Alicia Dussán nke Reichel

Alicia Dussán de Reichel (16 Ọktoba 1920 - 17 Mee 2023) bụ onye nkuzi Colombia, onye bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ izizi nke ethnology na obodo ahụ. Ruo afọ iri abụọ, ọ bụ naanị ya bụ nwanyị na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie na ihe gbasara mmadụ na mba ahụ. Nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya na Colombia na Caribbean na ya na di ya, o hiwere Mahadum Andes' Department of Anthropology. Ọ nọrọ oche 15 nke Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences ruo 2008 ma bụrụ naanị onye ọkà mmụta gbasara mmadụ bụ onye otu n'oge ọrụ ya. N'afọ 2010, gọọmentị France kwanyere ya ugwu site na nhọpụta onye ọrụ Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Alicia Dussán Maldonado na 16 October 1920 na Bogotá, Colombia, nye Lucrecia Maldonado Parra na Agustín Dussán Quiroga. Nna ya bụ onye nwe ala, nke sitere na Villavieja na nne ya bụ onye mba na-emesapụ aka na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, dịka nna ya, José María Maldonado Neira, jere ozi dị ka General na Agha puku ụbọchị. Nna nna ọzọ sitere n'ahịrị Parra ya bụ Antonio María Díaz, onye lụrụ ọgụ na Agha Boyacá. Site na klas nke atọ, Dussán zụlitere mmasị n'ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ, karịsịa nke Africa na Eshia, yana ọchịchọ ịmata banyere ụmụ amaala Colombia.[2]

Dussán gara Gimnasio Femenino (Women's Gymnasium) na Bogotá, ụlọ akwụkwọ onwe onye a ma ama nke tinyere Usoro Montessori yana ntụziaka omume iji kwadebe ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha bụrụ ezigbo ndị nwunye na ndị nne.[3] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ìgwè mbụ nke ụmụ agbọghọ na Colombia bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu na ọrụ. Nna Dussán nwụrụ tupu ọ gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1938 ma site na nkwenye nke nne ya, o kpebiri ịga Europe iji gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya. Ọ debanyere aha na Mahadum nke Berlin na-amụ German Culture and Language  ma mgbe ọ nọ na Europe, o jiri ohere ahụ gaa ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, na-ahụ ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ala na South America. [2][3] A manyere ya ịlaghachi Colombia mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ malitere. Dussán debanyere aha na Faculty of Law na National University of Colombia na 1940,  mana ọ masịrị ya maka nkà mmụta ihe ochie gara nkuzi nke Paul Rivet nyere. [2][3] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ iwu ruo 1941, ọ gafere na National Ethnological Institute (NEI), nke Rivet guzobere na nso nso a. Ihe omume ahụ bụ ụzọ ọhụrụ maka usoro sayensị, kama iburu n'isi. A gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha nyochaa mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọdịbendị na teknụzụ nke ụmụ amaala n'elu ibe ha.[2] N'inweta akara ugo mmụta ya na 1942, [1] n'afọ sochirinụ, Dussán lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff. [3]

## Ọrụ
N'agbata 1942 na 1945 Dussán rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-enyere aka nyocha na NEI ma soro di ya rụkọọ ọrụ na nyocha nke olili ozu na Ngalaba Magdalena ma mee ọmụmụ ihe gbasara anthropology anụ ahụ nke ndị Pijao nke Ngalaba Tolima. N'ime oge a, ọ mụtakwara nwa mbụ di na nwunye ahụ, René Reichel Dussán. Enyere ya onyinye nyocha iji mee ọmụmụ ihe na 1944 site n'aka gọọmentị France. E wezụga ihe isi ike nke ọrụ anụ ahụ́, Dussán nwetara nkatọ sitere n’aka ndị ụkọchukwu nọ n’ógbè ahụ na ndị òtù ọha ndị ọzọ, bụ́ ndị chere na uwe na àgwà ya ezighị ezi n’ebe nwanyị nọ. N'ime afọ iri abụọ mbụ nke ọrụ ya, ọ bụ naanị nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na Colombia, a na-akwakwa ya emo maka ịhọrọghị ọrụ dịka onye na-elekọta mmadụ ma ọ bụ nọọsụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ siri ọnwụ na-arụ ọrụ. Iyi uwe ogologo ọkpa, kama iyi uwe ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ, na ịghọ otu n'ime ndị inyom mbụ na-anya ụgbọ ala mere ka ndị mmadụ kpọọ ya nwoke na-atụ ya nkume.[4]

N'afọ 1946, ya na di ya hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Ethnological Institute of Magdalena wee rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ site na 1950. N'ịchịkọta ceramik na ihe gbasara agbụrụ, ha guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ha kpakọbara n'oge ọrụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie na mpaghara ha kpọrọ Pueblito, nke bụ Pueblito. ugbu a na Tayrona National Park Park, na ndagwurugwu ndị gbara gburugburu osimiri Ranchería na Cesar. Otu n'ime ememe dị mkpa nke ha dekọrọ bụ omume ili nke abụọ n'etiti ndị Yuko ma ọ bụ ndị Yukpa bi n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ngalaba Cesar. Na-arụ ọrụ na mkpọda nke Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Dussán bụ onye dị ime ọzọ, nakọtara ihe sitere n'aka ụmụ amaala obodo na akụkọ ifo, usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na omenala ha. N'iji akwụkwọ ajụjụ ubi emebere ma megharịa site na usoro Margaret Mead, o mere ọmụmụ ihe ọsụ ụzọ gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na omenala ịzụ ụmụ na Taganga.[3]

N'afọ 1951, Dussán malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka nyocha na Colombian Institute of Anthropology and History ruo n'afọ 1956.[1] Ya na di ya malitere ọrụ na saịtị a maara dị ka *Aritama*, aha nzuzo maka Atánquez,  ebe ha nwere ike ịmụ ndị obodo nke Ndị Kankuamo.[2] Obodo mestizo nyere ohere ịmụ mgbanwe dị n'etiti ọdịbendị, dịka ndị nọ na Valledupar dị nso, a maara obodo ahụ dị ka obodo ụmụ amaala, mana ndị bi n'obodo ọdịnala, a na-ele Atánquez anya dị ka obodo "Spanish". Nchọpụta di na nwunye ahụ, nke gụnyere nyocha Dussán banyere mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dere otú e si gbanwee ọha mmadụ site na kọntaktị ka a ga-ebipụta ya dị ka The People of Aritama (1961), nke ghọrọ ngwa ngwa nke ọmụmụ nke ọha mmadụ mbụ na Colombia.[3] Ọrụ ya nwetara ego site na enyemaka nyocha sitere na Wenner Gren Foundation na New York City.[1] N'agbata afọ 1954 na 1958, di na nwunye ahụ biri na Cartagena ma rụọ ọrụ na mmemme mmekorita nke Mahadum Cartagena na ngalaba ọhụrụ ha na-elekwasị anya na ahụike ọha na eze na ọgwụ mgbochi. Ihe omume ahụ nyere ha ohere isonye na nchọpụta ihe ochie n'Ụsọ oké osimiri Caribbean nke Colombia, ma mee ọmụmụ ọgwụ anthropological, nke nwere nghọta maka nchọpụta ha na Atánquez.[3]

Mgbe ọ laghachiri Bogotá n'afọ 1960, Dussán nwetara ọrụ na Inter-American Center for Housing and Planning (IACHP) ma [1] ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ were ọnọdụ dị ka onye na-eme nchọpụta na Institute of Andean Research na Washington, D. C. ruo 1962.[5] Òtù ndị a nyere ohere ka nchọpụta gaa n'ihu n'ụsọ oké osimiri Pacific, n'ógbè sitere na mpaghara Darién nke Panama ruo n'Ókè Colombia na Ecuador. E meela obere ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie n'ógbè ahụ n'oge ahụ.[2] Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ógbè ahụ, *El Hermanito* Onye amụma apocalyptic ghọrọ isiokwu nke otu n'ime ọmụmụ ya. Amụma *El Hermanito* na-ekwu maka ụbọchị ọnwụ metụtara omenala na akụ na ụba obodo, na-eme ka ụmụ amaala na Ndị Afro-Colombian ree ihe onwunwe ha ma ọ bụ chụọ ha n'àjà n'ime osimiri, ma gbuo anụ ụlọ ha. Nnyocha Dussán banyere òtù ahụ bụ nke mbụ dabeere n'okpukpe nke ụdị ya na Latin America. Njikọ ya na IACHP nyere Dussán ohere ịmụ nsogbu obodo, na-enyocha mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Otu n'ime nnyocha ndị dị otú ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara El Carmen nke Bogotá.[3]

N'afọ 1964, ndị Reichel guzobere Ngalaba Anthropology na Universidad de los Andes na aro nke onye isi, Ramón de Zubiría. N'ịbụ ndị Ford Foundation kwadoro, ha mepụtara mmemme nke ga-enye nzere na anthropology na-ekpuchi ọmụmụ na archaeology, ethnology, linguistics, ihe ọmụmụ ọdịbendị ihe onwunwe na anthropological.[2] Na mgbakwunye na ịrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ na ngalaba ahụ, [1] Dussán mere njem na ego nke ya iji nyochaa ngalaba anthropology na Mahadum New York, Mahadum Tulane, na UCLA iji mepụta mmemme ndị enwere ike imezi maka ngalaba ọhụrụ ahụ. Dussán bipụtara Problemas y necesidades de la investigación etnológica en Colombia (Problems and Needs of Ethnological Research in Colombia, 1965) nke kwusiri ike ịdị ngwa nke ịtụle obodo ndị ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke iwepụ ọdịbendị ha site na mmepe ọgbara ọhụrụ. Edemede ahụ nwere mmetụta mba ụwa ma mepụta mkparịta ụka banyere mkpa ọrụ ubi dị na ichekwa ọdịbendị ụmụ amaala. N'afọ 1967, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya Colombia na nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ, nke e mere na Austria, nke tụlere nkuzi anthropology na Latin America na akwụkwọ ya, nke e gosipụtara na nzukọ ahụ gbara ume na mmemme ha dị njikere ịmalite ọzụzụ postgraduate.[3] N'agbata afọ 1967 na 1968, Dussán jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Gold Museum, Bogotá iji mepụta edemede maka ihe ngosi nka. [2] Mgbe afọ 1968 gachara, ọ naghịzi etinye aka n'ọrụ n'ọhịa n'ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala. N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ 40, ihe dị ka ọkara dị ka onye edemede ya na di ya, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu 500.[4]

Ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Gold Museum, a họpụtara Dussán ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Ngalaba nke Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie na Nweghachi nke Colombian Institute of Culture na 1970. N'otu oge ahụ, dị ka Guggenheim Fellow, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọrụ nke Mahadum Harvard na Colombian National Institute of Nutrition kwadoro iji nyochaa mmetụta nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ na mmepe uche na Colombia. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie n'afọ 1973 ma n'etiti afọ 1975 na 1977 ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'etiti Ndị Kogi na-emecha ọmụmụ ihe mgbe ochie na ethnological.[1] N'afọ 1978, Dussán kwagara Los Angeles, California ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta nleta maka Museum of Cultural History. N'afọ 1980, ọ gara na Natural History Museum nke Los Angeles County, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo n'afọ 1982. [2] Mgbe ọ laghachiri Colombia, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ọrụ mgbasa ozi audiovisual na ọdịbendị Colombia nke Ministri nke Mmụta mepụtara.[1][2]

Dussán bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere na onye otu akwụkwọ ikike nke Academy of Sciences of the Third World, nke e guzobere na 1983 iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ na nkwalite iji zụlite ọmụmụ sayensị. Ọ duziri mmegharị ahụ iji mepụta Academy of Women Scientists of the Third World . [6] N'afọ 1984, ndị Colombian Congress of Anthropology nabatara ya na Meritorious Honor, grade III.[7] N'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi na Institute of Colombian Culture, na Cultural Communications Division ma na 1988, hazie mmekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ maka Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences ruo 1989. [2] N'afọ 1993, onye isi obodo Bogotá nyere Dussán Honor of Cultural Merit, n'afọ 1998, ndị omeiwu họpụtara ya dị ka onye ọrụ nke Order of Democracy of the Republic of Colombia, na 2001 ka a nabatara ya na Honor of Scientific Woman of Success. Ministry of Culture na njikọ aka na Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences nyere ya ihe nrite Lifetime Achievement maka ọrụ sayensị ya na 2002.[7][6] Ọ nọrọ n'oche 15 nke Colombian Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences ruo n'afọ 2008, mgbe e nyere ya ọnọdụ Honorary Academic.[1] N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, ọ bụ naanị onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ bụ onye otu ahụ.[5] N'afọ 2010, Gọọmentị France sọpụrụ ya dị ka onye ọrụ nke Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . [8]

## Ndụ onwe onye
Dussán gbara 100 afọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2020,  wee nwụọ na 17 Mee 2023, mgbe ọ dị afọ 102. 

## Ihe odide

### Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations