Asụsụ Kâte

**Kâte** bụ asụsụ Papuan nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 6,000 na-asụ na Finschhafen District nke Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Finisterre–Huon nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Trans–New Guinea (McElhanon 1975, Ross 2005). A nabatara ya maka nkuzi na ọrụ ozi n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ Papuan site n'aka Chọọchị Evangelical Lutheran nke Papua New Guinea na mmalite 1900s ma n'otu oge nwere ihe ruru 80,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ.

## Olumba
Aha Kâte pụtara 'oké ọhịa', ihe atụ maka ndị bi n'ime ala dị n'ọnụ ọnụ mmiri nke Huon, ewezuga ndị bi n'akụkụ Osimiri Mape (Flierl na Strauss 1977). A na-akpọ ndị nọ n'ụsọ osimiri na ndịda, nke na-asụkarị Jabêm, Hâwec 'oké osimiri' na ndị nọ n'ebe ugwu, na-asụ Momare na Migabac, ka a na-akpọ Sopâc 'ahịhịa'. Ndị a bụ mpaghara ala karịa aha asụsụ. Glossonyms ụmụ amaala na-ezo aka na nkeji asụsụ nta nke enwere ike ịkpọ olumba. McElhanon (1974: 16) na-akọwapụta olumba ise n'oge a na-akpakọrịta ozi mbụ na 1886, nke ọ bụla akpọrọ aha dịka otu ha si akpọ okwu ma ọ bụ akpaokwu nkịtị.

* Wana ('ebee?'), olumba ndịda kacha
* Wamorâ ('Gịnị kpatara?')
* Mâgobineng ('ha na-ekwu ya') ma ọ bụ Bamotâ (' gịnị kpatara?'), Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ na 1974
* Parec, ekpochapụlarị na 1974
* Wemo ('gịnị?') ma ọ bụ Wena, anabatara dị ka asụsụ ozi ala ọzọ

Wana na Wemo fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu, mana ha dị iche na Mâgobineng na Wamorâ, ruo n'ókè a ga-ewere na ndị a bụ asụsụ atọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. Parec bụ olumba mgbanwe n'etiti Wemo na Wamorâ. Olumba ndị Kâte kpụrụ agbụ na olumba Mape agbataobi. Wemo na-anọchi anya olumba niile nke yinye (Suter 2014: 19).

## fonology

### Udaume
Kate na-akọwapụta ụdaume isii. Udaume dị ala *â* (na-anọchi anya /ɔ/)  na-ada ka ụdaume nke *iwu* bekee ma ọ bụ *hụ* (Pilhofer 1933: 14). Ogologo abụghị ihe pụrụ iche.

* A na-anụ /e/ dị ka [ɛ] mgbe tupu ụda /t͡s ɾ ʔ/ yana consonants imi.
* /ɔ/ nwekwara ike ịnụ n'ụdị mgbanwe dị ka [ɒ].

### Consonants
Nkwụsị glottal, nke edere *-c*, na-apụta naanị mgbe ụdaume na Pilhofer buru ụzọ kọwaa ya dị ka njirimara ụdaume nke na-amata ọdịiche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, *bo* 'sugarcane' site na *boc* 'very' na *si* 'akụ' site na *sic* 'broth'. Otú ọ dị, McElhanon (1974) na-ekwu na nkwụsị ikpeazụ nke glottal bụ obere ụda ụda na olumba Wemo, mana ọ dabara n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke syllable-final consonants n'asụsụ Western Huon ( *-p, -t, -k, -m, -n, -ŋ* ), bụ ndị na-anọpụ iche (to *-c, -ŋ* ) n'asụsụ Eastern Huon. Pilhofer (1933) ji ihe *l*, ma Schneuker (1962) na Flierl and Strauss (1977) ji *r* dee ya.

The fricatives *f* na *w* bụ ma labiodentals, dị ka Pilhofer (1933), ma bilabials, dị ka Flierl na Strauss (1977). Alveopalatal *z* na *ʒ* bụ affricates, [ts] na [dz] n'otu n'otu, ma ha na-emepụta ihe dị ka nkwụsị, ma e wezụga na *z* na-apụta nanị n'etiti ụdaume, ebe *ʒ* na-apụta morpheme-na mbụ (Flierl na Strauss 1977: xv). Ma Pilhofer (1933: 15) na Flierl na Strauss (1977) na-akọwa labiovelars *q* na *ɋ* dị ka agbakọtara na n'otu oge ewepụtara [kp] na [gb], n'otu n'otu. (Mkpụrụedemede *ɋ* bụ curly *q* nwere ọdụ mkpịrịkọ nke enweghị ike ịsụgharị ya nke ọma ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-efu na mkpụrụedemede sistemụ.)

Dị ka aha, nnọchiaha free nwere ike ime na isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe n'ọnọdụ na nkebiokwu, ọ bụ ezie na ogologo ogologo nke otu pronouns ( *noni, goki, eki* ) nwere ike ime na isiokwu ọnọdụ (Schneuker 1962: 28). Dị ka aha, nnọchiaha free nwekwara ike ime na ntụzịaka affixes na case-marking postposition, dị ka na *no-raonec* 'site na m'. *go-raopec* 'kwuru gi', *nâhe-hec* 'na ya na mu', *jaŋe tâmiric* 'enweghị ha'. Ụdị dị n'ime akara aka na-agwụ na *-c* bụ "mkpọaha okwu siri ike" na enwere ike ịgbakwunye ya na nnọchiaha oge niile, dịka na *go gahac* 'gị onwe gị' ma ọ bụ *jahe jahac* 'ha onwe ha'.

Enwere ike itinye nnọchiaha n'efu na aha iji gosi

# **nọmba**, dị ka n'ime *ŋic jaŋe* (man 3pl) 'the men' na *qaqazu nâŋe* (Teacher 1pl) 'we ndi nkuzi';
# **nkọwa**, dị ka na *ŋkac e* (nwanyị 3sg) 'nwanyị';
# **onye**, dị ka ọ dị na qaqazu-ge ọ dịghị (nkụzi-2sg 1sg) 'm onye nkụzi gị'.

Mkpọaha aha efu nke nwere aha isi na-akakarị njedebe nke nkeji okwu yana mmalite nke ahịrịokwu matriks, dị ka ọ dị:
 

#### Nkpọaha genitive
Kâte nwere ụdị pronominal abụọ: suffixes nwere na aha, na preposed pronouns free suffixed with *-re* after final vowels ma ọ bụ *-ne* mgbe ụdị agwụ na *-c* (glottal stop) (Pilhofer 1933: 54-57; Schneuker 1962: 27-32). Suffix nke ikpeazụ yiri nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe *-ne* nke na-atụgharị aha n'ime adjectives, dị ka na *opâ* 'water' > *opâ-ne* 'watery', *hulili* ' egwurugwu' > *hulili-ne* 'egwurugwu-acha agba', *hâmoc* 'ọnwụ' > *hâmoc-ne* 'nwụrụ anwụ', ma ọ bụ *fiuc'theft* ' *3 fiuc-* neft': 49). Ọmụmaatụ nke nnochiaha nke eburu n'uche gụnyere *no-re fic* 'ụlọ m'; *ọ dịghị nahac-ne fic* 'ụlọ m nke ukwuu'; *e-re hụma* 'ọbu akị ya; *jaŋe-re wiak* 'the their concern/ matter' (Schneuker 1962: 28).

#### Suffixes ihe ozugbo
Mgbakwunye ihe ozugbo ( ebubo ) na-abịa n'etiti ngwaa ị ga na suffixes-akara isiokwu. A na-ejigide ngwa ngwa ngwaa dị mfe-ikpeazụ na *-c* n'ihu suffixes ebubo, ma e wezụga mgbe onye nke atọ nke otu ihe suffix bụ efu. Compare *mamac-zi hone-c-gu-wec* 'nna hụrụ m' vs. *mamac-zi hone-wec* 'nna hụrụ ya/ya'. (Pilhofer 1933: 38-43; Schneuker 1962: 29-30)

 

#### Suffixes ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè
Mgbakwunye ihe na-apụtachaghị ìhè ( dative ) na-abịa n'etiti ngwa ngwa dative na suffixes akara isiokwu (Pilhofer 1933: 40-43; Schneuker 1962: 30),

 

### Ngwaa morphology

#### Ngwaa ikpeazụ (nọọrọ onwe ya).
Ngwa ngwa nke ọ bụla nwere oke nwere oke ka egosipụtara ike na ụtọ ụtọ asụsụ nke isiokwu ahụ. Enwere ụdị esemokwu ise: ugbu a, nso gara aga, ogologo oge gara aga, nso ọdịnihu, na ọdịnihu dị anya . A na-akara ihe ndị dị ndụ akara maka mmadụ atọ (1st, 2nd, 3rd) na ọnụọgụ atọ (otu, dual, plural), ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji otu suffixes maka ma onye nke abụọ na nke atọ mmadụ abụọ na ọtụtụ. Ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ ka akara naanị dị ka onye nke atọ. Enwere ike ibuga akụkụ ogologo oge site n'ịgbakwụnye *-e-* n'ihu akara nrịbama ugbu a ma ọ bụ *-ju-* n'ihu akara nrịbama dị nso gara aga. Enwere ike ịpụta ọnọdụ ihu abụọ nke mbụ site n'iwepụ ikpeazụ *-mu* site na suffix dị nso n'ọdịnihu (iji nweta nzaghachi ozugbo) ma ọ bụ dochie ihe nrịbama isiokwu dị iche mana yiri nke ahụ (iji nweta nzaghachi karịa ogologo oge). (Pilhofer 1933:26-32)

#### Ngwaa Medial (dabere).
Kâte na-egosiputa ngbanwe-ịtụgharị uche canonical ( SR ) morphology ngwaa. Ejighị ngwaa dabere na nhazi (nkebiokwu-medial) maka ike (ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ), mana naanị maka ma omume ha ọ bụ usoro, otu oge, ma ọ bụ ogologo oge n'ihe metụtara ngwaa na-esote na agbụ nke SR. Ọ bụrụ na isiokwu ahụ bụ otu ( SS ) dị ka nke ngwaa na-esote, a naghị akara onye na nọmba ya. A na-etinye ngwaa maka mmadụ na ọnụọgụ naanị mgbe isiokwu ha gbanwere ( DS ). Enwere ike ịdenye otu ngwaa dabere maka ma Durative na nke otu oge ma ọ bụrụ na agbatịkwu oge ya nke ọma ka ọ dakọba na mmalite nke mmemme ahụ akọwapụtara na nkebi na-esote. (Pilhofer 1933:35-36) Ihe atụ ndị a sitere na Schneuker (1962).

 

 

 

 

 

#### Mgbakwunye okwu ọnụ ndị ọzọ

##### Mgbakwunye adverbial
Enwere ike ịtinye obere klaasị nke adverbial na-agbasi mbọ ike tupu suffixes ikpeazụ (Pilhofer 1933: 81-82). Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere *-fâre-* 'niile, ọnụ'; *-jâmbâŋke-* 'n'ezie'; *-hâmo-* 'mma, juputara'; *saricke-* 'ọ dị mma, nke ọma'; *sanaŋke-* 'kwụsie ike, na-adịgide adịgide'; *(b) ipie-* 'n'efu, n'efu'. Ọmụmaatụ ahịrịokwu sitere na Schneuker (1962: 154-158) soro.
    

## Evolution
N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ ntụgharị Kâte (asụsụ Wemo) nke proto-Trans-New Guinea nke Pawley (2012) tụpụtara: 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Kâte Archived  
* Ihe ndị dị na Kâte gụnyere na oghere oghere Arthur Capell ( AC1 na AC2 ) nke Paradisec nwere.
* Nchịkọta ndị ọzọ nwere ihe Kate na Paradisec
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations