open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Azụmaahịa anụmanụ mba ụwa

Azụmahịa mba ụwa na primates na-ahụ 32,000 anụ ndị primates na- ndị mmadụ (NHP) nkata atọ ma na-ere ya n'ahịa mba ụwa kwa afọ.  [ na ] erekarị ha maka anụmanụ , maka nri, maka ihe ngosi na zoos na circus, na maka iji onwe ya dị ka anụmanụ. .

A na-ebupụ ndị NHP site na Indonesia, Malaysia, Kenya, Thailand, Philippines, Mauritius, mpaghara Amazonian gafee South America, na China, ebe ha dị na ụmụ amaala.  . Noveprim Group, Les Campêches Ltd, Biodia Co Ltd, Bioculture (Mauritius) Ltd, Bio Sphère na Prima Cyno Ltd na-ebupụ n'etiti 6,000 ruo 8,000 primates kwa afọ. https://www.lscv.ch/elevages-de-primates-a-maurice/

Ndị obodo, ndị ọrụ ugbo, na ndị dinta na-ejide ha bụ ndị ji ụgbụ a kụgidere gbuo onye na ma ọ bụ na-adabaghị ihe onye n'igbe.  Enwere ike ejide akara niile na ụgbụ, ebe a na-egbu ma ree NHP ọ àlà na-adịghị mma maka  nri  .

A na-ebuga ndị dị ndụ n'igbe ahụ gaa ebe a na-edebe ihe, ikekwe na-enweghị nri ma ọ bụ mmiri. A na-akọ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ juputara na unyi; ndị primates nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike iguzo na crates, ọtụtụ na-anwụkwa. A na-ekpochapụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ha na-arịa ọrịa, dị gịrịgịrị, ma ọ bụ aka nká, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ ọhụrụ bụ ndị a na-achọsi ike. 

Dị ka akara 1992 sitere na British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, 75% nke NHP nwere ike igbu na ebe a na-ejide ya.

## Nnwale anụmanụ
Enwere ike ibubata NHP na US wee ree ya maka "ihe sayensị, agụmakwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi," yana maka ojiji na mpaghara ọmụmụ. Dị ka AESOP Project si kwuo, a na-ebubata ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime NHP na US ka e were ya na ụlọ nyocha.

23,465 primates na- ndị mmadụ eburula maka ụlọ nchacha ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebubata ụlọ nyọkọ na US na 2014 akpọ macaques, grivets na capuchins .  Ọtụtụ n'ime anụmanụ ndị a sitere na China, Mauritius, Cambodia na Vietnam n'otu n'otu.  Covance, Charles River Laboratories na SNBL USA bụ ndị kasị ibu US ibubata enwe nke a kara aka maka ụlọ nwe.  [1] N'agbata afọ 1995 na 1999, e bubata adaka 1,580 na United States.

. Ndị ụgbọ elu nọ n'okpuru "nnukwu" site n'aka PETA na otu ndị ọzọ ka ha ikike ibuga enwe na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na ụlọ nyọkọ.  [1] Dị ka PETA si kwuo, ihe ụgbọ mmiri elu 110 ụgbọ ibuga enwe n' mgbaka, ọtụtụ mgbe ndị otu ahụ na-eme nri maka anụmanụ anụmanụ.

Anna nke 2015, Air France ka bụ ụgbọ elu ikpeazụ na-ebufe primates na-azụ ụmụ na ụlọ nyọny.  Ọ bụ ebe na Air France agwa omume ahụ, na-ekwu na a mmetụta iji enwe na nyọcha, ndị ọzọ asị PETA, Jane Goodall, James Cromwell na Peter Gabriel katọrọ ụgbọ elu ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Nnwale anụmanụ
* Nnwale anụmanụ na primates na-abụghị mmadụ
* Nbudata
* Nnukwu Ape Project
* Nnukwu mmachibido nyocha Ape
* Njikọ nchedo Primate International
* Nafovanny
* Ụlọ ọrụ Shamrock

## Ihe ndetu

Òtù:Ikike Nri
Ihe Omume Ụgbọ Mmiri

**Yachay Initiative** bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ edebanyere aha na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ ntorobịa na inye ike dị ka ụgbọ maka mmepe obodo na ibelata ịda ogbenye .  Tọrọ ntọala na 2010 wee kpọọ aha ngwaa Quichua (Ecuadorian) “ịmụta”, Yachay Initiative (YI) nwere ọrụ na Ecuador, Germany na Scotland.  Edebanye aha Yachay Initiative na Canada wee nweta nkwado site na Jacobs Foundation, Heinz-Peter und Annelotte Koch Stiftung, na Mahadum Jacobs Bremen . 

## Ecuador
Na Ecuador, YI na ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ iji nye mmemme iduzi nkuzi, ebe ya na ezinaụlọ nọ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mepụta ubi ahịhịa ahịhịa dị ka isi iyi nri na-adigide.  Emechara ọrụ pilot na Ecuador n'afọ 2010 iji nwalee mmemme ndị a, sochiri ọrụ nyocha akpọrọ "Phase II", bụ nke ezubere iji wulite ụdị mmemme abụọ a yana ndị obodo. Usoro "II" emechaala ugbu a yana ọrụ na-aga n'ihu ga-amalite na Ecuador na 2012. Ọrụ a na-aga n'ihu ịmalite na 2012 ekwuola ebumnuche ndị a: iji mee mmemme 10 Yachay Youth Leadership na ụmụ akwụkwọ 250 na obodo 6, iji kwado ezinụlọ 70 iji wuo na ịkwado ubi nri ezinụlọ mbụ ha, iji mee mmemme nri ehihie ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè. n'ime mmemme ndu, na ibido mmemme Internship Youth Yachay ọhụrụ, ma na mpaghara na mba ụwa. 

## Germany
Na Germany, YI na ụmụntakịrị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na-enweghị ohere na Bremen na-eme mmemme idu ndú. Emere oru pilot site na February 2010 ruo Mee 2010 na Oberchule an der Lerchenstrasse na Bremen, Germany. Yachay Germany na-amalite ugbu a oru ngo ndu ntorobia ọhụrụ na nke edegharịrị zuru oke na mmekorita ya na klas nke ise na Gerhard-Rohlfs Oberchule na Vegesack.

## Mmemme mgbasa ozi
Na Canada na Scotland, YI na-emepụta usoro ọmụmụ ihe iji kụziere ndị na-eto eto banyere nsogbu mmepe na usoro ịmalite ọrụ nke ha.  A na-atụ anya na a ga-eme ihe ngosi nke mbụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Canada, Scotland, Germany, Norway, na Ethiopia na njedebe nke 2011/ mmalite 2012.

## Edensibia
Nafovanny

Nafovanny na Vietnam bụ ụlọ ọrụ primate kasị ukwuu n'ụwa, na-ebunye macaques ogologo ogologo ( Macaca fascicularis ) na ụlọ anụmanụ anụmanụ, Huntingdon Life Sciences na UK na Covance na Germany

## ndabere
E hibere Nafovanny na 1994 site na Vanny Chian Technology, ụlọ ọrụ Hong Kong, dị ka Reuters si kwuo. 

Dr. John Wedderburn, onye bụbu onye so na kansụl na-achị RSPCA kwupụtara nkatọ nke ọrụ ahụ: "Ọ dị egwu, dị egwu. Ọ dịghị njedebe na ọgụgụ isi nke mmadụ mgbe ọ na-abịa n'ịme ego na ime obi ọjọọ." Daniel Chen, onye nduzi nke Vanny Chain Technology zara "Anyị enweghị nsogbu na nke ahụ n'ihi na ihe anyị na-eme dị nnọọ mma na ọ bụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ mmadụ." 

## Ebe na nha
. Nafovanny nnukwu nnukwu ugbo na Long Thanh, Vietnam.  [1] Dị ka British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) si kwuo, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-echekwa ugbo satịlaịtị na osisi Cambodia, nke BUAV na-ekwu na enwekwara ike ijide anụ .  Edeghị adị adị nke ugbo ndị a na broshuọ ụlọ ọrụ, dịka BUAV siri kwuo

Ndị ọrụ ime ụlọ nke Britain Harry na ha nri maka ugbo Satellite Nafovanny.  Otú ọ dị, o akụkụ na "Mkpebi a dabere na mmetụta nke mmetụta na ezi pụtara ebe a ka na-ewere Nafovanny dị ka ebe a na-anabata nke ọma, na ụmụ anụmanụ achọra maka ịga n'ihu na UK. A ga  -eme ndokwadịdị maka iche ụmụ anụmanụ ndị a tupu ebuga ha na UK - yana na ikiri ike nke a site na iche na nchoputa na mbata

## Ndị ahịa
akara Briten bụ Nafovanny ka ọ bupụ primates na ụlọ Britain na 1999. [1] Inspectorate nke British Animal Scientific Procedures Inspectorate gara Nafovanny na Machị 2005 wee mee "mkpụmkpụ n'ihe obibi na anụmanụ", mana ahụ ahụ, makwara mmesi.  obi ike na ihe na-egosi na emela ike dị ukwuu.

Dị ka Viet Nam News si kwuo, 3,000 Nafovanny macaques e bupụrụ na US maka ule nsogbu na 2000. [1] Otu International Primate Protection League kọrọ na Nafovanny bupụrụ macaque 1,440 na United States na 2013

## Hụkwa

* Nnwale anụmanụ na primates na-abụghị mmadụ
* Azụmahịa mba ofesi na primates

## Ihe ndetu
Ọrụ Mmepe nke Themba

**Themba Development Project**, tọrọ ntọala na 2008, bụ Canadian aha na-abụghị uru Organisation ( NGO ) nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ime obodo dị iche iche na South Africa . Mmemme bụ isi nke nzukọ a bụ maka imeziwanye ọnọdụ obibi ndụ ndị kacha daa ogbenye na South Africa. 

Mmemme South Africa gụnyere: 

* Ịkụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ iji melite oke nri dị yana iji chebe ala elu pụọ na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi.
* Mmemme ịhịa aka n'ahụ nke obodo nke na-enye ala ubi ubi ahịhịa na mkpụrụ maka ezinụlọ na-eche ụkọ nri
* Nkesa uwe ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe enyemaka maka ezinụlọ na-enweghị ike ị nweta agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi
* Mmemme bọọlụ ndu ndị ntorobịa lekwasịrị anya na ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ime obodo
* Mmemme mmata gburugburu ebe obibi iji kuzie nkwanye ugwu maka gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mmemme obibi mberede nke na-eji ụlọ ndị bụ isi dochie ụlọ ndị na-adịghị mma

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Themba Development Project tọrọ ntọala na 2008 mgbe onye nchoputa ya, Catherine Robar lere anya na ọnọdụ ibi ndụ na-adịghị mma nke ndị bi na Thembalethu, ebe obibi na-adịghị mma na nso obodo George na Western Cape Province. Thembalethu pụtara “Ebe Olileanya” n'asụsụ Xhosa ma bụrụkwa ebe obibi ugbu a nke onye rụpụtara nzukọ a Gcinisizwe Noyakaza, onye si n'agbụrụ Xhosa . Ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Canada na-eduzi nzukọ a n'agbanyeghị na ejiri ntinye nke obodo ndị a na-achọ ọrụ mmepe na-emepụta mmemme. Na mgbakwunye na enweghị nchekwa nri, Thembalethu kpọrọ aha na 2010 ka ọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ enweghị ọrụ kachasị elu na South Africa yana ihe dịka 80% nke ndị bi na ya enweghị ike ịchọta ọrụ. 

Na 2010 nzukọ ahụ gbasaara mmemme ya gụnyere mpaghara Transkei mbụ nke South Africa, mpaghara ọmụmụ nke onye isi ala mbụ Nelson Mandela . Themba Development Project malitere ọrụ na Nqiningana, obere obodo dịdebere Lady Frere na Queenstown na Eastern Cape Province. Nqiningana na-agbasi mgba ike na oke mmiri ozuzo, enweghị ọrụ dị elu, HIV na ụkwara nta . 

## Ihe nrite na nnabata
Ọ bụ ezie na nzukọ a malitere nke ọma n'ịdị obi umeala, ọ natawo nlebara anya mgbasa ozi pụtara ìhè n'ihi ọtụtụ nhọpụta onyinye enyemaka enyemaka nke onye isi ntọala ya, Catherine Robar nwetara. Nhọpụta ndị a gụnyere:

* Nhọpụta 2009 maka Canadian National Me To We Humanitarian Award nke Canadian Living Magazine, CTV News na Free The Children kwadoro.
* Nhọpụta 2010 maka North American Care2 na Tom nke Maine Hero's Next Door Humanitarian Award https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013022/http://www.care2.com/hero-next-door/214/description
* 2010 Top 50 finalist na CBC Champions For Change Award nke Canadian Broadcasting Corporation kwadoro http://www.cbc.ca/change/2010/10/catherine-robar.html
* 2010 Onye mmeri nke Big Brothers/Big Sisters Community Mentor Award https://web.archive.org/web/20110706165859/http://www.bigbrothersbigsistershalifax.ca/en/home/events/catherinerobar.aspx
* 2011 Semi-Finalist na 2011 South African Feather Awards, Atiya: Community Builder-Humanitarian

## Edensibia
Mba ndị machibidoro nnwale ndị na-abụghị mmadụ

Nke a bụ ndepụta mba machibido osisi enwe na- ndị mmadụ.  Okwu ape na- ọdịiche ebe a na-ezo aka na ndị niile nọ na nnukwu ihe Hominoidea, e nso Homo sapiens .  Machibido n'okwu a na-ezo aka na iwu iwu na-amachibido osisi na ape na-ahụ mmadụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-enwe ihe dị iche iche maka ọnọdụ oke egwu. [lower-alpha 1]

A videos nnukwu enwe — dị nta n'ime nnukwu nnukwute enwe — na European Union, United Kingdom, na New Zealand (mba 29 n'ozuzu).  [1] Mba ndị a mapela na chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas na orangutans dị ka ụmụ mmadụ nke na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe ntanye bụ ihe na-adịghị mma.  [2] [3] Ọstria bụ obodo n'ụwa amachibidoro mkpa enwe niile, egwu ma nnukwu enwe na enwe obere, nke a na-akpọ gibbons.

## Tebụl mba na-amachibido nnwale enwe na-abụghị mmadụ

## Tebụlụ mba na-amachibido nnwale enwe ukwu na-abụghị mmadụ

## Hụkwa

* Ikike anụmanụ site na obodo ma ọ bụ ókèala
* Nnukwu mmadụ enwe
* Great Ape Trust
* Nkwuwapụta na nnukwu enwe
* Nnukwu Ape Project
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado ikike anụmanụ
* Ọrụ R&amp;amp;R: Mwepụta na Nkwụghachi maka Chimpanzees na ụlọ nyocha US
* Mmegharị nnwere onwe anụmanụ

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* ReleaseChimps.org
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Mgbasa ozi ọla kọpa

akara 1870, enweela ọtụtụ mbọ iji ike ihie iko, n'ụdị a, ọnụ ya.

Nke a bụ ndepụta nke cartel ọla kọpa na awụ nke 20:

* Njikọ Mbupụ ọla kọpa, CEA, 1918–1923
* Ndị na-ebupụ ọla kọpa, Inc., CEI, 1926–1932
* International Copper Cartel, ICC, 1935 &#x2013; 1939 (nke World Copper Agreement mebere)
* Kansụl gọọmentị etiti nke mba ndị na-ebupụ ọla kọpa, CIPEC, 1967–1988

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
 

* Herfindahl, O. (1959) Ọnụ ego ọla kọpa na ọnụ ahịa: 1870-1957, RFF, Baltimore.
Òtù:Ikike Nri
Kansụl Gọọmentị nke Mba Ndị Na-ebupụ Ọla Copper

Intergovernmental Council of Countries Exporters of Copper ( CIPEC ) (French Conseil intergouvernemental des pays exportateurs de cuivre ) e kere na 1967 na Lusaka n'ebumnobi nke akụ atumatu nke ndị otu obodo na-achọ uto na ego ha ike site na ala kọpa .

## Ihe mejupụtara
Emebere ya na ndị otu a anọ, Chile, Peru, Zaire na Zambia .  Agbakwunyere anọ ọzọ na katel ahụ na 1975 - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea na Yugoslavia

CIPEC nọchiri anya ihe dịka 30% nke ọla kọpa a nụchara anụcha n'ụwa, yana ihe ọmụmụ 50% nke ọla kọpa anọra.  Ebumnobi nke ndị otu ahụ iji ego akara dị elu dara, mmetụta nke ịba mmetụta n'oge nsogbu nke 1975-1976, na ,Itọ sochirinụ ahụ usoro akụ na nke Chile mechara kpara n'ọgbọ agha.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-eche na ike akara nke cartel a bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, n'ihi na ihe ike nke ọ na-eche ihu na-agbanwe (dị elu elu OPEC, dịka ọmụmaatụ).  Enweghị ike ike mbelata ikike n'ime ogologo oge ndụ nke CIPEC yiri ka ọ na-akwado echiche a.  Agbasara ya n'ime 1990s

## Usoro CIPEC
Enwere usoro atọ nke CIPEC ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere akụ na ụba ghọtara:

* Ọkwa mba (1967–1973)
* Ogbo Omume Otu (1973-1976)
* Oge ntughari (1976-1988)

## Ọnọdụ gburugburu maka CIPEC
Mgbochi OPEC mere okporo n'ọla ihe mere eme nke ahia kọpa mba ụwa, na-akpọte mba ndị iro obi siri ike na mbupụ ngwa akara ha.  Ha ihe i na-ekwu omume CIPEC na ebumnobi nke unit ọnụ akara ngwa ha.

Rio Tinto Zinc (RTZ) ịhụnanya, na Nọvemba 1974 na Lusaka ndị òtù CIPEC nwere ikike iji ụgwọ mbupụ ọla kọpa site na 10% - emesịa mụbaa ruo 15% - ruo na ọkara mbụ nke 1976. Ihe mkpali dị elu elu na mba ndị ahụ  emezughị ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu na n'ezi n'oge a, naanị 300,000 tɔn ọla kọpa na-platele site na cartel - ọ bụ ahụ na ọkara nke mbelata ndị a tụlere na na-eche.  Ngwaahịa dị elu na uto nke isi akụkụ na- ezinụlọ nke cartel gbochiri hel ndị CIPEC nakweere inye ndị òtù ya uru.

## Hụkwa

* Cartel ọla kọpa
* Otu International Copper Ọmụmụ

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Nhazi Nri
Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọla Ọla Ọka

Ihe isi ike dị iche nke ụlọ ọrụ kọpa mkpughe nke nnukwu ngosi mba n'obi sochiri echiche nke ahụ ahụ efe site n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke mkpokọta iji obi ike.  N’ụzọ dị otú a na March, 28th, 1935, e hiwere International Copper Cartel ( ICC ).  E nwere ndị òtù ise nọ na katel ahụ na mmadụ na-ekiri ndị mba ọzọ nwere enyi.  Ndị na-atụ vootu bụ: Anaconda Copper (United States), Kennecott Copper (United States), Roan Antelope Copper (Northern Rhodesia), Rhokana Corporation (Northern Rhodesia) na Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (Belgian Congo), ebe ndị na  - Aha vootu.  Ndị òtù bụ Bor (Yugoslavia) na Rio Tinto (Spain).  Eji ọnụ ọnụ, ụlọ ọrụ asaa ndị nwere ihe ọkara ọkara nke ihe a rụpụtara n'ụwa niile nke ọla kọpa a nụchara anụcha n'oge ahụ.  Isi ihe dị iche na nke a na cartel ọla kọpa gara aga bụ na ndị otu ICC anwaghị esemokwu ọnụ otu.  Kama, ikike ikike i chere ọnụ na-egosighị ìhè, na-eme ka mmetụta dị ukwuu (Walters, 1944).  N'agbanyeghị uru uru otu ICC ihe n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ dịghị mgbe a kọchara ICC maka Iran oke ọnụ, n'iche ka ihe mere n'ihe gbasara cartel ndị gara aga.  N'ezie, n'uche Herfindahl, ụgbọ ala ihe mgbochi ọ ALA na nsogbu.  A Maseso ndị a na data ndị USGS kwa afọ na-egosi ọnụ ahịa ọla kọpa kwa afọ na US Dollar kwa paụnd (2204.3 lb kwa metric ton), ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ agbanwee maka Ndekọ azụmahịa US

Herfindahl (1959) kwuputara na ndị otu cartel laghachiri na asọmpi Nash-Cournot ozugbo ọnụ ahịa dị mkpa ma ọ bụ mkpalite gafere. N'aka nke ọzọ, Montero and Guzmán (2005) posit na imekọ ihe ọnụ omume nwere ike na-aga n'ihu na booms, ma na-eji mmepụta-ịgbasa atụmatụ iji gbochie ntinye nke asọmpi ọnụ.

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Herfindahl, OC (1959). Ọnụ ego ọla kọpa na ọnụ ahịa: 1870 - 1957. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.
* Walters, A. (1944). International Copper Cartel. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Southern Economic 11, 133-156.
* Montero, J.-P. na Guzmán, JI ''Mmekọrịta na-akwalite ọdịmma ọdịmma n'ihu n'ihu ọnụ ahịa asọmpi.''
* Guzman, JI (2007). International Copper Cartel, 1935–1939: ezigbo cartel? Akwụkwọ ọrụ, Ngwuputa Ngwuputa, Mahadum Katọlik nke Chile

## Hụkwa

* Cartel ọla kọpa
* Nkwekọrịta ọla kọpa ụwa
Òtù:Nhazi Nri
Nkwekọrịta ọla kọpa Ụwa

Nkwe ịhụnanya ọla kọpa nke ụwa,nyere aka na March 28, 1935, bụ ọbụbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-egwuputa ihe na- na-enwe ike cartel ọla kọpa zuru ụwa ọnụ.  Nkwe ahụ ahụ mebere nke ọma International Copper Cartel .  N'ịkọwa ndị na- Medical Africa, South America na ndị Europe, ahụ bụ iji "weta ọnọdụ dị mma na mmetụta, nkesa na akara ngosi ọla kọpa n'ụwa nile na mfe United States" site na mbelata .  Iji na-ahụ maka mmeju nke ma ሰራተኛ ya, kaadị ahụ nyere maka njikwa njikwa nke ndị òtù 5.

## Ndị bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ

* T Union Minière du Haut Katanga ( Katanga, Belgian Congo )
* Ụlọ ọrụ Rhokana ( Zambia )
* Roan Antelope ọla kọpa (Zambia)
* Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke Chile ( Chile )
* Ngwuputa ọla kọpa Andes (Chile)
* Greene Cananea ọla kọpa ( Mexico )
* Ụlọ ọrụ Braden Copper (Chile)

Na mgbakwunye na nke dị n'elu, Compagnie Francaise de Mines de Bor na Rio Tinto onye ọ na-enwe ikike inwe otu onye nzaghachi na-aga (na-Manu votu) nkọwa niile nke ndị ọrụ, na-ahụ nke ike ikike inwe otu onye nzaghachi na-aga (na-Manu votu) nkọwa niile nke ndị ọrụ, na onyeisi nke ike ndị dị otú ahụ  ahụ na akara nke ajụjụ niile.  .

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ederede nke nkwekọrịta ọla kọpa ụwa
* Montero, J.-P. na Guzmán, JI ''mmekorita na-akwalite ọdịmma ọdịmma n'ihu n'ọnụ ọnụ asọmpi.''
* Guzmán, JI ''Imekọ ihe ọnụ dị ka a price stabilizing usoro na ịnweta ahịa''
Òtù:Nhazi Nri
Sir Carl Meyer, 1st Baronet

Sir Carl Ferdinand Meyer, 1st Baronet (23 Disemba 1851 - 18 December 1922) bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ Britain na onye na-egwupụta akụ.
áká_èkpè|thumb| Oriakụ Carl Meyer na ụmụ ya, John Singer Sargent, 1896
A egwuregwu Meyer na Free na Hanseatic City nke Hamburg, na isiokwu ndị Juu, nwa nwoke nke abụọ nke Siegmund Meyer na Elise Rosa, née Hahn, ada Reuben Hahn.  Ọka onye isi obodo Britain na 1877. Na 1883 ọ ngosi Adèle Levis, ada Julius Levis nke Hampstead nke o ma nwoke Frank Cecil Meyer na nwa ndụ.. 

Adèle Levis bụ isiokwu nke ụzọ Oriakụ Carl Meyer na ụmụ ya, 1896, nke John Singer Sargent dere.

## Ọrụ
Meyer njikwa na mbụ maka aha Rothschild dịka onye isi ode akwụkwọ na onye mkparita uka ya na otu ndị na-egwupụta akụ De Beers .  Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ maka De Beers wee bụrụ osote Oga oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  Ọ bụkwa uru nke National Bank of Egypt, na onye so na bọọdụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-egwupụta akụ.  Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Hong Kong na Shanghai Bank (HSBC).  Enyere ya aha baronet na 1910 

Meyer nwere ikike dị ukwuu na nka, na-egosi mgbe niile nkwado maka opera, egwu na ihe nkiri.  Na 1909 o nyere 70,000 pound na Shakespeare National Memorial Theatre, nke e wu nchekwa ugbu a dị ka Royal Shakespeare Theater na Stratford-n'elu-Avon .  N'oge Agha Mbụ, Meyer degaara The Times akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na ya anabataghị ụzọ ndị German na-eji na agha ahụ, ndị imikpu nke RMS Lusitania, nke sitere na aro Sir Arthur Wing Pinero na ndị Briten sitere na German kwesịrị  ikwu okwu n'ihu nsogbu.  .

## Ogwe aka

## Ihe ndetu

## Njikọ mpụga

* Eserese nke Carl Meyer, Bridgeman Art Library

Òtù:Aha
Kansụl Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ nke Finland

**Kansụl ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Finnish** bụ ọgbakọ na -abụghị nke gọọmentị na-echekwa ikike ndị mmadụ nwere nchụpụ .  

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere Council Refugee Council na 1965 dị ka obere ụlọ ọrụ welitere ego maka UN Refugee Agency . Kansụl a etolitela ka oge na-aga, bụrụ NGO ma malite ọrụ dị iche iche.  

## Ihe omume ndị bụ isi
Kansụl ahụ nwere isiokwu anọ iji nweta ikike nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ, na-ewusi ike nkwụsi ike, itinye aka na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmegharị nke obodo dum. Iji gaa n'ihu na mbọ nke nzukọ a na-akpọ maka njikọta na nha anya ka mma na Finland, ọ ekwupụtala 'Ụmụ nwanyị gbara ọsọ ndụ nke afọ' kemgbe 1998, yana 'Nwoke gbara ọsọ ndụ nke afọ' kemgbe 2016. 

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe nke Yunnan

Nke&nbsp;**Ụlọ ọrụ mmepe nke Yunnan**&nbsp;(YID,云南发展培训学院), dabere na&nbsp;Yunnan&nbsp;Mpaghara&nbsp;Mpaghara Yuxi, bụ a&nbsp;Sino - Danish&nbsp;nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, na-abụghị nke gọọmentị&nbsp;agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye&nbsp;ulo akwukwo guzobere na 2001 na mmekorita ya na Yuxi Teacher College. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro ọzụzụ afọ ofufo nke ọnwa 11 nke na-azụ ụmụ akwụkwọ dịka ndị nkuzi mmepe maka ọrụ na China, India, Africa, na ebe ndị ọzọ n'ụwa nile  .

Ụmụ akwụkwọ nke mmemme ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù mba na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ mgbe emechara usoro ọzụzụ ahụ site n'inye ọrụ mmepe ime obodo. Site na mgbasa ozi n'ime ime obodo, ndị nkuzi mmepe a na-egbo mkpa obodo ọ bụla na-akụzi mmemme dị iche iche. Mmemme gụnyere inye ọmụmụ ihe gbasara nri, ịdị ọcha, ahụike, nchekwa idebe ọcha na mgbochi HIV/AIDS.  Ndị nkuzi mmepe na-akwado ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi mpaghara na mmemme ha na klọb ụmụaka, nkwado ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ, mmepe usoro ọmụmụ, ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi, na mmepe nwata. Ihe omume ndị agbakwunyere gụnyekwara ịrụ ọrụ microcredit yana mmemme ịkpata ego na mpaghara niile.  Ntuziaka na-ewere ọnọdụ na Bekee na Mandarin.

## Ọrụ
Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na China, Africa na India . Ihe omume gụnyere ịkụziri ndị mmadụ gbasara ahụike, ịdị ọcha na HIV, iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ na inyere ndị ọrụ ugbo dara ogbenye aka na gas bio gas na obere ego .

A zụrụ ndị sonyere na nkuzi ọnwa iri na otu dị ka 'Development Instructors' (DI) nwere mmasị ịmụta na ime mmepe. Ndị na-eso China na ndị mba ọzọ nwere ike ịhọrọ ịrụ ọrụ mmepe na Yunnan na Africa ma ọ bụ India. Enweghị ntozu pụrụ iche achọrọ iji sonyere mmemme Nkụzi Mmepe.

Site na 2008 ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-emejuputa nkuzi dị mkpụmkpụ maka ndị njikwa ọrụ . Na YID, agụmakwụkwọ gbadoro ụkwụ na "ịmụ site n'ime". Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ ebe onye so na ya na-eme atụmatụ ma na-emejuputa agụmakwụkwọ nke ha, ebe onye nkụzi bụ onye nhazi na ebe onye so na ya na-ahụ maka mmụta nyocha nke onwe ha. YID na-arụkwa ọrụ mmepe ime obodo nke akpọrọ Child Aid, ebe ndị DI na-enweta ọzụzụ bara uru ma na-ebi ndụ ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ime oge ọzụzụ bara uru nke ọnwa ise. YID na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ndị ọchịchị obodo n'ime ime obodo na n'ime obodo.

## mmegharị DRH
YID bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ iri na atọ n'ụwa niile bụ akụkụ nke DRH Movement (DRH sụgharịrị site na okwu Danish ka ọ pụtara "Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ndị njem na-eme njem"). YID na-enye ọzụzụ maka ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-arụ ọrụ na mmemme "Humana People to People". Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nkuzi, na-enye aka n'ịzụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ịzụlite obere azụmahịa na Africa na China.

## Hụkwa

* HIV/AIDS na Yunnan
* Ịda ogbenye na China
* Ndepụta NGO dị na China

## Edensibia

* Ọrụ mmepe obodo enyemaka ụmụaka; Ọrụ mmepe na afọ afọ ofufo na China (nke Thomas Kilian) Disemba 2007
* AYAD-Australian Youth Ambassadors for Development

; Kpọtụrụ


## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ China Lelee akụkọ nke Lila Buckley Ọktoba 2007
Fida International

**Fida International** bụ ọgbakọ ọrụ enyemaka na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Finnish nke chọrọ iweta olileanya na ọdịnihu dị mma nye mba niile - ọkachasị ụmụaka nọ na ịda ogbenye . E hiwere ya na 1927 ma gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst . Fida International na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, mmepe obodo na enyemaka mmadụ na mba 50. Fida International na-arụkọ ọrụ na ndị ụka obodo na ndị mmekọ NGO. Ebumnobi Fida bụ mgbanwe na-adigide nke na-enye ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa na ndị a na-enwetabeghị ike iji merie enweghị olileanya, kpochapụ ịda ogbenye na gbanwee obodo ha. Ihe Fida lekwasịrị anya bụ imeziwanye ikike ụmụaka na-enweghị nsogbu. 

Kemgbe 2009, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Fida International bụ Harri Hakola. 

## Ndị odeakwụkwọ ukwu

* 1950–1960: Odin Finell
* 1960–1969: Tapani Kärnä
* 1969–1980: Maka Kunnas
* 1980–1983: Veikko Manninen
* 1983–1987: Tapani Kärnä
* 1987–2009: Arto Hämäläinen
* 2009 – Harri Hakola

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Fida International
Nordisk Fond maka Miljø og Udvikling

**Nordisk Fond maka Miljø og Udvikling** bụ ntọala ọrụ ebere na- nke Danish. Ntọala ahụ hiwere isi na Copenhagen, Denmark .

Tọrọ ntọala na 1990, Nordisk Fond for Miljø og Udvikling nwere ebumnobi ekwupụtala nke ịkwado atụmatụ ime obodo, nchekwa ọhụrụ na mmepe n'ime ime obodo.

Ewezuga obere mmemme inye onyinye, Nordisk Fond for Miljø og Udvikling na-eme nyocha onwe ya. Hụ ọmụmaatụ http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00159.x/full

Nke Nordisk Fond maka Miljø og Udvikling bụ onye otu NGO Network nke Global Environment Facility, usoro afọ nke nke ụlọ ọrụ GEF kwadoro. Hụ http://www.gefngo.org/formmaster.cfm? &menuid=12&action=view&orgid=688&preaction=isi

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nchekwa gburugburu ụwa
* NGO Network nke Global Environment Facility
* The International Monitoring Matters Network
* Ụzọ imeghe maka Ọmụma Ala
Harry Frederick Oppenheimer

Harry Frederick Oppenheimer OMSG (28 Ọktoba 1908 – 19 Ọgọst 2000) bụ onye ọchụnta ego South Africa ama ama, onye ụlọ ọrụ na onye ọrụ.  A na- ibu Oppenheimer dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ịrịba n'ụwa, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye na-ahụ ihe na South Africa ruo afọ iri anɔ.  [1] N'afọ 2004, a mgbaàmà ya 60th na ndị SABC3's Great South Africa  

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
Harry Frederick Oppenheimer OMSG (28 Ọktoba 1908 – 19 Ọgọst 2000) bụ onye ọchụnta ego South Africa ama ama, onye ụlọ ọrụ na onye ọrụ.  A na- ibu Oppenheimer dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị baa egwuregwu n'ụwa, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye na-ahụ ihe na South Africa ruo afọ iri anɔ.  [1] N'afọ 2004, a na-egosi ya 60th na ndị SABC3's Great South Africa 

Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na Johannesburg, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Charterhouse dị na England, tupu ọ gaa akwụkwọ na Christ Church, Oxford, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1931 na Philosophy, Politics and Economics .  Mgbe ọ na-egosi ya Bridget (n McCall), ọ feed na England, mana o jiri bụrụ onye na-akwado ihe ndị Juu n'oge ndụ ya dum.  [1] O nyere ikike ka a na-ebuga dayamọnd gaa n'ọrụ dị mkpa na-hazi diamond na ike diamond.

## Ọrụ
Harry Oppenheimer bụ onye isi oche nke Anglo American Corporation maka afọ 25 na onye isi oche nke De Beers Consolidated Mines [1] maka afọ 27 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa ndị ahụ na 1982 na 1984 n'otu n'otu.  Nwa ya nwoke, Nicky Oppenheimer, ozi osote onye isi oche nke Anglo American Corporation na 1983 na Onye isi oche nke De Beers na 1998. [2] Nwa ya mere, Mary Slack, bi na Brenthurst, nke dị iche nke Johannesburg, mana o  nwere ụlọ na Muizenberg na London, England, yana ugbo egwu aha na-aga nke ọma nke dị ihe dị ka otu awa na ọkara n'ebe ugwu site na Cape Town.  Ugbo stud a na-ere ahia n'okpuru aha Wilgerbosdrift Stud, ma ụdị ụfọdụ ike na-aga nke ọma&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ọrụ ebere
Ọ na-emesapụkwa aka nye ndị ọrụ enyemaka nke Steeti Israel.  Ya onwe ya nyere ntụziaka ka Israel nata ngwaahịa ngwaahịa diamond dị mkpa site na De Beers iji guzobe onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime mba ndị na-eme ka diamond na-egbuke egbuke na mbupụ.

Na 1970s na 1980, ọ na-ekwu na apartheid Progressive Federal Party nke mechara ikpeazụ na Democratic Alliance .  [1] Ọ bụ onye South Africa Freemason 

Kimberley nyere akwụkwọ onwe nke obodo na Oppenheimer na 4 September 1973 dị ka ụtụ maka "nwa nwoke nke obodo ahụ" bụ onye gara n'ihu na-akpọ Kimberley dịka "ebe etiti diamond nke ụwa."

akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Harry Oppenheimer Agricultural High School dị na Limburg, Limpopo ka a na-akpọ maka mkpa ya n'ịkwado ego o nyere maka nguzobe ya.

The Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award, ihe nrite mbụ nke Africa, na-enye kwa afọ site n'aka Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, iji cheta nkwa Harry Oppenheimer maka ihe nke "ezigbo ọgwụ mgbagha."

## Sọpụrụ
Harry Oppenheimer Diamond Museum na Ramat Gan, Israel, ntọala ntọala na 1986 iji ihe ndụ ya na ọrụ ya.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Ndị injinia na-akpọ Grenzen

**Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen** ( Dutch for *Engineers Without Borders* ) bụ aha ndị otu abụọ Belgium ji mee ihe, ha abụọ bụ ndị otu nwa oge https://web.archive.org/web/20081205072309/http://www.ewb-international.org/members.htm nke netwọkụ International Engineers Without Borders .

## Hụkwa

* Ndị injinia na-enweghị oke (Belgium)

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen (na Dutch) nzukọ malitere site na Royal Flemish Engineer Association ( K VIV ).
Ndị injinia na-enweghị ókèala (Belgium)

**Ingénieurs sans Frontières - Ingénieurs Assistance Internationale** (ISF-IAI, nke a na-akpọkarị ISF, Belgium) bụ NGO nke Belgium na-enyere mpaghara ndị na-emepe emepe nke ụwa aka na mkpa injinia ha na ebumnuche ya bụ ime mgbanwe mmepe teknụzụ na mkpa nke ndị bi na ya. ebe ndị na-adịghị mma.

## Nchịkọta
O kwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen ( Dutch maka "Engineers Without Borders").

Tọrọ ntọala na ntinye nke ndị injinia ole na ole na nkwado nke Associations of Schools for Engineers ( FABI ), ISF nwere ike ịdabere na ntinye aka nke ọtụtụ narị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo: ndị injinia nwere ikike dị iche iche na ụmụ akwụkwọ dị njikere itinye oge na nkà ha. nke mmepe oru ngo.

N'ihi ọtụtụ kọntaktị na ma ọkachamara na gburugburu ebe obibi, ISF nwere ike ịchọ ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka ndị injinia na ndị ọkachamara na nsogbu ụfọdụ na mpaghara ọ bụla nke nkà na ụzụ. A na-arụ ọrụ ISF niile na ntọala afọ ofufo.

ISF, na-achọ mmekorita ya na ndị NGO Belgium ndị ọzọ, etolitela otu CHAKA na CODEART na ADG, ma ndị otu Belgium. ISF bụkwa onye otu Federation nke French na German na-asụ NGO nke Belgium (ACODEV) ma kwadoro ya site na General Directorate for International Cooperation of the Belgian Federal Government (DGCI).

ISF bụkwa onye otu EWB-International ( Engineers Without Borders International Network)

## Hụkwa

* Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen - ụlọ ọrụ "Engineers Without Borders" nke Belgium, nwere aha Dutch.
* Enweghị oke

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ingénieurs sans Frontières - saịtị gọọmentị (French/Bekee/Spanish)
Broederlijk Delen

**Broederlijk Delen** bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka Flemish na mmepe, bụ ọkachamara n'ịgbalị imezi ọnọdụ ibi ndụ nke obodo ime obodo na Africa na Latin America.  

N'ọkwa mba ụwa Broederlijk Delen bụ onye otu Coopération Internationale pour le Développement et la Solidarité ( CIDSE ), otu nche anwụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepe Katọlik si Europe na North America.

Kemgbe 2011 Broederlijk Delen bụ Thérèse Coens na-edu ya. 

## Ụzọ
**N'ebe ndịda zuru ụwa ọnụ** Broederlijk Delen na-etinye atụmatụ nke ndị bi na ime obodo n'etiti ọrụ ya. Ha na-akwado atụmatụ ime obodo ma ọ bụ otu kama ịmalite ọrụ nke ha.

Broederlijk Delen na-akwado ihe dịka ụlọ ọrụ mmekọ 160, ndị na-enweta nkwado ego. Broederlijk Delen na-arụ ọrụ na mba 13: isii n'ime mba ndị a dị n'Africa,  isii na Latin America, ha na-arụkwa ọrụ na Israel na Palestine. 

Na Flanders Broederlijk Delen na-arụsi ọrụ ike na amụma na ọrụ nkwado. Ọ na-agba mbọ ịkwalite mmata na ịkwado ime ihe. Ihe pụtara ìhè nke ọrụ Broederlijk Delen na Flanders bụ mkpọsa ego ya kwa afọ n'oge Lent, ụbọchị 40 bu ụzọ Ista. N'afọ 2016 ọ chịkọtara nde euro 3.1 n'oge mgbasa ozi Lent ya. 

Broederlijk Delen ahọrọla ilebara ahaghị nhata n'ime ime obodo site n'ilekwasị anya na isiokwu atọ ndị a:

# Right nri
# Ijikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-adịgide adịgide
# Ntinye na udo

## ndabere
Broederlijk Delen tọrọ ntọala na 1961 dị ka òtù enyemaka dị ka mmeghachi omume maka ụnwụ nri na mpaghara Kasaï Congo. Ụka Katọlik kpọrọ n'oge Lent maka onyinye maka ndị nọ ná mkpa n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe oku mbụ a gachara Broederlijk Delen ghọrọ onye enyemaka na mmepe NGO na-adịgide adịgide.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Weebụsaịtị Broederlijk Delen
Charles Skinner (onye ọkà mmụta ala)

Charles Skinner bụ onye ọkpụkpọ mbara ala bụ onye isi nke ike otu na ndị na-egwupụta diamond De Beers .    

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Aha
Agwaetiti Udo

**Islands of Peace** bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Belgium na-arụ ọrụ maka mmepe . Ọ bụ Dominique Pire, onye Belgium Dominican onye meriri Nrite Nobel Peace Prize na 1958 tọrọ ntọala ya. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Huy, Belgium.

Agwaetiti nke Udo  bụkwa aha otutu maka mpaghara na agwaetiti dị na ndịda Finland aha ya bụ **Åland**, mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ya na nke enweghị agha kemgbe 1920 site na mkpebi nke Njikọ Mba .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
"Agwaetiti Udo" bụ aha e nyere ọrụ ebere tọrọ ntọala na 1962, afọ atọ mgbe nyocha nke ubi gosipụtara irè nke ọrụ Dominique Pire: echiche nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti udo na mmepe, atụmatụ dabere na " enyemaka onwe onye ", na ịdị njikere imekọ ihe ọnụ nke ndị bi na ya, na usoro nnwale dabere na nkwado teknụzụ zuru oke na usoro.

Njikọ ọha mmadụ nke Islands nke Udo bụ nke mbụ nwere ike inye ekele maka nkwado zuru oke maka Dominique Pire's socio-economic (Service d'Entraide Familiale, Aide aux Personnes Déplacées, Iles de Paix) na agụmakwụkwọ (Université de Paix), na Europe na mba ụfọdụ. nke Ụwa nke Atọ .

## Ebumnuche nke isi
Enwere ike ịkọwa ụzọ nke Islands Peace site n'ahịrịokwu ahụ a ma ama: *Agir sans savoir est une imprudence, savoir sans agir est une lâcheté,* nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị: Ime ihe n'enweghị ihe ọmụma bụ ihe na-adịghị mma na ịmara na ime ihe ọ bụla bụ ụjọ. Dị ka Islands of Peace si kwuo, mmadụ ọ bụla ga-abụ nna nke aka ya na onye bụ isi maka mmepe ha. Islands nke Udo chọrọ inye ohere ka mmadụ niile, si North nakwa dị ka South, na-arụsi ọrụ ike na maka mmelite nke ọnọdụ ndụ, dabere na onwe ha ọnọdụ na ike.

## Mba
Ọrụ guzoro ọtọ :

* Bangladesh : Gohira (2005-2008)
* India : Kalakad (1968-1975)
* Mali : Tombouctou (1975-1994)
* Burkina Faso : Yalogo (1982-1999), Tansobentenga (2001-2011)
* Guinea-Bissau : Bolama (1986-2003)
* Bolivia : Sacaca (2001-2003)
* Ecuador : Pangor (1995), Pallatanga na Molleturo

Ọrụ dị ugbu a:

* Burkina Faso : Yamba (2002), Diapangou (2004) na Tibga-Diabo-Baskoure-Gounghin (2014)
* Benin : Toucountouna (2000) na Matéri - Cobly - Boukoumbé (2014)
* Mali : Bénéna (2007) na Fangasso (2008)
* Peru : Molino (2008), Santa Maria del Valle (2009) na Umari (2012)

## Ebe nchekwa
Ihe dị ka mita 40 nke State Archives na Namur na-ejide ebe nchekwa Dominique Pire, site na 1930 ruo 1970s. The non-profit associations *Service d'Entraide Familiale*, *Aide aux Personnes déplacées*, *[[Université de Paix]]* and *Les Amis des Îles de Paix et de l'Action Pain de la Paix* bịanyere aka na nkwupụta na January 2016 nke kwuru onyinye nke ebe nchekwa nke Père. Dominique Pire gaa na State Archives na Namur.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Weebụsaịtị agwaetiti nke Peace - FR -
* Weebụsaịtị agwaetiti nke Peace - EN -
* Rikolto na ODIS - Ebe nchekwa data dị n'ịntanetị maka nhazi etiti
Ọrụ ndị dị n'etiti ndị France

**Missionszentrale der Franziskaner** ( **MZF**, Franciscan mission centre) bụ otu ndị ọrụ ebere mmepe German nke usoro Franciscan, dabere na Bonn-Bad Godesberg ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mba. Ọ na-elekwasị anya na mmepe nke ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na pastor, na mmụta, ozi na ikike mmadụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Kansụl Vatican nke Abụọ kpaliri ndị German Franciscans chọta na 1969 otu ọrụ ebere nke na-esote Francis nke Assisi : na-akwado ma na-anọchite anya ndị ogbenye. Onye nhazi ntọala bụ Andreas Müller [ de ], onye duziri nzukọ a ruo 2002. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Africa, Asia, Oceania, Latin America yana Eastern Europe.  Na 2003, MZF malitere Bank für Orden und Mission (Bank for order and mission) 

## Ọrụ
Missionszentrale der Franziskaner na-agbaso ụkpụrụ Francis nke Assisi nke ịdị n'otu na ndị ogbenye na nchekwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi. A raara ya nye nhọrọ maka ndị ogbenye . Ihe karịrị ndị Franciscan 220.000 na-arụsi ọrụ ike na gburugburu mba 110, na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ na ndị nọ na mkpa.n  MZF na-akwado gburugburu ọrụ 600 na mba 60.  A na-ahọrọ ha site na njirisi:

* ndị nọ na mkpa malitere
* ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi na-adigide
* inyere ndị mmadụ aka inyere onwe ha aka ("Hilfe zur Selbthilfe")

MZF na-ahazi nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe na mbipụta dịka *Grüne Reihe* nke nkeji iri na ise.  Site na 1999, MZF haziri afọ afọ ofufo ("Freiwilligenjahr") maka ndị na-eto eto, ndị na-arụ ọrụ na oru ngo.  Site na 2009, MZF ahazila njem iji mee ka nzukọ nke ndị omenala na okpukpe dị iche iche,. 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Ihe omuma ihe omuma

**Kindernothilfe** ( **KNH** ) bụ ọgbakọ ọrụ ebere ma hibere na 1959 site n'aka otu Ndị Kraịst na Duisburg, Germany, iji nyere ụmụaka nọ n'ụba aka na India. Ka oge na-aga, ọ bụrụla otu n'ime ọgbakọ Ndị Kraịst kacha ukwuu na Europe maka enyemaka ụmụaka.

Taa ọ na-akwado ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde ụmụaka 2 na ndị na-eto eto na mba 31 na Africa, Asia, Latin America na Eastern Europe. KNH bu n'obi inye ụmụaka ndị nọ ná mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye ohere inwe mmalite dị mma ná ndụ. Nke ahụ pụtara agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ isi na ọzụzụ aka ọrụ, ezigbo nri na-edozi ahụ na nlekọta ahụike yana nkwado obodo maka ezinụlọ ụmụaka.

KNH na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na otu ndị mmekọ dị na mba ofesi, na-abụkarị ụka, ọgbakọ ma ọ bụ otu Ndị Kraịst. Otú ọ dị, a na-enye nkwado ụmụaka mgbe nile n'agbanyeghị okpukpe.

Isi ụlọ ọrụ dị na Duisburg. N'ebe a, ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na-ahazi ọrụ na mba ọzọ ma na-arụ ọrụ nchịkwa, agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ ezumike yana ịmalite mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi.

## Ego

### Ndị nyere onyinye
KNH bụ ọgbakọ ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na onye otu ọrụ Diaconic of the Evangelical Church na Germany. A na-enweta ihe karịrị pasentị 90 nke ọrụ ahụ site na onyinye sitere na 245.000&nbsp;ndị na-akwado Kindernothilfe. KNH na-erube isi n'ụkpụrụ na ibu ọrụ ya nke Ndị Kraịst dị ka e gosipụtara na ndụ Jizọs.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Renovabis

**Renovabis** bụ ọgbakọ ọrụ ebere nke Ụka Roman Katọlik dị na Jamanị,  hiwere na 1993 iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka na Eastern na Central Europe. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Freising, Germany .

Site na akaụntụ nke ya, Renovabis ejirila ihe dị ka US $ 400,000,000 na onyinye nzuzo na ọrụ enyemaka 14,000 na mba 28.

## Edensibia
De Beers Diamond Oval

De Beers Diamond Oval bụ ama egwuregwu cricket na Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa.  Ọ mepere na 1973 ma nwee ikike nke 11,000.  A na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a maka egwuregwu cricket ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ma ndị VKB Knights, na Sunfoil Series, na Northern Cape (nke bụbu Griqualand West), na CSA Provincial Competition .  Griqualand West ama egwuregwu De Beers ochie tupu oge 1973–74 wee biri na Diamond Oval ngosi ahụ.

  Ala ahụ dị na mpaghara Cassandra nke Kimberley na ozi nke Lardner Burke Avenue na Dickenson Avenue.  Ọ dị n'ụdị Kimberley Country Club yana nso ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ De Beers

## Narị afọ mba ụwa
.Dị ka nke February 2023[mmelite] narị afọ ODI ka agbagoro n'ebe a na-eme egwuregwu

## Ọkpụkpọ wicket ise nke mba ụwa
Ewerela ụzọ isii nwere wicket ise n'ala, atọ n'ime ODI ụmụ nwoke na abụọ n'ime ODI ụmụ anụmanụ.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* De Beers Diamond Oval na ESPNcricinfo
Ogige Egwuregwu De Beers

mmiri De Beers dị na Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa bụ ebe obibi nke ndị Griqualand West (nke a na-akpọ Northern Cape ugbu a) site na 1927 ruo 1973. It staged a total of 88 first-class match, na ihe niile  Griqualand West bụ ụlọ otu.  Ndị mmegide ha na-ahọpụta ndị otu ajụjụ na Currie Cup na ebe a na-anabatakwa ndị otu nlegharị anya mba ụwa ụwa Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), ndị Australia na ndị New Zealand .  [1] Na Griqualand West na-arụ na 1973, egwuregwu abụọ List A ka emere ebe ahụ.  [2] Griqualand West kwagara na otutu De Beers Diamond Oval tupu oge 1973–74 (a kpọpụtara ndị otu ahụ aha Northern Cape na 2015).

Ama egwuregwu ahụ bụ egwuregwu egwuregwu nwere ọtụtụ ndị ma nwee ihe ngosi maka egwuregwu egwu na egwuregwu egwuregwu, egwuregwu ịgba egwu na ụlọ egwuregwu ebe a na-agba hockey ime ụlọ na-ebube ụlọ .

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Ụlọ ọrụ Azụmaahịa Diamond

DTC na-ere diamond nke sitere na ọrụ Ngwuputa De Beers na South Africa na Canada, yana site na egwuregwu ya na Botswana, Namibia na Tanzania .  Ụdị dị na London, Kimberley, Windhoek na Gaborone na-hazi ola diamond ndị a n'ime ihe dị ka ụdị 12,000 dị iche iche dabere na nha, akwụkwọ, akpụkpọmma na agba.  A na-akpọ ndị aha DTC dị ka ndị na-ahụ anya, usoro nhọpụta ahụ na-ahụ nke ngwa Supplier of Choice (SoC) Sightholder ngwa na usoro nkọwa. 

Achọrọ ndị na-ahụ anya DTC ka ha gbasoo ụkpụrụ De Beers's Best Practice Principles (BPP) nke depụtara ụkpụrụ omume dị iche iche ebumnobi n'ime mpaghara atọ - Ọrụ azụmahịa; Ọrụ ndị mmadụ; Ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị BPP na-ahụ na De Beers Family of Companies, DTC Sightholders na ndị ọzọ ọdabara na-arụ ọrụ na ụkpụrụ omume, iwu, ọkachamara, ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. DTC chọkwara ka ndị ahịa ya kwenye 100% na usoro Kimberley. 

Usoro Kimberley nkiri mgbe mba South Africa na-ahụ diamond zukọrọ na Kimberley, South Africa, na May 2000, iji kparịta ụzọ a ga-esi eme egwuregwu 'diamọnd ụfọdụ ' ma hụ na-abụ diamond akwado ime ihe ike ma ọ bụ ọrụ.  iyi ọha egwu.  [1] Na Disemba 2000, na-eme Ezumezu nke Mba Dị Ndị n'Otu nakweere isi ihe ama na-akwado ejedebe mba ụwa maka diamond siri ike.  Ka ọ na-erule Nọvemba 2002, mkparita uka dị n'etiti ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ diamond mba ụwa na otu ọha mmadụ rụpụtara n'ichepụta akara Asambodo Usoro Kimberley (KPCS).  .  Akwụkwọ akụkọ ọrụ na 2003

## Hụkwa

* Ola diamond
* Ola diamond (Gemstone)
* Usoro Kimberley
* Ola diamond ka itinye ego

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ ndị emetụtara

* De Beers Group - Ahịa na nkesa
* Otu De Beers - Nlegharị anya na ndị na-ahụ anya
* De Beers Group – De Beers Akụkọ
* Diamondfloor - ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa Diamond
* Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu - GA/10011
* World Diamond Council
Òtù:Aha
Ikpe nke De Beers na-emegide ntụkwasị obi

De Beers diamond antitrust omume klas akwụkwọ ebubo ebubo awụ 60 iji dozie ọnụ diamond siri ike na US site n'aka otu ụlọ ọrụ De Beers .  Okwu ikpe na-agụnye ọtụtụ ikpe Hopkins v. De Beers Centenary AG, et al., Mba CGC-04-432954, nke akụkọ na July 24, 2004, na Sullivan v. DB Investments, Nke 04-cv-02819, na  okwu ndị egwu mbụ na 2001.

## Ebubo
. Mkpesa ndị ahụ boro ebubo na De Beers ekepụtala katel zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ahịa nke diamond siri ike ma na-egbu maramara - yana oke ahụhụ ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 90% - site na njikwa ike nke onye ọrụ na ọnụ,  yana obi mmetụta na ndị nche, ndị na-ebubata ya, na ndị nkesa.  Nke a bụ nnukwu iwu nke Sherman nche obi

## Nkwekọrịta mmezi
N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2005, ndị otu ahụ ruru nkwekọrịta mbido iji dozie nkwupụta nke ndị niile na-azụrụ ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè na mba niile, ebe Sullivan na-eje ozi dị ka ụgbọ ala maka ịchọ nnabata ụlọ ikpe nke mmezi, ọkwa na nchịkwa nkwupụta. Ịrụ nkọwa ahụ were afọ atọ n'etiti ndụmọdụ ndị gbara akwụkwọ na De Beers.  N'April 14, 2008, Ụlọikpe ahụ mere mkpebi ikpe ziri ezi na na May 27, 2008, nyere nkwado ikpeazụ na nhazi ahụ. 

Mkpebi a na-enye $295 nde ndịsị diamond na ọla diamond, $130 nde nye ndị na-azụ aha.  Na mgbakwunye, De Beers na iwu ihe mere eme nke machibido De Beers ka ọ ghara ejide ụwa nke diamond siri ike yana idozi ọnụ diamond a na-akpaka.  Iwu ahụ chọkwara De Beers ka ọ ikike ikike na-aga n'ihu nke ndị nwe obodo United States maka mmanye nke iwu ahụ.  [1] N'ikwu okwu ikpe ahụ, onye nke onye ọka ikpe bụ Eric B. Fastiff nke Lieff Cabraser kwuru na nri De Beers iji dozie "gosiri na akwụkwọ anyị ziri ezi. Ọ na ị na-etinye akwụkwọ ịgba akwụkwọ ma  na-anya anya onye aha gị ike, n'ikpeazụ onye ikpe mara ikpe ga-amata na ọ dị mkpa. iji dozie nsogbu ya."

Na Mee 21, 2012, Ndị nwe ikpe Kasị Elu nke United States echere ikpeazụ maka nchacha.  N'ikwekọ n'ikike nke Ndịikpe, e nwere ndị na-azọrọ ndị na-ere ikike ikike ikike nkesa mbụ na August 31, 2012. E kesara ego ndị na-eso na Reseller Subclass Net Settlement Fund nye ndị na-azọrọ Reseller ikike na  Maachị 15, 2013. N'ihe dị ka Nọvemba 24, 2015, nkesa nke ego ego emechaala ma mechie ahụ ugbu a.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ikpe omume klaasị

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Nhazi Nri
Ihe Na-adịgide Adịgide

Forevermark bụ ụlọ ọrụ diamond na ndidi nke De Beers Group . 

Forevermark na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na China, Hong Kong, India, Japan na United States. Forevermark dị na ahịa 32 n'ofe Europe, Eshia, Australia, na United States, ma nwee ihe karịrị 2,400. 

Emere Forevermark na 2008 dị ka nke De Beers Group .  [1] [2] Mwepụta ya lekwasịrị anya na Eshia, wee guzobe aha mbụ nke Forevermark na Hong Kong, China na Japan na 2009. [3] Na 2011, e webatara ika ahụ na United States na India.  [4] Ọzọkwa na 2011, onye na-ahụ ihe omume mma Britain Stephen Webster weputara mkpokọta mbịnye aka nke na Forevermark. 

Na 2016, Forevermark akarata nke mkpokọta Black Label ha.  [1] Ọzọkwa na 2016, onye na-ahụ maka ọla Britain Theo Fennell so Forevermark rụkọrọ ọrụ maka mkpokọta ihe ọhụrụ aka ọhụrụ ya.  

Na 2017, Forevermark weputara mkpokọta Forevermark Zanyah na akwụkwọ ya na couturier Sabyasachi Mukherjee .  [1] Ọzọkwa na 2017, ụlọ ọrụ weputara mkpokọta Forevermark Tribute ha na US na Canada. 

N'afọ 2018, Forevermark meghere Libert'aime site Forevermark, ụlọ echiche ọhụrụ na China nke a ga-emebe ya ka ọ kwadokwa omume àgwà ụgbọ puku afọ.  [1] akụkụ nke mbọ nchekwa okporo ụzọ Tusk Rhino, Forevermark na onye omenkà Dave White aka maka ihe ọkpụkpụ na 2018

Na 2019, Nancy Liu nọchiri Stephen Lussier dị ka onye isi oche nke Forevermark.  [1] Ọzọkwa na 2019, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ weputara mkpokọta Forevermark Tribute na India na Malaysia.  [2] Na June 2019, Forevermark weputara mkpokọta nke aha na ihe aka na US

### Ihe odide
A na-edobe ihe odide Forevermark na tebụl ihu diamond site na iji teknụzụ nwe ụlọ sitere na De Beers Group. Ihe odide ahụ bụ 1/20 nke micron miri emi (nke dabara na 1/5000 obosara nke ntutu mmadụ), ọ dịghịkwa ahụ anya na anya gba ọtọ. 

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Gahcho Kue Aerodrome

Gahcho Kue Aerodrome (bụ ụdọ ụgbọ elu dị 1.4 n'ebe ndị na-eso ndị mụrụ nke Gahcho Kue Diamond Mine Project, Northwest Territories, Canada . Ọdụ ụgbọ elu bụ De Beers Canada nwe ma na-arụkwa ya ma na-arụ ọrụ Gahcho Kue  Diamond Mine Project.Ọdụ ụgbọ elu mbụ bụ ụzọ ụgbọ elu ice na Kennady Lake ma 5,146  if (1,569 m) n'ogologo na ọnụọgụ 08/26

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Aha
Ogologo Cecil

Long Cecil bụ ogbunigwe wuru na ogbako ụlọ ọrụ De Beers na-egwupụta akụ na Kimberley maka ndị Britain jiri na nnɔ nke Kimberley n'oge Agha Boer nke echiche

Ndị na-akpa na Kimberley naanị obere RML 2.5 inch Mountain Gun na ya mere egwuregwu ngwa nke nwere ike dabara nke ọma ndị Boers gbara ya gburugburu. 
áká_èkpè|thumb| Barrel na breech blueprints
George Labram na Edward Goffe, onye isi Draftsman na ebe a na-egwuputa ihe, tụlere akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ gbasara ime egbe dị na Kimberley.  Site na nke a na ngụkọ ihe ọ ga-achọ iji wuo egbe nwere ike ịgba egbe ụfọdụ 7,600 meters (8,300 yd), ha na ọ ga-ekwe omume iji ihe ndị dị n'aka wuo égbè ahụ.

Ewubere gbọmgbọm ahụ site na 10-foot-long (3.0 m), 10.5-inch-diameter (270 mm) billet nke obere ígwè.  E bu ụzọ nye iwu billet ígwè ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ogwe aka maka otu n'ime igwe ọrụ nkuzi De Beers. 
áká_èkpè|thumb| Long Cecil mgboagha
Dị ka ọ dị n'ihe ndị na-agụ ya niile, a ga-ewu ngwa agha omenala maka egbe na ụlọ ọrụ De Beers.  A gbapụrụ agbapụ mbụ nzọụkwụ ihe mbụ izu atọ ka e nwee na 19 Jenụwarị 1900 na n'ibu Boer dị nso na Kamfers Dam, n'ebe ugwu nke obodo ahụ.  Ihe dị iche nke oge a na-ekwu na ndị Boers nwere nwé na mbụ site na nso nke egbe ọhụrụ ahụ, bụ nke nwere ike iche projectiles n'ụzọ ezi na ọnọdụ ha na mbụ dị ozi projectiles.

Egbe ahụ gbara nke obere na iri ise na ise na-agbaba n'ọkwa Boer site n'oge arụpụtara ya ruo na njedebe nnochibido ahụ ihe dịka otu ụnwa gachara.  Egbe ahụ agbanweghị nguzo nke ike ogologo oge, n'ihi na ndị Boers wetara egbe "Long Tom" 100-paụnd buru ibu n'ime izu nke ikpe Long Cecil.  Mgbọ ogbunigwe nke ndị ahụ bi na ya nọchibidoro wee si otú ahụ mụbaa ma n'oge na-akpa anya wee gbuo ndị isi ka ọ dị na mbụ.  Mgbu ahụ na nna mgbe ndị agha ụgbọ dị 8,000 nke Major-General French bịarutere na 15 February 1900.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ihe nketa
Na 1902, n'oge usoro olili ozu Cecil Rhodes na Cape Town, a na-ebu igbe ozu Rhodes n'elu ụgbọ mmiri Long Cecil.  [1] Taa egbe dị na stylobate (na-eche ihu na Free State ) nke Ncheta Nwụrụ Anwụ na- ike na Kimberley .

N'oge ụfọdụ tupu 1915 Pratt & Whitney wuru ihe nke nke egbe a dị ka nri nye American Society of Mechanical Engineers 

## Ihe ndetu

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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## Njikọ mpụga
Media related to Long Cecil at Wikimedia Commons
Òtù:Aha
Afọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ

**Afrique verte** ("Green Africa") bụ NGO nke France na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara Sahel nke Africa, Mali, Niger na Burkina Faso .  gosiri ya bụ iji hụ na nchekwa nri na mpaghara ahụ, yana n'ọtụtụ buru ibu, ike na-adigide .  Ihe omume ya na-agụnye maka akara akara ndị ọrụ ugbo ka mma, na-enye nhọrọ ka mma n'etiti mpaghara oke nri na obere nri.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official peeji nke Afrique Verte (Bekee)