Christine Buisman

**Christine Johanna Buisman** (   ; 22 Maachị 1900 – 27 Maachị 1936) bụ onye Dutch phytopathologist nke nyefere obere oge ọrụ ya na nyocha nke ọrịa Dutch elm na nhọrọ nke mkpụrụ osisi elm na-eguzogide ọgwụ. Na 1927, Buisman nyere ihe akaebe ikpeazụ na Graphium ulmi (nke e mechara kpọwa Ophiostoma ulmi) bụ onye na-akpata ọrịa ahụ, mechiri esemokwu nke kpalitere n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch na German kemgbe 1922.

Buisman mepụtara usoro inoculation maka nyochaa ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke osisi elm maka iguzogide, na 1932 chọpụtara ụdị na-emepụta fungus, *Ceratostomella ulmi*. A gụrụ clone elm mbụ na-eguzogide na Netherlands aha ya na 1937, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'afọ gara aga.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Buisman bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụaka anọ a zụlitere n'ezinụlọ na-emesapụ aka na nke ọha mmadụ na Leeuwarden. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ mgbatị ahụ dị n'ógbè ahụ na 1919, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ banyere Biology na Amsterdam, ihe kacha amasị ya n'oge ahụ bụ ahịhịa mmiri. N'ime 1923–24, Buisman sonyeere nkuzi bara uru na ụlọ nyocha phytopathology "Willie Commelin Scholten" na Baarn, obere obodo dị nso na Amsterdam. E debere ụlọ nyocha ahụ na Villa Java dị n'akụkụ Centraal Bureau voor Schimmelcultures (fungiculture) (CBS), ebe Buisman rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Johanna Westerdijk (1883-1961) duziri ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ, nwanyị prọfesọ mbụ na Netherlands, nke a họpụtara na 1917. N'afọ 1927, Mahadum Utrecht nyere Buisman nzere doctorate maka ọrụ na Phycomycetes na-ere ure (*Phytophthora* na *Pythium*).  

## Nnyocha ọrịa Elm
Na ngwụcha afọ 1926, e nyere ego maka nyocha ọzọ gbasara ọrịa Dutch elm. A na-ebo Buisman ebubo maka ọrụ afọ abụọ a, a kụkwara akụkụ nke ogige ahụ nke ọma. Iji bute ọtụtụ osisi, Buisman nwalere iji agịga, usoro a ga-eji mee ihe n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ. N'afọ 1927, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịmepụta ma vascular discolouration na akwụkwọ na-agbaze, naanị site n'ịgba osisi nnwale ya n'oge ọkọchị karịa ka Bea Schwarz mere na 1921, na-akwado nsonaazụ Wollenweber na Stapp nwetara na Berlin, na-enye ihe akaebe doro anya na *Graphium ulmi* kpatara ọrịa Dutch elm (DED).

N'afọ 1929, Buisman hapụrụ CBS maka ịmụtakwu na Dahlem Berlin. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ ahụ, ọ gara nnọkọ nke International Federation of University Women na Geneva, ebe ọ zutere Bernice Cronkhite, dean nke Mahadum Harvard's Radcliffe College na Boston, US. Buisman jiri ohere ahụ tinye akwụkwọ maka mkpakọrịta iji mụọ ọrịa elms na elm na US, na n'ọnwa na-esote ọ malitere ọmụmụ otu afọ ya na Boston, na ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịchọpụta ma *Graphium ulmi* dịkwa na US. Ọ bụghị ruo n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ tupu ọ laghachi Europe ka o jisiri ike kewapụ fungus ahụ na samples sitere na Cleveland, ịbụ onye mbụ kwupụtara ọnụnọ nke fungus na kọntinent North America. Ọ mụtakwara ọrịa elm ndị ọzọ, site na onyinye nke mkpụrụ osisi *Ulmus americana* sitere na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke US. O dekọrọ nyocha a n'akwụkwọ e bipụtara na Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. XII (1931): "Ụdị atọ nke *Botryodiplodia* Sacc. na Elm Trees na United States".

## Kọmitii Dutch Elm
N'oge Buisman nọrọ na US, egwu nke DED na Netherlands weere nke ọma, na Febụwarị 1930, mgbalị nke abụọ dugara na ntọala Kọmitii maka Nnyocha na Nchịkwa nke Ọrịa Elm. Westerdijk kpọrọ Buisman ka ọ nabata ọkwa onye nchọpụta na Baarn mgbe ọ lọtara n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1930. N'ime afọ ya na Baarn, Buisman dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrịa elm, na-ekwu okwu n'ime na n'èzí Netherlands (ọ na-asụ ọtụtụ asụsụ), na-eme ka onwe ya bụrụ ọkachamara elm kachasị na Europe.

Site na puku kwuru puku seedlings n'okpuru ule, site na 1935 Buisman ahọrọla ọtụtụ ekwe nkwa elm clones na a budata mma iguzogide DED, akpan akpan abụọ si France (clone no. 1) na Spain (clone mba. 24), nke ọ kwadebere iji na hybridization nnwale na The Hague, aka Simon Doorenbos, director nke obodo ahụ ogige ngalaba ngalaba..

Na March 1936, Buisman gara ụlọ ọgwụ gynecology. Agbanyeghi na ịwa ahụ pụtara na mbụ ọ gara nke ọma, ọ butere ọrịa na Machị 27, naanị ụbọchị ise ka ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya dị afọ 36 gasịrị. E liri Buisman ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị n'ebe a na-eli ozu 'Westerveld' na Driehuis, nke e debere na dunes nke North Sea n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Amsterdam..
thumb|Ulmus obere 'Christine Buisman' na Amsterdam, 2007
Mgbe Kọmitii Dutch Elm kpebiri ịhapụ clone No. 24 na 1937, a kpọrọ aha clone maka onye nyocha elm raara onwe ya nye. Ọ bụ ezie na 'Christine Buisman' elm emezughị atụmanya gbasara àgwà uto ya, ma ọ dị ka ọ nwere ike ịnweta Coral Spot fungus, Nectria cinnabarina, ọtụtụ ụdị tozuru okè ka na-adị ndụ na Netherlands, England na US dị ka ihe akaebe dị ndụ nke mmezu ya.

## Akụkọ Mgbasa Ozi
Ọrụ ịzụlite ihe na-eguzogide ihe na Dutch gara n'ihu ruo n'afọ 1992, ọrụ ndị yiri ya na North America, Ịtali, na Spain sochiri ya, na-ahapụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi ihe na-acha uhie uhie na azụmahịa.

### Ntọala Christine Buisman
N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị nne na nna Buisman meghere Christine Buisman Foundation, nke na-enye aka na mmefu maka ọmụmụ mba ọzọ site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Dutch biology.

## Edemsibia

; Ebe ndị bụ isi e si nweta ya

* Johanna Westerdijk Archive, inventory No. 285 - ihe odide - "Helgoland"; na "A Botanical Excursion to the Marine Laboratory at Wimereux, nso Bologne, France"
* Leeuwarder Courant, akwụkwọ akụkọ, (1919-07-03, isi okwu Buisman) 
* National Library of The Netherlands, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme (1917-01-09), The Hague

## Njikọ mpụga

* Institute on Gender Equality and Women's History, Amsterdam
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis, Amsterdam. Onye mepụtara ihe ngosi nka ahụ bụ nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Jurn Buisman.  (Ogige ahụ meghere maka ọha na eze ma gụnye Buisman-elm) 

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations