Jewel Plummer Cobb

**Jewel Plummer Cobb** (January 17, 1924 - Jenụwarị 1, 2017)  bụ ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ America, onye nyocha ọrịa kansa, prọfesọ, dean, na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ. O nyere aka na ngalaba nyocha ọrịa kansa site n'ịmụ ọgwụgwọ maka melanoma . Cobb bụ onye na-akwado maka ịbawanye nnochite anya ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ akwụkwọ nke agba na mahadum, ma o mepụtara mmemme iji kwado ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere mmasị ịchụso ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. 

## Ndụ mbido ya
Jewel Isadora Plummer bụ naanị nwa Frank V. Plummer, na Carriebel (Cole) Plummer. Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ na-ebibu na Washington DC  Nne ya, Carriebel, chọtara ọrụ dị ka agụmakwụkwọ anụ ahụ  na onye nkuzi ịgba egwu nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji nwere BA na ịgba egwu ntụgharị. Ọ banyeghachiri mahadum n'otu oge Jewel debara aha ya nke mere ka ma nne na nwa nwanyị nweta akara ugo mmụta n'otu afọ ahụ.  Nna Jewel, Frank, bụ onye isi ojii mbụ nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Dọkịta nke Ọgwụ na Mahadum Cornell, ghọrọ dọkịta ọkachamara na dermatology.  Nna nna Plummer bụ ohu a tọhapụrụ onwe ya nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Howard n'afọ 1898 na-ebi ndụ dị ka onye na-ere ọgwụ. 

Nzụlite Cobb nwere oke akụ na ụba nyere ya ohere nchọgharị ọgụgụ isi n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Site na ọba akwụkwọ sayensị nke nna ya ruo na agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ agbụrụ dị iche iche,  Cobb zụlitere mmasị n'ịmụ ihe site na nwata. N'agbanyeghị na ọ tụrụ anya ịghọ onye nkuzi mmụta anụ ahụ, mmasị ya na sayensị gbasiri ike n'afọ nke abụọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ka ọ na-ele anya na microscope na klas biology.  Mmasị a bụ onye nkuzi biology ya gbara ume, akwụkwọ gbasara microorganisms dị ka Paul DeKruif's *The Microbe Hunters masịrị* ya. 

## Agụmakwụkwọ Mahadum ya
Cobb gbara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Michigan N'afọ 1942, mana, enweghị afọ ojuju maka ụlọ ndị kewapụrụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ America America na Michigan, ọ gafere na kọleji Talladega na Alabama.  Ụlọ akwụkwọ Talladega anabataghị kredit mbufe, na-amanye Cobb ịmalite ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ rụchara ọrụ nkuzi ya n'ime afọ atọ karịa ọkọlọtọ anọ.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na bayoloji n'afọ 1944  wee bụrụ onye otu Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. 

Na mbụ a jụrụ Cobb mkpakọrịta nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na bayoloji na Mahadum New York, ebubo na ọ bụ n'ihi agbụrụ ya, mana enyere ya mkpakọrịta mgbe a gbachara ajụjụ ọnụ.  O nwetara MS ya na Mahadum New York n'afọ 1947, yana PhD ya na-elekwasị anya na physiology cell n'afọ 1950 

Akwụkwọ edemede ya, *Mechanisms of Pigment Formation*, nyochara nhazi nke melanin pigment granules in vitro site na iji enzyme tyrosinase.  N' 1949, a họpụtara ya onye nyocha onwe ya na Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory .  N'afọ 2021, obodo ahụ degharịrị aha okporo ụzọ dị nso na Laboratory Marine Biological "Jewel Cobb Road" iji sọpụrụ Cobb. 

## Ndụ ọkachamara ya
Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị Ph.D ya, Cobb ghọrọ onye nkuzi nkuzi bayoloji na Mahadum New York ka ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ maka National Cancer Institute na Harlem Hospital (1950-1952).

### Mahadum nke Illinois College of Medicine
Site na 1952-1954 Cobb bụ onye nkuzi na mmewere ahụ na Chicago na Mahadum Illinois College of Medicine ebe ọ kuziri histology. 

### Ụlọ akwụkwọ Hunter
N’oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Cobb laghachiri na New York, na-eje ozi dị ka onye osote prọfesọ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike gụsịrị akwụkwọ na NYU (1955–60), ebe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nleta na Hunter College (1956–57). 

### Ụlọ akwụkwọ Sarah Lawrence
Site n'afọ 1960-69, Cobb were n'ọrụ dị ka onye isi ụlọ nyocha bayoloji na kọleji Sarah Lawrence . Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, o mere nyocha maka ndị sonyere na National Science Foundation . 

### Kọleji Connecticut
Cobb jere ozi dị ka onye prọfesọ nke Zoology yana Dean of Arts and Sciences na Kọleji Connecticut site na Julaị 1969 ruo Julaị 1976. Cobb bụ onye isi ojii mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme kọleji.  Mgbe ọ nabatara ọkwa ahụ na Kọleji Connecticut, o kwuru, sị: "Nke a bụ kọleji na mgbanwe, na-aga n'ihu n'ụzọ na-akpali akpali. Anyị chọrọ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi ojii ka ha nyere anyị aka ịhazi na ime atụmatụ ọhụrụ anyị nwere obi ike." 

N'oge ya na Connecticut College, o mejuputa atumatu Black Scholarship nke nyere aka ego ma ọ dịkarịa ala iri aNọ Black undergraduates na kọleji. Nkuzi nkuzi a bu n’obi ịbawanye mkpa enyemaka ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere agba.  Ọrụ a kpaliri mmemme ndị yiri ya na mahadum ndị ọzọ. 

Cobb guzobekwara mmemme Pre-Medical Post-Baccalaureate nke afọ ise, nke nyere enyemaka ego na ohere mmụta maka ụmụ akwụkwọ pere mpe na kọleji chọrọ ịchụso ọrụ na ọgwụ ma ọ bụ dentistry. Enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ihe enyemaka maka nkuzi na ndụmọdụ. Naanị afọ ise ka emechara mmemme a, a nabatara ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị a na mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ, nke gụnyere, Yale, Georgetown, na Mahadum Connecticut . 

Mgbe ọ nọ na Connecticut, Dr. Cobb jere ozi dị ka onye otu Lawrence na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ncheta dị na New London,  na mgbakwunye na ịbụ onye a họpụtara ahọpụta onye isi oche nke American Council on Education, (1973-1976). Dr Cobb, dị ka onye so na National Science Board na onye na-enye ndụmọdụ na Otu Amerika maka nganihu nke Sayensị, onye isi oche ogbako nke ụmụ nwanyị iri atọ pere mpe bụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị iji nye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ akwụkwọ, ndị na-eme iwu na gọọmentị US maka otu esi ewebata ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ. agba n'ime sayensị. E bipụtara akụkọ ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu dị ka The Double Bind: The Price of Being a Minority Woman in Science .

N'ihi ọtụtụ ọrụ, Cobb rụrụ ọrụ ọtụtụ awa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ laabu n'isi ụtụtụ na-esochi ọrụ nchịkwa tupu izi ihe n'ehihie. 

### Douglass Residential College
Na July 1976, Cobb kpebiri ịhapụ Connecticut College wee bụrụ onye isi na prọfesọ nke sayensị sayensị na Douglass Residential College na Mahadum Rutgers . Mkpebi Cobb ịpụ abụghị ebum n'obi, kama ọ gbadoro ụkwụ na mmasị ịbụ onye nchịkwa oge niile maka ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị Rutgers.  Ihe kacha egbu azụ Cobb na ịhapụ kọleji metụtara enweghị ike ịga n'ihu nyocha ruo otu ogo na ọrụ ọhụrụ ya. 

Mgbe ọ nọ na Douglass, Rockefeller Foundation họpụtara Cobb (ya na ndị America itoolu) ka ha sonye na ogbako zuru ụwa ọnụ na Ịtali gbasara ọdịnihu agụmakwụkwọ ka elu maka ụmụ nwanyị.  Na mgbakwunye, na Eprel 1978, Onye isi ala Carter họpụtara Cobb ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Board of Scholarships Ofesi, nke a kacha mara amara dị ka nzukọ na-ahụ maka ikpebi ntozu Fulbright.

### Mahadum California State, Fullerton
A họpụtara Cobb Onye isi oche nke Mahadum California State, Fullerton n'afọ 1981 ebe ọ malitere imeziwanye akụrụngwa ụlọ akwụkwọ site na mmalite nke oge ya.

Cobb nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ego maka owuwu nke Engineering na Kọmputa Science Building nke e ji ego steeti wuo, yana Ruby Gerontology Center, nke bụ ụlọ mbụ n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme kọleji nke a na-enweta site na onyinye nkeonwe. O nwetakwara ego maka iwu ụlọ obibi ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na kampos. Emechara ụlọ a ka emechara aha maka nsọpụrụ ya. Cobb kpakọrịtakwara nkwekọrịta ya na Marriott Corporation na obodo Fullerton maka ịgbazinye ụlọ iji wuo ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, na-enye ya ohere iji ego dịnụ maka iwu ụlọ egwuregwu ogige. Ọtụtụ n'ime atụmatụ maka Sayensị laabu center, nke a na-akpọ ugbu a Dan Black Hall, mere mgbe Cobb bụ onyeisi oche. 

Na Fullerton, ụfọdụ ndị otu ngalaba ekereghị mmasị Cobb na nyocha na iwughachi ụlọ, na-ejide na isi ọrụ nke kọleji ahụ bụ ịkụziri ihe. Mkpebi ya ịbanye n'ime nkwekọrịta iji wuo ụlọ nkwari akụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ na ịgbakwunye ogige satịlaịtị na mpaghara ndịda Orange County si otú a mee nkatọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ. Cobb wetara okwu abụọ a na ngalaba Senate maka ntuli aka. Ugboro abụọ ahụ, a kwadoro mkpebi ya. 

N'afọ 1990, ọ dị afọ 66, a manyere ya ịla ezumike nká n'okpuru iwu nyere W. Ann Reynolds, Chancellor nke California State University System, na-achọ ka ndị isi ụlọ akwụkwọ niile dị afọ iri isii na ise ma ọ bụ karịa ka ha lara ezumike nká.   Na nzaghachi na ọpụpụ ya, Julian Foster, onye ndu ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye ọkà mmụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama, kwuputara mmesi ike Cobb na nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ ntinye aka ya kacha mkpa na Cal State Fullerton . 

N'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ lara ezumike nká, a kpọrọ Cobb aha Prọfesọ Nlekọta Mahadum California State maka ngalaba Los Angeles ya.

N'afọ 1991, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nyocha na Southern California Sayensi na Engineering ACCESS Center and Network, nke na-enyere ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị sitere na enweghị nsogbu na-achụso ọdịnihu na ngalaba sayensị na injinia.

N'afọ 2001, Cobb ghọrọ onye nyocha isi maka Mmemme Sayensị Teknụzụ Injinia (STEP) Up for Youth—ASCEND project na Mahadum California State, Los Angeles.  Akpọrọkwa ya aha wee jee ozi dịka onye otu Board of Trustees Caltech. 

## Nyocha
Nnyocha nke Cobb gụnyere ọrụ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti melanin na mmebi akpụkpọ ahụ, yana mmetụta nke homonụ, ìhè ultraviolet, na ọgwụ chemotherapy na nkewa cell. Cobb chọpụtara na methotrexate dị irè n'ịgwọ ụfọdụ ọrịa cancer akpụkpọ anụ, ọrịa cancer akpa ume, na leukemia nwata.  A ka na-eji ọgwụ a eme ihe na chemotherapy taa na-enye ọgwụgwọ ọrịa cancer dị iche iche na ọrịa autoimmune nke gụnyere: ọrịa ara ara, ọrịa isi na olu, ọrịa cancer akpa ume, leukemia, na ụfọdụ ụdị lymphoma. Cobb bụ onye mbụ bipụtara data na actinomycin D na ikike ya ime ka mbelata nke nucleoli na nucleus nke sel mmadụ nkịtị na nke ọjọọ. 

O nwetara onyinye $5,000 sitere na American Cancer Society ka ọ gaa n'ihu na nyocha ya na "Direct Hormone Action to Human and Mouse Melanomas in Tissue Culture."  Onyinye a kwadoro nyocha ya na nyocha sara mbara nke uto cell pigmenti na ọdịiche dị na melanomas mmadụ na òké.  

Nkwado ndị ọzọ maka nyocha ọrịa kansa sitere na mkpakọrịta post-doctoral ya, onyinye nyocha sitere na: Damon Runyon, National Science Foundation, National Cancer Institute, na Ọrụ Ahụike Ọha. 

Cobb bụ akụkụ nke United States International Cancer Congress na London (1958) na Moscow (1962) wee jee ozi na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ na Mohegan Community College. Enyere ya National Institute of Health Fellowship na ọnụ $68,000, ebe ọ nọrọ ọnwa asaa na Naples, Italy na-aga n'ihu na nyocha uto cell na International Laboratory of Genetics and Biophysics. 

N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, ya na ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ a ma ama na-arụkọ ọrụ, gụnyere oncologist Jane C. Wright, Grace Antikajian, na Dorothy Walker Jones .  Ndị ndụmọdụ ya kacha emetụta bụ prọfesọ banyere nje bacteria James R. Hayden na prọfesọ biochemistry ya bụ MJ Kopac. 

N'ịkwado mmezu nyocha ya, a họpụtara Cobb na Institute of Medicine na National Academy of Sciences n'afọ 1974.  Ọ bụkwa onye so na National Science Board site na 1974 ruo 1980.  

## Ntinye aka ọha
Akpọrọ Cobb osote onye isi oche nke Board maka 21st Century Foundation, raara onwe ya nye n'ịkwado mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ ojii na-ekwu okwu na obodo ojii.  Mmemme nke nzukọ ahụ hibere gụnyere: mmepe akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ na obodo na ebumnuche nke imepụta ohere maka ndị agba. 

Ọ bụkwa onye òtù American Association for the Advancement of Science, nke kwadoro ma ndị inyom na ndị na-agba agba n'ọhịa.  Cobb bụ otu n'ime mmadụ asaa nke Oakland Museum Association's Cultural and Ethnic Affairs ghọtara maka ntinye aka ya na sayensị na/ma ọ bụ teknụzụ. Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka nwere olile anya ịbawanye nnochite anya nta na sayensị site n'igosipụta mmezu nke ndị agba agba, gụnyere ọtụtụ nchọpụta Cobb. 

Dị ka onye isi okwu na mmalite 1971 Wheaton College mmalite, Cobb kpọrọ oku maka njikọ n'etiti Women's Liberation Movement na Black Liberation Movement.   Ọ kpọkuru maka nha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị, kagbuo iwu ite ime, na ịchọ nlekọta ọha na eze karịsịa. 

## Afọ ikpeazụ na ihe nketa
Ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na mmemme Cobb bidoro n'oge ọrụ nchịkwa ya na-ewere ọnọdụ na akwụkwọ 1979 ya, *Filters for Women in Science*, ebe o kwuputara nchegbu banyere nnọchite nwanyị na sayensị na injinia. Site na ntụnyere jikọtara mmasị ya maka sayensị na ọchịchọ maka ịha nhatanha, Cobb kwuru na njirimara nke nzacha na-agafe na nzacha na-ekpebi n'ụzọ bụ isi n'ogo nke pores, nke o jikọtara ya na njedebe nke ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị. 

Mkpesa Cobb n'inye akụrụngwa na mmemme iji mee ka ndị pere mpe nọchite anya na kọleji ọrụ ya na-akọwa ihe nketa ya na mpụga ụlọ nyocha. 

Onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ, Timothy Yarboro, kwuru, sị, “Agaraghị m abụ dọkịta. N’ihi ya, amaara m na ọ ga-ekwe omume.” 

Cobb biri na Maplewood, New Jersey,  ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 2017 mgbe ọ dị afọ 92.   Ọ mụrụ naanị otu nwa ya, Jonathan, onye ọkà mmụta redio nke ọkachamara n'ihe onyonyo magnetik . 

### Nkwanyere ugwu, ihe nrite na ndị otu

; nzere doctorate

* Medical College nke Pennsylvania
* Mahadum Northern
* Ụlọ ọrụ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
* Mahadum Rutgers
* Mahadum Tuskegee

; Ihe nrite

* Reginald Wilson Award
* Onyinye Candace, Njikọ Mba nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii 100, 1982 
* 1999 Achievement in Excellence Award from the Center for Excellence in Education

; Ndị nso n'otu

* Commission maka enyemaka mmadụ
* Sigma Xi
* National Academy of Sciences (Institute of Medicine)
* National Science Foundation.
* Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Allied Corporation
* Òtù Ọdịbendị Omenala Tissue nke Kọmitii Mmụta (1972-1974)
* Ụlọ nyocha mmiri mmiri
* Board of Trustees maka Institute of Education Management

## Mbipụta ya

* Cobb, Jewel Plummer, Dorothy G. Walker, na Jane C. Wright. "Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ chemotherapy na-atụnyere na omenala obere oge nke ụmụ mmadụ nkịtị, benign, and malignant tumor tissues-ihe ọmụmụ afọ ise." Nnyocha ọrịa kansa 21.5 (1961): 583.
* Cobb, Jewel Plummer, na Dorothy G. Walker. "Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ Melanoma mmadụ na Omenala Tissue I. Njirimara Uto na Cytology." Nnyocha ọrịa kansa 20.6 (1960): 858-867.
* Cobb, Jewel Plummer, na Dorothy G. Walker. "Mmetụta nke Actinomycin D na Omenala Tissue nke Nkịtị na Neoplastic Cell23." (1958).
* Ntụle mba nke arụmọrụ na nsonye ụmụ nwanyị na mgbakọ na mwepụ, 1979
* Ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe mmụta na kọleji ụmụ nwanyị, 1981
* Nnyocha nke Black American Doctorates, 1968
* Nnyocha nke ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na atụmatụ nke kọleji maka omenala maka naanị ụmụ nwanyị, 1972
* Nnyocha nyocha gbasara ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, 1975
* Ihe ịma aka agụmakwụkwọ, 1990
* Ịnweta na ike maka ndị isi ojii na agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, 1972
* Ịga n’ihu n’ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị na Sayensị, 1995
* Ntụle nke ihe ndị na-emetụta nsonye ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme ntinye dị elu na mgbakọ na mwepụ, kemistri na physics, 1975
* Ntụle mmetụta nke ọrụ akwadoro iji kwalite nsonye ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ na sayensị na teknụzụ, 1977
* Na obi ụtọ leghara mmekọahụ m anya, 1974
* Akụkọ kwa afọ nke kọmitii Sayensị Sayensị Mba na-ahụ maka ohere nhata na Sayensị na Nkà na ụzụ, 1982
* Ọrụ Black Initiative na Ọchịchị, 1987
* Campus 1970, Ebee ka ụmụ nwanyị guzoro? Akụkọ nyocha nke nyocha gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na Academe, 1970
* Ọrụ na Sayensị na Injinia maka ndị ojii America, 1972
* Nkwupụta Kwa Afọ Catalyst, 1978-1979
* Ịgbanwe America: Ihu Sayensị na Injinia Ọhụrụ, 1989
* Kọlọji Resource Council— Ọmụmụ banyere ndị agadi na ọhụrụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kọleji n'ime otu ndị otu, ud
* Kọmitii na Education na Employment of Women in Science and Engineering (CEEWISE), 1977-1979
* Data na ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha sayensị, 1977
* Ugo mmụta ogo ụmụ nwanyị: Mmelite, 1979
* Enyere ogo ogo na usoro ndebanye aha na kọleji ojii mere eme: Ọmụmụ afọ asatọ, 1965
* Ngalaba ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịmma- Nkwupụta nke onye isi, mmemme ọrịa kansa mba, Institutelọ Ọrụ Ọrịa Cancer nke Mba, 1975.

## Edensibia

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ, Fullerton.edu; enwetara Jenụwarị 13, 2018.

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations