Ọrụ ugbo cellular

Ọrụ ugbo nke cellular na-elekwasị anya na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ugbo sitere na omenala cell site na iji ngwakọta nke biotechnology, engineering tissue, molecular biology, and synthetic biology iji mepụta na chepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ nke imepụta protein, abụba na anụ ahụ ga-esi na ọrụ ugbo omenala pụta. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ a na-elekwasị anya na ngwaahịa anụmanụ dị ka anụ, mmiri ara ehi, na akwa, nke a na-emepụta na omenala cell kama ịzụ na igbu anụ ụlọ nke jikọtara ya na nnukwu nsogbu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka mmepụta anụ), ọdịmma anụmanụ, nchekwa nri na ahụike mmadụ. Ọrụ ugbo nke cellular bụ ngalaba akụ na ụba nke biobased. Echiche ọrụ ugbo cellular kacha mara amara bụ anụ emebere.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 
Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ugbo cellular bụ ọzụzụ sayensị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eji insulin na rennet zụta ngwaahịa ọrụ ugbo cellular na njedebe narị afọ nke 20.

Na Machị 24, 1990, FDA kwadoro nje bacteria e mebere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta rennet, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa mbụ ejiri mkpụrụ ndụ megharịa maka nri. Rennet bụ ngwakọta nke enzymes na-eme ka mmiri ara ehi ghọọ curds na whey n'ime cheese. Na omenala, a na-ewepụta rennet site n'ime ime nke afọ nke anọ nke ụmụ ehi. Taa, usoro ịme cheese na-eji rennet enzymes sitere na nje bacteria, fungi, ma ọ bụ yist emebere site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa n'ihi na ha adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, na-agbanwe agbanwe, ma dị ọnụ ala karịa rennet sitere na anụmanụ..

N'afọ 2004, Jason Matheny guzobere New Harvest, nke ebumnuche ya bụ "ịkwalite ọganihu na ọrụ ugbo cellular". New Harvest bụ naanị nzukọ lekwasịrị anya naanị n'ịkwalite ngalaba nke ọrụ ugbo cellular ma nye ego PhD mbụ maka ọrụ ugbo cell, na Mahadum Tufts.

Ka ọ na-erule 2014, IndieBio, onye na-eme ngwa ngwa bayoloji sịntetik na San Francisco, ewepụtala ọtụtụ mmalite ọrụ ugbo cellular, na-anabata Muufri (na-eme mmiri ara ehi site na omenala cell, ugbu a, nri ụbọchị zuru oke), ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla (na-eme akwa ọcha site na omenala cell), Gelzen (na-eme ihe). Gelatin sitere na nje bacteria na yist, ugbu a Geltor), Afineur (na-eme kọfị kọfị omenala) na Pembient (na-eme mpi rhino). Muufri na Ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla bụ ndị New Harvest kwadoro na mbụ.

N'afọ 2015, Mercy for Animals mepụtara The Good Food Institute, nke na-akwalite ọrụ ugbo na-adabere na osisi na cellular.

Ọzọkwa na 2015, Isha Datar chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ ugbo cellular" (nke a na-emekarị ka ọ bụrụ "cell ag") n'otu New Harvest Facebook.

Na Julaị 13, 2016, New Harvest kwadoro nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cellular na San Francisco, California. N'ụbọchị sochiri nzukọ ahụ, New Harvest kwadoro ogbako mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụlọ ọrụ, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ọrụ ugbo cellular.

## Ngwá ọrụ nyocha
Ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ nyocha dị mkpa dị na ntọala nke nyocha na ọrụ ugbo cellular. Ndị a gụnyere: 

### Akara mkpụrụ ndụ
Ihe dị mkpa na-efu efu na ọganihu nke anụ a na-emepe emepe bụ ịnweta ngwa ekwentị kwesịrị ekwesị. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ụzọ na ụkpụrụ sitere na omenala mmadụ na nke òké nwere ike emetụta ihe ndị cellular ọrụ ugbo, ọ bịara doo anya na ọtụtụ adịghị. A na-egosipụta nke a site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro iwu hiwere maka ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ sel embrayo na-enwebeghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'iwepụta ahịrị sel embrayo na-adịghị edozi..  

Usoro dị mma maka ahịrị mkpụrụ ndụ maka ebumnuche mmepụta anụ azụlitere gụnyere anwụghị anwụ, ikike ịba ụba dị elu, nnwere onwe elu, nnwere onwe serum, na ikike imepụta anụ ahụ. Ụdị cell ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma maka ọrụ ugbo cellular nwere ike ịdị iche site na ụdị gaa n'ụdị

### Mgbasa ozi na-eto eto
Ụzọ omenala maka ịzụlite anụ ahụ anụmanụ na ọdịbendị gụnyere iji serum bovine fetal (FBS). FBS bụ ọbara a na-ewepụta site na nwa ehi. Ngwaahịa a na-enye mkpụrụ ndụ ihe oriri na ihe na-akpali uto, mana ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na ihe onwunwe dị arọ iji mepụta, yana nnukwu ọdịiche dị iche iche. Ụlọ ọrụ anụ ndị nwere ọdịbendị anọwo na-etinye ihe onwunwe dị mkpa na mgbasa ozi na-eto eto.

Mgbe e mepụtara usoro mkpụrụ ndụ, mgbalị iji wepụ serum site na mgbasa ozi na-eto eto bụ isi ihe na-eme ka ọrụ ugbo cellular dị ka serum ehi nwa ọhụrụ bụ ihe ọtụtụ nkatọ nke ọrụ ugbo cell na mmepụta anụ. O yikarịrị ka a ga-achọ usoro mgbasa ozi abụọ dị iche iche maka ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla: mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, maka uto, na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, maka ntozu okè.

### Nkà na ụzụ
Ka usoro biotechnological na-agbasa, nnwale na-amalite ịbawanye oke ọnụ, dịka a ga-emepụta ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ na-abawanye. Mmụba ọ bụla n'ogo ga-achọ mmelite nke akụkụ dị iche iche dị ka ọrụ unit, fluid dynamics, mass transfer, na reaction kinetics.

### Ihe ndị e ji akpụ ihe
Maka mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta anụ ahụ, ọ na-enyere aka ka agbakwunye ihe mkpuchi iji nye ọdịdị. Scaffolds dị oke mkpa maka mkpụrụ ndụ iji mepụta anụ ahụ buru ibu karịa 100 μm n'obosara. &nbsp;Ezigbo scaffold ga-abụrịrị ihe na-adịghị egbu maka mkpụrụ ndụ, nke a na-eri eri, ma kwe ka ihe na-edozi ahụ na oxygen na-aga. Ọ ga-abụkwa ọnụ ala ma dị mfe imepụta n'ọtụtụ n'enweghị mkpa maka ụmụ anụmanụ.

### Usoro anụ ahụ 3D
Nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ maka ịmepụta anụ a zụlitere na-agụnye ijikọta ihe niile gara aga nke nyocha iji mepụta nnukwu (> 100 μm n'obosara) nke anụ ahụ nke enwere ike iji mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta n'ìgwè mee n'enweghị mkpa maka serum, ebe scaffold dị mma maka mkpụrụ ndụ na ụmụ mmadụ.&nbsp;

## Ngwa
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka bụ maka ngwa nri, anụ a kụrụ akụ, enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo cellular mepụta ụdị ngwaahịa ugbo ọ bụla, gụnyere ndị na-emetụbeghị ụmụ anụmanụ ịmalite, dị ka ísì ụtọ Ginkgo Biowork.

### Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa banyere anụ a kụrụ akụ

anụ a zụlitere (nke a makwaara site na aha ndị ọzọ) bụ anụ a na-emepụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ anụmanụ. Ọ bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo cellular, na usoro ọrụ ugbo dị otú ahụ na-enyocha n'ihe gbasara mmụba nke ndị na-azụ ahịa chọrọ protein.

A na-emepụta anụ a kụrụ akụ site na iji usoro injinia anụ ahụ nke a na-eji eme ihe na ọgwụ regenerative. Jason Matheny mere ka ndị na-ege ntị mara echiche nke anụ a kụrụ akụ na ụba na mbido afọ 2000 mgbe o so dee akwụkwọ  gbasara mmepụta anụ a kụziri akụ na ụba ma mepụta New Harvest, nzukọ mbụ na-enweghị uru n'ụwa nke raara onwe ya nye nyocha anụ na *in-vitro*. 

Cultured meat may have the potential to address substantial global problems of the environmental impact of meat production, animal welfare, food security and human health. Specifically, it can be thought of in the context of the mitigation of climate change.
thumb|''The Meat Revolution'', a lecture at the World Economic Forum by Mark Post of the University of Maastricht about in vitro meat
thumb|Vidio nke New Harvest na Xprize na-akọwa mmepe nke anụ a kụrụ akụ na ụba na "ihe gbasara ndụ anụmanụ" nke protein a zụlitere na ụlọ nyocha (anụ, àkwá, mmiri ara ehi) na-akpali
In 2013, professor Mark Post at Maastricht University pioneered a proof-of-concept for cultured meat by creating the first hamburger patty grown directly from cells. Since then, other cultured meat prototypes have gained media attention: SuperMeat opened a farm-to-fork restaurant called "The Chicken" in Tel Aviv to test consumer reaction to its "Chicken" burger, while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at the Singapore restaurant "1880", where cultured meat manufactured by the US firm Eat Just was sold.

Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ mgbalị na mbara igwe na-elekwasị anya na anụ ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka anụ ezì, anụ ehi, na anụ ọkụkọ nke mejupụtara ihe ka ukwuu a na-eri na mba ndị mepere emepe,  ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ka Orbillion Bio lekwasịrị anya na anụ dị elu ma ọ bụ nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe gụnyere Elk, Nwa atụrụ, Bison, na ụdị anụ ehi Wagyu.  Avant Meats ewetawo azụ grouper a zụlitere n'ahịa  ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ amalitela ịzụlite ụdị azụ ndị ọzọ na nri mmiri ndị ọzọ. 

Usoro mmepụta na-agbanwe mgbe niile, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-akpali. Mmetụta nke anụ a zụlitere emeela ka mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkpụrụ omume, ahụike, gburugburu ebe obibi, ọdịbendị, na akụ na ụba. N'ihe gbasara ike ahịa, data nke ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Good Food Institute bipụtara chọpụtara na na 2021 ụlọ ọrụ anụ a na-akụ adọta $ 140 nde na Europe naanị.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-enye anụ a kụrụ akụ na ihe omume pụrụ iche na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ole na ole dị elu, mmepụta buru ibu nke anụ a kụziri akụ amalitebeghị.
thumb|N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta gosipụtara usoro bioprinting iji mepụta anụ a kụrụ akụ dị ka anụ.
N'afọ 2020, gọọmentị Singapore nyere ikike nchịkwa mbụ n'ụwa maka ngwaahịa anụ a zụlitere. A na-akụ anụ ọkụkọ na Bioreactor na mmiri nke amino acid, shuga, na nnu. Ihe oriri nke anụ ọkụkọ bụ ~70% anụ a zụlitere na ụlọ nyocha, ebe a na-eji protein Mọnk bean na ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwere nkwa ịgbalịsi ike maka ọnụahịa nhata na nri ọkụkọ "ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ".

### Mmiri ara ehi

* Perfect Day bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke malitere dị ka New Harvest Dairy Project ma IndieBio mepụtara ya na 2014. Perfect Day na-eme mmiri ara ehi site na yeast kama ehi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere aha ya site na Muufri gaa na Perfect Day n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2016.

* New Culture bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2019.  Ọdịbendị Ọhụrụ na-eme cheese mozzarella site na iji protein casein (protein mmiri ara ehi) nke ụmụ ahụhụ mere kama ehi.

* Real Vegan Cheese nke dị na San Francisco Bay-area bụ otu Open Science na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ site na ụlọ nyocha obodo abụọ mepere emepe ma wepụ ya na asọmpi International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) na 2014. Real Vegan Cheese na-eme cheese site na iji protein casein (protein mmiri ara ehi) nke ụmụ ahụhụ mere kama ehi.

* Formo, nke dị na Germany, bụ mmalite na-emepụta ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi site na iji nje na-agbanye.
* Imagindairy na-anwa ịmepụta mmiri ara ehi site na ihe iko achịcha.

### Àkwá

* Ụlọ ọrụ EVERY bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na San Francisco nke malitere dị ka New Harvest Egg Project ma IndieBio mepụtara ya na 2015. Ụlọ ọrụ EVERY na-eji ihe iko achịcha emepụta ihe ọcha àkwá kama iji àkwá.

### Gelatin

* Geltor bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite na San Francisco nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2015. Geltor na-emepe usoro mmepụta protein nke na-eji nje bacteria na yeast emepụta gelatin.

### Kọfị
In 2021, media outlets reported that the world's first synthetic coffee products have been created by two biotechnology companies, still awaiting regulatory approvals for near-term commercialization. Such products – which can be produced via cellular agriculture in bioreactors and for which multiple companies' R&amp;amp;D have acquired substantial funding – may have equal or highly similar effects, composition and taste as natural products but use less water, generate less carbon emissions, require less labor and cause no deforestation. Products that equal naturally grown coffee on the chemical molecular level technically would not be "coffee substitutes" but differ only in their method of production – and hence be "lab-grown coffee".

Organizations working on cellular coffee include:

* Afineur bụ mmalite nke dị na Brooklyn na-eji biotechnology na smart fermentations iji melite profaịlụ nri na uto nke nri sitere na osisi, na-amalite na kọfị aka.

### Ọbara nke ụgbala

* Sothic Bioscience bụ mmalite nke Cork nke IndieBio mepụtara na 2015. Sothic Bioscience na-ewu ikpo okwu maka mmepụta ọbara crab. Ọbara crab nke Horseshoe nwere limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL), nke bụ ọkọlọtọ ọla edo na-akwado ngwá ọrụ na ọgwụ.

### Azụ
Enwere ike iji ọrụ ugbo cellular mee ihe maka nri azụ azụmahịa.

* Finless Foods na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta ma mepụta ngwaahịa nri anụmanụ.
* Wild Type bụ mmalite nke San Francisco nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta anụ a zụrụ azụ iji dozie ihe ndị dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, nchekwa nri, na ahụike.

### Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ

* Ginkgo Bioworks bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na Boston na-emepụta ísì ụtọ ma na-emepụta ụmụ irighiri ihe.

### Silk

* Spiber bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na Japan nke na-akọwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke fibroin na ududo wee mepụta nje bacteria na DNA recombinant iji mepụta protein, nke ha na-agbanye n'ime silk ha.
* Bolt Threads bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na California na-emepụta eriri silk engineered dabere na protein a na-ahụ na silk ududo nke enwere ike ịmepụta na ahịa. Bolt na-enyocha DNA nke ududo wee mepụta usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị ahụ na ihe ndị ọzọ iji mepụta eriri silk yiri ya. A na-eji shuga, mmiri, nnu, na yist eme silk nke Bolt. Site na usoro a na-akpọ wet spinning, a na-atụgharị mmiri a n'ime eriri, dịka ụzọ a na-esi eme eriri dị ka acrylic na rayon.

### Akpụkpọ anụ

* Modern Meadow bụ ihe na-amalite na Brooklyn na-eto collagen, protein a na-ahụ na akpụkpọ anụ, iji mee akpụkpọ anụ biofabricated.

### Nri anụ ụlọ

* Clean Meat cluster depụtara n'ihi na Animals,  Wild Earth na Bond Pet Foods  dị ka ndị sonyere n'ịmepụta nri anụ ụlọ na-eji anụ a kụrụ akụ.

### Osisi
N'afọ 2022, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ na osisi mbụ e biri ebi na 3D. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ahịa (dịka na mmepụta zuru oke na ogo).

## Nsogbu

## Ihe omume agụmakwụkwọ

### New Harvest Cultured Tissue Fellowship na Mahadum Tufts
Usoro jikọrọ aka n'etiti New Harvest na Tissue Engineering Research Center (TERC), atụmatụ NIH kwadoro na 2004 iji kwalite injinia anụ ahụ. Usoro mkpakọrịta ahụ na-enye ego maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Masters na PhD na Mahadum Tufts bụ ndị nwere mmasị na bioengineering tunable structures, mechanics, na biology n'ime usoro anụ ahụ 3D metụtara uru ha dị ka nri.

## Nzukọ

### Nzukọ Owu Ọhụrụ
New Harvest na-eme ka ndị ọsụ ụzọ na ọrụ ugbo cellular na ndị ọhụrụ, ndị nwere mmasị site na ụlọ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ kesaa ihe mmụta dị mkpa maka ụzọ ọrụ ugbo cell na-aga n'ihu. E meela nzukọ ahụ na San Francisco, California, Brooklyn, New York, ma na-eme ya ugbu a na Cambridge, Massachusetts.

### Nkwekọrịta Nri na Nri Mmiri
Nzukọ nke atọ nke Industrializing Cell-Based Meats & Seafood Summit bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ na-eduzi na-ejikọta ndị isi na-eme mkpebi site na biotech na teknụzụ nri, na-eduga ụlọ ọrụ nri na anụ, na ndị na-etinye ego iji kwurịta isi ihe ịma aka na teknụgbọ maka mmepe nke anụ na nri mmiri.

### Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa banyere anụ a kụrụ akụ
Nzukọ sayensị mba ụwa na anụ a kụrụ akụ malitere na mmekorita ya na Mahadum Maastricht na 2015, ma kpọkọta otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọkachamara n'ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa iji gosipụta nyocha na mmepe ọhụrụ na anụ a na-azụ akụ. A na-eme ya kwa afọ na Maastricht, Netherlands.

### Nzukọ Ezigbo Nri
Nzukọ GFI bụ ihe omume lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwalite ahịa nke anụ dị ọcha na nke dị ọcha.

### Nzukọ Nzukọ Anụ Ọdịbendị
Cultured Meat Symposium bụ nzukọ e nwere na Silicon Valley na-eme ka nghọta kachasị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbanwe anụ dị ọcha pụta ìhè. 

### Ihe ngosi protein ọzọ
The Alternative Protein Show bụ "ihe omume netwọk" iji mee ka mmekorita dị mfe na "New Protein Landscape", nke gụnyere ọrụ ugbo nke osisi na nke cellular.

### Nzukọ Nri Ọhụrụ
Nzukọ Nri Ọhụrụ bụ ihe omume na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ nke na-achọ ime ka ngwa ngwa ma nye ike ihe ọhụrụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ngwaahịa anụmanụ site n'ịchịkọta ndị isi. Ọ bụ nzukọ mbụ na nke kachasị ukwuu na Europe na ngwọta protein ọhụrụ.

## Na mgbasa ozi

### Akwụkwọ

:* Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World bụ akwụkwọ gbasara ọrụ ugbo cellular nke onye na-ahụ maka anụmanụ bụ Paul Shapiro (onye edemede)  dere. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ mmalite ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka mmepụta ngwaahịa ugbo cellular.  
:* Meat Planet: Artificial Flesh and the Future of Food nke Benjamin Aldes Wurgaft bụ nsonaazụ nke afọ ise na-eme nchọpụta maka ọrụ ugbo cellular, ma na-enyocha ọchụchọ iji mepụta anụ na ụlọ nyocha, na-ajụ ihe ọ pụtara iche n'echiche na nke a bụ ọdịnihu nke nri. Ọ bụ Mahadum California Press bipụtara ya.
:* *Ebee ka hot dogs si bịa? Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka Banyere Ọrụ Ugbo Cellular* nke Anita Broellochs, Alex Shirazi na Illustrated nke Gabriel Gonzalez na-agbanwe ezinụlọ BBQ ka ọ bụrụ akụkọ sayensị na-akọwa etu esi eme hot dogs na teknụzụ ọrụ ugbo cellular. E wepụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na Kickstarter na July 20, 2021.  

### Podcasts

* Cultured Meat and Future Food bụ pọdkastị banyere anụ dị ọcha na teknụzụ nri n'ọdịnihu nke Alex Shirazi kwadoro,  onye na-emepụta ahụmịhe onye ọrụ mkpanaka nke dị na Menlo Park, California, onye ọrụ ya ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na teknụgbọ ahịa. Podcast ahụ na-egosi ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ sitere na mmalite, ndị na-etinye ego, na ndị na-enweghị uru na-arụ ọrụ n'ọrụ ugbo cellular.

## Akụkụ ndị yiri ya nke nyocha na mmepụta

* Ọdịbendị nri microbes na mmepụta microbial nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (dịka nke ududo silk ma ọ bụ protein powder nke anyanwụ) 
* Nchịkọta onwe onye nke protein osisi (dịka nke ududo silk yiri nke protein-based plastic)  
* Ngwakọta aka na-enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ (lee Biobased economy#Agriculture) 
* Nri ndị na-eṅomi (dịka anụ yiri anụ na mmiri ara ehi) 

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations