Dietrich Brandis

Sir **Dietrich Brandis** KCIE FRS (31 Machị 1824 - 28 Mee 1907) bụ onye German-British botanist na onye nkuzi na onye nchịkwa, onye rụrụ ọrụ na British Imperial Forestry Service na India na-achị ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 30. Ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Britain na Burma na 1856, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke nchịkwa ọhịa Britain na Burma niile, ma jee ozi dị ka Inspector General of Forests na India site na 1864 ruo 1883. Ọ laghachiri Europe na 1883, na-eke oge ya n'etiti Bonn na Greater London. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, o tinyere onwe ya n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, nke mere ka o dee akwụkwọ Indian Trees (1906), *magnum opus* ya. A na-ewere Brandis dị ka nna nke ọhịa okpomọkụ ma kọwaa ya dị ka nna ya nke ọhịa sayensị. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na India, o nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na nlekọta ọhịa na United States.

## Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ezinụlọ
Onye so n'ezinụlọ Brandis, a mụrụ Dietrich Brandis na Bonn, Germany, ọ bụkwa nwa nke onye ọkà ihe ọmụma a ma ama Christian August Brandis, onye bụ onye nkuzi nke Eze Otho nke Gris na Prọfesọ nke nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Bonn. Nna nna ya Joachim Dietrich Brandis bụ dọkịta nke Queen Marie nke Denmark na Norway na onye otu Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum nke Copenhagen Biology, Göttingen Botany na Bonn Biology major na obere Geography na Antiquites, na 1849, ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na botany na Bonna. Mmasị ya na njikwa ọhịa sitere na mmalite site n'echiche botanical.

N'afọ 1854, ọ lụrụ Rachel Marshman, nwa nwanyị nke onye ọkà mmụta India na onye ozi ala ọzọ Joshua Marshman na nwanne nwanyị nke nwunye General Havelock. Nwanne di ya bụ Havelock bụ enyi Lord Dalhousie, Gọvanọ-Jenal nke India, ọ bụkwa njikọ a wetara ya Burma na India.  Nwunye mbụ ya nwụrụ na India na 1862, n'oge afọ abụọ ọ nọrọ na Europe site na 1865 ruo 1867, ọ zutere ma lụọ Katharina Hassie, onye ji afọ iri na asatọ tọọ ya. Ya na ya kwagara India ma di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ isii, ụfọdụ n'ime ha erubeghị ogo mmadụ.

Dietrich Brandis bụ nna onye ọka ikpe ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu Bernhard Brandis na nna nna nke onye na-ahụ maka microbiology Henning Brandis.

## Onye nchịkwa ọhịa na British India
N'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike, gọọmentị Britain nọ na India nwere mmasị n'iji ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'oké ọhịa. A naghị achịkwa igbutu osisi, n'etiti afọ 1847 na 1850 gọọmentị Britain malitere ịghọta na ọhịa ndị dị na India na-efu. N'afọ 1850, British Association na Edinburgh guzobere kọmitii iji mụọ mbibi ọhịa na iwu nke Hugh Cleghorn. N'afọ 1855, Lord Dalhousie, Gọvanọ-Jenal nke India wepụtara Memorandum nke Gọọmentị India. Nke a dabeere na akụkọ nke John McClelland, onye na-ahụ maka ọhịa na Burma, n'oge ahụ bụ akụkụ nke British India.

### Burma
Brandis sonyeere ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Britain na 1856 dị ka onye nlekọta nke ọhịa teak nke ngalaba Pegu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Burma. N'afọ 1858 ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke nchịkwa ọhịa nke British Burma niile.

N'oge ahụ, ndị agbụrụ Karen na-alụ ọgụ na-achịkwa ọhịa teak nke Burma. O webatara usoro "taungya", nke ndị obodo Karen nyere ọrụ maka iwepu, ịkụ na ịgha mkpụrụ osisi teak. Na nzaghachi, a hapụrụ ha ka ha kụọ ihe ọkụkụ maka afọ ole na ole mbụ n'etiti osisi. Ka osisi teak na-eto, a kwagara ndị obodo ahụ n'ala ọhụrụ ma megharịa usoro ahụ. N'ihi usoro a, ọtụtụ ndị obodo ahụ bịara dabere na ọrụ ọhịa nke steeti na nguzogide mpaghara maka mmeri steeti nke ọhịa bịara sie ike.

Dabere na ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, Brandis nwere mmasị na botany na mbụ. Herbarium ya na ọbá akwụkwọ botanical, nke o si Calcutta zigara Rangoon, furu efu mgbe ụgbọ mmiri bu ya tụgharịrị. Mfu a mere ka ọ gbanwee uche ya site na ọmụmụ ihe botanical gaa na ọhịa.

Ọrụ Brandis gụnyere mkpebi nke oke teak, ọnụego uto, ịchọpụta ọnụego owuwe ihe ubi, ịmepụta atụmatụ nchebe ọhịa megide ụmụ ahụhụ na ọkụ. O webatara iwu ịzụta osisi, iwepu iwu na nguzobe nke ebe a na-achịkwa teak a na-akpọ conservancies na ndị isi a họpụtara dị ka *ndị Conservators*. Dabere na ahụmịhe ya, o nyere aka mepụta Iwu Ọhịa India nke 1865.

## Enyemaka maka nlekọta ọhịa na India
N'afọ 1864, Brandis ghọrọ Inspector General of Forests in India, ọkwá ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ 20. O wepụtara iwu ọhụrụ n'ọhịa ma nyere aka guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na ọzụzụ. Ọ bụ ya guzobere Imperial Forest School na Dehradun. E mere Brandis ka ọ bụrụ onye ibe nke Alaeze Ukwu India na 1878, ọ ghọkwara Knight Commander nke otu usoro ahụ na 1887.

Brandis dere osisi ndị dị nsọ na Rajputana na *Kans* (ọhịa) nke Mysore, ugwu Garo na Khasia, nke ọ gara na 1879, *Devarakadus* nke Coorg na 1868, ugwu ugwu nke mpaghara Salem na Madras Presidency na 1882, *Swami Shola* na Yelagiris, osisi dị nsọ na Pudur na Javadis na ọtụtụ ọhịa dị nsọ na Shevaroys. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na India iji jikọta nchebe ọhịa na ndị obodo.

O nwekwara mmasị na osisi ndị dị n'oké ọhịa nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti India na osisi ndị India n'ozuzu. Ọbụna mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, Brandis gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ọhịa India, mgbe ọ dị afọ 75, ọ malitere ọrụ botanical ya, Indian Trees, na-arụkọ ọrụ na ụdị 4400. E bipụtara ya na 1906 ma wepụtaghachi ya ọtụtụ ugboro mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, oge ikpeazụ na 1971. E zigara ya na Balaghat na MP dị ka onye isi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ ọhịa ruo ogologo oge n'oge ọrụ ya.

## Ịla ezumike nká
Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa Inspector General of Forests na India na 1883, ọ laghachiri Bonn, mana ọ gara England ugboro ugboro n'afọ ndị sochirinụ. Site na 1900 ruo 1906 ọ biri na Kew na Greater London. Ọ chịkwara ọzụzụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na Royal Indian Engineering College na England ruo afọ asatọ (1888-1896). Mmasị ya n'ihe omume America mere ka o lekọta ndị ọrụ ọhịa America na-eleta Europe, nke ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi ekele nke onye isi ala Theodore Roosevelt na 1904. Ọ nọchiri ya dị ka Inspector General of Forests site na Lt Col Frederick Bailey nke Royal Engineers.

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ laghachiri Bonn na ngwụcha 1906, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma nwụọ ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị na 28 Mee 1907.

## Mmetụta ka ukwuu
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Brandis tinyekwara aka na agụmakwụkwọ ọhịa na England na Coopers' Hill. O nwekwara mmetụta ma duzie ọtụtụ ndị dị ka Berthold Ribbentrop, W. Schlich na C.A. Schenck nke Germany (mgbe ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Giessen), na Gifford Pinchot na Henry Graves (ndị isi mbụ na nke abụọ nke USDA Forest Service) nke United States.

O nwere mmetụta n'ihe gbasara ọhịa na United States site n'ịzụ Pinchot, Graves, na ndị ọzọ bịara soro ya mụọ ihe na Germany, yana site na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka Charles Sprague Sargent na Franklin Hough tinyere aka n'ịtọlite usoro ọhịa mba US. Pinchot dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ndụmọdụ Brandis maka iwebata nlekọta ọhịa ọkachamara na US na otu esi ahazi Ọrụ Ọhịa na 1905. Mmetụta ya dị ukwuu nke na Onye isi ala Roosevelt zigara ya foto na 1896 na ihe odide
 

## Nsọpụrụ

* Onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1874
* Onye otu Royal Society, 1875
* Onye ibe nke Order of the Indian Empire, 1878
* Knight Commander nke Order of the Indian Empire, 1887
* Aha nsọpụrụ Prọfesọ nke Minista Prussian maka Ọrụ Ugbo na Ọhịa nyere, 1893
* Doctor honoris causa nke iwu, Mahadum nke Edinburgh, 1898
* Onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Society of American Foresters, 1904

## Ihe Nketa
A na-akpọ ọtụtụ ụdị osisi aha ya:

* *Cananga brandisiana* (Pierre) Saff.
* *[[Dendrocalamus brandisii]]* (Munro) Kurz
* *[[Diospyros brandisiana|Diospyros nke]]* Brandenburg Kurz
* Egwuregwu *[[Ochlandra brandisii]]*
* *[[Macaranga brandisii]]* Eze
* *[[Millettia brandisiana]]* Kurz
* *[[Orophea brandisii]]* Hook.f. & Thomson
* *Quercus brandisiana* Kurz
* *[[Ardisia brandisiana]]* Kurz
* *[[Iodes brandisii]]* Kurz
* *[[Ixora brandisiana]]* Kurz
* *[[Loranthus brandisanus]]* Kurz
* Ụdị *Brandisia* Hook.f. A na-akpọkwa & Thomson aha ya.

## Ihe edeturu

## Ihe odide

* 
* Rao, V. S. 1961. *100 afọ nke* Indian Forestry. Ihe ncheta. Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa. Dehra Dun. mbipụta scanned
* Herbert Hesmer "Leben und Werk von Dietrich Brandis. Begründer der tropischen Forstwirtschaft, Förderer der forstlichen Entwicklung in den U.S.A., Botaniker und Ökologe". Abstracts of the Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mpịakọta nke 58. XXIII ma ọ bụ 476. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* James G. Lewis The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History Archived  at the Wayback Machine. Durham, NC: Forest History Society, 2005.
* S. S. Negi Sir Dietrich Brandis: Nna nke Ọhịa Tropical. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 1991.
* 
*  
* Michael Mann: "Dietrich Brandis (1824-1907) - Botanist na Onye guzobere Sayensị nke Ọhịa Tropical. " na: *MIDA Archival Reflexicon* (2020), ISSN 2628-5029, 6 pp.

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Efere ndị e nyochara site na osisi ndị dị n'oké ọhịa India nke Dietrich Brandis
* Jan Oosthoek, Mmalite nke ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị nke osisi sayensị na Britain
* http://www.ifs.nic.in

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations