open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ngalaba Ọhịa West Bengal

**Ngalaba** Ọhịa bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke Gọọmentị West Bengal na-achị. 

## Ìgwè Ndị Ozi
Ngalaba a dị na Arayna Bhawan na Salt Lake, Kolkata. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka oke ohia na anụ ọhịa na West Bengal. Dị ka o kwesịrị ịdị, e mewokwa mgbanwe na Forest Organisation, n'ịtụle mkpa nchịkwa nke ugbu a iji gboo gamut nke ọrụ nke oke ọhịa na njikwa anụ ọhịa, nchikota nke njikwa oke ọhịa dị iche iche na mpaghara agro ihu igwe na igbu ọchụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. nnukwu ihe omume metụtara ọha / ugbo / ime obodo na mpaghara na-abụghị ọhịa nke steeti. N'afọ 1974, West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Ltd. malitere maka oke iwe ihe ubi nke oke ọhịa, imepụta ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya ọhụrụ, mmepụta na ịzụ ahịa ngwaahịa ọhịa na ihe omume jikọrọ ya. Nlekọta nke West Bengal Forest Development Corporation Limited n'ọkwa dị iche iche bụ ndị isi nke Forest Directorate na nnọchite anya.

Minista na-ahụ maka ugbu a bụ Jyotipriya Mallick kemgbe 2021 na minista nke steeti bụ Birbaha Hansda.

## Ihe odide
Ngalaba Ọhịa Telangana

Ministri steeti maka oke ohia na gburugburu, bụ ozi gọọmentị nke Telangana. Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ nchekwa nke ọhịa na-achị ya. Ọrụ bụ isi nke ngalaba a bụ nchekwa, nchekwa na njikwa oke ohia na steeti Telangana

## Nchịkwa
A haziri ngalaba ngalaba ọhịa na ọkwa nchịkwa sitere na Onye isi nchịkwa nke ọhịa ruo na ndị nche ọhịa, Mahouts na ndị ọzọ.

### Onye isi na elekọta ọhịa
Onye isi ngalaba nchekwa oke ọhịa na-ahụ maka ngalaba ọhịa, onye ga enyocharịrị, kwado ma binye aka n'iwu niile dị mkpa, ikike, nkwupụta na ikike.

## Ebe ndị a na echebe
Telangana nwere netwọk nke ebe nsọ iri na otu na ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ na steeti ahụ.

### Ebe a na edebe anụ ọhịa
thumb|300x300px|Oké ọhịa dị na Eturnagaram, Telangana

### Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba
thumb|Nkịta ọhịa na KBR Park
Steeti ahụ nwere ogige ntụrụndụ mba atọ.

### Ogige ntụrụndụ

Ogige Zoological nke Kakatiya, Hunter Road, Warangal

## Ihe odide
Saba Conservation Foundation

thumb|Map na-egosi Saba n'aka ekpe na ọtụtụ agwaetiti ndị ọzọ dị na Leeward
thumb|Anya Satellite nke Saba gụnyere mpaghara oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ Marine Park. A na-ahụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Fort Bay n'okpuru aka ekpe; Flat Point (ebe ọdụ ụgbọ elu dị) na-ahụ anya n'elu aka nri.
thumb|N'ime Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saba: ndị na-egwu mmiri na ndịda stingray
E hiwere SCF na 1987. Ebumnuche ya bụ "bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke ihe okike na omenala nke obere agwaetiti Caribbean nke Saba, nke bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Netherlands.[1]  Saba bụ akụkụ nke ime arc nke Leeward Islands nke obere Antilles..

E hiwere SCF na 1987. Ọrụ ya bụ "ịkwado na nchekwa na nkwalite nke mmiri na terrestrial gburugburu ebe obibi na Saba site na agụmakwụkwọ, nchọpụta sayensị, nlekota na mmanye."  Ndị SCF nwere ndị ọrụ asaa, yana bọọdụ nwere ndị otu iri.. Ntọala ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance.

SCF nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na Fort Bay (naanị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Saba), yana ọfịs nke abụọ na Saba Trail and Information Centre na Windwardside.

## Ebe ndị a na-achịkwa

### Ebe ndị dị n'oké osimiri

#### Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Saba
 
Gburugburu agwaetiti Saba kpam kpam bụ ogige mmiri nke mba, nke gbatịrị site na akara mmiri dị elu ruo omimi nke mita 60 (200 ft).  Ndị SCF na-elekọta ogige mmiri mmiri yana ebe hyperbaric maka ndị dị iche iche.

#### Ogige Ntụrụndụ Saba Bank
N'afọ 2010, a kpọrọ nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri nke a na-akpọ Saba Bank, nke dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke agwaetiti Saba, ka ọ bụrụ ogige mba Netherlands.  Atoll a bụ elu dị larịị nke oke osimiri.  Ogige ụlọ akụ Saba dị square kilomita Puku abụọ na narị isii na iri asaa na itoolu(1,034 sq mi) n'ịdị elu.

### N'ala

#### Saba Walking Trail Network
SCF bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọtụtụ ụzọ njem, nke a maara dị ka Saba Trail Network.

#### Ebe a na-edebe ihe okike n'ala
Iwu iji kwado ọnọdụ gọọmentị nke 45 hekta (110 acres) "Saba National Land Park" nọ na-aga n'ihu na 2012. "Elfin Forest Reserve" dị nso n'elu Ugwu Scenery (ebe kachasị elu n'àgwàetiti ahụ) nwekwara ike.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ SCF
* "Oké Osimiri na Mụta" na Saba
Sea Ranger Service

The Sea Ranger Service bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ nke dabeere na Netherlands, nke na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị iji jikwaa mpaghara oké osimiri.  Nzukọ ahụ na-azụ ndị na-eto eto dị ka Sea Rangers ma na-ebuga ụgbọ mmiri ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri pụrụ iche iji rụọ ọrụ nlekọta mmiri, yana nyocha na ọrụ nhazigharị gburugburu ebe obibi.  Mpaghara arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Sea Rangers bụ Oke Osimiri North.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Conservationist Wietse van der Werf na 2016. Mgbe e nyesịrị ya Future for Nature Award maka ụzọ ọhụrụ ya maka nchekwa mmiri, o jiri ego nrite malite atụmatụ Sea Ranger, bụ nke onye isi obodo Rotterdam, Ahmed malitere.  Aboutaleb, n'August 2016.. Na mbụ, e guzobere ya dị ka òtù na-enweghị uru na Netherlands, Sea Ranger Service mepụtara ihe nlereanya azụmaahịa maka ọrụ nchekwa ya wee malite ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'afo 2017. Na Machị 2018 nzukọ ahụ haziri Sea Ranger Bootcamp, ebe a họpụtara ma zụọ ndị Sea Rangers mbụ. Kemgbe Ọktọba 2018 Sea Ranger Service na-arụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ ya na North Sea, na Den Helder dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ya. A na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ na Hardinxveld-Giessendam kemgbe afọ 2016.

## Ụzọ e si eme ya
Van der Werf kwuru na mkpali mbụ maka Sea Ranger Service sitere na Civilian Conservation Corps, mmemme nke onye isi ala US Franklin D. Roosevelt malitere iji belata ịda ogbenye na enweghị ọrụ n'ime obodo ndị dị n'ime n'oge Great Depression n'afọ 1933, ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nrụzigharị na nchekwa dị ukwuu. Ọrụ Sea Ranger na-agbaso usoro yiri nke ahụ maka nchekwa oké osimiri. Ọ na-azụ ndị na-eto eto (ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị ọrụ ogologo oge) site n'enyemaka nke ndị agha gara aga dị ka ndị Sea Rangers. Mgbe ha nọsịrị otu afọ dị ka ndị Sea Rangers, ebe ha na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa n'oké osimiri, ndị Sea Rangors na-agafe n'ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ọrụ Sea Ranger na-arụ ọrụ naanị ụgbọ mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, Enkhuizen Maritime College na Dutch Commercial Sailing Board nyere ndị Sea Ranger Service Medal of Honour, maka ịrụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri mbụ na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ọrụ Sea Ranger ekwuputala atụmatụ iji gbasaa usoro ya na mba ụwa, site na ụdị franchising mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

## Iwu
A bịanyere aka na Green Deal Sea Ranger Service na Disemba 2018 n'etiti Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Quality (LNV), Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (IenW), Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy (EZK), Ministry of Social Affairs and Employability (SZW) na Sea Ranger Services. ọ na-ewepụta oge mbụ nke afọ abụọ nke gọọmentị Dutch na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na Sea Ranger Service iji chọpụta ọrụ ndị a ga-ahọpụta.  Ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu mbụ dị ka akụkụ nke Green Deal malitere na North Sea n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2019. Dị ka Sea Ranger Service si kwuo, ọrụ ya gụnyere nlekọta ụgbọ mmiri, nlekota anụ ọhịa, foto n'okpuru mmiri na nyocha, nlele mmiri mmiri, mweghachi nke ahịhịa mmiri n'okpuru mmiri na mmiri ozuzo.  ọrụ nleba anya nke oke osimiri mana na-ewepu ọrụ mmanye ọ bụla.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Sea Ranger Service
STINAPA Bonaire

**STINAPA Bonaire** ma ọ bụ National Parks Bonaire Foundation (Dutch: ) bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke na-ahụ maka njikwa ogige ntụrụndụ mba na Bonaire na Caribbean Netherlands. STINAPA bụ onye otu Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance.

Emepụtara STINAPA Bonaire na njedebe nke 1980 dị ka onye nọchiri anya STINAPA N.A. (Stitchting Nationale Parken Nederlandse Antillen).  E hiwere ntọala a na 1962 iji chekwaa na jikwaa okike na Netherlands Antilles.  Ihe omume mbụ mere na Bonaire bụ ebe e guzobere Washington Slagbaai National Park na 1969. N'afọ ahụ, e gbakwunyere Bonaire National Marine Park.  Mgbe nke a gasịrị, a malitekwara ọrụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, Curaçao na Saba na na njedebe 1980s e hiwere ntọala dị iche iche n'agwaetiti Antillean niile.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Anụ Ọhịa Kerala

**Ngalaba Ọhịa Kerala** bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu maka steeti Kerala, India. Ihe karịrị 75% nke ala Kerala jupụtara n'oké ọhịa ruo na narị afọ nke 18. Ngalaba ahụ na-etinye aka na nchedo na nchekwa nke osisi na anụmanụ na ebe obibi ha. Ọ na-echekwa 10,336 km2 (3,991  mi) nke oké ọhịa na-emepụta 29.101% nke ngụkọta mpaghara  steeti ahụ.

Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke ngalaba ahụ dị na Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Ọ na-enwekwa Forest Central Library, nke na-emeghe maka ọha na eze.

## Ọdịdị nke nzukọ
Ngalaba Kerala Forest na Wildlife Department bụ onye isi oche nke onye isi nchekwa nke ọhịa, bụ onye ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ na-enyere aka, gụnyere Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF), Conservator of Forests (CF), na osote Conservator of Forests (DCF). Ngalaba ahụ nwere ikike ndị ọrụ karịrị ndị ọrụ 11,000, gụnyere ndị ọrụ ọhịa, ndị nche, ndị nche na ndị ọrụ nkwado ndị ọzọ. A haziri ngalaba a ka ọ bụrụ okirikiri ise, nke ọ bụla onye isi nchekwa oke ọhịa na-eduzi ya. A na-ekekwa okirikiri ndị ahụ ka ọ bụrụ nkewa na oke, nke ọ bụla n'aka onye ọrụ ngalaba na-ahụ maka oke ọhịa na onye na-ahụ maka mpaghara, n'otu n'otu.

### Ọchịchị

* Onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa na Onye isi ndị agha ọhịa (PCCF & HoFF)
* Onye isi na-elekọta ọhịa (PCCF)
* Onye isi nchịkwa nke Ọhịa (APCCF)
* Chief Conservator of Forests (CCF)
* Onye Na-elekọta Ọhịa (CF)
* Onye osote onye na-elekọta ọhịa (DCF)
* Onye na-enyere onye na-elekọta ọhịa aka (ACF)
* Onye isi ọhịa Range (RFO)
* Onye isi oche nke Range Forest
* Onye isi ọhịa (SFO)
* Onye Ọrụ Ọhịa (BFO)
* Onye Nlekọta / Onye Nlekọta Ọhịa

## Ọrụ

* Nchekwa dị iche iche
* Nchebe ọhịa
* Nchịkwa anụ ọhịa na nyocha
* Mmepe ọhịa
* Ọhịa ọha na eze
* Nlezianya na nyocha nke ọhịa
* Mmepe gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịmma agbụrụ
* Atụmatụ na nyocha
* Nweghachi na mgbatị osisi pụrụ iche
* Mmepe nke ndị mmadụ

## Hụkwa

* Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha na Mmụta Ọhịa nke India
* Van Vigyan Kendra - Ogige Sayensị Ọhịa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Gọọmentị nke Kerala
* Ministry of Environment and Forests, Gọọmentị nke India
* Minista na-ahụ maka ọhịa na anụ ọhịa na Kerala
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Kerala
Vereniging Natuurmonumenten

**Vereniging tot Behoud van Natuurmonumenten** in Nederland (Na bekee: Society for the Preservation of Nature Monuments in the Netherlands), nke a makwaara dị ka Vereniging Natuurmonumenten, bụ òtù nchekwa okike Dutch nke Jacobus Pieter Thijsse na Eli Heimans guzobere na 1905, nke na-azụta, na-echebe, ma na-elekọta ebe nchekwa okike na Netherlands. Ọ bụ onye otu European Environmental Bureau.

Ebe mbụ nzukọ ahụ zụrụ n'afọ 1905 bụ iji chebe Naardermeer, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Amsterdam. O nwere ebe 355 n'okpuru nlekọta ya n'afọ 2010, na ngụkọta mpaghara  1,029.51 km2 (397.50  mi). Nke kachasị ukwuu bụ De Wieden (58.47 km2 (22.58 sq mi));  kachasị nta bụ Fort Ellewoutsdijk (.01 km2 (0.0039  mi)).

Nzukọ ahụ nwekwara ụlọ 1,700, nke 250 n'ime ha bụ ihe ncheta mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba.  N'afọ 2013, nzukọ a nwere ndị otu 735,000 ma bụrụ isi na 's-Graveland..

E nyere nzukọ ahụ Gouden Ganzenveer n'afọ 1986.

## Edensibia
Vereniging Stop AWACS

**Vereniging STOP** awacs bụ òtù Dutch nke na-alụ ọgụ megide mkpọtụ mkpọtụ nke ụgbọelu nlekota AWACS kpatara.

## Mkpọtụ nke ụgbọelu AWACS
thumb|Ngagharị iwe nke Vereniging STOP awacs mere
Kemgbe afọ iri abụọ na isii, ndị Vereniging STOP awacs anọwo na-ahazi ihe omume megide ọnụnọ nke ụgbọ elu nlekota AWACS iri na asaa (nke sitere na ụgbọ elu Boeing 707) nke guzo na NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen na Germany, nke dị nso n'ókè Dutch. Dị ka nzukọ ahụ si kwuo, ndị bi na Parkstad Limburg na-enwe nnukwu mkpọtụ site na ụgbọ elu AWACS na-efe ala.

Ntụ ụda nke ndị Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning na Environment mere na Netherlands gosiri na ọtụtụ ụgbọ elu AWACS na-emepụta ọkwa mkpọtụ nke 100 db(A) ma ọ bụ karịa.  Ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ elu a na-ekwu okwu bụ Boeing 707s nke obodo, agaraghị enwe mmebi nke ụkpụrụ European doro anya..

## Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe
22 Jenụwarị 2008, ndị na-akwado Vereniging STOP awacs mere mkpesa megide steeti Dutch na European Court of Human Rights na-ebo ebubo mmebi nke ọtụtụ isiokwu nke European Convention on Human Rights,[4] na-ekpebi igbutu oke ọhịa na mpaghara ahụ. Ikike nke ndị bi na Onderbanken bụ, dị ka mkpesa ahụ si kwuo, ikpe ziri ezi megide ihe ize ndụ nke osisi na-eto eto maka ụgbọelu AWACS na-apụ ma na-ada. Vereniging STOP awacs enweghị ike ime mkpesa ahụ dịka ọ bụ naanị ndị mmadụ nkịtị karịa ndị iwu nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ na ECHR.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website

## Ihe odide
Water Natuurlijk

thumb|300x300px|Peter Snoeren, onye isi oche nke Water Strategy
Usoro mmiri (lit. 'Water Naturally' ma ọ bụ 'Water Of Course') bbụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Netherlands nke na-elekwasị anya naanị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụgbọ mmiri.  Otu ahụ nwetara votu kacha elu na bọọdụ mmiri 2008, 2015 na 2019.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere Water Strategy na 2008 site n'aka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ntụrụndụ. Ebumnuche nke otu ahụ bụ imeziwanye mmiri iji hụ na ọdịmma na nchekwa nke ụmụ mmadụ, ụmụ anụmanụ na osisi. Ndị Democrats 66, GroenLinks na Volt Netherlands kwadoro otu ahụ, bụ ndị na-ezere isonye na ntuli aka mmiri.

## Nsonaazụ ntuli aka

### Nhọrọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri

## Hụkwa

* Òtù General Water Board

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Institute of Environmental Sciences(Netherlands)

Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) bụ **ụlọ ọrụ** nke Faculty of Science nke Mahadum Leiden na Netherlands. Isi ọrụ bụ nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba multidisciplinary nke sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. 

N'afọ 2009, ndị ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọrụ nwere ihe dị ka 28 fte gụnyere ndị ọrụ 4,5 fte na-akwado.  A na-egosipụta àgwà dị iche iche nke ndị ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka: ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ, ndị injinia kemịkalụ, ndị injinia ugbo, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị wdg..

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụlọ Ọrụ Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
* Mahadum Leiden - Ngalaba Sayensị
Institute for Environmental Security (Netherlands)

The Institute for Environmental Security (IES) bụ òtù mba ụwa na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere n'afọ 2002 na The Hague, Netherlands, yana ndị nnọchiteanya na Brussels, London, Beirut, California, New York City, Toronto na Washington, D.C. E guzobere "E hibere "ihe ọmụma na netwọk ọrụ" iji mee ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ụzọ isi nyere aka gbochie esemokwu, ọgba aghara na ọgba aghara.

Na 2012, Peace Palace Library na Institute for Environmental Security malitere ịchịkọta nchekwa data nyocha na Iwu Ecocide.

## Edensibia
Crossbill Guides Foundation

**Crossbill Guides Foundation** (**CGF**) bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na Europe maka nchekwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi.Ọ na-ewepụta akwụkwọ ntuziaka na mpaghara ndị bụ isi okike na Europe, iji mepụta mmata ọha na nsonye na ọrụ nchekwa..

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance

thumb|Nlegharị anya na-egosi Ogige Ntụrụndụ nke St. Eustius (Ogige Ntụrụngwa nke Quill / Boven na Ogige Ntụ nke St-Eustatius.
**Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance** (DCNA) bụ njikọ aka mpaghara nke òtù nchekwa, gụnyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba na agwaetiti isii nke Dutch Caribbean (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St. Eustatius na St. Maarten) ma bu n'uche ịkwado ma wusie okike ike na agwaetiti ahụ.

Ebumnuche nke DCNA bụ ichekwa ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịkwalite mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke agwaetiti ndị a, ma n'elu ala ma n'oké osimiri.  Iji mee nke a, DCNA na-azụlite isi mmalite ego na-adigide dị ka ego ntụkwasị obi, iwulite ikike site na nkuzi ọzụzụ na ịkwalite ọdịdị mara mma nke ukwuu na nke pụrụ iche, sitere na oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na-egbuke egbuke ruo na coral reefs na pearl ọcha ájá.

Nnukwu ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ ihe ndabere nke otu n'ime isi ihe na-akpata ego na agwaetiti: njem nlegharị anya okike.  Ọ bụghị naanị na DCNA na-elekwasị anya na njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ebe echekwara dị ugbu a, kamakwa ịkwalite mmata na ịmara uru nke okike.

The Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance bụ ntọala na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, nke na-abụghị maka uru nke e mere iji nyere ndị otu ogige ntụrụndụ nke agwaetiti Dutch Caribbean aka, ya bụ, agwaetiti Aruba (Parke Nacional Arikok), Bonaire (STINAPA Bonaire), Curaçao, Saba (Saba Conservation Foundation), St. Eustatius (STENAPA) na St. Maarten Nature Foundation). Isi ụlọ ọrụ DCNA dị na Bonaire.

Nkwupụta ebumnuche DCNA bụ "ichebe ụdị dị iche iche ma kwalite njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike nke agwaetiti Dutch Caribbean, ma n'ala ma na mmiri, maka abamuru nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a na ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu, site na ịkwado ma nyere aka na ndị otu nlekọta mpaghara na ọrụ nchekwa okike na Dutch Caribbean".

DCNA na-enweta ego site na Dutch National Postcode Lottery na Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.

Princess Beatrix bụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado DCNA.

## Edensibia

* Bonaire Insider.com: "Nkwado nke 1 nde Euro na DCNA" (2006)

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ '''DCNA-Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance''' - (n'asụsụ Bekee)
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ DCNA - (n'asụsụ Dutch)
European Bird Census Council

European Bird Census Council (**EBCC**) bụ òtù nnụnụ nke na-amụ ọnụ ọgụgụ, nkesa na ọnụọgụ nke nnụnụ Europe iji mee ka nchedo na mbọ nchịkwa mara. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị na Netherlands, ma nwee ndị otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe karịrị mba iri anọ..

## Ntọala
E hiwere EBCC na 1992, na-esochi njikọ nke otu ornithological Ornithological Committee, European Ornithological Atlas Committee na International Bird Census Committee.

## Nlekọta
EBCC na-ahụ maka atụmatụ Pan-European Common Bird Monitoring Scheme (PECBMS), nke na-achọ ịnakọta data sitere na atụmatụ nlekota nnụnụ nke mba n'ofe Europe iji mụọ ike ndị na-akpata mgbanwe ndị mmadụ ma jiri ihe ngosi nnụnụ nkịtị dị ka onye nnọchiteanya maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.  ma si otú a gwa.

A na-ebipụta data nlekota dị ka European Breeding Birds Atlas, nke abụọ n'ime ha (EBBA2) na-akwadebe ugbu a. A na-ekesa data anakọtara dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme PECBMS na EBBA2 na ọnụ ụzọ EBCC, EuroBirdPortal, yana site na Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

## Ihe omume ndị ọzọ
EBCC na-enwe nzukọ afọ atọ ọ bụla, nke a raara nye nlekota nnụnụ, nchekwa na nyocha na Europe na mba ofesi. Òtù ahụ na-ebipụtakwa Journal of the European Bird Census Council, nke akpọrọ Bird Census News, nke na-agba ọsọ kemgbe 1987.

## Hụkwa

* Nchekwa nnụnụ
* Nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ EBCC
* EuroBirdPortal - Portal Observations
* Nnụnụ Bing - Ịchọpụta Ụwa Nnụnụ Na-adọrọ Adọrọ Adọrọ
Ogwe osisi

Stumpage bụ ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe na-akwụ maka ikike iwepụta osisi sitere na ala enyere. A na-akwụ ya onye nwe ala ugbu a. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ekpebi ọnụ ahịa ahụ dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi ndị a na-egbute, ma ọ bụ "kwa ukwu". Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-atụ ya site na nha ọkọlọtọ karịa ka cubic mita, bọọlụ bọọdụ, ma ọ bụ tọn. Iji chọpụta steepụ, a na-ebu ụzọ enyocha ma nyochaa nguzo ọ bụla nke ụlọ ọrụ ga-egbute site na usoro ezubere iji chọpụta oke osisi a ga-egbute. A na-etinyekwa ọnụ ahịa mkpọmkpọkụ e nyere, nke a tụrụ na $/mpịakọta, tinyezie ya n'ọnụ osisi a ga-egbute. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-akwụ onye nwe ala ụgwọ a.

## Ogwe osisi na Canada
Oke ohia Canada dị n'ebe a na-ewere dị ka ala okpueze, n'okpuru ọchịchị ógbè. N'ala okpueze Canada, a maara stumpage dị ka uru ahịa nke osisi kwụ ọtọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ga-akwụrịrị maka ikike iweta osisi, nke a tụrụ ugbu a na $/cubic mita. Na Canada, iwu na-ekpebi usoro a ga-esi gbakọọ ụgwọ mkpọnwụ dịka ọnọdụ ahịa si dị. Mpaghara Canada ọ bụla nwere usoro mgbako nke ya dabere na ọnụ ahịa benchmark dabere n'ahịa. A na-enweta nkwekọrịta ogologo oge gbasara njikwa na iwe ihe ubi a na-eme n'ala okpueze nke ọ bụla. Nkwekọrịta ogologo oge ndị a bụ ihe ndị a na-emeghari "na-agbanwe agbanwe", nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mezuru ọrụ niile metụtara ya.

## Ogwe osisi na United States
Na United States, ọtụtụ n'ime ala a na-eji ewe ihe ubi bụ ihe nzuzo, ebe "ahịa na-ekpebi ọnụ ahịa mkpọnwụrụ".[2] Ọnụ ahịa asọmpi na-ekpebi ụgwọ mkpọnwụ a ga-akwụ. Ọdịiche dị n'agbata ọnụ ahịa osisi e wetara n'etiti United States na Canada bụ ihe kpatara esemokwu osisi softwood na Canada na United States na-aga n'ihu. Ndị nnọchi anya United States na-ekwu na usoro Canada na-achọpụta ụgwọ mkpọnwụ bụ ego enyemaka. Ndị nnọchi anya Canada agọnarị nke a.

## Ụzọ e si atụle osisi
OECD nwere ụzọ atọ enwere ike itinye n'ọrụ iji jiri osisi guzo ọtọ.

**Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ugbu a**. Usoro nyocha iji baa uru nke ihe onwunwe okike. A na-enweta ya na-ebelata uru akụ na ụba n'ọdịnihu n'oge a.

Naanị ego a na-enweta site na owuwe ihe ubi nke osisi tozuru etozu ka a na-etinye. Iji nwe**'t**' ọnụ ahịa dị ugbu a, ịkwụ ụgwọ site na iji ọnụego ego nke *r* maka afọ ọ bụla (T−t) ruo mgbe a ga-etinye owuwe ihe ubi.

Usoro uru nke stumpage. Usoro uru dị ugbu a dị mfe ebe a na-enweta uru nke ngwaahịa site n'ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ugbu a nke osisi guzo ọtọ site na ọnụahịa ya, na-eche na ọnụego nkwụsịtụ ya hà ka ọnụego uto okike.

Uru nke osisi kwụ ọtọ = M*pA* * ọnụahịa kwa mQ">3 * Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi.

**Usoro uru oriri.** Ụdị dị iche iche nke usoro uru stumpage. A na-eji ọnụahịa dị iche iche maka afọ dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ụdị dayameta. Usoro uru oriri na-atụle uru nke ngwaahịa dị ka a ga-asị na e bepụrụ ya niile ugbu a.

Uru nke osisi guzo ọ*t* = Ngụkọ*ttQ*">A nke m*p* nke oge dị iche iche ma ọ bụ afọ nke osisi * ọnụahịa maka oge dị iche ma ọ bụrụ afọ nke osisi* Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi nke oge ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọgbọ ọ bụla.

## Hụkwa

* Esemokwu osisi dị nro nke Canada na United States
* Usoro Faustmann
* Inwe ala na Canada
* Mkpụrụ ego a na-akwụ ụgwọ
* Ụtụ isi maka ịkwụ ụgwọ

## Ebem si dee
Ego Mgbanwe

Adaptation Fund bụ **ego** mba ụwa nke na-akwado ọrụ na mmemme ndị e mere iji nyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka ime mgbanwe maka mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. E guzobere ya n'okpuru Kyoto Protocol nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
A malitere Adaptation Fund na 2007, ọ bụ ezie na e guzobere ya na 2001 na nnọkọ nke asaa nke Conference of the Parties (COP7) na UNFCCC na Marrakech, Morocco iji kwado ọrụ na mmemme ndị na-ebelata mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eche obodo, mba, na ngalaba ihu. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ọrụ na mmemme maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe bụ ndị sonyere na Kyoto Protocol.

## Usoro itinye ego
E bidoro Adaptation Fund ka a kwado ya site na òkè nke ego sitere na ọrụ mmepe dị ọcha (CDM) yana ego sitere na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ụmụ akwụkwọ si Marienschule dị na Euskirchen, Germany nyere onyinye dị ala nke € 131, mgbe Stuart Scott, onye na-aga nzukọ intercessional nke mkparịta ụka ahụ, gosipụtara ha banyere nsogbu ihu igwe. Akụkụ na-aga n'ihu nke CDM na-agafe na 2% nke mbelata ikuku (CER) nyere maka ọrụ ọrụ CDM. Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 30, 2013, ego ahụ enwetala US $ 188.6 nde na ego sitere na ahịa CER. Ka ọ na-erule Nọvemba 30, 2013, ego ahụ nwere US $ 156 nde iji kenye maka ọrụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite Nọvemba 2013, Adaptation Fund Board (AFB) ewepụtala ihe dịka US $ 200 nde iji kwado mgbanwe ihu igwe na mba 29. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, Adaptation Fund etinyela US $ 331 nde na mba 54. Ngụkọta onyinye na 2022 ruru nde USD 1.237.8 na Germany bụ onye kacha nye onyinye (513.51 nde USD).

Ka ahịa maka ego carbon na-ada, isi mmalite ego ndị ọzọ ghọrọ ihe dị oke mkpa maka Adaptation Fund, ma gụnye onyinye sitere na mba Annex 1. Ihe ndị a ruru US $ 151 nde ka ọ na-erule Septemba 30, 2013. N'ime nnukwu mgbalị ịnakọta ego, AFB na odeakwụkwọ ahụ gafere ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya maka onyinye nkwa site na ngwụcha afọ 2013, na ihe karịrị US $ 100 nde kwere nkwa ma nye ya site na gọọmentị.

Adaptation Fund Board (AFB) na-achịkwa Adaptation Foundation. Odeakwụkwọ nke Adaptation Fund Board na-enye nyocha, ndụmọdụ, nchịkwa, na ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Board, ma nwee ndị ọrụ mba ụwa na Washington, DC. Ụlọ akụ ụwa na-eje ozi dị ka onye nlekọta nke Adaptation Fund. AFB nwere ndị otu iri na isii na ndị ọzọ iri na isii nọchitere anya mba Annex I, mba ndị na-abụghị Annex I, mba ole na ole mepere emepe (LDCs), obere agwaetiti na-emepe emepe (SIDSs), na mpaghara mpaghara. AFB na-ezukọ ugboro atọ kwa afọ na Bonn, Germany. Nzukọ omebe iwu nke Germany enyewo ikike iwu na AFB.

Otu ihe pụrụ iche nke Adaptation Fund bụ usoro ịnweta ya kpọmkwem, nke na-enyere ndị na-emejuputa mba (NIEs) na ndị na-ahụ maka mmejuputa mpaghara (RIEs) na mba ndị na-emepụta ihe aka iji nweta ego maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Adaptation Fund
* Kyoto Protocol n'okpuru UNFCCC
* Ndepụta nke ndị otu Adaptation Fund Board
Ebe Ndị A Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ọkụkụ Ndị Dịgasị Iche

E hiwere **Centers of Plant Diversity** (CPD) n'afọ 1998 dị ka ihe nzụkọ nkewa n'etiti World Wildlife Fund (WWF) na International Union for Conservation of Nature bu n'obi ịmata mpaghara ndị dị n'ụwa bụ nke kachasị nwee uru  nchekwa n'usoro. na-echebe ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ụdị osisi.  N'afọ 1998 enwere ogige narị abụọ na iri atọ na anọ nke ebe ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche debara aha n'ofe ụwa, nke ọ bụla nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi dị iche iche bara uru nye ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha nke na-adịkarị n'okpuru ọnọdụ edaphic pụrụ iche.  Ọtụtụ CPD ka edebara aha dịka akụkụ nke mpaghara echekwabara n'ụzọ iwu n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụchaghị na e kenyere ha nchekwa iwu ozugbo. A na-amata CPD n'ụzọ bụ isi dị ka akụkụ nke mpaghara echekwabara nke ukwuu nke na-ejide ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche dị ndụ, nwere ike inwe ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ụdị osisi a na-apụghị dochie anya bụ nke nwere nnukwu nsogbu. 

## Hụkwa

* World Wildlife Fund
* International Union for Conservation of Nature
* Ebe ndị a na-echebe
* Ụdị dị iche iche

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* AZ nke Mpaghara nke mkpa ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche dị iche iche: Ụlọ ọrụ nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche (CPB)
* Ebe Ọchịchị Ego Ego Ụwa; Ichekwa Ụwa Eke: ọhịa IUCN Strategy Global for Conservation Plant
* Mmemme gburugburu mba United Nations: Mmemme Mpaghara echedoro
Nkwupụta Ambo

Australia, Brazil, China, Cuba, Fiji, Japan, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Solomon Islands na Tonga nabatara **nkwupụta Ambo** na Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Tarawa na 10 Nọvemba 2010. Nkwupụta ahụ na-akpọ oku ka e mee ihe ngwa ngwa iji dozie ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nkwupụta Ambo, nke akpọrọ aha obodo dị na Kiribati ebe ndị omeiwu na-anọdụ, e mere atụmatụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwekọrịta na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro n'etiti mba ndị ga-egosi na nnukwu nnọkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ụwa, COP16 na Cancun, Mexico.

United States, United Kingdom na Canada, ndị gakwara nzukọ ahụ, họọrọ ịghara ịbụ akụkụ nke nkwupụta ahụ site n'iwere ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri.

Ebumnuche nke nnọkọ ahụ bụ ịkwado atụmatụ nke Onye isi ala nke Kiribati, Anote Tong, iji nwee nzukọ ndụmọdụ n'etiti steeti ndị na-adịghị ike na ndị mmekọ ha na-ele anya ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka mkparịta ụka ọtụtụ òtù n'okpuru nkwado nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Nzukọ ahụ bụ ihe omume nọchiri anya Climate Vulnerable Forum nke mbụ e mere na Nọvemba 2009 na Maldives, mgbe mba iri na otu nwere nsogbu ihu igwe bịanyere aka na **nkwupụta** Bandos Island na-ekwe nkwa igosi idu ndú omume ma malite ime ka akụ na ụba ha dị mma site na itinye aka n'onwe ha iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon. Dabere na nkuzi ndị a mụtara na usoro COP, TCCC tụrụ aro usoro mkparịta ụka zuru oke, na-emetụta ndị mmekọ dị mkpa n'etiti mba ndị mepere emepe na ndị na-emepe emepe. Ebumnuche ikpeazụ nke TCCC bụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ na ike nke usoro mmejọ dị iche iche n'etiti ndị otu na usoro COP, nyochaa akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta n'etiti òtù ahụ ma si otú ahụ kwado onyinye Kiribati na ndị ọzọ na COP16 nke a ga-eme na Cancun, Mexico, site na 29 Nọvemba ruo 10 Disemba 2010.

## Hụkwa

* Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Tarawa
* Nzukọ Na-adịghị Ahụ Ike

## Ihe odide
 Ford Liz Aaron Packard 16 Nọvemba 2010 ogbako mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Kiribati kpọrọ oku maka ego ngwa ngwa na ime ihe. The Guardian London eweghachiri 10 Disemba 2010 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe odide nkwupụta Ambo
* Gọọmentị nke Kiribati Portal Mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Redio Australia - Pacific Beat - Nzukọ ihu igwe nke Kiribati na-agwụ na ọkwa dị elu
* Radio Australia Network News - Mkparịta ụka mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Kiribati na-agwụ na nkwupụta Ambo
* Associated Press - Obere agwaetiti chọrọ ntọhapụ ngwa ngwa nke ego iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe
Nzukọ Amazonia

**Nzukọ Amazonia** bụ òtù na-ahụ maka okpomọkụ ụwa nke na-elekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze.

E guzobere Nzukọ ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1992, mgbe gọọmentị ụwa na-atụle ihe ize ndụ nke okpomọkụ ụwa na Nzukọ Ụwa na Rio de Janeiro n'afọ 1992. Nzukọ ahụ bụ nzukọ agụmakwụkwọ nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkụziri ndị mmadụ banyere gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ihe ize ndụ na ihe otu ahụ kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị ihe mgbochi na mgbochi.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

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Nzukọ Ndị Nchịkwa Carbon

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ngosi CSLF
Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (**CSLF**) bụ atụmatụ mba ụwa iji kwalite teknụzụ carbon capture and storage (CCS). Nzukọ ahụ bụ nzukọ dị n'ọkwa nke gụnyere mba 23 so na European Commission. Ndị otu na-emeghe maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mba ndị bụ ndị na-emepụta ma ọ bụ ndị na'ọrụ mmanụ ala na ndị nwere mkpebi itinye ego na nyocha, mmepe na ngosipụta na teknụzụ carbon dioxide. CSLF na-aghọtakwa na ndị nwere mmasị, òtù ndị ahụ na-emetụta ma nwee ike imetụta ebumnuche CSLF, bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ CSLF.

Akwụkwọ ikike CSLF, nke a bịanyere aka na June 2003, haziri CSLF site n'ịmepụta otu iwu, nke na-achịkwa usoro na iwu CSLF n'ozuzu ya, otu teknụzụ, nke na'enyocha ọganihu nke ọrụ mmekorita ma na-atụ aro ka otu iwu ahụ mee ihe ọ bụla dị mkpa, na odeakwụkwọ nchịkwa, nke na na-ahazi nzukọ CSLF. 

N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2005, G8 Summit kwadoro CSLF na atụmatụ ya maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, ike dị ọcha na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, ma gosipụta ya dị ka ụzọ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ na imekọ aka na mba ndị dị mkpa na-emepe emepe na-emeso gas na-ekpo ọkụ.

**A na-emekwa aha yiri nke a n'ihe omume abụọ gụnyere:**

# nkwupụta jikọrọ aka nke US-European Union Summit on Energy Security, Energy Efficiency, Renewables and Economic Development, and
# Mainz Declaration nke Germany na United States na Cleaner and More Efficient Energy, Development and Climate Change.

N'afọ 2006 na 2007, ụlọ ọrụ International Energy Agency na CSLF mere usoro ọmụmụ ihe atọ maka ndị ọkachamara a kpọrọ site n'ụwa niile na isiokwu nke ohere dị nso maka ijide na nchekwa carbon. CSLF nabatara aro sitere na ogbako ndị a ma zigara ndị isi G8.

CSLF amatala ọrụ carbon 30 na nchekwa n'ụwa niile nke na-egosi ọtụtụ ihe CO2 na-ejide, njem na nchekwa nyocha na ọrụ.

## Hụkwa

* Mgbanwe ihu igwe
* Okpomọkụ ụwa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nzukọ Ndị Nchịkwa Carbon
Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research

**Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research** (APN) bụ netwọk gọọmentị na-akwalite nyocha na-elekwasị anya na iwu na ọrụ iwu nwere ike metụtara mgbanwe ụwa na mpaghara ahụ. APN na-enweta onyinye ego site na gọọmentị nke United States, Japan, Republic of Korea na New Zealand, yana onyinye sitere na mba 22 niile. Secretariat nke APN dị na Kobe, Japan, nke Gọọmentị Hyogo Prefectural kwadoro.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke APN malitere na 1990 White House Conference on Science and Economics Research Related to Global Change, 17-18 Eprel 1990, ebe Onye isi ala US George Bush kpọrọ mba ụwa ka ha sonyere United States n'ịmepụta netwọk mpaghara maka mmekọrịta sayensị North-South na ọkwa gọọmentị iji dozie nyocha mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ka e mesịrị na 1992, Onye isi ala Bush na Praịm Minista nke Japan n'oge ahụ bụ Kiichi Miyazawa bịanyere aka na 1992 US-Japan Global Partnership Agreement, nke, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, kwadoro ma mee ka mkpebi Japan-US sie ike na nyocha mgbanwe ụwa.

Mkparịta ụka n'akụkụ ndị a mesịrị mee ka e guzobe netwọk nyocha mgbanwe ụwa atọ: ENRICH maka Europe na Africa, APN maka Eshia na Pacific, na IAI maka Amerịka.

A malitere APN n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na 1996 na nzukọ mbụ ya na Chiang Mai, Thailand. N'afọ 1997, usoro asọmpi dị, meghere maka itinye ego maka ọrụ nyocha sayensị metụtara mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ụwa.

## Ndị otu
Malite na mba 12 na 1996, ndị otu APN amụbaala ruo 22 ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013. Na mgbakwunye na ndị otu 22 zuru oke, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu sitere n'ọtụtụ "mba ndị a kwadoro" ruru eru maka ego APN.

### Mba ndị so na APN

### Mba ndị APN kwadoro

* Maldives
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* Mba Ndị Dị n'Agwaetiti Pacific

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research
Njikọ nke Civil Society na Mgbanwe ihu igwe

thumb|Njikọ Civil Society na Mgbanwe ihu igwe
The Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change (**CSCCC**) bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ma kọwaa onwe ya dị ka otu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke òtù ndị na-enweghị uru na ebumnuche nke "ịchọ] ịkụziri ọha na eze banyere sayensị na akụ na ụba nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụzọ na-adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu". Njikọ ahụ na-akọwa ndị otu ya dị ka ndị gụnyere 60 na-enweghị uru site na mba 40 "ndị nwere nkwekọrịta imeziwanye nghọta ọha na eze banyere ọtụtụ okwu iwu ọha na eze". Ọ na-akpọ onwe ya "ahịa nweere onwe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi". Akụkọ mgbasa ozi India na-ekwu na ọ bụ International Policy Network, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na London nke na-enweta nkwado site na Exxon Mobil, guzobere ya.

Otu ahụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na echiche nchịkọta akụkọ banyere sayensị na akụ na ụba nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ma na-edebe blọọgụ.  E bipụtara *akụkọ Civil Society* na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na 2007, obere oge tupu nzukọ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change na Bali.   Ndị ọkachamara CSCCC na-apụta na mgbasa ozi, dị ka ihe ngosi Julian Morris nke 2007 na *Larry King Live* na arụmụka telivishọn ya na 2008 na onye isi IPCC Rajendra Pachauri.

IPN a na UK nwere Julian Morris dị ka onye isi nchịkwa.  Ọ bụ n'ezie akụkụ nke Atlas Group / Network (aka Atlas Economic Research Institute) nke eze ọkụkọ nke UK, Sir Antony Fisher (otu n'ime ndị isi akụ na ụba nke PM Margaret Thatcher) na onye America Loctite millionaire Richard Krieble guzobere.  Ha nwere nkwado ego site na Krieble, Richard Mellon Scaife, na Philip Morris.  A na-ekwu na Fisher nwere aka dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ihe ruru otu narị na iri ise na-eche echiche n'ụwa niile.

Nwa nwanyị Fisher, Linda Whetstone, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka (Fisher-founded) Adam Smith Institute. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke International Policy Network, ma nọrọ na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke Mont Pelerin Society, Institute of Economic Affairs na Atlas Group na USA.  Njikọ na netwọk dị otú a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ndị na-eche echiche nke Atlas Group, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ ha na ndị nduzi na-eje ozi n'ọtụtụ òtù dị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi a na-eme ka ike doro anya nke mwakpo ọha na eze na sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe dịkwuo elu. Hụkwa Stockholm Network. [1] na http://archive.corporateeurope.org/stockholmnetwork.html

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* https://www.youtube.com/user/ipnlondon#p/u/14/gIBSKk0b3Zo
Network Action nke ihu igwe Latin America

Climate Action **Network** Latin America (**CAN-LA ma ọ bụ CANLA**) bụ òtù ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe na Latin America. Tọrọ ntọala na 2009 ma dabere na Buenos Aires, ọ bụ netwọk mpaghara nke Climate Action Network ma were ya dịka "node" na-enyere aka imekọ ihe ọnụ na mpaghara Latin America na Caribbean. Ọ na-ejikọ ihe karịrị òtù 30 na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, nke na-etinye aka na ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike megide mgbanwe ihu igwe (dị ka 25 Eprel 2020).

## Ọdịdị ya
Netwọk mpaghara ahụ nwere ihe karịrị òtù 30 sitere na mba dị iche iche na Latin America. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ Alejandro Aleman si n'òtù Nicaraguan Centro Humboldt na-ahazi ya (dị ka 25 Eprel 2020). N'ime CAN International, e nwere onye ọrụ mpaghara. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Karla Maass nwere ọnọdụ a (dị ka 25 Eprel 2020).

Òtù ndị otu CAN-LA dị na:

* Argentina
* Barbados
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States (City Sustainable n'ihu Cambio Climatico, A.C.)
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

## Ihe omume
Akụkụ mpaghara ahụ na-anwa ịkwalite netwọk n'etiti òtù dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na Central na Latin America. Echiche nke nzukọ ahụ n'azụ ya bụ na site na mmekorita, òtù ndị ahụ nwere ike ịkwalite ihe kpatara ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe n'ụzọ dị mfe.

Otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke nzukọ ahụ bụ nnọchiteanya Latin America na nzukọ ihu igwe UN. Ndị nnọchiteanya nke CAN-LA na-aga mkparịta ụka ihu igwe n'okpuru UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Ha nọ na nzukọ nke ndị otu (COP) na intersessionals na Bonn. Kemgbe COP20 na 2014, ha nwere nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ iji mee ka ọha mara banyere echiche ha. N'oge COPs, ha na-ahazi ihe omume ndị dị n'akụkụ ebe ha nwere ike ịtọ usoro nke ha ma kpọọ ndị otu. Ha na-agwa ọha na eze ma bipụta akụkọ, nyocha na nkọwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Chilean "El dínamo". Tupu COP23, netwọk ahụ haziri webinar a na-akpọ "Ụzọ na COP23: Otu ọhụụ site na Latin America na Caribbean".

Mgbe COP25 gasịrị, ha dere akụkọ banyere echiche ha banyere mkparịta ụka ahụ na ịtụgharị uche na nsonaazụ ya. Na e si na Chile bufee nzukọ ihu igwe na 2019 gaa na Spain ka a na-ewere ya dị ka ohere furu efu maka Latin America, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya enweghị ike ịnọ, kamakwa n'ihi enweghị ike iru njikọ ka ukwuu n'ime mpaghara ahụ.

Ha meghachiri omume na yigharịrị COP26 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 na nkwupụta a na-ekwukarị na nsogbu ahụike nwere njikọ na nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ndị kachasị ike na-emetụta nsogbu abụọ ahụ.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* CAN-LA na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Climate Action Network
* Twitter-Akụkọ nke CAN-LA
Network nke Ihe Nketa Ihu igwe

E guzobere Climate Heritage **Network** (**CHN**) na 2018 ma malite na 2019 na nzaghachi maka Global Climate Action Summit na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na nka, ọdịbendị na ngalaba ihe nketa. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwado ndị otu ya n'inye aka na mmezu nke nkwekọrịta ihu igwe Paris site na itinye ọdịbendị. Netwọk ahụ na-achọkwa iwebata ihe nketa ọdịbendị na mkparịta ụka banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ihe karịrị 250 òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị.

Na Septemba 2022, CHN wepụtara atụmatụ ọrụ nke na-akọwa ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ maka 2022-24: "Bụbawanye ọnụọgụ na ogo nke omume ihu igwe dabere na ọdịbendị" na "Gbanwee iwu ihu igwe". Iji kwado ebumnuche ndị a, CHN na-akpọ aha isi okwu iri na abụọ, dị ka Ụlọ na Akụnụba, Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo, Ihe mkpofu na Nri.

Iji mezuo nke a, netwọk ahụ na-adịwanye na nzukọ ihu igwe mba ụwa, dị ka 26th UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) na Glasgow, Scotland na 27th UN Climat Change Conference (COP27) na Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* CHN na Agenda 21 maka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ọdịbendị
Omume Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ihu igwe

Climate Justice Action (**CJA**) bụ njikọ aka mba ụwa nke òtù ndị na-achọ igbochi mgbanwe ihu igwe na inweta ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe. CJA guzobere dị ka akụkụ nke mmegharị ọzọ gburugburu 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Copenhagen, ma hazie nnukwu ihe omume n'oge nzukọ ahụ.

## Ebumnuche
Network na-ekwusi ike na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe, ma nwee ebumnuche ndị a:

* Iji kwalite ma mee ka ikike na olu nke ụmụ amaala na ndị metụtara (gụnyere ndị ọrụ) na-eche nsogbu ihu igwe ihu. Iji kwado nkwụghachi ụgwọ na ịkwụ ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na Global South site na mba ndị nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
* Iji wuo usoro zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke na-agba ume ime ihe ngwa ngwa iji zere mgbanwe ihu igwe dị egwu.
* Iji mee ka ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke ụdị dị iche iche dị iche iche na-emebi nsogbu ihu igwe, na iji chebe ịdị adị nke ụdị niile.
* Iji kpughee ọrụ nke "ngwọta" ihu igwe ụgha na nke dabeere na ahịa yana nchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke mkparịta ụka ihu igwe na-eme ka nsogbu ihu igwe ka njọ.
* Iji kwalite ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike inye ezigbo ngwọta maka nsogbu ihu igwe.
* Iji mee ka nghọta anyị dịkwuo mma, na iji dozie, ihe kpatara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gburugburu ebe obibi, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụ na ụba nke nsogbu ihu igwe gaa na mgbanwe zuru oke nke ọha anyị.
* Netwọk anyị na-arụ ọrụ na nkwanye ùgwù, ntụkwasị obi na ịdị n'otu maka ebumnuche ndị a.

## Akwụkwọ
CJA emepụtala akwụkwọ ndị a:

* Ebumnuche CJA na isi ọrụ
* Kpọọ maka ime ihe (n'ihu nzukọ ihu igwe nke Copenhagen)
* Akwụkwọ mkparịta ụka: Gịnị ka ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe pụtara na Europe

## Akụkọ akụkọ

* Akụkọ CNN: Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ihu igwe na-agbadata na Copenhagen
* Isiokwu Guardian: ikpe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Copenhagen
* Isiokwu Guardian: Copenhagen-ndị uwe ojii-agbụrụ - kpughere

## Hụkwa

* Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ihu igwe Ugbu a

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Climate Justice Action
Otu Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

OneClimate bụ akụkọ ihu igwe ịntanetị na-enweghị uru, ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na saịtị netwọk mmekọrịta. Ọ natara nlebara anya mgbasa ozi mba ụwa n'oge 2007 United Nations Climate Change Conference maka atụmatụ ya 'Virtual Bali', yana n'oge ihe omume COP15 na Copenhagen.

OneClimate bụ nke Anuradha Vittachi na Peter Armstrong, bụ ndị guzobere OneWorld.net.

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2007, Ed Markey ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị US mbụ iji usoro nke Second Life, nke o si na ya gwa ndị nnọchiteanya UNFCCC na Bali okwu dị ka akụkụ nke ihe omume OneClimate's Virtual Bali. E mere atụmatụ na carbon dioxide echekwara na Rep na-adịghị efe efe. Markey na Bali dị ihe dị ka tọn 5.5.

N'afọ sochirinụ, OneClimate gbara Virtual Poznań na Poland maka COP14. Ndị ọkà okwu ama ama gụnyere odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UNFCCC Yvo de Boer na The Age of Stupid Director, Franny Armstrong. A na-agbasa ihe omume ahụ kwa mgbede na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ OneClimate nakwa na Second Life.

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2010, *The Guardian* kpọkwara OneClimate dịka otu n'ime mmadụ iri ise a ga-eso na Twitter.

## Hụkwa

* Nzukọ Ndị Mmadụ Ụwa Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Lise Grande

**Lise Grande** bụ onye America ghọrọ onye isi oche nke otú United States Institute of Peace na Disemba 1, na afọ 2020. Ọ rụburu ọrụ na mba ofesi n'ọtụtụ ọkwa maka njikwa ọrụ United Nations gụnyere na South Sudan, India, Iraq na Yemen.

## Mmụta
Grande nwetara nzere bachelọ na Mahadum Stanford yana nzere masta na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọhụrụ .  

## Ọrụ
Site na afọ 2008 ruo afọ 2012, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na United Nations na South Sudan ma jide ya bụ osote onye nnọchiteanya nke Secretary General na Humanitarian Coordinator. Site na afọ 2005 ruo na afọ 2008, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na United Nations na Republic of Congo ebe ọ nọ n'ọkwá onye isi nke United Nations Integrated Office. Site na afọ 2003 ruo na afọ 2005, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya UNDP na Armenia .
áká_èkpè|thumb| Grande na Institutelọ Ọrụ Udo nke US na Mee afọ 2023 na-agbagha otu esi eme ka enyemaka ngalaba nchekwa dị ike.
Grande bụ osote onye nnọchi anya pụrụiche nke United Nations Assistance Mission maka Iraq . Grande bụkwa onye nhazi nke United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) na obodo India. 

Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na ise nke ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ọzọ maka United Nations na ọrụ ya na Yemen na-achịkwa otu n'ime ọrụ UN kachasị ukwuu  a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Udo United States kwadoro na Disemba afọ 2020. 

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
MV Gondwana

**MV** ***Gondwana*** bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke ndi Greenpeace nwetara na afo 1988, nke e wuru na afo 1975 ma kpọọ ya Viking. Greenpeace melite ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na helipad ma mee ka ohere obibi mụbaa ka mmadụ 33 hie ụra.  E ji ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nye Greenpeace World Park Base na afo 1988/89 ma tinye aka n'omume ihu na ihu iji mee ngagharị iwe megide igbu whale nke Obodo Japan na Southern Ocean na ngwụcha afọ 1980.

## Edensibia
MV Solo

**MV** Solo bụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace site na afo 1990 ruo afo 1995, nke e wuru na 1977 dịka ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ ***Smit Houston***. Greenpeace melite ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na helipad yana ụlọ ọgwụ anụmanụ na ụlọ nyocha. N'afọ 1995, otu ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management nyere ya ikike iji mee ihe dịka ụgbọ nnapụta. N'oge a, a gbanwere aha ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ka ọ bụrụkwa **ETV** Waker. N'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2009, ọkụ malitere n'ime ụlọ injin ahụ nke mebiri ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu nke mere ka a tụfuo ya.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Yellow Thing

The Yellow Thing bụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri nke nwere okpukpu abụọ (dịka catamaran), nke ndi Greenpeace na-eji eme ihe iji nwalee ***ihe*** mkpofu mmiri. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, ebumnuche ya bụ iji ya mee ihe dịka ihe na-adọkpụ maka ihe nlele plastik n'ebe ndị dịka Oké Osimiri Mediterenian ya na North Pacific Gyre. Ọ bụghị nke onwe ya, kama a na-adọkpụ ya site na ụgbọ mmiri (dịka nke 3-2006, a na-eji ya n’ime MV Esperanza). A na-ewerekwa ya dịka ihe kwụsiri ike dịka ụgbọ mmiri.

## Edensibia
Onye ógba òkú

Ọrụ nke onye na-agba ọkụ (German) maọbụ onye na-eme ọkụ **potash** (*Pottaschbrenner*) bụ ịgba osisi **ọkụ** maka ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ. Site na ntụ, potash dị mkpa ije mee ihe dyeing, na ncha ya na glassmaking nwere ike ime site na leaching na isi (ya mere okwu ahụ bụ "potash boiler" maọbụ *Pottaschsieder*).

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-ejikwa potash dịka fetịlaịza, n'imepụta ntụ na n'ụlọ dịka ihe nhicha, bleach na ihe enyemaka ime achịcha.

Ka oké ọhịa na-ebelatawanye na mgbe, na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ, a machibidoro maọbụ machibido igbu osisi ọkụ, ndị na-ere ọkụ na-anakọta osisi nwụrụ anwụ site n'oké ọhịa yana ntụ ọkụ site n'ụlọ.

Ka ọ na-erule Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na iteghete, ọrụ nke Onye na agba  ọkụ na-ebelata na mkpa na-arịwanye elu nke coal na ụzọ njem ka mma site na ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Potash dịka ihe mmepụta ihe eji emepụta ihe ejiri potassium mineral nweta site na igwu ala were dochie ya.

## Edensibia
Iwu Ọhịa Mba, 1988

National Forest Policy, nke afo 1988 bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke India iji degharịa **Iwu Ọhịa** nke National nke afo 1952. Iwu National Forest nke afo 1988 tụrụ aro n'ụzọ siri ike echiche nke inye ike na itinye obodo ndị dị n'ógbè na nchedo na mmepe nke ọhịa. Nsonaazụ kpọmkwem nke National Forest Policy, nke afo 1988 bụ Joint Forest Management Program (JFM / JFMP) nke Gọọmentị ndi Obodo India guzobere na afo 1990. A malitere ya na West Bengal n'oge 1971, na ọzọ na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọtụtụ iwu na obodo India lekwasịrị anya n'imeziwanye ogo gburugburu ebe obibi kemgbe e wepụtara National Forest Policy nke afo 1952. Nzukọ omebe iwu nke India weputara Iwu Nchebe Anụ Ọhịa, 1972, Iwu Mmiri na 1974, Iwu Mmiri, 1981, Iwu Nchekwa Ọhịa na 1980 na Iwu Ncheba Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na 1986.

## Edensibia
Alfred Wilkins

**Alfred Daulton Wilkins** (1856 - 21 Ọktoba 1920) bụ onye bekee na-eme egwuregwu kriket burukwazia onye ọrụ na Imperial Forest Service.

Nwa Alfred Wilkins nke okenye, a mụrụ ya na afo1856 na Kotri di na British India. Wilkins gụrụ akwụkwọ na England na Christ's College, Finchley ma mesịa na Tonbridge School, ebe ọ gwuru egwuregwu Kriket  iri na otu na bọọlụ Iri na Atọ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ laghachiri India, ebe ọ sonyeere Imperial Forest Service (IFS) n'ọnwa Eprel n’afọ 1875 dịka onye ọrụ ozi na Bombay Presidency. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye na-elekọta ọhịa na Presidency na 1879, e mesịa họpụta ya ka ọ bụ osote onye nlekọta ọhịa na Sindh na 1887. Ọ lara ezumike nká na IFS na July 1911. Mgbe ọ nọ na British India, Wilkins gbara bọọlụ mbụ maka ndị otu cricket Europe ugboro atọ n'etiti afo 1892 ya na 1898 na Bombay Presidency Matches megide Parsees. O nwetara 15 runs na egwuregwu atọ ya, na akara kachasị elu nke 13. Ọ gbara bọọlụ a ma ama na-abụghị nke mbụ na afo 1886 na Poona maka North nke Obodo India megide South, na-agba 81 na 218 na-apụ. Wilkins lara ezumike nká na-Obodo England, ebe ọ nwụrụ na Bedford n'ọnwa Ọktoba n’afọ 1920.

## Edensibia

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