Asụsụ Arawak

**Arawak** (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan n'onwe ya), nke a makwaara dị ka **Maipurean** (nke a na-akpọkwa *Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre*), bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke mepụtara n'etiti ndị obodo oge ochie na South America. Alaka ndị ahụ kwagara Central America na Greater Antilles na Caribbean na Atlantic, gụnyere ihe bụ Bahamas ugbu a. A maara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba South America niile dị ugbu a dị ka ebe obibi nke ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arawakan, ma e wezụga Ecuador, Uruguay, na Chile. Maipurean nwere ike inwe njikọ na ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Macro-Arawakan.

## Aha ya
Filippo S. Gilii nyere ezinụlọ ahụ aha *Maipure* na 1782, site na Asụsụ Maipure nke Venezuela, nke o ji mee ihe dị ka ihe ndabere maka ntụnyere ya. A gbanwere aha ya site na Asụsụ Arawak dị mkpa karịa otu narị afọ ka e mesịrị. Okwu *Arawak* weghaara, ruo mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta North America gbatịkwuru ojiji ya na atụmatụ Macro-Arawakan sara mbara. N'oge ahụ, a kpọlitere aha *Maipurean* maka ezinụlọ ahụ. Lee Arawak  Maipurean maka nkọwa zuru ezu.

## Mgbasawanye
*Echiche nke asụsụ Arawak* (ALMH)  na-atụ aro na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak nke oge a sitere na ọdịiche nke Asụsụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ lingua franca nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ala dị ala nke okpomọkụ South America. Ndị na-akwado echiche a gụnyere Santos-Granero (2002)  na Eriksen (2014).   (2014) na-atụ aro na ezinụlọ Arawakan kewara mgbe 600 OA gasịrị, mana Michael (2020) na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'ime Arawakan karịrị nke asụsụ Romance. 'aka nke ọzọ, Blench (2015) na-atụ aro mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke mere ihe karịrị puku afọ ole na ole, yiri mgbasa nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesian na Austroasiatic na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia.

## Mmekọrịta asụsụ
Dị ka otu n'ime ezinụlọ asụsụ ndị a kacha gbasaa na Amerịka niile, enwere ike ịchọta mmetụta asụsụ Arawakan n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ asụsụ nke South America. Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere ihe yiri ya na Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guahibo, Harakmbet-Katukina_languages" id="mwOQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Harakmbet-Katukina languages">Harakmbet-Katukina, Harakambet, Katukina-Katawixi, Irantx, Jaqi, Karib, Kawapana, Kayuvava, Kechua, Kwaza, Leko, Macro-Jê, Macro, Macro -Mataguayo, Mapudungun, Mochika, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Omurano, Pano-Takana_languages" id="mwSw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pano-Takana languages">Pano-Takana, Takupi, Pu Pu Puina, Puro, Tupi, Tupi, Tupiina. Otú  dị, myirịta ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe nketa, kọntaktị, ma ọ bụ ohere.

## Ebe a na-ekesa ya
Arawak bụ ezinụlọ kachasị ukwuu na Amerịka n'ihe gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ. Asụsụ Arawak  nke ndị bi n'ókèala buru ibu na-asụ, site na ndagwurugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke etiti Andes na Peru na Bolivia, gafee Ọdọ mmiri Amazon nke Brazil, n'ebe ugwu gaa na Suriname, Guyana, French Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad na Tobago na Colombia n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke South America, na n'ebe ndịda dị ka Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize na Guatemala. A na-ahụkarị asụsụ ndị ahụ na Argentina na Paraguay.

Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arawak kwagara n'àgwàetiti ndị dị na Caribbean ihe dị ka afọ 2,500 gara aga,  na-ebi na Greater Antilles na Bahamas.  kwere omume na ụfọdụ asụsụ ndị na-adịghịzi adị na North America, dị ka asụsụ Cusabo na Congaree na South Carolina, bụ ndị otu ezinụlọ a.

A na-asụ Taíno, nke a na-akpọkarị Island Arawak, n'àgwàetiti Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, na Bahamas. Okwu Taino ole na ole ka na-eji Bekee, Spanish, ma ọ bụ ụmụ na-asụ asụsụ Creole nke Haiti n'àgwàetiti ndị a. Asụsụ Taíno gosipụtara nke ọma mana nhazi ya n'ime ezinụlọ Arawakan enweghị esemokwu. Onye ikwu ya kacha nso n'etiti asụsụ Arawakan a kwadoro nke ọma yiri ka ọ bụ Asụsụ Wayuu, nke a na-asụ na Colombia na Venezuela. Ndị ọkà mmụta atụwo aro na ndị Wayuu sitere na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Taíno, mana echiche ahụ yiri ka ọ gaghị ekwe omume igosi ma ọ bụ gbaghaa.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Garífuna (ma ọ bụ Black Carib) bụ asụsụ ọzọ Arawakan sitere na agwaetiti ndị ahụ.  malitere n'ihi ịkwaga n'ike n'etiti ndị Arawak, Carib, na ndị Afrịka.  na-eme atụmatụ na ọ nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 195,800 na Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala na Belize. [1]

Taa, asụsụ Arawak ndị nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya so n'òtù **'Ta-**' (Ta-Maipurean) ndị na-adịbeghị anya: Wayuu [Goajiro], nke nwere ihe dị ka ndị 300,000 na-asụrụ ya; na Garifuna, nke nwere ihe dịka 100,000 ndị na-ekwu ya. Otu Campa na-esote; Asháninca ma ọ bụ Campa n'onwe ya nwere ndị ọkà okwu 15-18,000; na Ashéninca 18-25,000. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-abụ na Terena, nke nwere 10,000 ndị ọkà okwu; na Yanesha' [Amuesha] nke nwere 6-8,000.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

## Okwu
Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị na-esonụ maka asụsụ Arawak.

## Asụsụ Mbụ
 
Nrụzigharị Proto-Arawak site na Aikhenvald (2002): 

Maka ndepụta nke nrụzigharị Proto-Arawakan site na Jolkesky (2016)  na Ramirez (2019),  lee Isiokwu Portuguese kwekọrọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Arawak
* Okwu Bekee sitere na Arawak
* Nchịkọta nke ụmụ amaala Amerịka

## Ihe edeturu

## Edensibia

* Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. (1999). The Arawak language family. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.), *The Amazonian languages*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN&nbsp;; .
* de Goeje, C. H., (1928). *The Arawak language of Guiana*, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam, Afdeling Letterkunde, Nieuwe Reeks.
* Deniker, Joseph. (1900). *The races of man: an outline of anthropology and ethnography*.
* Garifuna. (2015). In M. P. Lewis, G. F. Simmons, & C. D. Fennig (Eds.), *Ethnologue: Languages of the world* (18th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), *Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages* (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN&nbsp;.
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher (Eds.), *Atlas of the world's languages* (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.
* Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Arawakan". *Glottolog*. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
* Rudes, Blair A. "Pre-Columbian Links to the Caribbean: Evidence Connecting Cusabo to Taino", paper presented at *Language Variety in the South III* conference, Tuscaloosa, AL, 16 April 2004.
* 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 Echiche nke asụsụ Arawak (ALMH)  na-atụ aro na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arawak nke oge a sitere na ọdịiche nke Asụsụ azụmahịa ma ọ bụ lingua franca nke a na-asụ n'ọtụtụ ala dị ala nke okpomọkụ South America. Ndị na-akwado echiche a gụnyere Santos-Granero (2002)  na Eriksen (2014).   (2014) na-atụ aro na ezinụlọ Arawakan kewara mgbe 600 OA gasịrị, mana Michael (2020) na-ewere nke a dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume, na-ekwu na ọdịiche dị n'ime Arawakan karịrị nke asụsụ Romance

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asụsụ Arawak - Asụsụ - Oxford Bibliographies
* Ebe nchekwa data nke South American Phonological Inventory

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations