R.C. Hickman

**RC Hickman** (amụrụ **Rufus Cornelius Hickman** ; c. 1922 - Disemba 1, 2007) bụ onye America na-ese foto, onye na-ese foto na onye njikwa mgbasa ozi, mara maka foto ya nke Civil Rights Movement .  Ọrụ Hickman gụnyere ịdekọ ihe mere nbibi ụlọ akwụkwọ Mansfield, yana nleta ndị mmadụ dịka Martin Luther King Jr. na Ella Fitzgerald na Dallas, Texas .  Ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto maka *Dallas Star Post* (akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere African-American  ) yana freelancing maka *Jet, Ebony* na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị America na America ndị ọzọ *.* 

Hickman sonyekwaara aka na otu National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), na-edepụta ahaghị nhata na Dallas, Texas, dị ka ịse foto nkewa ụlọ akwụkwọ Dallas maka ikpe ụlọikpe NAACP. 

Mbipụta akwụkwọ Hickman, *Lee ndị mmadụ* (1994), na-akọwapụta ọtụtụ foto Hickman sere n'oge mmegharị nke ikike obodo. Ọrụ Hickman na-agbasa ozi ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ amaala Africa-American n'oge Civil Rights Movement, na-edekọ kpọmkwem isiokwu dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ, mahadum, klọb na ụlọ nri. 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
thumb| Maapụ Texas, USA, na-egosi Mineola
Rufus Cornelius Hickman mụrụ na 1922 na Mineola, Texas .  Na njedebe nke 1920s, n'oge oké ịda mbà n'obi, ezinụlọ ya, nke gụnyere nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke, kwagara Dallas ka nna ya, ụgbọ okporo ígwè Pullman, chọta ọrụ dị ka onye na-esi nri na Baker Hotel. 

N'oge ndụ ya niile, Hickman ji oge ya na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ, dị ka *The Courier Magazine* na *Women's Home Companion.* 

Hickman malitere ịga Tillotson College (nke a maara dị ka Huston-Tillotson University ) dị na Austin, nke bụ kọleji dị elu hiwere maka ụmụ akwụkwọ America America na 1881.   Hickman mechara lụọ nwunye ya, bụ́ Ruth Kay. 

### Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ
Edepụtara Hickman na ndị agha US na mmalite nke Agha IIwa nke Abụọ .  Omume ya na Agha ahụ dị mkpa na mmepe ya nke mmasị na foto, na-eduzi ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto ndị agha, nke nyere ya ohere ịmụta ọrụ nke igwefoto na ịzụlite ụdị onwe ya.  Ọtụtụ nkà ọ mụtara n'oge a bụ ndị agha ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu kụziiri ya, karịsịa n'oge ọ nọrọ na Japan. 

### Agụmakwụkwọ mgbe agha gasịrị
Mgbe njedebe nke Agha IIwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, Hickman laghachiri na Texas wee mụọ akwụkwọ na Southwest School of Photography and Mortuary Science, na-agbasawanye nghọta echiche ya banyere nka mgbe ọ na-amalite ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ foto, na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ gbara ọchịchịrị na Hall Gentry Studio. 

## Ọrụ ịse foto

### Onye njikwa okirikiri
Hickman nọrọ oge n'ọtụtụ ọrụ n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ foto, gụnyere ilekọta nkesa akwụkwọ akụkọ na ọrụ ya dị ka onye njikwa mgbasa ozi, maka Dallas Star Post.  Ọrụ a gụnyere ịgagharị ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mba n'ofe United States, dị ka *Sentinel Los Angeles .*  Ọ nọrọ afọ 12 na ọrụ a na Dallas Star Post, nke nyere ya ohere inweta nghọta dị mkpa nke ụlọ ọrụ nta akụkọ, na ịkwalite nkà foto ya, na-enyekwa ọrụ foto na akwụkwọ akụkọ iji mee ihe maka mkpuchi na isiokwu. 

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ
Tinyere oge ya na Dallas Star Post, Hickman nyere foto nke onwe ya maka ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ obodo Dallas ndị ọzọ, gụnyere *Dallas Times Herald* na *Dallas Express ,* yana ịnye ọrụ ya n'ụzọ sara mbara na *Kansas City Call .*  Hickman jikwa oge na-arụ ọrụ n'ịre akwụkwọ akụkọ na mgbasa ozi, na-eji nkà ọ nwetara ire akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị obere. 
thumb| Ihe atụ nke mkpuchi ihu ''magazin Jet'', maka mbipụta February 14, 1952.

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ African-American
A na-eji ọtụtụ foto Hickman mee ihe n'ụdị mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Africa-American, nke e ji mee ihe dị ka foto ndụ ndụ ma ọ bụ maka akụkọ gbasara ikike obodo.  Enwere ndị na-ese foto Amerịka ole na ole bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ aka n'oge Civil Rights Movement na Dallas, Otú ọ dị, magazin ndị dị ka Jet, na magazin Ebony ya nwere njikọ chiri anya, nke Hickman rụrụ ọrụ maka, nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-ese foto Africa America, na-enye Hickman dị ụkọ. ohere iji kwalite ọrụ ya. 

### Òtù Mba Na-ahụ Maka Ọganihu Ndị Agba
Hickman nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ foto ya na-arụ ọrụ maka National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), bụ nke na-ebute ụzọ na American Civil Rights Movement n'oge 1930 na 1940.  A ga-eji ọrụ Hickman na nzukọ a mee ihe maka ihe akaebe n'ọtụtụ ikpe na ihe omume maka ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, kpọmkwem gbasara ọgwụgwọ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị Africa-American. 

## Ntụnye aka na Dallas' Civil Rights Movement

### Foto nke ndị ama ama
RC Hickman sere foto ọtụtụ ndị ama ama n'oge nleta ha na Dallas, Texas. Nke a gụnyere nleta Martin Luther King Jr, na 1956.  Nleta nke a bụ na Good Street Baptist Church na 22 Eprel 1956. Ọzọkwa, Hickman bụ onye isi foto nọ n'oge nzukọ NAACP na 22 Septemba 1956, nke Thurgood Marshall na WJ Durham, abụọ ndị ọka iwu ikpe ziri ezi nke America, na-ekwu okwu. 

Enwere ike ịme njikọ n'etiti ọtụtụ ọrụ Hickman na Dallas na onye ọrụ Texas, Calvin Littlejohn, bụ onye sere foto ọtụtụ ihe omume yiri ya na obodo Fort Worth . Littlejohn na Hickman dekọtara ihe omume ndị yiri ya n'obodo ha, n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ama ama ga-eme njem n'obodo abụọ ahụ. 

### Ikpe ikpe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Dallas
N'oge ya na NAACP, Hickman tinyere aka na akwụkwọ nke Dallas School Segregation Court Case na 1954, aha ya bụ Brown vs Board of Education case.  Okwu nke Hickman tinyere aka na ya, na ọtụtụ oge a na-akpọ ịgba akaebe n'ụlọ ikpe, wetara n'enweghị ahaghị nhata nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na enweghị aha na Dallas.  N'ụzọ doro anya, usoro nke Hickman ga-ewepụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị kewara ekewa nwere ike ịhụ na ntụnyere n'etiti Booker T. Washington High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ America-American, na Woodrow Wilson High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị ọcha America.  Otu ihe atụ a gosipụtara ndịiche dị na ngalaba nkuzi nke ngalaba sayensị na bayoloji. 

## Ọnwụ
Hickman nwụrụ na Disemba 1, 2007, n'ụlọ ya na Oak Cliff, Dallas. Ọ gbara afọ 85. 

## Mbipụta

* *Lee ndị mmadụ: Foto RC Hickman nke Black Dallas, 1949–1961.* Barker Texas History Center Series. Texas State Historical Association, 1995. (  )

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese foto nke mmegharị ikike obodo

## Ntụaka
laghachiri na Texas wee mụọ akwụkwọ na Southwest School of Photography and Mortuary Science, na-agbasawanye nghọta echiche ya banyere nka mgbe ọ na-amalite ịbanyenzukọ a mee ihe maka ihe akaebe n'ọtụtụ ikpe na ihe omume maka ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ, kpọmkwem gbasara ọgwụgwọ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị Africa-Americanna-agbasawanye nghọta echiche ya banyere nka mgbe ọ na-amalite ịbanyenzukọ a mee ihe

## Njikọ mpụga

* Foto nke RC Hickman na Calvin Littlejohn

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations