Howardena Pindell

thumb|Howardena Pindell
 

**Howardena Pindell** (amụrụ Eprel 14, 1943) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye nlekọta, onye nkatọ, na onye nkuzi. A maara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbasa ozi nke na-eji usoro na ihe dịgasị iche iche. Ọ malitere ọrụ nka ogologo oge ya na-arụ ọrụ na New York Museum of Modern Art, mgbe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ n'abalị. O guzobere gallery A.I.R. ma soro ìgwè ndị ọzọ rụọ ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha udidi, agba, ihe owuwu, na usoro ịme nka;  ọ na-abụkarị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ekwu okwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ime ihe ike, ịgba ohu, na nrigbu.  O mepụtala eserese na-adịghị ahụkebe, kọlọji, “eserese vidiyo,” na “nkà usoro” ma gosipụtala gburugburu ụwa.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Howardena Pindell na Eprel 14, 1943, na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a zụlitere ya na mpaghara Germantown .  Nne na nna ya bụ Mildred (née Lewis) na Howard Douglas Pindell, nke ọ bụ naanị nwa ya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Philadelphia High School for Girls, ebe ọ na-eme ihe nkiri ma na-emepụta ihe nkiri maka egwuregwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Site na nwata, o gosipụtara nkwa na klas nka ihe atụ na Philadelphia College of Art, Fleisher Art Memorial, na Tyler School of Art. 

Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta BFA ya na 1965 na Mahadum Boston, yana nzere MFA ya na 1967 na Mahadum Yale.[1] [2] [3]  Pindell amụtala tiori agba n'okpuru Sewell Sillman.

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1967, Pindell malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Mmụta Nkà na Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) na New York City. N'afọ 1969, Pindell nwetara nkwado maka itinye aka na ihe ngosi *American Drawing Biennial XXIII* na Norfolk Museum of Arts and Sciences, na 1972, nwere ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Spelman College na Atlanta. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1977, ọ malitere ọrụ na Ngalaba Na-ebipụta Akwụkwọ na Akwụkwọ Ndị A Na-ese Ihe Osise na MoMA. Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka MoMA, Pindell ga-anọ n'abalị na-emepụta ihe nke ya, na-enweta mkpali site n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ndị a kwadoro na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie (karịsịa uwe ndị Akan batakari nke ihe ngosi ihe mgbe ahụ nke African Textiles and Decorative Arts).   O mechiri ahụmịhe ọkachamara ya na MoMA, site na 1979. 

N'afọ 1972, Pindell jikọrọ aka guzobe A.I.R. Gallery, nke bụ ụlọ ngosi nka mbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe na United States.  E nwere ndị na-ese ihe iri abụọ, gụnyere Nancy Spero, Agnes Denes, Barbara Zucker, Dotty Attie, Judith Bernstein, Harmony Hammond, Maude Boltz, Louise Kramer, na ndị ọzọ. Pindell bụ naanị nwanyị ojii guzobere ya. Na nzukọ mbụ, nke e mere na Machị 17, 1972, Pindell tụrụ aro ịkpọ ụlọ ngosi ahụ "Eyre Gallery" site na akwụkwọ akụkọ Jane Eyre nke Charlotte Brontë. Ndị na-ese ihe mechara họrọ aha "A.I.R. Gallery," na-anọchite anya "Ndị na-ese foto na Residence. "  Ụlọ ihe ngosi ahụ nyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ese ihe aka ịhazi ihe ngosi nke onwe ha, na-enye ha nhọrọ itinye ihe ize ndụ na ọrụ ha, nke dị iche na omume nke ụlọ ahịa azụmahịa.[1]  Agbanyeghị, mgbe Pindell welitere okwu gbasara mwepu agbụrụ na A.I.R.  nzukọ, ọ hụrụ na ndị ọrụ ibe ya enweghị mmasị na kacha mma, iro na kasị njọ.  Ahụmahụ ya na A.I.R.  bụ nnukwu mmetụta na ọrụ vidiyo ya "Free, White, and 21."  Ọ hapụrụ A.I,R. Gallery na 1975.

N'etiti afọ ndị 1970, ọ gara mba ofesi dị ka ọkà okwu na onye nkuzi. Seminarị ya gụnyere "Current American and Black American Art: A Historical Survey" na Madras College of Arts and Crafts na India, 1975, na "Black Artists, U.S.A." na Academy of Art na Oslo, Norway, 1976. 

Ugbu a, Pindell bụ prọfesọ nka na Mahadum Stony Brook, ebe ọ kụziiri kemgbe 1979.[1]  N'afọ ndị 1980, Pindell bụ onye e mere mpụ ịkpọasị na Stony Brook, ebe ọ hụrụ na agba ojii kpuchie ọnụ ụzọ ọfịs ya.  Mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ mkpesa, ọ kọrọ na ọ dịghị ihe University mere.[2]  Ọ bụkwa onye prọfesọ na-eleta na ngalaba nka nke Mahadum Yale, site na 1995 ruo 1999.

N'afọ 2010, a gbara Pindell ajụjụ ọnụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ *!*Women Art Revolution (2010).

## Nkatọ nka na nkatọ nke ụwa nka
Pindell bụ onye a ma ama maka ịtọhapụ ọtụtụ isiokwu na-akatọ ụdị nnọchiteanya dị iche iche n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nka anya. N'afọ 1978, Pindell kwuru maka njem ya na Naịjirịa niile n'afọ 1973, ebe ọ hụrụ nkewa nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe. O kwuru na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe bụ ihe sitere na nrụgide akụ na ụba na ọdịbendị nke na-eme ka ọnụnọ ụmụ nwanyị na mba ahụ bụrụ ihe dị ụkọ. N'afọ 1988, Pindell depụtara ihe ngosi agbụrụ nke ihe ngosi nka na New York City.  O kwuru na ihe kariri 12% nke ndị na-ese ihe (na nkeonwe na nke ọha) abụghị ndị ọcha n'oge ngosi 1986/1987 New York City . 

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na MoMA, Pindell mepụtara akụkọ ọnụ ọgụgụ- nke gosipụtara na mbipụta *ARTnews*' 'March 1989. Akụkọ a were afọ asaa, ebe ọ nyochara ụlọ ọrụ nka na ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri na steeti New York nke gosipụtara ndị Black, Asian, Hispanic, na ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na'ime ụlọ America. N'ime nchọpụta ya, ọ kọrọ na n'ime 64 nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi, 54 gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe ọcha na ntọala nke 90%.[1]  Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Pindell kọwapụtara ihe nchoputa ya, na-akatọ omume nke nyocha nke napụrụ ndị na-ese ihe ojii n'okpuru aha nke elitism- na-egosipụta omume de facto nke kpochapụrụ ma gosipụta ọnụnọ nke ndị na-ese ihe ojii na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe  ochie.

Na Jenụwarị 2020, Pindell gbara akwụkwọ megide G. R. N"Namdi Gallery.  Ikpe ahụ chọrọ nloghachi nke ihe osise 20, ebe Pindell na-ebo ebubo ịkwụ ụgwọ na-enweghị oge na ozi a na-akọwaghị banyere ịzụta ihe osise n'oge ngosi itoolu na N'Namdi Galleries- n'etiti 1987 na 2006. Pindell ekwupụtala ịkpa oke megide ndị na-ese ihe ojii dị ka ihe na-enye aka na aghụghọ ntụkwasị obi, isonye na Al Herbert na Herbert Gentry dị ka otu ndị na-ese ihe gosipụtara ihe isi ike ha na ezinụlọ N'Namdi na-arụkọ ọrụ.

## Ụdị nka
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe osise Pindell nke 1989 Queens, Festival, na lobby nke Joseph P. Addabbo Federal Building, Queens, New York. Ọrụ ahụ bụ acrylic, akwụkwọ, na gouache na ákwà.
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme MFA ọkachamara na eserese na Mahadum Yale na 1967, Pindell kwagara New York City. Na New York, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na abstraction na collage, na-achọta mkpali na ọrụ nke nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya Nancy Silvia Murata. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1970, ọ malitere ịzụlite ụdị pụrụ iche, nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na iji ntụpọ ma na-echetara minimalism na pointillism. Site na iji ntụpọ na-arụ ọrụ, Pindell malitere iji mpempe akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ oaktag nke sitere na mmepụta nke ọrụ pointillist ya.  David Bourdon na-ede, sị, "Ka ọ na-erule 1974, Pindell zụlitere ụzọ atọ na nke onwe ya, na-eji akwụkwọ mpempe akwụkwọ iji kpochapụ ọtụtụ diski ndị dị ka confetti, bụ nke ọ gbasasịa na ọkwa dịgasị iche iche nke premeditation na randomness n'elu elu.  foto ya."[1] [2] Otu ihe atụ nke nke a bụ inch 17 x 90, eserese na-enweghị aha sitere na 1973;  Pindell ji ihe karịrị puku ntụpọ akwụkwọ nwere ọnụ 20 puku aka mee ahịrị kwụ ọtọ na kwụ ọtọ na udo dị n'ọkwa, ịdị n'otu na ọgba aghara

N'afọ 1973, ọrụ ya na ndị otu nwetara otuto na ihe ngosi na A.I.R. Gallery na SoHo, ebe ụdị ya siri ike n'ime ngosipụta site na "ihe osise buru ibu, nke a na-akpọghị aha, nke na-anọchite anya, nke na'enweghị ihe ọ bụla". Ná ngwụsị afọ 1940 ruo mmalite afọ 1950 bụ muses, dịka Pindell si na karama biya mgbọrọgwụ ọ chetara site na njem nwata mgbe ya na ndị mụrụ ya nọ na Ohio nweta mkpali. N'ala nke iko ahụ nwere nnukwu okirikiri na-acha ọbara ọbara na ya, akara a na-etinye na efere na arịa ọlaọcha eji ejere ndị na-acha ọcha ozi na United States nke agbụrụ kewara ekewa ka e wee nwee ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti arịa ha na arịa ha maka "naanị ndị ọcha".  N'ihi nke a, Pindell nwere ahụmịhe okirikiri ahụ dị ka "ihe na-atụ egwu" na ọdịdị ahụ na-echegbu ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Ịnwale okirikiri n'ime iberibe dịka Untitled #3C  mere ka o nwee ike idozi mmekọrịta ya na ọdịdị ahụ, dịka ọ gwara *New York Times:* "Enwere m nnukwu obi ụtọ site na oghere. "

Pindell malitekwara ịrụ ọrụ na usoro "Video Drawings" ya na 1983.  Na ndụmọdụ nke dọkịta ya, Pindell zụrụ telivishọn maka ụlọ ọrụ ya iji gbaa ya ume ịrụ ọrụ ogologo oge na ọrụ ntụpọ ya. Ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ìhè aka site na ihe nyocha telivishọn ya, wee malite ide obere nọmba na acetate, nke ọ na-arapara na ihuenyo TV. Mgbe ahụ, o sere ihe osise ya n'elu ihe ngosi ahụ. Nnyocha ndị a dugara n'ọtụtụ ọrụ nke gosipụtara ihe osise ya n'ihe omume egwuregwu na mgbasa ozi akụkọ, gụnyere ntuli aka telivishọn.

Eserese ndị na-agba agba nke mmalite 1970s, bụ́ ndị e ji mpempe akwụkwọ ndị e ji ọkpọkọ tụọ oghere, gbara ọchịchịrị ma na-ere ọkụ, ma e nwekwara ìhè na-egbuke egbuke.  Ọdịdị ọkụ a ga-aga n'ihu ka Pindell malitere iwulite ntụpọ ndị a tụrụ na kwaaji, mgbe ụfọdụ na-efesakwa ihe na-egbuke egbuke n'elu elu.  Akwa akwa ndị a bụ nnukwu oriri anya nke agba na ìhè.

N'ime afọ ndị a, Pindell kọwara mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ya site na Black Power na òtù ụmụ nwanyị, yana site na ikpughe ụdị nka ọhụrụ n'oge ọrụ ụbọchị ya na MoMA na njem ya na mba ofesi (karịsịa Africa).  Ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ihe ọkpụkpụ Afrịka gosipụtara na MoMA na Brooklyn Museum of Art, wee malite igosipụta omume nke koodu na nchịkọta n'ọrụ nke ya. Ihe ndị a mekwara ka ọrụ Pindell mara: ebe nka Africa na-agụnye iji ihe ọkpụkpụ dị ka beads, horns, shells, hair, na mbọ, ya mere collages Pindell malitere itinye ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere akwụkwọ, glitter, acrylic, na dye.

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, Pindell na-arụkwa ọrụ na ákwà a na-agbataghị agbatị. Ọrụ ole na ole buru ibu nwere mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke na-ele anya na-acha ọcha kpamkpam site n'ebe dị anya mana n'ezie na-eme ka obere ntụpọ nke akwụkwọ na-acha, sequins, na ágbá. Pindell jiri ahụmahụ a nke ile ihe osise ya tụnyere ime ka njirimara nke ya dị ọcha iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma maka ụwa nka. Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ ya n'ihi na ọrụ a abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ụzọ doro anya. N'oge a, ọ malitekwara ijikọta echiche nke ihe osise vidiyo na ọrụ punched nke oghere; ọ malitere ịgbakwunye nọmba na oghere punch ọ bụla ma hazie ha n'ahịrị dị mma.

N'afọ 1979, Pindell nwere ihe mberede ụgbọ ala, nke mere ka ọ ghara icheta ihe. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka ọrụ ya ghọrọ akụkọ ndụ onwe onye, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ dị ka mgbalị iji nyere onwe ya aka ịgwọ ọrịa. Ihe osise ya bụ Autobiography (nke bụ akụkụ nke usoro ihe osise asatọ na mgbake ya), jiri ahụ Pindell dị ka ebe a na-elekwasị anya. Maka mpempe akwụkwọ a, ọ na-ebipụ ma na-akwapụta ihe osise nke onwe ya n'elu nnukwu ákwà dị ka akụkụ nke collage dị mgbagwoju anya. Ọ malitekwara ịchịkọta kaadị ozi sitere n'aka ndị enyi ya na njem ndị o mere n'ọrụ ya.  Ọ na-egbutukarị akwụkwọ ozi ndị ahụ n'iberibe akụkụ wee mado ha otu inch ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche, na-ahapụ ohere iji eserese n'etiti ibe.  Nkwughachi nke ụdị na-emepụta mmetụta na-ama jijiji, gbajiri agbaji.  Ihe mere o ji jiri akwụkwọ ozi mee ihe bụ iji kpalite ncheta ya nke ihe mberede ụgbọ ala ahụ metụtara.

N'afọ 1980, o mere vidiyo akpọrọ Free, White, and 21, ebe ọ na-apụta na wig na-acha ọbara ọbara, iko ojii, na uwe na-acha odo odo n'elu isi ya, na-appụta dị ka caricature nke nwanyị ọcha. "Ị ga-abụrịrị onye na-atụ ụjọ n'ezie," Pindell na-ekwu na ọ na-eme ihe dị ka nwanyị ọcha, "Enwetụbeghị m ahụmahụ dị ka nke ahụ. Mana, n'ezie، enwere m onwe m, onye ọcha na 21. "  Pindell tinyere aka na nkatọ satirical, na-atụle ihe gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọ hụworo na ndụ ya niile. O kwusiri ike na "onye ọcha na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke na-achọ ịha nhata maka onwe ya na-anọgide na-abụ onye na-akpa ókè agbụrụ na 'ịha nhata' ya.  Site n'akụkụ a, Pindell malitere ilekwasị anya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụwa nka, isiokwu nke o bipụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1980, o kwuru okwu n'ihu ọha banyere ọnụnọ na-adịgide adịgide nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọbụna n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị, na-ahazi ihe ngosi na A.I.R. Gallery nke akpọrọ The Dialectics of Isolation: An Exhibition of Third World Women Artists of the US .  Ọ bịara mara nke ọma na a na-ahọrọkarị ya maka ihe ngosi dị ka akara ojii n'etiti otu ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe.  Ya na Carolyn Martin chịkọtara mkpokọta ndị isi ojii na-eme ihe nkiri akpọrọ: Ndị na-ese ihe nwanyị ojii nke torola na otu mba ụwa, ikekwe n'ihi njem na nkuzi Pindell na-agbanwe agbanwe.[1][2]  N'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ, ọ gara na kọntinent ise ma biri na Japan, Sweden, na India ruo oge ụfọdụ, n'oge ahụ niile na-arụ ọrụ ọhụrụ na nkuzi / ide banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na obodo nka.

N'ime afọ ndị 1980 niile, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ngosipụta nke njirimara site na eserese ya, ọkachasị na mkparịta ụka nke onwe ya banyere ọtụtụ njirimara, dịka ihe nketa ya gụnyere African, European, Seminole, Central American, na Afro-Caribbean, yana ọnọdụ ya dị ka agbụrụ ndị Juu, zụlitere Ndị Kraịst. N'oge a, ihe odide ya ghọkwara nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-ekwu maka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmetọ ụmụaka, ịgba ohu, na ọrịa AIDS. Dị ka Pindell si kwuo, n'etiti ndị na-akatọ ọrụ ọhụrụ a, "E nwere nostalgia maka ọrụ m na-abụghị nke metụtara ya na 1970s".

N'afọ ndị 1990, Pindell gosipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ ncheta na usoro nke eserese "okwu", bụ nke ejiri okwu ndị dị ka "ahia ohu" kpuchie ahụ ya na silhouette.  Usoro ihe omume a na-echetara ọrụ mbụ gbasara South Africa nke nwere akwa akwa akwakọchara azụ yana okwu "ajụjụ ọnụ"  dị n'elu.

Ewezuga edemede ya, a matawo ọrụ Pindell na mkparịta ụka na-apụta na Black abstract artism. N'afọ 2021, e jiri ya tụnyere Jack Whitten, Sam Gilliam, na Charles Gaines dị ka akụkụ nke nnwale nke ndị Black na-ese ihe sitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20.

## Ihe nrite
Pindell enwetala Guggenheim Fellowship na eserese na 1987, Most Distinguished Body of Work ma ọ bụ Performance Award, nke College Art Association nyere na 1990, Studio Museum of Harlem Artist Award, Distinguished Contribution to the Profession Award site na Women's Caucus for Art na 1996, abụọ National Endowment for the Arts Fellowships na United States Artists fellowship na 2020.

O nwekwara nzere doctorate nke nsọpụrụ site na Massachusetts College of Art and Design na Parsons The New School for Design . 

## Nchịkọta

* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York
* Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. 
* Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York
* Fogg Art Museum, Mahadum Harvard . 
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Heckscher, Huntington, New York
* Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Høvikodden, Norway
* High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia 
* Institute of Contemporary Art Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 
* Kemper Art Museum, Mahadum Washington na St. Louis.
* Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Copenhagen, Denmark 
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, New York
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Mint, Charlotte, North Carolina
* Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, Illinois 
* Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 
* Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas 
* Museum of Modern Art, New York City, New York
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke National Academy, New York
* National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Newark, New Jersey
* Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  
* Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase College, State University of New YorkMahadum Steeti nke New York
* Smithsonian Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C. 
* Ebe ndebe ihe ochie dị na Harlem, New York City, New York  
* Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia
* Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford, Connecticut
* Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota  
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City, New York
* Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut 
* Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick.

## Ntụaka

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## Njikọ mpụga

* Howardena Pindell, Free, White na 21 na MoMA Learning
* Howardena Pindell na artnet
* Howardena Pindell na The History Makers
* [* A Piece of Work podcast, WNYC Studios/MoMA, Abbi Jacobson na Thomas Lax na-atụle Free White na 21

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations