open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Intafact Beverages Limited

6°07′38.2′′N 6°45′54.6′′E / 6.127278°N 6.765167°E / 6.12.7278; 6.765-167 Intafact Beverages Limited bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya nke dị na Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria .  Kemgbe 15 Disemba 2017, ọ bụ na-enweghi na ahụ na-erizi enyemaka nke International Breweries Plc . 

SABMiller mere itinye ego mbụ nke ihe karịrị US $ 100m na Onitsha brewery nke e nyere ọrụ na 30 Ọgọst 2012.  N'afọ 2014, e mere mkpebi n'ihu afia na mgbanwe itinye ego US $ 110 nde iji mụbaa ikike kwa afọ ugbu a site na 700 000 ruo 2.1 nde hectolitres.

## Akara
Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-emepụta maka ụdị ndị gụnyere Hero Lager, Budweiser, Castle Milk Stout (6%ABV), Grand Malt (na-abụghị mmanya uhie nke ọbọdọ na-aba n'anya) na Beta Malt (na na-abụghị mmanya).

## Arụmụka banyere onye nwe ya 2013
Arụmụka bilitere n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013 banyere mbipụta nke òkè na Next International ụlọ ọrụ nke gọvanọ nke oru ngo nke steeti Anambra bụ Peter Obi. A kọwakwara na o tinyere ijeri Naira 2 nke ego steeti maka 10% nke ụlọ ọrụ biya.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta biya na ụlọ mmanya na Naịjirịa

## Nrutuaka
International Breweries plc

**International Breweries plc** bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanya na Naijiria. Ọ malitere mmepụta nke oru tna Disemba 1978 na ikike arụnyere nke 200 000 hectolitres kwa afọ, nke a mụbara ruo 500 000 hl / a na Disemba 1982.

N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1994, International Breweries plc ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ puku onye ụgwọ ọha na eze ma depụta ya na Naịjirịa Stock Exchange.   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

International Breweries plc nwere nkwekọrịta ọrụ teknụzụ na Brauhaase International Management GMBH, onye enyemaka nke ọbọdọ na ọrụ pụrụ ntakịrị nke Warsteiner Group nke Germany, nke nwere 72.03% nke ego.

Na 1 Jenụwarị 2012, SABMiller weghaara njikwa njikwa nke International Breweries site na BGI Castel.Na mbido afọ 2022, International Breweries plc bịanyere na ahụ na-erizi mmụta aka na nkwekọrịta nkwado na Nigeria Professional Football League site na akara biya Hero lager.
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ International Breweries na Ilesa, Jenụwarị 2014

## Ngwaahịa

* Trophy lager (1978), a pale lager
* Betamalt (1988), ihe ọṅụṅụ malt na-abụghị mmanya na-aba n'anya
* Mayor lager, (Ugbu a anaghị emepụta ya) 
* Trophy Black (2013), a dark lager
* Budweiser (2018) 
* Onye dike Lager
* Eagle Lager
* Nnụnụ Ugo
* Ihe nrite

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta biya na ụlọ mmanya na Naịjirịa
* Ọnụ ụzọ biya 
* Portal ụlọ ọrụ 
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Naịjirịa 

## Nrutuaka

Òtù:Ȯra Osun
Ihe nkedo kpakpando

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ biri, UAC n'okpuru nduzi nke Frank Samuel kwalitere nguzobe ụlọ ọrụ biya na Naịjirịa. Na Nọvemba 1946, UAC na mmekorita ya na Heineken guzobere Nigerian Breweries Ltd. Na June 1949, ewebata STAR lager n'ahịa Naijiria.  Ụdị biya ọhụrụ nke Naijiria nke nwere ụfụfụ na-acha ọcha chere ụfọdụ ihe méré ótù nkiri Miami ọrụ pụrụ ize ndụ ihu n'ihi na ọ na-asọmpi na ụdị biya mba ọzọ, whiskey na mmanya nkwụ. Star beer nwetara ala ahịa ma na 1960 bụ onye ndu ahịa na onye a na-ahụ anya na oriri na ememe.

### Nkwalite
Na mbido akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, a kwalitere Star Beer dị ka akara ụlọ nwere ụkpụrụ mba ụwa. N'afọ 1954, akara ahụ meriri n'ụdị biya a na-etinye na karama na British Empire na Commonwealth Bottled Beer Competition. N'afọ ndị 1970, akara ahụ nwéré ogologo nke ọgu abua site njikọ na nkwado nke Naịjirịa Chess Championship, Table Tennis Competition na asọmpi ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè. Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi eji eme ihe n'oge ahụ bụ LINTAS.

## Nrutuaka
Ịdị n'anya

Assarting bụ omume nke iwepụ ala ọhịa maka iji ya mee ihe n'ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. N'Iwu ala England, ọ bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ịhazi akụkụ ọ bụla nke oké ọhịa eze na-enweghị ikike. Nke a bụ -" data-linkid="12" href="./Trespass" id="mwEA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Trespass">mmebi iwu kasịnụ a ga-eme n'oké ọhịa, n'ịbụ ihe karịrị ihe mkpofu: ebe mkpofu nke oké ọhịa ahụ gụnyere igbu osisi na obere osisi, nke nwere ike itolite ọzọ, assarting gụnyere iwepu osisi niile kpamkpam - mkpochapụ zuru oke nke mpaghara oké ọhịa.

A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ assart mee ihe maka otu ala e kewara. Assart rent bụ ndị a kwụrụ Eze Britain maka ala ọhịa ndị e kewara. Okwu a sitere na okwu French bụ essarter nke pụtara iwepụ ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ọhịa. N'ebe ugwu England, a na-akpọ nke a ridding.

## Usoro
N'Oge Ụwa Na-emepechabeghị Anya, ala a kpochapụrụ na-abụkarị ala nkịtị mana mgbe a gbasịrị ya, ohere ahụ ghọrọ nke onwe. Usoro ahụ were ụdị dị iche iche. Ọ na-abụkarị otu onye ọrụ ugbo na-eme ya nke na-ewepụ oghere dị n'oké ọhịa, na-ahapụ ubi e ji mgbidi kpuchie. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ụfọdụ, ìgwè ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ ọbụna obodo nta dum rụrụ ọrụ ahụ ma kewaa nsonaazụ ya n'ime eriri ma kesaa ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo. Obodo ndị mọnk, ọkachasị Ndị Cistercian, mgbe ụfọdụ, yana ndị isi obodo. Ala a kpochapụrụ na-ahapụkarị ahịhịa ahịhịhịa, nke na-enwekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke osisi ndị dị ka obere akwụkwọ lime ma ọ bụ Ọrụ ọhịa ma nwee osisi ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ahịhịrị ahịhọta, dị ka hazel. Ihe atụ dị na Dorset, ebe enwere ọdịiche na mgbidi dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ, na Hatfield Broad Oak na Essex ebe mgbidi nke oge a ka na-agbaso ókèala nke oké ọhịa oge ochie, na Suffolk" id="mwLg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shelley, Suffolk">Shelley na Suffolk ebe e nwere mgbidi dị ogologo nke Osisi lime nke bụ ihe fọdụrụ na Nri afọ nke iri na itoolu.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Assarting has existed since Mesolithic times and often it relieved population pressures. During the 13th century, assarting was very active, but decreased with environmental and economic challenges in the 14th century. The Black Death in the late 1340s depopulated the countryside and many formerly assarted areas returned to woodland.

Assarting was described by landscape historian Richard Muir as typically being "like bites from an apple" as it was usually done on a small scale but large areas were sometimes cleared. Occasionally, people specialized in assarting and acquired the surname or family name of . 

Aha ubi na Britain na-ejigide mmalite ha mgbe ụfọdụ na assarting ma ọ bụ colonisation site na aha ha dị ka: 'Stocks'; 'Stubbings'; 'Sart'; 'Ridding'; 'Royd'; 'Brake'; 'Breach'; ma ọ bụ 'Hay'.  Ọtụtụ ebe ndị dị n'ebe ugwu France a na-akpọ 'Les Essarts' ma ọ bụ na-ejedebe na '-art' na-ezo aka n'omume ahụ.

## Ebem si dee
Bale

**Bale** nwere ike na-ezo aka:

## Nchịkọta

* Akpụkpọ anụ
* Hay ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, nke a na-ejikọta ya na baler
* Akwụkwọ bale, otu unit nke akwụkwọ nha nke hà ka iri reams
* Akpụkpọ anụ, akpa ajị anụ a na-akpọ standard-size and -weighted

## Ebe ndị a na-anọ

* Mpaghara Bale na Ógbè Oromia, Etiopia
** Ugwu Bale
* Ógbè Bale, Etiopia, ógbè mbụ
* Sultanate nke Bale, nke bụbu sultanate nke ndị Alakụba
* Bale, Poland
* Bale, Konjic, Bosnia na Herzegovina, obodo nta
* Bale, Croatia, obodo na obodo
* Obodo Bale, Norfolk, England
* Ógbè Balé, Burkina Faso
* Basel, Switzerland, obodo aha ya bụ Bâle

## Ojiji ndị ọzọ

* Bale (aha) , ndepụta nke ndị nwere aha ahụ
* Bale baronets, utu aha na-adịghịzi adị na Baronetage nke England
* Bail (jewelry), nke a na-akpọkwa bale, akụkụ nke ụdị ọla ụfọdụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ihe olu
* Ụdị ma ọ bụ ụdị Ịnyịnya Abyssinia

## Hụkwa

* Bale shrew, ụdị dị na Ugwu Bale nke Etiopia
* Asụsụ Akar-Bale
* Ba'al
* Ịgba akwụkwọ (disambiguation) 
* Mgbapụta
* Baale (disambiguation)
Barrow

**Barrow** nwere ike na-ezo aka:

## Ebe ndị a na-anọ

### England

* Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria
** Obodo nke Barrow-in-Furness, nke bụbu ọchịchị ime obodo nke na-agụnye mpaghara sara mbara
** Barrow na Furness (mpaghara ndị omeiwu UK) 
* Barrow, Cheshire
* Barrow, Gloucestershire
* Barrow, Lancashire
* Barrow, Rutland
* Barrow, Shropshire
* Barrow, Somerset
* Barrow, Suffolk
* Barrow (Lake District) , a dara na steeti Cumbria
* Barrow n'elu Humber, Lincolnshire
* Barrow n'elu Soar, Leicestershire
* Barrow n'elu Trent, Derbyshire

### Ireland

### United States

* Barrow County, Georgia
* Barrow, Illinois, obodo na-enweghị ụlọ ọrụ
* Utqiaġvik, Alaska (nke a maara dị ka Barrow) 

### Ọnwa

* Barrow (oghere) 

## Ndị mmadụ

* Barrow (aha) , aha nna, na ndị nwere aha
* Barrows (aha) , aha nna, na ndị nwere aha
* Errol Barrow
* Musa Barrow, onye na-agba bọọlụ na Gambia

## Ojiji ndị ọzọ

* Barrow A.FC, otu egwuregwu bọọlụ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Barrow-in-Furness Barrow Raiders, otu egwuregwu rugby nke dabere na Barrow-in-Furness  Ụlọ ahịa Barrow, na Birmingham, England  Barrow (ihe ọkpụkpụ), ihe ọkpụkpụ na Indianapolis nke onye America na-ese ihe bụ Jill Viney  Ezi ezi nke nwoke agbadoro agbaji  Otu okwu maka Tumulus, mkpọmkpọ ebe olili ozu  Wheelbarrow, ngwa eji ebu ibu
River Basin Authorities in Nigeria

**Ndị na-ahụ maka mmepe River Basin na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]** bụ ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-etinye aka na akurungwa mmiri maka ọrụ ugbo na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ndị ọchịchị ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ na oke geo-morphological na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-arụ ọrụ iji kwalite ọrụ ugbo na mmepe ime obodo site na ịgba mmiri, ịchịkwa mmetọ osimiri yana inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka n'ịhazi nri.

Mgbanwe akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naijiria emetụtala ọrụ ndị isi osimiri, afọ iri mgbe e guzobesịrị ha mmetụta ha dị obere.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Nchegbu gbasara mmepụta nri na-adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo Sahel nke mmalite 1970s na mbelata nke mmepụta ugbo na-esochi mmụba mmanụ ala Naijiria  butere echiche gbasara itinye ego na mmepụta nri na-dịgide adịgide ma jikwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri. E mepụtara atụmatụ iji mepụta ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị gbasaa n'ime mba ahụ dabere na usoro mmiri nke osimiri dị iche iche. N'afọ 1973, e guzobere ndị isi mmiri abụọ maka Osimiri Sokoto na Ọdọ Mmiri Chad.

N'afọ 1976, iwu nke guzobere ndị isi mmepe nke Osimiri depụtara ụlọ ọrụ iri na otu nwere ikike ịzụlite ihe onwunwe mmiri iji bulie mmepụta ugbo. Nchịkwa mmiri iji kwado ihe ọkụkụ a na-agba mmiri bụ otu n'ime ọrụ dị mkpa nke ndị isi mmiri.

Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya batara n'ọchịchị n'afọ 1979, e kenyere ndị isi mmiri mmiri mmefu ego ka mma, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nọ na steeti ndị mmegide na-achịkwa mana na-atụle ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nhọrọ nke ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta na ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ.

N'afọ 1984, e mepụtara ndị isi ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ maka steeti ọ bụla, mmụba ruo 19 site na ọdọ mmiri iri na otu mbụ. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe a adịteghị aka ka ọchịchị ọhụrụ laghachiri na iri na otu gara aga.

## Ndị isi mmiri nke osimiri

* Chad Basin Development Authority - mpaghara ndị gbara Lake Chad Basin gburugburu.
* Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority - ebe ndị Osimiri Benue na ndị na-eso ya na-agbanye mmiri site na ókèala mba ụwa ruo Pai na Osimiri Donga.
* Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority - ebe a na-achịkọta mmiri bụ ndị dị n'ime njikọ nke Benue na Niger Rivers.
* Cross River Basin Development Authority - ebe a na-enweta mmiri bụ ebe Cross River na ndị na-esite na ya.ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ.
* Anambra - Imo River Basin Development Authority - East of Niger River na mpaghara ndị Osimiri Imo na Anambra na-agbanye mmiri.
* Niger River Basin Development Authority - ebe Osimiri Niger na-agbanye mmiri na-amalite n'ebe ugwu site na njikọ nke osimiri ahụ na Osimiri Malendo wee gbadaa na njikọ nke Osimiri Niger da Osimiri Ubo.
* Ogun Osun River Basin Development Authority 
* Benin - Owena River Basin Development Authority 
* Niger Delta River Basin Development Authority
* Sokoto - Rima River Basin Development Authority 
* Hadejia - Jama're River Basin Development Authority.
* Osimiri Upper Niger - Niger, Kaduna na FCT

## Ebenside
Mmepe ala

**Mmepe ala** bụ mgbanwe nke ala n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dịka:

* Mgbanwe ọdịdị ala site na ọnọdụ okike ma ọ bụ nke ọkara okike maka ebumnuche dị ka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ụlọ
* Nkewa nke ala n'ime ọtụtụ, nke a na-ahụkarị maka ebumnuche nke iwu ụlọ
* Mmepe ụlọ ma ọ bụ ịgbanwe ebumnuche ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ site n'ịgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe a na-ejighị mee ihe ka ọ bụrụ condominium.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mmepe ala nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke malitere n'oge Neolithic n'ihe dị ka 8,000 BC. Site na mmalite nke mmepeanya, usoro mmepe ala akọwapụtara ọganihu nke mmelite na ala dabere na koodu na ụkpụrụ, ọkachasị ụlọ.

## Akụkụ akụ na ụba
 N'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba, a na-akpọsakwa mmepe ala mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ndozi ala ma ọ bụ ndozi ala.  Ọ na-ezo aka na ntinye ego na-eme ka ala ndị mmadụ na-eji ya eme ihe.  Maka ebumnuche ndekọ ego ọ na-ezo aka na ọrụ ọ bụla dị iche iche na-abawanye uru nke usoro ahụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ha anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, mana ụfọdụ ndozi ala enweghị ike ibelata ọnụ ahịa n'ihi na enweghị ike ikpebi ndụ bara uru.  Ụlọ na njide [nkọwa dị mkpa] bụ ụdị mmepe abụọ a na-ahụkarị na nke kacha ochie.

Ogologo, na ụdị ojiji ala na-emetụta ebe obibi Anụ ọhịa ma si otú ahụ na-emetụtụrụ ụdị dị iche iche nke mpaghara na ụwa. Mgbanwe mmadụ nke ala site na ahịhịa okike (dịka Ọzara) gaa n'iji ya eme ihe ọ bụla ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata mbibi ebe obibi, mmebi, na nkwarụ, nke niile nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na ụdị dị iche iche. Mgbanwe ala bụ otu ihe kachasị akpata mkpochapụ nke ụdị ala. Ihe atụ nke ntụgharị ala ịbụ isi ihe kpatara ọnọdụ dị egwu nke anụ na-eri anụ bụ mbelata ebe obibi maka nkịta ọhịa Africa, *Lycaon pictus* . 

Deforestation is also the reason for loss of a natural habitat, with large numbers of trees being cut down for residential and commercial use. Urban growth has become a problem for forests and agriculture, the expansion of structures prevents natural resources from producing in their environment.  In order to prevent the loss of wildlife the forests must maintain a stable climate and the land must remain unaffected by development. &#x5B;**&#x5D;  Furthermore, forests can be sustained by different forest management techniques such as reforestation and preservation. Reforestation is a reactive approach designed to replant trees that were previously logged within the forest boundary in attempts to re-stabilize this ecosystem. Preservation on the other hand is a proactive idea that promotes the concept of leaving the forest as is, without using this area for its ecosystem goods and services. Both of these methods to mitigate deforestation are being used throughout the world.

U.S. Forest Service na-ebu amụma na obodo ukwu na ala na-emepe emepe na U.S ga-agbasa site na pasent 41 n'afọ 2060.  Ọnọdụ ndị a na-akpata mwepụ maka anụ ọhịa na obere ihe onwunwe maka gburugburu ebe obibi iji nọgide na-enwe nguzozi.

## Ebenside
Ọrụ ugbo Biosaline

alt=|thumb|300x300px|Halophyte na-eto eto n'ala nnu nke Liberty County, July 1983.
Biosaline agriculture is the production and growth of plants in saline rich groundwater and/or soil. In water scarce locations, salinity poses a serious threat to agriculture due to its toxicity to most plants. Abiotic stressors such as salinity, extreme temperatures, and drought make plant growth difficult in many climate regions. Integration of biosaline solutions is becoming necessary in arid and semiarid climates where freshwater abundance is low and seawater is ample. Salt-tolerant plants that flourish in high-salinity conditions are called halophytes. Halophyte implementation has the potential to restore salt-rich environments, provide for global food demands, produce medicine and biofuels, and conserve fresh water..

## Ojiji

* **Ihe ọkụkụ**: Halophytes dị iche iche, dị ka *[&#x3C;i&#x20;id= .]*/Mesembryanthemum_crystallinum" id="mwJA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mesembryanthemum crystallinum">Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, na *Salsola soda*, bụ akwụkwọ nri ndị a pụrụ ịzụlite maka oriri mmadụ. Halophytes ndị ọzọ, dị ka *Bassia hyssopifolia* na *Panicum turgidum* nwere ike iji dị ka nri ma ọ bụ nri anụ iji nye anụ ụlọ nri, na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka nri a na-ejikarị eme ihe.
* Desalination / Restoration: Ọrụ ugbo Biosaline nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide maka ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala n'ihi na ọ na-enye ohere iweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi. Halophytes nwere ihe ndị nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị nro ghara ịdị n'ime mmiri, na-ejide ọla dị arọ n'ime ala, ma ghara ịchọ mmiri dị ọcha iji mepụta. Site n'ịkụ ọtụtụ okirikiri nke halophytes, enwere ike iweghachi ala ahụ n'ọnọdụ dị mma maka iji ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala. Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ime site na mbufe nke halophyte na osisi ndị nwere nnu. Nke a na-eme ka nnagide nnu nke glycophytes, ụdị ndị na-emetụta nnu nke mejupụtara ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ.
* **Ọgwụ:** Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo Biosaline na-akụ osisi ndị nwere ihe mgbochi ọzịza, antioxidant, na ihe mgbochi kansa. Ihe atụ nke ụdị ndị a gụnyere *Arthrocnemum indicum na Limoniastrum monopetalum* .  Tụkwasị na nke a, halophytes dị iche iche dị ka *Heliotropium curassavicum*, nwere ike ịkwalite ọgwụgwọ ọnyá.
* Biofuel: Nnyocha na-aga n'ihu banyere uru nke ojiji halophyte na mmepụta biofuel. Ụdị ụfọdụ na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40% mmanụ kwa mkpụrụ na ụdị dị ka *Karelinia caspia,* nwere ike ịmepụta nnukwu methane.

## Hụkwa

* Ala alkali - Ụdị ala nwere pH > 8.5
* Mmeghachi omume Arabidopsis thaliana na nnu
* Mmiri nke oké osimiri na-anabata ihe ọkụkụ - Mmiri nke ihe ọkụkụ na-anabata mmiri bụ ikike nke ihe ọkpọkọ na-anagide nnukwu nnu nke mmiri nke mmiri nke na-agba mmiri na-akpata.Peeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ
* Mmetụta nke nnu na-eme ka mmiri kpụkọọ - Usoro iwepụ ice, snow, ma ọ bụ ice site n'eluPeeji ndị na-egosi nkọwa dị mkpirikpi nke ndị a na-achọ ịlaghachi
* Mmiri nnu nke ihe ọkụkụ
* Mmiri nnu nke ala - Mmiri nnu dị n'ala

## Ebem si dee
Mgbasa ozi ugboro abụọ

Biennial bearing (ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ) bụ okwu ejiri na pomology na-ezo aka na osisi ndị nwere ibu ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma site n'afọ ruo n'afọ. N'afọ "on" a na-edozi mkpụrụ osisi dị ukwuu, na-eduga na obere mkpụrụ osisi. Ibu ibu na isi alaka nwere ike ịdị oke maka nguzogide ha, na-eme ka ha gbajie. Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa ga-esi na ya pụta bụ na ntinye ifuru ga-adị ala, na afọ na-esote ga-abụ afọ "apụ" (obere mkpụrụ).

Omume a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi homonụ nke osisi, karịsịa gibberellins na-emepụta n'ime afọ "na" n'ime embrayo nke mkpụrụ osisi na-eto eto. Enwere ike ịkpata ya site na mbelata nke ihe nchekwa carbohydrate dị na osisi ahụ

Mkpụrụ osisi abụọ na-adịkarị na mkpụrụ osisi ụfọdụ dị ka mango, apụl, pear, apricot na avocado, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịdị na mkpụrụ vaịn.

Biennial bearing bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mmepụta Kọfị Arabica na Etiopia na East Africa, na n'ezie n'ụwa niile na-akụ kọfị. Na Biennial na-amị ezigbo ma ọ bụ nke magburu onwe ya (bumper) na-esote ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị mma, nke na-amịa obere mkpụrụ n'afọ na-esochi. Ihe omume a na-eme n'enweghị ihu igwe na ihu igwe, nke mere na ọbụna mgbe ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma maka ezigbo ihe ọkụkụ, Mkpụrụ osisi nwere ike ịdị njọ. Enwere ike inwe ọdịiche okpukpu ise (x5) n'etiti afọ ndị na-abanye na ndị na-adịghị, ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike enwere ike inwe ọdịdị okpukpu iri (x10) na Etiopia na mpaghara ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.

Usoro mmepụta ihe ubi nke afọ abụọ bụ n'ihi nkesa nke ihe onwunwe nke osisi ahụ: n'afọ 'na' na-amị mkpụrụ, osisi kọfị na-etinye ihe onwunwa ya n'ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mmefu nke uto ahịhịa (ọganihu osisi na ọkachasị mmepe osisi na mmepụta okooko osisi); n'afọ "off" osisi ahụ ga-emezi maka ụkọ ahịhịhịa a, na mmepụta nke okooko osisi na mkpụrụ osisi.

Mkpụrụ osisi na-amụ nwa ugboro abụọ nwekwara ike ịbụ mmeghachi omume sitere n'osisi na-achịkwa ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eri ibe ha nke nwere ike imebi ihe ịga nke ọma nke ntolite. A maara echiche a dị ka echiche afọ ojuju nke anụ na-eri ibe ya.

Enwere ike ibelata ma ọ bụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kpochapụ ibu abụọ site na iji ụzọ dị iche iche, gụnyere ịkpụchasị, mgbakwunye nke fatịlaịza, ịgba mmiri na-achịkwa na iji clones ma ọ bụ cultivars ahọpụtara.

## Nlekọta ubi
Enwere ike Mbelata nsogbu a site na ibelata okooko osisi  na mkpụrụ osisi.

## Ebem si dee
Biosolarization

Biosolarization is an alternative technology to soil fumigation used in agriculture. It is closely related to biofumigation and soil solarization, or the use of solar power to control nematodes, bacteria, fungi and other pests that damage crops. In solarization, the soil is mulched and covered with a tarp to trap solar radiation and heat the soil to a temperature that kills pests. Biosolarization adds the use of organic amendments or compost to the soil before it is covered with plastic, which speeds up the solarization process by decreasing the soil treatment time through increased microbial activity. Research conducted in Spain on the use of biosolarization in strawberry fruit production has shown it to be a sustainable and cost effective option. The practice of biosolarization is being used among small agricultural operations in California. Biosolarization is a growing practice in response to the need for methods for organic soil solarization. The option for more widespread use of biosolarization is being studied by researchers at the Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety at the University of California at Davis in order to validate the effectiveness of biosolarization in commercial agriculture in California, where it has the potential to greatly reduce the use of conventional fumigants. Biosolarization can also use as organic waste management practice. Recent studies showed the potential of food industrial residues as soil amendments that can improve the efficiency of biosolarization.  

## Ebem si dee
Mmepụta akpu na Naijiria

PwC na-ekwu na Naijiria ga-achọ ihe dị ka nde metrik tonnes irí abụọ na ụma atọ  nke mgbọrọgwụ akpu ọhụrụ a na-akụ kwa afọ n'ihe dị ka otu nde hektarị na ụma abụọ  iji gboo mkpa obodo ahụ maka ngwaahịa akpụ na mmepụta ihe. 

## Edensibia
Mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi na mgbukpọ ọhịa

Mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi bụ isi ihe na-akpata igbukpọsị osisi n'ụwa niile.  Ná mba ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, a na-ekpochakarị oké ọhịa iji kụọ osisi ndị na-amị mkpụrụ, dị ka unere, painiapulu, na mango.[1]  Mkpọkpọsị osisi a na-enwe ọtụtụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma, gụnyere mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, imebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na mmebi ala.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa nke ebe okpomọkụ maka ịmị mkpụrụ nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị mma.  Nke mbụ, ọ na-eduga ná mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche.  Osisi ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ bụ ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dịgasị iche iche, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha adịghị n'ebe ọzọ n'ụwa.  Mgbe a na-ekpochapụ oke ohia, a na-ebipụkarị ma ọ bụ gbuo ụdị ndị a.

Nke abụọ, mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa na-emebi usoro okike. Oké ọhịa na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha na-enyere aka ịmị mmiri ozuzo, gbochie idei mmiri, ma belata mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mgbe a na-egbutu oké ọhịa, a na-emebi ọrụ ndị a dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nke atọ, mgbukpọ ọhịa nke oké ọhịa na-eduga na mmebi ala. Mgbe a na-egbutu ọhịa, a na-ahapụkarị ala ka ọ ghara ịba n'ime ala. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmebi ala, nke nwere ike ime ka o sie ike ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ.

Mgbukpọsị oké ọhịa nke oké ọhịa ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ maka mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi bụ nnukwu nsogbu nwere ọtụtụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ dị mkpa ịchọta ụzọ isi mịpụta mkpụrụ osisi n'emeghị ka e bibie ọhịa. Ụfọdụ ngwọta ndị nwere ike ịgụnye:

Ịkwalite usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ osisi na-adịgide adịgide: Usoro mmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ na-adịgidere adịgide nwere ike inye aka belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta mkpụrụ. Omume ndị a gụnyere iji ihe ọkụkụ na-anabata ndò, ịkụ osisi n'ugbo, na iji njikwa nje.Idebe oké ọhịa: Ọ dị mkpa ichekwa oké ọhịa ka ha wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu na-enye ọrụ dị mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Enwere ike ime nke a site na ịmepụta ebe echedoro, itinye iwu megide igbu osisi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, yana ịkwado usoro nchịkwa ọhịa na-adịgide adịgide.Mgbanwe omume ndị na-azụ ahịa: Ndị na-azụ ihe nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ibelata ọchịchọ maka mkpụrụ osisi a na-emepụta na mmefu nke ọhịa. Ha nwere ike ime nke a site n'ịhọrọ mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-emepụta n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide na site n'inye aka na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji chekwaa ọhịa.

## Ebenside
Nri ọbara

Nri ọbara bụ nkụ, ntụ ntụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke sitere na ọbara, nke a na-eji dị ka fatịlaịza organic nwere nitrogen na nri anụmanụ nwere protein dị elu. N = 13.25%, P = 1.0%, K = 0.6%. Ọ bụ otu n'ime isi mmalite nitrogen na-abụghị synthetic kachasị elu. Ọ na-esitekarị na ehi ma ọ bụ ezì dị ka ebe a na-egbu anụ

## Ojiji

### Ihe mgbakwunye nri
Enwere ike iji nri ọbara mee ihe dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye nri anụ ụlọ ma tinye ya iji nye lysine nri maka ehi, azụ na ọkụkọ. Tupu e jiri ya mee ihe, a na-agwakọta ya na molasses mgbe ụfọdụ.

### fatịlaịza sitere n'okike
A na-ekwe ka nri ọbara, nri ọkpụkpụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ anụmanụ na-emepụta dị ka mmezi ala, ọ bụ ezie na a pụghị inye ha anụ ụlọ. Nri ọbara dị iche na nri ọkpụkpụ n'ihi na nri ọbara nwere nitrogen dị elu, ebe nri ọkpụ nwere phosphorus. Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji eri ọbara gụnyere Nri ábụ́bà na nri alfalfa. A na-eji nri ọbara eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka composting.

### Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ
Enwere ike ịgbasa nri ọbara n'ogige iji gbochie anụmanụ na-egbu egbu dịka ewi. Echiche ahụ bụ na ụmụ anụmanụ na-esi ísì ọbara ma na-esi nsị na-achụpụ ha.

## Nchịkọta

* Ọ bụ protein dị nro dịka nhazi nke nri si dị.
* Ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta protein dịka nhazi nke ihe oriri si dị.

## Nhazi
Ọ dị mkpa ka a kpọọ ọbara tupu ejiri ya mee ihe dị ka nri ọbara. Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ ịcha mmiri: ịcha mmiri site na anyanwụ, ịcha ọkụ, ịcha drum, ịcha mmiri ọkụ ma ọ bụ ịcha mmiri.

## Hụkwa

* Ọbara dị ka nri
* Ọkpụkpụ ntụ
* Nri ọkpụkpụ
* Hydroponics § Ngwọta mmiri na-emepụta mmiri 
* Nri a machibidoro iwu

## Ebem si dee
Ụkwụ bọọdụ

Ụkwụ bọọdụ ma ọ bụ ụkwụ bọọdụ bụ otu ihe atụ maka olu osisi na United States na Canada. Ọ hà nhata olu bọọdụ dị otu ụkwụ (305 mm) n'ogologo, otu ụkwụ (305 mm) n'obosara, na otu anụ ọhịa (25.4 mm) n'ọkpụrụkpụ..

Enwere ike ịbelata ụkwụ bọọdụ dị ka FBM (maka “ụkwụ, nha bọọdụ”), BDFT, ma ọ bụ BF. Enwere ike idebe otu puku ụkwụ bọọdụ dị ka MFBM, MBFT, ma ọ bụ MBF. N'otu aka ahụ, otu nde ụkwụ ụkwụ nwere ike ịdebiri dị ka MMFBM, MMBFT, ma ọ bụ MMBF.

Ruo n'afọ 1970, na Australia na New Zealand, a na-eji okwu super foot na superficial foot eme ihe n'otu ihe ahụ.  

## Nkọwa
Otu ụkwụ bọọdụ bụ:

* 1 ft × 1 ft × 2 in&nbsp;&nbsp;
* 12 in × 12 in × 1 in
* 144 in3
* 1/12 ft3&nbsp;
* ≈ 2,360 
* ≈ 2.36 lita
* ≈ 0.00236  ma ọ bụ steres
* 1/1980 Petrograd Standard nke bọọdụ

## Ojiji
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Otu bọọdụ abụọ site na anọ
A na-eji ụkwụ osisi tụọ osisi siri ike (tupu ihicha na nhazi n'enweghị mgbanwe) ma ọ bụ osisi a kpara akpa/n'elu ya. Otu ihe atụ nke osisi a na-eme atụmatụ bụ osisi softwood "abụọ na anọ" nke nnukwu ndị na-ere osisi na-ere, nke a na-akpọ 2 na 4 sentimita (50 mm × 100 mm). 2 × 4 bụ n'ezie naanị  1+1⁄2 na × 3+1⁄2 na (38 mm × 89 mm), mana akụkụ maka osisi mgbe a zụrụ n'ùkwù ka nwere ike ịnọchite anya dị ka osisi 2 × 4 zuru ezu, n'agbanyeghị "ọkọlọtọ" nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti ndị na-ere ahịa. Nke a pụtara na ọnụ osisi na-agụnye oghere ikuku gburugburu osisi anụ ahụ mgbe ị na-agbakọ ụkwụ ụkwụ n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ebe ezi nha nke "ụkwụ osisi" kwesịrị ịdị oke na akụkụ ahụ nke osisi ahụ.

Maka osisi a haziri ahazi, ụkwụ osisi na-ezo aka n'ịdị arọ na obosara nke osisi, nke a gbakọrọ na ụkpụrụ na nha ya tupu ịcha na ịhazi. N'ebe a, a na-eji ogologo ahụ eme ihe.

Rịba ama: lee osisi dimensional maka mkparịta ụka zuru oke banyere mmekọrịta nke akụkụ n'ezie na nke aha. N'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi, maka osisi ndị dị nro, iji gbanwee aha ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-ahụkarị, wepụ  inch (6  maka nha dị n'okpuru 2 sentimita; wepụ  inch (13  maka akụkụ karịrị 2 sentimita na n'okpuru 8 sentimita; ma wepụ  inch (19  maka ogo buru ibu.    Usoro a dị mgbagwoju anya maka osisi siri ike.

## Hụkwa
 

## Ebem si dee
Nri ọkpụkpụ

Nri ọkpụkpụ (ma ọ bụ achịcha ọkpụkpụ) bụ ngwakọta nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ndị a kpara akpa na nke a kpara akpa na ihe mkpofu ụlọ. A na-eji ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri iji nye calcium na phosphorus na anụ ụlọ monogastric n'ụdị hydroxyapatite. Dị ka fatịlaịza organic na-ewepụta ngwa ngwa, ọ na-enye phosphorus, calcium, na obere nitrogen na osisi.

## Ojiji

### Ihe mgbakwunye nri
A na-eji nri ọkpụkpụ, yana nri ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, karịsịa nri anụ, dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri/mineral maka anụ ụlọ. Ntinye na-ezighi ezi nke ngwaahịa nri ọkpụkpụ na anụ na nri anụmanụ nwere ike itinye aka na mgbasa nke spongiform encephalopathy na-ebufe, nke a na-akpọkarị na ehi dị ka ọrịa Mad Cow. Ijikwa okpomọkụ nke ọma nwere ike ibelata mmetọ salmonella

A na-eji nri ọkpụkpụ eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka Ihe mgbakwunye calcium nke nri mmadụ. Nnyocha egosiwo na calcium na ọkpụkpụ n'ụdị ion ha (Ca2+, Pb2+) nwere ụdị atọm yiri ya wee mepụta ikike maka mkpokọta ọkpụkpụ. Onye America na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Allison Hayes nwere nsí n'afọ ndị 1970 site na mgbakwunye calcium nke e ji ọkpụkpụ ịnyịnya mee nke nwere nnukwu ọkpụkpụ, nke mere ka EPA mepụta iwu mbubata siri ike. Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha e mere na nri ndị sitere na broth ọkpụkpụ ọkụkọ na 2013 gosiri na ha nwere usoro nke ibu karịa mmiri pọmpụ.

### Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri
Nri ọkpụkpụ na-enye osisi phosphorus na calcium, yana nitrogen na-enweghị isi. N-P-K nke nri ọkpụkpụ na-abụkarị 3-15-0  yana ihe dị na calcium nke dị ihe dị ka 12% (18% CaO equiv.),  ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ike ịdị iche dabere na isi iyi site na 1-13-0 ruo 3-22-0.   //&#x5B;**&#x5D;

Dị ka nri ọkpụkpụ na-adịghị agbaze na mmiri, ọ dị mkpa ka a gbajie ya tupu osisi ahụ enwee ike ịmị ya, ma ọ bụ site na acidity nke ala ma ọ bụ ọrụ microbial na-emepụta acid. Dị ka Mahadum Colorado State si kwuo, enwere ike ịgbaji ya naanị n'&#x3C; class="mw-redirect cx-link" data-linkid="39" href="./Acidic_soil" id="mwMA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Acidic soil">Ala acid (pH < 7.0) ma wepụta ihe oriri ya n'ime ọnwa 1 ruo 4.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọ bụ Justus von Liebig bu ụzọ tụọ aro usoro a (ịgbaze ọkpụkpụ anụmanụ na sulphuric acid) n'ihe dị ka 1840 ma jiri ya mee ihe na Britain site n'aka Rev James Robertson na Ellon, Aberdeenshire na 1841. 

Tupu Liebig, mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo emebiela ala nke ihe oriri dị mkpa. N'enweghị olileanya, ndị ọrụ ugbo chịkọtara ọkpụkpụ site na nnukwu ọgbọ agha dị ka Agha Waterloo na Agha Austerlitz iji kpochapụ ha ma weghachite ala ahụ.

Na narị afọ nke 19 na Europe, a na-ahụ mmepụta buru ibu na azụmahịa mba ụwa na nri ọkpụkpụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka mmepe ugbo.

## Hụkwa

* Nri ọbara
* Onye na-egbutu ọkpụkpụ
* Nri ábụ́bà
* Nri anụ na ọkpụkpụ
* Ihe ngwọta mmiri

## Ebem si dee
Broadacre

Broadacre dị n'Australia bụ ala kwesịrị ekwesị maka ugbo na-arụ ọrụ nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ. Akụkụ bụ isi ihe ọkụkụ n'ụdị a bụ ndị a

* mkpụrụ mmanụ - canola, sunflowers
* Mkpụrụ ọka n'oge oyi na n'oge okpomọkụ - ọka wit, ọka bali, oats, triticale, sorghum, ọka, millets
* Lens" data-linkid="27" href="./Mung_beans" id="mwHg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mung beans">Mọnk" data-linkid="22" href="./Pulse_(legume)" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pulse (legume)">pulses - lupins, Chickpeas, Faba beans, field peas, mung beans, soybeans, lentil
* okpete
* osikapa

N'ime Australia taa, [olee mgbe?] a na-akọ ihe ubi ndị a n'ofe ihe karịrị square kilomita 200,000 (77,000 sq mi). .

A kọwakwara Broadacre dị ka ngwugwu ala karịrị square mita 4,000 (43,000 sq ft) yana ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ eji eji ala eme ihe maka ala gọọmentị niile ewepụtara maka ntọhapụ na ala mpaghara mepere emepe n'ọdịnihu.

## Ebem si dee

* .
* Nnyocha nke ala broadacre na Adelaide na Outer Adelaide Statistical Divisions.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Broadacre na-adịgide adịgide. Western Australian No-Tillage Farmers Association (WANTFA)
* Nchebe Ihe Nkume
Ogwe aka

thumb|Ogwe aka
thumb|A na-etinye eriri dị obosara
Broadfork, nke a na-akpọkwa U-fork ma ọ bụ grelinette, bụ ngwá ọrụ ubi a na-eji aka agbajisịa ala juru n'ọnụ, gụnyere hardpan, iji kwalite ikuku na mmiri mmiri. A na-eji broadforks eme ihe dị ka akụkụ nke usoro nkwadebe mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị agba ma ọ bụ belata n'ihi na ha na-echekwa nhazi ala ma na-ezere ịmaliteghachi mkpụrụ osisi..

Ọ nwere tines ígwè ise ma ọ bụ karịa, ihe dị ka sentimita asatọ n'ogologo, na-agbatị ihe dị ka sentimita ole na ole n'ebe dị iche iche na mmanya kwụ ọtọ, na-eji aka abụọ gbatịa elu ruo ọkwa igbe ma ọ bụ ubu nke na-etolite nnukwu ọdịdị U..

Onye na-arụ ọrụ na-agbago na crossbar, na-eji ahụ zuru oke na-ebuba tines n'ime ala, wee laghachi azụ ka ọ na-adọghachi azụ na aka, na-eme ka tines na-agbago elu site na ala. Omume a na-ahapụ ọkwa ala nke ọma, kama ịtụgharị ma ọ bụ ịgwakọta ha, na-echekwa nhazi nke elu ala.

Enwere ike iji ogwe aka dị obosara mee ihe n'ogige, ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ma ọ bụ abụọ acres (4,000 ruo 8,000 m2). Maka ebe ndị buru ibu, a na-ejikarị traktọ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ yiri ya.

## U-bar
U-bar yiri broadfork mana o nwere tines ogologo - ruo 18 sentimita (46  - maka ịkọ ugbo miri emi, ebe ọ bụ na a ga-eji ya mee ihe n'àkwà ndị e gwuru okpukpu abụọ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro. U-bar nwekwara "olu" nke na-enye ohere ka e bulie tines n'elu ala mgbe a na-agbanye aka azụ. N'ihi ya, ụyọkọ ala ndị na-ejide n'elu tines nwere ike ịgbaji site na ịkwagharị aka elu na ala, na-ama jijiji ngwá ọrụ ahụ n'ikpere ya.

Ọ bụ ezie na igwu okpukpu abụọ n'ihe ndina otu narị square feet (9.3 square mita) nwere ike iwe ọtụtụ awa, iji u-bar na-arụ otu ihe ndina ahụ nwere ike ime n'ime ọkara awa ma ọ bụ karịa.

## Hụkwa

* Ogige fork
* Claypan
* Hardpan
* Ala
* Jean-Martin Fortier: onye ọrụ ugbo / onye edemede nke na-akwalite ojiji nke broadfork

## Ebem si dee
Ụlọ ọrụ Sloan Valve

Ụlọ ọrụ Sloan Valve bụ ụlọ ọrụ America na-ejide onwe ya ọkachamara na valvụ na ihe ndozi.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
William Elvis Sloan guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Chicago, Illinois n'afọ 1906 site na iwebata Royal flushometer, valvụ bu iji wepụta mmiri a tụrụ iji kpochapụ mposi ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi. Ahịa mbụ dị nnọọ njọ: Ọ bụ naanị otu Royal model flushometer ka e rere n'afọ 1906, na abụọ n'afọ 1907. Ahịa ka mma n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'afọ 1908, ruo nkeji 150. Na mbido, ndị ahịa nwere ike ịkpachara anya ime mgbanwe na ihe o mepụtara. Ọ bụna ụfọdụ ndị na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ agaghị ere ngwaahịa ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha nwere flushometers Sloan. Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ mbụ nke afọ 1906 egosila na ọ bụ ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, akụkụ ya ka dị iji rụzie flushometer ọ bụla e mere.
alt=Shiny pipe leading from a wall through a black plastic motion sensor then down into the top of a toilet.|thumb|Contemporary (2023) Sloan motion sensor flushomter
Na mgbakwunye na valves ya nke dabeere na teknụzụ diaphragm, Sloan webatara ụdị flushometers piston, gụnyere Crown na GEM 2. E wuru ụdị flushometer pụrụ iche, nke a na-akpọ Naval, maka ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri. N'afọ 1976, Sloan wepụtara akara Optima nke flushometers na-arụ ọrụ (nke mbụ a gụnyere na O'Hare International Airport nke Chicago); ihe ndị batrị nanarụkọ ọrụ n'okpuru aha Optima Plus sochiri n'afọ 1991. Sloan nwekwara ụdị ike anyanwụ ugbu a na batrị nkwado nke na-arụ ọrụ site na iji ihe ọ bụla aka ma ọ bụ nke okike.

## Mgbalị ndị na-echekwa mmiri
Sloan emeela mkpebi dị ukwuu iji mepụta ngwá ọrụ nke na-ebelata ojiji nke mmiri. Ndị isi oche Jim Allen, Kirk Allen na Graham Allen na-eduzi mgbalị a.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-emepụta ihe abụọ na-acha uhie uhie nke nwere aka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ịpị aka ala na-emepụta 1.6-gallon flush, mgbe ibuli aka elu na-emepụta 1.1 galon flush.&nbsp;

Sloan webatara ihe na-enweghị mmiri nke na-eji ọnyà pụrụ iche nke nwere mmanụ dị mfe, nke na-emebi emebi nke na-enye ohere ka mamịrị gafee ma na-egbochi ísì ịpụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na enyekwa flushometers na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na arụsi ọrụ ike, gụnyere paịpụ eletrọnik na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma, usoro ịsa ahụ siri ike, sinks na-enweghị ígwè na ebe ịsa ahụ, na flushometres na-asa ákwà. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ụlọ mposi na-agụnye ihe na-eme ka aka kpọọ nkụ, isi ịsa ahụ dị ala, usoro nchịkwa mmiri netwọk, na ndị na-ekesa ncha eletrọniki.

## Nkwado
N' ọnwa Jenụwarị 2015, Sloan kwupụtara mmekọrịta ahịa ọhụrụ na nkwado na Chicago Cubs na Wrigley Field nke gụnyere ikike aha na ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ oge opupu ihe ubi Cubs na Mesa, Arizona. A na-akpọbu Cubs P theark, a na-akpọzi ámá egwuregwu ahụ Sloan Park.

## Ebenside
Ụbọchị Mba Nile Maka Ahụike Ụmụ nwanyị

Ụbọchị mmemmé  maka Ahụike Ụmụ nwanyị bụ ememe mba ụwa a na-eme na **Mee 28** kwa afọ kemgbe 1987. 

## Hụkwa

* Ụbọchị Mba Nile Maka Ikpochapụ Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị
* Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mba Nile
* Ụbọchị Ịdị ọcha nke Ịhụnanya (May 28) 

## Ebenside
Ihe ọkụkụ nke Bumper

N'ọrụ ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ na-akawanye njọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ nke rụpụtaworo ihe ubi na-amịpụta nke ọma. Okwu a bumper n'okwu a sitere na ojiji nke putara "ihe buru ibu" nke bu ebe okwu a si bia. 

Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ubi na-arụpụta ihe na-enwekarị mmetụta dị mma nye onye na-emepụta ihe, ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpo ọkụ pụkwara ịbụ isi iyi nke nsogbu, dị ka mgbe enweghị ohere nchekwa (ọba, ọba ọka, wdg) maka ihe ọkụkụ buru ibu.

A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "ihe ọkụkụ" na-ezo aka na nnukwu nsonaazụ yiri nke ahụ n'ihe omume ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ dị ka pun, dịka na otu ụgbọ ala (maka ihu / azụ ha). 

## Ebem si dee
Ịkụ ọkụ

thumb|Ịkụkọta àkwá
Candling bụ usoro a na-eji na embrayo iji mụọ uto na ntolite nke ẹmbrayo n'ime akwa. Usoro a na-eji isi iyi ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke n'azụ akwa ahụ iji gosipụta nkọwa site na shei ahụ, a na-akpọkwa ya n'ihi na isi mmalite nke ìhè e ji mee ihe bụ kandụl.  &#x5B;**&#x5D;

A na-eji usoro nke iji ìhè nyochaa àkwá na ụlọ ọrụ àkwá iji nyochaa ogo àkwá a na-eri eri.
Usòrò:CDC_PHIL_10147_–_candling,_non-fertile_egg.jpg|alt=A non-fertile chicken egg, with only a round yolk sac|Akpụkpọ anụ ọkụkọ na-adịghị amị mkpụrụ, nke nwere naanị akpa yolk dị gburugburu
Usòrò:CDC_PHIL_10148_–_candling,_fertilized_egg,_non-viable.jpg|alt=A non-viable fertilized chicken egg, with a thin blood ring encircling the yolk|Àkwá ọkụkọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke nwere obere mgbaaka ọbara gbara yolk gburugburu
Usòrò:CDC_PHIL_10149_–_fertilized_egg,_11_days_old.jpg|alt=A fertilized chicken egg, 11 days old, with blood vessels surrounding the yolk|Àkwá ọkụkọ a mịrị amị, nke dị ụbọchị iri na otu, nke nwere akwara ọbara gbara yolk ahụ gburugburu


## N'ime osisi
áká_èkpè|thumb|Iji kandụl na-ekpuchi àkwá
A pụkwara iji usoro a nyochaa ogo na mmepe nke ụfọdụ mkpụrụ osisi translucent, ọkachasị nke Lilies na ndị ikwu ha. Mkpụrụ ndị tozuru etozu, ndị na-adị ndụ nwere ihe a na-ahụ anya n'ime ha mgbe a na-ele ha anya n'ìhè a na-enyefe, yabụ enwere ike ịhazi mkpụrụ dị mma site na mkpụrụ na ahịhịa na-adịghị adị, ma ọ bụrụ na achọrọ. Candling bụ usoro bara uru nke ukwuu na ụdị ụfọdụ nke na-epulite n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ, dịka mkpụrụ na-ewulite na-eme ka nwa ọhụrụ ahụ bukwuo ibu. Ya mere, enwere ike iji kandụl mee ihe iji tụọ oge kachasị mma maka ịkụ mkpụrụ ndị a na-agbasa. A ghaghị ịkpachara anya n'oge candling, ebe ọ bụ na ịcha ma ọ bụ ikpobiga ọkụ ókè ga-egbu mkpụrụ ndị na-eto eto.
thumb|Onye luthier na-ekpuchi bọọdụ ụda iji chọpụta ọkpụrụkpụ n'ebe a ga-akpụ rose n'etiti mgbanwe.
Na lutherie, a na-eji kandụl eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji lelee ọkpụrụkpụ nke bọọdụ ụda n'ebe dị iche iche, ọkachasị na lute na guitar akụkọ ihe mere eme. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa n'ihi na ngwá ọrụ ndị a nwere ụda ụda nke dịgasị iche iche na ọkpụrụkpụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ ebe a na-ese rose. A na-ejikwa ya na-enyocha ntụpọ ọ bụla dị n'ime osisi, ma ọ bụ chọpụta otú njikọ siri sie ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ofe etiti nke ụda ụda..

Dị ka omenala si dị, a ga-eji kandụl mee ihe, ya mere aha ahụ, mana a na-ejikarị ọkụ ọgbara ọhụrụ eme ihe n'oge a, n'ihi na nke a abụghị ihe ize ndụ ọkụ.

## Ebem si dee
Ọrụ ugbo nlekọta

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọrụ ugbo nlekọta
Ọrụ ugbo na-elekọta bụ iji usoro ọrụ ugbo maka ebumnuche ekwuputara nke inye ma ọ bụ kwalite ọgwụgwọ, ahụike uche, ọrụ nlekọta ọha ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ. [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Enwere ike ịchọ ka ndị a mara ikpe nọrọ oge n'ugbo nlekọta. Ugbo nlekọta nwere ike inye mmemme a haziri ahazi nke mmemme metụtara ọrụ ugbo, gụnyere ịzụ ụmụ anụmanụ, mmepụta ihe ubi na akwukwo nri na njikwa osisi. 

## Ịdị irè
ỊỊrụ ọrụ n'ugbo nlekọta nwere ike inyere ndị mejọrọ okenye aka inweta nkà ọhụrụ. Na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu Scotland, a nwara ịkụziri ndị na-eto eto dara iwu ọrụ ugbo dị ka ụzọ isi ebelata mmeghari na ịkwalite ọrụ n'eziokwu. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ugbo na Riddrie na oge 1866-68 kụziiri ụmụ nwoke 158. N'ime ndị a, 64 ka e mechara kọwaa dị ka "na-eme nke ọma" (ya bụ ichebe ndụ nke mpụ). Nnwale Riddrie kwụsịrị n'ihi ihe ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ na-enweghị njikọ na 1871. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ gbasara ọrụ ugbo na-achọsi ike iji chọpụta ma ọ nwere ike ịbụ ọgwụgwọ ọzọ na adjuvant maka ndị nwere ụfọdụ ọrịa uche (dịka nchekasị ma ọ bụ ịda mbà n'obi).. 

Nlekọta ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ịba uru maka ụmụ anụmanụ nọ n'ugbo ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmetụ ka ukwuu n'ahụ ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike belata ụfọdụ nrụgide sitere na omume ugbo. Ịnọ ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịbawanye nchọpụta nke nje ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 
Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) bipụtara akwụkwọ 5 n'usoro nke Medical Inquiries and Observations, nke ikpeazụ metụtara The Diseases of The Mind (1812). N'ime mpịakọta a, a kpọtụrụ ọrụ ugbo aha ugboro abụọ.   &#x5B;*nbsp;sourcenbsp;needed*&#x5D; 
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-amụta otu esi eme ahịhịa n'elu oche nkwagharị a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche.

## Hụkwa

* Ọgwụgwọ e ji anụmanụ nyere aka
* Ecopsychology
* Egwuregwu ahịhịa
* Ọgwụgwọ ugbo
* Ugbo ụlọ mkpọrọ

## Ebem si dee
Ngwá egwú a na-akpọ ụdọ

thumb|ntụnyere Viola Profonda.
Ngwa eriri egburu bụ nke ngwa eriri nke a na-eji ụta na-ete eriri .  ọta na-ete eriri ahụ na-akpata vibration nke ngwá ọrụ na eserese dị ka mgba.

N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ mkpa ndị na-adịkarị n'ime ọrụ nke mmemme isiala, a ka ama amụ ime nke ihe isiala. 

## Ndepụta ngwa eriri agbagoro agbagọ

### Ezinụlọ violin
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Niccolò Paganini na-akpọ violin, nke Georg Friedrich Kersting dere (1785–1847)
 
Ọdịiche dị na ọkọlọtọ ndị edemede violin
 

### Ezinụlọ Viol (ezinụlọ Viola da Gamba)
thumb| Karl Friedrich Abel na-egwu bass Viola da Gamba, nke Thomas Gainsborough dere (1727–1788)
  

### Lyra na ụdị rebec
thumb| Onye na-eme egwu Indonesia na-eji Rebab ya egwu egwu.
 

### Ngwa ndị China na-ehulata
thumb| Ndị na-eme egwuregwu abụọ na-egwu Erhu, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ Chinese fiddle.
 

### Ngwa wheel rosined
thumb| Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-egwu Morin Khuur, Mongolian Horse Fiddle
A na-eji igwe ntụgharị na-eme ka ụta na-ada ngwa ndị a:
 

### Ngwa ndị ọzọ ehulata
 

## Hụkwa

* Ụta strok

## Ntụaka
Okirikiri ehi

Usoro nke ehi bụ ihe dị ka afọ 10 nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ ehi US na-agbasawanye ma belata n'ime ọtụtụ afọ na-esochi n'ihi mgbanwe ndị achọpụtara na uru nke ndị na-emepụta ihe.

N'ozuzu, ọnụ ahịa dị ala na-eme mgbe ọnụọgụ ehi (ma ọ bụ anụ ehi) dị elu, na-ebute ọtụtụ afọ nke mmiri mmiri. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ehi na-ebelata, ọnụ ahịa ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amalite ịrị elu, na-eme ka ndị na-emepụta ihe malite ịgbakwụnye anụ ụlọ n'ìgwè ehi ha. Usoro a na-adịte aka ogologo n'ihi ogologo oge ọ na-ewe n'etiti oge onye na-arụ ọrụ ehi kpebiri ịgbasa ìgwè ehi ka ọ na-amụba ọtụtụ ehi na oge anụ ndị ahụ na-eru oke igbummadu.

## Hụkwa

* Okirikiri ezì

## Ebem si dee
Ihe ọkụkụ e ji egbute

thumb|250x250px|White mustard a na-akụ dị ka ihe ọkụkụ a na-egbute na Poland
N'ọrụ ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ a gbutere bụ ihe ọkụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa nke a na-akụ n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ na-aga n'ihu nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi. Ọ bụ ụdị ihe ọkụkụ a kapịrị ọnụ nke a na-akụ n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ abụọ bụ isi. A na-eji ihe ọkụkụ a eme ihe dị ka ụzọ isi belata nsị nitrogen mana ọ na-akwalitekwa uru gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka iwusi usoro ala siri ike, njigide mmiri na nkwalite ọrụ ndụ nke ala. Ihe ọkụkụ na-agbagharị gburugburu ụdị osisi ndị nwere obere oge na-eto eto, uto ngwa ngwa, ala dị ala na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ chọrọ ka e were ya dị ka ihe ọkụkụ.

Ịkụ ihe ubi bụ ụdị ịkụ ihe na-esote. Ọ na-eji ohere na-eto eto eme ihe nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, radishes nke na-etolite site na mkpụrụ n'ime ụbọchị 25-30 nwere ike ịzụlite n'etiti ahịrị nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri, ma wepụta ogologo oge tupu ihe ọkụkụ ahụ etolite. Ma ọ bụ, enwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ n'etiti owuwe ihe ubi oge opupu ihe ubi na ịkụ ihe ọkpọ ụfọdụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ.

## Mbelata nke nsị
Ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ na-egbute bụ iji melite ma nyere aka mee ka ihe ndị dị n'ala dịgide adịgide. A na-enweta nke a site n'ịkwalite mmụba nke ọrụ nke ụmụ nje ala. Ịzụlite ụdị ihe ọkụkụ a na-enyere aka ijigide ihe oriri, ọkachasị nitrogen na phosphorus site na mpụga ala. Iji nwee ike inweta uru ndị a n'ọhịa, enwere ọtụtụ ihe a ga-eburu n'uche iji nweta ihe kachasị n'ihe ọkụkụ. Ihe ndị ahụ gụnyere ụbọchị owuwe ihe ubi, ịkọ ala, na oge nkịta bụ ihe kachasị mkpa. Mgbe a na-e yigharịrị oge ịgha mkpụrụ site na ụbọchị a tụrụ aro mbelata nke arụmọrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, uto na arụmọrụ karịrị akarị na-eme ebe ọmụmụ gosipụtara mbelata nke N.

## Nchịkwa mmiri n'ala
Ihe ọkụkụ na-ejide ihe na-enyere aka ichebe ala megide mbuze mmiri site na ihe fọdụrụ na ya nke na-eme ka ala sie ike. Ihe fọdụrụnụ na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nchebe n'elu ala site na mmetụta splash yana inye aka belata Mmiri na-asọba n'elu. Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ na-ejide onwe ha nwekwara ike ịmepụta biopores site na mgbọrọgwụ na-emebi emebi nke na-emepụta ụzọ na-asọba n'ime ala na-akpata mmụba nke mmiri. Ọ bụ ezie na n'oge uto ihe ọkụkụ ha na-eme ka mmiri ala gwụ ụfọdụ ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na-enyere aka ichekwa mmiri ozugbo e gburu ha.

## Ebem si dee
African Groundnut Council

African Groundnut Council bụ otu otu etiti emebere iji kwalite mgbagharị a na-ahụ na mba Gambia, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sudan na Nigeria .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb|Ahụekere raw raw
Ntọala ntọala na June 1964, AGC hibere na Lagos, Nigeria, site na ntọala ya ruo 2005, mgbe ọ kwagara Kano .  Ọ kwagara n'afọ 2005 n'ihi Nkwado nke otu Groundnut Farmers Association of Nigeria.  Onye mbụ nke mbụ a bụ Jacques Diouf.

Ezubere ntọala AGC iji kwalite isiokwu na-ama nsogbu ndị a na-ama dị ka ọnụ ahịa ngwa n'etiti ndị na-achọ Africa, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka otu mgbasa ozi, mgbasa na mgbasa ozi maka ndị òtù ya.  [1] Gọọmenti nke mba ndị na-ahụ ihe n'oge na-arụ ọrụ onwe ike dị ukwuu nke ego mba na nnata ego, mba ofesi sitere na groundnut.  A akara AGC iji nyere aka guzobe imekọ ihe ọnụ iji mee ka ọnụ ahịa kwụsie ike na ngwaọrụ ndị na-ahụ ihe na akara ngwa mba ụwa.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ibe ebe obibi gọọmentị
Oru ugbo na Rivers State

#### Mmetụta nke otu oru ngo LR's Adama na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo River Steeti
Ọrụ mmepụta ihe ubi dị iche iche nke oru ngo a ga-ewepụta nri dị ọhụrụ na nke edoziri nke ọma, mmepe agbụ ọnụ ahịa, ọrụ na-akwalite ahịa, ọrụ na uto akụ na ụba mpaghara ahụ. 

## Edensibia
Zartech Farms

Ugbo Zartech (nke e hiwere 1983) bụ nnukwu ugbo hiwere isi na Ibadan, Nigeria bụ ike n'ịkpa anụ ọkụkọ na nhazi anụ.   

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 1983, Raymond Assad Zard, Ahụhụ anụ ọkụkọ n'obodo a mma ya ka nna ya nwechara azụmahịa na-aga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azụ aha koko.. 

Zartech bụ nke otu ụlọ ọrụ ZARD na-arụkwa ọrụ, Kopek Construction Limited, Vina International Limited, Ibadan International School, Sweetco Foods Limited.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Sir Ej Farms
Bank of Agriculture

#### Ọnọdụ
Ụlọ akụ ahụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na mba nwere onyinye okike maka ọrụ ugbo, nnukwu ihe onwunwe ịgba mmiri, ihu igwe dị mma na ihe karịrị pacenti iri atọ nke ndị mmadụ na-adaba n'ime ndị ntorobịa.

## Edensibia