open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Jacarezinho, Rio de Janeiro

**Jacarezinho** bụ favela (agbata obi Brazil) na Rio de Janeiro, yana ihe karịrị ndị bi na 60,300 bi na mpaghara 40 hectares (99 acres) . Ọ dị na mpaghara ugwu nke obodo ahụ, yana ókèala Jacaré, Méier, Engenho Novo na Triagem . Ọ bụ favela nke atọ kachasị na Rio de Janeiro, n'azụ Rocinha na Complexo do Alemão . Favela gbasaara ka obodo mepere emepe,  wee bụrụ favela kachasị na Rio de Janeiro n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 23,000 na 1960. Ihe dị mkpa na uto ya bụ mmụba nke mmepụta ihe na mpaghara Méier dị nso mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Julio Cesar Pino si kwuo, onye dere akwụkwọ banyere favelas nke Rio de Janeiro. 

Jacarezinho na-enwe nsogbu ndị a na-ahụkarị na favelas, gụnyere ime ihe ike, ịda ogbenye na ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ .    N'afọ 2021, opekata mpe mmadụ iri abụọ na ise nwụrụ n'otu ndị uwe ojii gbara egbe . 

Jacarezinho pụtara *obere Jacaré*, a na-akpọkwa ya aha osimiri Jacaré . Jacaré bụkwa aha asụsụ Portuguese nke yacare caiman, mana aha osimiri ahụ pụtara n'ezie *na-ata ahụhụ* ma ọ bụ *dị njọ*, ọ bụghịkwa aha anụmanụ. 

A na-akpọ ụlọ akwụkwọ samba favela  ; tọrọ ntọala na June 16, 1966. Agba ya bụ pink na ọcha.  

A mụrụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Romário na Jacarezinho. 

## Edensibia
obere Jacaré, a na-akpọkwa ya aha osimiri Jacaré . Jacaré bụkwa aha asụsụ Portuguese nke yacare caiman, mana aha osimiri

## Njikọ mpụga

* Revista Época
* Prefeitura na Rio de Janeiro
* Ihe odide sitere n'akwụkwọ Julio César Pino banyere Jacarezinho, "Family and Favela: Reproduction of Poverty in Rio de Janeiro"
Favela Santa Marta

thumb|250x250px| Echiche nke Morro Dona Marta.
**Favela Santa Marta** (  *Saint Martha's favela* ) bụ favela dị na mpaghara Botafogo na Laranjeiras nke Morro Dona Marta ( , *Dame Martha's Hill* ), nke kewara na mpaghara Flamengo, Cosme Velho na Silvestre, na mpaghara South nke Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . O nwere ihe dị ka ndị bi na 3,913 na ụlọ 1,287,  nwere ụlọ osisi 500, ụlọ brik 2,000, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara 4, ebe a na-eme achịcha 3, ogige egwuregwu 2, ngọngọ 1 nke ụlọ akwụkwọ samba, ngalaba ndị agha 3 na obere ahịa 1. Favela bụ otu n'ime ugwu kacha elu n'obodo ahụ, nke nwere elu 352 metres (1,155 &#x5D; **' &#x5B;</sup>, ihe dịka ogo 45 nke ọchịchọ ma nọrọ n'akụkụ 53,706 square metres (578,090 sq ft) . 

Na nso nso a >, favela na-eme usoro nke ime obodo. Ejiri nsị nsị, ọkpọkọ mmiri na ntinye nke eriri eletrik wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ ndị ewu ewu. Otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa e mere n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya na Dona Marta bụ ịrụ ụgbọ ala nke na-eme ka ndị bi na ya gaa n'ebe dị elu nke ugwu ahụ.

Morro Dona Marta, dị ka onye isi atụmatụ nke obodo Rio de Jаneiro (2011) si kwuo, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe nketa nke ime obodo n'okpuru nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, na-enwe ahịhịa na-egosipụta nke ọhịa Atlantic ma tinye ya na Área de Proteção Ambientаl ( ''na Bekee: Mpaghara Nchekwa Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' – APA), emebere na 1967. <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCardoso2017">Cardoso, José Ribamar (2017). [http://www.repositorio.poli.ufrj.br/dissertacoes/dissertpoli2024.pdf "COMUNIDADE DONA MARTA: CONDIÇÕES SOCIOAMBIENTAIS E ECONÔMICAS"] &#x5B;Dona Marta Community: socio-economic environmental conditions&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Brazilian Portuguese). UFRJ. pp.&nbsp;55, 61. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211211230637/http://www.repositorio.poli.ufrj.br/dissertacoes/dissertpoli2024.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite>
</ref>

Nnukwu mgbanwe ọzọ e nwere na Dona Marta bụ ọrụ ndị agha. Na Nọvemba 28, 2008 akara Dona Marta tụgharịrị gaa n'aka ndị uwe ojii obodo mgbe e hiwere ngalaba uwe ojii mbụ nke Rio n'ebe ahụ. N'agbata 2008 na 2013 favela enweghị ọrụ ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ. Ebe ọ bụ na 2013 omume mpụ ebiliwo. 

== Ndị ama ama ==

* [[:pt:Márcio Amaro de Oliveira|Márcio Amaro de Oliveira]], aka **Marcinho VP do Santa Marta*', onye Brazil ọgwụ ( Comando Vermelho )   

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ụzọ ụgbọ oloko funicular

== Edensibia ==
*obere Jacaré'', a na-akpọkwa ya aha osimiri Jacaré . Jacaré bụkwa aha asụsụ Portuguese nke yacare caiman, mana aha osimiri
Cardboard City (London)

thumb| Oghere ụzọ dị n'etiti Waterloo Bridge na gburugburu Bullring na 2009, na mbụ saịtị nke Cardboard City.
 Obodo Cardboard bụ aha maka nwata na-ụlọ ezi nke ọma ebe nchekwa kaadiboodu nwa oge nke nwere saịtị dị nso na ọdụ Waterloo na London, England.  Obodo Cardboard, bụ ndị na-anya ebe obibi bi na gburugburu 1978 ruo 1998, ma emesịa mechie mgbe iwu Ndịikpe Elu dugara na aha ya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ebubere obodo Cardboard na 1978. [1] N'etiti 1980 na saịtị ahụ, n'ime ụzọ ndị na-agafe agafe n'okpuru okporo ụzọ Bullring dị nso na ọdụ Waterloo, bụ ebe obibi nke ihe ruru mmadụ 200 na-ehi Ụra na  igbe kaadiboodu.  Ka ọ na-erule ná nwa 1998, ihe na- ụmụaka 30 ike n'ebe ahụ.  [2] Obodo London nke Lambeth chụpụrụ ndị a n'ihu ọha na February 1998, ma manye ha ịpụ tupu achị Maachị 1998. Ndịxy nyere mmadụ nile n'ụlọ n'efu, n'agbanyeghị na e nwere ikike ma ndị bi ebe ahụ hà.  ga-enwe ike idi ndụ obibi.  isiokwu ugbu a bụ saịtị nke sinima BFI IMAX

## Na omenala ewu ewu

* Egwu "Cardboard Box City" nke The Levelers (na album mbụ ha bụ A Weapon Called the Word from 1990) bụ maka saịtị a na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ amaghị banyere ọnọdụ ndụ ndị ahụ. 
* Abụ "Victoria Gardens" site na ara ara (na album ha 1984 Keep Moving ) na-ezo aka ozugbo na ọnọdụ nke ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na Cardboard City.
* Egwu "Cardboard City" nke Skyclad (na album ha 1997 Prince of the Poverty Line ) bụ maka ndị bi na Cardboard City na-akpachapụ anya.
* Isi agwa nke *Rebuilding Coventry* nke Sue Townsend kọwara dị ka ibi na Cardboard City nwa oge.
* Ihe nkiri *Tax City* gbadoro ụkwụ na akụkọ ziri ezi nke Taxing Squad, otu ndị omempụ na-erigbu ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-ehi ụra na Cardboard City. 
* Foto ngosi nke onye na-ese ihe Moyra Peralta gosipụtara ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke Cardboard City wee weghara ọtụtụ eziokwu nke ndụ n'ime ala dị n'okpuru nke Bullring. Akwụkwọ a gụnyere okwu mmeghe nke onye nkatọ ama ama bụ John Berger . 

* Obodo kaadiboodu - Belgrade

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Akpụkpọ anụ a na-atụfu

**Towel a na-atụfu** ya bụ ihe ọzọ a na-eji eme ya na akwa akwa akwa ọzọ.Ebubere ihe ndị a na-atụfu ihe maka nnyefe ahụike ma webata ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị usoro ahụike, dị ka ebe ntụrụndụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ile ọbịa, ụlọ mgbatị ahụ na ezinụlọ.  

A na-eji akwa nhicha atụfu iji kwalite njikwa ọrịa, ịdị mma yana ibelata mmefu akụ na ụba.    A na-eji akwa nhicha atụfu ihe n'ubi chọrọ ọnọdụ ịdị ọcha maka obere, nke ziri ezi ma ọ bụ ọrụ ruru unyi nke ihicha na ihicha.  

## Hụkwa

* Enwere ike iwepu ya
* Akwukwo akwa akwa
* akwa akwa

## Edensibia
Ihe osise Beaver

thumb| Beaver Slide na Mahadum Atlanta n'azụ
Beaver Slide ma ọ bụ Beavers' Slide mpaghara mkpọmkpọ ebe ndị America America dị nso na Mahadum Atlanta edere na ụlọ 1882. Ụlọ ụlọ obibi ụlọ nke Mahadum dochiri ya na 1937, nke mebiri na 2008–9.

Charles Forrest Palmer, nwoke ahụ haziri mkpochapụ nke Beaver Slide na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ University, kwuru n'akwụkwọ a na-akpọ ndụ ya na aha Beaver Slide bụ n'ihi James Beavers, onye isi ndị na-abụghị Atlanta site na 1911 ruo 1915, mgbe ọ na  -ekiri mkpọmkpọ ebe site n'egwu ugwu., na-efunahụ ụkwụ ya ma na-agbada n'ime mkpọmkpọ ebe, si otú a: "Beavers' Slide".

Achọpụtara Beaver Slide maka mpụ ya.  N'afọ 1925, ndị ọchịchị obodo na mahadum lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara ahụ maka "nkpochapụ".  

Emere mpaghara ahụ na egwu na "Beaver Slide Rag" nke Peg Leg Howell And His Gang, 1927.

N'ikpeazụ, e mebiri ya ka onye ọrụ maka ụlọ obibi nke akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mahadum ( William Augustus Edwards, architect), nke meghere na 1938.

Ebibiri ụlọ mahadum na 2008–9. Ka ọnwa Jenụwarị 2012 enwebeghị ọkwa doro anya nke ihe a ga-ewu n'ala ahụ. 

## Hụkwa
 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Cañada Real

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb
Cañada Real bụ obodo nwere mgbagharị na mpaghara Madrid nke Spain, usoro ahịrị ụlọ na-esochi ogologo kilomita 14.4 (kilomita 9) okporo ụzọ nke ụzọ ndị ụgbọ ala mmiri La Rioja na Ciudad Real.  Mkpebi kacha n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na obodo Europe, ọ na-agbasa site na obodo Coslada, Rivas-Vaciamadrid na Madrid .

## Ebe
Cañada Real dị na Cañada Real Galiana, otu n'ime okporo ụzọ ehi omenala na-esi na La Rioja gaa Ciudad Real na nso okporo ụzọ M50, okporo ụzọ mgbanaka nke a atọ nke Madrid.  Ndozi a na-ahụ ahụkebe na-egosi ma ụlọ ndị dị elu yana akpa ndị dara ogbenye.  [1] Ndozi mbụ, nke akụkọ na 1950s na 1960s, bụ nke e wuru ugbu a na nke obodo obodo Coslada;  ọtụtụ n’ime ndị bi na ya hụrụ ala ahụ n’aka Steeti.  [1] A na-ewere dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị nke ukwuu na obodo Europe.

E kewara Real Cañada na mpaghara 6: ngalaba 1 (kilomita 0.52 mbụ; 570 yad ogologo na Coslada na Camino de Santiago, na-ejedebe na njedebe ya na Madrid na M-45), ngalaba 2 (kilomita 1.8).  1 mile ogologo;  n'etiti M-45 na M-203), Ngalaba 3 (0.73 kilomita; ogologo yad 800; n'etiti M-203 na M-823), Ngalaba 4 (kilomita 2; 1¼ kilomita).  ;  n'etiti M-823 na Camino de la Partija y Santísimo ), ngalaba 5 (kilomita 1.45; 1590 yaadị ogologo; n'etiti Camino de la Partija y Santísimo na A-3 ) na ngalaba 6 (kilomita 6.7; 4¼).  ogologo kilomita;  ogologo oge ikpeazụ na Madrid, na-aga site na A-3 ruo n'ókè obodo na Getafe ).  [1] A na-ewere ngalaba 6 dị ka "apahia" maka ndị na-eji ọgwụ ike eme ihe

## Ndị mmadụ
N'ihe dị ka ndị bi na 8,048 na ụlọ 2,650 dị ka nke 2012, a na-ahụta Cañada Real n'oge ahụ ka ọ bụrụ obodo kacha ibu na nda Europe .  [1] ezinụlọ ndị mmadụ na-agwakọta ọnụ.  Ọ na-enwekarị ma Spanish Romani na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ (nke sitere na Morocco ).  [2] nke 2017, o nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 7,283

## Mpụ
Valdemingómez, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ n'etiti Cañada Real, bụ ndị òtù ọgwụ na-achịkwa, ime ihe ike na-eme ya.  Ndị na-eji ọgwụ ọgwụ ndị eme ihe na gburugburu Madrid na-aga ọgwụgwọ ọrịa iri na ise a ileta ọgwụ.

## Hụkwa

* Squat na Spain

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Media related to Cañada Real Galiana at Wikimedia Commons
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Obodo Ọchịchịrị

Darktown bụ mpaghara ndị America na America na Atlanta, Georgia .  O si na Peachtree Street na Collins Street (ugbu a Courtland Street), kpọrọ Butler Ave. (nke bụ Jesse Hill Jr. Ave.) ruo Jackson Street.  [1] Ọ na-ezo aka na ngọngọ dị n'elu Auburn Avenue na nke dị ugbu a Ogbe Ndịda Atlanta na mpaghara Sweet Auburn .  Akọwara Darktown n'afọ ndị 1930 dị ka "oghere hell nke mkparị, iwu iwu, ọrịa, mpụ na nhụsianya".

Ọ bụ ntọala maka akwụkwọ Thomas Mullen 2016 Darktown .

A na- okwu ahụ bụ "darktown" mee ihe n'ụzọ dị n'Atlanta na ndị ọzọ nke ndị iji zoo aka na mpaghara ndị America na America.  Currier na Ives weputara usoro lithographs nke ekere ókè-na-ewu n'okpuru aha Darktown Comics, nke edobere na obodo ojii    

A na-eji ya dị ka nke a na aha nke egwu ama ama Darktown Strutters' Ball na 1899 Charles Hale song Na Darktown Cakewalk 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Okporo ụzọ Jackson

thumb| Jackson Row ihe dịka 1907
Jackson Row bụ mkpọmkpọ ụlọ ndị Africa na America na Atlanta .  Onye ode akwụkwọ bụ Ray Stanard Baker mpaghara ahụ n'afọ 1907 n'asụsụ nke na-akpasu uche ugbu a, mana ka o sina dị na-enye otu n'ime nne ole na ole dị na mpaghara: Otu n'ime ọtụtụ obodo ojii na Atlanta.  Obere ụlọ ndị dara mbà n'obi ndị n'ụzọ ndị na-afụ agafe agafe n'ụra, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ nwera, bụ́ ndị na-akpata ihe e ji ebi site n'  ije Ozi ọcha ozi.  Negroes ndị a dị nso na njedebe nke ogbenye, na-agbada mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime mpụ, mana na-ebi ndụ obi ụtọ.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Lightning (Atlanta)

Lightning bụ agbata dị n'ebe egwuregwu nke Downtown Atlanta, Georgia, n'ebe ugwu nke mgbati mbụ nke Magnolia Street, ndịda Simpson St. (ugbu a Joseph E. Boone Blvd.) na n'ebe egwuregwu nke Northside Drive (  US 41).  E mebiri ya ka ọ bụrụ nke mgbasa maka mgbasawanye nke Georgia World Congress Center yana Georgia Dome, mpaghara ahụ mechara ebe egwuregwu Mercedes-Benz .    

N'ihe dị ka afọ 1975, okporo ụzọ ndị na-amalite ọmụmụ dị na Lighting si n'ebe ugwu ruo na ndịda: Simpson St. (oke ugwu), Tyler St., Rock St., Mayes St., Thurmond St.  Newton St., Foundry St., Magnolia Street (oke ndịda) okporo ụzọ ụzọ ndị ugwu na nrịda dị na Lightning bụ, site na nkuzi ruo n'ebe ọmụmụ: Northside Dr. (oke ọmụmụ), Haynes St., Mangum  St., Elliott St.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* 1975 Neighborhood Map, City of Atlanta
* 1911 Sanborn fire maps of the area: northern, southern
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Obodo Plunkett

Obodo Plunkett bụ agbata obi dị na ndịda obodo Atlanta, Georgia .  Ọ dị na ndịda Hapeville, oke obodo Georgia, n'ụdị ụgbọ elu Atlanta yana okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ihe.  [1] A na-akpọkwa ya "Plunkytown," ọ nwere ndị Atlanta ojii na-akpata obere ego ma ọ dị ka mkpọmkpọ ebe.  [2] Ọdị nso ya na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Atlanta n'oge mgbasawanye dị egwu na ọ mmegharị nke nta ka ihichapụ obodo a na map site na-eji '70s.

A anya obodo ahụ n'afọ 1969 dị ka "ndị ikom isi ojii 1,800 bi n'ime ime obodo oge ochie," "ndị na-enwe ikike nkụda na-menye atụ," na- mama ọwa mmiri, okporo ụzọ awara awara, ozi ozi  , ụgbọ ala ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ mmiri pọmpụ, "n'ikiri obere ihe ma na-edozi ọma. ebe obibi ọcha".  [1] Onye isi obodo Ray King nke Mountain View, Georgia, ndị ọcha gbara agbata obi, , , የካር ihu ọma ndị soja na ndị bi na Plunkett Town maka ịgbatị ọrụ dị ka mkpọfu, ndị uwe ojii na nchekwa ọkụ na mpaghara a  na- ike nchekwa na mbụ.  Dị ka ọ dị na Mountain View, ka ọ na-erule akụkọ 1980s, ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ike ihe ngwa agha ikuku nnukwu ebe obibi nke Plunkett Town.  Taa, Ibu Atlanta Tradeport na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ saịtị mbụ nke Plunkett Town.

Ebe ili ozu Gilbert, nke ewepụtara ndị ohu na 1841, mechara bụrụ ebe izu ike ikpeazụ maka ọtụtụ ndị bi na Plunkett Town.  Ihe ruru mmadụ 1700 [1] ka e liri ebe ahụ.  Old South Motel na ebe iri nri (ma ọ bụ Old South Motel na Storelọ ahịa ọrụ) mechara were ụlọ ahụ ma ndị nwe ya boro ebubo na ha wepụrụ ọtụtụ isi okwu.  N'oge a na-arụ ngbanwe nke I-75 na Cleveland Avenue, GDOT ngwa ala olili ahụ mebiri emebi ma nwaa imezigharị site n'ịrụ ihe oyiyi oyiyi oyiyi dị ụkwụ asaa (nke e sere dị ka onye ọcha).  Nke a butere ikpe etiti maka mgbasa nke ụka na steeti, yana mgbochi na eze maka nri uche nke idobe "Jesus ọcha" n'ebe a na-eli ozu ojii.  [2] Ngwọta ahụ bụ ihe na-adị n'ụdị okporo ụzọ nke okporo obelisk mabul na ọtụtụ uwe, nkume isi ihe na-aka akara n'ụdị ebe ili ozu ahụ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Akụkọ ndị America America: Ebe ili ozu Gilbert", Perkerson Civic Association

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
N'okpuru mmiri ara ehi

Bottom Bottom, nke a dị ka Buttermilk Bottoms ma ọ bụ Black Bottom, bụ agbata obi ndị America na America dị na etiti Atlanta, gbadoro ụkwụ na mpaghara ebe Atlanta Civic Center dị ugbu a na Old Fourth Ward .  A na-ewere ya dị ka ebe mkpọkọ, nke nwere okporo amá ndị na-ahụ mma na nri ọkụ

* mkpọda nke ọwa mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ, nke mere ka mmiri a kwadoro na-esi ísì mmiri ara ehi.
* Ndị bi na-enweghị ike ị nweta mmiri ara ehi "ụtọ", ma ọ bụ mmiri ara ehi ọhụrụ, kama ịṅụ mmiri ara ehi, nke ochie, bụ nke azụlitere iji gbakwunye ndụ ogologo ndụ na ndụ ndụ na ngwaahịa ahụ n'oge tupu oge refrigeration nke oge a.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọtụtụ n'ime Buttermilk Bottom mebiri na 1960 iji mee ka ụzọ maka mmepụta obodo, asị ebe ebu Atlanta (wuru 1967), ugbu a Boisfeuillet Jones Atlanta Civic Center .  Mgbe e bibichara mmiri mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi, e me Messia mpaghara baputizim Bedford Pine .  Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ala ahụ tọgbọrọ chakoo ruo etiti 1980 mgbe arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ, nke na- ọrụ ego na-akpata n'ala ahụ.  [1] A na-eji ụfọdụ ala ahụ mee nke Renaissance nke taa na Central Park

## Hụkwa

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Smithsonian National Museum of African-American History and Culture, nwetara Mee 16, 2010
* Ndị na-ahụ maka ụlọ nke Atlanta map nke Buttermilk Bottoms-North Avenue Mmegharị Mpaghara, 1965
* Echiche ikuku nke mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi, 1949
* Onyonyo nke Buttermilk Bottom, 1959, sitere na magazin Life : http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/792b29d9fca4c3ff_landing, http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/a451b2129daa47bb_landing, http://www.gstatic.com/hostedimg/a334e94b7ea270a2_landing
* Onyonyo nke Buttermilk Bottom sitere na 1960, ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'' foto Archive na Georgia State University mkpokọta dijitalụ
* "Njem nke mmiri ara ehi mmiri ara ehi", 1956
* "Buttermilk Bottom" soul/funk song mp3
* Frost Illustrated, enwetara na Mee 16, 2010
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Jenningstown (Atlanta)

Jenningstown bụ obodo nta dị n'Atlanta wuru n'elu, na gburugburu, ihe a na-akpọ mgbe ahụ dị ka Diamond Hill na Ward Mbụ .  Ewubere Mahadum Atlanta na elu ugwu, mepere na 1869. Ndị bi na ya n'oge na-enweghị anya ka Agha Obodo Obodo bụ 2,490, ndị isi ojii niile ma e wezụga ụfọdụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ bụ ndị ọcha bi n'ebe ahụ.  [1] [2] O nwere okporo ụzọ siri ike na mmiri ezughi oke.  [3] Akpọrọ Jenningstown n'ime ụtụtụ afụ nke 20, n'agbanyeghị na akọwara oke ya dị ka ike nke ọma;  Beaver Slide bụ ókè ya na ndịda

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Shermantown (Atlanta)

thumb| Ihe atụ nke Shermantown sitere na ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', 1880
Shermantown bụ ịhụ afọ nke 19 African-American ụlọ dị na mpaghara Stone Mountain Village nke Stone Mountain na Dekalb County, Georgia.  Aha ya bụ General Sherman onye ndị agha ya bi n'Atlanta mgbe Agha Obodo nchebe.  Ọ na-anọdụ na ndò nke Stone Mountain Park
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Akara Azụmaahịa Ezi Omume

The **Fair Trade Certified Mark** bụ akara asambodo azụmaahịa ziri ezi ejiri na United States na Canada. Ọ na-apụta na ngwaahịa dị ka nkwa nke nọọrọ onwe ya na ndị na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-enweta azụmahịa ka mma. The Fair Trade Certified Mark bụ North America dakọtara nke International Fairtrade Asambodo Mark ejiri na Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia na New Zealand.

Ka ngwaahịa wee buru akara Asambodo ọ bụla, ọ ga-esiterịrị na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke Fair Trade USA na ndị nrụpụta asambodo. A ghaghị itopụta na iweta ihe ubi ndị a dịka ụkpụrụ azụmaahịa ziri ezi nke Fair Trade USA setịpụrụ. FLO-CERT na-enyocha ụfọdụ ụdọ ọkọnọ ndị ahụ iji hụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ngwaahịa akpọrọ. Naanị Fair Trade USA (nke bụbu "TransFair USA") nwere ike iji akara ngosi Fair Trade Certified na ngwaahịa ha.

TransFair USA webatara Mark Trade Certified Mark na United States n'ahịa America na 1998.

Na 2012 a nakweere mgbanwe nke US Fair Trade asambodo na uru nke idebanye aha zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ahia ahia. Emebere akara ahụ ka ọ gbapụta nke ọma na shelf site na imewe dị mfe na iji agba. Otu nkata nwere aka gbatịrị agbatị na-egosi ikere òkè na “nye na were” n'etiti ndị na-emepụta ihe na ịzụrụ ihe. Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-egosi ike gburugburu ebe obibi nke Fair Trade. 

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga
ụfọdụ ụdọ ọkọnọ ndị ahụ iji hụ na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ngwaahịa akpọrọ. Naanị Fair Trade

* Enyere akwụkwọ ikike azụmaahịa ziri ezi
Ebe A Na-ahụ Maka Nri Organic

The **Organic Food Development Center** ( **OFDC** ; aha zuru oke: **Organic Food Development Center, SEPA nke China** ; Chinese    ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ asambodo organic na China . E hiwere ya na 1994 ma dabere na Nanjing . Ọ bụ ngalaba nke China State Environmental Protection Administration, ma ọ bụ SEPA. International Federation of Organic Movement kwadoro ya na 2002. 

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ Organic Food Development Center
Ihichapụ ice

**Gel na-ehichapụ** bụ gel na-edozi ahụ nke a na-etinye na akwụkwọ mposi akọrọ maka ebumnuche ihicha, dị ka ịdị ọcha onwe onye, ma ọ bụ iji belata mgbakasị anụ ahụ site na afọ ọsịsa . Emepụtara ya na narị afọ nke 21 ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ na-emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka nhicha mmiri .   >&#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
A na-ahụ Siim Saat [[Estoniya|nke Estonia]] dị ka onye mepụtara gel na-ehichapụ na 2011. Na 2016, ọ bụ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; ọchụnta ego asaa n'ụwa họpụtara maka onyinye nke Healthcareego asaa n'ụwa họpụtara maka onyinye nke Healthcare Startup Society na London na Healthcare Startup Conference.  A  **' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> gel dị ka ihe ngwọta maka ikpochapụ mmetọ mmiri. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;  

## Na-eji
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ere ya nke ọma maka ihicha ala, ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ iji ya megide ọkụ ọkụ anụ ahụ, n'ihe banyere afọ ọsịsa ma ọ bụ ọbụna dị ka ihe dochie anya mmiri na ncha na njem njem.  &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>  > 

A malitere ịre ihe nhicha gel dị ka ngwaahịa ịdị ọcha agbakwunyere maka akwụkwọ mposi site na ụlọ nyocha SATU,  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; dị ka nhọrọ okomoko nke St Joseph's Toiletries  ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa hipster sitere na Zum Bum,  na Zero Taboos nke na-eme Wipegel.  Ọtụtụ ndị toro eto na-ejizi ehichapụ gel na akwụkwọ mposi dị ka ihe ọzọ na-ehichapụ mmiri mmiri nke na-akpata nsogbu &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> na nsị.  <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;  Ihe mkpofu mmiri niile a na-ere dị ka "flushable" na UK adaala  nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri, BBC achọpụtala.  Nnyocha nke Mahadum Ryerson nwalere nhichapụ iri abụọ na atọ na akara "flushable" wee hụ nani abụọ gbasasịa akụkụ.  

## Hụkwa

* Ịdị ọcha gbasara gbasara ike

## Edensibia

ego asaa n'ụwa họpụtara maka onyinye nke Healthcare
Okporo ámá nke Iri (Atlanta)

Tenth Street bụ okporo ụzọ dị na Midtown Atlanta, Georgia.

## Ụzọ na Isi Mmasị

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Mpịakọta nke ọma
mgbaàmà gburugburu ihe ugbu a nke iri na okporo ụzọ Peachtree mmetụta dị ka Tight Squeeze, obodo obodo iwu n'ime oge sochiri agha obodo America .  Ọ nwere ụlọ ịsa ahụ, yana ụlọ ndị na-eji oji na ọtụtụ obere ụlọ nke osisi, n'ịmaka dị mita 30, nke a ka na-ahụ anya n'ikiri egwuregwu nke Peachtree n'ebe ugwu nke 10th Street

N'ime oge obi nkoropụ mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị, ndị agụụ na-agụ, ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, merụrụ ahụ, na enweghị olileanya jupụtara n'okporo ámá Atlanta. Ọwara mmiri ahụ ghọrọ ebe izu ike nye ma ndị a tọhapụrụ na ndị agha agha Confederate chụpụrụ, ụfọdụ ndị riri ahụ morphine.

naanị n'ebe ugwu nke egwu ebe Peachtree okporo ụzọ obodo (ugbu a 14th Street), bụ ụgbọ ala ụgbọ ala, ebe a na-ebupụ ibu, nke a kara aka maka ndị agha n'obodo ahụ, nke dị n'  ihu na ndida.  Ndị ejija na-aga n'ebe a na-adabaghị na-ebu ego ndị ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ebu ibu akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ ndị ejija na-aga n'ebe a na-adabaghị na-ebu ego ndị ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ndị ejija na-aga n'ebe a na-adabaghị na-ebu ego ndị ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ndị ejija na-aga n'ebe a na-adabaghị na-ebu ego, ma ọ bụ ndị ejija na-aga n'ebe a na-adabaghị na-ebu ego ndị ụlọ ọrụ.  ahụ.  Ndị bi na Tight Squeeze, yana ndị ọkpọ n'okporo ụzọ ụzọ awara awara wakporo ndị ọrụ wee napụ ha ngwa akara na ego ha.  E kwuru na ọ "na-ewe ihe siri ike iji ndụ mmadụ," aha ebe obibi ahụ.  Obi nkoropụ mere ka ndị mmadụ na-enwe obi nkoropụ na "nkwụsị agụụ mmekọahụ".  [1] [2] John Plaster bụ onye otu ndị isi ọsụ ụzọ nke esemokwu Plaster's Bridge Road aha maka ya (ugbu a Piedmont Road ).  N'afọ 1866 mgbe ọ dị afọ 35, e gburugburu ya na Tight Squeeze mgbe o bufere ndị na-eje ozi n'Atlanta nnukwu nkụ nkụ.

N'ọgwụgwụ 1800s mpaghara ahụ emepụtara Blooming Hill ma nwee ụlọ ezinarị mara mma.  Ka ọ na-erule 1872 Iwu Atlanta ngosi ya "obere obodo dịpụrụ iche nke ụlọ ọrụ Atlanta" nke nwere ụlọ nri nri abụọ.  [1] Ebe nchekwa Blooming Hill na ihe ọkpụkpụ na họtel Hyatt Midtown.  [2] N'ime oge a, 10th Street ka amarakwara Bleckley Avenue .  [3] N'afọ 1883, e me reeka mpaghara baputizim "North Atlanta".

### Mpaghara ịzụ ahịa n'okporo ụzọ iri
Site na 1920 ruo 1960s ebe ahụ bụ ebe akara akara dị elu, nke mbụ na- መሪ Central District ( Ogbe Ndịda Atlanta ), na- መሪ ndị ọrụ site na mpaghara ndị na-agụ na obodo dum

## Eriri ahụ
Mmeghe nke 1959 nke Lenox Square na 1964 mmeghe nke Ansley Mall wedara akara na mpaghara aha.  mgbaàmà ahụ dị ebe a ma ama hippy hangout wee aha aha The Strip .  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1967, a kpagbuola òtù ndị hippy nke ukwuu na mpaghara ahụike.  A gbara ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ (ọkụ) ma kwatuo ọtụtụ ụlọ ka ha wee nwee ebe a na-adịbadị

## Taa
Taa tenth Street mmalite nke Piedmont Avenue bụ dị mkpa nke Midtown Core azụmahịa dị elu na mpaghara obibi  

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* The Strip oru ngo, zuru ezu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mpaghara
* Ibe na History Atlanta (blọọgụ)
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
A kwadoro ya ka ọ na-etolite

Certified Naturally Grown (CNG), "The Grassroots Alternative to Certified Organic", bụ mmemme mmesi obi ike nke ugbo sitere na US na-akwado iwu, anụ ụlọ na apiaries maka ndị na-ahụ organic na-ere na mpaghara yana nye ndị  aha ha.  [1] E hiwere CNG na 2002 site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo sitere n'okike Kate na Ron Khosla, dị ka ihe dị mfe iji nye ma dị ọnụ ala ọzọ na ndụ USDA's National Organic Programme (NOP), na-  eji ụkpụrụ dabere na NOP.  [2] [3] A na-arụ ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nnyonye anya, nke nwere isi na Brooklyn, New York . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Dị ka Ron Khosla si kwuo, e kere CNG dị ka mmeghachi omume na iwu nke mmepụta organic na US na 2002:
 

## Usoro asambodo
Ọrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo tolitere n'okike ka ha dobe onwe ha na nsogbu kwa afọ.  ma echiche kwa afọ.  N'akpa ka NOP, ebe ụlọ ọrụ USDA akwụkwọ na ndị na- ndị na- ndị ọzọ na-eme nyọkọ, ndị ọrụ ugbo CNG ndị ọzọ, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ CNG, ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ndị ọrụ ubi na ndị ọrụ,  nwere ike ụgbọ CNG.  ezigbo.  [1] Enwere ike ilele ma budata usoro na ụdị, yana ngwacha na ókè ndị bịanyere aka na ya dị maka ikiri nsogbu, na webụsa ịtịt CNG.  Ugbo CNG niile na-edobe ule ule pesticide na-m usoro. 

## Oke mba ụwa
CNG na-arụ ọrụ na US na Canada . Otu nwanna nwanyị United Kingdom, Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri Ezi Mma, na-akwalite ụkpụrụ mmepụta nri ndị yiri ya na mpaghara, ọkwa ala, mana anaghị arụ ọrụ mmemme asambodo. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asambodo n'okike
* Otu nri dị mma - otu nwanne nwanyị CNG na UK
Ndị ọrụ ugbo Organic Certified nke California

**California Certified Organic Farmers** ( **CCOF** ) bụ Ngalaba Agriculture nke United States (USDA) kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ na-enye asambodo organic na mkpakọrịta azụmaahịa, nke dị na Santa Cruz, California . Emebere ya na 1973, CCOF bụ ụlọ ọrụ asambodo izizi organic na United States.  

CCOF gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ atọ dị iche na iwu.  **CCOF, Inc.** bụ ndị otu ndị isi na-achị, ma na-enye akụrụngwa maka asambodo, nkwado, na mmemme ntọala, ma na-akwado usoro isi mpaghara maka ndị otu ya.  **Ọrụ Asambodo CCOF, LLC**, nke kọmitii njikwa LLC na-achị, bụ ụlọ ọrụ asambodo organic nke USDA National Organic Program (NOP). **Ntọala CCOF** bụ ntọala anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nke gụnyere mmemme mmụta, onyinye maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi, mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ ndị ahịa, yana enyemaka ihe isi ike maka ndị ọrụ ugbo. 

Ọrụ Asambodo CCOF, LLC na-enye asambodo organic na ụkpụrụ USDA NOP maka ugbo, arụ ọrụ anụ ụlọ, ndị nrụpụta, ndị na-ede aha onwe, ndị na-ere ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa na United States, Canada, na Mexico. 

## Hụkwa

* Nri Organic
* Ọrụ ugbo

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
India Organic

**India Organic** bụ akara asambodo maka ngwaahịa nri a na-akọ n'ụdị arụpụtara na India.  Akara asambodo na-egosi na ngwaahịa nri organic na-akwado ụkpụrụ mba maka ngwaahịa Organic  nke hibere na 2000.

Ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ na-achọpụta na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa ejiri na ngwaahịa ahụ bụ nke toro site na ịkọ ugbo, na-ejighị fatịlaịza kemịkalụ, pesticides, ma ọ bụ homonụ kpalitere. A na-enye asambodo a site na ụlọ ọrụ nnwale nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-ebupụ ngwaahịa na-ebupụ nri (APEDA)  n'okpuru *mmemme mba maka mmepụta Organic* nke gọọmentị India .  

N'agbanyeghị na ụkpụrụ ndị a na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 2000, atụmatụ asambodo na ya mere akara asambodo malitere na 2002. 

## Jaivik Bharat
Dị ka ntụpọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ & uhie na ngwaahịa iji gosi ma ọ bụrụ na ha bụ onye anaghị eri anụ ma ọ bụ ndị anaghị eri anụ, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) na Disemba 2017, webatara akara Jaivik Bharat iji nyere ndị ahịa aka ịmata ezigbo nri organic. 

Onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa nri FSSAI ekwela ka obere ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe, na-enwe ntụgharị kwa afọ karịa Rs 12 lakh, ka ha ree ihe ha mepụtara ozugbo iji kwụsị ndị na-azụ ahịa na-enweghị asambodo ruo Eprel 2020, mana enweghị ike iji 'Jaivik Bharat logo' na ngwaahịa ha.  Ndị otu na-agba gọọmentị ume ka ha kwalite akara ngosi Jaivik Bharat na usoro asambodo iji mee ka nri organic bụrụ ntụkwasị obi ma dị mfe nghọta na India . 

## Edensibia
Tanyard Bottom

thumb| Foto nke Tanyard Bottom aka Tech Flats
Tanyard Bottom, nke a makwaara dị ka Tech Flats, bụ obodo nta nke dị na ndịda Georgia Tech n'akụkụ Techwood Drive.[1]  Ejiri Techwood Homes dochie ya n'afọ ndị 1930, ọrụ ụlọ mbụ nke America.  Ọ bụ ugbu a saịtị nke Centennial Place Apartments.



## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Obodo Nsọpụrụ

Obodo ugwu bụ obodo ama ama ama ama ama n'iwu obodo nke ihe ruru mmadụ iri isii na-achọ ebe obibi na Portland, Oregon, United States .  N'ụbọchị ndị bu ekeresimesi nke afọ 2000, otu mkpị ndị bi n'akwụkwọ na Portland ego obodo .  Ọ sitere na otu ndị "ndị si mba ọzọ" ndị onwe ha na-akwagharị ala nwere obodo ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-achịkwa onwe ya, obodo amaara ama dịka koodu obodo Portland siri ike.  Ebe a mara dị n'ala dị nso na ọdụ ụgbọ elu International Portland, ma họpụtala ndị isi obodo ma wuo isi nri arụ ọrụ, ndị mmadụ na ibe, ọkụ eletrịka na ebe ọcha.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ndị mmadụ ọchịchị na- ụlọ nchekwa ntọala Digniidaty Village bụ ndị nna ụlọ ntu ise n'ala nsogbu.  [1] Ndị squatters wee nnukwu mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na Nkwado ndị ama ama.  [2] E hiwere ya na mpaghara Sunderland n'ụdị ọdụ ụgbọ elu Portland.  [3] Ndị otu ahụ ihe ngosi $2,000 na ụmụ kwa ọnwa, $17,500 kwa afọ maka ụlọ mposi na ihe ụmụaka $5,000 kwa afọ maka ọrụ mkpofu. 

Ndị kansụl obodo Portland jụrụ agbalị ugboro ugboro imechi ogige ahụ.   O wee kwe nkwa ịdị adị nke obodo site na opekata mpe 2010.   N’ọnwa Maachị afọ 2019, otu obere ụlọ gbawara n’ebe a mara ụlọikwuu site n’aka onye bi na ya na-eji tankị propane na-agbapụta n’ime ụlọ ahụ. Ebibiri ihe owuwu 8'x 10', dịka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ siri kwuo. Otu nwoke bi na ya merụrụ ahụ.  

Edebanyere ugwu Village na Oregon dị ka 501 (c) (3) ndị otu na-akwadoghị ndị otu, yana iwu iwu [1] na otu ndị isi na onye isi oche a mgbaàmà na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.

Otu bụ site na nyocha ngwa. Dignity Village na-ekwu na ejedebeghị n'otu "dabere na okpukperechi, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, usoro mmekọahụ, nkwarụ, afọ, nhọrọ ndụ, ndekọ gara aga (mpụ) ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ akụ na ụba."

N'ihi na ikpe mpụ n'oge gara aga abụghị ihe na-adịghị mma maka ịbụ onye otu, na n'ihi ihe egwu dị n'ihu na-ewu ụlọ, a naghị ekwe ka ụmụaka biri n'ime obodo. 

Nha otu onye na-adịgasị iche ma kpachie ya site na nha anụ ahụ nke ohere dị na mbara ala obodo. Dị ka nke Jenụwarị 28, 2016, ihe dị ka ndị bi na 60 mere ụlọ ha na Dignity Village. 

## Ebe obibi
Ndị kansụl obodo Portland mgbaàmà ka ọ ebe obibi obibi, Obodo dara n'okpuru koodu ụlọ steeti Oregon nke na-acha akwụkwọ ntuziaka.  Nke a na-enye ọkwa mpaghara iwu akwụkwọ.  Enweghị usoro iwu ụlọ emechiela ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ na- mama ụlọ n'iche n'oge gara aga.  Ebe obibi n'ime obodo Dignity Village nwere mbụ ụlọ ntu, hogans, teepees, ụlọ osisi ọkụ ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ihe arụrụ arụ ndị ka ukwuu wuru site na iji ihe nke ihe owuwu mgba ndụ dị ka iṣẹ na osisi eme ike.  Ewukwara ụlọ ụgbọ dị ọkụ n'afọ 2003 dị ka ụdị nke Mgbakọ Ndị Nrụzi Obodo Obodo. 

## Ọrụ obodo
N'ime ọrụ Dignity Village na-enye ndị bi ha gụnyere:

* Ịnweta telivishọn (nke nwere oke) 
* Ụlọ ọgwụ anụmanụ na nlekọta ahụike na saịtị n'usoro nhazi site n'aka ndị dọkịta na ndị nọọsụ afọ ofufo 

## Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka
 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta obodo ụlọikwuu dị na United States

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nri Organic

**Organic Food Federation** bụ q ngwa na-agba ọsọ na-akwado organic na United Kingdom. 

## Nchịkọta
E hiwere obodo a na 1986. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Swaffham . 

Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ dị na UK, yana ndị otu Biodynamic Agriculture Association, Irish Organic Farmers and Growers Association, Organic Farmers and Growers, Organic Trust, Quality Welsh Food Certification, Scottish Organic Producers Association, na Association Ala .

O meela ndị na-etinye aka na ngalaba maka gburugburu ebe obibi, nri na ime obodo na European Commission .

## Ntụaka
ECOCERT

**ECOCERT** bụ ọgbakọ asambodo organic, hiwere na France na 1991. Ọ dabere na Europe mana ọ na-eme nyocha n'ihe karịrị mba 80, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụdị ọrụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa.

Onye nchoputa na onye isi ECOCERT bụ William Vidal.  [1] Ọ na-ahụ dị ka njikọ aka n'etiti mba Europe, mana ejiri bọtịnụ ekiri ruo ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ French nke ụlọ ọrụ dị na L'Isle-Jourdain, Gers, France, [2] na ngalaba ya ECOCERT INTERNATIONAL nke dị na Northeim, Germany, na-egbu a na L'Isle-Jourdain.

ECOCERT bụ isi na-akwado nri na ngwaahịa nri, mana na-akwadokwa ihe ịchọ mma, ihe ncha, senti na akwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enyocha ihe dịka 70% nke ụlọ ọrụ nri nri na France na ihe dịka 30% n'ụwa nile. ECOCERT bụkwa onye na-eduga asambodo nke nri ahia ziri ezi, ịchọ mma na akwa dị ka ụkpụrụ ECOCERT Fair Trade si dị.

Ecocert nwere onye bu ya ụzọ na French ACAB (Association des Conseillers en Agriculture Biologique), otu ndị ọchịchị ntọala na France na 1978, bụ nke wepụrụ ngwaọrụ njikwa onwe ya na 1991. Ọ natala nkwado na France 1992, sochiri Belgium na  1992, na Germany na Portugal na 1995. Otu a akara dị ka njikọ aka n'Abanyere mba Europe, mana ejirila pre-arị iru ya na mba ndị ọzọ n'ụwa.  Nke mbụ, e hibere ụlọ ọrụ na mba dị iche iche ụwa, ndị isiokwu nke ha sochiri ya, gburugburu 2002 na Brazil, Japan na Canada.  Ecocert nọchitere anya ya na China akpụkpọ 2006. Na 2013, Ecocert weghaara IMO Institut für Marktökologie GmbH na IMOswiss AG, na 2014 IMOgroup AG.  Ndị bụ German, Ecocert Deutschland GmbH, nwere ụlọ ọrụ edebanyere aha ya na Constance, yana isiokwu Switzerland, Ecocert Swiss AG, nwere ụlọ ọrụ edebanyere aha ya na Kreuzlingen.  Onye ọrụ ahụ na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye isi oche nke ogologo oge, William Vidal (* 1953). 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* ECOCERT history (French)
Ndebanye aha asambodo ike na-agbanwe agbanwe

**Ndebanye aha Asambodo Energy Renewable** ( **REC-registry** ) bụ usoro ndekọ aha dabere na ịntanetị na Australia maka asambodo ume ọhụrụ (RECs). Ọ bụrụ na otu ụlọ ọrụ Ọstrelia wụnye nrụnye ike ndụ ndụ (ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, wdg), ha nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ maka REC iji kwụsị oriri nke mmanụ ọkụ .

Emebere ndekọ REC site n'iwu Australian Renewable Energy (Electricity) Act 2000 (omume),  ma na-elekọta ya site na Ọcha Energy Regulator .

Ndebanye aha REC:

* na-eme ka imepụta, ndebanye aha, nyefee na nyefee asambodo ọgbọ buru ibu (LGCs)  na asambodo teknụzụ obere obere (STCs)], 
* soro nwe na ọkwa nke asambodo niile,
* na-enye ohere ịnweta ụlọ mkpochapụ STC, na
* na-edobe akwụkwọ ndekọ ọha dị iche iche dịka iwu chọrọ. 

Tupu 1 Jenụwarị 2011, usoro bụ isi na ebumnuche ume ọhụrụ (RET) bụ asambodo ume ọhụrụ (REC). Site na 1 Jenụwarị 2011 REC kewara n'ime asambodo teknụzụ pere mpe (STCs) na asambodo ọgbọ buru ibu (LGCs). A ka na-eji REC dị ka okwu izugbe na-ekpuchi ma STC na LGC.

Asambodo niile ga-emerịrị n'ime ndekọ REC  tupu enwee ike zụta, ree, zụọ ahịa ma ọ bụ nyefee ha. Ndị sonyere ga-ejide akaụntụ ma debanye aha ha ka onye ọrụ ndekọ REC iji mepụta, lelee ma ọ bụ nyefee asambodo.

## Edensibia
Akwụkwọ ikike na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ

**Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ** bụ ezi a na-ere akara na-egosi na a na-ahụ ụfọdụ ọkụ eletrik site na iji isi ọhụrụ ume ọhụrụ .  Otu ụkpụrụ na- waya anya ụgbọ nke otu Megawathour nke ọkụ eletrịka.  Ihe akọwara dị ka “mmeghari ohuru” dị iche site na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ruo na akwụkwọ ahụ.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, opekata mpe, a na-ahụta isi isi ndị a dị ka ikiri ike imeghari:

Asambodo akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na- anya uru gburugburu ebe obibi nke ike mmeghari ohuru ewepụtara.  Enwere ike ịre ndị ahụ iche na ike emepụtara.  Ọtụtụ mba na-eji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka nke ụgbọ ọkụ ọkụ eletrik na-adị nso na ike na-enyere aka nkwado nkwado nke ego na akwụkwọ nri.  A na-eji ihuenyo mba dị otú ahụ dị ka Poland, Sweden, UK, Italy, Belgium (Wallonia na Flanders), na ụfọdụ steeti US.

Ozugbo n'ime grid, ike mmeghari agaghị ekwe omume ikewapụ na ike a na-emepụta. Nke a na-eme ka ịzụrụ nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ikike hà ịzụrụ a na-azọrọ, na akwụkwọ nwe iwesa ume si mmeghari akụkụ nke dum ike na okporo. Ya mere, ịzụrụ akwụkwọ anaghị emetụta oke ume ọhụrụ ewepụtara n'ezie - naanị otu esi kesaa ya.

N'amara ka akwụkwọ ikike CO 2 e -Reduction, dịka AAU's ma ọ bụ CER's n'okpuru UNFCC, nke nwere ike inye n'ụwa nile, Green Certificates akara ike ike / akwụkwọ akara n'etiti eg Belgium na  Italy, hapụ naanị USA na EU so States.  .

## Hụkwa
  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụlọ ọrụ Asambodo Green – saịtị asambodo azụmaahịa green .
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Azụmaahịa Green – saịtị asambodo azụmaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ( EERE ).
* Njikọ Azụmahịa Green – saịtị asambodo azụmaahịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Archived  
* Green Power Network's RECs ibe ( EERE ).
* Atụmatụ Asambodo Ọkọlọtọ Green
Ike Ọdịnihu

**Energy Future** bụ atụmatụ nzere mbụ maka ọkụ eletrik na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na United Kingdom, emebere iji kwado ma kpalie ọgbọ ọkụ sitere na isi mmalite ike mmeghari ohuru . Ewepụtara atụmatụ a na 1999  ma ndị Energy Saving Trust na-arụ ya ruo mgbe ego agwụla na 2002.  

A na-eche na emeghachiteghị ego n'ihi na ndị na-ebubata ihe dị ole na ole dị njikere ịnakwere ihe ọhụrụ a chọrọ maka tarifụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke Trust tụpụtara na-esochi iwebata ọrụ mmeghari ohuru .  Dị ka nke 2007 atụmatụ ahụ agbanwebeghị, ọ bụ ezie na ndị enyi nke ụwa, bụ ndị na-emebu atụmatụ nke ha, so na ndị na-akpọku gọọmentị ka ha mee ya. 

## Hụkwa
 

* Amụma ike nke United Kingdom
* Eletrik Green na United Kingdom
* Ịzụ ahịa ọkụ eletrik
* Nchekwa ike
* Nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ọkụ eletrik
* Eugene Green Energy Standard
* Akụ na ụba carbon dị ala
* Atiri: Ike mmeghari ohuru na United Kingdom

## Edensibia
Nnukwu nnụnụ

**Nordic Ecolabel** ma ọ bụ **Nordic swan** bụ akara nkwado nkwado maka ngwaahịa sitere na mba Nordic . Ndị Nordic Council of Minister webatara ya na 1989. Akara akara a dabere na akara nke Nordic Council ewepụtara na 1984 nke na-egosipụta ntụkwasị obi, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na nnwere onwe.  Nordic Swan na-ekpuchi otu ngwaahịa dị iche iche 67, site na ncha aka ruo na ngwá ụlọ ruo na họtel.

Nordic Swan bụ usoro ikike afọ ofufo nke onye na-arịọ arịrịọ kwenyere ịgbaso njirisi nke Nordic Ecolabelling depụtara. Ihe njirisi ndị a gụnyere gburugburu, ịdị mma na arụmụka ahụike. Usoro njirisi na-akwalite ngwaahịa na ọrụ bụ nke kachasị mma gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eburu n'uche ihe ndị dị ka ahia efu na nha nha (ọnụahịa vs. uru).

Companieslọ ọrụ na-eji akara Nordic Swan maka ngwaahịa ha ga-enyocharịrị nnabata, na-eji nlele sitere na ụlọ nyocha onwe ha, asambodo na nleta njikwa. Labelụ na-adịkarị irè maka afọ atọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-emegharị njirisi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-etinyekwa akwụkwọ maka ikike.

Nordic Ecolabel bu ụzọ pụta na United States site na obere onyinye nke ngwaahịa Nordic. KCK Industries na ABENA webatara Bambo Nature, akwa akwa nwa na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọganihu nke onyinye a emeela ka mgbasawanye nke Nordic Swan na US

Norway na Sweden mebere swan Nordic na 1989, Finland na 1990, Iceland na 1991 na Denmark na 1998. 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ozi gbasara Ecolabel sitere na Kansụl ndị minista Nordic
* Saịtị gọọmentị maka Nordic Ecolabel
Ntinye akara ike

Okwu **ntinye ntinye ike** na-agụnye ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ na-achọpụta ọnụọgụ ike eji emepụta ngwaahịa ha wee tinye ozi ahụ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa ha.  A na-ama akara ntinye ike mgbe ụfọdụ site na mkpọokwu EIL. Ntinye akara ike na-enye uru nke ịmara oke ike ejiri mepụta ngwaahịa, mana ọ naghị egosi oke ike ngwaahịa na-eji arụ ọrụ, dị ka akara ike European Union ma ọ bụ akara akara ike ejiri na Australia na New Zealand., na ọ bụghị n'onwe ya ụkpụrụ maka ịrụ ọrụ ike dị ka Energy Saving Trust kwadoro ma ọ bụ Energy Star .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ntinye ntinye ike sitere na oru ngo sitere n'aka ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ike na akụ na ụba iji nyochaa ndekọ ego ike . 

## Ojiji na ụlọ ọrụ
Ezubere akara ntinye ike ka ọ dị mfe maka ndị na-emepụta ihe iji mejuputa,   Opekempe, ha nwere ike ịkọ ma kpọọ ike nke ụlọ ọrụ ha ji emepụta ngwaahịa, nke a na-akpọ "Energy Inputs Added", mgbe ụfọdụ naanị "Energy". gbakwunyere." Ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nwekwara ike ịdekọ maka ike niile nke ndị na-ebubata ya na-ekwupụta, mgbe ahụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịkọ ma kpọọ "Total Energy Inputs" ma ọ bụ "Total Energy", mana nke a dị ụkọ. Ndị European Organisation for Sustainability na-eji akara ntinye ike ike eme ihe.  

## Site na obodo

### Japan
Na Japan, a na-eme mmemme Top Runner, nke a na-anwale ngwa ngwa ọhụrụ mgbe niile na arụmọrụ, na ndị kachasị mma na-eme ka ọkọlọtọ.

## Hụkwa

* European Union labelụ ike, nkọwa nke European Union labelụ ike
* EnergyGuide, akara ike United States
* Akara akara ike ike, akara ike na Australia na New Zealand
* China Energy Label, akara ike ejiri na China

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Onye ọrụwww.sfsu.edu
* Akwụkwọ.google.com.au
Akara njirimara ike

N'Australia na New Zealand, **akara akara ike** ma ọ bụ **ọkwa ike** bụ akara nke etinyere na ngwa dị iche iche tupu ire ere ahịa, nke na-enye ndị na-azụ ahịa ohere iji ike tụnyere ike nke ngwaahịa ma na-enye ndị na-azụ ahịa aka ịmata ike ole otu ụdị ga-eji na-agba ọsọ. . Ha na-ahapụ ndị na-azụ ahịa ka ha tulee oriri ume nke ngwaahịa ndị yiri ya, na-ebute ọnụ ahịa oge ndụ ha na mkpebi ịzụrụ ihe.  Akara akara ike bụ akara ntụnyere amanyere iwu n'okpuru iwu Australia maka ire ụlọ ahịa mana ọ bụghị maka ngwaahịa a na-ere n'ịntanetị.  Labelụ ahụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ oriri ike maka ngwa na akara kpakpando. Ọnụ ọgụgụ oriri ike bụ atụmatụ nke ike (na kilowatt-awa ma ọ bụ kWh) ngwa ga-eji ihe karịrị otu afọ, dabere na echiche banyere "nkezi ojiji".

Agbanyeghị, oriri ike n'ezie ga-adabere na otu esi eji ngwa na ugboro ole ejiri ya. Ihe ndị dị ka ihu igwe nwekwara ike imetụta oriri ike (na arụmọrụ) maka ụfọdụ ngwa.

Akara akara ike na-agụnyekarị akara kpakpando ume, nke bụ akara nkwado nke gọọmentị Australia na-achịkwaghị ya. Ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ mba ụwa maka ngwaahịa ndị ahịa na-arụ ọrụ ike nke sitere na United States. Ngwa na akụrụngwa nke tozuru ibu akara kpakpando ume bụ n'ozuzu n'elu 25% kacha arụ ọrụ ike. N'Australia, a na-eji akara ahụ maka akụrụngwa ụlọ ọrụ na ngwa eletrọnịkị ụlọ. New Zealand na-eji akara kpakpando ike maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị iche iche dịka ngwaahịa ọcha, ọkụ ọkụ, kpo oku, kpo oku mmiri na windo. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ewebatara akara ahụ na 1986 na steeti Australia nke New South Wales na Victoria ma emesịa gbasaa ojiji ya na steeti na ókèala niile. E kwekọrịtara na 1992 na atụmatụ mmanye amanyere mba. Ọstrelia bụ mba nke atọ hiwere usoro dị otú ahụ, ma Canada na United States gachara . 

Nnyocha e mere International Energy Agency gosiri na nrubeisi nke ndị na-ere ahịa na-egosi akara sitere na 94% na 2001 ruo 98% na 2009. 

## Hụkwa
 

* Ntinye akara ike
* Amụma ike na Australia
* Ngalaba eletrik na New Zealand
* European Union labelụ ike
* Ntụle ike ụlọ
* Ogo WELS

## Edensibia
 

# https://web.archive.org/web/20200109044323/http://www.energyrating.gov.au/about/what-we-do/labelling Isiokwu a nwere nhota sitere na isi iyi a, nke dị n'okpuru ikike Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia
# https://web.archive.org/web/20110601175054/http://www.energyrating.gov.au/history.html Commonwealth nke Australia. Ọnwa Abụọ 2, 2009. Edebere ya na mbụ na 1 June 2011. eweghachiri 11 June 2011.
# http://bigpondnews.com/articles/National/2010/10/12/Energy_rating_labels_succes_524831.html . Akụkọ Bigpond. Ọktoba 13, 2010. eweghachiri 11 June 2011.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ịkpọ aha ike na Ngalaba Mgbanwe ihu igwe na arụmọrụ ike nke Australia
* Akara akara ike ike na New Zealand Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority
* Archived akara akara ike ike na   na EECA Energywise
Woodstock West

alt=|thumb| N'akụkụ obe anọ nwere aha ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị nchekwa obodo gburu na Mahadum Kent State, ụmụ akwụkwọ Mahadum Denver na-emegide mkpebi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ha mere ka ha ghe oghe.
Woodstock West bụ aha ụmụ akwụkwọ Mahadum Denver nyere obodo nta nke ha wuru mgbe ha na-eme akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ imeghe ka mgbụsị akwụkwọ Kent Steeti nchebe

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Na May 4, 1970 ụmụ akwụkwọ 1,500 gba akwụkwọ na Mahadum Denver ka ha ruuru ndị enyi ha dara ada na Kent State [1] ma nwaa ime ka ọ pụta ìhè na mbuso agha President Nixon na Cambodia, ihe omume ama anya nke ịgbatị ụfọdụ doro doro anya.  ikpe.  Agha Vietnam na-ese okwu .  [2] Mkpu nke “Ọkụ!  Ọkụ!  Ọkụ!”  tumbled site na ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka oke mmiri ozuzo Rocky Mountain.  [3] N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, otu olu dara, "Ka anyị wuo, ọ bụghị ọkụ."  Ya mere echiche echiche maka Woodstock West, nzaghachi udo nke kpachapụrụ anya maka ime ihe ike na-e iwu site na New York ruo Seattle  

Ụmụ akwụkwọ mụrụ ụlọ ntu ma wuo ebe mgbaba na mpaghara mpaghara a na-akpọ Carnegie Green.  [1] N'ebe ahụ, ha na-arụrịta ụka, na-eme ihe, na-abụ abụ, na-e ikike okwu ma ime ka ha mmetụta ihe mwute na iwe ha.  ụdị nke ụbọchị ole na ole mbụ ahụ ike udo na akwụkwọ onwe nke aha aha ya, egwu 1969 nke ukwuu Woodstock  

Emechara mebie ahụ na Mee 13, mgbe mahadum kpọchara na nchekwa nchekwa mba Colorado   

## ndabere
Ihe omume abụọ dị egwu nke nyere aka ịtọ ntọala maka Woodstock West bụ ọnọdụ President Nixon na Agha Vietnam, na agbapụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ mkpesa na Kent State.

Nixon agbaala mgbasa na 1968 na ọ ga- nchekwa aka US na Agha Vietnam.  N'ime okwu ikpo okwu ndị ọzọ nke amụma agha ahụ, ndị Republican dere na 1968, "Ahụhụ ịra mbọ anyị ngwa maka iweghachi udo ma n'iche ma ná mba ọzọ."  [1] Mmeri ya dị warara na Democrat Hubert Humphrey na George Wallace nke nọọrọ onwe ya [2] nọmba, n'otu ego, Nkwado ndị ọhụrụ aka nke ikpo okwu a dị mkpa.  Otú ọ dị, n’Eprel 30, 1970, Oga oche ahụ doro anya n’ihe dị ka ụda olu e mere ọnwa 14 na Cambodia.  Nke a mere ka ọtụtụ ndị mara na ọ mebiwo nkwa iyi ya ma mee ka agha ahụ o kwere ná nkwa nwa

Nke a wepụrụ ihe omume nke dị abụọ oke egwu nke nyere mkpali maka Woodstock West.  Na nzaghachi nye ọkwa Nixon, akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ gbawara n'ime iwe iwe, iku, na ime ihe ike.  Ikekwe ihe kacha mara amara n'oge a mere na Kent State University na Kent, Ohio .  Gọvanọ ahụ gosiri ndị nchekwa mba n'ime Kent ka ihe ike dị iche mere n'obodo na n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ.  [1] Mgbakọ ozi agha n'ụtụ gburugburu na ndị nche ụmụ akwụkwọ anọ, merụọ mmadụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ ahụ ma hapụ otu mba na ujo

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye