Stella Madzimbamuto

thumb|Stella Madzimbamuto
**Stella Madzimbamuto** (13 Eprel 1930 – 30 June 2020) bụ onye nọọsụ Zimbabwe onye South Africa na onye gbara akwụkwọ n'okwu ikpe mara mma nke *Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke* . Amụrụ dị ka Stella Nkolombe na District nke isii nke Cape Town na 1930, ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ South Africa iji gwọọ ndị isi ojii, na-enweta ọrụ nọọsụ izugbe yana asambodo midwifery . Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ afọ atọ na ụlọ ọgwụ Ladysmith Provincial, ọ lụrụ South Rhodesian wee kwaga ebe ọzọ. Site na 1956 ruo 1959, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ izugbe na Harare Central Hospital . Na 1959, a kpọchiri di ya, Daniel Madzimbamuto, dịka onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ ga-anọgide na njide ruo 1974, ebe ọ na-akwado ezinụlọ ya n'ụzọ ego.

Site na 1960, Madzimbamuto rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nọọsụ na-ahụ maka Ward B6, Ngalaba mmerụ ahụ Spinal na Isi, nke ụlọ ọgwụ Harare. Ọ bụ naanị dọkịta na-awa ahụ na-ahụ maka ahụike Africa n'oge ahụ, bụ dọkịta Britain Laurence Levy zụrụ ya. O mere ndokwa ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ ná mba ọzọ na Stoke-Mandeville National Spinal Injuries Center na Buckinghamshire na National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery na Queen Square, London, na-enweta asambodo na ọgwụgwọ nke akwara ozi na ọkpụkpụ azụ . Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Rhodesia, na 1965, ọ malitere usoro ọmụmụ dabere na ọmụmụ ya iji zụọ ndị nọọsụ obere. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ ndu na Ward B6 ruo 1982. N'afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nlekọta abalị nke ụlọ ọgwụ Harare ma jee ozi na ọrụ a ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1995.

N'afọ 1965, Madzimbamuto gbara aka na njide nke di ya n'okwu ikpe, na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụrụ na gọọmenti Rhodesia, nke kwuputara nnwere onwe site na Britain, bụ iwu na-akwadoghị, mgbe ahụ, iwu njide ndị gọọmenti nyere abaghị uru. E meriri ikpe ya n'ụlọ ikpe Rhodesia, ma ọ gbara akwụkwọ na Kọmitii Ikpe nke Privy Council, nke bụ ụlọikpe kachasị elu maka ọtụtụ mba Commonwealth, gụnyere Rhodesia. Kọmiti ikpe na-ekpe ikpe kagburu mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Rhodesia . O kwuputara na ọchịchị Rhodesia bụ nke iwu na-akwadoghị, iwu na nkwupụta nke o wepụtara na agaghị adị irè, ma nye iwu ka a tọhapụrụ di Madzimbamuto. Gọọmenti Rhodesia leghaara mkpebi ahụ anya, mana ọ ghọwo mkpebi dị ịrịba ama gbasara okwu gbasara ọbụbụeze steeti.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Stella Nkolombe na 13 Eprel 1930 na District isii nke Cape Town, na Union of South Africa ruo Fleecy (née Gwiba) na Enoch Nkolombe, ha abụọ sitere na Xhosa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Nne ya, nke sitere na ezinụlọ Nyauza-Mpondo, bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ na nna ya, onye sitere na ezinụlọ Gqwashu, rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-ebuga ụlọ ọrụ John William Jagger . [ 1 ] [ 3 ] Nkolombe bụ nwa nke isii nke ụmụnne iri na otu ma tolite na-asụ Xhosa . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Nne na nna ya họọrọ ibi n'obodo ahụ ka ụmụ ha nwee ike ịgụ akwụkwọ ma nwee ike ịma ma Afrikaans na Bekee nke ọma. Nkolombe gụchara akwụkwọ mmanye afọ itoolu ya, [ 1 ] ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ St. Philips English Church maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya wee mesịa Trafalgar High School maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. [ 4 ] Na 1946, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ iji nye ụmụnne ya ndị tọrọ ohere ohere ịga akwụkwọ. [ 1 ]

## Ọrụ
alt=Black and white photograph of a three-storey building with wide verandas on the first and second storey. In front of the building is a cistern and it is flanked on the left by bushes and on the right by an overhanging tree.|thumb| Ụlọ ọgwụ McCord Zulu

### Ọrụ nọọsụ mbụ (1946-1956)
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1946, Nkolombe rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ụlọ na Sea Point, mana ọ chọpụtara na ọrụ ahụ emezughị. Otu onye agbata obi nwere nwatakịrị nwere ọrịa ụbụrụ na-enye aka na nlekọta ya. Ahụmahụ ahụ mere ka ọ họrọ ọrụ nọọsụ karịa nkuzi, nke bụ naanị nhọrọ ọzọ ọ nwere n'oge ahụ. [ 1 ] Na 1948, Nkolombe kwagara Durban wee debanye aha na nkuzi nọọsụ n'ozuzu nke McCord Zulu Hospital nyere, [ 1 ] [ 5 ] bụ nke sụrụ ụzọ ọgwụgwọ nke ndị Africa, ọzụzụ nke ndị nọọsụ ojii, na agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị dọkịta ojii na South Africa. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ya, [ 8 ] ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na midwifery, na-enweta asambodo ya na nsọpụrụ. N'ihi oke ọrụ dịịrị ndị isi ojii na Cape Town, Nkolombe laghachiri ebe ahụ naanị igosi ndị mụrụ ya uwe ya. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]

Na 1953, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọkwa na Ladysmith Provincial Hospital na Ladysmith, Natal, Nkolombe rụrụ ụka ma ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ịlaghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ya. [ 1 ] [ 9 ] N'oge a ọ zutere Daniel Madzimbamuto, onye na-arụ ọrụ na Durban iji mepụta mmasị na Boswell Wilkie Circus, mana o sitere na Southern Rhodesia . Ọ bụ ezie na nne na nna ya enweghị mmasị na ha ịlụ di na nwunye, na mmalite 1956, ya na Daniel lụrụ ma Madzimbamuto kwagara Murehwa, obere ime obodo dị nso na Salisbury (nke bụ Harare ugbu a). [ 1 ] [ 10 ] [ Ihe edeturu 1 ] Ka Daniel ka na-arụ ọrụ na South Africa, Madzimbamuto ji ụgbọ oloko gaa naanị ya ịga zute ndị ọgọ ya. Na July 1956, ọ mụrụ nwa mbụ ha, Farai, na Harare Central Hospital, nke a maara n'oge ahụ dị ka Ụlọ Ọgwụ Gomo. Mgbe a nabatara ya, ọ zutere ndị nọọsụ nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ McCord Zulu, bụ ndị gbara ya ume ka ọ laghachi na nọọsụ n'ihi ụkọ ụkọ n'oge ahụ na Southern Rhodesia, akụkụ n'ihi na enweghị ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ ndị nọọsụ. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] N'ịkwenye na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịrụ ọrụ na ilekọta nwa ọhụrụ, Madzimbamuto laghachiri na Murehwa, ma matron, Grace Houston, chọtara ya ma nye ya akwụkwọ ozi, na-enye ya ohere ịkpọta nwa ahụ n'ọrụ. [ 1 ] [ 12 ] Matron Houston nyekwara ya aka inweta ụlọ na New Highfield, nke nwere naanị ụlọ mposi dị n'èzí nke okpukpu abụọ dị ka ịsa mmiri oyi. [ 2 ]
alt=Black and white photograph of a business district with cars parked in the middle of the street and businesses lining the street|thumb| Salisbury, Rhodesia (ugbu a Harare, Zimbabwe)
Mgbe Farai dị ọnwa asaa, Daniel laghachiri na Southern Rhodesia wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Black Nationalist . Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Highfield Branch nke African National Congress na ọrụ ya mere ka ọ mata ndị ọchịchị Rhodesia. [ 1 ] Nwa ha nke abụọ, nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Chipo, mụrụ mgbe Daniel lọtachara ma dị ọnwa isii mgbe mbụ e jidere ya. [ 1 ] [ 13 ] A kpọchiri ya ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ site na February 1959 ruo 8 June 1961. [ 14 ] N'ime oge ahụ, ọtụtụ oge, a tọhapụrụ Daniel nwa oge ma mgbe ụbọchị ole na ole gasịrị, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. [ 10 ] Mgbe etinyere ya, Madzimbamuto nwetara ikike ileta ya. [ 10 ] Ọ maghị na a ga-ata ya na ụmụ ya ahụhụ ma ọ bụ chụpụ ya n’ihi ihe ọ na-eme, ọ nọkwa na-echegbu onwe ya na a ga-ebupụ ụmụ ya. Madzimbamuto tụlere ịlaghachi na South Africa mana ọ jụrụ echiche ahụ ngwa ngwa. [ 1 ] Ndụ ọrụ ya siri ezigbo ike n'oge a, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke gọọmentị na ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, mana n'ihi na di ya bụ onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: a hụrụ ya dị ka nwunye nke "gandanga", nke pụtara onye na-eyi ọha egwu. [ 10 ]

### Nọọsụ Neurosurgical (1960-1982)
Na 1960, Madzimbamuto nọchiri onye nọọsụ Britain bụ onye na-eje ozi dị ka onye nọọsụ na-ahụ maka akwara akwara na British neurosurgeon Laurence Levy, onye bụ naanị ọkachamara na ngalaba ahụ na-eje ozi n'Africa n'oge ahụ. [ 1 ] Levy zụrụ Madzimbamuto, na-akụziri ya otú e si arụ ọrụ nọọsụ bụ isi na ịrụ usoro, dị ka ọkpụkpụ azụ azụ, ikuku encephalograms, na myelograms, bụ ndị dọkịta na-eme n'oge ahụ. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ọ mụtara nkà na teknụzụ ma zụọ ndị dọkịta na-eto eto a na-akụziri n'ụlọ ọgwụ ka esi eme ha. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Ọ chọrọ ịnyefe nkà ya iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ aka ma gụsie agụụ ike ka ụmụ nwanyị nweta nkwanye ùgwù ruru ha; n'oge ahụ, ndị inyom bụ ndị na-eto eto na iwu na-emekarị na-akwụsị ịrụ ọrụ mgbe alụmdi na nwunye. [ 2 ] [ 15 ] [ Ihe edeturu 2 ] Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1961, e zigara Daniel na ogige mgbochi Sikombela na Mapfungautsi dị nso na Gokwe Center, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 15 January 1963. [ 14 ] [ 18 ] Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, na n’agbanyeghị na Madzimbamuto nọ na-atụ anya nwa ya nke atọ, Levy gbara ya ume ịga n’ihu n’agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi. [ 2 ] [ 19 ] Levy mere ndokwa ka ọ mụọ ná mba ọzọ afọ abụọ na Stoke-Mandeville National Spinal Injuries Center na Buckinghamshire na National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery na Queen Square, London . [ 2 ] [ 10 ] Madzimbamuto kpebiri na ya ga-anọ ná mba ọzọ naanị otu afọ. [ 20 ] N'ịhapụ Farai na Chipo ya na ndị ọgọ ya na Murehwa na Tambudzai dị ọnwa anọ na Kenya ebe nne ya na otu nwanna nwanyị bi, Madzimbamuto gara England na February 1964. [ 2 ] [ 21 ].

E jidere Daniel na 28 Eprel 1964 wee ziga ya n'ogige mmachi Gonakudzingwa na na 13 Ọgọst ka amachibidoro ya na Sengwe Tribal Trust Lands ruo 13 Eprel 1965, mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya. [ 14 ] N’ọnwa ahụ, Madzimbamuto hapụrụ England wee nọrọ izu atọ na Kenya tupu ya na nwa ya nwanyị laghachi South Rhodesia. [ 22 ] Site na 1965, ọ na-elekọta Ward B6, Ngalaba mmerụ ahụ na Spinal, maka afọ iri na asaa sochirinụ. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Madzimbamuto mepụtara mmemme iji zụọ ndị nọọsụ na-eto eto na ụlọ ọgwụ Harare, na-akụziri ha ihe ọ mụtara gbasara mmerụ ahụ akwara na ọkpụkpụ azụ . [ 10 ] Na 19 Jun 1965, eweghachiri Daniel ma ziga ya na ụlọ mkpọrọ Wha Wha, mana ebufere ya site n'ebe ahụ laghachi Gonakudzingwa obere oge tupu etinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Gwelo na 6 Novemba. [ 25 ] Ndị ọchịchị wepụrụ paspọtụ Madzimbamuto mgbe e jidere Daniel ma nyeghachi ya ya ma ọ bụrụ na ezinụlọ ahụ dum ga-ahapụ obodo ahụ, onyinye ọ jụrụ. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Nwa nke anọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ, nwa nwoke, Tafirenyika, mụrụ na 1966. [ 22 ].

Madzimbamuto na-azụkarị ụmụ ya naanị n’ihi njide Daniel. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] Ka ọ na-erule 1973, ọ na-enweta Rh$327 (£130) [ 26 ] [ 28 ] [ Notes 3 ] kwa ọnwa ma na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọmụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum Daniel yana uwe ya na ụlọ mposi ya, mmefu njem nke Rh$13.60 (£ 25) kwa ọnwa iji leta ya, yana ya na mmefu ụmụ ya kwa ọnwa. [ 26 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ Ihe ndetu 4 ] Iwu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke gọọmentị gbochiri ụmụ ya ịga n'ihu mgbe ha gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị, mana ndị enyi dịka Guy Clutton-Brock, Didymus Mutasa, na Terence Ranger nyere aka n'ịkwado ụmụaka ga-amụ ná mba ọzọ. [ 10 ] N’oge ahụ, Farai nọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Britain, a na-agụkwa Chipo na Botswana . [ 26 ] N'afọ 1973, Madzimbamuto nwetara paspọtụ Britain nwa oge ka o wee banye International Congress of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Nurses, nke e mere na Tokyo. Ọ lọghachiri n'ụlọ ma tinyekwa ozi ọ mụtara na usoro ọmụmụ ya maka ndị nọọsụ. [ 35 ]

### ''Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke'' (1965–1968)
thumb| Daniel na Stella Madzimbamuto tupu 1969
N'April 1964, Ian Smith ghọrọ Prime Minister nke Rhodesia, na-ekwe nkwa ịnọgide na-enwe amụma nke ọchịchị ndị ọcha . [ 36 ] N'okpuru iwu nkịtị nke Bekee, njide ejidere n'enweghị ikpe akwadoghị na n'okpuru iwu 1961 Rhodesia ka a na-anabata njide naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ekwupụtala ọnọdụ mberede n'ụzọ iwu. [ 37 ] N'okpuru iwu 1961 na ikike ikike mberede 1960, ọnọdụ mberede nwere ike ịdịgide naanị ọnwa atọ tupu achọ mmeghari ohuru. [ 38 ] Enyere ndobe iwu na iwu iwu mberede na 5 November 1965, ma kubie ume na 4 February 1966. [ 25 ] [ 38 ] Na 11 Nọvemba 1965, gọọmentị wepụtara nkwupụta nnwere onwe n'otu akụkụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta Britain kwupụta onye ga-anọchi ya . [ 1 ] [ 25 ] Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, nzuko omeiwu Britain weputara iwu na-ekwupụta na ọchịchị Rhodesia bụ nke iwu na-akwadoghị ma mebie iwu ọ bụla o wepụrụ. [ 39 ] Mgbe ọchịchị Smith nyefere iwu ịgbatị usoro eji eji, [ 38 ] Madzimbamuto gbara akwụkwọ, *Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke*, iji maa njide di ya. Ihe ndabere nke akwụkwọ ikpe ya bụ na ọ bụrụ na gọọmentị na iwu ya akwadoghị, iwu e ji kpọchie Daniel abaghị uru. [ 1 ] [ 38 ] Ya na Leo Baron, onye ọka iwu, onye bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ejidere dị ka Daniel, gbara akwụkwọ ndị yiri ya. [ 1 ] [ 25 ]

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Madzimbamuto nwụrụ na 30 Juun 2020 na George, South Africa. Ụmụ ya niile ghọrọ ndị ọkachamara. [ 1 ] Farai ghọrọ dibịa na prọfesọ. Na 2014, ọ gbara aka na ikike ya ijide mba abụọ wee merie ikpe n'Ụlọikpe Iwu nke Zimbabwe . Ụlọikpe ahụ kpebiri na iwu 2013 nyere ndị Zimbabwe ohere ịbụ nwa amaala abụọ, na ngalaba mbata na ọpụpụ enweghị ike ịbelata ikike ya ibi na Zimbabwe na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ chọọ ikike nke gbochiri nnwere onwe ya. [ 57 ] Chipo ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu mgbe ọ nwetasịrị asambodo Britain na ọmụmụ odeakwụkwọ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ma mesịa banye n'ụlọ akụ. [ 10 ] [ 58 ] Tambudzai nwetara akara ugo mmụta nkuzi ya na Zimbabwe wee bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka okwu mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na England. [ 10 ] [ 59 ] Tafirenyika gụsịrị akwụkwọ na injinịa kemịkalụ na Russia. [ 23 ] [ 60 ]

A na-akpọkarị ikpe ya, *Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke* dị ka mkpebi dị ịrịba ama ma bụrụkwa ihe atụ nke mba ụwa, nke e zoro aka na ya n'okwu gbasara esemokwu steeti na ókèala na okwu ọchịchị. [ 61 ] [ 52 ] Ọtụtụ n’ime ndị nwunye ndị a kpọchiri n’ihi mba ha enweghị ike inye ndị di ha ihe karịrị nkasi obi, iguzosi ike n’ihe, na nkwado mmetụta uche. A na-echeta Madzimbamuto maka nguzo ya pụrụ iche iji mebie ọchịchị Rhodesia na ịma aka n'iwu ya. [ 52 ] [ 55 ] Richard Mahomva, ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, [ 62 ] na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ achọpụtala na a na-echetakwa Madzimbamuto dị ka onye na-ebute ụzọ na mmepe nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mba ahụ. [ 23 ] [ 52 ]

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka

### Nkọwapụta

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations