Frances Willard

Frances Elizabeth Caroline Willard (Septemba 28, 1839 - Febụwarị 17, 1898) bụ onye nkuzi America, onye ngbanwe na onye na-akwado maka ịhọpụta ụmụ nwanyị. Willard ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) na 1879 wee nọgide na-abụ onyeisi oche ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1898. Mmetụta ya gara n'ihu n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, dịka ndezigharị nke iri na asatọ (na mmachibido iwu) na ndezigharị nke iri na itoolu (na ikike ụmụ nwanyị) kwadoro. Willard chepụtara nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ "Mee Ihe Niile" maka WCTU wee gbaa ndị otu ume itinye aka na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze dị iche iche site na ịgba akwụkwọ, ịrịọ arịrịọ, ikwusa ozi ọma, mbipụta na agụmakwụkwọ.

Ihe Ihe ndị Willard rụzuru gụnyere iwelite afọ nkwenye n'ọtụtụ steeti yana ịgafe mgbanwe ọrụ, ọkachasị ụbọchị ọrụ awa asatọ. Ọ kwadoro maka mgbanwe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, mmụta sayensị, mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Ndị Kraịst, na mgbasawanye nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
thumb|Frances Willard
A mụrụ Willard na 1839 nye Josiah Flint Willard na Mary Thompson Hill Willard na Churchville, na nso Rochester, New York. Akpọrọ ya aha onye edemede Bekee Frances (Fanny) Burney, onye na-ede uri America bụ Frances Osgood, na nwanne ya nwanyị, Elizabeth Caroline, onye nwụrụ n'afọ gara aga. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ ndị ọzọ: nwanne nwoke tọrọ, Oliver, na nwanne nwanyị nke tọrọ, Mary. Nna ya bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, ọkà mmụta ihe ndị e kere eke na onye omebe iwu. Nne ya bụ onye nkụzi.[1] Na 1841, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Oberlin, Ohio, ebe, na Oberlin College, Josiah Willard gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ozi, na Mary Hill Willard gara klas. Ha kwagara Janesville, Wisconsin na 1846 maka ahụike Josiah Willard. Na Wisconsin, ezinụlọ ahụ, ndị bụbu ndị ọgbakọ ọgbakọ, ghọrọ ndị Methodist.[2] Josiah Willard jere ozi dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe afọ ofufo maka Smithsonian Institution na 1850s, na-edekọ ma na-akọ akụkọ ihu igwe kwa ụbọchị sitere na Janesville. N'ime ọnwa oyi nke 1856–1858 ka Josiah Willard gara n'ebe ndịda maka ahụ ike ya, Frances weere ọrụ nke ime nyocha ihu igwe na ịkparịta ụka na Smithsonian Institution.[3] Frances na nwanne ya nwanyị Mary gara Milwaukee Normal Institute, ebe nwanne mama ha kụziiri ihe.

Na 1858, ezinụlọ Willard kwagara Evanston, Illinois, na Josiah Willard ghọrọ onye na-echekwa ego. Frances na Mary gara North Western Female College (anaghị ejikọta na Northwwest University) na nwanne ha nwoke Oliver gara Garrett Biblical Institute. [1][2]

Mgbe ọ gbasịrị arụkwaghịm, Willard lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ọhụrụ: òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Na 1874, Willard gara mgbakọ ntọala nke Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) ebe a họpụtara ya odeakwụkwọ mbụ ya.[1] Na 1876, ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba mbipụta akwụkwọ WCTU, na-elekwasị anya na ibipụta na iwulite ndị na-ege ntị nke mba maka akwụkwọ akụkọ WCTU kwa izu, The Union Signal.[2] Na 1885, Willard sonyeere Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, Mary Ellen West, Frances Conant, Mary Crowell Van Benschoten (onye odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Willard), na 43 ndị ọzọ ka ha guzobe Associationtù Ndị nta akụkọ nke nwanyị Illinois.[3] [4] [5]

Ka ọ dịgodị, Willard gbalịrị ịgbasawanye ndị otu WCTU na South, wee zute Varina Davis, nwunye onye bụbu onye isi ala Confederate Jefferson Davis, onye bụ odeakwụkwọ nke ngalaba mpaghara nke Women's Christian Association na Memphis (ebe otu nwa nwanyị bi). Willard gbalịrị ma ghara ime ka Lucy Hayes (nwunye Onye isi ala Rutherford B. Hayes) kwenye inyere aka n'ihe gbasara ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, mana onye edemede Sallie F. Chapin, onye bụbu onye na-akwado ndị Confederate nke bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè, kwadoro Willard ma bụrụ enyi nke Davises. N'afọ 1887, Davis kpọrọ Willard n'ụlọ ya iji kwurịta ọdịnihu nke nwa ya nwanyị na-alụbeghị di Winnie Davis, mana ụmụ nwanyị Davis abụọ jụrụ ịghọ ndị na-akwado ọha na eze, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na Jefferson Davis megidere mmachibido iwu. N'afọ 1887, Texas mere ntuli aka maka ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na onye bụbu onye isi post nke Confederate John Reagan kwadoro iwu ịṅụbiga ọgwụ ókè. Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ bipụtara foto Willard na-enye Jefferson Davis bọtịnụ ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè iji nye nwunye ya, Jefferson Davis pụtara n'ihu ọha megide ntuli aka ahụ (dị ka megidere ikike steeti) ma merie. Ọ bụ ezie na Varina Davis na Willard ga-anọgide na-edegara akwụkwọ ozi n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ (dị ka Varina kwagara New York mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, Willard nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime iri afọ ikpeazụ ya na mba ọzọ); ntuli aka ọzọ agaghị eme ruo afọ iri abụọ.

Dị ka onye isi oche nke WCTU, Willard rụkwara ụka maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, dabere na "Nchebe Ụlọ", nke ọ kọwara dị ka "mgbasa ... nke ebumnuche ya bụ iji chekwaa ụmụ nwanyị niile karịrị afọ iri abụọ na otu vootu dị ka otu ụzọ maka ichebe ụlọ ha site na mbibi nke okporo ụzọ iwu kwadoro na mmanya siri ike kpatara. " "Nrụrụrụrụ aka" megide ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị ikom mmanya na-egbu mere, nke a na-ahụkarị ma n'ime ma n'èzí ụlọ. Willard kwuru na ọ dị oke mfe maka ụmụ nwoke ịpụ na mpụ ha na-enweghị ikike ụmụ nwanyị. E ji arụmụka "Nchebe Ụlọ" mee ihe iji nweta nkwado nke "nwaanyị nkịtị," onye ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ndị isi okpukpe, na ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ya gwara ka ọ na-enyo ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị enyo. Ọchịchọ maka nchebe ụlọ nyere nwanyị nkịtị ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji chọọ nnwere onwe. Willard siri ọnwụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ahapụ echiche ahụ na ha bụ mmekọahụ "na-adịghị ike" nakwa na ha ga-anabata ịdabere na ụmụ nwoke. Ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha sonye n'òtù ahụ iji melite ọha mmadụ: "Politics bụ ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ. "  Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke mmegharị nke Willard bụ iwulite "echiche nke ịbụ nwanyị" nke nyere ụmụ nwanyị ohere imezu ikike ha dị ka ndị enyi na ndị ndụmọdụ nke ụmụ nwoke, n'adịghị ka "ọrụ na ihe eji egwuri egwu nke nwoke" 

Arụmụka Willard banyere ikike nhọpụta dakwara n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ. O kwuru na iwu okike na nke Chineke chọrọ ịha nhata n'ezinụlọ America, ebe nne na nna na-ekere òkè na ndu. Ọ gbasaa echiche a banyere ụlọ, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị iduzi n'akụkụ n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ, ụka, na gọọmentị, dịka "Chineke na-etinye nwoke na nwanyị n'akụkụ niile n'ọchịchị iwu ya". 

Ọrụ Willard ruru mba ụwa na 1883 site na mgbasa nke Polyglot Petition megide ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ mba ụwa. Ọ sonyekwara May Wright Sewall na nzukọ International Council of Women na Washington, DC, na-atọ ntọala na-adịgide adịgide maka National Council of Women of the United States. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ na 1888 ma gaa n'ihu n'ọkwa ahụ ruo 1890.  Willard guzobekwara World WCTU na 1888 wee bụrụ onye isi oche ya na 1893.  Ya na Lady Isabel Somerset, onye isi oche nke British Women's Temperance Association, rụkọtara ọrụ, onye ọ gara ọtụtụ ugboro na United Kingdom.

N'afọ 1892 ọ sonyere na mgbakọ St. Louis n'oge e guzobere People's (ma ọ bụ Populist) Party. E wetara usoro ụkpụrụ nke ya na iri abụọ na asatọ n'ime ndị isi mgbanwe nke United States, ndị gbakọtara na oku ya, dere na Chicago, Illinois. Otú ọ dị, òtù ọhụrụ ahụ jụrụ ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu ma ọ bụ njide onwe ha n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ilekwasị anya na nsogbu akụ na ụba.

Mgbe 1893, Willard nwere mmetụta nke British Fabian Society ma ghọọ onye Christian socialist.
thumb|Nkume ili Willard
In 1898, Willard died quietly in her sleep at the Empire Hotel in New York City after contracting influenza while she was preparing to set sail for England and France. She is buried at Rosehill Cemetery, Chicago, Illinois.

E liri Frances Willard na nne ya Mary Thompson Hill Willard na Rosehill Cemetery na Chicago. O nyere ụlọ Evanston ya na WCTU. E meghere Ụlọ Frances Willard dị ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 1900 mgbe ọ ghọkwara isi ụlọ ọrụ WCTU. N'afọ 1965, e buliri ya ka ọ bụrụ National Historic Landmark.
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Willard bụ nwanyị mbụ gụnyere n'etiti ndị isi America kachasị ukwuu nọchitere anya na National Statuary Hall na United States Capitol. Ọ bụ Helen Farnsworth Mears sere Ihe oyiyi ya ma kpughere ya na 1905. 

A na-echeta Willard na stampụ post nke United States wepụtara na Machị 28, 1940, dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ndị ama ama ama ama America. 

N'afọ 2000, a nabatara Willard na National Women's Hall of Fame . 
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Willard na-egosi na National Statuary Hall nke Capitol Building
A na-echeta Frances Willard nke ọma site na ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ nka metụtara mgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị na mmegharị nke onwe.

N'afọ 1929, e tinyere enyemaka nke  site n'aka Lorado Taft, nke National Woman's Christian Temperance Union nyere iwu, na Indiana Statehouse, Indianapolis, Indiana. Ihe ncheta ahụ na-echeta ncheta afọ iri ise nke nhọpụta Willard dị ka onye isi oche nke WCTU na Ọktoba 31, 1879: "N'ịsọpụrụ otu onye mere ka ụwa gbasaa maka ụmụ nwanyị ma bụrụ ụlọ maka ụmụ mmadụ Frances Elizabeth Willard Intrepid Pathfinder na onye ndú a hụrụ n'anya nke National and World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union".

WCTU kwadokwara ihe ncheta na ụlọ ndị nwere aha Willard n'ọtụtụ mba. A gụrụ Willard Hall na Temperance Temple, Chicago, aha iji sọpụrụ ya. N'afọ 1911, alaka ụlọ ọrụ WCTU nke South Australia meghere Willard Hall na Willard Guest House na Wakefield Street, Adelaide, South Australia.

Ụlọ Ọgwụ Frances E. Willard Temperance na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru aha ahụ site na 1929 ruo 1936 na Chicago. Ọ bụzi Ụlọ Ọgwụ Loretto na mpaghara Austin nke Chicago.

A na-echeta Frances Willard site n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na mahadum, sekọndrị, na ọkwa praịmarị, na-egosipụta njikọ na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe nketa ya na agụmakwụkwọ, mgbanwe, na idu ndú obodo.

Na ọkwa postsecondary, Willard Residential College na Mahadum Northwestern meghere na 1938 dị ka ụlọ obibi ụmụ nwanyị wee ghọọ ụlọ obibi mbụ nke mahadum na 1970. 

Willard Hall Oklahoma State University dị na Stillwater, Oklahoma ka e wuru na 1938 dị ka ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ na-ebi ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 400 kwa afọ ruo n'afọ 1986. Mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe maka nchekwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, Mahadum ahụ tinyere $ 9.8 nde n'imezigharị ụlọ ahụ na 1995. Mgbanwe ahụ gbakwunyere nnukwu ụlọ nzukọ, ụlọ klas nke oge a, ụlọ nyocha, na ọfịs ngalaba. Ebumnuche ọhụrụ nke ụlọ ahụ bụ ije ozi dị ka ụlọ nke College of Education, ọrụ ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ejupụta taa.

Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na praịmarị na-akpọkwa aha Willard na United States. Ndị a gụnyere Willard Middle School na Berkeley. guzobere na 1916, na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na Evanston, River Forest, Pasadena, Norfolk, na Scranton. Frances E. Willard Elementary School na Norfolk mesịrị ghọọ Willard Junior High School na 1960.