Agnes Arber

**Agnes Arber FRS** (née Robertson; 23 February 1879 – 22 Maachị 1960) bụ onye Britain morphologist na anatomist, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke botany na ọkà ihe ọmụma nke bayoloji. A mụrụ ya na Lọndọn mana o biri ọtụtụ ndụ ya na Cambridge, gụnyere afọ iri ise ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. Ọ bụ nwanyị izizi botanist ka ahọpụtara dịka onye otu Royal Society (21 Maachị 1946, mgbe ọ dị afọ 67) yana nwanyị nke atọ n'ozuzu ya. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nrite ọla edo nke Linnean Society of London.

Nnyocha sayensị ya lekwasịrị anya na otu monocotyledon nke osisi ifuru. O nyekwara aka na mmepe nke ọmụmụ morphological na botany n'oge mmalite nke narị afọ nke iri abụo. Ọrụ ya mechara lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu nke nkà ihe ọmụma na botany, karịsịa na ọdịdị nke nyocha nke ndu.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Agnes Robertson na ụbọchị iri abụo n'atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị na Primrose Hill, London.[2]Ọ bụ nwa mbụ nke Henry Robert Robertson, onye na-ese ihe, na Agnes Lucy Turner, ma nwee ụmụnne atọ ndị tọrọ, Donald Struan Robertson (onye mechara bụrụ Regius Prọfesọ nke Greek na Mahadum Cambridge), Janet Robertson, onye mechara bụrụ onye na-ese ihe osise, na Margaret Robertson (lụrụ di na nwunye Hills), onye bụ onye ama ama na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Nna ya nyere ya nkuzi ise ihe mgbe niile n'oge ọ bụ nwata, bụ́ nke mechara nye ya nkà ndị dị mkpa iji gosi akwụkwọ sayensị ya n'onwe ya..

Mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ Robertson malitere ịga North London Collegiate School nke Frances Buss hiwere ma na-agba ya, otu n'ime ndị na-akwado nkwado maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ. N'okpuru nduzi nke onye nkuzi sayensị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Edith Aitken, Robertson chọpụtara mmasị na botany, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nyocha mbụ ya na 1894 na magazin ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma mesịa buru ụzọ na nyocha nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-emeri scholarships.

Ọ bụ ebe a ka Robertson zutere Ethel Sargant, onye na-ahụ maka ọdịdị osisi nke na-enye ihe ngosi mgbe niile na klọb sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ. Sargant ga-emesị bụrụ onye nduzi ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya, na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmasị na usoro nyocha nke Arber.[2]

N'afọ 1897, Robertson malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum University, London, nweta BSc na 1899. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akwụkwọ mmụta mbata Arber ghọrọ onye otu Newnham College, Cambridge wee nweta akara ugo mmụta ọzọ na Natural Sciences. O nwetara rịzọlt klaasị mbụ na ule ọ bụla na mahadum abụọ ahụ, yana ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nrite sitere na mahadum mahadum dị na Lọndọn.

After finishing her Cambridge degree in 1902 Robertson worked in the private laboratory of Ethel Sargant for a year, before returning to University College, London as holder of the Quain Studentship in Biology. She was awarded a Doctorate of Science in 1905. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Robertson zutere Edward Alexander Newell Arber (1870-1918) mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Newnham College. Ha lụrụ na August 5, 1909 wee laghachi Cambridge, ebe ọ ga-anọ ndụ ya niile. A mụrụ naanị nwa ya, Muriel Agnes Arber, na 1913, ọ ghọrọ onye na-amụ banyere ala, ma nwụọ na 2004. [1]

Arber na di ya nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ha, a kọwakwara alụmdi na nwunye ya dị ka 'obi ụtọ'.  E nyere Arber Research Fellowship site na Newnham College na 1912 ma bipụta akwụkwọ mbụ ya Herbals, ha origin and evolution n'otu afọ ahụ. Di ya Newall Arber nwụrụ na 1918 mgbe oge ahụike na-adịghị mma gasịrị. Arber alụghị di ọzọ, mana ọ gara n'ihu na nyocha ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Balfour Biological Laboratory for Women site n'alụmdi na nwunye ya ruo mgbe ụlọ nyocha ahụ mechiri na 1927. Arber nwere obere ụlọ nyocha n'ime ụlọ azụ nke ụlọ ya site n'oge ahụ ruo mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ime nnyocha bench na 1940s wee tụgharịa na ọmụmụ nkà ihe ọmụma.[2]

== Ọnwụ ==
Agnes Arber nwụrụ na 22 Machị 1960, mgbe ọ dị afọ 81, e lie ya n'ogige ụka St Andrew, Girton . [2]

== Ọrụ sayensị ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Tupu ọ gaa Mahadum, London Arber nọrọ n'oge ọkọchị nke 1897 na-arụ ọrụ na Ethel Sargant na ụlọ nyocha nke onwe ya na Reigate, ebe Sargant nyere ya ntụziaka na microtechniques eji kwadebe ụdị osisi maka nyocha microscopic.[2] Arber laghachiri ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha Sargant ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro n'oge ezumike oge okpomọkụ mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum College London. Sargant were Arber n'ọrụ n'etiti afọ 1902 na 1903 dị ka onye enyemaka nyocha na-arụ ọrụ na usoro mkpụrụ osisi, n'oge ahụ na 1903 o bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya 'Notes on the anatomy of ''Macrozamia heteromera** na Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society .  Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum College London, Arber mere nnyocha banyere ìgwè osisi gymnosperm, na-emepụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọdịdị na anatomy ha. Ọmụmụ na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ọdịdị osisi ga-aghọ isi ihe na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị.

### Ụlọ nyocha Balfour, Cambridge
Na 1909 Arber nyere ohere na Balfour Laboratory for Women site na Newnham College. Ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji abụọ nke mahadum zụtara ma wuo ụlọ a na 1884 maka iji ụmụ akwụkwọ ha na ndị nyocha (ụmụ nwanyị n'oge a ekweghị ka ha gaa ihe ngosi ụlọ nyocha na klaasị bara uru)  Arber rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha ahụ ruo mgbe e mechiri ya na 1927.
alt=Photograph of a woman sitting and reading a newspaper|thumb|Foto nke Arber na 1911
N'ịgbaso onyinye nke Research Fellowship site na Newnham College n'etiti 1912 na 1913 Arber bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 1912. Herbals, mmalite ha na evolushọn na-akọwa mgbanwe nke Herbals e biri ebi n'etiti 1470 na 1670. Arber na-ejikọta mpụta na mmepe nke botany dị ka ọzụzụ n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ọkụkụ na n'oge evolushọn nke a hụrụ n'oge evolushọn. oge. Arber nwere ike ịhụ nnukwu mkpokọta Herbals e biri ebi n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Botany na Cambridge dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha ya maka ọrụ a. Edegharịrị ya nke ukwuu ma gbasaa ya maka mbipụta nke abụọ e bipụtara na 1938, e bipụtara ya dị ka mbipụta nke atọ na 1986 ma a ka na-ewere ya dị ka ọrụ ọkọlọtọ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Herbals.[2]
alt=Botanical illustrations of a plant|thumb|Ihe osise nke Limnathemum sitere na Water Plants A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms site na Agnes Arber
Arber lekwasịrị anya na nyocha ya na anatomy na morphology nke otu osisi monocot, nke Ethel Sargant mere ka ọ mata.[2]Ka ọ na-erule 1920, o dela akwụkwọ abụọ na akwụkwọ 94 ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms ka e bipụtara na 1920. N'akwụkwọ a Arber na-enye ntụle atụnyere ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ime mmiri site n'ịtụle ọdịiche dị na ọdịdị ọdịdị ha. Arber na-enyekwa nkọwa nke ụkpụrụ izugbe o jiri mepụta nyocha ya. Ọmụmụ ya bụ nke mbụ nyere nkọwa zuru oke na nkọwa nke osisi mmiri. Ọ bụ ezigbo onye na-ese ihe ma na-ese ọtụtụ mgbe akwụkwọ ya n'onwe ya; ọ na-ese otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe osise na Water Plants . [2]

N'afọ 1921, "ụlọ ọrụ botanical" jụrụ Arber ịbụ onye isi oche nke 1921 nke British association for the advancement of science (BAAS) 's Botany section (Section K). Ọ bụ Frederick Orpen Bower malitere usoro a, dabere na echiche na Arber ekwesịghị iso Saunders ozugbo dị ka onye isi ala ebe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị si Cambridge nakwa na e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ maka ọkwa onye isi ala. Nke a gosipụtara enweghị mmasị megide Arber ọ bụghị naanị dị ka nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ kamakwa dị ka onye na-ahụ Maka ihe ọkụkụ na Cambridge. O kwuru na Edinburgh (ebe e nwere nzukọ ahụ) "nwere ikike ịtụ anya karịa nke a... Ịjụ Balfour [nke Edinburgh] ka ọ nọrọ n'okpuru Onye isi oche nke Oriakụ Arber bụ ihe ọchị!" Albert Seward zutere Arber, onye wepụrụ ọkwa ya wee gbaa arụkwaghịm dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke BAAS.[2]

N'afọ 1925, Arber bipụtara akwụkwọ ya nke atọ The *monocot* . Ndị editọ nke *Usoro Cambridge Botanical Handbooks* gwara Ethel Sargant na 1910 ka ọ kwadebe mpịakọta na monocots maka usoro a. Otú ọ dị, ọrịa na afọ ndị na-aga n'ihu mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka Sargant iji mezue akwụkwọ ahụ, na 1918 ọ tụụrụ Arber aro ka o mezue ọrụ ahụ. **'Monocotyledons**' na-aga n'ihu na usoro nyocha nke Arber ọ gosipụtara na Water Plants. Ọ na-enye nyocha zuru ezu banyere osisi monocot site na iji ọdịdị anụ ahụ ha n'ime na n'èzí tụnyere. Otú ọ dị, mkparịta ụka ya banyere ụkpụrụ ndị ọ na-eji na nyocha ya doro anya karị na mpịakọta a, ka ọ na-atụle usoro na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ọmụmụ ọdịdị. Ọ bụ ezie na nyocha nke anatomical dị ka egosiri na The Monocotyledons and Water Plants: A Study of Aquatic Angiosperms bụ isi na nyocha botanical na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, enwere ọdịiche dị iche iche n'etiti ndị nchọpụta Britain na Europe gbasara ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ọdịdị. Arber doziri nke a site n'ịmepụta ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọdịdị "dị ọcha" na "etinye n'ọrụ", na ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na anatomy iji nyochaa ajụjụ gbasara isiokwu ndị dị mkpa dị ka iwulite phylogenies, kama iji echiche ọdịnala nke ọdịdị osisi Echiche a gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị.

### Ọrụ ndị e mere mgbe e mesịrị
Mgbe mmechi nke 1927 nke Balfour Laboratory gasịrị, Arber guzobere obere ụlọ nyocha n'ime ụlọ azụ nke ụlọ ya iji mee nchọpụta ya, mgbe onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Botany Prọfesọ Albert Seward kwuru na ọ nweghị ohere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ maka Arber iji gaa n'ihu na nyocha ya site na iji ụlọ ọrụ ya. A kọwapụtara Arber echiche nke nyocha onwe onye site n'oge ya na Ethel Sargant nọrọ na 1902-1903, na site na nkwupụta ndị otu Girton College Natural Sciences na akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ndị enyi ya, o kwuru na ọ na-amasị ya ịrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ n'ihi ihe ịma aka nke nyocha onwe ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị na mbụ ka o mere nhọrọ ahụ.[2]

Mgbe e bipụtara The *Monocotyledons*, Arber gara n'ihu na nyocha ya n'ime otu a, na-elekwasị anya na nyocha ya na ezinụlọ Gramineae nke osisi, ọka ọka, ahịhịa na achara. Nke a dugara na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya gbasara ọdịdị osisi, The *Gramineae* na 1934. N'akwụkwọ a, Arber kọwara usoro ndụ, embryology na usoro ọmụmụ na nke ahịhịa nke ọka, ahịhịhịa na achara site na iji nyocha nke osisi ndị a. N'ịghọta mkpa osisi ndị a dị na mmepe nke ọha mmadụ, Arber malitere ọmụmụ ihe a na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke osisi ndị a n'ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ, na "a na-emeso akụkụ botanical siri ike dị ka nke na-etolite site na nke ụmụ mmadụ". Akwụkwọ iri bu ụzọ na The Annals of Botany na-akọwapụta nsonaazụ nyocha ya.

N'etiti 1930 na 1942 Arber mere nnyocha banyere ọdịdị nke okooko osisi, ebe ọ nyochara ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche ma jiri ozi ọdịdị iji kọwaa ọdịdị okooko osisi ndị ọzọ. E bipụtara nsonaazụ ya na akwụkwọ nyocha 10 na-agafe oge a. N'afọ 1937, o bipụtara nchịkọta nke echiche ọdịdị nke a tụlere banyere ọdịdị okooko osisi, nke a na-ewere dị ka isiokwu nyocha dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ọdịdị.

Na Jenụwarị 1942 Arber bipụtara akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya metụtara nyocha botanical mbụ. Akwụkwọ ya niile sochirinụ metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà ihe ọmụma.[2]
https://www.agnesarbergin.co.uk/

## Ọmụmụ nkà ihe ọmụma
N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Arber chọpụtara na o siri ike idebe obere ụlọ nyocha ya, n'ihi nsogbu ahụike na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esiri ike inweta.[2] Ọzọkwa, o kwetaghị na ọ bụ "ezi ihe nye ndị agbata obi ya" inwe ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ n'ụlọ ya mgbe enwere ihe ize ndụ nke bọmbụ n'oge agha.[2] Nke a mere ka o kpebie ịkwụsị ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ nyocha ma lekwasị anya na okwu nkà ihe ọmụma na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Arber bipụtara ọrụ gbasara ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere ntụnyere dị n'etiti Nehemiah Grew na Marcello Malpighi na 1942, John Ray na 1943 na Sir Joseph Banks na 1945.Flannery, M  'The Many Sides of Agnes Arber'

A kọwaara Arber ọrụ Goethe mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma nọgide na-enwe mmasị n'echiche ya banyere ihe ọkụkụ. Na 1946 o bipụtara Goethe's Botany, ntụgharị asụsụ nke Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants (1790) na Georg Christoph Tobler's (1757–1812) Die Natur nwere mmalite na nkọwa nke ederede.

The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form, nke e bipụtara na 1950 ka a na-ewere ya dị ka akwụkwọ kachasị mkpa nke Arber.  A kọwawo ya dị ka "nnyocha magisterial nke puku afọ abụọ nke ọdịnala ihe ndị dị ndụ". Arber na-atụle usoro dị n'azụ ịmepụta echiche site na nyocha ma nyochaa *Nkà ihe ọmụma nke Ọdịdị osisi*. Arber na-eji nke a nyochaa ọdịdị nke osisi ndị na-agbasa okooko, ma na-atụ aro echiche nke akwụkwọ osisi. Dabere n'echiche a, ihe ọ bụla nke osisi ahụ bụ osisi ma ọ bụ obere osisi. Akwụkwọ osisi bụ akụkụ nke na-egosi mbelata ikike uto. Ọ na-ekwu, sị: "akwụkwọ ahụ bụ obere ihe, na-ekpughe mkpali dị n'ime ya ịghọ osisi dum, mana ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla na-enweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ a, ebe ọ bụ na radial symmetry na ikike maka uto apical na-enwe mgbochi". Nkwekọ nke akwụkwọ na osisi malitere na Goethe, onye mbụ kọwara akwụkwọ ndị dị ka "alaka nke eziokwu, nke buds ya na-enweghị ike itolite, ebe ọ bụ na ahịhịa a na-ahụkarị adịghị ike". Maka Arber, akwụkwọ ndị mejupụtara bụ ụyọkọ nke mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị n'otu. Ihe akaebe nke mmepe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nso nso a akwadowo akụkụ nke nkuzi nke akwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara akwụkwọ compound.

Ọmụmụ ihe ya na nkà ihe ọmụma nke ọdịdị osisi mere ka o nwee echiche sara mbara banyere njikọ dị n'etiti sayensị na nkà ihe mere eme. The Mind and the Eye: A Biologist's Standpoint bipụtara na 1954 na-enye mmeghe maka nyocha nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ma mepụta usoro maka ịme nyocha a. Arber na-akọwa nyocha dị ka nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na nzọụkwụ isii: nchọpụta nke ajụjụ nyocha ma ọ bụ isiokwu; nchịkọta data site na nnwale ma ọ bụ nyocha; nkọwa nke data; ịnwale izi ezi nke nkọwa ahụ; ịkọrọ nsonaazụ; na ịtụle nyocha ahụ na ihe gbara ya gburugburu. Maka Arber, ihe gbara ya gburugburu gụnyere ịkọwa nsonaazụ ya n'ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na nkà ihe ọmụma ma kpuchie ọkara akwụkwọ ahụ. Akwụkwọ Arber dị iche n'ihi na edere ya tupu Thomas Kuhn egosipụta na echiche ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọhịa ha na-emetụta echiche ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na tupu nkatọ Ernst Mayr nke ịkọwa nkà ihe ọmụma nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka nkà ihe ọmụma physics.

Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya, The Manifold and the One nke e bipụtara na 1957 na-emetụta ajụjụ nkà ihe ọmụma sara mbara. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ nyocha sara mbara na nke jikọtara ọnụ, na-adabere na ọdịnala akwụkwọ, sayensị, okpukpe, ihe omimi na nkà ihe ọmụma, na-etinye nkà ihe ọmụma Buddha, Hindu na Taoist na nkà ihe ike Europe. ,  na-achụso mkparịta ụka banyere ahụmịhe ihe omimi nke Arber na-akọwa dị ka "ntụgharị uche ahụ kpọmkwem na nke a na-ejighị n'aka nke a na'aka nke mara site na nghọta siri ike nke Onye Ọ bụla dị ka Ịdị n'otu nke ihe niile". 

## Nkwado na onyinye
Na 1921 ọ nakweere ọkwá kwa afọ dị ka onye isi oche nke ngalaba botany nke British Association for the Advancement of Science, na-eso Edith Saunders n'afọ gara aga, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe ụfọdụ ndị otu gosipụtara na ha achọghị ka ụmụ nwanyị abụọ nọchiri anya onyeisi oche. Mgbe e nyere ya ikike ịbụ onyeisi oche ọzọ na 1926, ọ anabataghị.
alt=blue circular plaque reading "Agnes Arber née Robertson 1879-1960 lived here 1890-1909." At the top it reads "English Heritage"|thumb|Ihe ncheta dị na 9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London
N'afọ 1946, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke Royal Society. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-amụ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na nwanyị nke atọ n'ozuzu iji nweta nsọpụrụ a.[2] N'afọ 1948, e nyere ya ihe nrite ọla edo nke Linnean Society nke London.

## Ihe Nketa
Na Febụwarị 1961, Muriel Arber nyere ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị nne ya dị ndụ na Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation . [2]

A rụnyere Blue Plaque n'ụlọ ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata (9 Elsworthy Terrace, Primrose Hill, London) na 2018.  N'afọ 2024, e jikọtara otu n'ụlọ ya na Cambridge ebe o mekwara ọtụtụ nyocha ya.

E nwekwara ụdị gin aha ya bụ iji sọpụrụ ya.

Na Mee 2024, ewepụtara ihe nrite nzere Agnes Arber PhD ọhụrụ na usoro ihe ọmụmụ na Mahadum Cambridge. Prọfesọ Sam Brockington, nke Mahadum Botanic Gardens nke Cambridge, kwuru na ya nwere olile anya na ihe nrite a “ga-akwado ọgbọ na-abịa nke ndị na-asụ ụzọ ihe ọkụkụ, na-agbaso nzọụkwụ Agnes”.

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ
 

## Hụkwa

* Dorothea Pertz, onye Agnes Arber dere akụkọ ọnwụ

## Edemsibia

## Akwụkwọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mgbasa ozi metụtaraAgnes Arberna Wikimedia Commons
* Works by Agnes ArbernaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ Ihe Nketa Biodiversity
* Works by Agnes ArbernaỌrụ Gutenberg
* Ọrụ site ma ọ bụ banyereAgnes ArbernaEbe e si nweta ya

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations