Seán Mac Stíofáin

**Seán Mac Stíofáin** (amụrụ **John Edward Drayton Stephenson**; 17 Febụwarị 1928– 18 Mee 2001) bụ onye Bekee a mụrụ onyeisi ndị ọrụ nke Provisional IRA, ọkwa o nwere n'etiti 1969 rụọ na 1972.

## Ndụ nwata ya
Ọ bụ ezie na o jiri ụdị aha Gaelicised mee ihe n'oge o mechara ndụ, a mụrụ Mac Stíofáin John Edward Drayton Stephenson na Leytonstone, London, na 1928. Ọ bụ naanị otu nwa, nna ya bụ odeakwụkwọ ọkaiwu English, nne ya bụkwa onye London si Ndị Protestant Ulster na ọwụwa anyanwụ Belfast. O kwuru na nne ya hapụrụ ya ihe dị ya n'obi mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa site n'inye ya ntụziaka:

"Abụ m onye Ireland, ya mere ị bụ onye Ireland… Echefula ya."

Nna ya nke na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè mebiri ndụ nwata ya. Nne ya, onye hụrụ nwa ya nwoke n'anya, nwụrụ mgbe Mac Stíofáin dị afọ iri. Mac Stíofáin gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Katọlik, ebe ọ zutere ụmụ akwụkwọ Irish na-akwado Sinn Féin.

Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na 1944 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọrụ iwu ụlọ, tupu ọ bụrụ onye agha ndị agha na Ndị agha ụgbọelu Royal na 1945.  O ruru ọkwa kopọral. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị RAF, ọ laghachiri London ebe ọ malitere itinye aka na òtù ndị Ireland na Britain. O buru ụzọ sonyere Conradh na Gaeilge (Gaelic League), wee banye Irish Anti-Partition League, zụtara (ma mesịa ree) *[[United Irishman (akwụkwọ akụkọ 1948)|United Irishman]]*, sonyeere Sinn Féin na London, ma mechaa nye aka n'ịhazi otu IRA na 1949. O bu ụzọ zute nwunye ya Máire, onye si Castletownroche, County Cork. Mac Stíofáin wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka British Rail.

## Isonyere IRA
Na 25 Julaị 1953, Mac Stíofáin sonyere na mwakpo ngwa agha IRA n'ebe a na-echekwa ngwa agha nke Ndị Ọfịs' Training Corps na Felsted School na Essex. Ndị otu IRA nwetara ihe karịrị egbe 108, egbe Bren iri na egbe Sten asatọ, ngwa agha abụọ na bọmbụ ngwa agha n'oge mwakpo ahụ. Ndị uwe ojii jidere van ahụ bu ngwa ọgụ ndị e zuru awa ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, n'ihi na ọ na-ebu oke ibu nke na ọ na-aga ihe dị ka 20mph na Braintree site na okporo ụzọ dị n'azụ ya. Na 19 Ọgọst 1953, a mara ya ikpe, ya na Cathal Goulding na Manus Canning, mkpọrọ afọ asatọ site n'ụlọ ikpe dị na Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire. Ọ bụ n'oge mwakpo ahụ ka Mac Stíofáin mụtara okwu ole na ole mbụ ya nke Irish n'aka Cathal Goulding. O mechara mụta asụsụ ahụ nke ọma.

Mgbe a kpọchiri ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Wormwood Scrubs na Brixton, ọ mụtara ọ bụghị naanị obere Grik n'aka ndị mkpọrọ Saịprọs EOKA (ọ ghọrọ enyi Nikos Sampson) kamakwa "eziokwu nke mkpọsa ndị agha nnupụisi megide ọchịchị Britain".

Mgbe e nyere ya ikike ịpụ apụ na 1959, Mac Stíofáin gara Republic of Ireland ya na nwunye ya na ezinụlọ ya dị obere wee biri na Dublin, ma mechaa Navan, a makwaara ya dịka aha ya si dị na Irish. Nke a abụghị nleta mbụ ya na mba ahụ, ọ gara Ireland otu ọnwa tupu mwakpo Felsted na 1953. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere ahịa n'otu òtù na-asụ asụsụ Irish. Ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na IRA ma nye okwu Bodenstown na 1959. Obi adịghị ya mma maka ụzọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'aka ekpe - nke malitere site na 1964 - enyi ya mbụ na onyeisi ndị ọrụ IRA, Cathal Goulding, na-eweta na IRA. A họpụtara Mac Stíofáin IRA Director of Intelligence na 1966, ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwupụta mmegide ya megide usoro Goulding ma na-enweta nkwado n'etiti ndị otu. N'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ ndị aka ekpe asị, ọ pụtara ìhè n'ọgba aghara na Midleton megide ndị nwe ala na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ, Kọmitii Ọrụ Ụlọ Dublin nakwa megide ndị mba ọzọ zụtara ala ugbo Ireland na County Meath, ebe ọ kwagara na ezinụlọ ya na 1966.

A na-ewere Mac Stíofáin, nwoke dị ogologo ma mara mma, dị ka onye na-anaghị aṅụ mmanya ma ọ bụ na-ese anwụrụ. Ọ bụ onye ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe Katọlik, otu akụkọ dị na *[[United Irishman (akwụkwọ akụkọ 1948)|United Irishman]]* were ya iwe, site n'aka Roy Johnston, katọrọ ịkpọ Rosary n'oge ncheta ndị Republican dị ka "okpukpe". Maka ịjụ ikesa akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, a chụpụrụ ya na IRA ruo ọnwa isii.

## Na-edu IRA
Mgbe otu ndị agha pụrụ iche nke IRA mere ntuli aka iwepụ ụkpụrụ nke ịjụ ime ihe na Disemba 1969, otu troika nke gụnyere Mac Stiofáin, Dáithí Ó Conaill na Seamus Twomey ha na ndị ọzọ guzobe onwe ha dị ka "Ndị agha nwa oge" na-atụ anya maka esemokwu 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis. N'oge a, ndị isi Sinn Féin Marxist enweghị ike iru ihe abụọ n'ime atọ dị mkpa iji gbanwee mmegide iwu nke pati ahụ megide nzụkọ "partitionist". Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị na e tisasịrị alaka na kọmitii distrikti ndị na-akwado ịgba alụkwaghịm, dịka mkpochapụ nke North Kerry dum na 1966 Comhairle Ceantair, ịnabata alaka iri na atọ "cumainn" (alaka) na ndị otu 250, gụnyere ndị kansụl obodo atọ, ma chụpụ ndị isi dịka May Daly (nwanne Charlie Daly, onye e gburu na Drumboe, Donegal, na 1923, John Joe Rice, Sinn Féin TD site na 1957 ruo 1961 na John Joe Sheehy, onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Kerry nke nwerela ọkaibe na Republican. E chụpụkwara ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ n'otu aka ahụ n'òtù ahụ. Isi okwu bụ mkpebi siri ike nke Kerry n'ịjụ ịnabata Westminster, Ụlọ Leinster na Stormont.

E mechara họpụta Mac Stiofáin onyeisi ndị ọrụ nke Kansụl Ndị Agha Oge. Na Sinn Féin Ard Fheis dị na Dublin na 10 Jenụwarị 1970, Mac Stíofáin kwupụtara site na podium ahụ na ya kwere nkwa na ya "nkwenye na Council Provisional Army Council" tupu ọ duo ndị otu ahụ na-ewe iwe ka ha mepụta ihe ga-aghọ Nnukwu Sinn Féin. Nkewa ahụ mekwara ka ọbụbụenyi Mac Stíofáin na Cathal Goulding kwụsị, onye gara n'ihu jee ozi dị ka onyeisi ndị ọrụ nke onye mmegide ya Official IRA. Ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ bụ ezigbo enyi tupu nkewa ahụ, Goulding mechara kpasuo "onye Bekee Irish ahụ".

"Kansụl Ndị Agha Oge" n'ọnwa ndị na-abịa so n'òtù mba IRA, ma e wezụga maka ihe ole na ole dị iche iche (nke IRA Company of the Lower Falls Road, Belfast, n'okpuru iwu nke Billy McMillen, na obere ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị na Derry, Newry, Dublin na Wicklow). N'oge na-adịghị anya, a bịara mara ndị ikom Mac Stiofáin dị ka Provisional IRA.

A kpọrọ ya "Mac the Knife", Mac Stíofáin bụ onye raara onwe ya nye "ike anụ ahụ" republican onye kwenyere na ime ihe ike bụ naanị ụzọ isi kwụsị ọnọdụ Northern Ireland dịka akụkụ nke United Kingdom. N'akụkọ ndụ ya, o depụtara ebumnuche nke IRA Oge Nhazi dị ka ịkwaga site na "nchekwa mpaghara" gaa na "nchekwa na mmegwara jikọtara ọnụ" wee bụrụ "nke atọ nke ịmalite mwakpo zuru oke megide usoro ndị Britain weghaara". O nyekwara nkọwa zuru ezu gbasara etu o si mepụta atụmatụ nke "onye na-agba egbe otu ugboro". A na-ekwu na o sonyere na mwakpo na-enweghị isi na Crossmaglen RUC na Ọgọst 1969.

A chịkọtara atụmatụ agha ya n'okwu nke ya site na "ịbawanye, gbasaa, gbasaa", na 1972, n'afọ kachasị ọbara n'agha ahụ, ndị IRA gburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 100 ndị agha Britain ma mmadụ 90 nwụrụ n'ime ha.

Na ụbọchị asaa nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1972, Mac Stíofáin duuru ndị otu IRA gaa nzukọ nzuzo ya na ndị otu gọọmentị Britain, onye Odeakwụkwọ nke Steeti maka Northern Ireland William Whitelaw duziri, na Cheyne Walk na London. Ndị ọzọ so na ndị nnọchi anya ahụ bụ Dáithí Ó Conaill, Martin McGuinness, Gerry Adams, Seamus Twomey na Ivor Bell. N'ịdu ndị nnọchiteanya ahụ, Mac Stíofáin kọwara ihe atọ dị mkpa nke ndị Provisional chọrọ:
(1) Ndị Ireland ga-ekpebi ọdịnihu Ireland dịka otu;
(2) nkwupụta nke ebumnuche nke gọọmentị Britain ịpụ na Northern Ireland ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 1975; na
(3) ntọhapụ nke ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile na-enweghị ihe mgbochi.

Ndị Britain kwuru na nke a agaghị ekwe omume n'ihi nkwa o kwere ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mkparịta ụka ahụ kwụsịrị n'enweghị isi, dịka mkparịta ụka nye praịm minista Edward Heath mechara kwuo, Whitelaw "ahụmahụ nke izute na ikwurịta okwu na Maazị Mac Stíofáin adịghị mma nke ukwuu". Mac Stíofáin kwuru na Whitelaw tinyere ihe nkiri ya na mbụ, mana mgbe nkeji ole na ole gachara, hapụ ya ka ọ daa wee gosi na ya bụ onye ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maara ihe; o kwukwara na Whitelaw so n'ime mmadụ ole na ole Bekee kpọrọ aha ya nke ọma.

Mgbe mkparịta ụka ndị ahụ na-agaghị nke ọma gasịrị, Mac Stíofáin nyere iwu ka e mee ka mkpọsa IRA sikwuo ike nke ruru n'abalị iri abụọ na otu nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1972, ma ọ bụ Ọbara Fraịde, mgbe ndị IRA gbawara bọmbụ ụgbọala iri abụọ na abụọ n'ime ihe na-erughị awa abụọ na Belfast, gbuo mmadụ itoolu ma merụọ mmadụ 130 ahụ. N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya, Mac Stíofáin kọwara ọrụ ahụ dị ka "mwakpo mmebi iwu" nke e zubere iji gosi na IRA nwere ike ịkụnye ọtụtụ bọmbụ n'otu oge.

N'ọgbakọ Heath na Irish Taoiseach Jack Lynch mere na Munich na Septemba 4, 1972, onye nke mbụ jụrụ onye nke abụọ ma a ga-ejide Mac Stíofáin. Na nzaghachi, Lynch kwuru na ya enweghị ike ime ya n'ihi na ihe akaebe megide ya adịghị ike ma ọ nwee nnukwu nkwado ọha na eze.

Na 19 Nọvemba 1972, a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na Mac Stíofáin n'usoro redio RTÉ *[[Izu a (usoro redio RTÉ)|Izu a]]*. E jidere ya na Dublin n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, e mesịkwara jiri ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ mee ihe dị ka ihe akaebe megide ya n'ikpe ikpe nke ịbụ onye otu IRA, na n'abalị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Nọvemba, Ụlọikpe Mpụ Pụrụ Iche dị na Dublin mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa isii. Nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke sitere na ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ dị oke njọ, ụbọchị ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, minista Fianna Fáil Gerry Collins chụpụrụ ndị ọchịchị RTÉ dum.

N'ịbụ onye a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ime Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Curragh, Mac Stíofáin malitere agụụ ozugbo wee malite ịkpọ nkụ mmiri. E bugara ya na Dublin Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mater, ebe otu ngalaba IRA, gụnyere mmadụ abụọ yi uwe ndị ụkọchukwu, ha gbalịrị ịtọhapụ ya na 26 Nọvemba 1972 mana ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, e zigara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị agha nke Curragh, na County Kildare. O kwụsịrị ịkpọ nkụ ya na 28 Nọvemba. Ọgụ agụụ ya butere ọgba aghara na Dublin na ngagharị iwe n'èzí ụlọ ọgwụ Mater, ebe a na-eleta ya site n'aka achịbishọp Katọlik nke Dublin n'oge ahụ, Dermot Ryan, na onye bu ya ụzọ, John Charles McQuaid.

Mgbe ụbọchị iri ise na asaa gachara, o kwụsịrị ọrụ ngagharị iwe ya mgbe Ndị otu agha IRA gwara ya ka o mee nke a. Ụfọdụ na akawo na ndị otu kansụl Ruairí Ó Brádaigh na Dáithí Ó Conaill nyere iwu ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ ahụ.  Agbanyeghị, Ó Brádaigh, n'oge a, ejidekwara ya. N'ezie, mgbe e zigara ya na Glasshouse nke Curragh, Ó Brádaigh nabatara ya.

N'ịgbaso usoro iwu kwadoro, Mac Stíofáin tụfuru ọkwa ya mgbe ejidere ya, o nwekwaghịkwa ike ọzọ n'ime IRA mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ya n'April 1973.

## Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị
Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya n'akụkụ, Mac Stíofáin malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa nkesa na onye na-ede akụkọ nwa oge na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sinn Féin, *[[An Phoblacht]]*, na ngwụcha afọ 1970. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na pati ahụ na 1982 mgbe ha nwesịrị nghọtahie gbasara atụmatụ na Ard Fheis, mgbe ọtụtụ mmadụ megidere iwu Éire Nua, nke tụrụ anya na a ga-ehiwe ọchịchị mpaghara n'ime nke ọ bụla n'ime Mpaghara Ireland ọdịnala anọ ahụ.

N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1970, o zutere ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na Kansụl Ndị Agha nke Ndị Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Ireland ndị nwere mmasị ka ọ bụrụ Onyeisi Ndị Ọrụ nke mmegharị ahụ, mana ọ dịghị ihe si na nzukọ ndị ahụ pụta.

Na Maachị 1983, Mac Stíofáin rịọrọ ndị IRA ka ha kwupụta nkwụsị agha.

N'afọ 1980 rụọ 1990, Mac Stíofáin malitere ọrụ na nzukọ asụsụ Irish Conradh na Gaeilge. N'emume ncheta otu ahụ nke otu ahụ mere na O'Connell Street na Dublin n'afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye ọbịa n'elu ikpo okwu ahụ. Ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye otu kọmitii na-eguzo ọtọ (*Azụmaahịa*) nke Conradh na Gaeilge ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. O bi na Meath Gaeltacht. Ndị bịara n'ụlọ ya na-anabata ndị bịara n'ụlọ ya n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá site n'ihe ndina e dere *Labhair Gaeilge Anseo* ("Kwuo okwu Irish ebe a").

## Ọnwụ
Na 1993, Mac Stíofáin nwere ọrịa strok. Na 18 Mee 2001, ọ nwụrụ na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nwanyị Anyị na Navan, County Meath, mgbe ọ rịara ọrịa ogologo oge mgbe ọ dị afọ 73. E liri ya n'ili St Mary, Navan.

N'agbanyeghị ọrụ ya na IRA, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị enyi ya mbụ (na ndị iro ya) kwanyeere ya ùgwù mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, onye gara olili ozu ahụ, nyere otuto dị egwu, na-ezo aka na Mac Stíofáin dị ka "onye ndu IRA pụrụ iche n'oge dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ireland" nakwa dịka "onye maka ọrụ ahụ" dịka onye isi ọrụ IRA mbụ, Gerry Adams na Martin McGuinness sokwa bịa. N'okwu ya, Ita Ní Chionnaigh nke Conradh na Gaeilge, onye ọkọlọtọ ya kpuchiri igbe ozu, "mgbugbu agwa" nke Mac Stíofáin site na "gutter press" ma too ya dịka nwoke "nwere mmasị n'ikike nke ndị ikom na ndị inyom na ndị mmadụ n'ụwa niile a na-emegbu, gụnyere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Irish na Ireland, ndị a na-emegbukwa".

## Ndetu na edensibia

## Ihe odide
Mac Stíofáin, Seán, *Memoirs of a Revolutionary*, London (Gordon Cremonesi), 1975. Also published as *Revolutionary in Ireland* 

## Isi mmalite
* Hunter, John (20 May 2001). "Death of the Englishman who led the Provisionals", *The Observer*. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
* "Sean MacStiofain dead, founded Provisional IRA", *Irish Echo Online*, 23–29 May 2001 http://www.irishecho.com/search/searchstory.cfm?id=9232&issueid=196 
* "Adams and IRA's secret Whitehall talks", *BBC News*, 1 January 2003, https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2601875.stm
* RTÉ *This Week* ajụjụ ọnụ redio: http://wwa.rte.ie/news/2001/0518/newsatone/news1pm6A.ram
* "Outstanding IRA leader and giant of a man in the Republican Movement", Saoirse, June 2001.
*  Ó Brádaigh, Ruairí. "Seán Mac Stíofáin – a tribute", *Saoirse*, June 2001.
* Ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Mac Stíofáin (o yikarịrị ka e si na usoro Provos nke Peter Taylor nweta ya). Nwere nkọwa gbasara okwu Cheyne Walk. here.
* Hanley, Brian, na Millar, Scott (2009). *The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party*. Dublin: Penguin Ireland.