadụ

.",.Ikike mmadụ bụ ụkpụrụ omume ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ[1] maka ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ nke omume mmadụ, a na-echekwa ya mgbe niile na iwu obodo na nke mba ụwa.Àtụ:Sfnp A na-aghọtakarị ha dị ka ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha,[2] ikike ndị bụ isi "nke mmadụ nwere ikike n'onwe ya dị mfe.  n'ihi na ya ma ọ bụ ya bụ mmadụ"Àtụ:Sfnp na nke bụ"ihe dị n'ime mmadụ niile",[3] n'agbanyeghị afọ, agbụrụ, ebe, asụsụ, okpukperechi, agbụrụ na ọnọdụ ọ bụla ọzọ[2].
MV Esperanza

***MV Esperanza*** bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Greenpeace na-arụ.  Tupu ịbụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu ọkụ nke ndị agha mmiri Soviet, nke e wuru na 1984. E degharịrị ya na 2000 wee maliteghachi ya na 2002 mgbe akpọrọ ya Esperanza ('olileanya' na Spanish) site na ndị ọbịa na webụsaịtị Greenpeace.  Greenpeace emechaala ya nnukwu mgbanwe iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma na gburugburu ebe obibi.  A gbakwụnyekwara ụgbọ elu helikopta ọhụrụ na cranes ụgbọ mmiri.  Igwe mmanụ dizel abụọ Sulzer V12 gbara ụgbọ ahụ.

Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere ice dị arọ, na-enye ya ikike ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara polar. Ọ nwere ọsọ kachasị elu nke 16 knots ( km / h; 18 ) na ogologo zuru oke nke 72.3 mita (237  in). Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ nke kachasị ọsọ na nke kachasị ukwuu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace.

Na mbụ e sere ya na livery na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, n'oge Disemba 2014 ọ kpọrọ Palumbo Malta Superyachts maka nrụzi na livery ọhụrụ, na-enweta mkpuchi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace ndị ọzọ.

Esperanza etinyela aka n'ọtụtụ mkpọsa zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa. E wepụrụ ya ma ree ya maka ihe mkpofu na 2022.

## Ngwá ọrụ vidio n'ụgbọ
Greenpeace gbakwunyere webcams na Esperanza na 2006. A na-edobe kamera weebụ na ụta nke ụgbọ mmiri, mast na akwa mmiri, ha na-eziga ihe oyiyi ọhụrụ kwa nkeji na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Defending Our Oceans ma na-enye ihe ndekọ nke ihe omume.

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2006, e nyere Esperanza ngwá ọrụ nlekota n'okpuru mmiri, gụnyere ụgbọ ala na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe dị anya (ROV) nke nwere ike ịgba vidiyo ruo omimi nke mita 300 (980 ft), na igwefoto na-ada nwere ike iru omimi nke 1,000 mita (3,300 ).

## Ọrụ
Esperanza sonyere na njem ịkụ azụ na Kiribati na Marshall Islands na 2006.  Na Jenụwarị 2017, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ malitere ROV na Atlantic Coast nke Brazil iji nyere aka dee Amazon Reef a na-amaghị ama tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ emee atụmatụ.

N'afọ 2020, Esperanza ji ụgbọ mmiri mee njem na-echebe Oceans, njem site na Arctic gaa Antarctic. Njem a fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime njem Greenpeace kachasị ukwuu ma gosipụta ọtụtụ egwu ndị oké osimiri na-eche ihu. 

Site na ọhụụ Greenpeace maka ọdịnihu na-enweghị carbon, e kpebiri ịla ezumike nká na Esperanza. Na mbido afọ 2022 ka a kwụsịrị ya ma ree ya na Spain. Njem ikpeazụ ya ọ banyere na 7 Febụwarị 2022 site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ya Amsterdam gaa Bilbao. Mgbe ahụ site na Bilbao gaa Gijón ebe ọ rutere na 12 Febụwarị 2022, ka a kwatuo ya ma megharịa ya. 

## Hụkwa

* Rainbow Warrior (2011)
* MV Arctic Sunrise
* MY Steve Irwin (Flagship of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society)

## Ihe ngosi

## Edensibia

## Njikọ Mpụga [http://Beong]

* Peeji Esperanza nke Greenpeace
* kamera weebụ na-adị ndụ n'ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, gụnyere Esperanza
* Njem a kọrọ banyere ụgbọ mmiri ahụ
* [1]: Olileanya
*
Onye na-emepụta osisi ọkụ

thumb|Njikwa njikwa LCD na-egosipụta nrụgide sistemụ hydraulic na ọgụgụ okpomọkụ mmanụ n'oge na DYNA Firewood Processor
thumb|Onye na-emepụta nkụ na Russia
thumb|Firewssor na USA
na 12-20 ụkwụ (3.7-6.1 ) Igwe ọkụ bụ igwe emebere iji gbutu ma kewaa nkụ na-eji obere aka na-ejikwa osisi ahụ.  A na-enwekarị akụkụ anọ bụ isi nke igwe, nke ọ bụla raara onwe ya nye maka ọrụ dị iche.  

Nhazi na-amalite site n’obo osisi - ikpo osisi ndị a kụpụrụla aka ma bee n’ogologo kwesịrị, n’ozuzu 12–20 ụkwụ (3.7–6.1 m).  Ụdị ewu ewu Multitek, Eastonmade, Cord King, Wood Beaver, DYNA, Hakki Pilke, na Blockbuster.  Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eji processors eme azụmahịa, ebe ụfọdụ na-eji ya na dị ka ihe nkiri.  Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere obere osisi ọ ga-amasị ya kewaa mana ha achọghị imefu nnukwu ego, nhọrọ nhọrọ ịgbazite ndị yiri ihe ọzọ maka￼

A na-akpụ osisi ahụ site na ma ọ bụ chainsaw harvester bar na-arụ ọrụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ na igwe buru ibu, nnukwu mma ogwu, ma ọ bụrụ na guillotine na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ site na pto (tractor ma ọ bụ engine) ma ọ bụ hydraulics. Mgbe a kwụsịrị ịkpụcha ahụ, "agba" ahụ na-adaba n'ọnọdụ a ga-ekewa ya na usoro ọzọ.

N'ebe a, a na-amanye osisi ahụ ka ọ bụrụ wedge nke na-ekewa gburugburu ahụ n'etiti ihe abụọ na iri na isii, dabere na nha osisi ahụ na ahịa a chọrọ. Multitek North America mepụtara ụzọ iri na isii, isi igbe nke nwere ike ijikwa osisi dị sentimita iri na asatọ n'obosara.

.Ike mmepụta nke igwe nkụ na-adị iche na nha na ọnụ ahịa igwe, site na otu eriri kwa elekere na igwe ntinye ọkwa $ 22,000 (ọnụahịa 2020), [1] ruo eriri ise ma ọ bụ isii kwa elekere na $ 60,000 ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.  igwe.  (ọnụahịa 2020). *Lee ihe edeturu na ọkwa ikike mmepụta n'okpuru ebe a.*
Washington Winch

thumb|Washington Winch - 1939 nzọpụta osisi na Toorongo Plateau nso Noojee.
Winch Washington na-anọdụ n'ime ọhịa dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Victoria dị nso na Swifts Creek ma makwaara dị ka Washington Iron Works Skidder.￼

E mechara ree ígwè ọrụ ahụ dị nso na Swifts creek ma bufee ya n'ebe ọ dị ugbu a site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ na-awa osisi Ezards na 1959 ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo 1960-61.  Otu nnukwu ogige ịkwa osisi kwadoro ndị ikom na-arụ ọrụ na igwe ahụ. A maghị ọdịnihu nke igwe nke abụọ.

Winich ahụ ka bụ akụkụ pụrụ iche nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị Victoria na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkwa osisi; a hapụrụ ya na injin, spars na eriri ka na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụ naanị injin na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Australia. E depụtara ya na Victorian Heritage Register, ndị ọrụ mpaghara na Swifts Creek nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ala, Mmiri na Atụmatụ (DELWP) na-elekọta ma na-echebe ya.
alt=|thumb|Washington Winch
Injin nke Washington Iron Works gbanwere ịkpụ osisi na 1920s na 1930s. A na-etinye ihe ndị na-eji uzuoku eme ihe n'elu ogwe osisi dị arọ nke mere ka e buru ihe ndị ahụ gaa ebe ọhụrụ. A ka nwere ike ịhụ ọtụtụ ndị na-agba ọsọ na Washington na North America.

A naghị eji usoro ndu dị elu eme ihe mgbe niile n'ihi na ọ na-ebuli osisi ahụ n'ala, nke mere ka osisi ahụ jide n'ime nkume, ma hapụ "ụzọ snow", nke miri emi ka oge na-aga.

Usoro ihu igwe gụnyere nnukwu osisi abụọ (osisi) eji emepụta "nkịta ọhịa na-efe efe" iji bulie osisi n'elu ala siri ike.

A na-eji Washington Winch na-ewe ihe ubi osisi Alpine Ash bụ nke a na-asachapụ wee mepụta ngwaahịa ndị bara uru dị ka ngwá ụlọ, ala na ebe a na-edebe ihe ochie na Ezards igwe ihe na Swifts Creek.
Ogige Nchekwa Okike Pawling

**Ogige** Ntụrụndụ Pawling dị na mpaghara ugwu nke Obodo Pawling, New York, United States. Ọ bụ mpaghara 1,060-acre (430 hectare) nke dị n'elu Hammersby Ridge, nso Quaker Lake nke The Nature Conservancy nwere ma jikwaa.

N'ịbụ nke e nwetara na 1958 site n'aka otu ụmụ amaala obodo, a na-echekwa ya iji chebe ọtụtụ obodo dị iche iche, gụnyere ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-eyi egwu na New York, dị ka Devil's bit, soapwort gentian, maidenhair spleenwort na ụfọdụ obodo salamander. Ọ na-enyekwa aka chebe mmiri nke Great Swamp n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Ihe karịrị  iri na isii nke ụzọ ndị njem na-agafe ebe nchekwa ahụ, gụnyere akụkụ nke Appalachian Trail, nke na-enye ohere maka ndị njem na Metro-North Harlem Line site na New York City wee gbadata na nkwụsị dị nso na NY 22/55. Ụzọ isi e si enweta ebe nchekwa ahụ bụ nnukwu ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na Quaker Lake Road. Na mgbakwunye na gburugburu ebe obibi, ụzọ ndị ahụ na-enyekwa ọhụụ mara mma nke mpaghara Harlem Valley.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Pawling Nature Reserve
* The Nature Conservancy: Pawling Nature Reserve
* Map nke Ogige Nchekwa Okike Pawling
Ebe Nlekọta Anụ Ọhịa Black Pond

Black Pond Wildlife Management Area bụ 526-acre (213 hectare) New York State Wildlife Management Zone (WMA) nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Ontario, na njedebe ugwu nke mpaghara a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụsọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri. Ọtụtụ n'ime osimiri mgbochi dị na Black Pond WMA nwere ájá ájá ọhịa nke dị ihe dị ka mita iri na asatọ n'ịdị elu; ndị a bụ ájá ámá kachasị elu n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ United States ma e wezụga Cape Cod.  Ozugbo n**'ebe** ugwu nke WMA bụ El Dorado Beach Preserve nke dị 360-acre (150 hectare), nke bụ ebe mgbaba nnụnụ nke The Nature Conservancy. N'ebe ugwu nke mpụta site na Black Pond ruo Lake Ontario, ụsọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe ikuku na-eme, ebe dị larịị nke dị "calcareous" kama ịbụ ájá.
alt=Photograph of a pond with still water; across the pond are aquatic plants and trees with autumn colors.|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Akụkụ ndịda nke Black Pond n'ọnwa Ọktoba.
Site n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na njedebe nke okporo ụzọ, WMA nwere ụzọ 0.4-mile (0.6 km) na boardwalk nke na-eru site na ala mmiri dị n'ime ruo n'ụsọ osimiri ájá na Lake Ontario. Site na njedebe nke boardwalk, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịga ije n'ebe ndịda n'akụkụ osimiri ruo ihe dị ka  8 (13 km) n'enwetaghị ụkwụ mmiri. Ụzọ osimiri a na-agafe na WMA, gafere ebe obibi ndị dị n'ụsọ osimiri nke Jefferson Park, site na Southwick Beach State Park, wee banye n'ime nnukwu Lakeview Wildlife Management Area. Ịga ije n'ebe ugwu n'akụkụ osimiri na-eduga na El Dorado Beach Preserve; ụzọ njem na ebe a na-ele nnụnụ na Beach Preserve na-ejikarị Grandjean Road, nke dị n'ebeebe ugwu Black Pond.

Black Pond WMA, na Lakeview WMA, Deer Creek Marsh WMA, yana Sandy Pond Beach Unique Area, mejupụtara Eastern Lake Ontario Marshes Bird Conservation Area. El Dorado Beach Preserve nke dị nso na Nature Conservancy gbasaa ebe nchekwa nnụnụ a. Black Pond WMA, Southwick Beach State Park, Lakeview WMA, Sandy Pond Beach Natural Area, na Deer Creek Marsh WMA etinyela na New York Natural Heritage Area, "Eastern Lake Ontario Barrier Beach and Wetland Complex".

WMA na Beach Preserve dị n'obodo Ellisburg na Jefferson County.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ebe nchịkwa anụ ọhịa nke steeti New York
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Southwick Beach

## Njikọ mpụga (gụnyere ozi ịnweta)

*
Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Deer Lick

DDeer Lick Nature Sanctuary bụ oke ọhịa echedoro na ọwa na Cattaraugus County, New York. Nchekwa ahụ dị na Ndagwurugwu Zoar dị nso na Gowanda, nke The Nature Conservancy na-elekọta ya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emebere ebe nsọ Deer Lick Nature Sanctuary site na onyinye sitere n'aka Miss Evelyn Alverson nye The Nature Conservancy na 1960 site na onyinye ọzọ nke Deer Lick Falls site n'aka Herbert F. Darling. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ National Natural Landmark na Nọvemba 1967 maka oke ọhịa osisi siri ike ya na gorge ya nke na-egosipụta Onondaga Escarpment.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, ebe nchekwa ahụ kpuchiri 450 acres (1.8 km2), 80 acres (0.32 km2) nke nwere oké ọhịa ochie. Akụkụ ndịda nke Cattaraugus Creek na-aga n'akụkụ akụkụ nke nchekwa ahụ. N'afọ 2006, nchekwa ahụ gbasaa site na enyemaka na ịzụta. E nwere  iri na otu (18 km) nke ụzọ ndị njem na-emeghe maka ọha na eze.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke National Natural Landmarks na New York

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe Nchekwa Okike: Ebe Nchekwa Deer Lick
Ebe Nchekwa Ọzara Bear

**Bear Swamp Preserve** is a Nature Conservancy preserve and National Natural Landmark in Westerlo, New York. It consists of a pond and surrounding  of swamp and woodland.  It is recognized for its great laurel tree population. It has two nature trails totaling about  in length.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke National Natural Landmarks na New York

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Nature Conservancy: Bear Swamp Preserve
Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|ỌArụ ọrụ na Comandău, Romania (Foto sitere na 1996)
Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa, **ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa،** akara osisi,okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma ọ bụ igbu osisi bụ ụdị njem ụgbọ oloko nke a na-eji arụ ọrụ ọhịa, nke bụ isi ibuga osisi ndị e gbuturu egbutu n'ebe a na-akwọ osisi ma ọ bụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ oloko.

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ụdị njem a na-eji gauges dị warara, ma bụrụ nke na-adịru nwa oge, na nke siri ike na mgbe ụfọdụ siri ike ịnweta ala.
thumb|Shay locomotive n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè America
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị njem na ihe ngosi ihe ngosi dị warara na okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Kemence Forest.￼
. Ụgbọ ala ndị dị mfe, na-eji ịnyịnya na okporo ígwè osisi, mee ihe site na narị afọ nke 18.Otú ọ dị, ala siri ike n'ime ọhịa pụtara na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị warara, nke na-ewe obere ohere, dị mfe ma dị mfe iwu ma mee ka a rụọ ụzọ siri ike, ka a họọrọ. Ndị a bụ ihe a na-akpọ ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa. Karịsịa n'ebe buru ibu nke oké ọhịa ma ọ bụ oké ọhịa nke nnukwu osisi, dịka n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ USA, Ọbụna a rụrụ ọtụtụ ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke ọhịa site na iji nlele ọkọlọtọ naanị maka ọrụ ọhịa.  Emepụtara ụgbọ ala ndị pụrụ iche dị ka Shay na Climax locomotive maka mbọ dị elu n'ụzọ siri ike.  Ụfọdụ ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke ọhịa ghọrọ ndị na-ebukarị mgbe a gbanwere ala ọhịa a kpochapụrụ ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ.

Na mgbakwunye na steam traction, a na-ejikwa diesel na mmanụ ụgbọala na-akwọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè mgbe e mesịrị. Ihe ndị a mere ka ụgbọ njem anụmanụ na-adọkpụ kwụsị n'ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa. Ihe ọzọ a na-ahụkarị bụ ụzọ ndị na-eji ike ndọda eme ihe. Ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị e ji osisi rụọ ga-agbadata n'ụzọ a na-achịkwa n'okpuru ike ndọda. Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ejikwa ihe ndị a, na-etinye ndụ ha n'ihe ize ndụ n'oge ụfọdụ - dị ka ndị na-agba ọsọ. A na-adọkpụ ụgbọ ala ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ọzọ site n'ịnyịnya.

N'Eshia na Oceania (Australia na New Zealand) akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnihu nke okporo ụzọ okporo ígwè / okporo ụzọ ọhịa yiri Europe, na ọtụtụ ahịrị ma ọ bụ gbanwee gaa na ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ mechie na 1960s.  A na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke locomotives na ihe ndị ọzọ fọdụrụ na akara ochie na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Australia.

*
*
*

### Poland

*
*
* Hajnówk
* ígwè Bieszczady

### Slovakia

* Hronec - Čierny Balog Forest Railway (*Schwarzgranbahn*), ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie
* Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Vychylovka Forest, ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie
* Považská lesná železnica

* *Ohsabanan*, Värnamo, Småland, ụgbọ okporo ígwè ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ na ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị njem nleta
Mgbanyụ ọkụ n'elu

[áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A DC-10 Tanker na-arụ ọrụ site na onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta onwe onye maka U.S. Forest Service na-egosi na mmiri dara n'oge "Thunder Over The Empire Air Fest" na March Air Reserve Base, [California|Calif.]]
.Ọkụ ọkụ nke ikuku, nke a makwaara dị ka ogbunigwe mmiri, bụ iji ụgbọ elu na akụrụngwa ikuku ndị ọzọ na-alụso ọkụ ọgụ ọgụ.  Ụdị ụgbọ elu eji agụnye ụgbọ elu nwere nku na helikopta.  A na-ekewakwa ndị na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ na ndị na-akụ ụgbụ a dị ka ndị na-agbanyụ ọkụ ikuku, ndị a na-ebuga n'ọkụ ahụ site na parachute dị iche iche nke ụgbọ elu nwere nku dị iche iche, ma ọ bụ ndị na-esi n'ụgbọelu helikọpta na-apụ.  Chemical ndị a na-eji alụso ọkụ ọgụ nwere ike ịgụnye mmiri, ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị ka foams na gels, na ihe ndị pụrụ iche na-egbochi ọkụ dị ka Phos-Chek.[1].

A na-eji ọtụtụ okwu eme ihe na mgbasa ozi a ma ama maka ụgbọelu (na usoro) eji eme ihe na ọkụ ọkụ. Okwu air**tanker** ma ọ bụ air tanker na-ezo aka n'ụgbọelu na-akwụsi ike na United States; a na-eji "airtanker" eme ihe na akwụkwọ gọọmentị. A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "waterbomber" mee ihe na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ gọọmentị Canada maka otu ụdị ụgbọ ala ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-ekwu maka anụ ndị bi na mmiri.
Njikọ Ụgbọelu

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Douglas C-54 Tanker 02 nke Aero Union na Chico na 1992
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Aero Union P-2 Tanker 16 na Fox Field na 2003, na-enweghị injin jet
Aero Union Corporation bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọelu na **ụlọ ọrụ** mmezi nke dị na Chico, California, United States. A maara ya maka ịrụ ọrụ ụgbọ elu na-agbanyụ ọkụ, na-azụ ndị ọrụ na ime usoro mgbochi ọkụ a haziri ahazi maka ihe ụgbọelu chọrọ. Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke esemokwu banyere ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na nchekwa nke ụgbọ elu ya gasịrị, US Forest Service (USFS) kagburu nkwekọrịta ya, a manyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ imechi n'oge na-adịghị anya.

N'afọ 1960, Dale Newton na Dick Foy sonyere n'oge ọkụ mbụ ha na B-25 Mitchell.  Newton & Foy rụrụ ọrụ maka oge ahụ n'okpuru aha Western Air Industries.  N'afọ sochirinụ, ha zụrụ B-17 Flying Fortresses abụọ mbụ ha ma gbanwee aha ha ka ọ bụrụ Aero Union.  N'afọ 1962, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ si na Redding, California kwaga Chico. 
N'agbata afọ 1975 na afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jiri ụgbọelu Douglas C-54 dị ka ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na dị ka ụgbọelu nkwado n'ozuzu, itoolu na-eji n'April 199

..Aero Union bụ otu n'ime ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta isii tinyere aka na asịrị ụgbọ elu US Forest Service.  Ụgbọ mmiri US C-119 Flying Boxcar merela agadi, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụgbọ elu Aero Union, kwụsịrị na 1987 n'ihi nchegbu nchekwa;  nke a belatara ike ọkụ ikuku nke USFS.  Iji dochie ụgbọ elu ezumike nká ngwa ngwa ma mee ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, USFS haziri nkwekọrịta na Ngalaba Nchebe na Nlekọta Ọrụ General iji gbanwee ụgbọ elu ala maka ụgbọ elu C-130A Hercules na P-3 Orion nke oge a.  Usoro mgbanwe ahụ mechara kwe ka ndị ọrụ ngo ahụ nweta ụgbọ elu iri abụọ na asatọ na-akwụghị ụgwọ, ma enweghị mgbasa ozi ma ọ bụ usoro mgbasa ozi ọha na eze mere ka ebubo nke cronyism, na USFS mere mgbanwe ahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị: kama ikwe ka ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta rụọ ọrụ.  rụọ ụgbọ elu gọọmentị nwere dịka nkwekọrịta interagency siri dị, ebugharị ọtụtụ aha, na-enye ụgbọ elu nke ọma n'efu.  Opekempe, ụgbọ elu anọ dị otú ahụ ka Aero Union na TBM chụpụrụ maka akụkụ ya.  Aero Union gbanwekwara ụgbọ elu ndị ọzọ na USFS, na gọọmentị na-ejigide aha na ikike, na achọrọ ka ọ nọgide na-arụ ọrụ maka ọrụ ọkụ ọkụ.  Kama, Aero Union wepụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ha, na-ere akụkụ maka uru.[1]  Aero Union mere mkpebi n'ụlọ ikpe na gọọmentị maka omume ya mana nke a mechara maa aka n'ụlọ ikpe.[2]
Mmiri Mmiri

Air Spray (1967) Ltd. na-azụ ahịa dị ka **Air Spray Ltd**. nke Edmonton, Alberta, Canada na **Air Spray USA Inc** nke Chico, California bụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye na-ahụ maka mgbochi ọkụ ọhịa site na iji ụgbọelu tankị ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu bọmbụ mmiri. Air Spray bụ nke onye Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame, Donald T. Hamilton ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2011. Nwa ya nwanyị, Lynn Hamilton, nke Foothills, Alberta, na-anọgide na-enwe ma na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Ntọala
Air Spray Ltd. ka Dave Harrington guzobere na 1954 dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-agbanye ihe ọkụkụ na Wetaskiwin, Alberta.  O mechara gbasaa na njikwa anwụnta site na nkwekọrịta nke Obodo Edmonton nyere na 1956. Otú ọ dị, ka ọ dị ugbu a, ụlọ ọrụ na-egbochi ọkụ ọhịa na-amalite na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-achọ ngwọta maka nsogbu na-arịwanye elu nke ịchịkwa ọkụ ọhịa na na-ebibi osisi na obodo ndị na-eyi egwu. N'ịzaghachi mkpa a, Air Spray Ltd. bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole dị na North America nke mechiri ọrụ ya na-agbanye ihe ọkụkụ ma gbanwee ụgbọ elu ya iji lụso ọkụ ọhịa ọgụ.

### Ntinyeghachi
.Na 1967 Air Spray Ltd. eweghachiri dị ka Air Spray (1967) Ltd. na ụlọ ọrụ zụtara otu 1945 Douglas A-26 Invader maka ntụgharị gaa na ụgbọ mmiri ikuku.  Mgbe ntụgharị zuru oke, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbakwunyere Cessna 310 ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ elu nnụnụ (ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu ndu) na Air Spray nyere nkwekọrịta maka otu ahụ site n'ógbè Alberta.  E mechara nye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nkwekọrịta na gọọmentị Yukon maka B-26 abụọ ọzọ.  N'afọ 1973, ebufere ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta Air Spray site na Edmonton, Alberta na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mpaghara Red Deer na Springbrook, Alberta[1] n'ihi enwere hanga ụgbọ elu yana inye ohere maka mgbasawanye.  N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbasaa, na-arụ ọtụtụ nkwekọrịta oge oge na gọọmentị mpaghara dị iche iche.  Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ toro nkezi nke otu ụgbọ mmiri kwa afọ, n'ikpeazụ gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ elu 22 B-26 (nke lara ezumike nká) na 8 Cessna 310 nnụnụ nnụnụ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta.
Mary Barr

## Ọrụ
. Mgbe ọ bi na Lorain, Ohio ma na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, Barr buru ụzọ mụọ ka esi efe ụgbọ elu na 1946 dịka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Piper.  Ọ kwụsịrị na kọleji Oberlin n'afọ gara aga ka ọ chọta ọrụ ọ ga-eji kwụọ ụgwọ nkuzi ụgbọ elu.  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ nwetara ọrụ ịzụ ndị ọzọ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ elu azụmahịaN'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, o kpebiri inye aka rụọ ụgbọ elu maka agha ahụ, nke mere ka ọ kwaga New York City ma sonye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ injinia ụgbọelu. Nke a gụnyekwara ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ndị otu Women Airforce Service Pilots iji nyere aka na ibugharị ngwongwo agha na ụgbọelu gafee US. Njedebe nke agha ahụ mere ka ndị Barrs kwaga Susanville, California na 1949, ma malite ịgba ọsọ na imeziwanye ọdụ ụgbọ elu Susanville. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị asambodo ya na 1957, e nyere ya ọkwa nke FAA Pilot Examiner maka Lassen County.

Malite ọrụ na US Forest Service na July 1974, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-anya ụgbọelu mere nke a, a na-ebuli ya elu ka ọ bụrụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Forest Service dị ka onye na-anya ụgbọala nkwekọrịta ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eduzi ụgbọelu maka California North Zone Air Unit. Ka e mesịrị na 1970s, Barr kwagara San Francisco ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nchekwa ụgbọ elu maka Forest Service, wee ghọọ onye ọrụ nchekwa mba na Washington DC, ma mesịa kwaga Sacramento, California na 1985 iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ nchekwa mpaghara ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.

## Edensibia