Livingstone Mqotsi

**[[w:Livingstone Mqotsi|Livingstone Mqotsi]]** (18 Eprel 1921 – 25 Septemba 2009), nke a makwaara dịka **Livy** bụ onye ama ama na South Africa, ọkachasị n'isi ọmụmụ Social anthropology na nkwuchite-ọnụ ọra. Onye amụrụ n'ezinụlọ na-enweghị ego, ọ gbasoro agụmakwụkwọ na ikwuchite-ọnụ ọra. Njem agụmakwụkwọ ya dugara ya na Mahadum Fort Hare, ebe ọ gụrụ Social anthropology wee bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ọpụrụiche nke Monica Wilson. O tinyere aka na nkwuchite-ọnụ ọra na iguzogide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ewee mara ya maka ịchịkọta obodo na obodo.

Ebibiri ọrụ nkụzi Mqotsi n'ihi mmegide ya megide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ Bantu Education Act. Ọ gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ọrụ ma mechaa gbanwee ịghọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-echere mmachibido iwu na mkpagbu ihu. Mgbe ọ gbara ọsọ gaa zoo na mba ọzọ, ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwuchite ọnụ ọra, ide ihe, na agụmakwụkwọ ya na London. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na amusu, omume ọgwụgwọ ọrịa, na ọha mmadụ Africa, na-ama aka ụkpụrụ mgbaso omume odịbendị ndị ọcha aka, na ịkwalite echiche Africa na okwu agụmakwụkwọ. O sonyere na esemokwu agụmakwụkwọ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta dịka Archie Mafeje na Ruth First n'isi okwu ọgba aghara Soweto, na-ekwusi ike maka òtù mgbagwoju anya nke mgba megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị.
Mqotsi mechara nweta ihe ịchọ mma nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Fort Hare mgbe ọ nwụrụ. N'afọ 2013, onye na-eti egwu Israel jiri otu egwu sitere na usoro egwu "Critical Thought" ya kpọọrọ ya àjà ekele ncheta.

### Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Livingstone Mqotsi na 18 Eprel 1921, na obodo Rabula na Keiskammahoek district, nke bụzi akụkụ Eastern Cape Province na South Africa ugbua. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ na-enweghị ego, nna ya na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na Keiskammahoek, Livingstone Mqotsi gara Paterson High School na Port Elizabeth n'afọ 1943. .

Njem agụmakwụkwọ Mqotsi malitere na Mahadum Fort Hare, bụ ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke art (B.A) n'isi ọmụmụ social anthropology, gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1948. Monica Wilson, ọkà mmụta gụrụ anthropology ama ama, ghọtara na Mqotsi nwere ike ma duzie ya n'oge ọmụmụ ya niile. Ntinye aka Mqotsi na nkuzi Wilson na ikpughe ya na nyocha gbasara mmadụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọchịchọ nyocha ya n'ọdịnihu yana ntinye aka ya n'ịghọta obodo na omenala ndị Africa. A kọwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Monica Wilson nwere kacha nwee akaraka ọnatarachi na Fort Hare na 1940. O bipụtara ihe ọmụmụ n'African Studies n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, bụ nke dịịrị ka ihe mgbado-ụkwụ ịbanye n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkachamara.

### Ọrụ na Nkwuchite-ọnụ Ọra Ya
Ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara mgbe ọ bụ nwata na nzụlite Livingstone Mqotsi nwere ike nye aka n'ịkpụzi echiche ya na mbọ ya n'ọdịnihu. Ntolite ya site n'ezinụlọ ogbenye bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ime ime obodo bụ ya dịka ọ bụ ya mere ka ọ tinye aka ya n'oge na-adịghị anya na ịgba ume na ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze. N'oge ọ nọ na Fort Hare, Mqotsi sonyere na nkwuchite-ọnụ ọra na mmegharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O sonyeere na òtù ndị jikọrọ aka na Non-European Unity Movement (NEUM). Nsonye Mqotsi n'ikwuchite ọnụ ọra gbatịrị gafee ófè mahadum ọ nọ na ya. A maara ya maka mbọ ọ na-agba ichikota obodo dị iche iche na ịkwalite nguzogide megide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.

Ọrụ nkuzi Mqotsi, nke malitere na Newell High School n'afọ 1950 wee gaa n'ihu na Healdtown Training College site n'afọ 1952 ruo 1954, kwụsịrị na mberede n'ihi esemokwu ya na ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ maka Bantu Education Act of 1953. Ọzọkwa, ọrụ Mqotsi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye nkuzi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọ̀gbọ́ ndị ọkàmmụta na ndị na-ekwuchite ọnụ ọra n'ọdịnihu. Archie Mafeje nwere mmetụta miri emi site n'aka  Mqotsi, onye nkuzi ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School na Fort Beaufort, wee malite isonye nke ọma n'ìgwè ndị nwere njikọ na òtù Non-European Unity Movement.

Nsonye ya n'òtù Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA) n'ịgbasa ozi megide iwu Bantu Education mere ka amachibido ya na ndị òtù CATA narị abụọ ndị ọzọ ịkụzi ihe. Na-eche mkpagbu dị n'ụdị mkpọsa sitere n'aka steeti ihu, Mqotsi gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye òtù agụmakwụkwọ ógó dị elu na Mahadum Fort Hare, mana Ngalaba Native Affairs jụrụ. Mgbalị niile na-esochi ndị o mere n'ịchọta ọrụ kwụsịrị n'ihi nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Mqotsi nwetara nzere mastas na nkà ọmụmụ Industrial Psychology, mana atụmatụ ya gbasara imeziwanye mmekọrịta ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ngwuputa bụ nke a na-anabataghị nke ọma, nke butere ịchụpụ ya. Ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ na-enweghị nkà.

Nsonye ya n'Òtù Non-European Unity Movement dubara ya n'ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-ebipụta "Indaba Zasemonti" (East London News), bụ nke katọrọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site n'aka gọọmenti. Gọọmenti mechiri ụlọ ọrụ mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'afọ 1960 ma machibido Mqotsi iwu ruo afọ ise n'okpuru Suppression of Communism Act. N'afọ 1961, e mechirikwa ụlọ ọrụ mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ NEUM. Iji zeere nchụpụ n'obodo, Mqotsi gbanwere bàa n'ọrụ iwu ịbụ ọ̀káikpe, na-arụkọ ọrụ ya na Louis Mtshizana. Ha guzobere omume iwu amaara maka ijikwa okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mana ha chere ebubo ihu site n'aka steeti ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ikpeazụ, ha natara iwu mmachibido ruo afọ ise. A tụrụ Mqotsi mkpọrọ ọnwa abụọ na-ekpeghị ya ikpe n'oge State of Emergency 1960. N'ihi mkpagbu ọdịpụ odịkwasa ọ na-anata, òtù Unity Movement gwara ya ka ọ hapụ obodo ahụ.

Mqotsi gbagara Botswana emesia ọ gaa Zambia site n'afọ 1964 ruo 1970, n'ikpeazụ chọta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na England site n'afọ 1970 ruo 2001 ma ezinụlọ ya enweghị ike isonyere ya. N'ime afọ ọ gbara ọsọ gaa n'ala ọzọ, ọ gbasoro ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na London, na mbụ na West Greenwich Boys High School site n'afọ 1970 ruo 1977 na mgbe e mesịrị dịka onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ Catford Boys High School site n'afọ 1978 ruo 1986, bụ ebe o mesịrị laa ezumike nká.

N'agbanyeghị na ọ nọ n'ọsọ na mba ọzọ, Mqotsi gara n'ihu bụrụ onye òdé akwụkwọ mara mma. O so dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ Unity Newsletter site n'afọ 1966 ruo 1969, mbipụta kwa ọnwa nke metụtara NEUM nọ n'ala ọzọ. N'ịnọgide na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke NEUM, o sonyeere New Unity Movement (NUM) n'afọ 1985 mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ọsọ ọ gbara gbaga London.

Mgbe Mqotsi si n'ala ọzọ lọta n'afọ 2001, ọ gara biri na East London, South Africa ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'iguzobe ngalaba Border nke NUM n'afọ 2007.

### Ederede Ya

Mqotsi dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara mgba ntọhapụ nke South Africa wee soro ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-akwado ọrụ na-ede nnukwu akwụkwọ ozi. Otu n'ime ihe ndị ama ama o mere n'oge a bụ imegharị akwụkwọ egwuregwu o dere na ngwụcha afọ 1950 ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ *The House of Bondage* nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1989. O dekwara akụkọ na-ebipụtabeghị ebipụta na-akọwapụta mmegharị nnwere onwe dị iche iche so na mbọ South Africa na-agba inwere onwe ha, nke akpọrọ *South African Liberation at the Crossroads*. Mgbe o si n'ala ọzọ lọta n'afọ 2001, ọ gara n'ihu n'ịgba mbọ ide ihe, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ, bụ nganiihu nke akwụkwọ mbụ ya, akpọrọ 'The Mind in Chains' n'afọ 2008. Ọzọkwa, o bipụtara akwụkwọ nke atọ, 'A Study of Ukuthwasa ,' n'otu afọ ahụ, bụ nke dabeere na usoro mmụta nzere Mastas (M.A) ya.

Ka Mqotsi na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke amoosu, omume ọgwụgwọ, na ọha mmadụ Africa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke nyochara ọrụ amoosu na ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala n'ime obodo Middledrift n'ime oge site na 1945 ruo 1957 gụnyere ọmụmụ gbasara Ukuthwasa, Culture-bound syndrome jikọtara ya na ọkpụkpọ oku na usoro mmalite ka ọ bụrụ sangoma, ụdị ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala.

Nchọpụta Mqotsi mere gbasara amoosu na omume ọgwụgwọ nyere aka na nghọta miri emi nke ọha mmadụ ndị Africa, na-ama aka n'echiche efu na-adị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na echiche na-ezighị ezi gbara isiokwu ndị a. Ọrụ ya kwusiri ike mkpa ọnọdụ omenala dị na mkpa nghọta na ịkwanyere Omenala Africa na usoro ihe ọmụma. Nnyocha Mqotsi, jikọtara ya na onye na-akwado ya, dobere ya dị ka onye na-edu ndú na decolonization of knowledge, na-akwalite ntinye echiche nke Africa n'okwu agụmakwụkwọ.

### Esemokwu agụmakwụkwọ Ya na Archie Mafeje na Ruth First

### Ọnwụ Ya
Ọ nwụrụ na 25 Septemba 2009, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na asatọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, e dosara ya ihe nrite nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Fort Hare.

N'afọ 2013, otu mkpụrụ egwú n'ime usoro egwu "Critical Thought," nke onye egwú Israel gụrụ, ka o nyèrè n'icheta onye nwụrụ anwụ Livingstone Mqotsi.

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### Edensibia

### Ịgụrụ Gawa
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