Oke mbara ala

thumb|Ihe osise nke ókèala mbara ala; akụkụ oroma na-egosi "overhoot" nke oke, akụkụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri na na'egosi ọnọdụ "dị nchebe" n'ime ókè (ihe ọmụma maka Nọvemba 2022).
Oke mbara ala bụ usoro iji kọwaa oke na mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ na sistemụ ụwa. E wezụga oke ndị a, gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịchịkwa onwe ya ọzọ. Nke a ga-apụta na usoro ụwa ga-ahapụ oge nkwụsi ike nke Holocene, nke ọha mmadụ malitere. Ịgafe ókèala mbara ala na-abịa n'ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na mberede. Usoro a dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị na omume ụmụ mmadụ, ọkachasị nke obodo mepere emepe kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe mmepụta ihe, aghọwo isi ihe na-akpata mgbanwe gburugburu ụwa. Dị ka usoro ahụ si kwuo, "ịmefe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ókèala ụwa nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọdachi n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke ịgafe ọnụ ụzọ nke ga-akpalite mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke linear na mberede n'ime mpaghara kọntinent ruo na usoro mbara ala."

Akụkụ dị mkpa nke usoro a bụ na ọha mmadụ enwewo ike ime nke ọma n'okpuru ọnọdụ ihu igwe kwụsiri ike na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Holocene. Ruo n'ókè nke usoro usoro ụwa ndị a na-agafebeghị ókè, ha na-aka akara "mpaghara nchebe" maka ọha mmadụ na mbara ala. Echiche a enweela mmetụta na mba ụwa (dịka United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development), gụnyere gọọmentị na ọkwa niile, òtù mba ụwa, ọha mmadụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị. Usoro ahụ nwere usoro mgbanwe ụwa itoolu. N'afọ 2009, dị ka Rockström na ndị ọzọ si kwuo, agafeelarị oke atọ (mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, mgbanwe ihu igwe na usoro nitrogen), ebe ndị ọzọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị nso nke ịgafe.

Na 2015, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na otu mbụ bipụtara mmelite, na-eweta ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na nyocha ọhụrụ dabeere na ihe nlereanya. Dị ka mmelite a si dị, a gafere anọ n'ime oke: mgbanwe ihu igwe, mfu nke iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke biosphere, mgbanwe usoro ala, mgbanwe biogeochemical cycles (phosphorus na nitrogen). Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gbanwekwara aha nke ókèala "Loss of biodiversity" na "Change in biosphere integrity" iji mesie na ọ bụghị naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị kamakwa ịrụ ọrụ nke biosphere n'ozuzu ya dị mkpa maka nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa. N'otu aka ahụ, oke "Chemical pollution" ka ahagharịrị ka ọ bụrụ "Mmebata nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ", na-agbasawanye ohere iji tụlee ụdị ihe dị iche iche nke mmadụ na-emepụta na-akpaghasị usoro usoro ụwa.

N'afọ 2022, dabere na akwụkwọ ndị dịnụ, mmechi nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ bụ nke 5th mebiri emebi nke mbara ala.

## Nchịkọta usoro na ụkpụrụ
Echiche bụ isi nke usoro mbara ala mbara ala bụ na ịnọgide na-enwe nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa na Holocene bụ ihe ndabere maka ịchụso ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ maka mmepe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba ogologo oge. The Planetary Boundaries framework na-enye aka na nghọta nke nkwado zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi na ọ na-eweta ọnụ ọgụgụ mbara ala na ogologo oge na-elekwasị anya.

Usoro ahụ kọwara "usoro nkwado ndụ mbara ala" itoolu dị mkpa maka idobe "steeti Holocene a na-achọsi ike", ma nwaa ịkọwapụta ebe asaa n'ime usoro ndị a agbagoro ugbua. A kọwapụtara oke iji nyere aka kọwapụta "oghere dị mma maka mmepe mmadụ", nke bụ nkwalite na ụzọ ndị na-achọ ibelata mmetụta mmadụ na mbara ala.

Usoro a dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị na omume ụmụ mmadụ, ọkachasị nke obodo mepere emepe kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe mmepụta ihe, aghọwo isi ihe na-akpata mgbanwe gburugburu ụwa. Dị ka usoro ahụ si kwuo, "ịmefe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ókèala ụwa nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọdachi n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke ịgafe ọnụ ụzọ nke ga-akpalite mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke linear na mberede n'ime mpaghara kọntinent ruo na usoro mbara ala." Usoro ahụ nwere usoro mgbanwe ụwa itoolu. N'afọ 2009, agafeelarị ókèala abụọ, ebe ndị ọzọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị nso nke ịbụ ndị a ga-agafe. Atụmatụ ndị e mechara gosi gosiri na atọ n’ime ókèala ndị a—mgbanwe ihu igwe, mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ n’ihe ndị dị ndụ—dị ka a gaferela.

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụ kọwapụtara otú imebi ókèala ahụ si eme ka ihe iyi egwu nke mmebi ọrụ na-abawanye, ọbụnadị daa, na sistemụ biophysical nke ụwa n'ụzọ nwere ike ịkpata ọdịmma mmadụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ha kọwapụtara ejighị n'aka sayensị, ha gosipụtara na imebi oke nwere ike "kpalite nzaghachi nke nwere ike ibute ngafe ọnụ ụzọ nke na-ebelata ike ịlaghachi n'ime ọkwa dị mma". Ókèala ndị ahụ bụ "ihe siri ike, naanị atụmatụ mbụ, nke nnukwu ejighị n'aka na oghere ihe ọmụma gbara ya gburugburu" nke na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ mgbagwoju anya na-aghọtabeghị nke ọma.

Usoro ókèala mbara ala na-atọ ntọala maka mgbanwe mgbanwe maka ọchịchị na njikwa, pụọ na nyocha nke ngalaba nke njedebe na uto nke ezubere iji belata mpụ na-adịghị mma, n'echiche nke ohere nchekwa maka mmepe mmadụ. Ókèala mbara ala na-ekpebi, dị ka a pụrụ isi kwuo ya, “ọgbọ egwuregwu mbara ala” maka ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-ezere nnukwu mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmadụ na-ebute n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ.

### Ndị dere ya
Ndị dere usoro a bụ otu usoro ụwa na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na 2009 nke Johan Rockström sitere na Stockholm Resilience Center na Will Steffen sitere na Mahadum Mba Australia. Ha na 26 na-eduga agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere Nobel laureate Paul Crutzen, Goddard Institute for Space Studies ihu igwe ọkà mmụta sayensị James Hansen, oceanographer Katherine Richardson, geographer Diana Liverman na German Chancellor's isi ihu igwe ndụmọdụ Hans Joachim Schellnhuber.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụnye aka na-etinye aka na nhazi atụmatụ maka Mmekọrịta Sayensị Sistemụ Ụwa, ihe mmalite nke netwọk nyocha mgbanwe mba ụwa Future Earth. Otu a chọrọ ịkọwapụta "oghere arụ ọrụ dị mma maka mmadụ" maka obodo sayensị ka ukwuu, dịka ihe nkwado maka mmepe na-adigide.

## Ókèala itoolu

### Ọnụ ụzọ na ntụnye aka
Ọmụmụ 2009 chọpụtara oke mbara ala itoolu na, na-erute na nghọta sayensị ugbu a, ndị nchọpụta ahụ tụrụ aro ọnụọgụ maka asaa n'ime ha. Ndị a bụ:

# mgbanwe ihu igwe (nleba anya CO2 na ikuku 


**From the [[Stockholm Memorandum]]** Science indicates that we are transgressing planetary boundaries that have kept civilization safe for the past 10,000 years. Evidence is growing that human pressures are starting to overwhelm the Earth’s buffering capacity. Humans are now the most significant driver of global change, propelling the planet into a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. We can no longer exclude the possibility that our collective actions will trigger tipping points, risking abrupt and irreversible consequences for human communities and ecological systems.

– Stockholm Memorandum (2011)
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ekwenyela na mbara ala abanyela n'oge ọhụrụ, Anthropocene. Na Anthropocene, ụmụ mmadụ aghọwo isi ihe na-eme ka ọ bụghị nanị na mgbanwe na System Earth kamakwa onye na-akwọ ụgbọ ala nke Earth System rupture, na-emeghasịkwa ikike nke Earth System nke na-agbanwe agbanwe ma gbakee site na mgbanwe ahụ, na-emecha na-eyi ndụ obibi ụwa egwu. Oge Geological gara aga, Holocene malitere ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga. Ọ bụ oge interglacial ugbu a, ma bụrụkwa ebe kwụsiri ike nke ụwa. Enweela mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi sitere n'okike n'oge Holocene, mana isi ihe dị na mbara igwe na usoro biochemical ka dị n'ime oke warara. Nkwụsi ike a emeela ka ọha mmadụ nwee ọganihu zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-emepe ọrụ ugbo, nnukwu ebe obibi na netwọk azụmahịa dị mgbagwoju anya.

Dabere na Rockström et al., anyị "na-adabere ugbu a na ntinye ego ndị ahụ maka ụzọ ndụ anyị, yana otu anyị si hazie ọha mmadụ, teknụzụ na akụ na ụba gburugburu ha, na anyị ga-enwerịrị usoro nke usoro usoro ụwa si dị iche iche. Holocene dị ka ebe ntụaka sayensị maka steeti mbara ala na-achọsi ike. "

Usoro biophysical dị iche iche dị mkpa n'ịkwado nkwụsi ike nke usoro ụwa na-enwekwa mgbanwe dị ukwuu na ngwa ngwa n'ihi omume mmadụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kemgbe ọbịbịa nke Anthropocene, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị anụmanụ na-apụ n'anya amụbawo ihe karịrị 100 ugboro, na ụmụ mmadụ ugbu a bụ ihe na-eme ka ọ gbanwee osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ yana kuzu mmiri na-esi n'elu ala. Ịga n'ihu na-emebi usoro usoro ụwa site na ọrụ mmadụ na-ebuli ohere na nrụgide ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime ka ọ ghara ịda mbà, na-eduga na nzaghachi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-abụghị nke linear, mberede, nnukwu ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha site n'usoro ụwa n'ime continental- planetary-scale systems.

## Nnakwere na arụmụka
 
E gosipụtara akụkọ 2009 na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Club nke Rome na Amsterdam. E bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ a edeziri edezi dị ka akụkọ egosipụtara na mbipụta 2009 pụrụ iche nke Nature n'akụkụ nkọwa nkọwa dị egwu sitere n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị dị ka Nobel laureate Mario J. Molina na ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ Cristián Samper.

Ndị ọkà mmụta ọmụmụ mmepe akatọọla akụkụ nke usoro na ihe mgbochi nke nnabata ya nwere ike itinye na South South. Enwere ike ịhụ atụmatụ ichekwa akụkụ ụfọdụ nke oke ọhịa ndị fọdụrụ n'ụwa dị ka ihe na-akwụghachi mba ndị dị ka ndị nọ na Europe bụ ndị riteworo uru n'ụzọ akụ̀ na ụba site n'ịgwụ oké ọhịa ha na ịtụgharị ala maka ọrụ ugbo. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-agwa mba ndị na-emebebeghị ụlọ ọrụ ka ha chụọ àjà maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ha nwere ike ọ bụghị obere ọrụ na-eke.

Ọkachamara biogeochemist William Schlesinger na-ajụ ma ọnụ ụzọ ọ bụ ezi echiche maka mmetọ ma ọlị. Ọ na-eche na ichere ruo mgbe anyị ga-eru nso n'ókè ụfọdụ a tụrụ aro ga-eme ka anyị nwee ike ịga n'ihu ruo n'ókè oge agafeworo. "Njikwa dabere na ọnụ ụzọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ mara mma n'ịdị mfe ya, na-enye ohere mmebi, ngwa ngwa na nke na-agbasasị ka ọ dịgidere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi."

## Ọganihu ndị sochirinụ

### The "safe and just space" doughnut
thumb|Doughnut (ihe nlereanya akụ na ụba)

### Ụzọ ụkwụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba
Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ enyochala usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche dabere na mbara ala: maka Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, European Union, India, ọtụtụ mba Belt na Road Initiative yana maka akụ na ụba kachasị mkpa n'ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro metrik na usoro nkenye etinyere dị iche iche, enwere nsonaazụ na-agbakọta na iji akụrụngwa nke mba ndị ka baa ọgaranya - ma ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ụwa - adabaghị na oke mbara ala.

### Mpaghara ndị metụtara ọrụ ugbo na oriri
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlele anya nke ókèala mbara ala metụtara ọrụ ugbo na nri na-edozi ahụ
Ihe omume ụmụ mmadụ metụtara ọrụ ugbo na nri na-edozi ahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na-atụnye ụtụ na mmebi nke anọ n'ime ala itoolu nke mbara ala. Mmụba ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ (N, P) n'ime mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ihe kachasị mkpa, mgbanwe usoro ala gabigara ókè na mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na-esote. Ebe n'ihe banyere ọnwụ dị iche iche nke ihe dị ndụ, P okirikiri na mgbanwe usoro ala, mmebi iwu dị na mpaghara nke ejighị n'aka-na-egosi ihe ize ndụ na-arịwanye elu (okirikiri odo na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ), ókèala N metụtara ọrụ ugbo karịrị 200% gafere- na-egosi nnukwu ihe egwu (okirikiri akara uhie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ). N'ebe a, nri na-edozi ahụ gụnyere nhazi nri na ịzụ ahịa yana oriri nri (nkwadebe nri n'ime ezinụlọ na gastronomy). A naghị agụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara oriri n'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka oke mbara ala nke ojiji mmiri dị ọcha, ikuku ikuku ikuku (mmetọ ikuku) na mmebi ozone stratospheric.

### Onyinye onwe onye na nke otu
Ụzọ dabere na usoro izugbe nke oke gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere (nke a na-ebugharị) inyefe carbon nkeonwe yana oke oke ikuku griin haus nke mba "nke iwu kwadoro". Ndị na-eri ihe ga-enwere onwe ha na nhọrọ ha (mara ọkwa) n'ime oke (nchịkọta).

## Ojiji na ọkwa iwu mba ụwa

### Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu
Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations Ban Ki-moon kwadoro echiche nke oke mbara ala na 16 March 2012, mgbe o weputara isi ihe dị na akụkọ nke High Level Panel ya na Sustainability zuru ụwa ọnụ na nnọkọ nkịtị nke UN General Assembly. Ban kwuru, sị: "Ọhụụ nke Panel bụ ikpochapụ ịda ogbenye na ibelata ahaghị nhata, iji mee ka uto na-agụnye mmepụta na oriri na-aga n'ihu, na-alụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na ịkwanyere ọtụtụ ókèala mbara ala ndị ọzọ." E webatara echiche a n'ime ihe a na-akpọ "efu efu" nke ga-esi na Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Development Sustainable ga-ezukọ na Rio de Janeiro 20-22 June 2012. Otú ọ dị, e mesịrị wepụrụ iji echiche ahụ na ederede. nke ogbako ahụ, "akụkụ n'ihi nchegbu sitere na ụfọdụ mba ndị ka daa ogbenye na nkuchi ya nwere ike iduga n'akụkụ nke ịda ogbenye na mmepe akụ na ụba. Ọ bụkwa, ndị na-ekiri ihe na-ekwu, n'ihi na echiche ahụ dị nnọọ ọhụrụ ka a nakweere n'ihu ọha, ọ dịkwa mkpa. gbaa aka, chegharịa ma rie ya iji nwalee nkwụsi ike ya tupu enwee ohere ịnakwere mba ụwa na mkparịta ụka UN."

Na 2011, na nzuko nke abụọ ha, High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability of the United Nations ewepụtala echiche nke oke mbara ala n'ime usoro ha, na-ekwupụta na ebumnuche ha bụ: "Iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye na ibelata enweghị aha, mee ka uto na-agụnye, na mmepụta na oriri na-adịgide adịgide ka ọ na-alụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na ịkwanyere oke oke ala ụwa ndị ọzọ ùgwù."

N'ebe ọzọ n'ime usoro ha, ndị otu panel ekwupụtala ndoputa banyere ịdị irè ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke iji echiche nke "oke mbara ala": "Ụdị mbara ala ka bụ echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe nke kwesịrị iji nlezianya mee ihe [...] Ajụjụ ókèala mbara ala nwere ike nkewa. dị ka a pụrụ ịghọta dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke "North" iji gwa "South" ka ọ ghara ịgbaso ụzọ mmepe akụ na ụba na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba ndị bara ọgaranya weere onwe ha ... Asụsụ a adịghị anabata n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-emepe emepe ka ha na-agbaso. na-atụ egwu na itinye uche n'ókè ga-etinye breeki na-adịghị anabata na mba ndị dara ogbenye."

Agbanyeghị, a na-eji echiche a eme ihe na usoro nke United Nations, yana na UN Daily News. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Onye isi oche nke United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Achim Steiner na-ekwu na ihe ịma aka nke ọrụ ugbo bụ "ịzụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto eto n'ụwa nile n'ebulighị akara ukwu nke ụmụ mmadụ n'ofe ụwa." Akwụkwọ Afọ UNEP 2010 kwughachiri ozi Rockström, na-ejikọta ya na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ngosi ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi.

Na akụkọ 2012 ha nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ndị Resilient, Planet Resilient: Ọdịnihu kwesịrị ịhọrọ", The High-level Panel on Global Sustainability kpọrọ oku maka mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ n'atụghị egwu, "gụnyere ịmalite usoro sayensị zuru ụwa ọnụ, iji mee ka njikọ dị n'etiti sayensị na amụma sikwuo ike. Anyị ga-akọwarịrị, site na sayensị, ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ezo aka dị ka "oke mbara ala", "ọnụ ụzọ gburugburu ebe obibi" na "ihe ntinye aka"".

### European Commission
A na-ejikwa echiche ókèala mbara ala mee ihe na usoro nke European Commission, ma e zoro aka na ya na European Environment Agency synthesis Report The European Environment Agency 2010 - steeti na echiche 2010. 

## Hụkwa

* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ihe ize ndụ nke ọdachi zuru ụwa ọnụ
* Mgbanwe Ụwa
* Mgbukpọ nke Holocene
* Mmetụta mmadụ na okirikiri nitrogen
* Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ahụike mbara ala
* Nchịkwa mbara ala
* Nkwado

## Ihe odide