Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds

**Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds** nke a maara nke ọma dị ka **Linant Pasha** (Lorient, France, 23 Nọvemba 1799 - Cairo 9 Julaị 1883) bụ onye nyocha Egypt na, dịka onye isi injinia nke ọrụ ọha na eze Egypt, 1831–1869, onye injinia nwere mmetụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Suez Canal . Edepụtara ya dị ka onye nchoputa nke Suez Canal Company .

## Akụkọ ndụ
N'ịbụ onye jiri ohere mmụta dị mma nke mesiri mgbakọ na mwepụ, ịse na eserese ike, mgbe ahụ, e nyeworo ya ahụmahụ ụfọdụ n'oké osimiri site na mgbalị nna ya, Antoine-Marie, onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, na-ese onyinyo mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Newfoundland, na 1814, dị afọ iri na ise. . Mgbe ọ gafechara ule mbata ya, Linant na-eto eto malitere dị ka onye na-agba ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri *Cléopâtre*, na-arụ ọrụ na Gris, Syria, Palestine na Egypt, bụ nke o ji mee ihe osise na ime map enyemaka. Otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na njem ahụ nwụrụ na mberede, e nyere Linant ọrụ ka ọ dochie ya, na-ese saịtị na mkpọmkpọ ebe na Atens, Constantinople, Efesọs, Aka na Jerusalem . Na Jaffa njem njem ahụ rutere Damiatta site n'ụgbọ kamel, wee jiri ụgbọ mmiri gbagoro n'osimiri Naịl iji rute na Cairo na Disemba. Emechara njem ahụ, mana Linant kpebiri na ọ gaghị alaghachi France, sitekwa na ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka comte de Forbin, onye ntụzi njem ahụ, banye n'ọrụ nke osote onye isi ala Egypt, Muhammad Ali na nkenke, tupu ọ malite usoro nyocha na dịgidere site na 1818 ruo 1830, bụ nke ọ kọwara mgbe e mesịrị na *Mémoires* ya.

Na 1818–19, ọ nọ na Nubia ala, gafere Cataracts nke Naịl . Na 1820, o sonyeere njem nke onye nnọchi anya onye nnọchi anya France na onye nyocha Bernardino Drovetti na oasis nke Siwa dị na Desert Libyan, bụ ebe Alexander Onye Ukwu gbara ajụjụ ọnụ okwu Amọn mana nke ọ nweghị onye Europe nke oge a banyere; ihe osise ya gosiri *Voyage à l'Oasis de Syouah*, nke E. Jomard bipụtara (1823). N'ime ọnwa ole na ole, ọ na-aga na Ịtali Alessandro Ricci na Saịnaị : otu ahụ hapụrụ Cairo wee soro ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke peninsula, na-agafe na Wells nke Moses, Wadi Gharandel na Khazne Firaoun, ka ọ bịarute na Maghara, ebe ha mere mbipụta nke hieroglyphic. ihe odide. Nzube ha iru Petra bụ enweghị nchekwa nke mpaghara ahụ mebiri, mana na ịlaghachi na Cairo, ha gafere Sarbout el-Khadem wee chepụta ihe ncheta ya. Njem mbụ a na Saịnaị mere ka o nwee ike iso ndị Bedouin na-akpakọrịta ma jikere onwe ya maka njem na-aga nke ọma na Petra nke ya na Léon de Laborde mere na 1828.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ gara na Fayum na 1821, mgbe ahụ onye England bụ William John Bankes zigara Sudan ọrụ ka ọ nweta ozi ala na ise ihe ncheta n'ebe ahụ. Ọ hapụrụ Cairo ọnwa iri na atọ site na June 1821, na-achọpụta mkpọmkpọ ebe na Messaourat na Naqa, nanị ntakịrị tupu Frédéric Cailliaud, onye Europe mbụ rutere Meroe .

N'afọ 1824, Linant nọrọ ọnwa ole na ole na London, bụ ebe Ụlọ ọrụ Africa tụrụ aro ịkwado ya na njem nyocha, dịka ha kwadoro Burckhardt. Mgbe ọ gara n'ihu na Nubia na Sudan, na 1827 ọ malitere ego site na Association, iji mee njem ya ruo na White Nile dị ka ọ nwere ike, na-achọ isi iyi nke Naịl : iro agbụrụ manyere ya ịlaghachi na 13 degrees. ugwu latitude. Na 1831 , Société de Géographie nke Paris nyere iwu ka a nwaa ọzọ, nke onye osote onye zigara ya kama ịchọta ebe a na-egwupụta ọla edo na Atbai .
thumb| Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụlọ nsọ B700 nke Jebel Barkal nwere enyemaka nke ndị iro klọb Senkamanisken, nke Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds sere na 1821.
N'ime njem ndị a Linant echefughị ahụmahụ mbụ ya na hydrology. Na Saịnaị n'afọ 1822, ọ rịbagoro n'ọwa mmiri Trajan, wee gaa Suez na ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ dị na peninsula, ma emesịa ọ gara n'Ọzara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ n'etiti Osimiri Naịl na Oké Osimiri Uhie. "Na 1827 na 1828" o dere mgbe e mesịrị, "M laghachi ọzọ na Isthmus, nke m letara ọzọ na gburugburu ya, na ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka m malitere mbụ ọmụmụ nke oru ngo nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti abụọ oké osimiri." Ọrụ ndị a ya na Laborde kparịtara ka ha na-agafe peninsula n'ụzọ Petra na 1828. Enwere ndagwurugwu dị na Saịnaị, ozugbo nkwekọrịta ya na African Association kwụsịrị nke ọma, Linant "gafere ihe karịrị otu afọ naanị ya na ọbá akwụkwọ nhọrọ iji mụọ nke ọma na enweghị ihe ndọpụ uche iji nweta ihe m na-enweghị nghọta sayensị. soro ndị ọchịchị Ijipt rụọ ọrụ n'ụdị onye injinia."

### Linant dị ka injinia
Mgbe ọ laghachiri Cairo na 1831, a họpụtara Linant onye isi injinia nke ọrụ ọha na eze nke Upper Egypt, ọnọdụ nke jikọtara ya na ogologo ọrụ na-amị mkpụrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ukwuu nke imezi netwọk nke ọwa mmiri mmiri nke Egypt, nnukwu levées tinyere. osimiri Naịl. N'afọ 1837, ọ na-elekọta ọrụ ọha na eze na Ministry of Public Instruction, ọ natara aha bey .

N'oge niile, echiche nke nkwurịta okwu n'etiti Mediterranean na Oké Osimiri Uhie ahapụghị ya. Site na 1830, ọ na-ekwupụta echiche ya, nke mbụ ya na consul General nke France, na Ferdinand de Lesseps . Na 1841, o debere atụmatụ mbido maka ọwa mmiri na Compagnie Péninsulaire et Orientale na na 1844, debere n'ihu Lesseps atụmatụ ya zuru oke. Na 1854 Lesseps enwetara n'aka osote Muhammad Sa'id *firman* maka nkwekọrịta ọwa mmiri n'aha Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez,  na Linant ka akpọrọ onye isi injinia, nke ikike nke French hydraulics nyere ya aka n'oge na-adịghị anya. engineer Mougel, n'ihi na Linant gara n'ihu na-elekọta ọrụ ọha, dị ka onye nduzi n'ozuzu (1862), dị ka Minista nke Ọrụ Ọha (1869) na onye otu kansụl Viceroy.

Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1869 iji dee nnukwu ihe ncheta ya. A họpụtara ya onye otu mba ụwa nke American Philosophical Society .  Na June 1873, osote onyeisi ahụ nyere ya aha pasha . Ọ nwụrụ na-ahapụ nnukwu mkpokọta nke ndetu, ihe ncheta, eserese, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anọgide na-edezighị ya. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Europe na-eleta ha hapụrụ echiche ha banyere Linant.

## Mbipụta

* *Mémoires sur les principaux travaux d'utilité publique exécutés en Egypte depuis les temps de la plus haute antiquité jusqu'à nos jours* (Paris, 1872–1873).
* *L'Etbaye ou akwụ habité par les arabes Bichariehs : Géographie, ethnologie, mines d'or* (Paris, 1868)

* Egypt n'echiche Europe

## Akwụkwọ na The Linant de Bellefonds

* Yasser OMAR AMINE, *Ebe nchekwa echefuru echefu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iwu nwebiisinka nke Egypt : ọkàiwu M. Linant de Bellefonds, M. Pupikofer na E. Piola Caselli* ( *La mémoire oubliée de l'histoire du droit d'auteur égyptien : Les jurites M. Linant de Bellefonds, M. Pupikofer et E. Piola Caselli* ), Onye nkwusa Dar El Nahda El Arabia, Cairo, 2014–2015, 602 p. (na Arabic na akụkụ na French).

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Louis Maurice Adolphe Linant de Bellefonds" (na French)