Mickalene Thomas

**Mickalene Thomas** (amuru Jenụwarị 28, 1971) bụ onye omenkà na-ahụ anya nke Africa-American kacha mara amara dị ka onye na-ese ihe mgbagwoju anya na-eji rhinestones, acrylic, na enamel.  Arụ ọrụ collage Thomas sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nka na mmegharị ndị a ma ama, gụnyere Impressionism, Cubism, Dada, Harlem Renaissance, na ọrụ ahọpụtara nke onye na-ese Afro-British Chris Ofili .   Ọrụ ya na-esite na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịda anyanwụ, nka pop, na omenala anya iji nyochaa echiche gbasara nwanyị, ịma mma, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na okike. 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Mickalene Thomas mụrụ na Jenụwarị 28, 1971 na Camden, New Jersey .  A zụlitere ya na Hillside na East Orange.  Ọ bụ nne ya Sandra "Mama Bush" Bush zụlitere ya, onye, na 6'1" ogologo, nke e mere na 1970.  O kpughere Mickalene na nwanne ya nwoke maka nka site n'ịdebanye aha ha na mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ na Newark Museum, na Henry Street Settlement na New York.  Nne Thomas zụrụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke bụ ndị Buddha. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, Mickalene na nne ya nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na nke siri ike n'ihi ịṅụ ọgwụ ọjọọ nke nne na nna ya na Thomas na-emeso mmekọahụ ya, bụ nke o depụtara na mkpirikpi ihe nkiri *Ezi ụbọchị ọmụmụ nwa nwanyị mara mma: A Portrait of My Mother* . 

Thomas biri wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ na Portland, Oregon, site n'etiti 1980s ruo na mmalite '90s, na-amụ akwụkwọ iwu iwu na ihe nkiri nka. Thomas nwetara BFA ya site na Pratt Institute na 2000 yana MFA ya site na Yale School of Art na 2002.  Thomas sonyere na mmemme obibi na Studio Museum na Harlem, New York site na 2000 ruo 2003.  O sonyekwara na ebe obibi na Giverny, France na Versailles Foundation Munn Artists Programme.  Ọ na-ebi ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ na Brooklyn, NY.

## Ihe osise, ụdị na mmetụta
N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ hụrụ onwe ya na-emikpu n'ọdịbendị na-eto eto nke ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-egwu DIY, na-eduga ya ịmalite ọrụ nke ya. Mickalene kwuru na mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe, ejiji na-adị mgbe niile "n'azụ uche m" dị ka isi iyi nke mkpali.  Jacob Lawrence, William H. Johnson, na Romare Bearden  kacha metụta ya bụ ọrụ Carrie Mae Weems, karịsịa ya *Kitchen Tebụl* na *Ain't Jokin* series, nke bụ akụkụ nke nlegharị anya e mere na Portland Art Museum na 1994.  Thomas na-akọwa nzute ahụ n'ụzọ dị otú a: "Ọ bụ oge mbụ m hụrụ ọrụ site n'aka onye na-ese ihe n'Africa-American nke gosipụtara onwe m ma kpọọ onye maara nke ọma banyere ọnọdụ ezinụlọ na mmekọahụ na okike."  Ọ bụghị naanị na ọrụ Weems na-ekere òkè na mkpebi Mickalene Thomas ịgbanwe ọmụmụ ihe na itinye akwụkwọ na Pratt Institute na New York mana iji ahụmịhe ya wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ nka.  Thomas ekwupụtakwala na Faith Ringgold nyere mmetụta siri ike n'iguzobe ụzọ Thomas. 

Ihe ngosi ya nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa-American na-enyocha echiche nke ndị a ma ama na njirimara mgbe ha na-etinye aka na ihe nnọchianya nke nwanyị ojii na ike ojii. N'ịbụ ndị na-ebi ụdị '70s-style of Blaxploitation ', isiokwu ndị dị na ihe osise Thomas na collages na-egbuke egbuke mmekọahụ, nke ụfọdụ sụgharịrị dịka satire nke misogynistic na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mgbasa ozi, gụnyere ihe nkiri na egwu metụtara ụdị Blaxploitation .  Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-achịkwa ụgbọ elu foto ahụ ma gbaa ya gburugburu site n'ụdị ihe ịchọ mma sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nwata ya  dị ka *Left Behind 2 Ọzọ* site na 2012, na nchịkọta nke Honolulu Museum of Art . Ihe ndị ọ na-achị na-abụkarị ụmụ nwanyị a ma ama dị ka Eartha Kitt, Whitney Houston, Oprah Winfrey, na Condoleezza Rice .  Eserese ya nke Michelle Obama bụ ihe osise mbụ nke nwanyị mbụ mere wee gosipụta ya na ihe ngosi nke *ndị America ugbu a* nke National Portrait Gallery . 

N'ihe ngosi 2017 solo ya " Mentors, Muses, and Celebrities " na Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis (CAM),  Thomas mepụtara nrụnye mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na-adabere na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na akụkọ-arcs nke akụkọ nke ha. Dị ka onye nkatọ nka Rikki Byrd si kwuo: "N'ịkwalite ụmụ nwanyị ojii - ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ezinụlọ ya - dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ na ihe ngosi nka, na dị ka ndị dike n'usoro ọmụmụ nke ha, Thomas na-ewepụ akụkọ mmegbu." 

Ọtụtụ afọ Thomas nọrọla n'ịmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nka, eserese eserese, eserese odida obodo, na ndụ emeela ka ọ mara ọrụ ya. Ọ adọtala mmụọ site n'ọtụtụ oge nka na mmetụta ọdịbendị n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịda anyanwụ, ọkachasị ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ dị ka Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse na Édouard Manet yana mmetụta ndị ọzọ dị ugbu a dị ka Romare Bearden na Pam Grier. .  Ọ na-esetịpụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ya n'ụdị poses oge gboo na ntọala nkịtị nke ndị nka ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ewu ewu dị ka ụzọ isi nwetaghachi ụlọ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị egosipụtara dị ka ihe achọrọ ma ọ bụ wetuo ala. 

A maara Thomas maka eserese mgbasa ozi agwakọta nke ọma nke mejupụtara rhinestones, acrylic, na enamel nke na-egosi "ọhụụ mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ nwanyị ma gbasaa nkọwa nke ịma mma."  Rhinestones na-eje ozi dị ka oyi akwa agbakwunyere nke pụtara yana ihe atụ maka nka. Rhinestones na-emesi ihe dị iche iche nke eserese ọ bụla ike, ebe ọ na-eji aghụghọ eche echiche anyị banyere ihe bụ nwanyị na ihe na-akọwa nwanyị, karịsịa ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Dị ka akwụkwọ *akụkọ Financial Times* si kwuo, "Ịkpọsa ọhụhụ nke ya na nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha agba bụ isi ihe omume Thomas, bụ nke na-etinye ahụ nwanyị ojii n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà site n'itinye muses ya na ihe ngosi ngosi na ntọala."  Thomas, na ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ya, na-ahụ ọkwa Thomas dị ka nwanyị nwanyị ojii dịka akụkụ nke ihe na-eme ka anya ya dị iche na nke ndị omenkà ọcha na akụkọ ntolite. 

Okwu Thomas na-abụkarị ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba; ụzọ isi gosi na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike na ime emume omenala na ịma mma ha—mgbe ụfọdụ site n'itinye ha n'ime ihe osise ọdịda anyanwụ. Dịka onye otu, na mmụọ nsọ, mmegharị nka nka nke Post-Black, ọrụ Thomas na-akọwapụta echiche gbasara agbụrụ, okike, na mmekọahụ.  Thomas na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe na isiokwu, ihe siri ike na nke nkịtị, nke dị adị na nke echiche. Ndị ọ na-achị na-elekarị anya na onye na-ekiri ya, na-ama aka ike nke nwoke na-ele anya na nkà.  Ngosipụta nke a na-ekwusi ike na-egosi na ụdị ahụ dị jụụ na akpụkpọ ahụ nke ha, si otú a na-ama aka n'echiche nke nwanyị gbachiri nkịtị na nke dị ala nke onye anya na-ele anya jụrụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mkpebi ndị yiri ihe na-abaghị uru (dị ka ọ bụghị ịgbatị ntutu isi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ) nwere mmetụta dị mkpa nke na-agba ndị inyom na-agba ume ịnakwere onwe ha dị ka ha dị ma ghara ikwekọ n'otu echiche nke ịma mma nke ọha mmadụ kwadoro. 

### Le Déjeuner Sur l'Herbe: Les Trois Femmes Noires
bụ eserese nke onye na-ahụ anya onye Africa-American Mickalene Thomas mere. Aha nke eserese a sụgharịrị site na French dị ka nri ehihie na ahịhịa: Ụmụ nwanyị ojii atọ. Eserese a bụ ihe eserese nke Édouard Manet nke 1863 nke akpọrọ  .  Mpempe Thomas na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị ojii atọ ndị e ji agba mara mma chọọ ya mma, uwe nwere ụkpụrụ vine, na ntutu dị ka Afro na-egbuke egbuke.  Ndokwa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ngosi na-echetara isiokwu nke ibe Manet, mana anya dị ike nke ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ na-adabere na onye na-ekiri ya.  Thomas kere eserese ahụ, akụkụ ya kachasị ukwuu n'oge ahụ, na 2010 mgbe ụlọ ọrụ Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) nyere ya na New York City ka o mepụta ihe ngosi maka windo n'okporo ámá nke 53 nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Museum The Modern. 

#### Nkọwa
 was created in three stages. First, Thomas photographed three models in the sculpture garden of the MoMA to make the piece "site-specific". Thomas then created a collage using the photograph as a base material and added other elements. This collage now hangs in the lobby of the P.S.1, an extension of the MoMA in Queens that houses unconventional contemporary artwork. The third, painted version was based on the original photograph but composed of collage-like painted segments on wood panels and rendered in acrylic, oil, enamel, and rhinestones.

Eserese ahụ kwụ n'ogo 10 n'ogologo wee gbatịa ụkwụ 24 n'obosara.  Thomas ekwuola na ọ họọrọ nnukwu eserese ahụ ka ọ "weghara oghere" n'ụzọ anụ ahụ na n'ụzọ ihe atụ n'ime oghere ndị nwoke na-ese ihe ọcha na-achị.  Nrụnye mbụ nke eserese ahụ dị na windo nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke Modern, MoMA a ma ama.  Mgbe a na-egosipụta ebe a, a na-ahụ mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ kwa awa n'ụbọchị n'ihi na ndị na-agafe agafe na-ahụ ya n'okporo ámá; nnweta a mere  Ihe kacha mma Thomas. 

Ihe ndị a na-ese na eserese ahụ bụ rhinestone atọ, ndị inyom na-eji ejiji mara mma.  Ụdị ndị bụ isiokwu nke mbụ  foto niile bụ enyi Thomas nke na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ foto ya.  Ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ yi uwe zuru oke - ma e jiri ya tụnyere isiokwu ụmụ nwanyị gba ọtọ dị na ụdị ihe nkiri Manet - na uwe mara mma nke Thomas n'onwe ya haziri, ha na-anọdụkwa n'elu akwa ndị omenkà mere.  A na-eji ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe n'oge ọrụ. Thomas na-ekwu na nkwekọ nke ụkpụrụ a na-anọchite anya "mmekọrịta nke ihe niile dị iche iche anyị bụ dị ka ndị America."  N'azụ ụmụ nwanyị dị na foto ahụ na eserese a na-anọdụ ala ihe ọkpụkpụ Matisse nke dị n'azụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ogige ihe ọkpụkpụ. 

#### Mmetụta
 is unmistakably based on Édouard Manet's 1863 painting . Manet's piece, which caused intense controversy at the time of its creation, exhibits two undressed women who are sitting comfortably with two formally dressed men at a picnic. While one of the nude women is crouched in the background, the three other subjects lounge in the foreground. The female subject in the foreground is looking out, meeting the gaze of the viewer, while the two men next to her are casually looking around.

## Ntụaka
akpakọ eri nke akụkọ onwe ya na gburugburu gburugburu ọha. Isi mmalite nke mkpali ya gụnyere njikọ ezinụlọ na ncheta nwata na South Texas, yana mmetụta nke ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke narị afọ nke 20 dị ka Romare Bearden, Elizabeth Catlett, na William H. Johnson. Ọ na-etinye bọtịnụakpakọ eri nke akụkọ onwe ya na gburugburu gburugburu ọha. Isi mmalite nke mkpali ya gụnyere njikọ ezinụlọ na ncheta nwata na South Texas, yana mmetụta nke ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke narị afọ nke 20 dị ka Romare Bearden, Elizabeth Catlett, na William H. Johnson.  Ọ na-etinye bọtịnụ

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Tinson, Teddy. "Making Up with Mickalene Thomas", *Interview Magazine*. June 25, 2014.
* Frank, Priscilla. "Mickalene Thomas Delivers the Most Stylish Philosophy Lesson of All Time", *Huffington Post*. June 26, 2014.
* Murray, Derek Conrad. "Mickalene Thomas: Afro-Kitsch and the Queering of Blackness." *American Art:  Smithsonian American Art Museum*. Spring 2014.
* Frank, Priscilla. "Mickalene Thomas Directs Stunning Documentary For Her Mother And Muse", *Huffington Post*. February 21, 2014.
* Bissmeyer, Tyler. "An Art House and Hotel", *The Wall Street Journal*. January 10, 2013.
* Bratburd, Rebecca. "Brooklyn Artists Build Momentum", *The Wall Street Journal*. December 17, 2013.
* Sykrett, Asad. "Inside the Artist's Studio", *Architectural Digest*. December 16, 2013.
* "Série Mode: Mickalene Thomas." *L'Officiel Art, Paris*. October–November 2013.
* Traff, Thea. "Away with Clichè", *The New Yorker*. July 29, 2013.
* Vogel, Carol. "At Art Basel, an Unslaked Appetite For Buying", *The New York Times*. June 14, 2013.
* Cole, Lori. "Critic's Picks", *Artforum*. February 2013.
* "A whole lotta woman", *The Economist*. November 30, 2012.
* Hudson, Suzanne. "Mickalene Thomas", *Artforum*. November 2012.
* Smith, Roberta. "Loud, Proud and Painted", *The New York Times*. September 28, 2012.
* "Mickalene Thomas: Origin of the Universe", *The New Yorker*. September 21, 2012.
* Cotter, Holland. "Tête-à-Tête", *The New York Times*. August 19, 2012.
* Wender, Jessie. "A Tête-à-Tête with Mickalene Thomas", *The New Yorker*. July 16, 2012.
* Finkel, Jori. "Mickalene Thomas, up close and very personal", *Los Angeles Times*. April 22, 2012.
* Frankel, David. "Previews: Mickalene Thomas: The Origin of the Universe." *Artforum*. January 2012.
* Zimmer, Lori. "Reconstructing the Glittering Female Gaze: A Conversation with Revolutionary Artist Mickalene Thomas", *PMC Magazine*. December 2011.
* Rosenberg, Karen. "Mickalene Thomas: 'More Than Everything'", *The New York Times*. October 21, 2011.
* Landers, Sean. "Mickalene Thomas". *BOMB Magazine*. Summer 2011.

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations