Charles Wilbert White

Charles Wilbert White, Jr. (Eprel 2, 1918 – Eprel 3, 1979) bụ onye omenkà America ama ama maka ihe mere eme nke ndị Africa America ike na ike, ngwaọrụ, lithographs na murals.  Nkwenye nke White ogologo ndụ—ịkwado mmeri na mgba nke obodo ya n'ụdị ụdịte anya—mere ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nka amara ama na-eme nka n'Africa America.  Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na 1979, ọrụ White na mkpokọta na-agwụ nke Art Institute of Chicago, [1] Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, National Gallery of Art., [  2] Newark Museum, na Santa Barbara Museum of Art.  [3] Ụbọchị White kacha mara amara bụ nri nke Negro na American Democracy, ihe ọrụ na Mahadum Hampton .  Na 2018, apụ nke adọ nke adọ nke ọnwụ ya, ihe mbụ nlegharị anya nke ọrụ ya bụ nke Art Institute of Chicago na Museum of Modern Art haziri

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
.Onye ọrụ Charles Wilbert White na Port 2, 1918, nye Ethelene Gary, onye ọrụ ụlọ, na Charles White Sr, onye ụgbọ okporo ụzọ na onye na-ewu ụlọ, na South Side nke Chicago .  A egwuregwu Ethelene na Mississippi wee bịa n'ebe ugwu na Great Migration .  Ọ obodo Charles, ebe ọ na- signal nwa, ọ na-ahapụkarị ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha .  [1] N'ebe ahụ White kwuru maka nka na ịgụ ihe mgbe ọ dị obere.  [2] Nne White akpụkpọ ahụ ya otu agba mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, nke akwụkwọ White na ụzọ.  Ọcha na-akpọkwa egwu mgbe ọ bụ nwata, àgwà egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, ma bụrụ nke otu egwuregwu;  otu o sila dị, o kwuru na nka bụ ezi nri ya

.Nne White kpọkwara ya gaa na Art Institute of Chicago, ebe ọ ga-agụ ma na-ele ihe osise anya-na-emepe otu ozi na ọrụ nke Winslow Homer na George Inness .  Ebe White nwere obere ego na-etolite, ọ na-esekarị ihe n'elu ihe ọ lla ọ nwere ike ịhụ uwe elu, kaadiboodu, na ihe windo.  N'oge oké mkpa mbà n'obi, nwa nwanyị White na-akpa i kpuchie ya maka nkà na egwu nke ihere;  Otú ọ dị, nke a mgbe White akara akara ọrụ mgbe ọ dị awụ iri na anọ.  White ike ka esi agwakọta saịtị na-edu ala kwa ụbọchị maka otu izu na ụlọ ọrụ Art Institute na-akwado klas ike nke na-eme n'otu ụdị dị nso n'iche ya.  [1] Nne ya ngosi ọzọ mgbe nna White nwụrụ na 1926. Ọ na-egosi onye na-arụ ọrụ igwe ga-aghọ onye ọrịa na-eme ihe ike, eji n'ebe nwa ihe White.  Ahụmahụ a na-eduga ya ịgbanarị n'ime nka.  White nwere nhọrọ ole na ole nseso nkà okike ya n'oge a n'ihi mmegbu na akara ihe okwu sitere na mkpa nke na-oke na ike.  [2] Nke a bụkwa otu afụ nne ya ịrịba iziga ya Mississippi ugboro abụọ n'afọ na nwanne nne ya, Hasty na Harriet Baines, ebe ọ ga--Imeri ihe nketa ya na-eme ifo ndị South America.  Ndị ọcha nnọgidesi ike mgbe ọ na-alụso mmegbu na-egosi ogbenye ogbo.  O jiri ndị nke ya, ụgbọ ihe na-egosi na ike ime ihe mere eme nke ndị America America leghaara anya iji nyere aka emetụta otu isiokwu n'ime ọrụ ya.  [3] Onye na-eme ihe n'oge mbụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, o mmụta nkà ya wee ihe onye na-ese ihe n'ihe na National Negro Congress na Chicago.  [4] Mgbe e isi, na njikọ ya na ndị na-ese ojii ibe ya, White jidere mgbe ọ na-ji 

White Game on'oge klas nke asaa iji gaa klas nka Saturday na Art Institute of Chicago.  Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ Alain Locke The New Negro: An Interpretation, nkatọ nke Harlem Renaissance, [1] Echiche nke White akwụkwọ.  Ọ kọkọ mgbe ọ gụchara ederede Locke ndị Africa America dị mkpa na ihe mere eme America, ma akwụkwọ ndị akwụkwọ ya ihe na-eme ihe eji eme ụmụ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ, na-eme ka ụfọdụ ji "nwa na-  enwe nsogbu nnupụisi".  [2] White agụghị akwụkwọ n akara akwụkwọ, na-efunahụ otu afọ n'ihi ọjụjụ ọ jụrụ ịga klas mgbe ọ nwesịrị nkụda akwụkwọ na usoro nkuzi.  Ọ bụ ebe na ndị nkuzi nka gbara ya ume ka onye ọrụ nka ya wee akwụkwọ akwụkwọ dị iche, a ga-emesị kwupụta ihe ndị a dị ka “njehie” ma ese ya n'aka ya nye ndị ọcha kama.  [2] A nabatara ya n'iche akwụkwọ nkà, onye ọ ALA wee dọpụtapụta ya n'ihi ụdị  ya. 

White mechara biri akwụkwọ zuru oke ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago .  Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, White ọ Mitchell Siporin, Francis Chapin, na Aaron Bohrod dị ka ụgbọ ya.  Ọ bụ ezigbo onye na-ese ihe, na-emecha ihe ọnwụ ise ise wee nweta “ọkwa ikpeazụ”.  [1] Iji ji ihe eji nka nka, White onye osi nri, na-eji nkuzi na ntụzịaka nne ya.  White mechara bụrụ onye nkuzi nka na St. Elizabeth Catholic High School. 

## Ọrụ
N'afọ 1940, White kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ, "Enwere m nri na mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe mgbasa ozi nke ụzọ nke ga-ekwu ihe m ga-ekwu. Agba bụ nanị ngwá agha m nwere ike iji lụso ihe.  m iwe."  [1] N'afọ 1938, Illinois Art Project goro White, onye mmekọ steeti nke Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ .  Ọrụ ya ngosi ihe ngosi nkekwuru na Chicago Coliseum n'oge ngosi nke Art of the American Negro, nke bụ nke American Negro Exposition na-echeta ncheta 75 nke Ndezigharị nke iri na atọ na-kpara ịgba ohu.  [2] Onye dị mkpa ihe a bịara mara dị ka Chicago Black Renaissance, White ehichapụ nka na Southside Community Art Center .  [3] N'ịgbaso ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Paragon Studios na Cincinnati na 1938, e ji ọrụ White n'ọtụtụ ebe na United States, egwu, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, ihe ngosi na Roko Gallery, Boston Museum of Fine Arts  , na Whitney Museum of American Art.  N'afọ 1939, ma akara WPA mural Five Great American Negroes, ugbu a na Mahadum Howard University Gallery of Art.  [4] White gosikwara na Obí Culture na Warsaw na Pushkin Museum.  N'afọ 1976, e ọrụ ya na ike awụ nke Art American Art, ihe ngosi mbụ LACMA nyere ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa-American . 

*.White kwagara New Orleans na 1941 ka ọ kuzie ihe na Mahadum Dillard.  Malite n'afọ ahụ, ọ na-ama obere oge nye onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ bụ Elizabeth Catlett, onye arịakwara na Dillard.  [1] Ọ jere ozi na US Army n'oge WWII, mana a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe ọ butere ụkwara nta (TB).  White na Catlett kwagara New York City wee kọwaa ihe ọnụ na mkpokọta nka na Mexico City .  Mgbe ọ nọ na New York City White ike lithography na usoro etching na Arts Student League, na-ewere ntụzịaka sitere n'aka onye omenkà ama ama Harry Sternberg onye gbara ya ume ka ọ họrọ "ịkepụta onwe ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya".  Ọ bụ ebe a ka White kwalitere nkà ọrụ aka ya wee akwado miri emi nke nsogbu ojii.  [2] White Catlet zutere onye Juu gbara ọsọ ndụ sitere na Nazi Germany aha ya bụ Viktor Lowenfeld onye kuziri na Hampton Institute na Virginia.  Lowenfeld hụrụ di na izi ahụ ka ha kuzie ihe na Hampton.  Na-ewere tinye Sternberg n'obi, White ga-aga n'ihu na-ese otu n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama,  The Contribution of the Negro to American Democracy' na Hampton Institute*

Mbipụta mpempe White aka iru ndị ọha na eze na-ama ma nye ya ọzọ iwekọta nkwado ya na omume nka ya.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ dịla anya mara maka ndị mmadụ na nka, ya na lithographs na linocuts, o mechara ike ike rịta ụka na nnukwu obodo nke onye ojii na ndị na-ahụ maka ndị mmadụ na ibe ya,  na-Sorị ihe osise ya, bụ nke a na-ibukarị ya na ndị na-azụ akara n'otu n'otu.  .  Ọ-ahụ inye ndị ọrụ kwa ụbọchị katoon agha ndị na-eso na, na 1953, o na-abụ na Masses na Mainstream Pọtụfoliyo nke mmeghari isii nke uzo ink na unyi ya, nkenke 'Charles White: Six Drawings'.  A na-ebu ya naanị $3, Pọtụfoliyo a si iji nweta ndị mmadụ nka, ihe bụ isi maka ndị nka na-aga n'ihu n'oge ahụ.  N' a woo bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, na White n'onwe ya ihe nke a ka ọ na-echekwa na otu ndị ọrụ na Alabama Idiọn ego ha na-echekwa iji ndị pọtụfoliyo wee kesaa foto n'etiti onwe ha.

N'afọ 1956, n'ihi nsogbu iku ume na-aga n'ihu (ike sitere na nke mbụ nke TB), White kwagara Los Angeles maka ikpo ọkụ, ihu igwe dị nro.  [1] Site na 1965 ruo ọnwụ ya na 1979, White ገበri na Otis Art Institute na Los Angeles .  [2] Na ngalaba na Otis, ọ bụ ihe mgbama maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa bụ ndị bịara ka ha na ya omume ihe.  [3] N'ime ndị agha ihe bụ Alonzo Davis, David Hammons, na Kerry James Marshall .  [4] Akpọrọ aha ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị n'aha ya ma dị na akwụkwọ Otis mbụ College.  [5] [6] Mgbe e ịhụ na ndụ White kwagara Altadena, California ebe ọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ nke nkụda ike obi na 1979.

Ụbọchị White kacha mara amara bụ ihe ngosi nke Negro na American Democracy na Mahadum Hampton .  [1] Na-atụ ihe dị ka 12 ụkwụ na ụkwụ asaa, [2] ihe osise ahụ na-egosi ọtụtụ ndị ama ama Africa-American Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner, Peter Salem, George Washington Carver, Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass  , na Marian Anderson.  Ihe White na National Academy of Design na 1972.

## Ihe nketa
White nwetara mmụọ nsọ site n'ọtụtụ ndị ha na ya dịkọrọ ndụ gụnyere nwunye mbụ ya Elizabeth Catlett, Horace Pippin, Gordon Parks, Romare Bearden, Jacob Lawrence, Cliff Joseph, John Wilson, John Biggers, na ndị ọzọ.  White nyere aka kpalie ọgbọ na-abịa nke ndị omenkà ojii maara nke ọma gụnyere ihe amasị Benny Andrews, Faith Ringgold, Dana Chandler, David Hammons, Elliot Pinkney, Alonzo Adams, Kyle Olani Adams na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.[1]  Ọrụ White dị na nchịkọta nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Mahadum Atlanta, Barnett Aden Gallery, Deutsche Academie der Kunste, Dresden Museum of Art, Mahadum Howard, Library of Congress, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Minneapolis Institute  nke Art, Okirikiri Oakland, Smithsonian American Art Museum, [2] Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Mahadum Syracuse na Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.  Ụlọ ọrụ CEJJES nke Pomona, New York, nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị ọcha ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Charles W. White raara onwe ya nye.[3]  N'afọ 2015, Dr.  Susan G. na Edmund W. Gordon nke Pomona, New York nyere nchịkọta ọrụ ha nke Charles White na Blanton Museum of Art na Mahadum Texas, Austin.

Ihe ewu ewu White dara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ma n'ihi na ọ bụ onye nwere agba na ụlọ ọrụ nke na-akwado ndị na-ese ọcha n'ụzọ na-- ike ma na- ụdị ụdị ndị ọzọ na-dị na echiche echiche.  na-isi ụdị ụdị ihe atụ nke White.  [1] njem, ewu ewu na ihe nketa White na-adị na Altadena, California ebe egosi ọtụtụ awụ n'oge ikpeazụ.  N'oge na-akpa anya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a na-akpọghachi ịjụ aha ya ma ọ ka dị taa bụ nanị alụ ọgụ a ga-akpọ aha onye America.  Ebe Charles White Park mmemme mmemme kwa afọ "Charles White Memorial Arts Festival" nke wetara ndị America America na ndị na-ese ihe n'ime obodo ruo mgbe ọ ngbaa na 1990s.  [2] Ugbu a ndị otu kansụl Arts Altadena na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị obodo na ndị ọzọ nwere oke iji weghachi mmemme ahụ na obodo 

## nnabata
N'afọ 1982, e mere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke ọrụ White na Studio Museum na Harlem .   [1] N'afọ ndị 1990, echiche nke nnukwu ihe ngosi nlegharị anya njem bilitere.   N'okpuru, ihe dị ka afọ iri, ndị ọrụ si Art Institute of Chicago na Museum of Modern Art nwara ụdị White dị iche iji tinye ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ọrụ ya.   Ihe ngosi ahụ mepere na Chicago na 2018, na-aga New York City na Los Angeles  

White "bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmadụ, nke dọtara na ahụ anụ ahụ yana ihe oriri nke ndụ ndị Africa-America", dị ka Lauren Warnecke maka Chicago Tribune si kwuo.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na nke a na-eme ka ọ mba nna na-aga n'ihu na ike ahụ na-ahụ ahụkebe na nkà, ike nke ọrụ ya bụ ihe a na-agba ịgbagha agbagha dị ka Los Angeles Times '  Christopher Knight, ọrụ ọrụ nke White na graphite, unyi, crayon na ink.  [2] Onye nkatọ nka Washington Post, Philip Kennicott ọrụ ọrụ White bụ isi na nka America.  [3] "Amara, ngwaọrụ, ewepụ, fim ike, [na] ịma mma" akara ọrụ White, dị ka Holland Cotter si kwuo na New York Times ;  White nwere "aka ozi" na "anya nke onye ọrịa. 

Na Nọvemba 2019, ọrụ abụọ nke White gbagoro na mbụ n'ahịa ịre nka nke oge a nke Christie's na Sotheby's New York City.  Ụbọchị a abụọ, Banner maka Willie J. (1976) -- ihe onye ọrụ nke nwa nwanne White, onye gburugburu—na Ye Shall Keta nwere (1953) -- ihe ọrụ unyi nke akara ikike obodo Rosa Lee Ingram na nwa ọhụrụ-in  - ogwe aka-mere egwuregwu aha maka onye na-ese ihe.  

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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*  (reviews from 1943 to 1976 that appeared in the paper)
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## Njikọ mpụga

* Charles White na nchịkọta nke Museum of Modern Art
* Charles White: Nleghachi azụ
* Ihe osise ndụ
* Charles White na National Gallery nke mkpokọta Kenneth Tyler nke Australia
* Charles White na Minneapolis Institute ma ọ bụ Art, Minneapolis, MN
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations