Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq

**Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq** ( Arabic , amụrụ 1939) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka nke Sudan, mara dị ka otu n'ime ndị guzobere otu nka nka Crystalist na Khartoum . Otu a jụrụ mgbakọ ndị a na-ahụkarị na ihe osise ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Sudan nke 1960 wee gbalịsie ike ịchọta "asụsụ mara mma na nke dị egwu nke ga-emesi echiche nke obi ụtọ na ihe ọmụma ike iji kpochapụ esemokwu na oke kpamkpam".  Dabere na ọrụ nka ya dị ihe karịrị afọ iri ise, a na-akpọ Ishaq otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri kachasị mkpa n'Africa.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Ishaq na Omdurman wee mụọ site na 1959 ruo 1963 na College of Fine and Applied Art nke Khartoum Technical Institute nke mechara bụrụ Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST) na Khartoum . N'ịga n'ihu na nke a, ọ gbasoro ọmụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate ya na eserese, ihe atụ na lithography na Royal College of Art na London n'etiti 1964 na 1969. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị na Lọndọn, ọ laghachiri nkuzi na kọleji mbụ ya ma bụrụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nka.  

## Ọrụ nka

### Mmetụta na ntinye aka
Mmetụta nka nka na ime mmụọ Ishaq laghachiri na ọrụ William Blake na emume ime mmụọ nke Zār nke ụmụ nwanyị Sudan.  Isiokwu ndị a nke ịdị adị na omenala ụmụ nwanyị jere ozi dị ka isi okwu nke ọrụ Ishaq na 1970s na 1980s. Mmetụta ndị a mere ka Ishaq dị iche na ndị obodo ya, bụ ndị sitere n'echiche nke nnwere onwe Sudan mgbe ọchịchị colonial gasịrị na isiokwu Islam. Ọ bụrụ na Blake na *Zar* nyere mkpali onwe ya, ọ bụ onye otu ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese nke Khartoum ebe Ishaq malitere mara dịka onye na-ese ihe. Ebumnuche nke mmegharị ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke ọdịnala Africa na islam na Modernism . Ngwakọta ntụgharị asụsụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Khartoum gosipụtara echiche ọhụrụ nke njirimara ndị Sudan, nke egosipụtara n'ụdị na-adịghị ahụkebe, agba ụwa na ọkpụkpọ Arabic .  N'akụkụ Ibrahim El-Salahi, a na-ewere Ishaq ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri a ma ama n'Africa, a na-akpọkwa ya ilekwasị anya na ndụ ụmụ nwanyị ihe ịma aka n'echiche nwoke na nwanyị omenala na nkà Sudan. 

### The Crystalist Movement
N'afọ 1978 Ishaq na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya abụọ, Muhammad Hamid Shaddad na Nayla El Tayib, malitere ọrụ nka nke a na-akpọ Crystalist Group nke kwụsịrị na omume ọdịnala na mpaghara nka Sudan.   Ebumnuche ha bụ ịmata onwe ha na ụlọ akwụkwọ eserese nke Khartoum na echiche ọdịnala ha gbadoro ụkwụ na nwoke. Ụzọ ọhụrụ a na eserese Sudanese ka e ji mara nkwupụta ọha na eze n'ụdị nke a na-akpọ Crystalist Manifesto. Nke mbụ e bipụtara na Arabic dị ka *Al-Bayan al-Kristali*, akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ọhụụ nka nke nwara ịrụ ọrụ karịa usoro Sudanese-Islam nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Khartoum. Ọzọkwa, ndị kristal chọrọ ime ka nka ha bụrụ mba ụwa site na ịnakwere avant-garde adị adị, nke dabara na ihe ịchọ mma ndị Europe. 
 
Aesthetically, Crystalist manifesto ghọtara cosmos dị ka "ọrụ nke kristal transperent na-enweghị mkpuchi, kama ịdị omimi ebighị ebi". Eserese kristal na-enwekarị ihu mmadụ gbagọrọ agbagọ, ndị tọrọ n'ime cubes ma ọ bụ akụkụ doro anya, na, dị ka ekwuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha, "na-emegide usoro nke na-achọ nkà na nka dị ka ihe atụ nke ezi ọrụ." Ihe dị n'ime echiche nke ndị kristal bụ echiche nwanyị nke ikpughe - akụkụ dị ịrịba ama n'etiti mmụba Islamization nke Sudan postcolonial.  Ọzọkwa, ha jụrụ òtù  bụ́ ndị ji akwụkwọ akụkọ Arabị mee ihe n'ihe osise, na-ekwu na akwụkwọ ozi adịghị eduga n'ọrụ nkà dị ukwuu. 

## Nchịkọta
Ọrụ ya dị na mkpokọta nzuzo na nke ọha, dị ka Sharjah Art Foundation na Barjeel Art Foundation na Sharjah, UAE.  

## Ihe ngosi
N'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe n'Afrịka, egosila ihe osise Ishaq na Saatchi Gallery dị na London na ngosi ahụ akpọrọ *Forests and Spirits: Art Figurative Art from the Khartoum School* site na Septemba ruo Nọvemba 2018, otu n'ime ọrụ ya sitere na ihe ngosi a bụ nke ụlọ ahịa Sotheby's rere. na London na 2020.  N'October 2022, Serpentine South Gallery na London mepere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya na-ekpuchi ọrụ kemgbe ọ bụ nwata ruo ugbu a. 

Nnukwu ihe ngosi gụnyere:

* Camden Arts Center, London, 1970
* National Museum of Women in Art, Washington, DC, 1994
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Sharjah, UAE, 1995
* Ụlọ ihe ngosi Whitechapel, London, 1995
* Na-agbaji ákwà mkpuchi: Ndị inyom na-ese ihe si ụwa Islam, Royal Society of Fine Arts, Jordan, 2002
* Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Shibrain, Khartoum (2014
* Institut français, Khartoum (2015)
* Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Crystal Cubes, Sharjah Art Foundation, 2016
* Serpentine South Gallery, London (2022–23)

## Hụkwa

* Nkà ihe nkiri nke Sudan

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Daum, Werner na Rashid Diab (2009). Art Modern na Sudan Na Hopkins, Peter G. (ed.) *Kenana Handbook nke Sudan* . New York: Routledge, p.&nbsp;453–516 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe osise nke Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq ''The Seat - Zar emume'' na Sotheby's online
* Ihe osise nke Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq na ibe weebụ Serpentine
* Nrụnye 2016 Kamala Ibrahim Ishaq "Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Crystal Cubes" na Sharjah Art Foundation
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ