Edna P. Plumstead

**Edna Pauline Plumstead** (née **Janish**; 15 Septemba 1903 Cape Town - 23 Septemba 1989 Johannesburg) bụ onye South Africa palaeobotanist, nke Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, Mahadum Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1924. Edna biri na Cape Town afọ asaa mbụ nke ndụ ya na nke ahụ bụ ebe ọ ga-enyocha ma chọta ifuru ọhịa na Cape Peninsula. Plumstead ga-emecha jikọọ ifuru ọhịa na otu ebe dị ka Australia na South America mgbe ọ ga-emecha gbachitere mkpagharị kọntinent ahụ. Ọ malitere ịgbachitere tiori nke mbugharị kọntinent n'afọ ndị 1950 wee kọwaa ya dị ka otu 'ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ South Africa na ngalaba nke Gondwana paleobotany na geology'. Plumstead nwetara ihe nrite Chrestian Mica Gondwanaland site na Geological Society of India, ma mee ya Fellow nke Royal Society of South Africa.

Edna Plumstead gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1924 na Mahadum Witwatersrand na B.Sc. (Hons.) na geology wee were oge na ngalaba Geology. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Geological Society nke South Africa ji ya kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu maka nzere nna ya ukwu nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ nwetara nrite Corstorphine. Ọ sonyere na Bernard Price Institute na 1965 site na Ngalaba Geology. N'oge ahụ ọ nọ na-amụ fossils osisi anakọtara na Antarctica, wee jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ kwenye na nkume sedimentary nke otu afọ na Antarctica, South Africa, South America, India na Australia nwere n'ezie yiri osisi fossils. Emere ụdị ndị a site na mbubreyo Palaeozoic gaa n'ihu.

Ọ bụ ezie na nke a dị ogologo oge tupu nkwenye zuru oke nke 'continental-drift', tectonics plate na Mgbasa nke ala oké osimiri, ụfọdụ hụrụ osisi fossil nke Antarctic dị ka ihe akaebe siri ike maka ịdị adị nke 'super-continent' mbụ, Gondwana. Ihe dị ka afọ ise mgbe a mara ọkwa ihe akaebe palaeobotanical n'ụwa, James Kitching gbakwunyere ihe akaebe nke fossils vertebrate na arụmụka a mgbe ọ sonyeere United States Antarctic Research Group na nleta na 1970, wee chịkọta fossils vertebrate yiri ndị ọ maara na Karoo.

## Ọrụ ya
Edna Plumstead biri na South Africa, mba ebe echiche Wegener banyere Continental drift dị mma ma kụzie ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke dị iche na North America na Europe ebe a jụrụ echiche ahụ. Ya mere, echiche Wegener nwere mmetụta n'ahụ ya ma nwee mmasị karịsịa n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndụ mbụ n'ụwa anaghị ekesa ya n'ụzọ hà nhata, kama na e kewara ya na mpaghara. Ọ mụtakwara banyere ịkọ nkọ banyere kọntinent oge ochie a na-akpọ Gondwana" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Gondwana">Gondwanaland ma kpebie ịmụtakwu banyere ya. O mere nchọpụta ya kachasị mkpa na 1952, nke bụ mkpụrụ nke Glossopteris, osisi Permian dị na Gondwana, ma mesịa ghọọ ọkachamara n'okwu ahụ.

N'oge nyocha ya, ọ jiri floras nke Southern na Northern Hemispheres tụnyere, ya na ya chọpụtara na mba ụfọdụ, gụnyere Africa, South America, India, Australia na Antarctica nwere ụdị floras n'oge gara aga. Nchọpụta ya dị mkpa n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe akaebe nke ịdị adị nke Gondwana. Anyị nwere ike ịgụ banyere ya n'akwụkwọ ya "The Case for Continental Drift".

Maka nyocha ya, enwere ajụjụ abụọ dị mkpa ọ jụrụ ma gbalịa idozi. Nke mbụ bụ: "Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ nke kọntinent agbanwebeghị otú otu ụdị na ọbụna ụdị osisi nwere ike isi kwaga n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, ọdịda anyanwụ na ndịda gafee oké osimiri sara mbara nke na-ekewa ha ugbu a, mana ha erughị North America, Europe na Eshia n'ụzọ dị mfe?" Ajụjụ nke abụọ bụ: " Ọ bụrụ na mpaghara ihu igwe bụ otu, olee otu anyị ga-esi kọwaa eziokwu ahụ na osisi fossil nke peninsular India nwere ike iji tụnyere, na mgbe niile, na ndị nke Australia, Africa ndị ahụ yiri nke ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Sahara, Argentina na-adịkarị, karịa ihe niile, ọ bụla, 86° nke ọ bụla, ọ dịghị ihe niile, ebe ọ bụla,

Plumstead rụkwara ọrụ na mmepe nke echiche mobilism ka ọ na-enye ozi ka mma banyere Glossopteris nke nyere aka na nkọwa na nghọta nke nkewa nke Gondwana. Ọ ghọrọ ezigbo olu maka mobiliism.

Ọrụ ya, tinyere nke Wegener, du Toit na Martin nyeere Warren Hamilton aka, onye na-akwado echiche nke continental drift, ịzụlite echiche ya banyere mobiliism nke o tinyere na America.

Plumstead bụ onye mbụ kọwapụtara ihe dị iche iche na-emepụta nri nke osisi Glossopteris nke a na-ahụ n'ihe gbasara organic na akwụkwọ. Ọzọkwa, n'oge nyocha ya, na nyocha ya nke "Paleobotany na Antarctica"; ọ bịara na nkwubi okwu na ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ihe àmà sitere na Antarctica chọrọ nkọwa phytogeographical nke nwere ezi uche karịa nke ọ bụla e nyere na mbụ, ma dị ka ọ na-eju afọ site na ịnakwere ụdị ụfọdụ nke mkpagharị kọntinent. &#x5B;**&#x5D;

Dị ka onye paleobotanist, ọ mụrụ fossils ma nwee mmasị karịsịa na otu fossils nke otu ụdị ahụ si mechie na kọntinent dị iche iche - ọ na-eji Gondwana akọwa nke a. A tụlere akwụkwọ ya gbasara mbugharị kọntinent n'ọtụtụ ebe ma dị mkpa maka mmepe nke ya na nyocha ya banyere fossils. Warren Hamilton, onye na-akwado mobiliism wee gaa Africa ịchọta ihe akaebe iji kwado echiche ya, mgbe ọ nọ n'Africa ọ gụrụ ọrụ Plumstead - ọ bụ n'ihi ya (na ndị ọzọ abụọ) ka o nwere ike igosi echiche ya nke mobiliism. Plumstead nyere aka dị ukwuu na nghọta nke Glossopteris, na-enye ihe akaebe dị mkpa na-akwado nkọwa nke Gondwana. Site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na nyocha Plumstead, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ enweela ike ịkwado echiche nke ha nke nyeere anyị aka ịmara banyere ụwa dị ka ọ dị taa.

## Ndepụta nke akwụkwọ

* E. P. Plumstead, 'Nkọwa nke ụdị ọhụrụ abụọ na ụdị mkpụrụ osisi ọhụrụ isii a mụrụ na akwụkwọ Glossopteris sitere na South Africa", *Trans Geol Soc S Afr*, 55 (1952), 281-328
* E. P. Plumstead, 'Mkpụrụ osisi abụọ a na-amị na akwụkwọ Glossopteris sitere na South Africa. *Palaeontographica*, 100B (1956),1-25
* Edna P. Plumstead, Bisexual fructification buuru na akwụkwọ Glossopteris si South Africa (Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart, 1956) 
* Edna P. Plumstead, Coal in Southern Africa (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 1957) 
* Edna P. Plumstead, On Ottokaria, the fruitful of Gangamopteris (Johannesburg: Hortors Ltd., [1957?])  
* E. P. Plumstead, 'Mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ nke Glossopteridae na nkewa nwa oge dabere na ha", *Trans Geol Soc S Afr*, 61 (1958), 52-74
* Edna P. Plumstead na Rű Krasel. Fossil floras nke Antarctica (London: Trans-Antarctic Expedition Committee, 1962) 
* Edna P. Plumstead, puku afọ atọ nke ndụ osisi n'Africa (Johannesburg: Geological Society of South Africa, 1969) 
* Edna P. Plumstead, 'Plenary paper on Gondwana paleobotany' (1970) 
* Edna P. Plumstead, Nchịkọta ọhụrụ nke fossils osisi sitere na Milorgfjella, Dronning Maud Land (Cambridge: British Antarctic Survey, 1975)  
* Akwụkwọ ndị o bipụtara:
* Fossil Floras of Antarctica-1 mbipụta e bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee na 1962
* Nkebi Drawing of Simple Geological Maps-8 mbipụta e bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee n'etiti 1938 na 1946
* Geology-1 mbipụta e bipụtara n'asụsụ Bekee na 1962

## Edemsibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations