Thomas Sills

**Thomas Sills** (ubochí irí abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọst, 1914 rụo ụbọchị irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, 2000) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe na onye na-ede ihe na ónyé sonyere na New York Abstract Expressionist movement. N'oge ọ kachasị n'ọrụ ya n'afọ ndị 1960 na 1970, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. A na-egosipụta ọrụ ya mgbè niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ nka ma dị na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka.

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Afọ ndị mbụ
A mụrụ Thomas Sills ma zụlite ya na Castalia, North Carolina. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ dị mmadụ iri na otu ma mesịa soro otu n'ime ụmụnne ya ndị okenye bírí na Brooklyn. Tupu ọ banye n'ihe osise, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ na-ekpo ọkụ na Raleigh, North Carolina, ébé agba gbara ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ nwèrè mmetụta siri ike n'ebe ọ nọ. Ọ natara ọtụtụ agụmakwụkwọ dịka nwatakịrị ojii nwéré ike n'ime ime ọbọdọ, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ na North Carolina. Ozugbo ọ nọ na New York, ọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ọnụ ụzọ na Paramount Theater na Dekalb na Flatbrush Avenues na Brooklyn. Ọ laghachiri Raleigh site na 1947-1948 iji nyéré aka n'otu n'ime ọrụ nhicha na nrụgide nke nwanne ya nwoke tupu ọ laghachi Brooklyn. Mgbè ahụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị ka stevedore ụbọchị atọ n'izu na ógè fọdụrụ na ụlọ ahịa mmanya na Greenwich Village.

### Ọrụ
Sills malitere ịnwale nka na 1952, n'ihe dị ka oge ọ lụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe na onye na-anakọta ihe osise Jeanne Reynal, onye bụ ónyé dị mkpa n'òtù surrealist na United States. N'ịbụ ónyé na-akụzi onwe ya ma bụrụ onye Reynal chịkọtara ihe osise na-enweghị atụ kpaliri, ọ malitere iji ihe ndị ọ hụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mosaic ya rụọ ọrụ, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ gbasara na mmanụ na osisi yana ákwà. Na mbụ, o jiri ihe ndị dị ka magnesite, mbọ, unyi, nkume, enamel, ihe osise ụlọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ n'elu osisi mgbè ọ na-anwale ụdị ya.

Sills nọrọ ọtụtụ ógè ndụ ya na New York City, gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ụzọ miri emi na usoro nka yana nsogbu ọdịbendị site na mmalite afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1970. Ọ maara Willem de Kooning ónyé gárá ụlọ ọrụ ya wee gwa ya ka ọ ghara ịtụfu ihe ọ bụla tupu ónyé ọ bụla ahụ ya.

### Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Thomas Sills nwụrụ na úbọchị irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba, 2000, na New York City mgbe ọ dị afọ irí asatọ na isii.

## Ihe ngosi onwe onye ahọpụtara

* Corcoran Fine Arts, Cleveland, OH, Thomas Sills *Ihe ngosi* Retrospective, 2005
* Art Association nke Newport, Newport, RI (naanị) 1972

## Nchịkọta

* San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, CA: 1 iberibe (dị ka nke June 2021)
* Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY: 1 iberibe (dị ka nke June 2021)
* Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Los Angeles County, CA
* Museum of Modern Art, NY: 1 iberibe (dị ka nke June 2021)
* Rose Art Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts: 1 mpempe (dị ka June 2021)

## Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala

## Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* *Archives* of American Art Journal, 11 (nke 14), 1971): 33
* Archives of American Art (1977), Checklist, 100 ihe gbakwunyere otu ihe a machibidoro iwu.
* *Art Digest*, Newsletter 4 (May 1, 1969): 6
* Art Gallery, 13 (April 1970): 16A, 28: 35; 40ʹ41.
* Art Gallery, 14 (March 1971): 69ń70, Ihe dị mkpa na ihe na-adịghị mma: Mosaicist. Banyere Jeanne Reynal, nwunye Sills; kwuru ya, peeji nke 69
* Art Gallery, 15 (March 1972): 32X36. "Anya na New York". Nkọwa Sills solo na Bodley Gallery, p. 33; illus.
* Art Gallery, March 15, 1972). "Onye nduzi"
* Art News, 17 isiokwu 1955 1974
* Art News, 69, March 1970.
* Brooklyn College (1969), Afro-American Artists Kemgbe 1950: Eprel 15 na Mee 18, 1969, New York, NY: Brooklyn College. (Ihe ngosi)
* Campbell, L. "The Flowering of Thomas Sills" na Art News, March 1972
* Campbell, L. na Sills, T. (1964), Sills, Chicago: William na Noma Copley Foundation.
* Cederholm, T. (1973), Afro-American Artists, A Bio-bibliographical Survey, Boston: Trustees of the Boston Library.
* Craig, R. J. (1969), Afro-American Artists, 1800 na 1969: December 5 na 1969, Philadelphia, PA: School District na Museum of the Philadelphia Civic Center. (Ihe ngosi)
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] American Negro Art, 1960, peeji nke 48 & 183, peeji nke 91
* Fine, E. H. (1973), Onye na-ese ihe Afro-American: Ọchụchọ maka njirimara, New York: Holt, Rinehart na Winston.
* Fine, E. H. (1981), *Onye* na-ese ihe n'Afrịka : Ọchụchọ maka njirimara, New York: Hacker Art Books.
* Gaither, E. B. (1970), Afro-American Artists: New York na Boston: May 19 June 23, 1970, Boston, MA: Museum of the National Center of Afro- American Artists. (Ihe ngosi)
* Holmes, O. N. (1993?, 1973), Black artists in America : akụkụ nke atọ: Romare Bearden, *Selma Burke*, Elton C. Fax, Palmer Hayden, Richard Mayhew, Thomas Sills, na Charles White, Alexandria, Va. : Oakley N. Holmes, [1990?, 1973] Mbipụta: VHS vidiyo.
* Igoe, L. M. (1981), 250 Afro-American Art An Annotated Bibliography. New York, NY
* Jeffries, R. (1974), ntụziaka na Afro-American Art: Septemba 18 Ọktoba 27, 1974, Ithaca, NY: Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Mahadum Cornell. (Ihe ngosi)
* Jones, K. (1989), *Abstract Expressionism*: The Missing Link, New York: Studio Museum na Harlem.
* K., I. C. (1957), "The Surprise of Painter Tom Sills," The Village Voice, p. 17
* Kenkeleba House (1991) The Search for Freedom: African American Abstract Painting, 1945 na 1975, New York: Kenkeleba Ụlọ.
* Kraskin, S. (2006), Encore : Five Abstract Expressionists : *Amaranth Ehrenhalt*, Leonard Nelson, Jeanne Reynal, Thomas Sills, na Ary Stillman, New York: Sidney Mishkin Gallery, Baruch College.
* Mandle, R. (1986), 30 Ndị Black Artists nke oge a: Ọktoba 17 Nọvemba 24, 1968, Minneapolis, MN: Minneapolis Institute of Arts. (Ihe ngosi)
* Montgomery, E. "*Thomas* Sills An Interesting Artistic Life" na Thomas Albert Sills (19142000): A Retrospective of the Work, Cleveland, OH: Corcoran Fine Arts Limited, Inc. (akwụkwọ nta gallery)
* Paul Kantor Gallery (1962), *Thomas Sills* : May 14 June 2, 1962, Beverly Hills, CA: Paul Kantor Galeria.
* RISD Museum of Art (1969), Ndị Black Artists nke oge a: July 1ī31, 1969, Providence, RI: Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design.
* *Foto* na Exhibits, 30 (5): "Ihe ngosi na Betty Parsons Gallery"
* Rose, M. A. (2010), African American Abstract Artists New York: Anita Shapolsky Gallery (Gallery Catalog)
* Sims, L. S. (2000), "*Thomas* A. Sills: A Eulogy" na Thomas Albert Sills (1914X2000): A Retrospective of the Work, Cleveland, OH: Corcoran Fine Arts Limited, Inc. (akwụkwọ nta gallery)
* Campbell, Lawrence (1964), Sills, William na Noma Copley Foundation, Chicago IL.
* Spradley, Mary Mace (1980), In Black and White: Afro-Americans in Print, Kalamazoo, MI: Kalamazoon Public Library
* Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Oral History Collection. Ajụjụ ọnụ Thomas A. Sills, nke Henri Ghent gbara na July 13 n'afọ 1968
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Waters, Jerry C. (1982), ntụziaka na Afro-American Abstract Art: October 17 na November 17, 1982, Nashville, TN: Van Vechten Gallery, Fisk University. (Ihe ngosi)
* *Ònye bụ Ònye na American Art*, Vol. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

## Njikọ mpụga

* Jeanne Reynal na Thomas Sills, Art Couple: Ọrụ nke 1950s.