Dholuo

**Asụsụ Dholuo** (nke a na-akpọ [d̪ólúô] ) ma ọ bụ Nilotic Kavirondo, bụ asụsụ nke otu asụsụ Luo nke Asụsụ Nilotic, nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 4.2 nke Kenya na Tanzania na-asụ,  ndị bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na mpaghara ndịda. A na-eji ya eme ihe maka mgbasa ozi na Ramogi TV na KBC (Kenya Broadcasting Corporation, nke bụbu Voice of Kenya).

Dholuo na Alur, Acholi, Adhola na Lango nke Uganda na-aghọta ibe ha. Dholuo na asụsụ Uganda ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu nwere njikọ asụsụ na Dholuo nke South Sudan na Anuak nke Ethiopia n'ihi mmalite agbụrụ nke Ndị Luo buru ibu na-asụ Asụsụ Luo.

A na-eme atụmatụ na Dholuo nwere 90% yiri Leb Alur (Alur), 83% na Leb Achol (Acholi), 81% na Leb Lango na 93% na Dhopadhola (Adhola). Otú ọ dị, a na-agụkarị ndị a dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche n'agbanyeghị mmalite agbụrụ n'ihi mgbanwe asụsụ nke mmegharị ala kpatara.

## Ịgụ na ide (''N'ime ndị Luo si South Nyanza) '')
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|O nwere mpaghara ebe ndị Seventh-day Adventist British East Africa Mission rụrụ ọrụ. A na-egosi agwaetiti Rusinga na obodo Kisii.
Ntọala nke asụsụ Dholuo e dere ede na ọdịnala Dholuo nke taa, yana mmelite nke Ndị Jaluo na Kenya, malitere na 1907 site na mbata nke onye ozi ala ọzọ nke Seventh-day Adventist a mụrụ na Canada Arthur Asa Grandville Carscallen, onye ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ ya n'ihe dị ka afọ 14 n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria hapụrụ ihe nketa. * (Nke a metụtara naanị Luo nke Southern Nyanza, nke dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria).* Ihe nketa a na-aga n'ihu taa site n'ezinụlọ Obama nke Kenya na Chọọchị Seventh-day Adventist nke Obamas na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Jaluo tọghatara na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 dị ka ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ e zigara Carscallen ka ọ gbanwee. Obamas nke Kenya bụ ndị ikwu nke onye bụbu onye isi ala US Barack Obama . 

Site na 1906 ruo 1921, Carscallen bụ onye nlekọta nke Seventh-day Adventist Church's British East Africa Mission, a na-enyekwa ya ọrụ ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya na nso Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria na ime ntọghata n'etiti ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-agụnye Gendia, Wire Hill, Rusinga Island, Kanyadoto, Karungu, Kisii (Nyanchwa), na Kamagambo. N'afọ 1913, ọ nwetara obere ígwè obibi akwụkwọ maka Mission ma guzobe obere ọrụ obibi akwụkwọ na Gendia iji bipụta ihe ndị dị na chọọchị, mana o jikwa ya mee ihe iji metụta agụmakwụkwọ na ịgụ na ide na mpaghara ahụ.

N'ime ihe dị ka afọ ise na-achịkwa ọgbakọ Jaluo n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, Carscallen nwetara ikike nke asụsụ Dholuo ma bụrụ onye mbụ belatara asụsụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ide, na-ebipụta ụtọ asụsụ elementrị nke asụsụ Nilotic-Kavirondo (Dhö Lwo), yana ụfọdụ ahịrịokwu bara uru, okwu Bekee-Kavirond na Kavirondo-English, na ụfọdụ mmega ahụ nwere isi maka otu ihe ahụ na 1910.  ahụ, ihe karịrị afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ozi ahụ sụgharịrị akụkụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ site na Bekee gaa na Dholuo, nke British and Foreign Bible Society mechara bipụta.

A na-eji akwụkwọ nkuzi ụtọ asụsụ Carscallen mepụtara mee ihe n'ọtụtụ afọ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Kenya, mana echefuola onye dere ya. E mechara kpọwa ya Dho-Luo for Beginners, ma bipụtaghachi ya na 1936. Na mgbakwunye na ederede ụtọ asụsụ, Carscallen chịkọtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu sara mbara nke "Kavirondo" (Dholuo) na Bekee, nke dị na School of Oriental and African Studies, Mahadum London, UK. Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ọrụ ndị a ka e dochiri, naanị emelitere, na nsụgharị ọhụrụ e dezigharịrị nke ntọala asụsụ nke Carscallen guzobere na 1910. 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụedemede
Dholuo nwere usoro abụọ nke ụdaume ise, nke a na-eme ka ọ dị iche site na njirimara  nke a na'elu nke mbụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ATR bụ phonemic n'asụsụ ahụ, usoro nkwekọrịta ụdaume dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ATR nke ụdaume na mmepụta. Mgbanwe  ugbu a n'asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Dholuo bụ na nnọchiaha ụfọdụ yiri ka ha na-efunahụ ọdịiche ATR ma jiri [±ATR] mee ihe n'efu.

### Mkpụrụ okwu
Na tebụl nke ụdaume dị n'okpuru ebe a, a na-etinye akara orthographic n'etiti oghere oghere na-eso akara IPA. Rịba ama karịsịa ihe ndị a: ojiji nke /j/, nke a na-ahụkarị na orthographies nke Afrịka; ojiji, ojiji bụ plosives, ọ bụghị fricatives dị ka na Swahili spelling (ma phoneme /d̪/ nwere ike fricativize intervocalically). 

### Ihe ndị e ji mara ụdaolu
Dholuo bụ Asụsụ ụda olu.  nwere ma ụda okwu na ụda ụtọ asụsụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ na mmepụta nke ngwaa na-agaghị agafe agafe. Ọ nwere nkwekọrịta ụdaume site na Ọnọdụ ATR: ụdaume dị na okwu na-abụghị nke a ga-abụ ma ọ bụ [+ATR] ma ọ bụ [−ATR]. Ihe ATR-harmony chọrọ -agbasa na semivowels /w/, /ɥ/ . [1]   [Nkọwa dị mkpa] Ogologo ụdaume dị iche.

## Asụsụ
Dholuo bụ ihe a ma ama maka mgbanwe ụdaume ya dị mgbagwoju anya, nke a na-eji, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ, eme ihe n'ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị a na-apụghị ịnapụ site na ndị a na'apụghị ịpụ apụ. Ihe atụ mbụ bụ ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọkpụkpụ abụghị akụkụ nke nkịta.
 
Otú ọ dị, ihe na-esonụ bụ ihe atụ nke ihe onwunwe a na-apụghị ịnapụ ya, ọkpụkpụ bụ akụkụ nke ehi:
 

## Okwu Nlereanya

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Luo: Asụsụ*. Akwụkwọ edemede: Mahadum Yale.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Asụsụ Luo elementrị nwere okwu. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
* Omondi, Lucia Ndong'a (1982). *Isi usoro syntactic nke Dholuo.* Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
* Tucker, A. N. (nke Chet A. Creider dere) (1994). *Asụsụ nke Kenya Luo (Dholuo).* Ụgbọelu abụọ. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *A Functional Grammar nke Dholuo.* Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
* Odaga, Asenath Bole (1997). *Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bekee-Dholuo.* Lake Publishers & Enterprises, Kisumu.   ISBN .&nbsp;
* Odhiambo, Reenish Acieng' na Aagard-Hansen, Jens (1998). *Akwụkwọ ọmụmụ Dholuo.* Nairobi
* Capen, Carole Jamieson 1998. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu asụsụ abụọ Dholuo-English, Kenya. Tucson (Arizona): nke onwe ya bipụtara. Kurasa ix, 322. [  ] 

## Njikọ mpụga

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* Okwu Luo na ihe ndị bụ isi
* Ntuziaka bara uru maka ịmụ Luo
* A Handbook of the Kavirondo Language (1920) - otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị mbụ gbasara Dholuo
* Lakeside Font - True Type Font maka ide na Dholuo (echekwara) 
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations