open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Nkwado N'èzí

**Iwu mmachibido iwu enyemaka n'èzí** bụ iwu sitere na Kọmịshọna Iwu Ogbenye nke e wepụtara na 21 Disemba 1844 bụ nke chọrọ ịkwụsị ikesa enyemaka n'èzí nye ndị ogbenye nwere ike . 

## Hụkwa

* Usoro nyocha ọrụ n'èzí

## Edensibia
wepụtara na 21 Disemba 1844 bụ nke chọrọ ịkwụsị
Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke 1551

**Iwu maka inye na enyemaka nke ndị ogbenye** bụ ụkpụrụ nke ndị omeiwu England mere n'oge ọchịchị Eze Edward VI . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Tudor Ogbenye Iwu ma na-ekwughachi iwu ndị dara ogbenye gara aga ewepụtara na 1536, 1547, na 1549 bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ bụ isi na ntaramahụhụ nke ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe.  Iwu Ogbenye 1551 họpụtara ọkwa ọhụrụ, “onye na-anakọta onyinye,” na parish ọ bụla. Ndị ọchịchị obodo na ndị bi ebe ahụ họpụtara ndị na-anakọta onyinye ebere abụọ ka ha rịọ, dekọọ ma kesaa onyinye ebere maka enyemaka na-adịghị mma. Ọ gara n'ihu na parish ọ bụla ga-edobe akwụkwọ ndekọ aha nke "ndị na-adịghị ike, ndị agadi na ndị nọ n'ahụhụ" na enyemaka ha nwetara. A gwara ndị ọchịchị Parish ka ha “jiri nwayọọ na-agba” onye ọ bụla nwere ike inye onyinye ma ghara, na-ezo aka na ha bishọp nke Dayọsis ma ọ bụrụ na ha anọgide na-ajụ. A nabatara ntaramahụhụ maka ileghara ọrụ enyemaka na-adịghị mma na 1563 na ịdabere na ọrụ ebere na usoro nke ụtụ isi na 1597 .  N'okpuru echiche na a ga-elekọta ndị ogbenye niile, a machibidoro ịrịọ arịrịọ n'ihu ọha ugbu a.  Ndị omeiwu Marian nke 1555 ga-eweghachi arịrịọ ikike na-arịọ ka ndị arịrịọ iwu na-eyi baajị. 

## Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta
N'ime oge Tudor, echiche omenala malitere ịpụ na nkwenkwe nkà mmụta okpukpe nke oge ochie na ịda ogbenye bụ omume ọma.  Mmetụta nkà ihe ọmụma nke Renaissance humanism  na mpụta nke ụkpụrụ omume ọrụ Protestant  na akwụkwọ ndị na-ezighị ezi  nyere aka n'echiche na-agba ume ịrụ ọrụ na nlekọta nke akụ na ụba na ikwutọ nkịtị, ịrịọ arịrịọ, na ịnọ nkịtị. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na ọnụ ahịa nke enyemaka na-adịghị mma na-abawanye, ndị obodo gbalịrị ịkọwa na ịmachi ndị ruru eru maka enyemaka, na-amachibido nkwado site na mpaghara na omume omume. 

## Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba
Mmụba nke ịda ogbenye n'oge oge Tudor nwere ike ịpụta na mgbagwoju anya nke ihe. Nnupụisi na 1549 gbochiri mbọ owuwe ihe ubi na ụkọ ihe ubi n'afọ ndị sochirinụ so na-ebute ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa.  Usoro mbelata nke mkpụrụ ego n'etiti 1544-1551 mebiri ntụkwasị obi akụ na ụba.  Mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ ngwa ngwa na mmetụta nke amụma mkpuchi Tudor dugara n'ịkwanye ọrụ karịrị ihe achọrọ yana ụgwọ ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ na-ada nke ukwuu. Ọnụọgụ ọmụmụ dị elu pụtakwara na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị bi na-etorubeghị ike itinye aka na akụ na ụba.  Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nbibi nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk ahụ wepụrụ ọrụ ebere nile nke Chọọchị Katọlik na-arụ, òtù okpukpere chi, na òtù ụmụnna ndị na-enye aka n'ụzọ nkịtị na nke na-abụghị nke ọha na nke ndị parish na anụ ụlọ ndị e jikwaworo mee ihe na-adịghị mma. Usoro iji dochie ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-adịkarị nwayọ na enweghị isi. 

## Edensibia
Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke 1555

**Iwu Ogbenye 1555** ( 2 &amp;amp; 3 Ph. &amp;amp; M. c. 5) bụ iwu nke Queen Mary I weputara na England . Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Tudor Ogbenye Iwu .

Ọ gbatịpụrụ Iwu Ogbenye 1551 wee gbakwunye ndokwa na ndị arịrịọ nwere ikike ga-eyi baajị. Ndokwa ahụ chọrọ baajị agbakwunyere na-emenye ndị obodo ime ihere inyekwu onyinye ebere na parish ha maka enyemaka adịghị mma. 

## Edensibia
Òtù Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke Martley

N'ịgbaso Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 n'otu n'otu kwụsịrị ịbụ ọrụ maka idobe ndị ogbenye na parish ha. E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ iwu dara ogbenye. Na west Worcestershire e hiwere Martley Poor Law Union ka ọ nara ndị ogbenye na parish ndị a Abberley, Alfrick, Astley, Bransford, Broadwas, Clifton-n'elu-Teme, Cotheridge, Doddenham, Great Witley, Grimley, Hallow, Holt, Leighwick, Little Witley, Lulsley, Martley, Pensax, Shelsley, Shrawley, Suckley na Wichenford . 

## Edensibia
Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke 1562

Iwu Ogbenye 1562 ma ọ bụ Act for Relief of the Poor bụ iwu emere na England n'okpuru Queen Elizabeth I (5 Eliz. 1. c. 3). Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Tudor Poor Law.

Ọ gbatịpụrụ Iwu Ogbenye nke 1555. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na ndị jụrụ, mgbe agbamume sitere n'aka bishọp, inye aka na enyemaka na-adịghị mma nwere ike ijikwa ikpe ziri ezi nke udo na inye ntaramahụhụ... 

## Ederede nke omume

## Edensibia
jụrụ, mgbe agbamume sitere n'aka bisjụrụ, mgbe agbamume sitere n'aka bishọphọp
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ịda Ogbenye Ụmụaka

**Child Poverty Action Group** (CPAG) bụ ọrụ ebere UK na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ịda ogbenye na mwepu ọha .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị otu ahụ zutere mbụ na 5 March 1965, na nzukọ nke Harriett C. Wilson haziri .  Ọ gbasoro mbipụta nke Brian Abel-Smith na ọrụ Peter Townsend *Ogbenye na Ndị Kasị Ogbenye* : ndị ikom abụọ ahụ bụ ndị guzobere otu.

Na nzụkọ nke abụọ ahụ otu n'ime ihe ndị e welitere bụ "Na n'agbanyeghị na mmụba nke ego ezinụlọ nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ kachasị mfe na nke ziri ezi iji merie ịda ogbenye nke ezinụlọ buru ibu, enwere ike inwe nnukwu nsogbu n'iweta mgbanwe ụdị a, akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na nke egwu na nke a ga-agba ndị mmadụ ume inwe nnukwu ezinụlọ."

Otu n'ime omume mbụ ya bụ iziga akwụkwọ ozi na Prime Minister, na 22 Disemba 1965, nke ọtụtụ ndị ama ama ama bịanyere aka na ya, nke kwuru:"Ndị debanyere aha nke akwụkwọ ozi a eleghị anya ọ bụghị ha niile na-ekweta na nkọwa zuru ezu nke atụmatụ maka mgbanwe: anyị kwetara, Otú ọ dị, na e kwesịrị ime ihe iji nweta a radical mmelite na ụkpụrụ nke ndụ ezinụlọ na ịda ogbenye na anyị chọrọ. wetara gị akwụkwọ ozi a, anyị na-arịọ ka e lebagharịa anya ma degharịa usoro a na-eme ugbu a maka ego ego ezinụlọ na ego a na-enye ụmụaka, ka a na-akwụkwa ego ka ukwuu maka ụmụaka nọ n'ezinụlọ ndị dara ogbenye. Tony Lynes bụ onye odeakwụkwọ oge mbụ nke otu ahụ na 1966. Frank Field jere ozi dị ka onye isi otu ahụ site na 1969–1979 ma Ruth Lister (1979-1987) na Fran Bennett sochiri ya, na Kate Green mechara (2004-2009).

## Ihe omume
Mmemme CPAG gụnyere:

* Nyochaa ma bipụta akụkọ kachasị ọhụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịda ogbenye ezinụlọ na ụmụaka na UK 
* Gbanwee gọọmentị UK, duzie ma kwado mkpọsa maka atumatu dị mma iji gbochie, ibelata na ịkwụsị ịda ogbenye ụmụaka na ezinụlọ 
* Nye ozi ọhụrụ na ndụmọdụ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na usoro nchekwa ọha na ụtụ isi nke UK 
* Na-eduzi nkuzi ọzụzụ na ikike ọdịmma, maka ndị ndụmọdụ ọhụrụ na ndị nwere ahụmahụ, iji nyere ha aka ịnọgide na-emepe emepe na nchekwa ọha na ụtụ isi 
* Mee ule-ikpe ịgbatị nkọwa nke iwu na-akwado ndị na-azọrọ na nchekwa ọha, kredit ụtụ isi na iwu ndị metụtara ya na-eji, ebe kwesịrị ekwesị Ụlọikpe Ikpe nke Europe na Ụlọikpe European Court of Human Rights . 

## Edensibia
ogbenye nke ezinụlọ buru ibu, enwere ike inwe nnukwu nsogbu n'iweta mgbanwe ụdị a, akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na nke egwu na nke a

## Njikọ mpụga
Ịdị Ogbenye

thumb| Ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-ehi ụra n'akụkụ isi ụlọ ọrụ Lukoil na Moscow
**Uperism** ( from Latịn ogbenye 'ogbenye' ) bụ ịda ogbenye ma ọ bụ n'ozuzu ọnọdụ nke ịbụ ogbenye, ma ọ bụ karịsịa ọnọdụ nke ịbụ "onye ogbenye", ya bụ ịnweta enyemaka a na-elekọta n'okpuru Iwu Ogbenye Bekee .  Site na nke a, pauperism nwekwara ike ịbụ karịa n'ozuzu ọnọdụ nke ịbụ na-akwado na ọha ego, n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí nke almshouses, na ka n'ozuzu, nke ndabere maka ihe ọ bụla bukwanu oge na ọrụ ebere enyemaka, ọha ma ọ bụ nzuzo.  N'echiche a, a ga-amata oke ịda ogbenye na ịda ogbenye. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'okpuru Iwu Ogbenye Bekee, onye a ga-enwere onwe ya ga-abụ onye dara ogbenye, na oge ọ na-enwere onwe ya ọ ghọrọ ogbenye, n'ihi ya, ọ kpatara ụfọdụ nkwarụ obodo .  Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị &#x5B; &#x5D; *<span title="Statement needs to be* banyere ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye n'echiche a adịghị egosi ọnụọgụ nke ịda ogbenye n'ezie, kama nkọwa nke ndị mmadụ na nnata enyemaka iwu na-adịghị mma. 

Afọ 1830 wetara Europe nnukwu ihe isi ike akụ na ụba. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke 19, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi ná mba Europe nile rịa elu nke ukwuu. Nke a rụpụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-achọ ọrụ karịa ọrụ. Ndị mmadụ si n'ime ime obodo kwagara n'obodo ukwu ka ha biri n'ime ụlọ mkpọmkpọ ebe karịrị akarị . Obere ndị na-emepụta ihe n'obodo chere asọmpi siri ike ihu site na ngwa ahịa dị ọnụ ala na-ebubata na England. Mmụba nke ọnụ ahịa nri butere n'ụkọ juru ebe niile.

Ịda ogbenye n'ime afọ ndị agha (1918-1939) bụ maka ọtụtụ usoro nke gburu n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na usoro Iwu Ogbenye. Iwu ime obodo 1929 kagburu ụlọ ọrụ,  na n'etiti 1929 na 1930 ndị nchekwa iwu ogbenye, " nnwale ụlọ ọrụ ," na okwu ahụ bụ "ụbịam" kwụsịrị.

## Ndị na-amụ akwụkwọ
Ndị dara ogbenye na-amụ akwụkwọ n'England na Wales bụ ụmụ ndị dara ogbenye bụ́ ndị ndị nlekọta parish na ndị chọọchị nọ n'ógbè ahụ chụpụrụ. Ụfọdụ aghaghị ime njem dị anya iji jee ozi n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ma ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha jere ozi n'ime kilomita ole na ole nke ụlọ ha.  

## Hụkwa

* Omenala nke ịda ogbenye
* Ndị ji ụgwọ amaghị aha
* Olili ozu onye ogbenye
* Ndị agha nchekwa nchekwa
* Mwepu ọha
* Ihere ọha mmadụ
* *Onye isi ala na onye ogbenye*
* Ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ

## Edensibia

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

*
Òtù Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke Chorlton

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Withington, nke meghere na 1855, ka gbanwegharịrị aha ụlọ ọgwụ Withington na 1915, nke egosiri ebe a na 2005.
**Chorlton Ogbenye Iwu Union** tọrọ ntọala na Jenụwarị 1837 na nzaghachi nye Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834, makwaara dị ka Iwu Ogbenye Ọhụrụ.  Ọ bụ ndị bọọdụ ahọpụtara nke ndị nlekọta 19 na-anọchite anya parish iri na abụọ na mpaghara ọ na-elekọta ya: Ardwick, Burnage, Chorlton-n'elu-Medlock, Chorlton na Hardy, Didsbury, Gorton, Hulme, Levenshulme, Moss Side, Rusholme, na Stretford . Withington, niile (ewezuga Stretford) dị ugbu a na ndịda Manchester, England. 

## ndabere
Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 tinyere ọrụ iwu na parish iji were ọrụ maka ndị ogbenye na mpaghara ha site na ịhazi n'ime otu ndị iwu dara u, nke ọ bụla ga-enwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ụlọ ọrụ . Iwu ahụ kwụsịrị inye enyemaka na-adịghị mma ma e wezụga site na ịbanye n'ụlọ ọrụ, [3] ma gosi na e wuru ihe karịrị 500 n'ofe England na Wales n'ime afọ 50 na-esote. [4]

Obodo ndị dị na otu, Ardwick, Burnage, Chorlton-n'elu-Medlock, Chorlton na Hardy, Didsbury, Gorton, Hulme, Levenshulme, Mosside, Rusholme, Stretford, na Withington nọ na parish ochie nke Manchester; na 1838 Ardwick, Chorlton-n'elu-Medlock na Hulme bụ akụkụ nke obodo Manchester. Ndị ọzọ, ewezuga Stretford, mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke Obodo Manchester.

## Akụkọ mmalite
thumb| Ụlọ Ormond, Cavendish Street
Ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke otu ahụ, Stretford Road Workhouse, nyere ebe obibi maka 300&nbsp;ndị mkpọrọ, ndị nwere ebe obibi nkewa maka ụdị ndị ogbenye dị iche iche, dị ka ụmụaka, ndị ara, ndị agadi, na ndị ọrịa; A na-edebe ụmụ nwanyị ndị mkpọrọ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ ahụ na ụmụ nwoke n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ site na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ etiti na ụlọ ụka.  Onu ogugu nke ndi Chorlton Poor Law Union jere ozi bu 46,465 n'oge onu ogugu nke 1831, mana ka o na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'oge oru ulo oru Manchester, o doro anya na ike nke Stretford Road Workhouse ezughị oke maka ihe a choro na ya. . Dịka saịtị Stretford Road enyeghị ohere maka ịgbasawanye, ndị nlekọta kpebiri inye iwu iwu ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ, Withington Workhouse.  Emepere na 1855,  ma na-efu £53,000 iji wuo, ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ike ịnabata ndị mkpọrọ ruru 1500.  Ebe ahụ gụnyekwara ebe a na-eli ozu ọhụrụ iji jee ozi mpaghara otu, Chorlton Union Cemetery, nke nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1920. 

Ewubere ụlọ ọrụ nke ndị nchekwa Iwu Ogbenye na 1881. Ọ bụ Mangnall Littlewood mere ụlọ ahụ ma tinyekwa ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ aha. Kemgbe 1970, polytechnic ejirila ya. 

Emmeline Pankhurst bụ onye otu Board of Guardians . 

## Mmepe ndị ọzọ
Na 1910 agbakwunyere Chorlton Union na South Manchester Township, [8] nke mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke otu Manchester Union jikọtara ọnụ na 1915, ma kpọgharịrị ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Withington Hospital . 

## Ntụaka

### Nkọwapụta

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* 1880 – Chorlton Union Schools & Homes, Lancashire
Stephen Brobeck

Stephen Brobeck bụ onye isi otu Consumer Federation of America .

## Akụkọ ndụ
Brobeck loju na 1944. Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na mahadum Wheaton wee nwere doctorate na Mahadum Pennsylvania .  [1] N'ọgwụgwụ 1960s Brobeck na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegide US egwu aka na Vietnam Agha .  [2] Na 1970s Brobeck bụ osote prọfesọ na Case Western Reserve University .  [1] Brobeck serela na ụlọ akụ na nchekwa.

Site na 1976-1979 Brobeck nọ na bọọdụ Consumer Federation of America, na site na 1980 ruo ugbu a ọ bụbu onye isi nchịkwa. 

Brobeck bụ onye nduzi nke Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond site na 1990-1996

Brobeck deziri Encyclopedia of the Consumer Movement.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* 
* Appearances on C-SPAN
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Warren Braren

Warren Braren (Septemba 2, 1931 - Ọgọst 17, 2015) bụ onye na-akwado nchekwa ndị agha na United States.

Ọrụ ya Braren ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Ted Bates .  [1] Na 1960 ọ pụtara ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa na National Association of Broadcasters ebe ọ ntọala ruo 1969. [2] Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, Braren, ịkatọ na iwu onwe onye nke ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ụtaba arụrụ arụ.  ọrụ nakwa na ọ mere ka ndị na-ese ịhụnanya .  [1] Na June 1970 Braren gbara na United States Congress site n'ịkesa akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ nke mmata ụlọ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi ụtaba ezubere iche maka ndị na-eto eto.  [3] Braren kwuru na ndị mgbasa ozi mgbasa mgbasa onwe ha, na ha ga-eme ihe ọ elelu ga-abara uru ego nke ndị mgbasa mgbasa ozi.  [4] Nke a butere mmachibido mgbasa ozi ụtaba na iyi, na Iwu Ahụ Ike Ọha na-ese sịga nke 1970. [1] Na 1971 Braren ọrụ na National Citizens Committee for Broadcasting.  [5] Mgbe ọ hapụchara National Association of Broadcasters Braren ọrụ na Consumers Union so na ihe ndị ọzọ, ọ pụtara maka mgbasa na mgbasa ozi mgbasa .  [1] Mgbe e ọdịdị Braren ọrụ na Times Mirror Company

Braren kwuru okwu n'aha Consumers Union n'oge dị iche iche, ịkpọ na 1971 mgbaka ozi iche iche, [1] na 1973 nchekwa nke microwaves oven, [2] na 1977 na akwụkwọ nke National Cable & Telecommunications Association njikọ USB ike  na United States

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe ndekọ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe nchekwa Braren na Mahadum California San Francisco
Òtù:Aha
Werner Brinkmann

Werner Brinkmann (akpa 10 Disemba 1946) bụ onye isi German nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụmụaka na onye ikike ya na bọọdụ Stiftung Warentest ruo 2011, ntọala German na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ, nke hiwere na 1964.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Werner Brinkmann ajụjụ ma tolite na Hamm (North Rhine-Westfalia), Germany.  Mgbe ọ gafechara ule ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ( Abitur ) na 1966, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Freiburg na Mahadum Münster .  Ọṣọ ule iwu steeti mbụ ya na 1970, wee Gafee ule iwu steeti nke abụọ na 1975. N'otu apụ ahụ, ọ gụchara akara ugo orisirisi doctoral na Mahadum Münster na akwụkwọ edemede nke The Conservation Organization na Federal Republic of Germany na ọrụ ha  na nhazi, wee sị nke iwu.

## Ọrụ ọkachamara
Site na 1975 ruo 1979 ọ bụ onye isi nchọpụta na ngalaba iwu na Stiftung Warentest na Berlin.  Na-eso nke a, onye ọrụ na Deutschlandfunk, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi redio, ruo 1992, ebe ọ ghọkwara onye isi oche nke mmadụ, ihe gbasara iwu na ikike ikike.

Na 1981, a mgbaàmà ya onye otu Stiftung Warentest's Advisory Council, mgbe ahụ n'etiti 1992 na njedebe nke 1994 ọ bụ onye so na Board Foundation.  Mgbe onye isi ụmụaka Roland Hüttenrauch lara ezumike nká na 1995, Werner Brinkmann nọchiri ya n'alụ a.  Emere nhọpụta ya ruo afọ ise ọzọ na 2006.

Na December 2009, Ilse Aigner, Federal Minister of Consumer Protection, ihe isi obodo Foundation site na 50 nde euro site na 2012 n'ihi àjà ya Werner Brinkmann ga-ala ezumike nká na njedebe nke 2011. Hubertus Primus, onye nchịkọta mere  a, bụ onye ga-ahụ anya anya 1 Jenụwarị 2012

## Nkọwa akụkọ ndụ ndị ọzọ
Ọ bụ onye so na Board of International Consumer Research & Testing, onye so na Management Board of Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband (vzbv) na onye so na Kọmitii nhazi nke Deutsche Kommission Elektrotechnik Elektronik Informationstechnik im DIN und VDE (DKE)

Werner Brinkmann abụrụla onye otu onye isi oche nke Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) mgbochi 1995. Na 2000, otu German Association of Environmental Management (BAUM) nyere ya ihe nrite gburugburu ebe obibi .  Na Disemba 2011, e nyere Cross of the Order of Merit nke Federal Republic of Germany

Ọ bụghị onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ejisoso njikọ.  Ya na nri ya na nwa nwoke bi na Berlin-Zehlendorf

## Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara

* Werner Brinkmann, Peter Sieber: *Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Gebrauchswert und Qualität*, na: *Handbuch Qualitätsmanagement*, Masing, nke Tilo Pfeifer na Robert Schmitt bipụtara, nke ise, mbipụta nke edegharịrị kpamkpam, Hanser-Verlag, Munich (2007), pp.&nbsp;777 ruo 786, 
* *Rechtliche Aspekte der Bedeutung von technischen Normen für den Verbraucherschutz', Deutsches Institut für Normung eV Beuth, Berlin / Cologne 1984, *
* *Die Verbraucherorganisation in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und ihre Tätigkeit bei der überbetrieblichen technischen Normung*, Heymann, Cologne / Berlin / Bonn / Munich 1976, 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
West Ham Poor Law Union

**West Ham Poor Law Union** bụ otu iwu na-enweghị mma hiwere na 31 Mee 1836. Ọ mụrụ ụlọ ọrụ West Ham Union . E wepụrụ ya na 1 ụgbọ 1930.

Ọ na mbụ parish nke East Ham, Leyton, Little Ilford, Walthamstow, Wanstead, West Ham na Woodford, yana mgbakwunye nke Cann Hall site na 1894 gaa n'ihu. Nke a egwuregwu na kpagburu ọtụtụ mpaghara obodo mepere emepe, mpaghara mpaghara na ógbè ime obodo nke emebere na narị afọ nke 19 na akpa afọ nke 20 - West Ham (West Ham), East Ham (East Ham, Little Ilford), Wanstead (Wanstead), Woodford (Woodford), Leyton (Leyton, Cann Hall) na Walthamstow (Walthamstow). 

## Mpaghara ndebanye aha
Na 1837 mpaghara nke ndị ogbenye iwu Union, mpaghara ndebanye aha . Na 1935 ọ gbatịrị ka ọ dabara na parish West Ham wee kagbuo ya na 1967. 

## Ime obodo ịdị ọcha district
Na 1872 mpaghara nke ndị ogbenye iwu n'otu (e si obodo ime obodo ọcha district) eje obodo ọcha district . Ndị na- iwu na-ahụ mma maka parish fọdụrụnụ ghọrọ ikike ịdị ọcha nke ime obodo. Wanstead na West Ham bụ mpaghara ịdị ọcha nke ime obodo. Ndị parish hapụrụ mpaghara ịdị ọcha nke ime obodo dịka ndị a: Leyton (1873), Walthamstow (1873), Woodford (1873), East Ham (1878) na Little Ilford (1886).

## Edensibia
Joe Carcione

thumb| Oghere Carcione na ebe a na-eli ozu Holy Cross
Joseph Carcione ( / kɑːr ˈtʃ oʊ n i / kar-CHOH -nee ; Ọktoba 31, 1914 – Ọgọst 2, 1988) bụ onye na-akwado ndị nke a maara dị ka "The Green Grocer."

## Ọnụ ụzọ mmepụta Golden Gate
Carcione malitere ime mkpọsa redio maka azụmaahịa mmepụta ya na 1967, mgbe onye mgbasa ozi redio KCBS Dave McElhatton chọpụtara ya.  Ọ gara n'ihu na-anabata obere ihe onyonyo na redio na-enye ndụmọdụ na ụwa mmepụta ihe, wee dee kọlụm akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ abụọ n'otu isiokwu.  Emepụtara atụmatụ akụkọ telivishọn Greengrocer na ebe dị na Golden Gate Produce Terminal wee mekọrịta ya na United States na Canada niile.  Ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn azụmahịa na-enye nkwekọrịta na Mighty Minute Programs nke San Francisco iji nweta ikike pụrụ iche iji gbasaa mkpesa Greengrocer nke Joe Carcione na ahịa-site-ahịa.  N'ụfọdụ ahịa igwe onyonyo, ụlọ ahịa ndị ahịa nwere mmasị iso The Greengrocer na-akwado atụmatụ a.

## Ndụ onwe onye
Carcione fim Madeline Ahern na 1937. Ha kallon ụmụ atọ.  [1] Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa eriri afọ na ụlọ ọgwụ Peninsula dị na Burlingame, California na August 2, 1988 wee lie ya na Holy Cross Cemetery na Colma, California .

A maara ya nke ọma, n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ, efere a na-akpọ "Joe Carcione Special", nke nwere kabeeji a kpụkọrọ akpụkọ n'ọnọdụ pasta, gbanye ya na yabasị na galik, ma tinye ya na marinara sauce na cheese grated.

## Na omenala ewu ewu
Darryl Henriques gbaghaara ya dị ka Joe Carcinogenni na KSAN (1968 ruo 1980) .

Simpsons S10E17 na-ezo aka na "The Red Grocer", egwuregwu lekwasịrị anya anụ na ihe ngosi Carcione.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* Joe Carcione Biography at Bay Area Radio Museum
* "The Greengrocer cookbook" entry at Library of Congress
* "The greengrocer; the consumer's guide to fruits and vegetables" entry at Library of Congress
Òtù:Aha
Ebe Ndị Na-ekpo ọkụ

Dị ka mmeghachi omume maka nsogbu ndụ nke United Kingdom ugbu a nke 2021, e mepụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke **oghere oghere** . Ha na-achọkarị ibelata ikewapụ na owu ọmụma yana inye ọkụ anụ ahụ. 

* Ceredigion County Council bipụtara ndepụta oghere nwere maapụ mmekọrịta nke gụnyere National Library of Wales . 
* Flint Creative Collective na Norwich haziri webụsaịtị emebere ka ọ bịanye aka na onye ọ bụla chọrọ ihu ọchị na obodo, na oghere dị ọkụ iji soro ndị ọzọ kerịta. 
* Gedling Borough Council na ndị mmekọ obodo ya wepụtara ndepụta nke oghere ọkụ dị mkpa n'ofe mpaghara ahụ. 
* Ezi Faith Foundation, netwọk nke ụlọ ụka ime obodo 1,200 na ihe karịrị 40, hibere Mgbasa Ozi Na-ekpo ọkụ "na-enye ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike ikpo ọkụ n'ụlọ ha n'oge oyi a." 
* Kingsley Healthcare kwupụtara na ọ ga-emepe saịtị 28 niile iji kwado atụmatụ Ọkụ Ọkụ nke mba. A ga-anabata ndị agadi, a ga-enyekwara ha ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweghị oke n'akụkụ ofe na akwụkwọ mpịakọta ma ọ bụrụ na ha aga n'oge nri ehihie. 
* Leeds City Council hibere netwọk nke oghere ọkụ n'ofe Leeds gụnyere ọba akwụkwọ, ogige obodo, na ọdụ obodo. 
* Sheffield City Council na Voluntary Action Sheffield guzobere maapụ mmekọrịta nke oghere dị ọkụ 74 n'ofe Sheffield, ndị otu ọha na-agbasi mbọ ike nweta. 
* South Gloucestershire Council debanyere ụlọ ọrụ 17 na netwọkụ ya mana enwere mkpesa na ha "ezughị oke" n'ihi na ha agaghị emeghe mgbe achọrọ ha kacha n'oge mgbede ma ọ bụ ngwụsị izu. 
* Swindon Borough Council mepụtara oghere 10 na-ekpo ọkụ na nnabata na mpaghara Kansụl na ebe ndị obodo. 

## Edensibia
ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke oghere oghere . Ha na-achọkarị ibelata ikewapụ na owuọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke **oghere oghere** . Ha na-achọkarị ibelata ikewapụ na owu
Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ịda Ogbenye Mmanụ

**Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ịda ogbenye mmanụ ụgbọala** (CFP) bụ ndụmọdụ na-abụghị ngalaba ọha nke gọọmentị United Kingdom, nke Ngalaba Maka Nchekwa Ike na Net Zero na-akwado. Ọrụ ya bụ inye ndụmọdụ maka ịdị irè nke atumatu iji belata ịda ogbenye mmanụ, ma gbaa ume ka ukwuu nhazi n'ofe òtù ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ịda ogbenye mmanụ ụgbọala.

Kọmiti na-ahụ maka ịda ogbenye mmanụ nọchiri ndị otu ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ ịda ogbenye mmanụ (FPAG). Nke a na-esote nyocha nke afọ atọ nke FPAG nke mere n'oge 2014.

E hiwere FPAG mbụ na 2001. Nyocha Triennial nke FPAG na 2014 kwubiri na FPAG rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa dị ka otu ọkachamara ndụmọdụ yana na ọ kwesịrị ịga n'ihu na ọrụ a dị ka otu ndụmọdụ na-abụghị ngalaba ọha. Ọ tụkwara aro ka a ga-esi meziwanye ụzọ ọ na-esi arụ ọrụ, iji kwalite ikike ya inye ndụmọdụ onwe ya, ndụmọdụ ndị ọkachamara. Ngalaba nke ike na mgbanwe ihu igwe gara n'ihu imezigharị otu ahụ n'oge 2015, gụnyere ịtụgharị nhazi nke otu ahụ site na ndị nnọchiteanya nhazi gaa na ndị ọkachamara nwere onwe ha, na-eduga na nguzobe nke CFP n'ọnọdụ nke FPAG mbụ.

## Ndị otu
CFP nwere oche na ndị otu ise. Ọ bụ onye odeakwụkwọ steeti n’oge ahụ họpụtara oche a na March 2015 wee họpụta ndị otu ahụ na Jenụwarị 2016. A na-ahọpụta oche na ndị otu afọ atọ. A na-eme nhọpụta na CFP dịka ihe achọrọ nke Usoro Omume maka Nhọpụta Minista na Òtù Ọha .

, its members were:

* Tom Wright CBE (oche), onye isi oche nke Charity Age UK, na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke British Gas Energy Trust 
* Dr Alice Maynard, CBE, DBA, C Dir
* Jenny Saunders, OBE, onye isi oche nke National Energy Action 
* Paul Massara, onye bụbu onye isi npower 
* David R. Blakemore. Onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Phillips 66 
* Lawrence Slade, onye isi oche maka ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa ike Energy UK 

## Hụkwa

* Ogbenye mmanụ ụgbọala na United Kingdom

## Edensibia
ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke **oghere oghere** . Ha na-achọkarị ibelata ikewapụ na owu

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Joan Claybrook

Joan Buckler Claybrook (amuru June 12, 1937) bu onye okaiwu America na onye na-agba ochicho nke bu onye isi ala oha na eze site na 1982 rue 2009. [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ngwaọrụ Carter dị ka onye isi nke National Highway  Safety Safety Administration (NHTSA) na 1977 ruo 1981.

## Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ mmalite
Ndị ọrụ Claybrook na Baltimore, Maryland.  Ọ gara akwụkwọ Goucher, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na 1959. Na 1973, ọ akara akara ugo ojiji JD na Mahadum Iwu Georgetown .  N'agbata akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, onye ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa na Social Security Administration afọ isii tupu ọ kwaga Washington, DC, na 1965 iji mezue na American Political Science Association .  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nwa oge dịka onye ọrụ maka Senator Walter F. Mondale

## Ọrụ
Na 1977, Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter mgbaàmà Claybrook ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ụmụaka nchekwa ụzọ okporo ụzọ mba dị apụ iri mgbe ahụ.  [1] Tupu oge ya na NHTSA, Claybrook gbara ọsọ Congress Watch, na-arụ ọrụ maka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Mmasị Ọha na Ọha (PIRG), National Traffic Safety Bureau, Social Security Administration, Ngalaba, Education, na Welfare .  N'oge ọ bụ nwata na Washington, DC, ọ zutere Ralph Nader mgbe ọ na-akwado okporo ụzọ na nchekwa ụgbọ ala.  N'afọ 1966, ya na Nader sonyeere ya ọnụ maka ịga nke ọma nke iwu nchekwa ụgbọ ala mbụ nke mba: Iwu nchekwa okporo ụzọ na ụgbọ ala na iwu nchekwa okporo ụzọ.  O ji aka na mbọ maka iwu ụgbọ ala siri ike.  Ụfọdụ n'ime iwu ndị a, dị ka iwu o nyere ka ndị na-agba ọsọ ọsọ na-agụ ihe na- kilomita kilomita 85 kwa elekere, ngwaọrụ n'ebe ndị ụgbọ ala US ma emesịa kwatuo ya.  [2] [3] Claybrook bụkwa onye Nkwado a ma ama maka iji akpa ikuku n'ime ụgbọ ala. 

## Ọrụ bọọdụ
Claybrook na-eje ozi ugbu a na Board of Visitors Law Center nke Georgetown.  Ọ na-ejidekwa ọkwa na bọọdụ nke Consumers Union, Citizens for Tax Justice, Public Justice, Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, Goucher College Board of Trustees, na California Wellness Foundation Advisory Board.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Appearances on C-SPAN
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Iwu Njikọ Ọrụ 1865

The **Union Chargeability Act 1865** ( 28 &amp;amp; 29 Vict. c. 79) bụ omume nke nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom nke e mechiri ka Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 gasịrị. Ebumnuche nke omume ahụ bụ ịgbasa ntọala ego maka enyemaka nke Iwu Ogbenye nyere. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'ịgbaso iwu ọhụrụ dara ogbenye na 1834, nsogbu pụtara na ego nke enyemaka maka ndị ogbenye nyere na omume ahụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnobi nke Iwu Ogbenye Ọhụrụ bụ ịchịkọta parish ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ha jikọtara ibu ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ dị oke ọnụ, ụgwọ maka otu ahụ dabere na nhazi nke parish ahụ. Ụfọdụ parish nwere ike ịgbanarị ụgwọ ego site n'ịhazi n'ime parish "dị nso" nwere opekempe nke ndị ọrụ bi. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ibu ego nke ndị ogbenye dara tumadi na "oghe" parishes. 

E si otú a nyefee iwu nke Union Chargeability Act 1865 ka e wee kesaa ibu ego nke ndị ogbenye n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu. 

Arụmụka ahụ nwere esemokwu, na mkpesa gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara mmezi na mwepụ. E mere atụmatụ iji belata ihe ndị a chọrọ iji nye enyemaka n'ebe onye ọrụ ahụ bi, kama ibupụ ha n'ebe mbụ ha na-akpa ọchị. E weere nke a na ọ dịghị ihe a na-anabata, n’ihi na e kwuru na ndị ogbenye ga-eme njem n’obodo ukwu iji nweta ahụ́ efe. Mwepụ mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro n'ikpeazụ kwere ka a nyefee ụgwọ ahụ na 15 Mee 1865. 

## Ntụaka

## Ihe ndetu
dabere na nhazi nke parish ahụ. Ụfọdụ parish nwere ike ịgbanarị ụgwọ ego site n'ịhazi

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Iwu nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nke Union 1865. George Edward Eyre na William Spottiswoode biputere ya, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ maka ọmarịcha Eze Nwanyị kacha mma. London. 1865. Na ibe 721 ruo 724 nke A Collection of the Public General Statutes gafere n'ime afọ iri abụọ na asatọ na nke iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọchịchị Eze Nwanyị Victoria . George Edward Eyre na William Spottiswoode biputere ya, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ maka ọmarịcha Eze Nwanyị kacha mma. London. 1865.
* William Cunningham Glen. Iwu Ịkwụ ụgwọ Njikọ nke Villiers, 1865; na Okwu Mmalite na nkọwa; Ọzọkwa, Omume nke Mwepụ Ogbenye, Kwadoro na Mwepụ nke Njikọ Ndị Ogbenye . Mbipụta nke abụọ. Shaw na ụmụ. Fetter Lane, London. 1866.
Ezinụlọ Ndị Na-erughị Nkezi Ego

***Ezinụlọ ndị na-erughị nkezi ego*** bụ akwụkwọ a na-ebipụta kwa afọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na United Kingdom. Data a gbadoro ụkwụ na nyocha ihe gbasara ezinụlọ .

Akọwapụtara ịda ogbenye dị ka inwe ego ezinụlọ nhata n'okpuru ahịrị etiti 60%.

## Edensibia
na-ebipụta kwa afọ maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ịda ogbenye na

* HBAI
Nne na Ụmụ nwanyị

**Ndị nne na ụmụ nwanyị** nwere ike na-ezo aka:

*  (akwụkwọ), akwụkwọ nke Prof. Mildred Blaxter na Elizabeth Patterson dere
*  (ihe nkiri), akwụkwọ ọgụgụ eserese dị mpịakọta anọ nke Dave Sim gosipụtara *Cerebus the Aardvark*
*  (ihe nkiri 2016), ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị 2016
*  (ihe nkiri 2008), ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị na Canada
*  (ihe nkiri 2004), ihe nkiri 2004 nọọrọ onwe ya nke Hannah Davis na David Conolly duziri.
*  (album), album studio 1997 nke Rosemary Clooney dere.
* *Ndị nne na ụmụ nwanyị*, akwụkwọ akụkọ 1831 nke Catherine Gore dere

## Hụkwa
eserese dị mpịakọta anọ nke Dave Sim gosipụtara Cerebus 

* *Ụmụ nwanyị-Nne*, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Soviet nke 1974
* Ada Nne (Agbaghara)
Kọmitii Enyemaka Na-enweghị Ọrụ

**Board na-enyere ndị na-enweghị ọrụ aka** bụ otu nke e mere na Britain site na iwu enweghị ọrụ 1934  n'ihi oke ịda ogbenye n'etiti agha na Britain. Board ahụ debere usoro nke uru elele anya ma mụbaa ọnụọgụ ndị nwere ike ị nweta enyemaka.

Dị ka Tony Lynes si kwuo, "Bọọdụ ahụ bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'usoro iwu: ngalaba gọọmentị nwere mmefu ego nke ya, ọ bụghị onye ụkọchukwu na-eduzi ma ndị isi isii nke Board, nke Minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ họpụtara ma ndị ọrụ ya enweghị ike ijide ya. ọrụ". 

## Edensibia
Bọọdụ ahụ bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'usoro iwu: ngalaba gọọmentị
Nne Nanị

***Ndị Nne Naanị: Ịda ogbenye na Ezinụlọ Na-enweghị Nna*** bụ akwụkwọ nke onye Britain ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze Dennis Marsden dabere na ọmụmụ ihe nwere otu aha na 1955-1966. Ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ihe ahụ bụ ịmụtakwu banyere ndụ ndị nne na-ebi nanị ha, ma hà alụbeghị di, ndị kewara ekewa, ndị gbara alụkwaghịm, ma ọ bụ ndị di ha nwụrụ. 

Emepụtara ọmụmụ ihe site na nnukwu ọrụ "Ugbenye na UK" nke Peter Townsend na *Ndị Nne Naanị* bụ iji nyochaa nsogbu ezinụlọ na-enwe n'ihi obere ego na enweghị nna. Ajụjụ ndị a jụrụ n'ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere okwu ndị dị ka ọnọdụ ụlọ, enweghị ebe obibi, nri na nri, mmekọrịta ezinụlọ na oke enyemaka enyere. 

Ọtụtụ n'ime data ahụ ka edepụtala dijitalụ ma enwere ike nweta ya, yana ozi ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ, site na weebụsaịtị Economic and Social Data Service (ESDS).

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Marsden, Dennis (1969), *Ndị Nne Nanị: Ịda ogbenye na Ezinụlọ Na-enweghị Nna*, London: Penguin Press

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị ESDS Qualidata
Enweghị ego na-emetụta ndepụta ụmụaka (UK)

**Mwepu ego na-emetụta ụmụaka index** ( **IDACI** ) bụ ndepụta nke enweghị ego ejiri na United Kingdom.

A na-agbakọ ndepụta ahụ site n'ọfịs nke osote onye isi ala ma na-atụle na mpaghara mpaghara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ 16 bụ ndị bi na ezinụlọ ndị nwere obere ego. Mpaghara mpaghara a na-agbakọ ndepụta ndeksi maka ya bụ nnukwu mmepụta . Ọ bụ mgbakwunye na Indices of Multiple Deprivation ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ịgbakọ akara agbakwunyere n'ọnọdụ ọnọdụ, na-atụ ọganihu mmụta ụmụaka. 

## Edensibia
Mpaghara mpaghara a na-agbakọ ndepụta ndeksi

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ngwa dị na webụsaịtị DCSF na-enye ohere ka IDACI jiri koodu nzi ozi lelee ya
Herb Denenberg

Herbert S. Denenberg (Nọvemba 20, 1929 – Maachị 18, 2010) bụ onye nta okpukpe okpukpe America, onye ọka iwu, onye na-akwado ndị na-ahụ maka onye na-ahụ maka nkwado.  Ndị na-ege ntĩa egwu Filadelfia na-echeta ya nke ọma dị ka onye na-ede ndị metụtara ndị enyi ogologo oge na WCAU (Channel 10) 

## Akụkọ ndụ
A egwuregwu n'ime mmetụta ndị Juu na Omaha, Nebraska, nwa nke nna njiki Russia na nne nji Romania, nna Denenberg nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi mgbe ọ dị afụ iri na abụọ, na-ahapụ ya ka ọ nyere aka ikpa ya.  asaa.  Ọ nwere ike dị ukwuu, na-enweta BS na Mahadum Johns Hopkins, JD na Creighton University School of Law, LL.  M. na Harvard Law School, na Ph.D na Mahadum Pennsylvania.  Ọ bụ ma onye na-ede akwụkwọ ihe mere eme nke Chartered na onye na-ede akwụkwọ ndụ Chartered .  Ọ jere ozi afọ atọ na Onyeikpe Advocate General's Corps, United States Army dị ka onye agha mbụ na dịka onye isi na nchekwa

N'onye akwụkwọ ya, Denenberg bụ osote prọfesọ nke ọhụrụ na Mahadum Iowa, prọfesọ nke iwu na Mahadum Temple, prọfesọ ọzọ na Cabrini College, na Prọfesọ Loman na Wharton School nke Mahadum Pennsylvania .  Ọ nọdụrụ na bọọdụ nke Consumers Union, ndị na-akpa Consumer Reports , ọ bụrụ na onye na mụrụ nye ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nke etiti yana ọgụ steeti na obodo.  Ọhụrụ iwu mbụ mbụ na ihe mmejọ na United States,, na Puerto Rico, ma tinye aka n'ịgbanwe iwu na Nevada na Alaska .  [1] Na 1971, ahụmahụ ya Kọmishọna nke Ngalaba Inshọransị nke Pennsylvania n'ime kabinet nke Gọvanọ Milton Shapp .  Na 1974, ọ gbara ọsọ maka Democratic Party nomination maka United States Senate, ma furu efu na Mayor nke Pittsburgh Peter Flaherty site na- ụmụaka anọ isi;  Flaherty, n'aka nke ya, meri onye Republican Richard Schweiker .  [2] N'afọ sochirinụ, a nchọpụta Denenberg na Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission, mana ọ na-achọ n'oge na-adịghị anya anya. 

N'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ na-, Denenberg, ihe ga-abụ ọrụ ogologo awụ 24 dị ka onye ahuhu na onye nta ndị enyemaka na Filadelfia's WCAU Channel 10 News.  Otu n'ime ụlọ ya bụ "Denenberg's Dump" nke ọ ga-egosi ndị o chere na ọ dịghị mma.  Ọ na-akpakwara omume dị ọcha nke ndị na-ere akara n'okporo ụzọ ámá na-ere pretzel na ngwaọrụ na-ekpo ọkụ.  N'oge ọrụ ya, site na oge ya dị ka CBS na NBC Mgbakwunye, ọ meri 21 Emmy Awards .  E akara, Denenberg bụkwa onye ode maka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mgbede Philadelphia 

Denenberg gburu mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkụchi obi n'iche ya na Wayne, Pennsylvania na Ma ọchịchị 18, 2010. Ọ nwekwara ozi ya bụ́ Neomi.  [1] N'otu afọ ahụ, ndị ọsụ ụzọ mgbasa ozi nke Philadelphia kpọbatara Denenberg n'iche ezumezu ha 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ ndụ Herb Denenberg
* Akwụkwọ akụkọ Time
* Archived edemede mkpuchi okwukwe ọjọọ  
* NBC 10's Herb Denenberg Tribute
* Ogidi Willdo kwa izu Philadelphia na ahịhịa
Òtù:Aha
National Association of Workhouse Masters and Matrons

**National Association of Workhouse Masters na Matrons** bụ nzukọ maka ndị isi ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nke e guzobere na 1897. 
thumb| Ndi. Ịnyịnya. nke Workhouse Masters na Matrons, akwụkwọ ntuziaka Wellcome L0041591
N'ihe dị ka 1915, a kpọgharịrị ya National Association of Masters and Matrons of Poor Law Institutions.

Ọ mechara bụrụ Association of Health and Residential Care Officers wee kwụsị ịdị adị na 1984. 

## Edensibia
a kpọgharịrị ya National Association of Masters
Ruth Desmond

Ruth Desmond (ihe dị ka 1906 - September 30, 1988) bụ onye nkwado ndị America kacha mara amara maka ọrụ ya inwe nri nri na ọgwụ na- ọnụọgụ ahụekere na bọta ahụekere. A mara ya dị ka "Nne nne ahụekere ahụekere"

Desmond ntọala Federation of Homemakers na 1959 na ike nke Arlington, Virginia. Ọ ntọala ụgbọ etiti na ihe omume n'ezi ahụ bụ na, n'oge nsogbu kranberrị nke awụ ahụ, a na-ere ihe oriri kranberị (ma na-eri ya site n' Ronald ya) n'agbanyeghị na e ji ọgwụ  pesticide carcinogenic metọọ ya.
Ọ gbasara ndị nwe ụlọ ọrụ ka ha nabata nri nri, iwu iwu nitrates na nri nri, ihe mgbakwunye na agwa jelii, na caffeine n'ime ihe ihe dị nro.

Desmond nwere otu oge gbara akwụkwọ na Ngalaba Agriculture nke United States akwụkwọ maka ikwe ka ndị na-achọ na-ekpo ọkụ tinye okwu ndị ahụ "anụ ehi niile" na "anụ niile" na akara ha n'agbanyeghị na ha ihe ndị  ọzọ. Mgbe marmar ahụ ahụ kpechara ikpe ya, ọ eka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na fon gwa ha na ọ ga-abụ ikpe na-abụ ezi ma ha gbaa akwụkwọ.

Desmond anwụ Septemba 30, 1988. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ọhụrụ

**New End Hospital** bụ ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Hampstead, north London . E hiwere ya na 1869 dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Hampstead Union, wee rụọ ọrụ ruo 1986. Emezigharịrị ụlọ ndị ahụ ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb| Igwe anwụrụ ọkụ nke bụbu akụkụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ, nke edobere dị ka akara ala
E hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ New End dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụlọ ọrụ Hampstead na 1869.   Ọ bụ London County Council weghaara ya na 1930, n'oge ahụ ọ nwere akwa 260. Sir Thomas Peel Dunhill hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ thyroid na 1931 maka ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa nwere goiter na-egbu egbu na myasthenia gravis . 

Ruo mgbe ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ, ndị ọrịa New End Hospital gụnyere ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, na ndị nne na-alụbeghị di na nwunye, na ụmụ ha. O nwekwara ụlọ ọgwụ maka ọgwụgwọ ndị ọrịa uche . N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ọgwụgwụ ọhụrụ bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ nke ndị agha merụrụ ahụ na ndị agha akpata oyi . 

Ndị London County Council weghaara ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na 1930 wee bụrụ onye amara nke ọma dị ka ebe etiti maka endocrinology .  Ọ sonyeere National Health Service na 1948 n'okpuru njikwa nke North East Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board.  Ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1986, mgbe erere ya na ego e nwetara iji kwado nrụgharị nke Queen Mary's Maternity Home. 

Ebe a na-edebe ozu ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Ụlọ ihe nkiri Ọgwụgwụ Ọhụrụ tupu agbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe omenala ndị Juu na 2011. 

## Hụkwa

* Nlekọta ahụike na London
* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England

## Edensibia
N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ọgwụgwụ ọhụrụ bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ nke ndị agha merụrụ ahụ na ndị agha a
John Milson Rhodes

thumb
thumb| Plaque na-echeta Dr.J.Milson Rhodes
Dr **John Milson Rhodes** (1847 – 25 Septemba 1909) bụ onye dibia bekee na mpaghara Didsbury, Manchester, UK. A mara ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze.

Amụrụ ya na Broughton, Salford na 1847 wee mụọ ọgwụ na Glasgow na Owen's College, Manchester. Ọ bụ onye otu Chorlton Board of Guardians site na 1882 wee tinye aka na ụlọ ọrụ nke mechara bụrụ Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Withington .  O nyere aka guzobe ụlọ ndị Styal Cottage . O hiwere Northern Workhouse Nursing Association na Chorlton workhouse ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ, nke Florence Nightingale mere dịka ọmụmaatụ.

O hibere Langho Colony maka Akwụkwụ na 1904 wee sonye na David Lewis Epileptics Colony . 

## Ọnwụ na ncheta
thumb| Elekere ncheta Rhodes na Didsbury
Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmetụta nke strychnine nke o nyere onwe ya. 

Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, 8-metre (26 ft) ụlọ elu elekere ka e wuru na ebe nchekwa ya na mpụga ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Didsbury . Elekere nkume Edwardian Baroque Portland na-agụnye ụzọ isi iyi mmanya ma buru ihe ncheta ọla nke na-egosipụta ihe osise enyemaka nke Rhodes. Ihe odide ahụ na-agụ  . Ọ bụ ezie na a kwaturu ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ na 1982, elekere ka na-eguzo dị ka akara ngosi mpaghara ma bụrụkwa ọkwa nke Abụọ edepụtara . 

Akpọrọ ụlọ ọha Wetherspoons na Didsbury, Milson Rhodes, aha ya, mana edochiri ya na 2017. 

## Edensibia
Glasgow na Owen's College, Manchester. Ọ bụ onye otu Chorlton Board of Guardians site
Òtù Ndị Ọgwụ Na-ahụ Maka Iwu Ndị Ogbenye

E hiwere **otu ndị ọrụ ahụike iwu ogbenye** na 1868 site na njikọta nke Association of Poor Law Medical Reform Association na Association of Metropolitan Workhouse Medical Officers . 

Joseph Rogers bụ onye nchoputa na ruo oge ụfọdụ onyeisi oche. 

## Hụkwa

* Iwu ndị ogbenye obodo 1867
* Onye ọrụ ahụike ahụike

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Newington

**Newington Workhouse** bụ ụlọ ọrụ maka enyemaka ime ụlọ nke ndị ogbenye na 182 Westmoreland Road, (ugbu a Beaconsfield Road), Walworth, London, n'ime ugbu a London Borough nke Southwark . Ọ ghọrọ Newington Lodge Public Assistance Institution na 1930, wee ghọọ ụlọ mmadụ na 1948. E mebiri ụlọ ahụ na 1969.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ewubere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1850 na hamlet nke Walworth iji dochie ụlọ ọrụ ochie nke parish St Mary Newington  mepere emepe na 1734.  Ebubere ụlọ 1850 ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe.  Ndị St Savior Poor Law Union weghaara saịtị ahụ na 1868 wee bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ.

LlIwu ime obodo 1929 kagburu sistemu ụlọ ọrụ, na 1930  Newington Workhouse ghọrọ Newington Lodge Public Assistance Institution, ruo mgbe ewepụrụ Iwu Ogbenye na 1948.  Ngalaba Welfare Council London gara n'ihu na-eji ya dị ka ebe obibi ọha . Na 1961 ọ nwere "ụmụ nwanyị 266 na ụmụaka sitere na ezinụlọ 72 kewara ekewa".  E kwaturu ụlọ ahụ na 1969  ma jiri Estate Aylesbury dochie ya. 

A na-edobe ndekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na London Metropolitan Archives .

## Omenala mkpa
CNNOnye na-eme ihe nkiri Charlie Chaplin nọrọ obere oge na Newington Workhouse na 1896. 

Egwuregwu telivishọn 1966 *Cathy Come Home* gosipụtara ọnọdụ ibi ndụ na Newington Lodge.

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọgwụ Obodo Nottingham

**Hospitallọ ọgwụ Nottingham City** bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Nottingham, England. Ọ nwere nnukwu 90-acre (360,000 m   saịtị n'okporo ụzọ mgbanaka na North nke etiti obodo. Ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụlọ mejupụtara ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ha jikọtara ya na ogologo ụzọ okporo ụzọ. Ụlọ gụnyere ụlọ ntụrụndụ, ebe Maggies Center maka ndị nwere ọrịa kansa, na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị ọrịa . Ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ Mahadum Nottingham NHS Trust na-elekọta ya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
áká_èkpè|thumb| North Corridor
Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ e wuru na York Street na 1729 bụ nke a kwaturu iji mee ka ọ gbasaa na Manchester, Sheffield na Lincolnshire Railway na 1895.  Ọ meghere ọzọ dị ka Bagthorpe Workhouse na Infirmary na 18 Maachị 1903.  Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ ndị agha n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ . 

Infirmary Bagthorpe ghọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ obodo na 1930 yana Hospitallọ Ọgwụ Obodo na 1937 tupu ịbanye na National Health Service na 1948.  Otu Captain Douglas Bader meghere ụlọ akwụkwọ Nottingham nke Physiotherapy na 1965.  Ụlọ ọrụ Bagthorpe, bụ nke mepere emepe maka ndị agadi a maara dị ka Sherwood Hospital, mechiri dị ka ụlọ ọrụ dị iche na 1983. 

Duchess nke Gloucester meghere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ahụike na 1986 na Princess Margaret kpughere ihe nyocha ahụ CT ọhụrụ na 1988.  Duke nke Kent meghere ngalaba nke redio ụlọ ọgwụ na physics ahụike na 1992 wee malite ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọhụrụ na 1994.  Prince Charles mepere Nottingham Breast Institute na 2004 na Sir Paul Smith meghere ebe Maggie's Center na 2011. 

N'afọ 2021 ntụkwasị obi nwetara ego site n'aka Ọha na-ahụ maka Decarbonisation Scheme iji wuo ebe ike ọhụrụ nke a ga-ejikọ ọkụ na nkeji ike. Nke a bu n'obi ibelata akara ukwu carbon ya site na tọn 14,000 wee kwe nkwa nchekwa ike ihe ruru nde £1.8 kwa afọ. Nkwekọrịta ya na Vital Energi gụnyere ntinye nke ọkụ ọkụ, 300 kWe solar PV panels, na 342&nbsp;kW ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-agba gburugburu ụlọ ọgwụ. 

## Ọrụ
Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na-eje ozi dị ka mpaghara mpaghara maka nlekọta ọrịa cancer, nephrology, ọrịa na-efe efe, cardiology, cardiothoracic ịwa ahụ na ọkụ; ma bụrụ ebe etiti mba maka ịwa ubu. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ngalaba na-ahụ maka iku ume, yana ebe a na-ahọpụta urology maka Nottingham. N'agbanyeghị ogo ya, ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ enwebeghị ngalaba Mberede na Mberede (A&E). Ọ na-enyekwa ụlọ ọrụ ọmụmụ na nwa ọhụrụ. 

N'Ọktoba 2022, e depụtara ngalaba ọmụmụ dịka otu n'ime nkeji itoolu dị otú ahụ bụ ndị e depụtara ezughị oke na nyocha nke nlekọta ọmụmụ nke Dr Bill Kirkup. 

Ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ nwere oke ọrụ na nkuzi na nyocha, yana njikọ na Mahadum Nottingham . Mmasị nyocha gụnyere rheumatology, ọrịa strok, ọgwụ iku ume na oncology. Studentsmụ akwụkwọ ahụike sitere na Mahadum Nottingham Medical School jikọtara ya na ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka akụkụ nke ọzụzụ ụlọ ọgwụ ha. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England
* Ụlọ ndị edepụtara na Nottingham (Sherwood ward)

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mmepe nke St Mary's, St. Nicholas, St. Peters & Union Workhouse, Bagthorpe Isolation Hospital na Bagthorpe Workhouse na Infirmary.
Phil Edmonston

Louis-Phillip Edmonston (26 Mee 1944 - 2 Disemba 2022) bụ onye na-akwado ndị akara Canada, onye ode akwụkwọ, ode esi na onye agha agha.  [1] Ya na Andrew Scheer, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị agha, ole na ole nwere ụmụ amaala America na Canada ka a na-achọpụta na nzuko omeiwu nke Canada.

Edmonston kacha mara amara maka usoro ụgbọ ala Lemon-Aid ya kwa afọ.  [1] O biri na Panama na njedebe nke ndụ ya

## ndabere
Amụrụ na Washington, DC, Edmonston jere ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ndị agha agha United States na Panama site na 1961 ruo 1964, ebe ọ gbanye ihe a na-akpọ ọgba aghara ọkọlọtọ, [1] wee gụchaa na Canal Zone College.  .  [2] O mechara kwaga Montreal, ebe a bịara mara ya dị ka onye ode na onye na-akwado ndị na-akwado

N'akwụkwọ akụkọ, Edmonston rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ telivishọn, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ syndicated, na onye ọbịa nke ihe ngosi oghere nke ya. 

## Onye na-akwado ndị ahịa
Na 1968 ọ ntọala Automobile Protection Association (APA), nke mere ma kesaa ozi gbasara ụgbọ ala ma rụgidere ụlọ ọrụ ala maka ọtụtụ nzukọ.  Edmonston bụ onye isi APA ruo 1987. N'ime ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-abụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị na-azọ na-azọrọ ndị agha ndị na-ekiri ma merie nde dollar na ọtụtụ ikpe maka ndị na-azụ ahuhu.

Edmonston abụrụla onye akaebe pro bono maka ntụpọ ụgbọ ala na nchekwa n'ihu ọtụtụ ụlọikpe na kọmitii gọọmentị. N'afọ 1982, ọ gbara akaebe na ezughị oke ụgbọ ala na nchebe nchara n'ihu Kọmitii na-ahụ maka Nkà na Ụzụ nke United States ma rụgide Ford nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ na-emepụta ụgbọ ala na-enye akwụkwọ ikike ịkwụ ụgwọ corrosion.

Edmonston bụ onye dere akwụkwọ 100 kacha ere maka ikike ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ala

## Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Edmonston batara na ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Canada na aka isi etiti 1988 dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro maka New Democratic Party (NDP) na Chambly, Quebec, na-etinye nke abụọ.  Ọ meri n'ịnyịnya ahụ na mbọ ya nke abụọ, mbụ aka nke 1990 bụ nke o meri onye minista mbụ Quebec Clifford Lincoln site na ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20,000 votes, na-aghọ onye mbụ so na nzuko omeiwu si Quebec ka.  ihe maka NDP.  [1] (Onye MP Quebec ọzọ, Robert Toupin sitere na Terrebonne, agafeburu ala na NDP na 1986.)

ike ya na NDP na-enwe ọgba aghara mgbe ụfọdụ.  N'oge mgbasa ozi onye isi na 1989 nke otu ahụ, ọ bụ egwu pụtara otu ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na Dave Barrett ikpe onye ndu.  Onye mba Quebec, Edmonston kpasuru echiche Barrett na mwepu n'ebe ahụ ike dị mkpa akụkụ Quebec gbasara iwu.  Esemokwu Edmonston na NDP maka ọnọdụ ya na chịlịka Canada na imegide ịisi na inyefe ikike na Quebec nyere aka na nri ya ịghara ịgba ịgba ọsọ maka elu aka ọzọ na 1993 .

## Ebe nchekwa
Enwere ike Phil Edmonston na Library na Archives Canada .  [1] nọmba ederede bụ R3727.

## Ọnwụ
Edmonston nwụrụ site na melanoma na Panama na 2 Disemba 2022, mgbe ọ dị afọ 78. 

## Isi mmalite

## Njikọ mpụga

Òtù:Aha
Ụlọ Ọgwụ Newcastle General

**Ụlọ ọgwụ General Newcastle** (NGH) bụ ọtụtụ afọ ụlọ ọgwụ bụ isi maka obodo Newcastle n'elu Tyne, England . Dịka akụkụ nke Newcastle n'elu Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust na-esi na saịtị atọ gaa na isi abụọ, emechiri ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ yana ọtụtụ ọrụ bufere ya na ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke obodo, Royal Victoria Infirmary na Freeman Hospital . Ngalaba ihe mberede na ihe mberede na nlekọta kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ mechiri na 16 Nọvemba 2010. Ebe a na-ejegharị maka obere ọrịa na mmerụ ahụ dị na saịtị ahụ. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ewubere ụlọ ọgwụ a ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ arụrụala maka Newcastle Union Workhouse.  Ụlọ malitere na 1868 ma meghere na 1870.  N'afọ 1921, e kewapụrụ ndị nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ na Workhouse ma gbanwee aha ahụ gaa na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Wingrove.  Na 1948 aha a gbanwere na Newcastle General Hospital mgbe ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke National Health Service .  

Ụlọ ọgwụ Newcastle n'elu Tyne NHS Foundation Trust haziri ụzọ o si enye nlekọta ahụike dị ukwuu na nke atọ n'ime obodo  na ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ bugara n'ụlọ ọgwụ Freeman na Royal Victoria Infirmary n'etiti 2008 na 2010. 

Mahadum Newcastle zụtara saịtị ahụ na 2019 wee na-ezube imepe mpaghara ọhụrụ ahụike mbụ nke UK. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na England

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkọwa NGH na National Archives