open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị na Ndị Na-arịọ Arịrịọ 1494

**Iwu Vagabonds and Beggars 1494** ma ọ bụ **Vagabond Act 1494** ( 11 Hen. 7. c. 2) bụ iwu nke nzuko omeiwu mere n'oge ọchịchị Henry VII . Iwu ahụ kwuru na "ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe, ndị na-abaghị uru na ndị a na-enyo enyo ga-edobe n'ọtọsị ụbọchị atọ na abalị atọ, ọ nweghịkwa ihe oriri ọzọ ma ọ bụghị achịcha na mmiri wee wepụ ya n'obodo. Otu narị ebe ikpeazụ o biri, bụ onye a kacha mara amara, ma ọ bụ amụrụ ya ma ọ dị n'elu ihe mgbu ahụ e kwuru n'elu." 

## Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta
Ọchịchị ime obodo n'oge mmalite ọgbara ọhụrụ na England (1400s-1700s) dị nnọọ iche na ọchịchị ọgbara ọhụrụ n'ihi na ọ dabere na obodo iji manye iwu na usoro. Ọ nweghị ndị uwe ojii dị adị, a na-ejuputakwa ọkwa ọchịchị ime obodo n'afọ ofufo. Ọkwa ndị a bụ ndị agbata obi, ndị enyi, ndị were ọrụ na ndị ụka; Gọọmenti ime obodo gbadoro ụkwụ na echiche nke obodo na imekọ ihe ọnụ iji guzobe usoro obodo. 

Oge mmalite nke oge a na-agbagha ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze ndị a ka England nwetara oge nke onu oriri na oke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ma mee ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye. Nrụgide ọha na mgbanwe ndị a kpatara ọgba aghara n'usoro okike nke ọha: echiche na nwoke, nwanyị na nwa ọ bụla maara ọnọdụ ya na obodo Bekee. Mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-etinye nrụgide na usoro gọọmentị guzobere, na-agbanwe otú gọọmentị si ahọrọ idobe usoro na mba ahụ dum.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị ogbenye na-aghọ ndị a na-atụ anya na iwu ọhụrụ ndị a etinyere maka iweghachi usoro ọha mmadụ. Akpọrọ aha dị ka ndị arịrịọ na ndị na-agba ọsọ, iwu dị ka Vagabonds and Beggars Act 1494 bụ iji taa ndị ogbenye England ahụhụ maka na ha bụ ogbenye. 

England oge gboo kwusiri ike n'echiche nke usoro obodo yana na onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ịma ebe ziri ezi ya n'ime usoro ahụ. Ndị ogbenye gbara aka n'ihe owuwu dị ugbu a n'ihi na ha adabaghị n'otu ebe. Iwu Ogbenye na iwu mmezi na mkpọsa Tudor sochirinụ kwadoro Vagabonds na Beggars Act 1494, na-edobe ndị mmadụ n'ọnọdụ ọha ha ziri ezi. 

## Mpụ na-ebili
London, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu yana ndị ọbịa na-agakarị, mere ka ịnọ na-amaghị aha bụrụ ọrụ dị mfe maka ndị omempụ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ụwa n'okpuru ndị omempụ malitere ma mepụta usoro nchekwa na ọgụgụ isi nke na-echebe ndị omempụ ọkachamara n'aka ndị uwe ojii kacha nta. Ndị na-ebi ndụ site na mpụ guzobere agbata obi nke ha bụ nke hiwere isi n'ọrụ ya n'akụkụ otu n'ime ebe ndị kacha na-eme ihe na London, Katidral St. Paul.  Ihe ize ndụ ndị dị na London kpaliri ịmepụta ihe ọmụma nke dọrọ ndị na-atụ anya nleta aka ná ntị banyere ụdị ojoro ndị omempụ na-eji; dị ka Gilbert Walker's *Manifest Detection of Dice Play* (1552) na Robert Greene 's *A Notable Discovery of Cozenage* (1592) *.*

Ọrụ mpụ mebiri oke nwoke na nwanyị na ma ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị ghọrọ ndị ọkachamara. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị họọrọ ime na ejiji ka ndị ikom. Otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ndị a bụ Mary Frith (Moll Cutpurse) onye nyekwara aka ịhazi na kụziere ndị omempụ n'okpuru ụwa. 

## Edensibia
Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1530

**Iwu Vagabonds 1530** ( 22 Hen. 8. c. 12) bụ omume emere n'okpuru Henry VIII ma bụrụ akụkụ nke Tudor Poor Laws nke England. N'uju, isiokwu ya bụ "A ga-enye iwu ka a ga-enye iwu nke na-eduzi ndị agadi, ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike ibi ndụ site na Alms; na otu a ga-esi taa ndị Vagabonds na ndị arịrịọ ahụhụ."

N'okpuru iwu a, ndị vagabonds nọ n'okpuru ntaramahụhụ siri ike nke ịpịa, karịa ebuka. Otú ọ dị, o mekwara ndokwa maka ndị na-enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ihi ọrịa, afọ, ma ọ bụ nkwarụ.  Ndị arịrịọ "enweghị ike" ndị a nwere ike nweta ikike ịrịọ arịrịọ site n'aka ndị ọka ikpe nke Udo obodo ha. N'ihi nke a, a ghọtara ụkpụrụ a dị ka iwu mbụ dara ogbenye nke Bekee ga-abụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ iji nye enyemaka, kama ịta ahụhụ n'efu, n'ihi na o mere ndị Justices of the Peace na-ahụ maka ndị ogbenye nwere ikike na mpaghara ha. 

## Edensibia
ọ dịkarịa ala akụkụ ụfọdụ iji nye enyemaka, kama ịta ahụhụ n'efu, n'ihi na o
Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dara ogbenye

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụgwọ ụtụ isi obodo 1928/29 sitere na Obodo Chichester na-egosi ụtụ maka Ọnụ Ọdịmma.
Na England na Wales **ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị dara ogbenye** bụ ụtụ isi n'ihe onwunwe a na-ana na parish ọ bụla, bụ nke e ji weta enyemaka na-adịghị mma . A chịkọtara ya n'okpuru ma Iwu Ogbenye Ochie na Iwu Ogbenye Ọhụrụ . A na-etinye ya n'ụtụ isi obodo 'n'ozuzu' n'afọ ndị 1920, ma na-aga n'ihu na Ụtụ Kansụl dị ugbu a.

## Okwu mmalite
Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1601 chịkọtara iwu enyemaka na-adịghị mma na mbụ wee webata usoro nke akụrụngwa.  Iwebata ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye chọrọ ndị ọchịchị, nke a maara dị ka vestry, na parish ọ bụla na-ezukọ otu ugboro n'afọ iji tọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye na ịhọpụta onye nlekọta nke ndị ogbenye na-anakọta ọnụego. Ndị ikpe ziri ezi nke udo na nkeji nkeji anọ nwere òkè n'ịlele ndekọ ego nke ọnụego dara ogbenye. 

## Mgbanwe
Usoro nke nrịbama bụ isiokwu mgbanwe, dị ka ewepu ihe onwunwe na-abụghị nke parish ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ.  N'ihi na anakọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye ma mefuo na mpaghara n'ime otu parish ahụ , Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1662 kwadoro echiche nke mmezi iji wepụ ndị ogbenye na parish ndị ọzọ.

Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 wepụrụ ọrụ maka nnakọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye site na akwa akwa parish. Nchịkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye nọgidere na-ahazi site na parish, nke ndị nlekọta iwu dara ogbenye na-anakọta ugbu a maka parish. N'agbanyeghị na a na-achịkọtakarị parish n'otu, parish ọ bụla nwere ike ịtọ ọnụego dị iche dabere na mmefu.

N'ime narị afọ nke 19, a na-edozi ọtụtụ ihe na-adịghị mma na usoro parish, dịka ọmụmaatụ ebe a na-ekewa parish ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ụka nke ọ bụla na-eme ihe dị ka parish dị iche. Ụkpụrụ nke Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1866 ji mee ihe maka mpaghara kwesịrị ịmalite parish obodo bụ na ha na-esetịpụ ọnụ ọgụgụ adịghị mma nke ha.

### London
Iwu Ogbenye Obodo 1867 ( 30 &amp;amp; 31 Vict. c. 6) hibere ọnụ ọgụgụ ogbenye obodo a ga-anakọta n'ofe mpaghara Board of Works nke Obodo ukwu . Iwu London (Equalisation of Rates) 1894 nyere na parish bara ụba na ebe bụ ugbu a County nke London ga-akwado ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye nke ndị nwere obere ego nwere nnukwu mmefu.

## Mkpochapụ
A na-eji usoro ọkwa maka ọnụego dara ogbenye dị ka ndabere nke ọnụego ndị ọzọ, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo izugbe sitere na 1738.

Ejikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dara ogbenye dị iche na mpaghara mpaghara ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ obodo site na Iwu Rating and Valuation Act 1925 .  Ọrụ nke parish na ndị nlekọta na nhazi na nchịkọta ọnụego ka ewepụrụ site na 1930. Mpaghara na mpaghara ahụ ghọrọ ndị nwe ọkwa maka ịtọ na ịnakọta ọnụego na nke a na-aga n'ihu na ndị isi ịgba ụgwọ ugbu a na-edobe ma na-anakọta ụtụ isi kansụl .

## Edensibia
dara ogbenye ma mefuo na mpaghara n'ime otu parish ahụ , Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1662 kwadoro echiche nke mmezi iji wepụdara ogbenye ma mefuo na mpaghara n'ime otu parish ahụ , Iwu enyemaka ndị ogbenye 1662 kwadoro echiche nke mmezi iji wepụ
H. D. Shourie

Hari Dev Shourie (1911-2005) bụ onye ama na-azụ na India

## Akụkọ ndụ
A egwuregwu Hari Dev Shourie na Lahore na British India na 1911. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ndị ọrụ obodo India.  Ọ dị ọrụ dị ka Director General na Indian Institute of Foreign Trade .  O hibere ihe ihe na India) na 1980, NGO dabere na New Delhi.  Ọ deziri akwụkwọ nke Common Cause na ikike ndị eji aha, aha ya bụ "Common Cause", nke ọ isiokwu tupu ndị India amata echiche nke ikike ndị agha.  Ọ akụkọ ogụ n'ọtụtụ ịgba akwụkwọ ndekọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha butere ikpe ikpe nke ndị ikpe Kasị Elu nke India.  Ihe eserese ya (India) akwụkwọla ọtụtụ nde mmadụ aka aka ikpe ikpe ziri ezi -dị ka apẹẹrẹ echere ezumike nka ha wdg Gọọmenti India nyere ya Padma Bhushan na Padma Vibhushan, nke atọ na nke abụọ ikpe elu nke ndị na-adịghị.  [1] A kpọrọ ya aha na ndị nke afọ site na Limca Book of Records.

Ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ maka probity na ndụ ọha na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ụlọ ọrụ ma raara onwe ya nye n'ịkwado ihe na-enwe nsogbu.  Common Cause nwere ọrụ na okwu dị ka 2G ụdịdị dị iche iche ikpe, India coal oke ojoro, Ọganihu ahụike ntuziaka, nhọpụta nke Lokpal, machibido nke Ọbara onya, wdg.

## Ezinụlọ
Nwa ya nwoke bụ Arun Shourie, onye bụbu Minista maka Nkwukọrịta, IT na Disinvestment na otu n'ime ndị nta akụkọ a ma ama nke India.

 Nwa nwoke ọzọ bụ Deepak Shourie, onye isi ụmụaka, Discovery Communications India.

 Nalini Singh, onye nta ndị TV-arrịlịka na onye isi ụmụaka, TV Live India Pvt Ltd.

## Ntuaka

## Nwa nwoke ọzọ bụ Deepak Shourie, onye isi ụmụaka, Discovery Communications India.

## Nalini Singh, onye nta ndị TV-arrịlịka na onye isi ụmụaka, TV Live India Pvt Ltd.
 Nwa nwoke ọzọ bụ Deepak Shourie, onye isi ụmụaka, Discovery Communications India.

 Nalini Singh, onye nta ndị TV-arrịlịka na onye isi ụmụaka, TV Live India Pvt Ltd.

## Njikọ mpụga

Òtù:Ikike Nri
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-echekwa Ihe

Central Warehousing Corporation bụ ụlọ ọrụ iwu n'okpuru 'The Warehousing Corporations Act, 1962. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ụzọ nke India ngwaahịa na 1957 iji nye nkwado ngwa agha na mpaghara ọrụ .  Ọ na-arụ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe 422 n'ofe India nwere ikike nchekwa 10 nde tɔn.  Ụlọ ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nri, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ụlọ ọrụ ihe, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe eji ọnụ ọnụ, ụgbọ ibu akpa, ebe a na-ebusa ihe n'ime ime na ibu ikuku.

## Ọrụ
Iwu nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, 1962: N'okpuru ndokwa nke iwu a, Central Warehousing Corporation nwere ike: 

* Debanye aha na isi ego nke ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe nke steeti;
* Mee dị ka onye nnọchi anya Gọọmenti maka ebumnuche ịzụrụ, ire, nchekwa na nkesa ihe ọkụkụ, mkpụrụ osisi, nri nri, fatịlaịza, ngwa ọrụ ugbo na ngwa ahịa amara ọkwa; na
* Na-arụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka enwere ike ịnye ya.

Ndị ọrụ nkwakọba ihe (mmezigharị) Bill, 2011 ka akwadoro na Lok Sabha site n'aka Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution na-achọ ime Mini-Ratna ụlọ ọrụ Central Warehousing Corporation (CWC) ka ọ bụrụ otu onye n'onwe ya  na-egwu ịbụ onye na-ekwe nkwa.  

## Ọrụ
Ụbọchị CWC ndị nchekwa nchekwa na nchekwa maka ihe nkiri ngwa egwu 400 nkiri ihe nkiri, ihe ngosi, akara emechara na ụdị hygroscopic na ihe na-emebi emebi.

* Ebe nchekwa nchekwa sayensị maka ngwa ahịa gụnyere hygroscopic na ihe na-emebi emebi site na netwọkụ nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe 421 na India yana ndị ọrụ 2880 ya.
* Bubata na mbupụ akụrụngwa nkwakọba ihe na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 36 ya na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.
* Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ejikọtara ọnụ.
* Ọrụ mkpochapụ.
* Ijikwa, Ụgbọ njem & Nchekwa nke arịa ISO. 

CWC na-enyere aka ịzọga ngwa ebubata na mbupụ gaa na site na obodo ụgbọ mmiri mmiri wee nyere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ime obodo niile.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ 36 CFS / ICD ebe a na-enye ọrụ nhazi maka mbubata / mbupu ibu.  Enyere ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe ikike na wuo ụlọ nkwakọba ihe maka nchekwa nke ihe omume, ikike osisi, fatịlaịza na ngwa ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ amaara ọkwa yana ọrụ dị ka onye onye anya Central Warehousing Corporation ma ọ bụ nke ike, maka nkọwapụta,  nchekwa nchekwa, nkesa.  wdg, nke Agricultural Commodities n'oge mkpa.  [1] N'agbanyeghị na a katọrọ ya maka ike ike ọrụ yana ngwaahịa ejiri were were.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ikike Nri
Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation

Coal Mines Provident Fund Organisation (CMPF) bụ ụlọ ọrụ India hibere na 1948 n'okpuru Coal Mines Provident na Iwu Iwu Dị iche iche 1948 .  [1] Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ego ezumike nka nke ndị na-egwupụta kol na-enwetakwa ya site n'aka ndị na-ahụ coal kwa otu ụzọ.  [2] Ego ahụ na- ịkwụ ụgwọ ezumike nka nke ihe dị ka 500,000 bụbu ndị na-egwupụta coal, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ ndụ 2017 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọ Ọrụ Nri nke India

thumb|Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 477209 - Food Corporation of India.
Onye ọrụ nri nke India ( FCI ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ iwu ikike nke India ozi ma na-elekọta ya.  Ọ bụ n'okpuru ikike nke Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution, nke e hibere site na iwu nke Food Corporation Act, 1964 [1] nke nzuko omeiwu nke India .  Akpọrọ onye isi ya dị ka Louis oche na onye isi ụmụaka, onye bụ onye ọrụ oge nke IAS cadre.  Emebere ya na 1965 yana isi ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ya na Chennai .  Emechara nke a kwagara New Delhi .  O mpaghara mpaghara na isi obodo nke steeti.

## Iwu
E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ nri nke India na 14 Januarị 1965, na-enwe ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ya na Thanjavur, yana isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Chennai, n'okpuru Food Corporations Act 1964 [1] iji me ụlọ akwụkwọ National Food Policy .

## Ọnụọgụ
 Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na India nke egwu, yana otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka usoro ọkọnọ na Eshia .  [1] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na mpaghara 5 na mpaghara 26. Kwa afọ, Ndị Ọrụ Nri nke India na-azụta ihe dị ka 15 ruo 20 nke ọka wit India na 12 ruo 15 nke osikapa ọ na-obi.  A na-azụta ihe ndị a n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọrịa India.  A na-akpọ oku a MSP ( akaji aka kacha nta ).

## Ọrụ
Enwere ndị ọrụ 21,847 na-arụ ọrụ na FCI dịka nke 2019. [1] Ebe nchekwa ya nke dị na Hapur na Uttar Pradesh, Malur na Karnataka na Elavur na Tamil Nadu.

## Hụkwa

* Ụlọ ọrụ Food Corporation nke India FC

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 
Òtù:Ikike Nri
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọka Na-achị Mba

National Sugar Institute ( NSI ) akara na 1936, na-etinye aka na nyọbọbọ,nchebe na onye maka shuga na ụlọ ọrụ ndị aka, na ọrụ n'okpuru Ngalaba Nri na Nkesa Ọha nke Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution.  .  N'ịbụ nke dị na Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, ọ na-enye egwu nkà na ẹzà na-ama na ngalaba niile nke kemịkalụ shuga, ịbụ shuga, injinịa shuga na mpaghara ndị mụrụ aka.  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye aka na akara etiti na steeti n'ihe gbasara shuga na ụlọ ọrụ aka   

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
National Sugar Institute nwere ihe mere eme ochie na mgbochi na 1920. Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mpaghara a na-akọ ihe gbara ndị Gọọmenti Indian Indian ume ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ Sugar na India nke mekwara ka e guzobe Kọmitii Sugar India.  Kọmiti ahụ kwuru na ọ bụ aro maka ụlọ ọrụ India niile maka ndị na-ekiri n'okirikiri nke okpete na ikike shuga na 1920 nke Royal Commission akwụkwọ ọzọ na 1928 & bọọdụ tarifu na 1930. Na ndabere nke onye ndu dị n'elu, Gọọmenti India  weghaara ngalaba Sugar nke HARCOURT BUTLER TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, Kanpur wee guzobe Imperial INSTITUTE OF SUGAR TECHNOLOGY, Kanpur na October, 1936. Edebere ụlọ ọrụ Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology n'okpuru ihe nke Imperial Council of Agricultural Research dị na site HBTI, Kanpur na October.  Mgbe e Kọmitii Okpete Central Indian Central na 1944, e nyere njikwa nke Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology na kọmitii ahụ kwuru.  N'ihi na India akwụkwọ onwe na 1947, aha ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ akwụkwọ site na Imperial Institute of Sugar Technology gaa na Indian Institute of Sugar Technology (IIST).  Site na nguzobe nke Development Council for Sugar Industry n'okpuru ndokwa nke Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951, arụ ọrụ nke Indian Central Sugarcane Committee na-emetụta site na 1 January 1954 na mmemme nke Institute nye Gọọmenti India, n'  okpuru Ministry of Food & Agriculture.  N’Eprel, 1957, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na National Sugar Institute (NSI).  Akwụkwọ ahụ si na ụlọ akwụkwọ HBTI, Kanpur gaa n'ogige nke ya na Kalyanpur, Kanpur na 1963 ma ugbu a ọ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ shuga na Asia.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enye usoro iku diploma diploma na nkà na ẹse shuga (ANSI (ST) Associateship nke National Sugar Institute in Sugar Technology), sugar engineering (ANSI (SE) Associateship of the National Sugar Institute in Sugar Engineering) na na ụlọ  ọrụ ịgba ụka na nkà na ጠጡ.  DIFAT, diplọma na ụlọ ọrụ ịgba ụka na ịnọgide).  Na mgbakwunye, a na-enye akwụkwọ ozi post diploma na injinịa shuga (SECC, injinịa shuga).

## Ụlọ akwụkwọ
Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ọbá akwụkwọ nwere ntụ oyi zuru oke nke ọma. Ọ bụ nchịkọta akwụkwọ shuga kachasị na nke kachasị na India na ụwa  .

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị gọọmentị
* Webụsaịtị nchịkwa NSI
* Webụsaịtị NSI Ọmụmụ Ihe Ọmụmụ
* Weebụsaịtị mahadum
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ HBTI Kanpur
Òtù:Nhazi Nri
Ụlọ ọrụ Nri nke India FC

Food Corporation of India Football Club bụ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ India nke dabere na Kolkata, West Bengal .  Klọb ahụ, nke a na-ede dị ka FCI East, na-ahụ egwu na Calcutta Football League Premier Division

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Klọb ahụ na-anya anya ngalaba egwuregwu nke Food Corporation of India ma na-achịkwa saịtị na FCI Sports Promotion Board.  Emebere bọọdụ ahụ na 1969 na ọtụtụ kọmitii na-achịkwa ngalaba na okwa mpaghara na mpaghara.  Ọ Hel ya na ndị otu egwuregwu egwuregwu India wee sonye n'ọtụtụ ngalaba nke Calcutta Football League.

Na June 2023, FCI etinyere na otu I nke CFL Premier Division, mgbe Indian Football Association (IFA) kwuputara njikọta nke Premier Division A na B nke Calcutta Football League, tupu mbipụta 125th ya. 

## Ndị egwuregwu ama ama

* Krishanu Dey   
* Aloke Mukherjee
* Mehtab Hossain
* Deepak Mondal
* Narender Thapa   

## Nkwanye ugwu

* **Iko ahia** 
** Ndị mmeri (1): 2014 
** Ndị gbara ọsọ (1): 2011
* **Nripendra Narayan Bhattacharjee Trophy**
** Ndị mmeri (1): 2004 

## Ngalaba ọzọ

### Egwuregwu hockey nwoke
FCI (mpaghara ihe) nwere otu egwuregwu hockey ụmụ nwoke, nke achọpụta ya na Bengal Hockey Association, na ajụjụ na Calcutta Hockey League .  

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ikike Nri
Ministri nke Ihe Ndị Ahịa, Nri na Nbudata Ọha

Ministri nke ndị aha, nri na nkesa nsogbu bụ ozi ozi nke India.  Ọ bụ onye minista ọkwa ọkwa nke Minista na-eduzi ya .

## Ngalaba
E kewara ozi ahụ na ngalaba abụọ, ngalaba nke nri na nkesa ọha na ngalaba nke Consumer Affairs.

### Ngalaba nri na nkesa ọha
Ebumnuche nke ngalaba ahụ bụ ịhụ:

* ụgwọ ọrụ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo.
* inye ọka nri na ọnụ ahịa ezi uche dị na ya site na usoro nkesa ọha.

#### Sistemụ Nkesa Ọha
Sistemụ Nkesa Ọha nke India (PDS) bụ usoro nchekwa nri mba nke na-ekesara ndị ogbenye India nri nri .  Ngwa ahihi bụ isi ọkpụkpọ wit, osikapa, shuga na-ekiri ọkụ .  Mgbakwunye nri sitere na nwa ihe mmetụta (n'ihi ihe Green na ezigbo oge udu mmiri) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nri nke India na-ahụ maka ya, nke Food Corporation Act 1964 akara.  Usoro a na-eme ihe atumatu mba maka nkwado ugbo, nkwado, nkwado, nchekwa, nchekwa, obodo obodo na nkesa.  PDS nwere ihe nke ihe dị ka 478,000 Fair Price Shops (FPS), nke nwere ike nkesa okwu n'ụdị ya n'ụwa, nke otu Union na steeti steeti na-arụ.

### Ngalaba nke Consumer Affairs
Ngalaba ahụ na-ahụ maka atumatu maka ndị otu ndị ọrụ, nleba anya anya, nnweta ngwa dị mkpa, ike ndị njikwa na njikwa nke ndị otu iwu dịka Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) na Arọ na nha

* Ụlọ ule mba
* Ụkpụrụ nke ibu na nha
* Ụlọ ọrụ nke ụkpụrụ India
* Njikọ ndị ahịa
* Forward Markets Commission, Mumbai
* Nleba anya ọnụ ahịa na nnweta ngwa ahịa dị mkpa
* Iwu nchekwa ndị ahịa, 2019
* Ego ọdịmma ndị ahịa
* Azụmahịa ime
* Azụmahịa Inter-State: Nkwadebe ime mmụọ (Inter-State Trade and Commerce) Iwu njikwa, 1955 (39 nke 1955).
* Njikwa nke Ịzụ ahịa Ọdịnihu: Iwu Nkwekọrịta Na-aga n'ihu (Iwu), 1952 (74 nke 1952).

## Ndị ozi

### Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo (1947–71)

### Nri na ihe ndị obodo (1983–91)

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## Ngalaba nri (Ndị minista steeti)

## Ntụaka
Ministry of Food, Civil Supplies and Consumer Protection (Maharashtra)

. Ministri nri, ihe ndị obodo na nchekwa ndị ọrụ bụ ozi nke Gọọmenti Maharashtra .  Ministri ahụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa ndị ọrụ na akara ihe oriri na ọkọnọ obodo na Maharashtra .

Onye minista ọkwa ọkwa nke kabinet na-eduzi ya.  Chhagan Bhujbal bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka nri, ndị na-eweta obodo na nchekwa ndị agha ogbu a.

## Isi ụlọ ọrụ
 

## Ndepụta nke ndị minista

## Ndepụta nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu
 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ngalaba na-eweta nri na obodo ahụ na Machị 1965. Tupu 1965, Nri na Mmekọ Obodo bịara n'okpuru Ọrụ Ugbo, nri na imekọ ihe ọnụ.

## Ikike
Ministri na-elekọta Maharashtra .  Ngalaba na-arụ ọrụ na ngwaahịa Iwu dị mkpa, 1955

## Nchedo ndị ahịa
E kewara ngalaba n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a maka ebumnuche nhazi. 

**Ihe mejupụtara nke State Commission** Ụlọ ọrụ steeti nwere 

* Ndi otu ise

# otu Onye isi ala (nọ ọdụ ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe High Court lara ezumike nka)
# otu bụ onye otu ikpe (nọdụ ala ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe mpaghara ezumike nka)
# na otu onye bụ nwanyị.
# mmadụ abụọ nwere ihe ọmụma zuru oke maka iwu nchekwa ndị ahịa

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ikike Nri
Bharat NCAP

kpakpando nleba ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ nke Bharat, nke a na-akpọ kpọkarị Bharat NCAP, bụ mmemme ihe ụgbọ ala ọhụrụ maka India .  A ga-ekenye ụgbọ ala ndị a na-ere na mba ahụ site na ọkwa dabere na ọrụ nchekwa ha.  Emebere ya n'usoro n'usoro, dịka nke National Automotive Testing na R&D Infrastructure Project weputara.  Ọ bụ NCAP nke iri n'ụwa ma ihu India hiwere ya

A faịlụ anya na mmemme a ga-amalite n'etiti afọ 2014, mana yi star ka ọ tọ na 2017. E mechara megharịa ya ruo n'ikpeazụ na-azụ na August 2023. [1] N'ime afọ abụọ nke mme otu iwu ụgbọ, ala ala  ọhụrụ a na-ere na India ga-achọ irubere okwa mgbasa afụ dabere na ule nchekwa okuku .  Atụmatụ dị egwu dị ka airbags, ABS, na ihe ihe oche ga-abụ ọkọlọtọ n'ọpọ ala ndị a na-ere na India sitere na ɔkwan na ihe ike amanyere iwu.  Nnwale ụgbọ mkpọka n'ihu, azụ na azụ .  Sarki ala ga-eji ozi na-ezute ndị siri ike dị ka ndị na-agafe agafe, ahụ whiplash na pụtara na ihe ndị a na-ahụ.

Akọ ndị na-egbu n'ihi ihe okporo ụzọ na India dị ihe dị ka okpukpu atọ ruo anọ nke mba Europe dịka France, Germany na Spain.  [1] A katọrọ ozi nchekwa ụgbọ ala India dị ka ike oke yana arụ ọrụ.  India nwere ụgbọ ala nke isii elele, mana ọ ka bụ naanị mba n'etiti ụgbọ ala iri kacha elu n'ụwa na-etinye mmemme nke na-atụ nchekwa ụgbọ ala.  [2] A na-eme ọkụ na ụgbọ ala dị na India ga-eri 8-15% diẹ n'ihi nrube isi na ebu ndị a.  ụzọ, ijikọ ozi nchekwa ụgbọ ala India na ụwa ga-enyere ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala na-ebu ụgbọ ala emepụtara n'ime obodo n'ụwa niile.

## Atụmatụ
BNCAP malitere nnwale gọọmentị site na Disemba 2023 gawa. Ndị otu Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI) kọwara ụkpụrụ nnwale ụgbọ ala dị ka ndị a:

# Nnwale ihu n'ihu (64&nbsp;km/h tụrụ aro)
# Nnwale mmetụta akụkụ
# Nnwale nchedo ndị ji ụkwụ aga
# Nnwale mmetụta azụ
# Nnwale okuku siri ike nke ụmụaka dummy

A ga-enye ụgbọ ala ahụ ihe dabere na njirimara nchekwa dị n'ime ụgbọ ala dịka ABS, ihe ncheta belt oche, mkpọchi ụmụaka, na njikwa nkwụsi ike eletrọnịkị.

India ahụla ọnwụ okporo ụzọ kwa afọ karịa mba ọ bụla kemgbe 2006, na-efu ndụ na ọnụego 230,000 kwa afọ. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa ụgbọ ala na-akwado njide nke ule ihe mberede ihu dị ala na 56&nbsp;km / h (34.8&nbsp;mph).

NHTSA bụ ebumnuche nke nchekwa nchekwa US na-agba ọsọ, na-eme rọ ihu n'ihu na 64.3.  km/h (40 mph).  [1] N'okpuru BNCAP, dị ka Euro NCAP, ụgbọ ala ga-anwale okuku na 64 km/h maka nchebe ihu nke bụ nkezi ọsọ na India.

Bharat NCAP 2023 yiri Global NCAP 2023,  nke dabere na Latin NCAP 2016. 

## Mmelite ọnọdụ

* Na 2022 Minister Transport Transport Nitin Gadkari kwupụtara na Bharat NCAP ga-anwale ụgbọ ala India. 

* Na 22 Ọgọst 2023 Bharat NCAP bụ onye Minista Transportgbọ njem Nitin Gadkari malitere na ọ ga-amalite na 1 October 2023. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

* N'ihi mmemme, mmemme ahụ egbuola ọnwa ole na ole ma ugbu a bụ maka nsonaazụ ụgbọ ala mbụ ya na 15 Disemba 2023 yana ụlọ ọrụ na-ekere òkè dị ka Hyundai, Maruti na Tata n'ọtụtụ ule ụgbọ ala mbụ ya. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Hụkwa

* Ụkpụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala
* Ụkpụrụ ikuku nke Bharat

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụkpụrụ na Ụkpụrụ nke India

Koodu Banking and Standards Board of India ( BCSBI ) [1] bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ nọọrọ onwe ya na-echekwa ndị na-azụ ndị ọrụ ụlọ akụ na India .  Ozi ọrụ ahụ na-ahụ maka aha na "koodu nke nkwa ụlọ akụ nye ndị ọrụ".  Ọ bụghị usoro nkwụghachighachi ma na-eleba anya na mekwara onye ọ gbala ruo n'ókè ọ na-arụtụ aka na ike usoro ọ gbalaa.  Ọ bụ otu n'otu onwe ya na nke kwụụrụ onwe ya, debara aha ya dị ka ọha mmadụ dị iche n'okpuru Iwu Ndebanye aha Societies, 1860 na 18 February 2006. [2] Banklọ akụ Reserve nke India na-enye nkwado ego na Board, na  -ezute agụ ya maka afọ ise mbụ.  [3] akwụkwọ, na 28 September 2021, ụlọ akụ ndị otu ahụ mere akwado na-akwado mgbasa BCBSI.  N'ihi ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma na-agbasa

## Ebumnuche bụ isi

* Iji mee atụmatụ, kwalite, kwadebe, wulite, kwalite na bipụta afọ ofufo, Usoro na ụkpụrụ maka ụlọ akụ, iji nye ndị ahịa ha ọgwụgwọ ziri ezi.
* Iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nche nọọrọ onwe ya na nke kwụụrụ onwe ya iji nyochaa ma hụ na agbadoro Usoro na ụkpụrụ.
* Ime na ime nyocha nke Koodu na ụkpụrụ a na-eji ugbu a gburugburu ụwa.
* Iji banye n'ọgbụgba ndụ na ụlọ akụ maka idebe koodu na ụkpụrụ yana ịzụ ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ akụ dị otú ahụ gbasara Koodu.
* Iji nyere ndị ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha aka.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
SS Tarapore (Onye bụbu osote onye isi nke RBI)  weputara echiche iji guzobe kọmitii maka abamuru nke ndị ahịa ka ha wee nweta ọrụ ego ka mma. 

## Kansụl na-achị isi
Ndị otu isi ọchịchị na-achị bọọdụ ahụ gụnyere otu onye isi oche.

## Ndị otu
Dị ka nke February 2013, ụlọ akụ azụmahịa 69 ahaziri, 11 Urban Co-operative Banks na 54 mpaghara ime obodo bụ ndị otu bọọdụ.

## Hụkwa

* Ndị otu ụlọ akụ India
* Ndepụta nke ndị ọrụ nchịkwa ego site na ikike

## Ntụaka

* Official website
* Code of Bank’s Commitment to Customers in English Archived 5 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* Code of Bank’s Commitment to Customers in Hindi Archived 22 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine
* Code of Bank's Commitment to Micro and Small Enterprises in Hindi Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Òtù:Ikike Nri
Joe K. Longley

Joe K. Longley (amuru Febụwarị 10, 1943) [1] bụ onye ọka iwu America.  Ọ bụ onye isi mbụ nke Antitrust na Consumer Protection Division of Texas Attorney General's Office na 1973, na 1979 bụ onye nchoputa nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu Longley & Maxwell, LLP.  Na 2018 ọ igodo Onye isi oche nke Texas State Bar .

## Ndụ mbido
 A ሚዛን Longley na February 10, 1943. [1] Mgbe ọ ozizi akwụkwọ na Arlington Heights High School na Fort Worth, Texas, [2] Joe K. Longley akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Texas na 1969. [3] A  nabatara ya na State Bar nke Texas n'otu awụ ahụ.  [4] N'ịgbaso ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu, onye ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa ndị ọrụ nke Attorney General, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu na Edwards na DeAnda na Corpus Christi, Texas .  N'ihe dị ka ọhụrụ 1970s, Longley abụrụla onye na-eme ihe naanị, na-arụ ọrụ na Austin, Texas .  N'ime oge a, ọrụ ya ndị nkwubi okwu akparaghị maka Texas Consumers Association.

## Ọrụ
Longley nọ na ndị otu mgbasa ozi maka John Hill n'oge mkpọsa ọ gara nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ Attorney General nke Texas.[1]  Na 1973, Longley ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke Antitrust na Consumer Protection Division of Texas Attorney General's Office, [2] ebe o dekwara Texas Consumer Protection Act na Deceptive Trade Practices Act.[3]  Ọ jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ iwu Austin Longley & Maxwell, LLP na 1979 ya na Philip Maxwell.[4]  Ọ laghachiri na omume solo n'etiti afọ 2000, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'okwu ikpe klas na Texas, Arkansas, California, na Oklahoma. 

## Onye isi oche nke State Bar of Texas
A ṅụrụ Longley iyi dị ka onye isi 138th nke State Bar of Texas na 2018. [1] Ọ bụ ya bụ onye mbụ mgbaàmà n'akwụkwọ ugboro ka ọ nwetara vootu steeti niile.  [2] Mgbe oge ya gafechara, [3] ọ kpà Onye isi ala azụ gara aga nke State Bar of Texas.  Longley wee dee akwụkwọ bụ́ How We Did It .... 2016-2019, nke na-edekọ ozi ya n'ịgbanwegharị State Bar ma n'oge oge ya na mgbe e ezi

## Ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri
Longley bụ onye na-etinye ego na onye mmecha maka ihe nkiri 1974 The Texas Chainsaw Massacre site na obere m ndị na-etinye ego, ha hụrụ PITS, acronym na-eje maka "Pie in the Sky".  [1] N'ime afɔ ihe nkiri ahụ gara nke ọma, Longley Harry na ndị enyi ya chere na ihe nkiri ahụ ga-agbapụ, na-enye ha nhọrọ iwepụta akwụkwọ ụtụ isi na ihe nkiri ahụ, na ihe ịga nke  ọma nke ihe nkiri ahụ ejide ha.  Na ike maka ike ego, otu ahụ nwere 19% nke Vortex/Henkel/Hooper Production, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri.  [2] Mgbe ahapụchara ya, ụlọ ikpe ahụ kenyere Longley ka ọ bụrụ nna ukwu iche iche ka ọ ikike nkesa n'aka onye bụbu onye ya na ya na-emekọbu, tupu onye mmalite ya.  [3] Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Longley enwetala kredit maka ihe nkiri 1981 Raggedy Man [4] na 1987's Red Headed Stranger .

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Robert S. Adler

.Robert S. Adler bụ onye na-akwado ndị aha na United States.  Ọ bụ onye otu US Consumer Product Safety Commission, ma na nso a dị ka onye isi oche onye isi oche site na Ọktoba 2019 ruo Ọktọba 2021. [1] [2] Ọ bụ onye Democrat ma onye na-eme oche n'  ihi votu ụdị anya na-agafe ahịrị pati si n'aka onye bụbu onye isi oche Ann Marie Buerkle 

Adler bụ Prọfesọ nke nchekwa Iwu na Luther H. Hodges, Jr. Ọkà nhọrọ na Iwu & Ethics na Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill 's Kenan-Flagler Business School .  [1] Ọ ọrụ dị ka Associate Dean of the MBA Program yana dị ka Associate Dean maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Bachelor of Science in Business Administration Programme.  [1] Onye nna nke nkuzi nkuzi ma n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ yana mahadum niile, egwuregwu na nkuzi Adler lekwasịrị anya na nchekwa ndị ọrụ, atụgharị, ihe omume, ikike, na mkparita uka.  [1] Tupu na ngalaba UNC, Adler jere ozi dị ka onye na-edozi na Kọmitii Ndị Ozi United States na Energy na Azụmahịa ebe ọ na-adụ ọdụ na CPSC ndị omebe iwu na akwụkwọ n'okpuru nduzi nke Henry Waxman .  [1] Tupu nke ahụ, ọ ite awụ iri na otu (site na 1973 ruo 1984) dị ka onye ọka iwu-onye ịhọpụta ndị kọmishọna abụọ na CPSC na Washington, DC [1] Otu n'ime ndị komishana ọ na ọrụ bụ  R. David Pittle, onye mbụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  CPSC.  [1] Tupu isonyere ndị ọrụ CPSC, Adler jere ozi dị ka osote Attorney General maka ngalaba ikpe ziri ezi nke Pennsylvania, ebe ọ na-aga isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ndịada egwuregwu nke Pennsylvania Bureau of Consumer Protection.  [1] A na-achọpụta Adler ugboro isii ka ọ bụrụ ndị isi oche nke Consumers Union, onye na-agba magazine Consumer Reports.  [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na otu Obama-Biden Presidential Transition Team wee dekọọ nchọcha ụlọ ọrụ na CPSC.  [1] Adler akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pennsylvania wee nata JD ya na Mahadum Michigan .

## Ọnọdụ
N'ime oge ya na CPSC, Adler akwadowo ike ntọala nchekwa maka ndị agadi, na-arụ ụka na "mmerụ ahụ na-ahụ sitere na magị ndị na-amalite ngwa ngwa ngwa eji ndị ọrụ ruru awụ 75."  [1] Adler akatọkwala ndokwa dị n'ụkpụrụ organic CPSC nke na-achịkwa ikesa ozi site na CPSC

## Ọrụ ahọpụtara

* Adler, Robert S.; Popper, Andrew F. (February 2019). "Ojiji nke ngwaahịa na-eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi: Ịta ụta nke onye merụrụ ahụ na nke kachasị njọ." *Nlebanya iwu azụmahịa William & Mary* . 10 (2): 337.
* 
* 
* 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Òtù America nke Ndị Na-ere Ikike na Ndị Na-azụ Ahịa

Òtù American Association of Franchisees and Dealers ( AAFD ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ nke na-eme omume na-adịghị mma nke dị na obodo franchise, na ihe nkịtị na eze gbasara iwu franchise ziri ezi, na ọhọrọ nke  franchise dị mma 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
American Association of Franchisees and Dealers (AAFD) [1] akara n'ihi na iwu United States nke na-ekwu na ị na-hazi franchising na-akwado iwu franchise nke ọma, kama ibu franchise wayo .  Ọ na pia franchisor na- Burị nke omume ya, omume ndị na-adịghị mma bụ nke a ga-amanye.  AAFD na-achọ ịnyị nkwụghachi maka iwu iwu franchise na- mama enyi na ego aha na ụlọ ọrụ franchise site n'inye onyinye maka ndị otu aha, franchisees, ndị nwe franchise na ndị na-atụ anya nkọrụ ihe.  AAFD bụ ekiri na- nnyonye anya nke mba raara onwe ya nye ngosi ngosi na omume franchise kacha mma.

## Ụkpụrụ franching ziri ezi
AAFD hibere ụkpụrụ ziri ezi nke omume franching ziri ezi maka obodo franchise ka ndị na-azụ ahịa franchise wee nwee ebumnuche ebumnuche nke ha ga-eji kpebie ohere ị nweta aha. 

## Iwu franchise
Ndị ọrụ egwuregwu egwuregwu etiti United States ndị wayo franshise dị ka pyramid 

Ọganihu nke usoro ịwepụta aha nke obere obere ebutela nnukwu ahaghị nhata n'ikike ịre akara nke ndị franchisors na franchisees.  Taa, na mgbe ndị franchise, franchise nke ọgbara ọhụrụ na-enye ụkpụrụ chọrọ iche, na-amachibido ọrụ franchise dị ka onye ọchụnta ego nọọrọ onwe ya, na-enye na franchise na-achịkwa aha aha ma jide franchise ahụ ka ọ ghara  ịga n'ihu na akwụkwọ mgbe ọ na-ahụ franchise .  Onye franchise ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere ike ịbụ ikike iji njikwa ọrụ n'aha franchisor maka oge nke franchise.  Ụfọdụ ụdị franchises na-ekwu kpọmkwem na franchisee ụtụ nha nha nha na azụmahịa, yana na azụmahịa bụ nke franchisor n'ezie.  Ọtụtụ mgbe franchise ọgbara ọhụrụ na-ekwe nkwa ọrụ dị ole na ole yana obere Nkwado sitere na franchisor.

## Iwu Franchise
Na United States, a na-hazi franchising site na webụdị anya nke nwere Federal Trade Commission Franchise Rule, iwu steeti na ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] Ụdị Iwu Franchise kacha ọhụrụ bụ na 2007, ka ebipụtara na Federal Register / Vol.  72, Nke 61 / akwụkwọe, Maachị 30, 2007 / Iwu na Iwu, peeji nke 15544 ruo 15575. ( peeji nke 1 ruo 133 nke faịlụ pdf a e zoro aka na ya)

Ndị Franchisors na-eme franchise franchise ga-anwa ịmanye franchise na-ahapụ sistemu aha franchise bịanyere aka na ihe nri m na-eme, bb , ma ọ bụ iwu gag .  Usoro gag ga-enyere aka ndị ndị na-achọ franchise ọhụrụ na-amụma mkpa gbasara franchise na-achọsi ike.

## Hụkwa

* Wepụta akwụkwọ mkpughe
* Rollovers dị ka azụmaahịa mmalite
* Okwu ikpe na-enweghị isi
* International Franchise Association

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ikike Nri
Katherine Albrecht

Dr. Katherine Albrecht bụ onye na-akwado nke ndị ọrụ, osote onye isi oche (VP) nke Startpage.com [1] na ọnụ na-ekwuchitere ekwe ekwe redio-frequency (RFID).  Albrecht chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ " chips spy " iji ji mkpado RFID dị ka ndị isi na ike paspọtụ yana ụfọdụ ikike ịkwọ ụgbọala United States kwalitere .  Albrecht nwere doctorate na nọmba na ndị isi akara na Mahadum Harvard  

A gbara Albrecht ngalaba ọnụ ngalaba ibe RFID na akwụkwọ 2006 nke Aaron Russo America: Site na akwụkwọ onwe ruo Fascism

## Mbipụta

### Akwụkwọ
Albrecht na Liz McIntyre (onye isi mgbasa ozi CASPIAN) akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Spychips: How Major Corporations and Government Plan to Track Your Every Move, nke meri November 2005 Lysander Spooner Award maka akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ onwe.  Akwụkwọ a na-pụta ihe nwere ike ime RFID na akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ onwe obodo.  Ndịiche anya ụlọ ọrụ RFID katọrọ ya, na-ekwu na ndị odee na-ekwubiga okwu ókè ụfọdụ iyi egwu RFID.  N'ime nkwughachi oge ogologo, Albrecht akwụkwọ ihe ihe nkiri na ndị nkatọ "akpụtụ akwụkwọ ikike iyi sitere na IBM na-eso ụzọ isi soro ndị aka ha dị ọcha na , ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ụlọ mposi.  nsogbu site na mkpado RFID na uwe na isi ha?

### Akụkọ na akwụkwọ

* Albrecht, Katherine. " Kaadị ụlọ ahịa: Ntụle nke Retail Surveillance Iceberg. " *Denver University Law Review*, Mpịakọta 79, mbipụta 4, Summer 2002. pp.&nbsp;534–539 na 558–565.
* Akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na ojiji RFID na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ya na Liz McIntyre na Beth Givens jikọtara ya. Ọnwa Iri na Otu 14, 2003. https://web.archive.org/web/20051220023336/http://www.spychips.com/jointrfid_position_paper.html
* "RFID: The Doomsday Scenario." Na: *RFID: Ngwa, Nchekwa, na Nzuzo*, eds. S. Garfinkel na B. Rosenberg. New Jersey: Addison Wesley. 2006. pp.&nbsp;259–273.
* " RFID: The Big Brother Bar Code. " (Code-ede akwụkwọ na Liz McIntyre) *ALEC Policy Forum*, Winter 2004, Mpịakọta 6, Nọmba 3, p.&nbsp;49–54.

## Onye na-eme ihe ngosi redio
Na mbụ, ọ bụ mmemme nke awa abụọ kwa ụbọchị nke ihuenyo Uncovering the Truth na Katherine Albrecht na We The People Radio Network (WTPRN) [1] site na ngwaọrụ 2007 ruo mgbe ụfọdụ mmemme niile na Ọktoba 2008. Albrecht mechara mechara ihe ngosi.  Dr. Katherine Albrecht na akụkụ GCN Radio ruo 2016.

## Nkwenkwe okpukpe
. Albrecht ndu na ibe RFID na ịzọ ụzo na-iche nwere ike iduga Mark nke anụ ndị ahụ .  O deela akwụkwọ akụkọ I Won't Take the Mark: A Bible Book and Contract for Children

## Hụkwa

* Akụnye microchip (mmadụ)

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1572

**Iwu Vagabonds 1572** ma ọ bụ **Vagabonds, wdg Act 1572**  ( 14 Eliz. 1 c. 5) bụ iwu e mere na England n'okpuru Queen Elizabeth I. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Tudor Ogbenye Iwu yana onye bu ụzọ nye iwu ndị ogbenye Elizabethan .

Iwu nke 1572 nyere na ndị ọkàikpe nke udo ga-edeba aha ndị ogbenye "ndị agadi, ndị rere ure, na ndị na-adịghị ike" n'akwụkwọ iji chọpụta ego ole a chọrọ iji lekọta ha. Ndị ọka ikpe udo ga-enyocha ndị niile bi na parish maka idobere ha. Ndị nlekọta nke ndị ogbenye ga na-eduzi “echiche na nyocha” ndị ogbenye mgbe ụfọdụ. Ndị na-ajụ inye aka na enyemaka na-adịghị mma ga-abụ nanị ndị na-adịghị mma . 

E kwere ka ndị ọkaikpe udo nye ndị arịrịọ akwụkwọ ikike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ọtụtụ maka parish inye. A ga-apịa ihe ọ bụla na-esighị ike na-apụ apụ ma kpọọ ya ọkụ na ntị.  Ọ gara n'ihu kwuo na enwere ike iji ego nfefe ọ bụla iji "dobe na dozie na-arụ ọrụ ndị rogues na ndị na-apụnara mmadụ ihe."

Ejikọtara ya na Iwu Ogbenye 1575, omume 1572 hiwere ntọala maka Iwu Ogbenye Elizabethan na-esote. 

## Hụkwa

* Iwu Vagabonds

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Foto nke Iwu izizi na webụsaịtị ndị omeiwu

## Edensibia
ọ bụrụ na ọ dị ọtụtụ maka parish inye. A ga-apịa ihe ọ bụla na-esighị ike na-apụ apụ ma kpọọ ya ọkụ na ntị.  Ọ gara n'ih
Atụmatụ Brabazon

Ebubere **atụmatụ Brabazon** na 1882 site n'aka Lady Brabazon, mechara bụrụ Countess of Meath, iji nye ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na-enweghị ike ọrụ n'ọrụ nka dịka ịkwa akwa, ịkwa akwa na ime lace. Ọ bụ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nyere ọzụzụ n'ọrụ nka dị iche iche, Lady Brabazon n'onwe ya na-akwụkwa ụgwọ ya na mbụ. Atụmatụ ahụ adịghị ngwa ngwa ịmalite, ruo mgbe ụlọ ọrụ chọpụtara na a pụrụ ire ngwaahịa ndị a na-emepụta, ya mere, ọrụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ego nke onwe ya. [1] Na nleta na ụlọ ọrụ na Great Yarmouth na 1903 Queen Alexandra kwụrụ £5&nbsp;- dabara ihe dịka £455 dịka nke 2012 [lower-alpha 1]&nbsp;- maka akwa akwa nke ndị mkpọrọ abụọ merela agadi mere, "iji gbaa ndị agadi ume n'ọrụ ha". [3] Christchurch Poor Law Union tinyere aka na atụmatụ Brabazon iji nye ndị agadi aka ọrụ, bụ ndị na-emepụta ngwa ahịa dịka nkata, akwa akwa, wickerwork na uwe woolen. A na-eji ego ndị sitere na ire ngwaahịa ndị a kpuchie ọnụ ahịa ihe ma ọ bụ nye mgbakwunye maka ngalaba, dị ka gramophone . A na-ejikarị ụtaba na-akwụ ndị ikom ahụ ụgwọ ọrụ ha rụrụ. [3]

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1900, e nwere òtù Iwu Ogbenye 177 na-ekere òkè na atụmatụ ahụ. Ndị otu kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị maka otu ndị na-arụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọtakarị ọrụ a na mpaghara. [3]

## Ntụaka
**Ihe ndetu**
.na ụlọ ọrụ na Great Yarmouth na 1903 Queen Alexandra kwụrụ £5 - dabara ihe dịka £455 dịka nke 2012 [lower-alpha
**Nkọwapụta**
.
**Akwụkwọ akụkọ**
Mbelata na mwepụ nke usoro iwu dara ogbenye

**Mbelata na mkpochapụ nke usoro iwu dara ogbenye** na England na Wales nwere ike ịpụta na gburugburu 1870 mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na enyemaka dara ogbenye malitere ịda ngwa ngwa; omume a gara n'ihu ruo mgbe ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914. 

Ọnwụ nke usoro iwu dara ogbenye nwere ike ịpụta n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'inweta ụzọ enyemaka ọzọ, gụnyere otu n'ime ọha enyi na otu ndị ọrụ . Gọọmenti ime obodo malitere inye enyemaka ọrụ n'èzí usoro iwu dara ogbenye, na ntinye aka nke gọọmentị Liberal na mgbanwe mgbanwe Liberal ha mere ka ụzọ maka ikpochapụ iwu dara ogbenye.

Ojiji nke usoro iwu dara ogbenye mụbara n'ime afọ interwar n'ihi nnukwu enweghị ọrụ. Iwu Ọchịchị Obodo 1929 kagburu ndị otu iwu na-adịghị mma ma nyefee nchịkwa nke enyemaka na-adịghị mma na gọọmentị ime obodo, na-ahapụ usoro iwu na-adịghị mma nke ukwuu. Na 1934 Board Enyemaka enweghị ọrụ nwetara ọrụ maka ndị na-enweghị ọrụ, na site na 1945-1948 ewebata steeti ọdịmma nke oge a, gụnyere National Health Service . Iwu enyemaka mba 1948 kagburu iwu iwu adịghị mma.

## Edensibia
Bristol Corporation nke Ndị Ogbenye

**Ụlọ ọrụ Bristol nke ndị ogbenye** bụ bọọdụ na-ahụ maka enyemaka na-adịghị mma na Bristol, England mgbe usoro Iwu Ogbenye na-arụ ọrụ.  E hiwere ya na 1696 site na Bristol Poor Act.   Onye na-akwalite omume ahụ bụ onye ahịa, John Cary, onye tụrụ aro "ka e wuo ụlọ ọrụ sara mbara n'ebe ụfọdụ ohere, n'ime obodo ahụ, na ụgwọ zuru ezu, nke zuru oke maka ndị ogbenye, ndị a ga-arụ ọrụ na ya; na nwekwara ohere maka ndị dị otú ahụ, bụ ndị, n'ịbụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ, a ga-enwe ahụ iru ala site na ọrụ ebere." 

Mgbe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ndị isi obodo ahụ họọrọ mmadụ anọ n'ime ndị "ndị na-akwụwa aka ọtọ na ndị nwere uche" site na nke ọ bụla n'ime ngalaba obodo iri na abụọ ka ha bụrụ "Ndị nlekọta nke ndị ogbenye".  Nke a butere ụfọdụ iwe n'etiti ndị ụka obodo bụ ndị nabu ụzọ na-enye ego iwu na-adịghị mma na ndị gbochiri ego a na-enweta site n'ọnụego niile.  Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ welitere ego site na onyinye ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ mbụ n'ụlọ a na-akpọ Whitehall, n'akụkụ Bridewell. 

Na 1698, Corporation zụtara ụlọ mbụ nke onye ahịa Robert Aldworth bụ onye hapụrụ £1,000 n'uche ya maka nguzobe ụlọ ọrụ. A bịara mara ụlọ a dị ka St Peters Hospital,  wee nọrọ n'ọrụ ruo 1830s. Ebibiri ya na blitz n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ . 

Ka ọ na-erule 1826, Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala site n'inye onyinye ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu ma ọ bụ ihe onwunwe na ala, na-ebute nnukwu ego.  Na 1836, na-eso ụzọ nke Municipal Corporations Act 1835, Bristol Corporation of the Poor tinyere ndị ọrụ ebere obodo ndị ọzọ bufere na Bristol Charity Trustees, nke mechara bụrụ Bristol Municipal Charities. Nke a nyere ha aka ịzụta saịtị ụlọ mkpọrọ arụrụ arụ na Stapleton, ya mere hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ Blackberry Hill . 

## Ebe nchekwa
Ebibiri ọtụtụ ndekọ nke Bristol Poor Law Union n'oge Bristol Blitz . Otú ọ dị, ndị Bristol Record Society edepụtawo ma bipụta ụfọdụ n'ime ndekọ ndị ahụ tupu oge ahụ.  Bristol Archives na-ejide ebe nchekwa dị ndụ nke Stapleton Workhouse na Clifton Workhouse (Ref. 30105) ( online katalọgụ ).

## Edensibia
obodo ndị ọzọ bufere na Bristol Charity Trustees, nke mechara bụrụ Bristol Municipal Charities. Nke a nyere ha aka ịzụta saịtị ụlọ mkpọrọ arụrụ

## Ọrụ ndị edepụtara

* Butcher EE (ed.),  (Bristol Record Society Publications., Vol. III, 1932)
* Butcher, EE  (Bristol Historical Association Pamphlets, no. 29, 1972), 23 pp.
* Johnson, James. Azụmahịa nke Corporationlọ Ọrụ Ndị Ogbenye, na Obodo Bristol, N'ime Oge nke afọ 126 . Broadmead, Bristol. P. Rose. 1826

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
Butcher, EE, ed. Ụlọ ọrụ Bristol nke ndị ogbenye, 1696-1834. Bristol. Mkpakọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme. ISBN&nbsp;
Ụlọ Ọgwụ na Ọrụ Ahụike Union

E hiwere **ụlọọgwụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọdịmma** ( **HWSU** ) na 1918 ka **ndị ọrụ ahia ahia iwu ogbenye** . Ọ natara n'ọkwa niile n'ọrụ iwu dara ogbenye . N'ime otu afọ ọ zọọrọ ndị otu 10,000. 

Na 1922 gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ **Ogbenye Law Officers Union**, na 1930 gaa na **National Union of County Officers** ( **NUCO** ), na na 1943 gaa na Ụlọ Ọgwụ na Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọdịmma.

Ọ bụ Vincent Evans (1889-1946), onye osote onye ode akwụkwọ na Paddington Board of Guardians, bụ onye na 1918 bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịkpọkọta nzukọ mbụ nke ndị ọrụ Iwu Ogbenye ka ha tụlee ịmalite otu. Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke mbụ bụ Archibald Milne, onye na-enyere aka na-ahụ maka enyemaka ndị isi na Willsden Board of Guardians, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, Vincent Evans nọchiri ya.

## Ndị otu
Otu ahụ mepụtara usoro ngalaba ma ọ bụ "guild" pụrụ iche na nke na-aga nke ọma, nke kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma bụ NUCO's **Guild of Nurses**, nke e guzobere na October 1937. Agbanyeghị, otu ahụ nwekwara “guilds” maka ndị ọrụ ahụike, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ihe mberede na ndị ọrụ enyemaka. Usoro guild gara n'ihu n'oge mmalite nke COHSE .

Ndị nọọsụ NUCO Guild of Nurses duziri ndị nọọsụ dịka Iris Brook (onye nhazi ndị nọọsụ sitere na 1937), Doris Westmacott na onye ndụmọdụ Deptford Beatrice Drapper. Ọ haziri ngagharị iwe ndị nọọsụ masked na 26 Nọvemba 1937, ebe ndị nọọsụ yi uwe ọcha nwere ihe mkpuchi ọcha gafere London ma ndị uwe ojii gbochiri ha ịbanye na Obodo London. 500 gara nzukọ na St Pancras Town Hall nke George Lansbury gwara ya na-achọ awa iri itoolu na isii. 
thumb| Mpempe akwụkwọ nke NUCO Guild of Nurses ngosi 1937
N'afọ 1946, ọ jikọtara ya na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mental na Institutional Workers Union iji guzobe COHSE, Confederation of Health Service Employees na na 1993 COHSE jikọtara ya na NUPE na NALGO iji mepụta UNISON .

## Ihe odide ala ala peeji
Onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke mbụ bụ Archibald Milne, onye na-enyere aka na-ahụ maka enyemaka Agbanyeghị, otu ahụ nwekwara “guilds” maka ndị ọrụ ahụike,

## Edensibia

* *Ihe niile maka Otu: Akụkọ banyere COHSE*, nke Mick Carpenter dere

## Njikọ mpụga

* Katalọgụ nke ebe nchekwa HWSU, nke emere na Modern Records Center, Mahadum Warwick
* Katalọgụ nke ebe nchekwa PLWTU, nke emere na Modern Records Center, Mahadum Warwick
Ọnụ ọgụgụ Ọrụ

**Ọnụego ọrụ** bụ usoro enyemaka na-adịghị mma ( enyemaka n'èzí ), nke e ji mee ihe na England site na 1832 ruo 1834,  ebe a na-akwụ ndị ọrụ ụgwọ n'ọnụego enyere. Ọ bụrụ na emezughị nke a, ihe fọdụrụ ga-emerịrị site na enyemaka adịghị mma nke parish.  Iwu nke Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo nyere ikike 1832 ma nabata ya n'ihe dịka 1 n'ime parish 5 ruo mgbe Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 nọchiri ya.

## Hụkwa

* Sistemụ Spenhamland
* Onye na-agbagharị agbagharị
* Iwu dara ogbenye

## Edensibia
Ọ bụrụ na emezughị nke a, ihe fọdụrụ ga-emerịrị site na enyemaka adịghị mma nke
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Agha na Metropolitan

E hiwere **ụlọ ọrụ mgbapu na obodo ukwu** ( **MAB** ) n'okpuru iwu Ogbenye iji mesoo ndị ọrịa na ndị ogbenye na London . Emebere ya site na Iwu Ndị Ogbenye Obodo 1867 ( 30 &amp;amp; 31 Vict. c. 6) wee gbazee na 1930, mgbe ebufere ọrụ ya na London County Council .

Emere iwu ahụ na-eso mkpọsa nke Florence Nightingale na Edwin Chadwick na ngalaba ahụike nke National Association for the Promotion of Social Science na ụfọdụ ọnwụ nke ndị dara ogbenye kpọsara nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ. Onye isi oche nke Board Law Law, Mr Gathorne Hardy na Septemba 1866, gwara ndị dọkịta abụọ ka ha gaa na ụlọ ọrụ London iji nweta ozi nke nwere ike inyere ya aka n'idepụta iwu ọhụrụ maka mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. Enwere nchegbu na ndị na-arịa ahụ ọkụ na-efe efe na kịtịkpa, na ndị ara, kwesịrị iwepụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ma gwọọ ha n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị iche iche. 

Mpaghara ọ kpuchiri bụ *Mpaghara Mgbapu nke mepere emepe* nke gụnyere obodo mepere emepe dịka Iwu Njikwa Obodo 1855 kọwara, ewezuga obodo Penge .

N'agbanyeghị aha ya, MAB etinyeghị aka n'ịkwado ndị ọrịa uche. N'ime oge ndụ ya, o hibere ụlọ ọrụ iri anọ, malite na ụlọ ọgwụ atọ maka ọrịa kịtịkpa na ahụ ọkụ, yana nnukwu mgbapu abụọ maka ihe a na-akpọ 'ndị nzuzu' - ndị nwere nsogbu mmụta siri ike.

## Hụkwa

* Mgbochi Ọrịa (Metropolis) Iwu 1883
* Ụlọ ọgwụ Leavesden
* Ụlọ ọgwụ South Eastern

## Edensibia
N'ime oge ndụ ya, o hibere ụlọ ọrụ iri anọ, malite na ụlọ ọgwụ

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke MAB
* Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ MAB
* London Metropolitan Archives .
Ebe a na-anọ n'èzí

**Enyemaka n'èzí**, okwu ochie sitere na Iwu Ogbenye Elizabethan (1601), bụ mmemme nke ọdịmma ọha na eze na enyemaka adịghị mma . Enyere enyemaka n'ụdị ego, nri, uwe ma ọ bụ ngwongwo iji belata ịda ogbenye n'achọghị ka onye nnata ahụ banye n'ụlọ ọrụ.  N'ụzọ dị iche, a chọrọ ndị natara enyemaka ime ụlọ ịbanye n'ụlọ ọrụ ebere, ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei, ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ogbenye . Enyemaka dị n'èzí bụ nri dị ọkụ na inye ihe mkpuchi na ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi. Enyemaka n'èzí bụkwa akụkụ nke Iwu Ogbenye Scotland na Iwu Ogbenye Irish . 

## Edensibia
ndị natara enyemaka ime ụlọ ịbanye n'ụlọ ọrụ ebere
Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke Obodo Ukwu 1867

**Iwu ndị ogbenye obodo 1867** ( 30 &amp;amp; 31 Vict. c. 6) bụ omume nke ndị omeiwu nke United Kingdom, nke mbụ n'ime usoro mgbanwe dị ukwuu nke butere iji nwayọọ nwayọọ kewapụ ọrụ ahụike nke Iwu Ogbenye na ndị ogbenye ya. ọrụ enyemaka . O mekwara ka e nwee ikike nchịkwa dị iche iche nke Metropolitan Asylums Board . 

Iwu ahụ nyere na a ga-anata otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ogbenye obodo n'ofe Obodo ukwu: nke a na-akọwa dịka mpaghara Board of Works nke Obodo ukwu . Enyere ndị ụlọ ọrụ iwu ogbenye (otu gọọmentị etiti) ike ka ha guzobe mpaghara nke parish dị iche iche na ndị ọrụ iwu dara ogbenye na mpaghara maka inye "Ebe mgbaba maka ndị ọrịa, ndị ara na ndị klaasị ndị ogbenye".

A bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ iwu na 16 Mee 1867, na-ejikọta parish na otu niile dị na Metropolis n'otu mpaghara mgbapu nke obodo "maka nnabata na enyemaka nke klaasị nke ndị ogbenye na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ụfọdụ otu ma ọ bụ parish na mpaghara ahụ kwuru n'otu n'otu onye nwere ike ịbụ. nwere ma ọ bụ na-arịa ahụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ọrịa obere-pox ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịbụ onye ara." Ewubere Board Asylums Board na ndị otu 60: 45 họpụtara site na bọọdụ iwu dara ogbenye dị iche iche nke ndị nlekọta na 15 họpụtara site na Board Law Law. 

Iwu ahụ megharịrị Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 iji nye ohere ịchịkwa parish ndị omume obodo wepụrụ na ya.  Ngwuri iri ahụ bụ St James Clerkenwell, St George Hanover Square, St Giles na St George Bloomsbury, St Mary Islington, St James Westminster, St Luke, St Margaret na St John Westminster, St Marylebone, St Mary Newington na St Pancras . 

O kwere ka ọrụ ndị nọọsụ na-anwale ule bụ ndị a zụrụ azụ maka otu afọ na ebe mgbaba na-arịa ọrịa. Ndị nọọsụ a ji nke nta nke nta malite dochie ọrụ nke ndị ogbenye na-azụghị ọzụzụ. 

## Edensibia
ka ọrụ ndị nọọsụ na-anwale ule bụ ndị a zụrụ azụ maka otu afọ na ebe mgbaba na-arịa ọrịa. Ndị nọọsụ a ji

## Njikọ mpụga

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