Emory Douglas

**Emory Douglas** (amuru May 24, 1943) bu onye omenkà ihe osise America. Ọ bụ onye otu Black Panther Party site na 1967 ruo mgbe pati ahụ kwụsịrị na 1980s.  Dị ka ar *evolushọn artist* na *Minister of Culture* for the Black Panther Party, Douglas kere iconography na-anọchi anya nwa-American mmegbu. 

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Douglas na Grand Rapids, Michigan, na, mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ọ kwagara San Francisco, California .  Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, a mara ya ikpe ịga ọnwa 15 n'Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọzụzụ Ndị Ntorobịa dị na Ontario, California, bụ́ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa obibi akwụkwọ n'ebe ndị na-eto eto ma mụta ihe ndị bụ́ isi nke mbipụta azụmahịa. 

Na 1960, Douglas mụrụ ihe osise eserese na City College of San Francisco .  Ọ sonyeere *ndị otu ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii* na kọleji wee soro Amiri Baraka rụkọọ ọrụ, onye na-anụ olu na ngagharị nka ojii, iji chepụta ihe nkiri. 

## Ọrụ

### Black Panther Party
Douglas jụrụ ịbanye na Black Panther Party (BPP) na 1967 mgbe o zutere ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ Huey P. Newton na Bobby Seale na *Black House*, ebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị / omenala dị na San Francisco kere onye edemede Eldridge Cleaver, onye na-ede egwuregwu Ed Bullins, na Willie Dale.  "A dọọrọ m (Douglas) na ya (Black Panther Party) n'ihi nraranye ya maka nchekwa onwe ya. Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, bụ́ nke Dr. King na-achị, gbanyụrụ m n’oge ahụ, n’ihi na n’oge ahụ, ngagharị iwe na-emeghị ihe ike adịghị amasị m. Ma ọ bụ ezie na nnupụisi ndị dị na Watts, Detroit, na Newark ahazibeghị nke ọma, ha masịrị ọdịdị m. Enwere m ike ịmata ha.” —Emory Douglas Mgbe a na-ekwurịta akwụkwọ akụkọ *The Black Panther ,* nke a na-akpọbu *Black Panther Community News Service,* Douglas gwara ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ BPP na ya nwere ike inye aka mee ka ọdịdị nke akwụkwọ ahụ dịkwuo mma *.* 
áká_èkpè|thumb| Emory Douglas na Typo San Francisco 2014 na-egosi eserese akwụkwọ akụkọ Black Panther ya
Douglas ghọrọ *onye omenkà mgbanwe mgbanwe* na *onye minista nke ọdịbendị* maka BPP na 1967.  Ọ megharịrị *Black Panther* wee gbanwee ya na ntanetị weebụ, nke na-enye ohere maka mbipụta agba na eserese.  N'ebe a, Douglas mepụtara onyogho akara ngosi nke akpọrọ BPP: ngosipụta nke ndị uwe ojii dị ka ezì nwere ọbara ma ọ bụ kwụgburu, dị ka mkpesa megide obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii nke ndị America America,  na onyonyo kwekọrọ na mmemme 10-point Party. Douglas gosipụtara ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na BPP na ezigbo ụlọ.  Na mgbakwunye, Douglas kwadoro BPP na "mgba mgba nnwere onwe nke ụwa nke atọ" na mmegharị ndị na-emegide ndị isi obodo na mbipụta nke Jenụwarị 3, 1970,  bụ nke na-egosi ezi a kpọgidere n'osisi yi uwe ọkọlọtọ America na egbe na-atụ aka na ya, na-ekwu ihe dị ka. "Si na ghetto pụọ" na "pụọ n'Africa". Todd Gitlin katọrọ Douglas maka iji ihe Gitlin hụrụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya antisemitic na caricatures o bipụtara na *Black Panther* . 

N'afọ 1970, Douglas sonyere na nhazi nke otu egwu egwu a na-akpọ The Lumpen nke e nyere ya aha. Emory họọrọ aha "The Lumpen" mgbe echiche Marxist nke lumpenproletariat .  Agbanyeghị, ekwenyere na aha a họọrọ maka The Lumpen sitere na The Wretched of the Earth sitere n'aka onye edemede Marxist Frantz Fanon . 

Na 1970, BPP gbanwere nguzo ha iji mesie mmemme ịlanarị ike megide ime ihe ike.  Site na nke ahụ, ihe onyonyo Douglas gbanwere nke ọma, na-egosi ndị Africa America na-anata nri na uwe n'efu. Ha kwalitere mmemme nri ụtụtụ n'efu, ụlọọgwụ ahụike efu, enyemaka iwu n'efu, na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-ewere mmemme ndị a dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mgbanwe ha. Na nzaghachi, ndị FBI gbajiri ihe kpatara ya ọbụna karịa, ruo mgbe ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ kwụsịrị na 1982.  Agbanyeghị, echiche ha ka dị ndụ taa. 

N'afọ 2007, onye nta akụkọ *San Francisco Chronicle*, Jessica Werner Zack, dere na "ọ kpọpụtara ihe oyiyi ndị agha-chic Panther ọtụtụ iri afọ tupu echiche ahụ aghọọ ebe a na-ahụkarị. O ji ewu ewu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ (nkesa dị nso 400,000 na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na 1970) iji kpalie ndị na-enweghị ikike. ime ihe, na-eji ezi ọmịiko na-egosi ndị ogbenye, ọ bụghị dị ka ndị a tara ahụhụ kama dị ka ndị iwe ji, enweghị mgbagha na njikere maka ọgụ." 

Na mgbakwunye na akwụkwọ ahụ, Douglas haziri akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe omume, na akwụkwọ mmado ndị e zubere dị ka ụzọ eji ewe ọrụ yana usoro ịgbasa echiche BPP na ịmepụta echiche na enwere nkwado dị ukwuu nke ihe kpatara ya.  Douglas chetara, "Mgbe obere oge gasịrị, ọ gbanyere m na ị ga-esepụta n'ụzọ nke ọbụna nwatakịrị nwere ike ịghọta iji ruo ndị na-ege gị ntị sara mbara na-enweghị atụfu ihe ma ọ bụ nghọta nke ihe a na-anọchi anya ya." (Swart, 2011). 

### Emechara mmemme
Douglas dọtara ọtụtụ mkpali sitere na mgba ụwa nke atọ wee jiri nka mee ihe dịka ụzọ izizi nke mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi. Eserese ya rụrụ ọrụ iji kwalite echiche nke Party, bụ nke sitere n'okwu nke ndị na-eme mgbanwe dị ka Malcolm X na Che Guevara . Onyonyo ya na-abụkarị ihe osise, nke pụtara ịkwalite na inye ike nguzogide ojii na olile anya ịmalite mgbanwe iji kwụsị mmeso ọjọọ nke ndị America America.

Douglas rụrụ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ *San Francisco Sun Reporter*  na-ahụ maka obodo ojii ihe karịrị afọ 30 ka ebipụghị akwụkwọ akụkọ *Black Panther* .  Ọ gara n'ihu na-emepụta ihe osise na-eme ihe nkiri, na ihe osise ya nọgidere na-adị mkpa, dị ka Greg Morozumi, onye nduzi nka nke *EastSide Arts Alliance* na Oakland, California :  "Kama ime ka njedebe omenala dị ike nke 'post-modern' nostalgia, mkpali ahụ. nkà ya na-ebuli ohere nke nnupụisi na ịmepụta omenala mgbanwe ọhụrụ." 

Na 2006, onye na-ese ihe na onye nlekọta Sam Durant deziri otu monograph zuru oke na ọrụ Douglas, *Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas*, na ndị na-enye aka gụnyere Danny Glover, Kathleen Cleaver, St. Clair Bourne, Colette Gaiter (Prọfesọ na Mahadum Delaware), Greg Morozumi, na Sonia Sanchez . 

Mgbe mbipụta monograph ahụ gasịrị, Douglas nwere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya na Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (2007–08) na New Museum na New York. Ebe ọ bụ na eweghachiri ọrụ mbụ ya na ndị na-ege ntị ọhụrụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ, na-egosipụta ma na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-ege ntị na nhazi usoro na nke nkịtị n'ụwa nile. Ihe ngosi ya na nleta mba ụwa gụnyere Urbis, Manchester (2008);  Auckland,  mmekorita ya na Richard Bell na Brisbane (2011); Chiapas ; na Lisbon (2011). 
 
Douglas lara ezumike nká ugbu a mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ nhazi onye nweere onwe ya na-ekwurịta isiokwu ndị dị ka Black on Black Crime na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ọrụ ya ugbu a gụnyere ụmụaka. Ọ na-eche na ọ ga-anọgide na-akuzi ihe site n'ọrụ ya.  

### Mmekọrịta

* *EDELO (En Donde Era La Onu)* : Na Chiapas, Mexico, nchịkọta nke embroidery a na-akpọ EDELO, n'asụsụ Bekee: *Ebe [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|United Nations]] ji adị*, bụ mmekorita ya na Douglas, *Nwanyị* Zapatista Embroidery Collective, na Caleb Duarte . 
* 2011-14, *Udo na-agwọ ọrịa, agha na-egbu (Bis ass mutha fuckin mural)* : Mụ na onye na-ese ihe na Australia bụ Richard Bell . 
* 2014, *Anyị nwere ike ịbụ dike* : Site na onye na-ese ihe nkiri Australian Richard Bell, ndị na-ese ihe abụọ jikọtara ahụmahụ ha nke mmegharị ikike ụmụ amaala nke Australia na Black Power ije nke America.  Mmekọrịta ahụ rụpụtara ọrụ edobere ka emechara emume nrite asọmpi Olympic nke 1968 maka egwu na ubi . Onye Ọstrelia Peter Norman na-akwado ndị Africa America Tommie Smith na John Carlos . thumb| Ihe ntụrụndụ eserese nke Douglas na Bell "Anyị nwere ike ịbụ ndị dike" nke dị na Brisbane, Australia na-echeta ekele ike ojii nke 1968 Olympic .
* 2018, Black Lives Matter Global Network with Frieze NY maka ihe ngosi nka nke gosipụtara na *anyị ga-adị ndụ na-enweghị obi abụọ*, ọrụ Douglas nke a pụrụ ịhụ na mkpuchi azụ nke *Black Panther*, mbipụta #30. 
* 2020, *Da 5 Ọbara* : Site na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-emeri ihe nkiri Spike Lee, Douglas kwadoro ihe ngosi agha ya na-emegide Vietnam-Nam nke dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ *Black Panther* maka ihe nkiri Lee *Da 5 Bloods .* 

### Mbipụta

* *Revue de Recherche en civilization américaine* . 2 | 2010. Sabrina Sérac, "2: 2010: La Culture Populaire américaine" (nyocha nke *Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas* ), June 30, 2010, nwetara Maachị 28, 2014.
* *Nyocha ihe okike* ; Mee 2007, Vol. 27, Isi nke 5, p.&nbsp;21. "Art na Nwoke." Carrie Meyer nyochaa nke *Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas.*
* *Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ* ; Eprel 1, 2007, Vol. 132, Isi nke 6, p.&nbsp;87. Edward K. Owusu-Ansah nyochaa nke *Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas.*
* *Onye Ọchịchị ọhụrụ* ; Julaị 23, 2007, Vol. 136, mbipụta 4854, p.&nbsp;59. N'isiokwu a, onye edemede ahụ na-atụle akwụkwọ atọ nke mejupụtara, n'echiche ya, ihe atụ dị ịrịba ama nke nkà nke ndị ọzọ . Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ajụ ajụjụ bụ *Mingering Mike: The Amazing Career of an Imaginary Soul Superstar*, nke Dori Hadar, *Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas* na "Gravity's Rainbow Illustrated," nke Zak Smith dere.

### Vidiyo

* "Black Panther: Emory Douglas and the Art of Revolution" on YouTube . Uploaded on March 26, 2009.

Ihe ngosi mbụ nke onye omenkà US na-eme mkpọsa bụ Emory Douglas na UK, na-asọpụrụ dike a na-agụghị egwu nke ngagharị ikike obodo ọgbara ọhụrụ.

* "Emory Douglas: Art nke Black Panthers"
* https://vimeo.com/205101904 *Nkatọ Ọhaneze Emory Douglas (Nkebi nke Mbụ)* na https://vimeo.com/206080073 *Nkatọ Ọhaneze Emory Douglas (akụkụ II)*

Na 2017, Rhode Island School of Design 's *Global Initiative* (GI) kpọrọ Emory Douglas ka ọ katọọ mpempe akwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ahọpụtara ka ha jikọtara ọnụ na nka dabere na njirimara.  

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Baltrip-Balagás, Ayana // *Bipụta* magazin; Maachị/Eprel 2006, Vol. 60, Isi nke 2, p.&nbsp;84. "Nkà nke Nchekwa onwe."
* Berger, Maurice. *Ka Ụwa Niile hụ: Omenala Ọhụụ na mgba maka ikike obodo* . New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. 176.
* Bloom, Joshua, na Waldo E. Martin. *Black Against Empire: Akụkọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Black Panther Party* . Berkeley, CA: Mahadum California, 2013.
* Doss, Erika . " Art Revolutionary bụ ngwá ọrụ maka nnwere onwe." *Ntọhapụ, echiche, na Black Panther Party: Nlebaanya ọhụrụ na Panthers na ihe nketa ha* . Kathleen Cleaver na George N. Katsiaficas (eds). New York: Routledge, 2001. 183.
* Douglas, Emory, Danny Glover, Bobby Seale, Sam Durant, Sonia Sanchez, Kathleen Cleaver, Colette Gaiter, Greg Jung Morozumi, Amiri Baraka, na St Clair Bourne. *Black Panther: The Revolutionary Art of Emory Douglas* . New York, NY: Rizzoli, 2014.
* Foner, Philip S. *The Black Panthers Na-ekwu* . Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 1995.
* Gaiter, Colette. "A ga-elegharị anya mgbanwe mgbanwe ahụ." Elissa Auther na Adam Lerner (eds), *West of Center: Nnwale nka na nka na America, 1965–1977*, Minneapolis, Minn.: Mahadum nke Minnesota, 2012. 240–253.
* Jones, Charles E. *Ndị Black Panther Party (tụgharịrị)* . Baltimore: Black Classic, 1998.
* Pearson, Hugh. *Onyunyo nke Panther: Huey Newton na ọnụahịa nke ike ojii na America* . Ọgụgụ, MA: Addison-Wesley Pub. , 1994.
* Rhodes, Jane. *Ịmepụta Black Panthers: Ngosipụta dị egwu nke akara ike ojii* . New York: New York, 2007.
* Roberts, Shaun. "Nleta Studio na Emory Douglas." Nleta Studio na Emory Douglas. Akwụkwọ akụkọ *Juxtapoz*, Febụwarị 22, 2011.
* Sudbanthad, Pitchaya. "Emory Douglas: akụkọ ndụ" . Njem. *Akwụkwọ akụkọ AIGA*, nke eweghachiri Eprel 27, 2014.

## Ntụaka
na New Museum na New York. Ebe ọ bụ na eweghachiri ọrụ mbụ ya na ndị na-ege ntị ọhụrụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ, na-egosipụta ma na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-ege ntị na nhazi usoro na nke nkịtị n'ụwa nile. Ihe ngosi ya na nleta mba ụwa gụnyere Urbis, Manchester (2008);  Auckland,  mmekorita ya na Richard/link> . Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkụ atọ (November) na New Museum na New York. Ebe ọ bụ na eweghachiri ọrụ mbụ ya na ndị na-ege ntị ọhụrụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ, na-egosipụta ma na-emekọrịta ihe na ndị na-ege ntị na nhazi usoro na nke nkịtị n'ụwa nile. Ihe ngosi ya na nleta mba ụwa gụnyere Urbis, Manchester (2008);  Auckland,  mmekorit

## Njikọ mpụga

* N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2008 sara mbara na Emory Douglas @ www.com-raid.com
* "Emory Douglas Revolutionary Art" . *Ọ bụ oge - Black Panther Party Legacy na Alumni*
* "The Life and Times of Emory Douglas, Minister of Culture in the Black Panther Party" Archived  <) a ya na Richard 2014). *Ezigbo Akụkọ*
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations