Ọzara akwụkwọ

Ọzara akwụkwọ bụ mpaghara ala (mba, steeti, obodo, obodo, agbata obi, ụlọ) ebe akwụkwọ ndị e biri ebi na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-agụ na-esiri ike inweta, ọkachasị na-enweghị ụgbọala ma ọ bụ ụdị njem ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta akọwaala ọzara akwụkwọ site na ijikọ ha na ịda ogbenye na ego dị ala, ebe ndị ọzọ na-eji ngwakọta nke ihe ndị gụnyere data ọnụ ọgụgụ, ego, agbụrụ, ala, asụsụ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ.

A na-enye atụmatụ ndị na-eme ka akwụkwọ dịkwuo elu site na usoro ndị dị ka bookmobiles na ndị na-ahụ maka ọbá akwụkwọ na ịnyịnya ígwè dị ka ihe ngwọta nwere ike ime maka ọzara akwụkwọ, dị ka Obere Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ N'efu na inye akwụkwọ ụmụaka dị n'ịntanetị, n'efu.

## Mmalite na nyocha
N'oge gara aga, ndị na-eme nchọpụta amụọla otú enweghị ma ọ bụ ụkọ akwụkwọ si emetụta otú nwata si agụ na asụsụ na-etolite. Okwu ahụ bụ "ọzara akwụkwọ" malitere iji ya eme ihe mgbe niile n'etiti afọ 2010 ma ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Unite for Literacy ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya chepụtara okwu ahụ. Unite for Literacy mepụtara nkọwa ọrụ nke akwụkwọ ọzara mgbe ha bipụtara US Book Desert Map: A geographic area (country, state, county, census tract) ebe a na-ebu amụma na ọtụtụ ụlọ nwere ihe na-erughị 100 akwụkwọ e biri ebi. Na Machị 2014, James LaRue, onye nduzi nke American Library Association's Office for Intellectual Freedom and the Freedom to Read Foundation, jiri okwu ahụ mee ihe na mbipụta nke American Libraries, ebe ọ kọwara okwu ahụ dị ka itinye aka n'ụlọ nwere akwụkwọ 25 ma ọ bụ karịa na ha ma kwurịta ụzọ isi belata ma ọ bụ kpochapụ nsogbu ahụ.

N'ọnwa Julaị 2016, ndị prọfesọ Susan B. Neuman na Naomi Moland bipụtara nyocha na Urban Education, ebe ha nyochara otu enweghị ihe ọgụgụ e biri ebi n'etiti ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na ndị dara ogbenye si emetụta mmepe nwata ma jiri okwu ahụ kọwaa mpaghara na ụlọ ndị nwere obere ihe edere ede. Nnyocha a wuru na nyocha ndị ọzọ Neuman mere na 2001 n'otu isiokwu ahụ na ndị nchọpụta chọtara ụlọ ahịa ole na ole na Detroit, Los Angeles, na Washington, D.C.; ebe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na nyocha ha nwere ihe ndị e bipụtara maka ụmụaka dị afọ 0 ruo 18. N'ime ụlọ ahịa ndị ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ụlọ ahịa dollar. The Atlantic kọrọ na n'afọ 2015 Neuman na JetBlue Airways mere nnwale iji kwalite ịgụ na ide site n'inye igwe na-ere akwụkwọ na mpaghara Washington DC na-enweta ego dị ala. E nyere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 20,000, na-akpali Neuman ikwubi na ndị nne na nna nọ n'ógbè ahụ na-eche banyere agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ ha mana enweghị "ihe onwunwe iji mee ka ụmụ ha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma".

### Ihe ndị na-enye aka
A na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ihe na-enye aka n'ịmepụta ọzara akwụkwọ, nke a na-egosikarị bụ ịda ogbenye na ego dị ala. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye asụsụ na ala, ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara ụfọdụ enweghị ohere ịnweta ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze ma ọ bụ obodo nke ga-enye akwụkwọ. A na-ekwukwa mgbe ụfọdụ na mmechi Ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ n'ihi akụnụba ma ọ bụ nsogbu ego ndị ọzọ dị ka ihe na-enye aka, mgbe mmechi ahụ hapụrụ mpaghara ahụ n'enweghị onye na-ere akwụkwọ.

## Ihe osise
thumb|US Book Desert map sitere na Unite for Literacy
Unite for Literacy mepụtara map ọzara akwụkwọ nke United States nke Esri's ArcGIS platform kwadoro, nke na-enye ngosipụta anya nke enweghị akwụkwọ na mba, steeti, mpaghara na traktị ọnụ ọgụgụ. Iji mepụta map ahụ, Unite for Literacy mere nyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ nke data sitere na National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) na US Census Bureau American Community Survey, gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ akwụkwọ dị n'ụlọ ndị nọ na klas nke anọ, ego obodo, agbụrụ dị iche iche, ebe na asụsụ ụlọ. Unite for Literacy kpughere map ahụ n'oge nzukọ Clinton Global Initiative America (CGI America) nke e mere na Denver, Colorado, na June 2014.

N'afọ 2023, Unite for Literacy sooro Mahadum Geospatial Centroid nke Colorado State rụkọọ ọrụ iji dozie map ọzara akwụkwọ. Ndị otu Centroid chịkọtara ma nyochaa data sitere na NAEP, Census Bureau, na Diversity Data Kids, yana nzaghachi nyocha sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 10,000 ndị sonyere na mmemme Unite for Literacy's Growing Readers. Map ọhụrụ ahụ na-egosipụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi otú ezinụlọ ndị dị n'ime traktị ọnụ ọgụgụ ga-esi nwee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere traktị ndị ọzọ.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Evans, M.; Kelley, J.; Sikora, J. & Treiman, D. J. (2010). "Family scholarly culture and educational success: Books and schooling in 27 nations", *Research in Social Stratification and Mobility* **28**(2): 171–197. doi:.
* Evans, M.D.R., Jonathan Kelley & Joanna Sikora (2014). "Scholarly Culture and Academic Performance in 42 Nations." Social Forces **92**(4): 1573–1605. doi:.
* Gollner, K., Webster, T. & Nathan, L. "The Neighborhood Book Exchange: Community Catalyst or Media Hype?" (PDF). *iConference* *2013 Proceedings* (University of British Columbia/University of Illinois IDEALS): 697–700. doi:. Retrieved 2013-05-08.
* Gwinn, Mary Ann (August 2, 2015). "'Like a human bird feeder': Readers share Little Free Library tales". *The Seattle Times*. Retrieved 6 September 2015
* Moland, Naomi and Susan B. Neuman. "Book deserts: Unequal Access to Print Resources in America's Cities." To be submitted to Urban Education.
* Neuman, S. B., & Celano, D.. (2001). "Access to Print in Low-Income and Middle-Income Communities: An Ecological Study of Four Neighborhoods". *Reading Research Quarterly*, **36**(1): 8–26. . doi:.