open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Xylophagy

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Okpokoro na-arụ ọrụ
**Xylophagy** bụ okwu a naeji na gburugburu ebe obibi iji kọwaa omume nke anụmanụ naeri ahịhịa nke nri ya bụ (ọ naabụkarị naanị) osisi. Okwu a sitere na Grik *ξυλοφάγος* (*xulophagos*) "osisi naeri", site na *ξύλον* (*xulon*) "osị" na *φαγεῖν* (*phagein*) "iri", aha Grik oge ochie maka ụdị nnụnụ naeri ikpuru. Anụmanụ ndị naeri naanị osisi nwụrụ anwụ a naakpọ saproxylophagous ma ọ bụ **saproxylic**.

## Ụmụ ahụhụ Xylophagous
Ọtụtụ anụmanụ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ arthropods, ọkachasị ụmụ ahụhụ dị iche iche, ebe omume ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, ma na-ahụ ya nọtụtụ usoro dị iche iche. Ọ bụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ụmụ ahụhụ ịghọ ndị pụrụ iche; nọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ha na-ejedebe onwe ha na ụfọdụ ìgwè osisi (ọkachamara taxonomic), na ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ njirimara anụ ahụ nke osisi ahụ nonwe ya (dịka, ọnọdụ ire ure, ike, ma osisi ahụ dị ndụ ma ọ bụ nwụrụ anwụ, ma ọ bụ nhọrọ nke heartwood na sapwood na osisi osisi).

Ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ xylophagous nwere symbiotic protozoa na / ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na usoro mgbari nri ha nke naenyere aka na mmebi nke cellulose; ndị ọzọ (dịka, ezinụlọ Termitidae) nwere cellulase nke ha. Ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị n'etiti ìgwè ndị naeri osisi naere ure, na-enweta ọtụtụ n'ime nri ha naedozi ahụ site na mgbari nke fungus dị iche iche naeto n'etiti eriri osisi. Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-ebukarị spores nke fungus n'ime ihe pụrụ iche n'ahụ ha (nke a naakpọ "mycangia"), ma na-emetụta osisi ahụ n'onwe ha mgbe ha naeyi àkwá ha.

## Ihe atụ nke anụmanụ na-eri osisi

* Beetle ndị nwere ụkwara
* Beavers
* Ụgbala Cossidae
* *Cryptocercus punctulatus*, ụgbala na-acha nchara nchara
* *Dioryctria sylvestrella*, osisi pine nke dị n'oké osimiri, ụkpara n'ezinụlọ Pyralidae
* Gribbles
* Akpụkpọ ụkwụ
* *Panaque* (Catfish)
* *Panesthia cribrata*, ụgbala osisi nke Australia
* Ụgbala Sesiidae
* Igurube
* Okpokoro ahịhịa
* Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị na-egwu osisi
* Osisi
* Amphipods
* Nnụnụ lobster

## Ihe odide
Ịgagharị Ụwa

Mobilize Earth bụ aha ọha na eze nke Project Earth 2025, Inc., ụlọ ọrụ US na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nke na-enweghị uru. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite mmata, ịchọ ime ihe, na "belata ihu igwe na ọnọdụ mberede gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịchịkọta ndị mmadụ si n'ụdị ndụ niile".

A malitere ọrụ ahụ n'ihu ọha na 6 Febụwarị 2020 site na ntọhapụ nke Guardians of Life, nke mbụ n'ime ihe nkiri iri na abụọ dị mkpirikpi na-egosipụta nsogbu *ndị* kachasị mkpa na-eche ụmụ mmadụ na ụwa okike ihu. Ọ bụ Shaun Monson duziri ya, ndị na-ahụ maka ndụ bụ *ndị* na-eme ihe nkiri *Joker* Joaquin Phoenix, onye na-eme Sin City Rosario Dawson, na onye na-emepụta Full Metal Jacket Matthew Modine.

Ego a na-enweta site na ọrụ ahụ ga-aga Amazon Watch, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na California nke raara onwe ya nye ichebe oké ọhịa Amazon, na otu ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Extinction Rebellion.

## Ebumnuche na ebumnuche
Mgbalị ndị e kwuru n'ụwa bụ:

* Iji mepụta ma kwado mkpọsa na-adọrọ mmasị, na-eme ka a mara, na-ekwu eziokwu banyere ihu igwe na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.
* Iji kwado ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, òtù, na ụlọ ọrụ iji gbanwee gaa na usoro okirikiri na nke na-eme ka ọ dịghachi ọhụrụ.
* Iji soro òtù na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-arụ ọrụ n'ihu nsogbu ihu igwe.
* Ịmata ma zụlite echiche kachasị mma iji belata ma mee ka mkpa dị ngwa nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mbara ala anyị.
* Iji kwado omume nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya miri emi n'ofe ọdịiche, dabere na omume mmekọrịta, na ọrụ obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi.

## Ihe nkiri

### ''Ndị Na-echebe Ndụ''
A na-eme ihe nkiri Guardians of Life nke dị nkeji atọ n'ụlọ ịwa ahụ nke oge a nke ọma ebe dọkịta na-awa ahụ na ndị ọrụ ahụike *ndị* ọzọ na-agba mbọ ime ka onye ọrịa na-anwụ anwụ dịghachi ndụ. Obi onye ọrịa ahụ kwụsịrị ịkụ ihe ma na ndị otu ahụ kwekọrịtara, ha kwụsịrị mgbalị ha, wepụ ihe mkpuchi ihu ha, dọkịta na-awa ahụ kwupụtara oge ọnwụ. Otú ọ dị, otu n'ime ndị nọọsụ (Q'orianka Kilcher), onye nwere ihe ntecha ọdịnala n'okpuru ihe nkpuchi ihu ya, na-amalite CPR ochie, nke dị ala, nke ntuziaka ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkpọlite onye ọrịa ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, onye ọrịa ahụ, zoro na igwefoto ruo ugbu a, ekpughere na ọ bụ mbara ala Ụwa - kọntinent ya na-ere ọkụ ma n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ dị egwu.

## Hụkwa

* Oge ọkụ ọhịa nke Australia 2019-20
* Mgbukpọ nke oké ọhịa Amazon

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Amazon Watch
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Rebellion
Ndepụta nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi

Òtù gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nzukọ na-apụta na nchekwa ma ọ bụ mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ ichebe, nyochaa ma ọ bụ nyochaa gburugburu ebe obibi megide iji mebie ma ọ bụ mmebi site na Ndị agha mmadụ

N'echiche a, gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike izo aka na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Nzukọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ Nzukọ ebere, ntụkwasị obi, nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, nzukọ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ otu gọọmentị etiti. Òtù gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịbụ nke ụwa, nke mba, nke mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mpaghara. Ụfọdụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya gụnyere mmetọ, mmetọ plastik, N'efu, mbelata akụ, oke mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Òtù gọọmentị

## Òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ

* Global Alliance on Health and Pollution (GAHP)
* Earth System Governance Project (ESGP)
* (ESGP)
* School Strike for climate or Fridays for Future (FFF)
* Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)
* Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
* International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
* United Nation Environment Programme(UNEP)
* European Environment Agency (EEA)
* partnership in environmental management for the seas of east Asia(PEMSEA)

## Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị
ọtụtụ steeti nwere ụlọ ọrụ gbadoro anya na nlekota na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi
 

## Òtù mba ụwa na-abụghị nke gọọmentị
òtù ndị a na-etinye aka na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ime ihe ike, ịkwado na nchekwa nchekwa:
 

### Kọntinent
 
Afrika
•Ntọala gburugburu ebe obibi maka Africa

## Global organizations

* Global Alliance na ahụike na mmetọ (GAHP
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
## National non-governmental organizations
These organizations are involOtu ndị a na-etinye aka na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ime ihe ike, nkwado, na/ma ọ bụ mbọ nchekwa na ọkwa mba:
## Òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ

* Global Alliance na ahụike na mmetọ (GAHP)
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
## Òtù mba na-abụghị nke gọọmentị
Otu ndị a na-etinye aka na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ime ihe ike, ịkwado na nchekwa nchekwa na ọkwa mba:

## Hụkwa

* Ịhụnanya maka gburugburu ebe obibi
* Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi
* Filmography nke gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ anụmanụ
* Ndepụta nke òtù na-echekwa ihe okike
* Ndepụta nke ozi gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-echegbu onwe ha
* Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ike na-agbanwe agbanwe
* Ndepụta nke isiokwu nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ndepụta nkwekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi mba ụwa

## Edensibia


## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
Òtù:Ndepụta site na mba
Òtù:Anatara site na gburugburu ebe obibi nzukọ
Ebe Obibi Ọkụ

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwoke ji ihe ịrịba ama na-akwalite mkpọsa ahụ n'èzí ebe Netroots Nation 2008
Project Hot Seat bụ mkpọsa nke Greenpeace malitere. Ebumnuche ya bụ itinye nrụgide siri ike na ndị otu United States Congress iji mezuo iwu ndị ga egbochi ma belata ikuku ikuku na ekpo ọkụ na United States, na ihe Phil Radford, Greenpeace Executive Director kwuru bụ "ụdị nhazi nke ga abụ isi ihe iji mee ka mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi bụrụ ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị irè na Congress na gburugburu mba ahụ".

## Ebumnuche
Ụfọdụ n'ime ebumnuche Project Hot Seats gụnyere iru okpu mba na usoro azụmahịa nke na eme ezigbo mbelata n'ime afọ iri, ọkọlọtọ ike na agbanwe agbanwe nke mba nke dịkarịa ala 20% site na 2020, yana mmụba na nkezi mmanụ ụgbọala ruo 40 mpg. Ndị otu ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka a mara banyere okpomọkụ ụwa site na ịhazi ihe omume dịka The International Day of Action . Nke a bụ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ụwa niile nwere nzukọ na ihe omume mgbasa ozi iji mee ka nchegbu maka okpomọkụ ụwa. E mere nke kachasị ọhụrụ na Disemba 8, 2007. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe omume ndị ahụ gụnyere mmadụ iri abụọ na ise na-egwu mmiri na Puget Sound. Ọrụ ahụ na etinye aka na nka mmadụ iji mee ka ozi ya gafee. Ihe karịrị ndị sonyere na Florida nọdụrụ n'ụsọ osimiri n'ụdị steeti Florida na nsọtụ ndịda na abanye n'oké osimiri. N'okpuru steeti ahụ, ha jiri ahụ ha dee okwu "Zọpụta steeti anyị".

## Ihe edeturu

## Njikọ mpụga

* https://web.archive.org/web/20080305160115/http://members.greenpeace.org/hotseat/National/default/about_us/
* http://www.ipcc.ch/
Raeesah Noor-Mahomed

**Raeesah Noor-Mahomed** bụ onye na-eme ihe gbasara ihu igwe na South Africa nke bi na Cape Town. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Stage for Change .

Na mbido afọ 2020, omume Greta Thunberg na egwu nke ọkụ ọhịa Australia kpatara kpaliri ya. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ dị afọ iri na asaa na Parktown School for Girls, ọ sonyeere Extinction Rebellion na Fridays for Future movement, na-eme ngagharị iwe n'èzí Gauteng Legislature.

N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, o mere ngagharị iwe na Glasgow's Festival Park n'èzí COP26. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-achọ ka ndị mgbasa ozi lekwasị anya na mpaghara na ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ site na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ya bụ. Ndị na Mpaghara Ndị Mmetụta Mkpa (MAPA). Thunberg guzoro n'akụkụ Noor-Mahomed mana o zigara ndị na-eme ihe ike MAPA kamera kama inye onwe ya ajụjụ ọnụ.

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nnupụisi Sayensị

Onye sayensị Rebellion bụ otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mba ụwa na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-eme mkpọsa maka mbelata, ikpe ziri ezi na ihu igwe na ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ bụ òtù nwanne nwanyị nke Extinction Rebellion.

Ọ bụ netwọk nke ndị ọkà mmụta na-anwa ịkwalite mmata site na itinye aka na nnupụisi obodo na-enweghị ime ihe ike. 

## Omume
E guzobere otu ahụ n'ihe dị ka Septemba 2020. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eme ngagharị iwe dị iche iche n'oge COP26. N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe gbochiri George V Bridge, Glasgow. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, ha mechiri okporo ụzọ na Berlin iji mee ngagharị iwe megide nchọpụta mmanụ na North Sea.

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, otu ahụ wepụtara akụkụ nke onyinye nke Working Group III na-esote nke isii Assessment Report (AR6) tupu nkwenye gọọmentị etiti.
## Foto ngosipụta ngagharị inwe dị iche iche

File:Scientist Rebellion blockiert die Kronprinzenbrücke in Berlin, um auf die dramatischen Folgen der Kliamkatastrophe laut IPCC-Bericht hinzuweisen (51987301390).jpg
File:Scientist Rebellion klebt Aufsätze ans Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz, Hannoversche Straße, Berlin, 07.04.2022 (51988617606).jpg
File:Wissenschaftlerinnen von Scientist Rebellion kleben wissenschaftliche Aufsätze an das Bundesverkehrsministerium (51992166348).jpg
File:Scientist Rebellion blockiert das Verkehrsministerium, Invalidenpark, Berlin, 18.10.2022 (52440263744).jpg
]
Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa (US)

thumb|Friends of the Earth logo
**Ndị enyi nke ụwa** US bụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke nwere isi na Washington, D.C., nke onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ David Brower guzobere na 1969.   Ndị enyi nke ụwa U.S. na-eme mkpọsa na okwu ndị gụnyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmetọ, teknụzụ nuklia, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mgbukpọ ọhịa, ọgwụ ahụhụ, nri na ọrụ ugbo na iwu akụ na ụba.  Ọ bụ onye guzobere Friends of the Earth International.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Ndị enyi nke ụwa US tọrọ ntọala na California na 1969 site n'aka onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi David Brower mgbe ọ hapụrụ Sierra Club.  E bidoro nzukọ ahụ site n'enyemaka nke Donald Aitken, Jerry Mander na onyinye $ 200,000 site na ego nke Robert O. Anderson.  Otu n'ime nnukwu mkpọsa mbụ ya bụ mkpesa maka ike nuklia, ọkachasị na California.

Nzukọ ahụ jikọtara ya na Environmental Policy Center na Oceanic Society na 1989.

E hiwere Friends of the Earth International na 1971 ma taa bụ netwọk nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na mba 75.  N'afọ ndị mbụ ya, ndị enyi nke ụwa US nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ na San Francisco, mana ọ bụ nzukọ dịpụrụ adịpụ, na-enye ike na nnwere onwe dị ukwuu na alaka ya.

### Ndị enyi nke Ụwa, Inc. v Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
 
N'afọ 1999, ndị enyi nke ụwa nọchitere anya ndị bi nso Osimiri North Tyger na South Carolina na ikpe megide Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. Ikpe ahụ lekwasịrị anya na mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ nke osimiri ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na Laidlaw kwuru na ikpe ahụ bụ ihe a na-ekwu, ebe ọ bụ na emechiela ụlọ ọrụ na-emetọ osimiri ahụ, Ụlọikpe ahụ kwenyere na onye gbara akwụkwọ nwere ike ịgba akwụkwọ n'ihi na ndị bi ebe ahụ kwuru na ha ga-eji osimiri ahụ mee ihe maka ntụrụndụ, mana ha enweghị ike n'ihi mmetọ ahụ. Ruth Bader Ginsburg, na-ede maka ọtụtụ ndị dere na "ihe mara mma na ntụrụndụ nke mpaghara ahụ" belatara n'ihi mmebi iwu nke onye a na-ebo ebubo ugboro ugboro nke ikike mmiri dị ọcha ya.

## Ọrụ na mkpọsa
Ndị enyi nke ụwa US na-agba ọsọ nke na-adaba n'ụdị anọ dị mkpa, na-akwado ụkpụrụ ndị dị mkpa nke nzukọ ahụ: ịkwalite nkwado, ịlụ ọgụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ụwa niile, yana ịgba ume mgbanwe usoro maka nsonaazụ na-adịgide adịgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbalị ha na-elekwasị anya na iwu lobbying.

### Oké osimiri na oké ọhịa
A katọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri maka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụgbọ mmiri ha dị ka ikuku carbon, mmetọ ikuku, mkpofu nsị na mmiri mkpofu, na nsị mmanụ.  Mgbasa ozi a arụwo ọrụ iji mee ka International Maritime Organization sie ike ma mee ka ụkpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri mba ụwa gụnyere Polar Code.

### Iwu akụ na ụba
Mgbasa ozi ahụ na-elekwasịkwa anya na nkwekọrịta ụfọdụ nke World Trade Organization nke a na-ekwu na ọ na-emebi iwu gburugburu ebe obibi iji gbaa uru ume.

## Hụkwa
 

* Ụdị dị iche iche
* Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ịhụnanya maka gburugburu ebe obibi
* Ihe ndị a gbanwere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa
* Ime ihe ọzọ
* Nkwado

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi nke Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa
* Erich Pica Huffington Post onye edemede
Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Scotland

thumb|Friends of the Earth Scotland
Friends of the Earth Scotland (FoE Scotland) bụ ọrụ ebere nke Scotland na onye otu **onwe** ya nke Friends of the World International network nke 73 gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime òtù mba 30 nke ndị enyi nke ụwa Europe na-anọchite anya ma na-ejikọta na ọkwa Europe.

FoE Scotland nwere ndị otu ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,000 na Scotland.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E guzobere otu ndị enyi mbụ nke ụwa na Scotland na 1972 ma nwee nzukọ mbụ nke ndị otu Scotland niile na 1977.
N'afọ 1980, ọ ghọrọ onye nweere onwe ya n'ụzọ iwu na Friends of the Earth Ltd. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1982, ọ nwere ndị otu 1,200. FoE Scotland edebanyela aha ya dị ka ọrụ ebere kemgbe 1 Jenụwarị 1992, ọ bụkwa ọrụ ebere kwụụrụ onwe ya edebanyere aha na Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR), nọmba ọrụ ebere Scottish SC 003442. FoE Scotland na-arụ ọrụ iche site na Friends of the Earth na England, Wales na Northern Ireland (EWNI).

N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara Kevin Dunion dị ka onye nduzi mbụ ha, ọ hapụrụ n'afọ 2003 ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna Ozi Scotland. A họpụtara Richard Dixon dị ka onye nduzi n'afọ 2013.

N'afọ 2003, ndị enyi nke ụwa Scotland meriri "Charity of the Year" nke akwụkwọ akụkọ *The Guardian*. N'afọ 2021, FoE Scotland keere òkè dị mkpa na nzaghachi ọha na eze na UN Climate Talks (COP26) na-abịa Glasgow, na-enyere aka ịhazi njem ihu igwe kachasị ukwuu na Scotland na UK. 

## Mgbasa ozi gara aga
Mgbasa ozi ndị gara aga gụnyere:

* *Ka Royal Bank of Scotland dị ọcha*. A kpọrọ ya maka omume ọma na omume ọma site n'aka ụlọ akụ ndị e ji ego ọha na eze gbapụta
* *Dinosaurs carbon* FoE Scotland dọtara uche na ọnụnọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-emetọkarị na 2003
* *Hunterston* N'afọ 2010, ọ mere mkpọsa megide atụmatụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ọhụrụ na Hunterston na Ayrshire. Na June 2012 Ayrshire Power wepụrụ atụmatụ ha
* M74 *ngagharị iwe*. FoE Scotland tinyere aka na ngagharị iwe megide ịgbatị M74, na-ewepụ ikpe ha na 2006
* *Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na South Harris*. Ọ gbara mbọ megide nnukwu ebe a na-eme atụmatụ na South Harris 1994-2004.
* *Iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe*. FoE Scotland gbara mbọ ka Scotland nwee iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe siri ike. A na-ahụ Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe (Scotland) nke 2009 dị ka onye na-eduga n'ụwa mgbe a gafere ya

## Ìgwè ndị dị n'ógbè
Ndị enyi nke Ụwa Scotland nwere netwọk nke ìgwè mpaghara iri. E nwere ìgwè na Aberdeen, Dumfries, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow, Inverness & Ross, Moray, Stirling na Tayside.

## Hụkwa

* Òtù na-emegide nuklia na United Kingdom
* Ike nuklia na Scotland

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Jim Green (onye na-eme ngagharị iwe)

**Jim Green** bụ onye na-emegide nuklia na Friends of the Earth Australia. Green bụ onye na-akọwa mgbasa ozi mgbe niile na nsogbu nuklia. O nwere akara ugo mmụta na ahụike ọha na eze site na Mahadum Wollongong ma nye ya PhD na ọmụmụ sayensị na teknụzụ maka nyocha ya nke arụmụka nyocha nke Lucas Heights.

## Nsogbu
Green na Peter Karamoskos (onye na-ahụ maka radieshon nuklia) na-ekwu na enwere ntụkwasị obi sayensị na-arịwanye elu na usoro na-enweghị ọnụ ụzọ maka radieshaning. Green na-eji ihe nlereanya na-enweghị ọnụ ụzọ eme ihe iji kwuo na "Ọgwụ nuklia na-egbu ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ karịa reactor na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi isotope na ihe niile ọzọ na Lucas Heights", na-agbakwụnye "ọ ga-abụ na nke ndị na-agwọ ọgwụ nuklia n'afọ 2007 ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 500 ga-anwụ site na usoro ọgwụ nuklia ahụ n'oge ụfọdụ n'ọdịnihu". Nkwekọ megide echiche a bụ uru maka ọtụtụ iri puku mmadụ n'inwe ọnọdụ ahụike a chọpụtara ma gwọọ ha nke ọma, na-azọpụta ndụ ha, yana ọgwụgwọ na-aga nke ọma nke ọnọdụ ndị siri ike dịka ọrịa kansa.

Dị ka Green na Karamoskos si kwuo, echiche ọzọ, na radieshon dị ala adịghị emerụ ahụ, na-ejedebe na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị "onye ụlọ ọrụ nuklia na-eme ka olu ha dịkwuo elu".  Na Australia, dịka ọmụmaatụ, "ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta uranium na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha dị ka Toro Energy, Uranium One na Heathgate Resources akwadowo njem ikwu okwu site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-azọrọ na ikpughe radieshon dị ala abụghị naanị na ọ dịghị ihe na-emerụ ahụ kamakwa ọ dị mma maka gị n'ezie".

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

### Akwụkwọ edemede PhD

* (1997) "Reactors, Radioisotopes & the HIFAR Controversy", *Ngalaba Sayensị* & Teknụzụ Studies, Mahadum Wollong, Australia

### Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya

* (2005, Septemba) "Nuclear Power: Enweghị ngwọta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe"
* (2006) "Australia, Uranium and Nuclear Power", *International Journal of Environmental Studies*, 63 (6), peeji nke 845-857 (ya na J. Falk na G. Mudd)
* (24 Nọvemba 2006) "Mba maka ara nuklia Howard", *Green Left*
* (3 August 2007) "James Lovelock na nnukwu mgbawa", *Green Left*
* (2 Nọvemba 2007) "Nuclear power and water deficiency", *Green Left* (with Sue Wareham)
* (25 Ọktoba 2009) Arụmụka nuklia: Nhọrọ dị ize ndụ nke na-agaghị edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe *Green Left*.

## Hụkwa

* Òtù na-emegide nuklia na Australia
* Gavin Mudd
* Jim Falk
* Mark Diesendorf
* David Noonan (onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi)
* Dave Sweeney

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mba Yellowcake? Ụlọ ọrụ uranium nke Australia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Hnutí DUHA

**Hnutí DUHA** (Czech, sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka The Rainbow Movement) bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na Czech Republic. Òtù a bụ onye otu Friends of the Earth International kemgbe afọ 1994.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Hnutí DUHA tọrọ ntọala na 1989 site n'aka otu ụmụ akwụkwọ si Brno, Czechoslovakia obere oge tupu njedebe nke ọchịchị Kọmunist, ma debanye aha ya dị ka nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na 28 Septemba 1990 n'okpuru aha Hnutí Duha - Přátelé Země Česká republika (*The Rainbow Movement -* Friends of the Earth Czech Republic). Kemgbe ahụ, ọ tolitere ghọọ nnukwu nzukọ, na-ekpuchi òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka Greenpeace) na mba ahụ. N'etiti ndị otu a ma ama bụ Vojtěch Kotecký na abụọ n'ime ndị guzobere ya: Jan Beránek na Jakub Patočka. Ọtụtụ ndị otu Hnutí DUHA aghọwo ndị a ma ama na Czech Green Party mana òtù ahụ nwere onwe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

 the organisation employs around 40 people, between its main offices in Brno and a smaller office in Prague. Ten branches were established throughout the country, starting with Olomouc in 1991. Large numbers of volunteers, usually students, participate in the activities of Hnutí DUHA. The movement rejects formal hierarchical structure and prefers to work in task-oriented semi-independent groups. The 2005 budget was less than 11 million CZK, and has decreased steadily since then. About 60% of funding comes from foundations, such as the Heinrich Böll Foundation, and about 15% from Czech government grants. The remainder consists of individual contributions and profit from the organisation's web-based publishing house. Starting in 2001, the movement issues a bi-monthly journal *Sedmá generace* (*The Seventh Generation*).

Ngagharị iwe ahụ na-ahazi mkpọsa mkpesa (dịka mkpọsa ogologo megide Temelín Nuclear Power Station n'oge 1990s), na-enye atụmatụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro nyocha na maka iwu ọhụrụ, na-enye ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi nye ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obodo ma na-akwalite ojiji nke teknụzụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. O nyela aka na ịkagbu ma ọ bụ igbu oge nke ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ owuwu, gụnyere ụzọ awara awara ọhụrụ gaa n'ebe ndịda Bohemia, na mgbasawanye nke igwupụta lignite n'ebe ugwu Bohemia.

Hnutí DUHA bụ otu n'ime òtù mba 30 nọchitere anya na Friends of the Earth Europe umbrella organization.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nchịkọta dị mkpirikpi n'asụsụ Bekee
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Hnutí DUHA (n'asụsụ Czech)
* Ngagharị iwe gburugburu ebe obibi na Czech Republic na 1990s (PDF, English)
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Europe
Ọdịnihu Ndị Na-abụghị Nuklia

Non-Nuclear Futures

First edition

Author	Amory Lovins

John H. Price

Country	United States

Language	English

Publisher	Friends of the Earth

Publication date	1975

Media type	Print

Pages	233

Non-Nuclear Futures: The Case for an Ethical Energy Strategy bụ akwụkwọ 1975 nke Amory B. Lovins na John H. Price dere. Isi okwu nke akwụkwọ ahụ bụ na akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke arụmụka ike nuklia abụghị esemokwu teknụzụ kama ọ metụtara ụkpụrụ onwe onye, ọ bụkwa mpaghara ziri ezi nke nwa amaala ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ zụrụ ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.  Lovins na Price na-atụ aro na ụkpụrụ onwe onye nke na-eme ka ọha mmadụ nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ doro anya, nakwa na ụkpụrụ ndị metụtara echiche ọzọ metụtara nchekwa, ịdị mfe, ịdị iche iche, agbata obi, nka, na ịdị umeala n'obi.  Ha na-ekwukwa na enweghị ike imepụta nnukwu generators nuklia.  Nchịkọta ha chọrọ usoro nnyefe na nkesa dị oke ọnụ.  Ha anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha anaghị emegharị ike okpomọkụ karịrị akarị.  Ndị dere ya kwenyere na reactors nuklia bụ ndị a na-apụghị ịdabere na ha (ebu amụma na-ezighi ezi) ma were ogologo oge iji wuo, na-ekpughe ha maka ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa, amụma na-ezighị ezi, na nrụgide ụgwọ ọrụ site na ndị otu.

Lovins na Price na-atụ aro na usoro abụọ dị iche iche nke ụkpụrụ onwe onye na njirimara teknụzụ na-eduga n'ụzọ iwu abụọ dị iche na-emetụta inye ike n'ọdịnihu.  Nke mbụ bụ ike nuklia dị elu, nke etiti, eletrik; nke abụọ bụ ike dị ala, nke na-abụghị nke nuklia, nke na'etiti, nke na na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik, teknụzụ dị nro.

Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ndị edemede dere nke metụtara nsogbu nke ụzọ ike nuklia na-abụghị nke nuklia bụ Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, Plan B 2.0, Reaction Time, State of the World 2008, The Clean Tech Revolution, na ọrụ Benjamin K. Sovacool.

## Hụkwa

* Òtù na-emegide nuklia na United States
* Ịsọ mpi maka Ọdịnihu nke Ike Nuklia
* Ndepụta akwụkwọ banyere nsogbu nuklia
* Iwu ike nuklia
* Nuclear ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị?
* Ihe nrite Ọdịnihu Na-enweghị Nuklia
* Mpaghara na-enweghị nuklia
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Ugwu Rocky
* Kristin Shrader-Frechette
* Benjamin K. Sovacool

## Ihe odide


## Njikọ mpụga

* Mgbasawanye zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike nuklia: Ịtụle Ọnụ Ọgụgụ na Ihe Iche E debere  Wayback Machine
* Ihe nrite ọdịnihu na-enweghị nuklia
Priateli Zeme - SPZ

Priatelia Zeme – SPZ

Formation	1996; 27 years ago

Type	NGO

Purpose	environment, waste reduction

Headquarters	Košice

Region served	Slovakia

Chairman	Martin Valentovič

Vice-chairman	Branislav Moňok

Project manager	Lenka Beznáková

Parent organization	Friends of the Earth International

Website	www.priateliazeme.sk/spz/

**Priateli Zeme - SPZ** (Slovak, sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka *ndị enyi nke ụwa - SPZ*) bụ òtù na-enweghị uru na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi na okike na Slovakia na Europe kemgbe 1996. **Priateli Zeme - SPZ** na-eduga mkpọsa na mpaghara nke njikwa ihe mkpofu ma na-arụ ọrụ na ihe mkpofu, dị ka ojiji nke ihe okike, ojiji na mkpofu ihe na-egbu egbu, mmetụta nke incinerators na nsogbu nkwakọba. Ha nwere onwe ha na gọọmentị ma ọ bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla.

## Ebe ọrụ ya dị

* ozi na agụmakwụkwọ (mgbasa ozi, ogbako, ọzụzụ, nkuzi).)
* mkpọsa iji kwụsị ọrụ ndị na-emerụ ahụ
* enyemaka maka obodo na obodo na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mkpofu na mmepe nke nchịkọta ihe mkpofu dị iche iche
* oru ngo iji mejuputa ihe ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide (dịka , composting, imegharị ihe, mbelata ihe mkpofu)
* nyocha, nlekota
* mgbanwe iwu

Ndị otu kachasị dị ịrịba ama nke Priateli Zeme - SPZ na-anọchite anya ọrụ ha na nzukọ gburugburu ebe obibi Friends of Earth Slovakia, nke bụ onye otu Friends of the Earth International (FoEI).

## Njikọ mpụga

* http://www.priatelizeme.sk/spz
Green Action

**Green Action** (Croatian: ) bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị na Zagreb, Croatia na onye otu mba nke Friends of the Earth . Dabere na otu ndị na-eme ihe ike oge niile nwere ndị otu iri na atọ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo, nzukọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na isiokwu ndị metụtara ụdị dị iche iche, ike, mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmiri dị ọcha, ihe ndị gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, njem, ime obodo na ihe mkpofu. E hiwere Green Action na 1990.

Green Action bụ akụkụ nke òtù mba 30 nke ndị enyi nke ụwa Europe na-anọchite anya ma na-ejikọta na ọkwa Europe.

## Hụkwa

* Tomislav Tomašević

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Europe
Ndị enyi nke Ụwa, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.

***[[Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa|Ndị enyi nke Ụwa]], Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.***, 528 U.S. 167 (2000), bụ ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States nke lekwasịrị anya n'iwu gbasara ọnọdụ ịgba akwụkwọ na enweghị isi.

Ụlọikpe ahụ kwuru na ndị na-agba akwụkwọ na mpaghara South Carolina's North Tyger River guzoro maka onye na-emetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, bụ onye a na-agbaso ntaramahụhụ obodo dị iche iche na-egbochi. Iguzosi ike dabere n'eziokwu na ndị bi ebe ahụ boro ebubo na ha gaara eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe ntụrụndụ, mana enweghị ike n'ihi mmetọ ahụ.

Onye na-emetọ ihe a na-ebo ebubo kwukwara na ọ bụ ikpe a kagburu n'ihi na ọ kwụsịrị imetọ ya, ma mechie ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmetọ ahụ a na-eme mkpesa. Ụlọikpe ahụ kwuru na onye na-emetọ ihe ka na-ejigide ikike ya iji rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ dị otú ahụ, ma nwee ike ịmaliteghachi ọrụ ndị yiri ya n'ebe ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ntaramahụhụ a chọrọ egbochighị ya. Ya mere, a na-ejide ikpe ahụ ka ọ ghara ịdaba.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Enyi kpebiri na ndị na-agba akwụkwọ adịghị mkpa iji gosipụta mmerụ ahụ n'ezie (kpọmkwem) nye ndị bi. N'ịde maka ọtụtụ ndị, Ruth Bader Ginsburg kwenyere na mmerụ ahụ merụrụ onye ahụ gbara akwụkwọ sitere na ibelata "ụkpụrụ ịma mma na ntụrụndụ nke mpaghara" maka ndị bi na ndị na-eji osimiri ahụ n'ihi ihe ọmụma ha banyere mmebi iwu Laidlaw ugboro ugboro nke ikike mmiri dị ọcha.

Na mgbakwunye, ikpe ahụ kwuru na enwere ike ịmanye ntaramahụhụ obodo megide ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụ ezie na ọdịmma ndị a na-echebe bụ nke onwe.  Ụlọ ikpe ahụ kwetara na Congress na-ejide ntaramahụhụ obodo na ikpe nke Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha "na-eme ihe karịrị ịkwalite nrubeisi ozugbo site na ibelata mkpali akụ na ụba nke onye a na-ebo ebubo iji gbuo oge inweta ikike; ha na-egbochi mmebi iwu n'ọdịnihu. "

Ọ bụ Justice Ginsburg dere mkpebi 7-2, ndị Justice Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Kennedy, Souter, na Breyer sonyeere. Stevens na Kennedy onye ọ bụla tinyere echiche kwekọrọ ekwekọ. Justice Scalia dere echiche dị iche, nke Justice Thomas sonyeere.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, Mpịakọta 528
* Ndepụta ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States
* Ndepụta nke ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States site na mpịakọta
* Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa (US)

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Text of Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc., 528 U.S. 167 (2000) is available from: Findlaw  Google Scholar  Justia  Library of Congress  Oyez (oral argument audio)
Astoria (Amsterdam)

thumb|Astoria Amesterdam 3.jpg
**Astoria** bụ ụlọ ọrụ Jugendstil na Keizersgracht 174 rụọ 176 na Amsterdam, nke e wuru na afọ 1904 wee rụọ afọ 1905 dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị Eerste Hollandsche Levensverzekerings Bank. Ụlọ ahụ, nke dị na nkwonkwo nke ọwa mmiri Keizersgracht na Leliegracht, jere ozi dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke Greenpeace ruo afọ 15. N'afọ 2001, ọ nwetara ọnọdụ *rijksmonument* (ihe ncheta mba).

N'inwe okpukpu isii na ogo kachasị elu nke mita iri atọ na asaa, ụlọ Astoria bụ otu n'ime ụlọ elu ọfịs mbụ na Netherlands. Ihe owuwu ahụ bụ atụmatụ nke H.H. Baanders na Gerrit van Arkel, ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ abụọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ụlọ na Amsterdam na mbipụta Jugendstil nke e mesịrị mara dị ka *Nieuwe Kunst* ("New Art").

Ụlọ Astoria nwere elu ụlọ e ji ọla kọpa mee nke nwere obere ụlọ elu na mgbidi ígwè a na-achọ mma nke EHLB (maka Eerste Hollandsche Levensverzekerings Bank) na mkpụrụedemede ọlaedo. Ihe osise dị n'ihu Keizersgracht na-egosi mmụọ ozi na-echebe (e bu n'uche ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya nke ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị) na mmadụ abụọ ndị ọzọ.

N'afọ 1968 wee rụọ afọ 1969, a gbatịkwuru ụlọ ahụ n'otu ụdị ahụ, mgbe onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ C. Wegener Sleeswijk.

Astoria jere ozi afọ iri na ise dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke Greenpeace, site na ntọala Greenpeace International na afọ 1989. Ụlọ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche ugbu a.
Evangelina Carrozzo

**Evangelina Carrozzo** (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye Argentina na-ese onyinyo, eze nwanyị mara mma na onye na-agba egwú. Ọ nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa maka omume ya n'oge nzukọ ndị isi ala mba ụwa nke e mere na Mee 12, 2006.

## Oge ọ bụ nwata
Evangelina Carrozzo tolitere na Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina (obodo nke dị n'ókè ya na Uruguay).

## Ihe omume nke Mee 12
Carrozzo meriri eze nwanyị mpaghara nke Guayleguaychú ọnwa ole na ole tupu ya esonye na nnọkọ ndị isi ala mba ụwa. N'oge ahụ, esemokwu na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti Argentina na Uruguay ka ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Uruguay guzobere ụkwụ na nso Gualeguaychu, ndị bi na Gualeguychu na-enweghị ndidi na ọnọdụ ahụ. Ka izu na-aga n'ihu, ọnọdụ ahụ nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa.

Carrozzo sonyeere Greenpeace, a na-ekwukwa na njikọ ahụ kwadoro ya na njem ya na Vienna, na kaadị mgbasa ozi iji weta. O nwere ụbọchị iri na ise iji hazie ihe omume ya.

Carrozzo nwere ike ịbanye na nzukọ Onye isi ala site n'igosi dị ka onye nta akụkọ akụkọ.  N'otu oge n'ime ụlọ ebe a na-enwe nzukọ ahụ, ọ banyere n'otu akụkụ, malite iyipụ uwe ya ma gbaga n'ihu ndị isi oche ka a na-achọ ịse foto otu.  Ka ọ na-erule oge a na-ese foto, Carrozzo nọ n'ihu ndị isi oche, na-eyi bikini ma na-efegharị ozi megide ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Uruguayan.  Ọ bụ ngwa ngwa, ma n'udo, ndị ọrụ nchekwa lara ezumike nká n'ebe ahụ.  Onye isi ala Venezuela Hugo Chavez, onye ọ kọwara dị ka “onye na-akpakọrịta” boro ebubo na ọ susuru ya ọnụ.

Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Uruguay kọwara Carrozzo dị ka " atụ ọjọọ nke ọdịbendị Rioplatense".

## Njikọ mpụga

* Carnival Queen na-ekpughe eziokwu doro anya banyere mmetọ pulp nye ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Greenpeace.org) E debere  Wayback Machine
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ihu igwe Ugbu a!

**Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ihu igwe Ugbu a**! (**CJN**!) bụ njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke netwọk na òtù na-eme mkpọsa maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe.

E guzobere njikọ ahụ na nzukọ UNFCCC nke 2007 na Bali, ma kemgbe ahụ, ọ gbakọrọ maka nzukọ UNF CCC na Bangkok, Copenhagen na Cancun.

## Ndị otu
CJN! depụtara ndị otu ya na ndị enyi ya na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya dị ka: 

* Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development (APWLD)
* Nchebe Azụmaahịa Carbon
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchegbu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Sri Lanka
* Canadian Youth Climate Coalition/ Canadian Youth Coalition for the Climate
* Ụwa n'ime Ogwe
* Ndị bi n'ụwa
* Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ihe
* Ịdọ aka ná ntị na mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi-Thailand (EARTH)
* lekwasị anya na ndịda zuru ụwa ọnụ 
* Nnwere Onwe N'Ime Ụgwọ, Philippines
* Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa International
* Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa U.S.
* GAIA: Global Anti-Incinerator Alliance na Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives
* Mgbanwe Ụwa
* Njikọ Ọhịa Ụwa
* Ọrụ Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ụwa
* Gendercc - Ụmụ nwanyị maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi
* IBONnational
* Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP)
* Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) 
* Nzukọ mba ụwa na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ 
* Kalikasan-Ndị Mmadụ Network maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (Kalikasan-PNE)
* Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo Mba Nile nke Via Campesina
* Ndị otu Durban Group for Climate Justice
* Ihe Nchebe Mmanụ
* Pacific Indigenous Peoples Environment Coalition, Aotearoa/New Zealand
* Nchịkọta Na-adịgide Adịgide Ike na Akụnụba
*
* Netwọk gburugburu ebe obibi ụmụ amaala 
* The International Institute of Climate Action & Theory
* Njikọ Ndị Mmadụ maka Azụmaahịa Justice-Indonesia (KIARA)
* Òtù Ọrụ Thai maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi (TCJ)
* Ebe Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Tibet
* Njikọ Timberwatch
* Global Alliance of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities megide REDD
* WALHI/Ndị enyi nke Ụwa Indonesia
* Mgbanwe Oké Ọhịa Mmiri nke Ụwa
* Onye Akaebe Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Ala nke Quaker

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkwupụta nke ụkpụrụ
* Homepage dị ka echekwara August 29, 2015, na Wayback Machine.
BUNDjugend

BUNDjugend (Young Friends of the Earth Germany)

Founded	1984

Type	Non-governmental organization

Focus	Environmentalism, Sustainability, Youth

Headquarters	Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee 5, 10553 Berlin, Germany

Area served	Germany

Method	awareness building, direct action, Education for Sustainable Development

Members	85,000 (2015)

Website	

**BUNDjugend** (Young Friends of the Earth Germany) bụ òtù *ndị* ntorobịa nke Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND). Dị ka òtù ndị ntorobịa na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, BUNDjugend na-alụ ọgụ maka nchedo nke okike na gburugburu ebe obibi. E hiwere BUNDjugend na 1984 ma kewaa ya n'ime òtù steeti dị iche iche. Ndị otu BUND niile na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na asaa bụ ndị otu BUNCjugend na-enweghị ụgwọ ndị ọzọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, e nwere ihe dịka ndị otu 43,000 na-arụsi ọrụ ike.

## Ihe omume na isiokwu
Kwa afọ, BUNDjugend na-ahazi ọrụ na ọrụ dị iche iche na isiokwu nke okike na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi, maka ụmụaka, ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na ndị okenye. N'ime òtù steeti, a na-elekwasị anya n'inye ezumike dị iche iche, ogige na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe. Ọzọkwa, e nwekwara ọtụtụ ìgwè ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa.

Isiokwu ndị dị ugbu a bụ ike nuklia, mgbanwe ihu igwe, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, ụdị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide na ojiji na-adịgidere adịgide.

## Nhazi na nhazi
Òtù gọọmentị etiti nwere ọfịs ya na Berlin. A na-ahọpụta ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke bọọdụ (Bundesjugendleitung) maka afọ abụọ na nzukọ nke ndị nnọchiteanya na-ewere ọnọdụ otu ugboro n'afọ. Nzukọ steeti ọ bụla nwere ike izipu ndị nnọchiteanya ise. Òtù steeti nwere usoro yiri nke ahụ na ndị otu nke ha (Landesjugendleitung).

BUNDjugend na-eziga ndị nnọchi anya na BUND na steeti na nke gọọmentị etiti. Ọ bụkwa onye otu ATTAC ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na netwọk mba ụwa Young Friends of the Earth Europe nke bụ akụkụ nke Friends of the World.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke BUNDjugend (n'asụsụ German)
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke BUND
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Young Friends of the Earth Europe
Ọrụ SERVIR Mekong

**Ọrụ SERVIR-Mekong** bụ ọrụ jikọrọ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ US maka mmepe mba ụwa (USAID), NASA na mba ise ndị ọzọ bụ Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos na Vietnam. "Servir" bụ okwu Spanish nke pụtara "ijere ozi". Ebumnuche ọrụ a bụ iji teknụzụ kachasị ọhụrụ nyere mpaghara osimiri Mekong aka ichebe usoro okike ya dị mkpa. Ọ na-enyere aka ijikọ netwọk mmepe USAID na teknụzụ NASA na data satellite iji nye ozi eserese na ihe oyiyi satellite.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
A malitere ebe nnwale mbụ dị otú ahụ na Panama na 2005 iji jeere mpaghara dị nso ozi. Ndị nchọpụta na Marshall Space Flight Center nke NASA na Alabama malitere ọrụ ahụ. Na Earth Observation Summit, 2007, a matara SERVIR dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmezu nke Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). N'afọ 2010, nzukọ ahụ nwere ọnụnọ na Himalayas mgbe e guzobere ebe, SERVIR-Himalaya, na International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) na Kathmandu, Nepal. Nzukọ ahụ amalitela ọrụ yiri nke ahụ n'oge gara aga maka mpaghara ndị ọzọ dị na Latin America, Africa na Eshia.

## Ihe E E E Ziri E Ziri
Ọrụ ahụ na-ekwusi ike na nsogbu ndị dị mkpa metụtara mpaghara osimiri Mekong nke gụnyere mba ise niile a makwaara dị ka *efere osikapa nke Eshia*. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyekwa mba ndị a ohere ịnagide ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike na ọmụmụ ihu igwe dị ka ikuku gas na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na mmetụta ya. Ọ na-enyekwa ha aka iji mmiri ha mee ihe nke ọma.

## Mkpa ala na atụmatụ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|267x267px|Mpaghara Mmiri Mekong dị ihe dị ka kilomita 5000 n'ogologo
Mmiri Mekong na-ekpuchi ihe fọrọ  nta ka ọ bụrụ kilomita 5,000 (3,100 mi) site na mbara ala Tibet ruo mpaghara South China Sea. Ọ na-enye ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ iri anọ ihe oriri. A na-ewere gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụwa. Ọrụ ahụ na-eji ngwa mbara igwe ma na-enyere aka ịmepụta data geospatial nke a na-enyocha iji zere Iọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dị ka idei mmiri na ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Mekong dị ala.

## Mmejuputa
Ọ bụ Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) na Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Spatial Informatics Group (SIG) na Deltares na-eme mmejuputa ọrụ ahụ. A malitere akụkụ mbụ nke ọrụ ahụ na 31 Ọgọst 2015.

## Ọdịnihu
SERVIR-Mekong bụ ihe atụ nke mmekorita teknụzụ na mpaghara na mmepe nke nyocha nkịtị. Ọ na-achọkwa ịhụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eme atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-eduga na nkwado teknụzụ ma mee mkpebi mmepe ka mma. SERVIR arụwokwa ọrụ na mmepe nke ihe karịrị mba 30 nke Latin America, Africa na Eshia nke gụnyere inye ọtụtụ puku mmadụ nke mpaghara ahụ ngwaọrụ na ọzụzụ.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Greenpeace Foundation

**Greenpeace Foundation** bụ otu ọgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi di na obodo Hawaii . E nwunyere ya n'ihu ọha n' afọ 1976 dị ka mpụ nọọrọ onwe ya nke Canadian Greenpeace Foundation ma bụrụ Greenpeace nke mbụ na obodo United States . Mgbe Greenpeace Foundation mbụ nke Vancouver mechara bụrụ Greenpeace International, Greenpeace Foundation nke di na Hawaii jụrụ isonye na ha, wee bụrụ ọgbakọ enweghị mmekọ.  

Dị ka onye ndu nke Hawaii Greenpeace Foundation n' afọ 1979 nke aha ya bu Don White, siri kwuo, otu Hawaii ahụ metụtakwara agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze, metụtakwa iwu, ma na-arụsikwa ọrụ ike na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndị nta akụkọ, ma kwụ ndị otu ya ụgwọ  "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ bụla n'ụzọ ụgwọ ọrụ", na-eme ka Hawaii bụrụ "ezi otu nke Greenpeace".

## Greenpeace Foundation (Vancouver)
Njem Greenpeace malitere topu na "udo" na "gburugburu ebe obibi" na mbido afọ 1970. Na mgbe oge ahụ, o yiri dika ka ọ ga-abụ na mbara ala ahụ ga-alụ agha nuklia. E guzobere ndi kọmitii "Don't Make a Wave" nke ndi Canada iji mee ngaghari mkpesa megide nnwale nuklia tectonic nke US na Amchitka di na Aleutian Islands na mgbe e mesịrị nnwale ikuku nke France na Mururoa na mba French Polynesia. A na-eji akpaokwu ahụ bụ "udo na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" mee ihe dị ka okwu mmeghe iji kọwaa echiche nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ahụ, bụ ndị na-eche na mbara ala dị mma (ọcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ nri) na udo (udo) dị ka ihe dị mma. Ka ọ na-erule n'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1973, e bere okwu ahụ nkenke ka ọ bụrụ okwu ama dika Greenpeace, ma guzobe otu nzukọ a na-akpọ "Greenpeace Foundation" na Vancouver, Canada. Ọ bụ otu ndị na-eche echiche na ndị ọhụụ a bụ ndị mbụ mere ngagharị iwe n'oké osimiri maka igbu azu n' afọ 1975 ma mee mkpọkorita dị elu megide ịgba ụbọ akwara ụmụaka na Newfoundland nke malite n'afọ 1976.
Dennis Delaney

**Dennis Delaney** (amuru Jenụwarị 29, 1953) bụ onye odee na onye omere America, na onye bụbu onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi.  Onye guzobere Greenpeace USA, ọ ghọrọ onye isi mba mbụ ya na 1980. Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum North Carolina School of Arts, yana Mahadum California, Santa Cruz.  Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ Saving Whales.

## Greenpeace
N'afọ 1977, Delaney malitere ọrụ onye nduzi nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke Greenpeace Southern California.
N'afọ 1978, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Southern California yana otu n'ime ndị isi mgbasa ozi na ndị na-ekwuchitere ya. Na Mee 12, 1978, e jidere Delaney na Daniel Ellsberg na mmadụ iri na abụọ ndị ọzọ na Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Production Facility na Golden, Colorado.  Njide ha maka imebi iwu na nnupụisi obodo butere ikpe dị elu n'ihu Onyeikpe Kim Goldberger, na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nke mba banyere ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi na-eyi ndụ egwu nke ihe mkpofu redioaktivu na mmetọ plutonium kpatara.. 
N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1978 ọ bụ onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace M / V Peacock, njem ikpeazụ nke Greenpeace iji chee ụgbọ mmiri kacha ukwuu n'ụwa ihu. A na-egosipụta olu Delaney na ihe ngosi 'Voyage of the Peacock' nke Phil Caston na Charles Lloyd mepụtara. Ọ sonyeere Joyce Yarrow iji soro dee akụkọ na-aga n'ihu na akụkọ maka ihe nkiri ahụ.
Delaney ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Greenpeace Southern California na 1979. N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ ahụ, e guzobere Greenpeace International nke mere ka e mepụta Greenpeace USA.
N'afọ 1980 David McTaggart (Onye isi oche Greenpeace International) were Dennis Delaney n'ọrụ, ya na ọtụtụ ndị nlekọta nke Greenpeace USA ewepụtara ọhụrụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, a họpụtara ya ka onye isi nchịkwa mba mbụ nke Greenpeace USA.  Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya United States na Greenpeace Council of the International Organisation.

## Telivishọn na ihe nkiri
N'afọ 2011, Delaney guzobere Mortalfool Productions.

## Akụkọ ifo

* Saving Whales (2018)

## Egwuregwu

* Hejira (2001)
* Animus (2003)
* Conscientious Objection (2007)

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Dennis Delaney
* Ihe Omume Mortalfool

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Milieudefensie Ndị otu Dutch maka nchekwa

thumb|Milieumanifestatie Heemskerk mei 1991 -01.jpg
Milieudefensie ( Dutch maka "nchekwa gburugburu ") bụ ọgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke Dutch, nke a chọpụtara na 6 Jenụwarị 1971, site na otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nzaghachi na akụkọ sitere na Club of Rome . Ọ na ma wepụta akụkọ nke ya (mgbe ụfọdụ gọọmentị bụ ndi n'achọ ya) mana ọ mebekwara ka ọ bụrụ otu ọrụ, na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị GreenLeft, ma bụrụ ngalaba Dutch nke ndị enyi nke Ụwa . Milieudefensie bụ akụkụ nke otu mba 30 nke ndị enyi nke ụwa Europe na-anọchite anya ma jikọta na ọkwa Europe.

Milieudefensie nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu 90,000 ma lekwasị anya na isi isiokwu ise:

* Globalisation
* Transportation
* Climate and energy
* Landscape
* Agriculture and food

* Ijikọ ụwa ọnụ

## Mgbanwe ihu igwe: "Ọ bụghị ego m"
thumb|300x300px| A na-egbubu kaadị ụlọ akụ maka ọrụ ahụ "Niet met mijn geld"
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mgbanwe ihu igwe aghọwo isi okwu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2006 ga 2007, Milieudefensie malitere mgbasa ozi akpọrọ " Niet met mijn geld" ("Ọ bụghị ya n'ego m") iji kpalie ọha mmadụ mara banyere ọrụ ụlọ akụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọnụ, ụlọ akụ Dutch na-ejikwa ngụkọta nke 2,700 ijeri euro, nke ha nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọrụ ndị nwere ike ịgafe na nke enweghị ike. Dị ka Milieudefensie si kwuo, ụlọ akụ Dutch anọ bụ isi na-akpata ikuku CO  nke okpukpu atọ karịa nke Netherlands site na ntinye ego ha. Ha depụtara ụlọ akụ ABN Amro dịka "kachasị njọ", na-esote ụlọ akụ ING na Fortis . Dị ka Milieudefensie si kwuo, ụlọ akụ ahụ  "kachasị mma nile" n'ihe gbasara ikuku CO 2 ga-abụ ASN na Triodos . 

## Bulderbos
Milieudefensie na-ejikwa ụzọ iwu kwadoro, dị ka ịgba ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị akwụkwọ. Ikekwe ihe kacha adọrọ adọrọ nke Milieudefensie bụ nke e mere iji kwụsị ịrụ ụgbọ elu nke ise na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Schiphol. Maka nke a, ha zụtara akụkụ nke ala a ga-arụ ya wee resị ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ obere iberibe ala ahụ. N’ihi ya, ndị ahụ nile aghaghị ịgọnarị ala ahụ iche. N'elu ala a, a kụrụ ọhịa, Bulderbos ("oké ọhịa égbè eluigwe").

## Hụkwa

* *[[:en:Milieudefensie_v_Royal_Dutch_Shell|Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell]]*

## Edemsibịa
 




## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị gọọmentị
* Investing in Climate Change, akụkọ banyere ihu igwe (un) enyi na enyi nke ụlọ akụ (na Bekee)
* Ndị enyi nke ụwa webụsaịtị mba ụwa
* Weebụsaịtị ndị enyi nke Earth Europe
Òtù:Ndi enyi nke uwa
Australian Wooden Boat Festival

thumb|Australian wooden boat festival Hobart 2013.jpg
Australian Wooden Boat Festival (AWBF) bụ ihe omume a na-eme ugboro abụọ na Hobart, Tasmania, na-eme **emume ụgbọ mmiri** osisi. A na-eme AWBF n'otu oge na Royal Hobart Regatta.  Emume a na-anabata ụgbọ mmiri osisi nke nha niile gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri osisi, kayak na dinghies yana yachts na ụgbọ mmiri dị elu.

## Banyere
Ememme a bụ emume nke ihe nketa oke mmiri nke Australia ma gosikwa akụkọ nri na mmanya bara ụba nke Tasmania.  Ọ nwere nnukwu uru akụ na ụba na steeti Tasmania nke agwaetiti, yana ebe obibi zuru oke n'oge mmemme ahụ.

AWBF na-emeghe naanị ụgbọ mmiri ejiri osisi rụọ*, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka mmemme kachasị ukwuu n'ụdị ya na mpaghara ndịda.  N'ezie, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ememme ụgbọ mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa nke mepere naanị ụgbọ mmiri osisi.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E mere emume ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke Australia n'afọ 1994 (ụgbọ mmiri 180).

* 2005 - 40,000 ndị ọbịa (450 ụgbọ mmiri)
* 2011 - ndị ọbịa 160,000 (ụgbọ mmiri 550)
* 2013 - ndị ọbịa 200,000 (ụgbọ mmiri 550)
* 2015 - ndị ọbịa 200,000+ (ụgbọ mmiri 550)
* 2017 - ndị ọbịa 200,000+ (ụgbọ mmiri 550)

A kagbuola emume 2021 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 na Australia ma yigharịa ya na 2023.

## Ihe edeturu
 Otu ihe pụrụ iche bụ ụgbọ mmiri dị elu, ebe ụfọdụ nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri dị ogologo na-eleta n'oge ememme ahụ nwere ígwè ma ọ bụ ígwè.

## Ụgbọ mmiri 2017
E mere ndokwa ka ụgbọ mmiri ọzụzụ ụgbọ mmiri Tenacious bụrụ ụgbọ mmiri na AWBF nke afọ 2017.

HM Bark Endeavour Replica bụ isi ihe dị na emume ọ bụla, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bịaghị na 2017. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ na-abịa gụnyere *Julie Burgess*, ketch ikpeazụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, HMS  replica, Windeward Bound na *James Craig*.

## Hụkwa
 

* Ndepụta nke ememme na Australia
* Ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri mba ụwa nke Brisbane

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Mwepu Sharkwater

Sharkwater Extinction bụ ihe nkiri Canada nke 2018 nke Rob Stewart duziri. E gosipụtara ya na 2018 Toronto International Film Festival. Ihe na-esote ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 2007 Sharkwater, ihe nkiri ahụ, nke Stewart na-arụ ọrụ na ya n'oge ọnwụ ya n'ihe mberede na Jenụwarị 2017, bụ nke Rob Stewart Foundation rụzuru na mmekorita ya na onye nduzi Sturla Gunnarsson na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Nick Hector.

## Hapụ
Ihe nkiri ahụ malitere na Septemba 7, 2018, na TIFF "Ihe Omume pụrụ iche" nke jere ozi dị ka ihe ngosi ihe nkiri na ụtụ ncheta Stewart. Ọ nwetakwara ihe ngosi na Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival, yana ihe ngosi na Calgary International Film Festival na Vancouver International Film Festival. Nne Rob Stewart, Sandy Stewart, kwuru "[ìgwè] niile nọrọ na ya, onye ọ bụla bilitere. Anyị nwere ndị mmadụ si n'akụkụ ụwa niile - ndị na-ese ihe nkiri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ezigbo ndị dị mkpa - na-enye aka iji mezue nke a, nke ahụ na-eme ka obi dị ụtọ. Julie Andersen, onye guzobere United Conservationists na Stewart, so na otu a.

## Nnabata

### Nzaghachi nkatọ
Nyochaa mkpokọta Rotten Tomato na-akọ ọkwa nnabata nke 100% dabere na nyocha 30, yana nkezi ọkwa nke 7.5/10. Nkwekọrịta nke ndị nkatọ saịtị ahụ na-agụ, sị: "Mara mma ma na-emebi emebi, Sharkwater Extinction na-enye amamikpe na-emeghe anya nke ahia iwu na-akwadoghị - yana nlebara anya nke ọma nye onye na-ese ihe nkiri nwere nkà." Metacritic na-akọ ọkwa dị arọ nke 76 n'ime 100 dabere na ndị nkatọ 8, na-egosi "ntụle ndị dị mma n'ozuzu".

## Ntuaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* 
* Sharkwater Extinction at Rotten Tomatoes