open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Blue Action Fund

thumb|Blue Action Fund logo
Blue Action Fund bụ ntọala maka nchekwa oke osimiri na oke osimiri.  Ọ na-akwado ọrụ ndị na-enye aka na ebumnuche United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14, yana na Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 maka nchekwa ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ n'ụwa.  Blue Action Fund dabeere na Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

.Ebumnuche nke ọrụ Blue Action Fund bụ iji jee ozi "ịbawanye nchebe nke oke osimiri na mmiri na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe."  N'ime ime nke a, ntọala ahụ na-achọ ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na ndụ ndị na-akụ azụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mpaghara Africa, Latin America na Asia.[1]  Iji gbasoo ebumnuche a, Blue Action Fund na ndị otu na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na-arụkọ ọrụ iji wepụta na jikwaa mpaghara echedoro na ịkwado iji akụrụngwa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mmiri na-adịgide adịgide.[2][3][4]  A na-ahọrọ ọrụ ndị a na-enweta ego site na oku ọha na eze na-eme mgbe niile maka atụmatụ.[5]  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2019, ọrụ akwadoro akwadogoro 195,000 square kilomita nke mpaghara echedoro mmiri.[6]  Na 2021, Blue Action Fund kwadoro ọrụ 17 na mba 17 nwere oke ego karịrị nde EUR 42.[7]

.Ndị mejupụtara ntọala ahụ bụ Board Management, Board Supervisory na Onye guzobere (Mịnịstrị Federal Federal Cooperation and Development na KfW Development Bank).  Markus Knigge bụ onye isi nchịkwa na onye isi oche nke Board Management

.Emebere Blue Action Fund na 2016 site na German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, yana KfW Development Bank.[1] [2]  Ego ahụ bụ ntinye aka na atụmatụ 10 nke Ministry of Development maka nchekwa oke osimiri.[3]  Edebara aha Blue Action Fund dị ka ntinye aka afọ ofufo site na Germany na Sweden na ọgbakọ mbụ nke United Nations World Ocean Conference na 2017.[4]
Ọgbọ Ikpeazụ (mgbasa ihu igwe)

thumb|Cessna CJ1, the type of private jet Letzte Generation sprayed with orange paint on Sylt in 2023
Ọgbọ Ikpeazụ bụ otu ndị na-akwado mgbanwe ihu igwe na-arụkarị ọrụ na Germany, Italy na Austria.  Kemgbe e guzobere ha na 2021, ha ewepụtala ọtụtụ mgbochi okporo ụzọ (276 na Germany n'oge 2022), [1] wee jiri agba mebie ụgbọ mmiri, eserese ndị ama ama, ụlọ, ụlọ nri na ụgbọ elu nkeonwe.

.Na Rome, ha tụbara ofe na ihe osise van Gogh n'azụ iko, nke a na-akpọ The Sower[it].[1][2][3]  Na Potsdam, ha tụbara poteto a sụrụ n'ọkụ na eserese Monet.[4]  Ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe osise ha wakporo nke mebiri emebi.[5]  Ụzọ nnupụisi obodo ha, dị ka ihe osise rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ igbochi ụzọ, ezutewo mmeghachi omume dị iche iche sitere n'aka ọha, [6] gụnyere nkwupụta iwe[7][5] na iyi egwu ime ihe ike.

Otu ahụ na-ekwu na enwere ọnọdụ mberede ihu igwe, ma na-achọ ka ụmụ amaala kpebie ọdịnihu ha site n'imejuputa kansụl ọha mmadụ, ebe ọnụ ahịa nke idozi nsogbu ihu igwe ekwesịghị ịbụ ndị ọrụ, kama ọ bụ ndị ọgaranya.  Otu a na-achọ mbelata ụgwọ na ịkwụ ụgwọ na steeti Global South dị ka ụgwọ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, [1] iwebata oke ọsọ ọsọ na autobahn, [2] [3] na tiketi 9-euro na-adịgide adịgide.[3] ].
thumb|Dọkịta ihe mberede Freiburg na-eji ihe ndozi wepụ nkwụ onye na-akwado ọgbọ ikpeazụ n'okporo ụzọ asphalt.  Azụ nke onye na-eme ihe ike na-egosi ederede gbasara gluu (2022).
Similarly, in November 2022, the Last Generation threw soup at 'The Sower' by Vincent van Gogh, also behind glass, at the Palazzo Bonaparte in Rome, Italy. The painting, which was on loan from the Dutch Kröller-Müller Museum, suffered no damage, like another van Gogh painting targeted by a similar protest by Just Stop Oil two weeks earlier in London.
Caucasus Nature Fund

Tọrọ ntọala na 2007, Caucasus Nature Fund (CNF), bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ German na-akwado mpaghara echedoro na mba South Caucasus nke Armenia, Azerbaijan na Georgia.  Ebumnuche nke ego ahụ bụ inye ego ogologo oge maka ụgwọ ọrụ, njikwa emelitere na mmepe na-adigide nke mpaghara echedoro.  Ntụkwasị obi na-arụ ọrụ site na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke onwe ya na gọọmentị atọ site n'itinye aka, mana ọ bụghị gafere mmefu ego steeti.  Nke a na-eme ka akụkụ ọ bụla na-enye nkwado ogologo oge maka ebe ndị echekwara..

Caucasus Ecoregion bụ otu n'ime mpaghara bara ụba nke ndu na ụwa.  Ebe obibi nke osisi na ụdị anụmanụ dị elu na-enweghị atụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ụwa "ebe dị ọkụ"[1] dịka ma Conservation International na WWF si kwuo.

N'ịbụ nke e guzobere site na isthmus dị n'etiti Oké Osimiri Ojii na Caspian, Caucasus ecoregion bụ ụzọ ụzọ ụzọ ndụ, ebe ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ sitere na Europe, Central Asia, Middle East, na North Africa na-ejikọta na ụdị endemic a na-ahụghị ebe ọzọ n'ụwa.  N'ihe dị ka France, ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ dị kilomita 500,000 gụnyere Armenia, Azerbaijan na Georgia, yana obere akụkụ nke Russia, Iran na Turkey.  N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, mpaghara a dị ntakịrị na-ejide mpaghara ihu igwe 9 site na ọkara ọzara ruo tundra dị elu, site na ala ahịhịa ala ruo n'oké ọhịa.  N'ebe a, ị nwere ike ịhụ ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 6,400, nnụnụ 348, anụmanụ 131, anụ ufe 86, ndị amphibians 17 na azụ mmiri 127.
British Columbia Forest Practices Board

The **Forest Practices Board** of British Columbia bụ òtù na-ahụ maka "ogologo ngwá agha" nke gọọmentị BC kwadoro site na Forest Practice Code of British Columbia Act, nke na-akwadebe nyocha na akụkọ banyere ịgbaso mpaghara na ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi na Iwu Ọhịa, na Forest and Range Practices Act, na ebumnuche nke ịgba ume "na-adịgide adịgide" ọhịa na omume dị iche iche na British Columbia, Canada. na nyocha.

Nzukọ ahụ na-enyocha mkpesa sitere n'aka ọha na eze gbasara ọrụ na ala Crown, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ime aro na / ma ọ bụ rịọ gọọmentị ka ọ nyochaa nkwenye ọrụ ọhịa na mkpebi mmanye iwu.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* www.bcfpb.ca
Ịnọ n'ala

Snedding bụ usoro nke iwepu okooko osisi na okooko osisi nakụkụ site na ogologo nke alaka ma ọ bụ okooko osisi, naabụkarị nke osisi ma ọ bụ osisi. A naemekarị usoro a noge a naetinye ahịhịa na tupu a naegbutu osisi n'ubi dị njikere maka ịkọ ihe.

Ngwaa 'sned', nke yiri nke taa, bụ nke ndị naegbu osisi na Scotland jikwa mee ihe iji zoo aka na usoro nke iwepụ alaka site na osisi ndị e gbuturu. Ma ọ bụ iji anyụike, chainsaw ma ọ bụ billhook, ihe isi ike nke ịdọrọ bụ isi ihe naatụle ihe isi ike ọrụ ahụ nozuzu ya.

Okwu a sitere na Scandinavian *snäddare*, nke pụtara osisi dị nro site na Old English snädan.

Snedding nwekwara ike ịkọwa ụdị ịkpụchasị mgbe a gaewepụ naanị ahịhịa ole na ole, ma ọ bụ mgbe a naewepụ elu akwụkwọ site na ihe ọkụkụ mgbọrọgwụ (karịsịa turnips).

## Ihe odide

### Ihe edeturu

## Njikọ mpụga
Spar (osisi)

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi Spar nogige a na-egbutu osisi na United States, 1924
Osisi **spar** bụ osisi eji eme ihe dị ka ebe kachasị elu na nhazi osisi dị elu. A naahọrọ osisi spar dabere na ịdị elu, ebe na ọkachasị ike na enweghị ire ure iji guzogide ịdị arọ na nrụgide achọrọ.  Ozugbo ahọrọla osisi spar, onye naarịgo gaewepụ alaka osisi ahụ ma kpuchie osisi ahụ (okwu ịkpụ osisi maka igbupụ elu osisi ahụ).  A naetinyezi blọk na tackle nosisi ahụ ma naagba ọsọ.

"Onye naarịgo elu" bụ onye otu ndị naegbutu osisi nke naarị ugwu, naagbanye ya, ma naagafe ya.

Ịhọrọ osisi dị ka spar bụ ọrụ dị mkpa karịsịa, ya mere ike na mkpa nke spar bịara nwee ihe nnọchianya maka ndị naegbutu osisi n'oge mbụ nke West.

Ojiji nke osisi spar na ịkpụ osisi bụ ihe a naadịghị ahụkebe ugbu a, ebe ọ bụ na e jiri ụlọ elu a naebugharị ebugharị dochie ya kemgbe afọ 1970, nke a naakpọ yarders, nke a nwere ike iguzobe nebe a naegbu osisi ma bufee ya dịka ọ dị mkpa.

## Njikọ mpụga
Climate-Alliance Germany

**Climate-Alliance Germany (German: Klima-Allianz Deutschland) bụ netwọk nke ihe karịrị otu narị mmadụ na iri abụọ, gụnyere otu gburugburu ebe obibi, otu mmepe, ụka, otu sitere na ngalaba ntorobịa, agụmakwụkwọ, omenala na ahụike, yana otu ndị ọrụ. , na mkpakọrịta ndị ahịa.[1][2]  Tọrọ ntọala na 2007, ebumnuche nke Alliance bụ inye otu n'ihu iji tinye nrụgide na ndị na-eme mkpebi German ka ha were usoro nchebe ihu igwe.[3]  Ndị otu a ma ama gụnyere WWF, BUND (ma ọ bụ ndị enyi nke ụwa Germany), na otu ndị ọrụ ver.di.**

Nhazi nke Climate Alliance Germany, ihe karịrị òtù 50 bipụtara "Atụmatụ Nchekwa Ihu Igwe 2050 nke German Civil Society" na Nọvemba 2016 n'ihi usoro nsonye sara mbara.[1]  N'ime ya, ha na-akpọ maka ebumnuche nchebe ihu igwe na-achọsi ike na ike iwu kwadoro.  Dịka nzaghachi mba na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris, gọọmentị German ebipụtalarị atụmatụ nchekwa ihu igwe ya 2050, nke Climate Alliance Germany katọrọ dị ka ezughị oke.

Kemgbe Nọvemba 2015, Climate Alliance Germany anabatala mkparịta ụka ihu igwe nke Berlin na-agbanwe isiokwu ọtụtụ oge n'afọ.  Ihe omume a na-eme na nkwado ya na ndị otu ya.  Ndị ọbịa ọgbakọ a etinyelarị ọtụtụ ndị minista gọọmentị etiti, ndị odeakwụkwọ steeti na ndị isi otu pati.  Emebere mmemme nke mbụ nye atụmatụ ọha na eze maka echiche njem ụgbọ elu nwere enyi na enyi maka Germany

Climate Alliance Germany na-akwado mwepu coal dị oke egwu.  Mbelata ọgbọ coal na ngwuputa coal bụ isi ihe na-ezute ebumnuche ihu igwe German na nke mba ụwa na imezu decarbonisation dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara nchekwa ihu igwe dị irè.  N'ihi nke a, Alliance chọrọ ka akwadoro ogbunigwe mepere emepe ọhụrụ.  Achọghị ịgbasa ogbunigwe ndị mepere emepe na mpaghara Rhineland lignite, na Lusatia na Central Germany mana belata nha.

Mgbanwe nhazi na mpaghara lignite ga-emerịrị nke ọma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ego, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na ego mgbanwe nhazi.  Na mmekorita ya na otu mpaghara na mpaghara, Climate Alliance Germany na-agbakwa mbọ maka ichekwa obodo na odida obodo egwu egwu egwu egwu mepere emepe.  Iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a, Alliance emewo ka usoro iwu, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-eji azụmahịa nke coal bụrụ ihe kacha mkpa.  N'okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akwụkwọ ndị chọrọ akwụkwọ, akụkọ ọkachamara na ọmụmụ ihe, Climate Alliance Germany na-akọwapụta ihe ize ndụ nke ịmepụta ike ọkụ maka ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike.  Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-emepụta nlebara anya ọha na eze site na akụkọ mgbasa ozi, ihe omume, omume na ihe ngosi.

In July 2016, the Alliance, together with BUND, the Heinrich Böll Foundation, and the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation released a report on the aftermath of lignite mining in Germany.  The report, co-authored by IASS Potsdam [de], argues that the financial resources needed to remedy the damage caused by lignite mining are not adequately backed up by the existing mining operators Vattenfall (who later sold its lignite-fired plants and mines to EPH), RWE, and MIBRAG [de].
Standard (otu osisi)

thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri e chepụtara na 1920 "nke nwere narị iri na ise, nke narị iri na abụọ nime ha gaabụ ibu kwesịrị ekwesị na narị atọ bụ ihe owuwu na okpokoro".
Otu ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ **ọkọlọtọ** **otu narị** bụ ihe atụ nke osisi eji eme azụmahịa.

Ụkpụrụ ahụ dịgasị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ, nha na ihe mejupụtara site na mba ruo mba nihi ya, okwu ahụ naaga nihu site na mpaghara ma ọ bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.  Mba ndị dị na mpaghara Baltic bụ ndị isi naemepụta ma naebupụ osisi, ya mere, a naeji ụkpụrụ ha eme ihe na azụmahịa na mba ndị ọzọ dị ka Britain. Otu narị niji ya eme ihe naabụkarị otu narị *ogologo*, nke pụtara 120, mana enwere ike iwepụ okwu *otu narị*. A gaakpọkarị osisi ahụ battens (7 sentimita nobosara), deals (karịa 7, naabụkarị sentimita 9 nobobosara) na planks (11 sentimita n"obosara); bọọdụ dị n'okpuru sentimita 2 nobesara.

Otu narị nke isi obodo Russia nke Saint Petersburg bụ 120 bọọdụ nke dị mita 12 nogologo, 11⁄2 sentimita nobosara na 11 sentimita n"obosara - olu nke 165 cubic feet. Obodo ahụ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Petrograd mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ malitere na 1914 ya mere a maara otu ahụ dị ka Petrograd Standard ma ọ bụ PSH (Petrograd Standard Hundred). Otu a jikwa mkpụrụ okwu Petersburgh mee ihe.

Ụkpụrụ Christiania bụ 5/8 nke ọkọlọtọ Petersburg, naeme ka ọ bụrụ 103.125 cubic feet.

Otu narị ọkọlọtọ Swedish bụ bọọdụ 121 nke dị mita 14 nogologo, sentimita 3 nobosara na sentimita 9 n'obogologo, naeme 317,625 cubic feet.

Otu narị ọkọlọtọ Norwegian bụ 120 bọọdụ nke 12 feet ngologo, 3 sentimita nobosara na 9 sentimita nobosara, naeme 270 cubic feet.

Otu narị ọkọlọtọ nke Britain maka battens bụ 120 battens nke 12 feet nogologo, 21⁄2 sentimita nobosara na 7 sentimita nobosara, naeme 175 cubic feet.

Otu narị nke Quebec bụ 100 bọọdụ nke 12 feet nogologo, 21⁄2 sentimita nobosara na 11 sentimita nobosara, na-eme 275 cubic feet.

Nkwekọrịta maka oche a naere nọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Danzig na Memel bụ osisi dị mita 40 nogologo, sentimita 3 nobosara na 1 ụkwụ nobobosara.  Otu narị nke 120 ga-abụ 1200 cubic feet.

Osisi bụ ihe dị mkpa maka Britain na Agha Napoleon metụtara ihe ahụ.  North America nọchiri Scandinavia dị ka isi iyi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịa kwa afọ na ụkpụrụ noge a gbanwere dị ka ndị a (ụkpụrụ kwa afọ):

## Hụkwa

* Ụkwụ bọọdụ
* Ogwe osisi a tụkọtara ọnụ
* Ndepụta nke ihe ndị na-atụle ihe

## Ihe odide
Demeter International

Biodynamic Federation Demeter International bụ ụlọ ọrụ asambodo kachasị maka ọrụ ugbo biodynamic, aha ya bụ ntụaka maka Demeter, chi nwanyị Gris nke ọka na ọmụmụ.  Ọ bụ nche anwụ na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ nwere ndị otu 46 na mba 36 gburugburu ụwa, na-anọchi anya ma mmegharị biodynamic zuru ụwa ọnụ yana ugbo biodynamic nke Demeter gbaara agba.  Nzukọ ahụ na-agụnye òtù 19 na-akwado Demeter, na ndị ọzọ nke asambodo na-eme site na mba asambodo kọmitii.  A na-eji Asambodo Demeter Biodynamic n'ihe karịrị mba 65 iji nyochaa na ngwaahịa biodynamic na-agbaso ụkpụrụ mba ụwa na mmepụta na nhazi.[1][2]  Ewebatara ma debanye aha akara Demeter dị ka ụghalaahịa na 1928, yabụ na nke a bụ akara izizi gburugburu ebe obibi maka nri ndị emepụtara.[3][4]

Mmalite nke Demeter bụ nkwado maka nhazi ngwaahịa nke ọrụ ugbo biodynamic nke e kere na Berlin, Germany, na 1927. Demeter bụ ụghalaahịa e debara aha na 1928. Demeter bụ onye German agronomist Erhard Bartsch bụ onye na-eduzikwa Experimental Circle of anthroposophical. biodynamic) ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ndị ahọrọla aha Demeter, yana onye German chemist Franz Dreidax.  Dreidax bụ maka mmepe nke njirisi Demeter na njikwa mma
Stere

thumb|280x280px|Stere dị ka cubic mita nke nkụ a tụkọtara ọnụ
Stere ma ọ bụ **stère** (st) bụ unit nke olu na usoro metric mbụ hà ka otu cubic mita. A naejikarị stere eme ihe maka ịtụle nnukwu nkụ ma ọ bụ osisi ndị ọzọ a pịrị apị, ebe a naeji cubic mita eme ihe maka osisi a naakpụghị apị.  E chepụtara aha ahụ site na Grik στερεός *stereós*, "ike", na 1795 na France dị ka metric analogue na eriri. E webatara unit ahụ iji wepụ ọdịiche mpaghara nke unit mbụ a, nke ogologo ya nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na 6 ruo 13.5 m. Ọ bụghị akụkụ nke usoro metric nke oge a (SI) ma ọ bụghịzi otu iwu na France, mana a ka naeji ya eme ihe na azụmahịa nke nkụ.

## Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga
Nkwekọrịta dị netiti stere na cubic mita nke osisi a tụkọtara ọnụ bụ ihe naezighi ezi nihi na ọ dabere na ogologo nke osisi ndị e ji mee ihe na otú ha si dị njọ. Stere ahụ kwekọrọ na 1 m3 nke osisi, nke e ji naanị osisi dị 1 m nogologo mee, ha niile dị n'otu akụkụ ma hazie nke ọma. Ọ bụrụ na ogologo nke osisi ndị ahụ erughị 1 m, ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi a naahụ anya naebelata nihi na oghere ndị ahụ dị mma. Ya mere, "stere" abụghịzi 1 m3, kama ọ bụ 0.8 m3 maka osisi nke 50 cm, 0.7 m3 maka log nke 33 cm na 0.6 m3 maka ogwe osisi nke 25 cm.

N'asụsụ Dutch na German, otu ihe yiri ya a naakpọ *kuub* (Dutch), mkpirikpi maka mita kubieke, ma ọ bụ "Kubikmeter" (German) nke dị iche na stere. Ọ bụ ezie na "kuub" ma ọ bụ "Kubikmeter" bụ cubic mita siri ike, dịka a naeji ya eme ihe maka osisi, stere (na German: Raummeter) bụ cubic meter nke osisi. A stere ma ọ bụ Raummeter bụ ihe naerughị kuub ma ọ bụ cubic mita zuru ezu nke osisi, nihi na oghere dị netiti osisi naetinye na stere, ebe ha anaghị agụnye na kuub maọbụ Kubikmeter. Nasụsụ Finnish, a maara otu unit ahụ dị ka *motti* (site na Swedish mått, "ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀").

A naghị eji stere dị ka a naeji ya eme ihe nebe ndị naabụghị ụlọ ọrụ osisi ahụ. Karịsịa, a naeji stere na kilostere eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ na hydrology, dịka kilostere (1000 m3 ma ọ bụ megalitre) bụ obere metric analogue nke acre-foot (ihe dịka 1233 m3), yiri mmekọrịta nke tọn na obere tọn.

## Hụkwa
 

## Ihe odide
Ndepụta Šumarski

***Ndepụta Šumarski*** bụ otu nime akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị ochie, nke ka naebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhịa nụwa. E guzobere ya nọnwa Ọktoba 1876 ma Croatian Forestry Society bipụtara ya.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhịa

## Ihe odide
National Bamboo Project nke Costa Rica

E guzobere **Mba Achara Ihe oru ngo nke Costa Rica** na 1986 na ebumnuche abụọ nke ibelata mgbukpọ ọhịa site na iji osisi dochie anya osisi dị ka ihe owuwu bụ isi na inye ụlọ dị ala maka ndị ogbenye nọ nime ime obodo Costa Rica.  Site nịzụlite na iwu ụlọ na ụdị achara buru ibu a naakpọ Guadua, National Bamboo Project nwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ puku ụlọ ọhụrụ maka ndị ogbenye, baara gburugburu ebe obibi uru, ma kwalite teknụzụ ụlọ nke achara. 

Nafọ 1995, e nyefere National Bamboo Project na FUNBAMBU Foundation iji lekọta ma gaa n'ihu na ọrụ ọrụ ọrụ ahụ nke ịmepụta ụlọ achara dị ọnụ ala.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Bamboo: Ihe owuwu dị ịrịba ama
* INBAR: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan
ASV Vorwärts

thumb|Armeesportvereinigung ASV
Ndị otu egwuregwu egwuregwu ndị agha (Army Sports Association Forward), nkenke ASVwarts, bụ otu egwuregwu nke German Democratic Republic's National People's Army (NVA) na onye bu ya ụzọ, ndị uwe ojii Barracked People's (Kasernierte Volkspolizei).

N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọ bụla nwere ogige ma ọ bụ nrụnye ndị agha ndị ọzọ ASV debere ebe ọzụzụ.  Ewezuga inye akụrụngwa ọzụzụ, ọrụ kacha mkpa nke ngalaba mpaghara bụ ịkwalite egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa.

Uwe ejiji ASV, polyamide na-acha aja aja nwere ọnyá na-acha odo odo na ọbara ọbara na ogwe aka yana akara oval ASV dị n'igbe aka ekpe, nwetara ọkwa nzuzo na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị ntorobịa mgbe njikọta German gasịrị.￼

The Central Training Administration (German: Hauptverwaltung Ausbildung) (de) (HVA) founded its own sports association SV Vorwärts der HVA Leipzig  in Leipzig in 1950. In the same year, the Main Administration Sea Police (German: Hauptverwaltung Ausbildung) (de) (HVS) founded its own sports association SV Sturmvogel in Parow. The Barracked People's Police  (German: Kasernierte Volkspolizei) (KVP) was then established by the HSA on 1 July 1952. The sports association SV Vorwärts der HVA was consequently renamed SV Vorwärts der KVP. SV Sturmvogel was joined with SV Vorwärts der KVP on 1 August 1953.
Ụlọ akwụkwọ mba nke injinia ime obodo, akụrụngwa mmiri na oke ọhịa

thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ENGREF Campus na Nancy
Ụlọ akwụkwọ mba nke injinia ime obodo, akụrụngwa mmiri na oke ọhịa (École nationale du génie rural, des eaux et des forêts, ma ọ bụ ENGREF), bụ ngalaba nke Agro ParisTech maka ndị na-elekọta ọhịa na ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests, nke ka bụ ụlọ ọrụ kwụụrụ onwe ya ruo 2006.

E kere ya na 1964, site na njikọta nke French National School of Forestry (École nationale des eaux et forêts, ma ọ bụ *National School of Water* Resources and Forestry) na National School of Rural Engineering (École Nationale du Génie Rural) wee bụrụ akụkụ nke AgroParisTech (Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement, ma ọ bụrụ Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences) na 2006.

## Hụkwa

* Agro ParisTech
* Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mba France nke Ọhịa
* Ndepụta ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọhịa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndepụta nke okike
* Ọnụ ụzọ ámá ọhịa
* Media related to École nationale des eaux et forêts at Wikimedia Commons
Oké ọhịa Ngong

Ọhịa Ngong bụ otu nime ọhịa okike ole na ole dị nisi obodo Kenya. Nịbụ nke dị kilomita 6 (3.7 mi) site na mpaghara azụmahịa etiti  Nairobi, Ọhịa Ngong dị na Ngong Hills nokporo ụzọ Ngong. Nịbụ nke Ngong Road Forest Sanctuaries naachịkwa, ebe obibi a nke osisi ndị a bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa, gụnyere agụ owuru, hyenas nwere ntụpọ, na Cape bushbucks. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ bi na ya gụnyere ugo, owls, agwọ, na ọtụtụ nnụnụ na anụ ndị ọzọ naakpụ akpụ.

Ọhịa Ngong, nke gbatịrị ruo Rift Valley Province, enweela mgbukpọ ọhịa nihi ebe obibi nke Karen na Ngong, yana mmepe nke Lenana School na Ngong Racecourse. Ihe omume ndị a belatara 2,926.6 hekta mbụ nke Ngong Forest (7,232 acres) ruo 1,224 hekta ugbu a (3,020 acres).

## Ihe odide
Akademie der Künste der DDR

thumb|
Ụlọ akwụkwọ Academy of Arts nke GDR bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta etiti nke German Democratic Republic (GDR).  Ọ dị n'okpuru aha dị iche iche site na 1950 ruo 1993. Mgbe ahụ, ọ jikọtara ya na "Akademie der Künste Berlin (West)" wee ghọọ Academy of Arts, Berlin.
thumb|
The German Academy of Arts tọrọ ntọala na 24 Maachị 1950. Emere omume ntọala site na Minister President nke GDR Otto Grotewohl.  Ọ weere onwe ya dị ka onye ga-anọchi anya Prussian Academy of Arts.  Ọnọdụ nwa oge bụ Kaiserin-Friedrich-Haus [de] na Robert-Koch-Platz 7 na Berlin-Mitte.

N'April 1974, ọ natara aha Academy of Arts nke German Democratic Republic (AdK).[1]  AdK "na-enyere aka na mmepe na mgbasa nke akụkụ na-ewu ewu na nkà nke socialist realism, nke na-enye aka na nhazi nke ndị mmadụ, nkà nke na-eme ka ndụ ime mmụọ nke ndị mmadụ dịkwuo mma ma na-eme dị ka akụkụ nke ụzọ ndụ ọgaranya omenala. n'okpuru socialism. Ọ na-enye aka dị mkpa na nyocha, ịkụ ihe, mmepe na mgbasa nke omenala na nka nka."  (Ụkpụrụ nke AdK nke GDR nke 26 Jenụwarị 1978)

Na mgbakwunye na ihe ngosi, ihe nkiri, ịgụ akwụkwọ, ogbako, symposia na ebe nchekwa ihe, ọtụtụ ihe omume ahụ gụnyekwara nlekọta nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe.
Ihe Ochie Bach

thumb|Bach-Archiv
Bach-Archiv Leipzig ma ọ bụ Bach-Archiv bụ ụlọ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ na nyocha nke ndụ na ọrụ nke Johann Sebastian Bach.  Bach-Archiv na-enyochakwa ezinụlọ Bach, ọkachasị egwu ha.  Dabere na Leipzig, obodo ebe Bach biri site na 1723 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ndị ọchịchị German ghọtara Archiv dị ka "ọkụ omenala" nke mba dị mkpa.  Kemgbe 2008 Bach-Archiv abụrụla akụkụ nke Mahadum Leipzig.

The Bach-Archiv e hiwere na emume nke bicentennial nke ọnwụ Bach na 1950 site Werner Neumann, bụ onye nọgidere ya director ruo 1973. Ọ jere ozi dị ka a Central Archives maka ihe odide na akụkọ ihe mere eme akwụkwọ ejikọrọ na onye na-agụ egwú na Central research center metụtara.  ya na ezinụlọ ya.

.N'oge ntọala ụlọ ọrụ Leipzig dị na East Germany.  Tupu ịdị n'otu German nwere mmekorita ya na ndị ọkachamara Bach na West Germany.  Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mbipụta nke abụọ nke ọrụ Bach zuru oke, Neue Bach-Ausgabe, bụ ọrụ jikọrọ Bach-Archiv na Johann-Sebastian-Bach-Institut na Göttingen, West Germany.[1]  Ka emechara n'otu n'otu, Bach-Archiv ghọrọ akụkụ nke Konferenz Nationaler Kultureinrichtungen, njikọ nke ihe karịrị iri abụọ otu omenala na mbụ East Germany nke e chere na ọ dị mkpa na mba.  Ụlọ ọrụ Göttingen mechiri na 2006. Kemgbe 23 Nọvemba 2008 Bach-Archiv abụrụla ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum nke Leipzig.[2]

The Bach-Archiv has been housed in the historic Bosehaus opposite the Thomaskirche since 1985. The site was restored from 2008 to 2010 to comply with the latest safety requirements, and was opened again on 20 March 2010 by the President of Germany, Horst Köhler.
The Neue Bachgesellschaft shares the premises, which also houses a Bach Museum.

* 1950–1973: Werner Neumann
* 1974–1979: Hans-Joachim Schulze
* 1979–1991: Werner Felix
* 1992–2000: Hans-Joachim Schulze
* 2001-2013: Christoph Wolff
* : Peter Wollny
Oké ọhịa Nikgale

**Oké ọhịa Nīcgale** bụ ebe a naechebe ala na Latvia na Augšdaugava Municipality, na Nīcgale Parish, nebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Nīcgale. Nakụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ókèala ahụ bụ Nicgale Great Stone.

Ebe nrụọrụ ahụ nwere ebe obibi EU Habitats Directive - oké ọhịa ochie ma ọ bụ nke okike, oké ọhịa ochie nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, oké ọhịa ndị naaga ije. Nke a bụ mpaghara Natura 2000.

## Flora
A naahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị osisi ndị a naechebe ebe a, gụnyere ramsons (*Allium ursinum*), clustered bur-reed (*Sparganium glomeratum*), downy buttercup (*Ranunculus lanuginosus*), Lyon's notchwort (*Tritomaria quinquedentata* [vi]). 

Otu nime ụdị osisi ndị naagbasa okooko -agrimony nwere ntutu (*Agrimonia pilosa*) naechebe n'okpuru ntụziaka EU Nature.

Oké ọhịa Nīcgales bụ ebe obibi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị urukurubụba, gụnyere marsh fritillary (*Euphydryas aurinia*), Scarce fritillary ("*Euphydlyas maturna*", (*Lycaena* dispar), scarce heath (Coenonympha hero), woodland brown (*Lopinga achine*), blue underwing (Aug fraxini), Pericallia matronula).
Ụdị anụmanụ ndị a naechebe gụnyere woodpecker nwere azụ ọcha (*Picoides leucotos*), woodpecker naacha odo odo (*Leiopicus medius*), Ural owl (*Strix uralensis*), Eurasian pygmy owl (*Glaucidium passerinum*). 

* A naechebe ụdị nnụnụ iri na asaa nokpuru ntụziaka EU Nature.
* A naechebe ụdị anụmanụ atọ naenweghị azụ nokpuru ntụziaka EU Nature.

## Ihe odide
NZ Native Ntụkwasị obi mweghachi nke ọhịa

Tọrọ ntọala na 1980, **NZ Native Ntụkwasị obi mweghachi nke ọhịa** bụ nzukọ naetinye aka na mweghachi ọhịa.

Trust naenweta ala iji chebe ụdị dị mkpa, weghachite ebe obibi ha na imeziwanye ogo nke ụzọ mmiri. Ugbu a, o nwere ebe nchekwa 28 nozuzu North Island na 2 na South Island nke nwere ihe karịrị 7,000 hectare nke oké ọhịa a naechebe.

Sir Edmund Hillary bụ onye nkwado ntọala nke ntụkwasị obi ahụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2008. Sir Paul Reeves ghọrọ onye nkwado ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2011.

Trust naebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Canopy ugboro abụọ nafọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
BSG Stahl Brandenburg

thumb|BSG Stahl Brandenburg logo 2022.svg
Emebere klọb ahụ na 1950 dị ka BSG Einheit Brandenburg wee gbaa oge izizi ya na ngalaba II nke bọọlụ East German.  Ha weghaara aha BSG Stahl Brandenburg na 1955 iji gosipụta nkwado nke ụlọ ọrụ nchara mpaghara.  Site na nkwado ahụ, klọb ahụ nwere ike ịchịkọta akụkụ asọmpi site n'inye ụgwọ ọnwa na-adọrọ adọrọ na ndị nke otu ndị ọzọ.  Usoro ahụ dọtara ụfọdụ ndị egwuregwu ruru eru n'ọkwa ha ma nyere ha aka ịzụlite ntọala siri ike.  Akụkụ ahụ nwetara nkwalite na DDR-Oberliga maka oge 1984-85 wee kpọọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe njikọta German na 1990. Mgbe aha gbanwere BSV Stahl Brandenburg ha nọrọ oge 1991-92 na 2. Bundesliga Nord.  Na 1993, na mmechi nke igwe igwe nchara mpaghara na mfu nke nkwado ego ha, ewepụrụ 'Stahl' na aha otu.  Klọb ahụ gbara n'ọkwa atọ NOFV-Oberliga Nord site na 1992 ruo 1994, meriri otu egwuregwu wee nweta nkwalite na Regionalliga Nordost ọhụrụ.  Mgbe otu afọ gachara na ọkwa a, ọ gbadara azụ na Oberliga wee gbadaa na Verbandsliga Brandenburg na 1996..

Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị nke 90s ha hụrụ onwe ha n'ime ihe isi ike ego.  Klọb ahụ kwupụtara enweghị ego na 1998 wee megharịa ngwa ngwa dị ka FC Stahl Brandenburg, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-asụ ngọngọ.  N'afọ 2002, na-achọsi ike ịzọpụta ihe nke ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ, a na-etinye njikọ na crosstown onye iro Brandenburger SC Süd 05 na-etolite FC Brandenburg n'ime ọrụ, ma ọ bụ naanị na-aga na n'otu nke klọb 'ntorobịa n'akụkụ.  Mkpesa ndị Fans sitere n'akụkụ abụọ - na nsogbu ego ndị ọzọ - mere ka njikọ ahụ pụta n'afọ na-esote.
George Willis Pack

**George Willis Pack** (amụrụ 1831, Peterboro, New York; nwụrụ. August 31, 1906, Southampton, Long Island, New York) bụ onye naegbu osisi nke ọgbọ nke abụọ na Lower Peninsula nke Michigan. Nịdabere nihe nketa nna ya, nime ọtụtụ iri afọ, Pack nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nịzụlite azụmaahịa osisi ya, naaghọ otu nime ndị nde mmadụ mbụ nke Michigan. Nwa ya nwoke, Charles Lathrop Pack, na nwa nwa ya, Randolph Greene Pack, gara nihu na omenala ezinụlọ.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
Nna ya, George Pack, Jr. guzobere ebe a na-awa osisi abụọ na mpụga Lexington, Michigan, n'ebe a maara dị ka Pack's Mills.

Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ịrụ ọrụ na okenye Pack, na 1860 George Willis Pack, ya na John L. Woods, guzobere Carrington, Pack & Company, na Sand Beach, Michigan.

Nafọ 1864, ya na Woods na Jeremiah Jenks, George Willis Pack guzobere ebe a naawa osisi nke abụọ, Pack, Jenks & Company, dịkwa nso na Sand Beach.

E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nke atọ, Woods & Company, na Port Crescent, Michigan, na 1870.

Nafọ 1876, e guzobere Pack, Woods & Company na Oscoda, Michigan, na Osimiri Au Sable.

George Willis Pack ghọrọ nwoke bara ọgaranya. A gaecheta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị nde mmadụ ole na ole biri na Huron County.

Ogige ọha na eze dị na Asheville, North Carolina malitere na 1797. Pack nyere ala maka ụlọ ikpe ọhụrụ nke Buncombe County, nke a rụchara na 1903 ma ọ dịghịzi adị. Otu ọnọdụ nke onyinye a bụ na ebe ụlọ ikpe mbụ ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke ogige ọha na eze, a naakpọkwa mpaghara ahụ Pack Square nihi ya. Pack nyekwara ọtụtụ nime ihe ncheta nke onye bụbu Gọvanọ North Carolina Zebulon Baird Vance.

## Ụlọ ọrụ, ebe, na ụbọchị

* Carrington, Pack & Company, Sand Beach, Michigan, 1860-70
* Pack, Jenks & Company, Sand Beach, Michigan, 1864-70
* Woods & Company, Port Crescent, Michigan, 1870-78
* Pack, Woods & Company, Oscoda, Michigan, 1878-1901

## Ala

* Huron County, Michigan - 5,000 acres (20 km2) nke osisi
* Osimiri Pinnebog, Michigan - 25,000 acres (100 km2) nke ala pine

## Njikọ mpụga

* "George Willis Pack: A Name That Will Endure", A Virtual Exhibition, Mahadum nke North Carolina na Asheville, August 2006

## Ihe odide

### Ihe edeturu

### Akwụkwọ
Ihe igwe ihe Crofton

Crofton Mill bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ dị na obodo Vancouver Island nke Crofton, British Columbia. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere igwe akwụkwọ 3 (naanị 2 na-arụ ọrụ) na igwe pulp 2, nke na-emepụta 349,000 tọn akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ ndekọ, na 355,000 tọn nke Northern bleached softwood kraft.

A na-akwado ihe abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na-eme ka mmiri na-agbanye ọkụ (# 3 & 4) site na otu ihe na-eme ihe na-egbanye ọkụ na-egbochi mmiri na-eguzogide mmiri na-emepe emepe (# 5 ihe na-agbasa mmiri). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwekwara ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ihe mkpofu na ụlọ ọrụ oxygen, ụlọ ọrụ oxygen na-enye oxygen maka ụlọ ọrụ nhazi mkpofu na ebe a na-eme ka ihe mkpofu dị ọcha yana oxygen na-abụghị nke ahụike na praxair. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 578 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014.

British Columbia Forest Products (BCFP) guzobere ihe igwe ihe na 1957, na mbụ na-arụ ọrụ naanị otu ihe igwe ihe kraft pulp. A rụnyere usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ na 1964. Fletcher Challenge zụrụ BCFP (gụnyere ihe igwe ihe) na 1987 site na ngalaba ọrụ ya na Canada Crown Forest Industries, wee jikọta iji guzobe Fletcher challenge Canada. Norske Skog zụrụ nke ikpeazụ na 2000, iji rụọ ọrụ n'ime ngalaba ya nke Canada, nke ghọrọ Catalyst Paper na 2005. Paper Excellence Canada mechara nweta Catalyst Paper na 2019.

## Ihe odide
Ebe a na-ebibi ihe

Patch cut bụ osisi naegbutu obere nke ukwuu ka a ghara iwere ya dị ka clearcuts, kama a naewere ya dị ka ụdị nhọrọ. Ogologo osisi nwere ike ịbụ 2-3. Nokpuru nha ụfọdụ, uru mmeghari nke mkpụrụ osisi naagbanwe site na ụdị ndị naanaghị anabata onyinyo naakwado na clearcuts gaa na ụdị ndị nwere nnagide onyinyo nke owuwe ihe ubi nhọrọ naakwado.

A nwalere ebe ndị a naebibi ihe dị iche iche nebe ugwu iji hụ ebe ụdị ndị naanabata onyinyo na ndị naadịghị anabata onyinyo nwere ike ịmaliteghachi. A chọtara ya na obere patches (1/10 acre) N. 44 ° na e nwere oke ìhè anyanwụ nke naanị awa ole na ole (3-4) na nke a gaeduga na osisi ndị naanabata onyinyo na nke naanagide onyinyo nke ukwuu naachịkwa oge. Ma nebe buru ibu (1/2 acre) karịa ìhè anyanwụ ruo ogologo oge naeru nala ọhịa. Nke a gaeme ka ala dịkwuo ọkụ, mee ka ihe naedozi ahụ dịkwuo elu ma si otú a, ụdị ndị ọzọ naachọ ìhè nwere ike ito ngwa ngwa ma nwee ike iru ntozu okè n'ebe ahụ.

Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ a gaatụle bụ ifufe iji zere ifufe, pathogens na ihe ize ndụ ọkụ. A pụkwara inweta uru dị mma ma ọ bụrụ na patches naedebe ụdị dị iche iche dị larịị noké ọhịa na maka onye nwe ya naenweghị oke ọhịa nke a nwere ike ịba uru maka idebe ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị osisi n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀.

Patch cut nwere ike inwe mmetụta anya dị ala karịa clearcuts, ma nwee ike iṅomi usoro mgbagwoju anya ụfọdụ. Mgbatị patch nwekwara ike ịdị mfe itinye nọrụ karịa ịnwa ịhọrọ ịpị osisi notu nime nhọrọ.

Patch cut dị iche na usoro nhọpụta otu. Otu patch gaahọrọ ọtụtụ osisi ka ha buru ibu iji nye ohere ka otu ụdị dịghachi ọhụrụ, ikekwe nke ahụ nwere nsogbu naeto eto nihi enweghị nnagide ndò ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ, dị ka ọtụtụ notu. Ọ bụ ezie na otu gaabụ naanị osisi ole na ole tozuru etozu (3-5) ma ọ gaghị akwado ụdị naanaghị anabata onyinyo iji guzobe nime otu. Nime patch, a gaemeri mmetụta ihu mana nime otu o yikarịrị ka ọ gaghị emeri.

Enwere ike iji mbelata patch mee ihe na usoro ngwakọta na **usoro** nhọrọ osisi ma ọ bụ usoro nhọrọ osisi.

## Hụkwa

* Ịkpụ osisi Shelterwood
* Ịkpa Ọhịa

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Patch cut kọwara na foto
Ihe igwe ihe Elk Falls

Elk Falls Mill

Location of Elk Falls Mill

Built	1952

Location	Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada

 

Elk Falls Mill

Location of Elk Falls Mill

Built	1952

Location	Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada

Coordinates	50°04′16″N 125°16′57″W﻿ / ﻿50.0711°N 125.2825°W

Industry	Pulp and paper

Products	Newsprint

Defunct	2010

Coordinates	50°04′16″N 125°16′57″W﻿ / ﻿50.0711°N 125.2825°W

Industry	Pulp and paper

Products	Newsprint

Defunct	2010

Elk Falls Mill bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ dị n'obodo Canada nke Campbell River, British Columbia, na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti afọ 1952 na 2010. Na njedebe nke ndụ ya, ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ígwè ọrụ akwụkwọ atọ, na ngụkọta mmepụta kwa afọ nke tọn 373,000 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na tọn 153,000 akwụkwọ pụrụ iche.

Crown Zellerbach guzobere ihe igwe ihe ahụ na 1952 dị ka ihe igwe akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ na Vancouver Island. Nke a mere ka o kwe omume site na iwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri na Osimiri Campbell. Fletcher Challenge zụrụ Crown Zellerbach na 1981, na-aghọ Crown Forest Industries. Ọ jikọtara na 1987 iji guzobe Fletcher Challenge Canada. Norske Skog zụrụ nke a ọzọ na 2000 wee bụrụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Canada ha, nke ghọrọ Catalyst Paper na 2005. E mechiri Elk Falls Mill na 2010 n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ. Ọ bụ ebe Island Generating Station dị, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik gas-na-ọkụ fossil-fuel.

## Ihe odide
Ihe igwe ihe Port Alberni

thumb|Port Alberni Mill
 

Port Alberni Mill bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ nke dị n'obodo Canada nke Port Alberni, British Columbia, na nsọtụ Alberni Inlet. Akụkụ nke Paper Excellence, ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere igwe akwụkwọ abụọ na-emepụta tọn 336,000. Port Alberni Mill na-emepụta akwụkwọ ndekọ, akwụkwọ na-adịghị arọ na akwụkwọ pụrụ iche. A na-eji akwụkwọ igwe ihe eme ihe na ndekọ ekwentị, katalọgụ, magazin, broshuọ, ntinye, mpempe akwụkwọ na ọkwa nri. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 310 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020.

Bloedel, Stewart na Welch guzobere ihe igwe ihe ahụ na 1946, na mbụ na-arụ ọrụ naanị ihe igwe ihe kraft pulp. Nke a bịara mgbe iwu nke Fisheries and Oceans Canada, bụ ndị machibidoro iji usoro sulfite. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ ihe igwe ihe ọhụrụ BC mbụ dị ịrịba ama n'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ, ọ bụ ihe igwe ihe BC mbụ iji jikọta ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ site na ebe a na-awa osisi. Site na njikọta, onye nwe ya gafere MacMillan Bloedel na 1951. A rụnyere ígwè ọrụ akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ na 1957, na mbụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ. Nchịkọta ahụ gafere na Pacifica Papers na 1998, Norske Skog Canada na 2000 na Catalyst Paper na 2005.

## Ihe odide
Ihe igwe ihe nke Osimiri Powell

Powell River Mill bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ dị n'obodo Canada nke Powell River, British Columbia. Akụkụ nke Catalyst Paper, ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ígwè ọrụ akwụkwọ atọ nke na-emepụta tọn 469,000 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ dị mma na-enweghị mkpuchi. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 441 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2014.

**Ụlọ ọrụ** Powell River Company guzobere ihe igwe ihe ahụ na 1912 dị ka onye mbụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na Western Canada. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1913, ọ nwere ígwè ọrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, na anọ ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na 1917. E jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ Powell River na MacMillan Bloedel na 1960. Nchịkọta ahụ gafere na Pacifica Papers na 1998, nke Norske Skog Canada zụrụ ọzọ na 2001, na-aghọ Catalyst Paper na 2005. Ugbu a mechiri kpamkpam.

## Ihe odide
Ihe igwe ihe Rumford

Rumford Mill bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ dị na United States obodo Rumford, Maine. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere akara abụọ na ígwè ọrụ akwụkwọ atọ. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ na-emepụta tọn 460,000 nke kraft pulp na tọn 565,000 nke akwụkwọ kwa afọ. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 621 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016. Ugbu a nke ND Paper LLC, nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka nke Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited, a maara ihe igwe ihe ahụ ugbu a dị ka ND Paper-Rumford Mill.

Ọ bụ Hugh J. Chisholm guzobere ihe igwe ihe ahụ na 1901. O guzobere Portland na Rumford Falls Railway, nke a rụchara na 1892 ma bu n'uche iji nsụda mmiri ahụ mepụta akwụkwọ. Ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Oxford sitere na ihe igwe ihe a ma nọgide bụrụ nke ezinụlọ Chisholm ruo n'afọ 1967. Rumford bụ naanị onye na-emepụta postcard US Post Office, yana onye na-arụpụta akwụkwọ kacha ukwuu na mba ahụ. Nchịkọta ahụ gafere na Ethyl Corporation na 1967, Boise Cascade Paper Company na 1976, Mead Corporation na 1996, Cerberus Capital Management dị ka NewPage na 2005 na Catalyst Paper na 2015. N'afọ 2018, Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited nwetara ihe igwe ihe ahụ. Malite na mbido afọ 2019 ND Paper malitere ịmegharị ihe ọhụrụ "Clean Production" chọrọ n'obosara. Ihe igwe ihe ahụ nwetakwara nnukwu ihe osise n'afọ 2019. Na ngwụcha afọ 2019 ND Paper malitere na mgbalị iji nwee okpu siri ike, gloves, na pantulu ka a na-eyi n'oge niile. (na-emegide mkpụmkpụ a nabatara na mbụ).)

Ihe igwe ihe nwere ọtụtụ ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ.

# 15 akwụkwọ igwe na 15 finishing dị n'otu ụlọ ahụ dị nso na ụlọ nchebe dị ala. 15 finishing dịkwa kpọmkwem n'okpuru akwụkwọ igwe. Nke a na-enye ohere ịnyefe akwụkwọ ahụ nke ọma ozugbo ọ gwụchara na igwe ahụ ka ọ na-agba ọsọ ozugbo iji mechaa ka a ga-ebipụ ya maka iwu. Ụlọ ahụ nwekwara oghere ọfịs na ụlọ ndozi, nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị kewara.

# 10 akwụkwọ igwe na # 12 akwụkwọ igwe dị n'otu n'otu, nkewapụrụ site na ụkpụrụ nke ihe bụbu ebe akwụkwọ # 11. E wepụrụ 11 n'ihi ọnụahịa.

Nellie Bell (ụgbọala ụlọ ọrụ) na-eziga akwụkwọ 10 na 12 na ụgbọala na-adọkpụ n'ụzọ dị ihe dị ka 100 mita n'ime ngalaba njedebe ugwu. N'ebe a, a na-ebuga akwụkwọ ahụ na supercalender, winder, ma ọ bụ tinye ya na ụgbọ nchekwa ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ebe dị njikere.

A na-akpọkarị North End Finishing (NEF) "The North End". Ọ nwere 4 winders na 4 supercalenders na a salvage winder dịkwa n'ime ngalaba ma enweghị njikọ. Winders na nhazi site na ndịda ruo n'ebe ugwu bụ 38, 33, 35, na 44, na superkalenda ndị a dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpọmkwem n'azụ winders edepụtara na mbụ; 21, 22, 24, & 25.

## Ihe odide
Ravna Vala

thumb|Ravna Vala
 

**Ravna Vala** bụ oké ọhịa dị na ugwu Igman na Bjelašnica na Bosnia na Herzegovina, ihe dị ka kilomita 20 na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Sarajevo.

Oge mbụ a kọwara ya na 1978.

## Ihe ndị dị ndụ
Ravna Vala dị nebe dị elu nke 1280 ruo 1450 mita na mpaghara nke 45 hectare. Ntọala ala bụ nkume nzu-dolomite nke e mepụtara ala dịgasị iche iche. Ụdị ọhịa ndị bụ isi bụ fir na beech, mana spruce, maple na osisi ndị ọzọ naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ naapụta na ngwakọta ahụ.

Na mgbakwunye na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ, e nwekwara anụ ọhịa bea naacha nchara nchara, nke bụ anụ ọhịa kachasị ukwuu na Bosnia na Herzegovina.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Kansụl Osisi e weghachiri

The Reclaimed Wood Council bụ òtù azụmahịa nke naakwalite osisi e nwetara site na ụlọ ochie ma ọ bụ site na osisi ndị e nwetara site nosimiri. E guzobere Kansụl ahụ na Mee 2003 ma gbasaa ya na Jenụwarị 2008.

## Ihe odide
Resaw

thumb|250x250px|Resaw blades eji eme ihe nebe a naawa osisi.
A resaw bụ nnukwu band saw nke kachasị mma maka ịkpụ osisi nakụkụ ọka iji belata akụkụ buru ibu nime obere ngalaba ma ọ bụ veneers. Resawing veneers chọrọ mma dị obosara - nke a na-ahụkarị 2 ruo 3 sentimita (52-78 mm) - na obere  iji belata ihe mkpofu. Enwere ike itinye blades nke ruru 1 inch (26 mm) na ọkọlọtọ band saw. Ọtụtụ obere na nke dị netiti na-eji - ruo 1  1⁄2-inch band saw blades.

Ndị naemepụta osisi naeji nnukwu resws iji dọwaa nnukwu osisi ka ha bụrụ obere. A naahụkarị ụdị ihe igwe ihe dị sentimita asatọ nobosara ma jiri ígwè 16 mee ya. Enwere ike ịmata blades ndị a naakpọ Resaw site nazụ ha kwụ ọtọ, nadịghị ka isi mma na blades abụọ, nke nwere akara ma ọ bụ ezé azụ.

## Ihe odide
Osisi Ndị E Kpakọrịta

thumb|Team Trees logo
Team Trees (nke a na-akpọ #TEAMTREES) bụ nchịkọta ego nke nwetara nde dollar US 20 tupu mmalite nke afọ 2020 ịkụ **osisi** nde 20. Ndị American YouTubers MrBeast na Mark Rober malitere atụmatụ ahụ, ndị YouTuber na-akwado ya. Onyinye niile na-aga Arbor Day Foundation, otu na-akụ osisi nke na-ekwe nkwa ịkụ otu osisi maka dollar US ọ bụla nyere. Arbor Day Foundation malitere ịkụ osisi na ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2020 ma na-eme atụmatụ ịkwụsị "ọ bụghị na  ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022". A na-eme atụmatụ na osisi nde 23 ga-ewe 210 km2 (  mi) nke ala, na-amị ihe dị ka nde tọn carbon 1.6 ma wepụ puku tọn 116  mmetọ site na ikuku.

As of 2023 June 29, oru ngo a ewelitela $24,438,806, karịa ebumnuche onye na-anakọta ego ịkụ osisi nde 20.  Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, a kụọla ihe karịrị nde osisi iri abụo  .

 

Echiche ahụ malitere na ọnwa Mee ụbọchị iri abụo na anọ, n'afọ 2019, mgbe onye na-akwado ya tụrụ aro na Reddit na MrBeast (Jimmy Donaldson) kwesịrị ịkụ osisi nde 20 iji mee emume iru nde mmadụ 20 na YouTube. Echiche ahụ gbasara na YouTube, Reddit, na Twitter, karịsịa n'ụdị memes. Echiche a nwere ike ịbụ na ọ metụtara ọkụ ọhịa Amazon nke afọ 2019. Onye America YouTuber, onye injinia, na onye na-emepụta ihe Mark Rober sonyeere Donaldson iji malite nchịkọta ego. N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2019, Donaldson bulite vidiyo YouTube na-akọwa atụmatụ ya, nke kwuru na ọ bụ ebe kachasị elu na ibe YouTube, ma mee ka ọtụtụ ndị YouTubers sonye n'òtù ahụ.

A ga-akụ osisi ndị ahụ "n'oké ọhịa dịgasị iche iche n'ala ọha na eze na nke onwe n'ebe ndị nwere nnukwu mkpa" malite na ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2020. Ebumnuche bụ ka a kụọ ha "na-agaghị agafe ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2022".
Nde Nde Osisi

The Million Tree Initiative naezo aka na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi naaga nihu nke ọtụtụ obodo naetinye aka notu notu, naezube ịbawanye ọhịa obodo ukwu site na ịkụ otu **nde** osisi. Obodo ndị a maara na ha naetinye aka ugbu a na atụmatụ a bụ: Los Angeles, Denver, New York City, Shanghai, London, Ontario, na Amherst, New York.  Otu ebumnuche a naekerịta netiti obodo ndị a naekere òkè bụ, dịka nkwupụta ebumnuche ha si dị, mbelata nke carbon dioxide na ikuku iji belata mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Na Mee 2006, Onye isi obodo Antonio Villaraigosa mere Million Trees LA otu nime nkwa mkpọsa ya.  Ọrụ Los Angeles naenweta ego site na ngwakọta ego gọọmentị etiti na ego obodo, ọrụ ebere, na onyinye ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ otu nime ndị mmeri iri anọ site na mmadụ 200 a họpụtara iji nweta onyinye gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na 2009.

The Mile High Million, atụmatụ nke onye isi obodo John Hickenlooper malitere, bụ mmemme yiri nke ahụ na Denver, Colorado. Hickenlooper mara ọkwa nke a na 2006 State of the City Address.

Nabalị iri abụọ na abụọ nọnwa Eprel nafọ 2007, onye isi obodo Michael Bloomberg kpughere ebumnuche nke ịkụ otu nde osisi site nafọ 2017 dị ka akụkụ nke PlaNYC, atụmatụ e mere maka nkwado nke New York City. Notu afọ ahụ, China malitere mmemme ịkụ osisi nke ya maka Shanghai, na otu ebumnuche maka otu nde osisi.

Usoro ihe omume nke ọtụtụ nde osisi malitere na London na 2011.

## Uru
 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Whatcom Million Trees Project - Bellingham, Washington, USA
* Ọtụtụ nde osisi LA
* Ọtụtụ nde osisi Denver
* Ọtụtụ nde osisi NYC
* Ọtụtụ nde osisi Shanghai
* Ọtụtụ nde osisi - London, Ontario
* Osisi Otu Nde - Pune, India
Osisi ndị dị n'otu akụkụ

thumb|Ihe mgbochi PSL
Ogwe osisi na-agbakọta ọnụ (**PSL**) bụ ụdị osisi a rụrụ arụ nke e ji eriri **osisi** na-agagharị agagharị jikọta ya na ihe na-arapara n'ahụ mee.  A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ogwe osisi, isi, ogidi, na post, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ. Akara ndị dị na PSL bụ ihe ndị a na-egbutu egbutu nwere akụkụ dị ala nke na-agaghị agafe ⁄ inch (6.4 ) na nkezi ogologo nke ọ dịkarịa ala okpukpu 300 nke obere akụkụ a (ihe dị ka 6 ft ma ọ bụ 1.8 m). Ọ bụ onye otu nke ezinụlọ nke osisi (SCL) nke ngwaahịa osisi.

Ike imewe nke PSL dị ukwuu karịa nke osisi a pịrị apị ka a na-agbakọta eriri ndị ahụ n'otu ụzọ na n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu. Nke a na-eme ka ihe dị arọ ma sie ike karị. N'ihi na eriri na ezughị oke ndị ọzọ na-agbasa na mberede n'ime ngwaahịa ahụ (ma jupụta ma sie ike na mgbaaka) ike dị iche iche site n'otu akụkụ nke PSL gaa na nke ọzọ bụ ihe na-erughị na osisi siri ike. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị ihe owuwu osisi eme ihe na pasentị ise kachasị ala nke usoro ike nke ihe ahụ, PSL nwere uru dị elu maka ịgbagọ, mgbagwoju anya na ọka, na mkpakọ na ọka.

Ihe e mepụtara, mmepe, ahịa na ikike ikike nke PSL, na-eji osisi osisi, na-amalite tupu Parallam, laghachi na CSIRO's Division of Chemical and Wood Technology na 1976 na, kemgbe Septemba 1977, Repco Ltd, na enyemaka ya Repco Research Pty Ltd, na ndụmọdụ CSIRO.

A maara ngwaahịa ahụ site na aha Scrimber, a kọwakwara ya na vidiyo 1980 nke CSIRO mepụtara n'oge mmepe na Repco Research Pty Ltd., na akwụkwọ CSIRO bipụtara na 1986  *Scrimber*: A New Engineering Wood Product. E mechara nyefee ikikere teknụzụ ahụ na Scrimber International nke e guzobere ọhụrụ n'oge ahụ na 1985 - Scrimber Internationale bụ njikọ aka n'etiti SA Timber Corporation na SA State Government Insurance Commission.

O yikarịrị ka ngwaahịa Parallam, nke na-eji ihe ndị a kpụrụ akpụ n'otu akụkụ kama ịpịcha n'ahịrị iji mepụta usoro eriri ndị dị n'otu, e mepụtara ya site na teknụzụ e nyere ikike site na CSIRO ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ azụmahịa site na Scrimber International dị ka e kwuru na Popular *Mechanics* May 1990 isiokwu peeji nke 96-99. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Scrimber patents chọtara na Google Patents (European), dabeere na Australian Patent Priority nke a na-azọrọ site na AUPG251683, wee gwụ na 2004,

*Parallam* bụ aha akara maka ngwaahịa nke MacMillan Bloedel (nke bụ Weyerhaeuser ugbu a) mepụtara, mepụtara, zụọ ahịa ma nye ya ikike.  Ọ bụ naanị ngwaahịa osisi a na-emepụta ma na-ere ahịa n'ụwa. [citation needed] Enwere ike iji ụdị osisi ọ bụla mee PSL, mana Douglas fir, southern pine, western hemlock, na yellow poplar na-ahọrọkarị n'ihi ike ha dị elu.

A na-emepụta ngwaahịa ahụ dị ka 12-by-12-inch (300   ) ma ọ bụ 12-by-18-inch (300 ×  mm) tiketi na akụkụ nwere akụkụ anọ, nke a na-akpụkarị ma belata ya ka ọ bụrụ obere akụkụ. A na-anọgide na-emepụta ogwe osisi ahụ, yabụ ogologo nke ogwe osisi a na-ejedebe naanị na ogologo kachasị elu nke enwere ike ijikwa ma buru.  Obosara ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ 3+1⁄, 5+1⁄4 ma ọ bụ   (89, 133  178 mm); omimi ndị a na'ahụkarị bụ 9+1⁄ 2, 11+7⁄8, , 16 na 18 sentimita (240, , ,  ). A na-eekarị ogwe osisi ahụ ruo ogologo nke 60 feet (18 m).

## Ihe odide
Ọrụ Lilly Arbor

thumb|500x500px|Akụkụ nke Lilly Arbor Project na July 2022
**Ọrụ Lilly Arbor** bụ akụkụ nke nnwale nnwale nke ime ka osisi dị nakụkụ osimiri na mmemme mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi, nke dị nokporo ámá White na Indianapolis, Indiana, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.

## Ọrụ
Ngalaba nke Center of Earth and Environmental Science (CEES) na Mahadum Indiana-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) rụrụ ọrụ mweghachi nke oké ọhịa, Lilly Endowment naakwado ya.

Dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ mweghachi mpaghara osimiri, a kụrụ osisi 1,400 nakụkụ Osimiri White na etiti Indianapolis, Indiana. Ebe ọrụ ahụ dị hekta asatọ (3.2 hectare) gbatịrị ihe dị ka otu  (1.6 km) netiti 10th Street na New York Street. A kụrụ ya nke mbụ noge mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1999 na oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2000.

Mgbe afọ ise gasịrị, Lilly Arbor Project nyere data gbasara atụmatụ ime ka ọhịa dị nakụkụ osimiri, nke a gaeji mee ihe na nyocha ndị ọzọ na ọrụ nọdịnihu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba si na mahadum dị iche iche naeme nchọpụta ma naelekọta mweghachi site na iji usoro mmụta ọrụ CEES.

## Osisi
Osisi ndị a mụrụ nakụkọ ihe mere eme na mpaghara "mpaghara ọmụmụ" nke osimiri gụnyere:

* *Platanus occidentalis* (Sycamore)
* *Populus deltoides* (Cottonwood)
* *Salix amygdaloides* (Black Walnut)
* *Salix discolor* (
* *Salix nigra*
* *Ulmus thomasii*
* *Ulmus americana*

## Hụkwa
 

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Center of Earth and Environmental Sciences: Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Lilly Arbor Project