open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Criegee nke dị n'etiti

thumb|Criegee zwitterion
Criegee intermediate (nke a na-akpọkwa **Criegee** **zwitterion** ma ọ bụ **Criegee** **biradical**) bụ carbonil oxide nwere akuku abụọ. Kemikall ndị a nwere ike imeghachi omume na sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxides na ikuku ụwa, ma na-emetụta mmepụta nke aerosols, nke bụ ihe dị mkpa na ịchịkwa ihu igwe ụwa.  Criegee intermediates bụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa nke OH (hydroxyl radicals). OH radicals bụ ihe kachasị mkpa oxidant na troposphere, ma dị mkpa n'ịchịkwa ịdị mma ikuku na mmetọ.

Mmeputa Nke udi a Nne mbu bu n'afo 1950 site n'aka Rudolf Criegee, onye nke abaghariri aha site na ya. I bughi ruo n'afo 2012 ka emere nchoputa wee hu kemikal ndi ahu. Infrared Spectroscopy tunyere alo nke Eletrik structure ka ekwukwaziri nwere agwa  Zwitterionic karia agwa  biradika nke ewputaburu na mbu.

## Nhazi
thumb|Ozon na alkene na-emeghachi omume  nke ndi oyibo kporo fomashion iji mepụta carbonyl na carbonyl oxide, nke a maara dị ka Criegee intermediate.
Criegee intermediates na-emepụta site na mmeghachi omume gas-phase nke alkenes na ozone na ikuku ụwa.  Ozone na-agbakwunye gafee njikọ carbon abụọ nke alkene iji mepụta molozonide, nke na-agbawa iji mepụta carbonyl (RR'CO) na carbonyl oxide. A maara nke ikpeazụ dị ka Criegee intermediate.

Mmeghachi omume alkene ozonolysis bụ oke exothermic, na-ewepụta ihe dị ka 50 kilocalories kwa mole (210 kJ / mol) nke ike karịrị akarị.  Ya mere, a na-emepụta Criegee intermediates na nnukwu ike dị n'ime.

## Mwepu
Mgbe e mepụtara Criegee intermediates, ụfọdụ n'ime ha ga-emebi ngwa ngwa unimolecular, na-emepụta OH radicals na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, ha nwere ike ịkwụsi ike site na mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ meghachi omume na kemịkal ndị ọzọ iji nye ngwaahịa dị iche iche.

Criegee intermediates nwere ike ịkwụsi ike site na mgbagwoju anya na molecules ndị ọzọ na ikuku.  Ndị a kwụsiri ike Criegee intermediates nwere ike ịnata okpomọkụ unimolecular decay na OH radicals na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịnwe mmeghachi omume bimolecular na ụdị ikuku ndị ọzọ.

Na usoro mmeghachi omume ozonolysis, Criegee intermediate na-emeghachi omume na carbonil compound ọzọ (n'ozuzu aldehyde ma ọ bụ ketone byproduct nke Criegee-intermediate formation reaction n'onwe ya) iji mepụta ozonide (1,2,4-trioxolane).

## Edensibia
Green Monday (nhazi)

akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday (GM) bụ mmalite nke na-eme ka ndụ dị ala na nke na-adịgide adịgide dị mfe. Tọrọ ntọala na 2012 na Hong Kong, GM na-ezube ịlụso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na ijide n'aka na nchekwa nri.

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014, nsonaazụ nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ nke nyocha ahịa Ipsos gosipụtara na nde mmadụ 1.6 Hong Kong, maọbụ 23% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, nabatara " akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday" - mmụba nke 18% site na 2012, na  karịrị 1,000 ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Hong Kong na-enye menu ha. [citation needed]

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday malitere itolite karịa Hong Kong na 2014. Ihe omume ndị gosipụtara nkwenye na uto ha n'ụwa niile gụnyere:  

* Mahadum Columbia ghọrọ mahadum mbụ na US iji malite  akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday na ogige ha.
* Fast Company (magazine) kpọrọ  akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday n'etiti China's Top 50 Most Innovative Companies of Year 2014.
* US Consulate nke Hong Kong, American Humane Society na Italian Chamber of Commerce na Hong Kong ghọrọ ndị mmekọ  .
* A malitere   akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday na Mahadum Washington dị na St. Louis na Jenụwarị 2015, na-aghọ mahadum nke abụọ na US sonye na mmemme ahụ.
*  akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday Program bụ nke ụlọ akụ ọrụ ọrụ ebere dị n'ógbè ahụ kwadoro. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014, ihe karịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ 800 nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 600,000 site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara ruo mahadum na Hong Kong kwere nkwa ide  “akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ monday”.
Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na Mali

thumb|250x250px|Otu ụyọkọ osisi na-agbanye ọkụ na Mali. Iji osisi mepụta osisi eji arụpụta ihe so na-eweta igbukpọ osisi na Mali.
**Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na Mali** gụnyere ọzara, igbukpọ osisi, mbuze ala, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ozuzu oke. Ịgbukpọ osisi bụ nsogbu siri ike ma na-abawanye. Dị ka Ministri Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi si kwuo, ndị Mali na-eri nde tọn osisi isii kwa afọ maka osisi na mmanụ. Iji gboo mkpa a, a na-emefu 4,000 square kilomita nke osisi kwa afọ, nkea na-ebuta mbibi nke ọhịa savanna nke mba ahụ.

Otu n'ime isi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke Mali bụ ọzara. Mali anọwo na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ihe ruru afọ iri ugbu  ọ na-emetụta mba ahụ n'ezie. Mbuze ala, igbukpọ osisi, nakwa mfunarị nke ala ebe ịta ahịhịa bụ nnukwu nsogbu na Mali. Mali nwekwara ụkọ mmiri.

## Hụkwa

## Edemsibịa
Ntinye Ntorobịa

Teen Turn bụ ọrụ ebere Irish nke na agba ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'afọ iri na ụma ume ịchụso ọrụ na teknụzụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Teen Turn bụ ọrụ ebere Irish nke Joanne Dolan na Niambh Scullion guzobere na 2016 na ebumnuche nke ịkwa lite teknụzụ na nkà kọmputa nye ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'ógbè ndị na enwe ghị ihe ịga nke ọma. A nwalere ya na mbụ na oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2016 na ụmụ agbọghọ 20 sitere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ise, ma kemgbe ahụ agbasawanye na ụlọ akwụkwọ 18 na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ 30.

## Ihe omume
Karịsịa, otu ahụ na-ezube iso ụmụ agbọghọ si n'obodo ndị na-enweta obere mahadum ma ọ bụ agụmakwụkwọ nke atọ rụọ ọrụ. Ha na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na dijitalụ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji nye ọrụ na ntụziaka. Ha na enye ọrụ izu abụọ. Ọrụ ebere ahụ na agbakwa ọsọ mgbe mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị. Ndị sonyere na mmemme a na Limerick gara na ihu merie BT Young Pioneer Award na 2018. N'afọ 2018, Teen Turn sonyeere The Digital Hub na Gaisce iji sonye na Technovation Challenge.

### Onyinye

* 2017 EU Digital Impact Organisation of the Year.

## Ebenside

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ Twitter gọọmentị
Iju Mmiri nke afọ 2018 na East Afrika

**Iju Mmiri nke 2018 East Africa** bụ ọdachi na obodo Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Somalia, Djibouti, na Burundi na-emetụta ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. Ha malitere mgbe oke mmiri malitere ịda na Machị 2018 na-esote otu afọ nke oké ọkọchị, na-eduga na nnukwu idei mmiri, mbuze ala, na ọdịda na ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi mmiri. E dekọrọ mmiri ozuzo ndekọ n'ọtụtụ ebe, karịa ihe ndekọ dị iche iche e debere n'oge 1950s na n'oge ihe omume El Niño nke afọ 1997-1998 . Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 500 anwụọla ebe ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ọzọ agbaala ọsọ.

## Mmetụta site na mba

### Rwanda
Idei mmiri na mba ugwu nke obodo Rwanda emeela ka nnukwu mbuze nke gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ nari abụọ. Ihe karịrị ụlọ 10,000 emebiwo.

N'ọnwa Mee, okporo ụzọ Kigali-Gatuna, nnukwu ụzọ jikọtara obodo Rwanda na ndị agbata obi ya, kpochapụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu izu, na-egbochi azụmahịa dị mkpa maka mba ahụ na-enweghị mmiri. Mmebi nke okporo ụzọ naanị gafee Rwanda ruru $ 28 nde.

### Kenya
A na-ewere afọ 2018 Long rain season (March-May) dị ka otu n'ime oge mmiri ozuzo kachasị njọ nke dugara na nnukwu akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ọ dịkarịa ala dịka nyocha ihe omume post si dị. N'oge a, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 186 nwụrụ na obodo Kenya n'ihi mmiri ozuzo ahụ n'ihi apịtị, ụlọ dara, mmiri riri, na ikpu. Mmadụ 283,290 ọzọ gbara ọsọ ndụ. Idei mmiri ahụ bụ ihe kpatara ọdịda Patel Dam na 9 Mee, 2018 na Solai, Kenya, nke dugara na mmadụ 48 nwụrụ na Kenya. Ihe mgbochi mmiri anọ ọzọ dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo gbawara na Mee 26, na-egbu mmadụ 5 ọzọ ma na-achụpụ 10,000 ọzọ.

A na-eme atụmatụ ugbu a na mmezi nke ụzọ mebiri emebi na obodo Kenya ga-efu $ 187 nde.

### Somalia
Mmiri ozuzo mbụ n'ọnwa Eprel na mmalite Mee gburu mmadụ 5, chụpụ mmadụ 215,000, ma metụta ihe karịrị mmadụ 630,000 na Somalia. Ọtụtụ idei mmiri emeela n'akụkụ osimiri Jubba na Shabelle, ihe atụ nke mmetụta Somali Flash Flood.

E nwere idei mmiri ndị ọzọ n'etiti Mee 17 na 21 ka Cyclone Sagar, nke kachasị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke na-ada na North Indian Ocean, kụrụ Somalia. Mmadụ 31 nwụrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ na Somaliland ebe 80% nke anụ ụlọ gbukwara.

### Burundi
N'ọnwa Machị, idei mmiri na Bujumbura kpatara mbuze nke gburu mmadụ 6 ma metụta ndị ọzọ 12,000. Idei mmiri na-aga n'ihu n'ọnwa Eprel niile mere ka mmiri dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Mutumbizi daa ma mechaa hapụ 1 onye nwụrụ na 2,573 ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi. Nnukwu mmiri ozuzo n'ime ọnwa Mee niile gburugburu Gatumba dugara na nnukwu idei mmiri nke metụtara mmadụ 12,956 ọzọ.

### Djibouti
Djibouti nwere idei mmiri kachasị njọ mgbe Cyclone Sagar kụrụ ya, nke mere ka ala daa na Mee 19. Mmadụ 20,000 emetụtala ma 2 anwụọla.

### Etiopia
Na Etiopia, mmadụ 98,000 agbapụla, gụnyere 26,000 na Dolo Odo naanị.  Ihe karịrị mmadụ 165,000 emetụtala n'ofe mba ahụ .

### Uganda
Na Uganda, oke idei mmiri na Kampala emeela ka ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike ọha na eze ka njọ ka ụlọ mposi ejupụtawo n'ebe ndị dara ogbenye na mmiri idei mmiri guzoro ebutewo mmụba nke anwụnta.  Nke a amụbaala ọrịa ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ n'obodo nke malitere na February 2018 wee gbuo mmadụ 45 ma metụta 2000 ndị ọzọ. .

## Edensibia
Harriet Bulkeley

**Harriet Bulkeley**, FBA (amụrụ ya na 17 Nọvemba 1972) bụ onye Britain na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ala na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke Geography na Mahadum Durham . Bulkeley bụkwa onye nhazi na ọrụ Naturvation. Site n'ọrụ ya na Mahadum Durham, Harriet na-etinye aka na ọrụ ReInvent-EU, nke na-ezube ịkwalite decarbonisation na mpaghara anọ dị mkpa: plastik, ígwè, akwụkwọ na anụ na mmiri ara ehi. Nnyocha ya na-enyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na usoro ndị gbara ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi gburugburu, yana njikwa ihe mkpofu obodo na United Kingdom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọkachasị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke obodo ahu, nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.

N'ọnwa Julaị 2019, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Fellow nke British Academy (FBA), ụlọ akwụkwọ mba United Kingdom maka ụmụ mmadụ na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Bulkeley gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Kambridge, ó gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afo 1995 na nzere na Geography, tupu ọ gụchaa PhD na Geography ya na Philosophy na 1998.

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
Bulkeley ebipụtala ihe karịrị akwụkwọ na isiokwu tutu iri Na ise, gụnyere 'Low Carbon Communities na Social Justice' (2012), nke Sarah Fuller, onye nchọpụta nsọpụrụ, sokwa na Ngalaba Geography nke Mahadum Durham, dere.

Bulkeley bụkwa onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Environment na  Planning C: Government na Policy .

## Ọrụ Nnyocha
Site na Mahadum Durham na Durham Energy Institute, Harriet etinyela aka n'ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha, gụnyere:

* InCluESEV Interdisciplinary Cluster on Energy Systems, Equity and Vulnerability
* International Network on Urban Low Carbon Transitions (INCUT)
* Ndị ahịa Led Network Revolution

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Omume Na-ahụ Maka Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe

Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) bụ otu nyocha nọrọ onwe ha na-enweghị uru na nzukọ iwu ihu igwe nke mba ụwa nke dị na San Francisco, California na ọfịs ndị ọzọ n'ụwa niile. CPI na-akwado nke ọma site na òtù ndị ọrụ ebere na ego mmepe gọọmentị.

Site na ihe karịrị otu nari ndị nyocha na ndị ndụmọdụ, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ iji melite ike na iwu iji ala eme ihe gburugburu ụwa, na-elekwasị anya na ego. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu ndị ọkachamara na-eduzi n'ịgbaso ego ihu igwe mba ụwa.
Malite na Landscape of Climate Finance (2011), CPI ebipụtala usoro akụkọ kwa afọ nke na-enyocha maka ego ọha na eze na nke onwe na mb ụwa niile. CPI na-ebipụtakwa nyocha ikpe miri emi banyere ịhazi ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze nke itinye ego onwe onye. 
Ka ọ na-erule 2021, CPI kọrọ na ego metụtara ihu igwe na n'etiti mba na-eme naanị ihe dị ka 0.7% nke GDP ụwa, nke dị ala karịa ego a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-adị mkpa maka mbelata ihu igwe na mgbanwe. San Giorgio Group (SGG), otu ọrụ nke CPI na ndị ọzọ guzobere na 2011, na-elekwasị anya n'ụzọ ego nwere ike ịkwado itinye ego na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.

E kwesịghị ịgbagwoju atụmatụ iwu ihu igwe anya na atụmatụ iwu na ọchịchị mgbanwe ihu igwe (ICCG), nke bụbu (ruo 2017) International Center for Climate Governance.

## Akụkọ ihe gara aga
Thomas Heller guzobere na 2009, CPI nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ha na San Francisco (United States). O nwekwara ọfịs na Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), New Delhi (India), Jakarta (Indonesia), na London (United Kingdom).
N'afọ 2020, onye isi nchịkwa ụwa nke Climate Policy Institute bụ Barbara Buchner.

## Mpaghara nyocha ugbu a

* Ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na arụmọrụ ike
* Iwu na ụlọ ọrụ
* Ego carbon
* *Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na mmepe* (maka akwụkwọ sayensị lee Climate and Development)
* Ọhịa na iji ala eme ihe

## Akwụkwọ e bipụtara
CPI ebipụtala ihe dị ka ọmụmụ 200 na mpaghara nyocha ndị edepụtara na mbụ, ọkachasị na oyibo, na ụfọdụ na Portuguese na Bahasa Indonesia (Malay). A nwere ike ibudata ọmụmụ ihe ndị a na ibe weebụ ha biputara.

## Lee kwa

* Ego ọrụ ihu igwe
* Okpomọkụ mba ụwa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Climate Policy Initiative

## Edensibia
Climate change adaptation in Ghana

Ghana ghọrọ otu na UNFCCC na Septemba 1995 wee kwado nkwekọrịta Paris ọzọ na Septemba 2016. Dị ka otu na nkwekọrịta Paris, a na-atụ anya na Ghana ga-emepụta atụmatụ mgbanwe mba nke na-akọwa atụmatụ mba ahụ na-ewere iji mee mgbanwe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe. 

Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agụnye ime mgbanwe na ihu igwe n'ezie ma ọ bụ a tụrụ anya ya n'ọdịnihu. Ebumnuche nke ime mgbanwe bụ iji belata mmetụta nke mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe (dị ka ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike karị, ma ọ bụ enweghị nri). Ọ gụnyekwara ime ihe kachasị mma n'ime ohere ọ bụla bara uru metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe.

A na-eme ka amara na atụmatụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-agbakwunye na mmebi mmadụ na akụ na ụba nke idei mmiri na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na Ghana, nke ga-enwe mmetụta kpọmkwem na mpaghara mmepe dị mkpa dị ka nchekwa nri, njikwa mmiri, ahụike, na uto akụ na ụba.

N'imegide ọnọdụ a, gọọmentị Ghana na ndị mmekọ mba ụwa ndị ọzọ ewepụtala ụzọ iji chọpụta adịghị ike na mmeghari ihe ndị dị mkpa na iji jikọta ihe ọmụma ndị a.

## adịghị ike mpaghara isi

### Nchekwa nri
Akụ na ụba Ghana na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ngalaba ndị na-emetụta ihu igwe dị ka ọrụ ugbo, nke na-eme ka nchedo na nchekwa nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụrụ ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka ịmepụta usoro nri siri ike Ọrụ ugbo na anụ ụlọ bụ isi ihe nke nchekwa nri na akụ na ụba Ghana, ebe ha na-ewe ihe karịrị 50% nke nde mmadụ iri atọ na abụọ nke Ghana. Ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara pasent 33 nke ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta n'ime obodo ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe oriri maka ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ndị bi na ya. Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, dị ka o doro anya na okpomọkụ na-arị elu na oke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na-echegbu onwe ha, n'ihi na ha na-akpata mmetụta dịgasị iche iche na nke na-apụtaghị ìhè na-emetụta ọrụ ugbo na anụ ụlọ.

### akụrụngwa mmiri
Mmiri na Ghana enweela mmetụta site na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma bụrụkwa ndị na-adịghị ike maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imetụta ọnụọgụ na ogo nke mmiri dị maka oriri mmadụ n'otu oge yana maka ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, na hydropower. Ịbawanye okpomọkụ nwere ike belata mmiri na-asọba n'osimiri, mgbanwe na mmiri ozuzo nwere ike imetụta ma mmiri na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala.

### [[Health|Ahụike]]
Nnyocha egosiwo na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ọrịa na Ghana nwere njikọ na nsogbu ihu igwe na mgbanwe ihu igwe. A na-atụ anya na mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike iduga n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa dị elu dị ka ịba na meningitis. Ka ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-agbanwe, a chọtawo ihe na-ebute nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa dịka ịba, yellow fever, wdg na mpaghara ebe a na-achọtaghị ha na mbụ. Mmetụta nke ndị mmadụ dị iche iche na mmetụta metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe na ahụike nwere ike ime ka ọ ka njọ site na nsogbu metụtara ịda ogbenye dị ka nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ na adịghị ọcha. Na mgbakwunye, ikike ime mgbanwe nke mba ahụ, ma ọ bụ ikike ya ịtụ anya, ịkwadebe maka, ma meghachi omume na mmetụta ndị a, nwere oke dịka ihe ndị dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike na ndị ọrụ ahụike ga-eme ka ohere dị nta maka nlekọta ahụike.
Òtù:Ahụ ike
2016 Iju Mmiri nke Johannesburg

Idei mmiri nke Johannesburg nke afọ **2016** bụ ọdachi na South Afrika nke mere na 9 Nọvemba 2016. Idei mmiri ahụ, nke mere n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Johannesburg, metụtara Johannesburg na Ekurhuleni. Oké ifufe na idei mmiri ahụ kpatara nnukwu mmebi na obodo Alexandra, ebe a kwupụtara mpaghara Buccleuch dị ka ebe ọdachi. Ihe kpatara idei mmiri ahụ bụ nnukwu igwe ojii si na usoro convective.

## Ihe omume ide mmiri
N'ehihie nke 9 Nọvemba, oké égbè eluigwe gafere Gauteng na-eweta mmiri ozuzo na akụ́ mmiri igwe. Akụkọ ndị a na-ejighị n'aka na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 90 mm na  otu narị na iri ise  mm nke mmiri ozuzo dara n'ime otu awa na-eduga na idei mmiri. Dị ka South African Weather Service si kwuo, O.R. Tambo International Airport nwetara mmiri ozuzo 89.6mm n'ihe dịka awa atọ.  Ụfọdụ n'ime idei mmiri kachasị njọ mere n'okporo ụzọ ndị dị mkpa n'oge okporo ụzọ dị ka okporo ụzọ Witkoppen na okporo ụzọ Linksfield na-apụ na-aga N3 (Eastern Bypass) kpatara nnukwu mmebi. Ka ọ na-erule elekere iri n'abalị ahụ, ụgbọala ọtụ nari ka nọ n'okporo ụzọ mmiri, mmiri ka na-ekpuchi M1 na Athol Road on- na off-ramps na Melrose, ma N3 Buccleuch interchange na okporo ụzọ Linksfield off- na on-ramps jupụtara n'akụkụ abụọ. Otu n'ime ụzọ ndị metụtara nke ukwuu bụ R24 na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ebe ụgbọala nọ n'ime mmiri. Enwekwara mgbochi okporo ụzọ zuru ebe niile na ide mmiri n'akụkụ niile na  ngbanwe Gilloolyz. Mmiri rikpuru okporo ụzọ na-aga O.R. Tambo International Airport dị ka ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala n'okpuru ala nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na ụgbọelu 26 tụgharịrị n'etiti 17:10 na 18:30, na ụgbọelu tụgharịrị gaa King Shaka International, Lanseria, Wonderboom na Gaborone.

Oke mmiri ozuzo mere ka osimiri Jukskei gbawara, na-emetụta R55 dị na Kyalami ebe akwa mmiri jupụtara na irighiri ihe ma gbochie ya. . A na-ekwu na e kwupụtara na mpaghara Buccleuch bụ ọnọdụ mberede, Woodmead Drive mechiri okporo ụzọ dịka Tom Jones Road dị na Benoni. A tụbara ihe dị ka ụgbọala iri n'elu okporo ụzọ N3. Mmiri ahụ metụtara ụgbọ oloko na-agba n'etiti Germiston na Kaalfontein, ebe ụgbọ oloko si Johannesburg gaa Pretoria na Tembisa na-atụgharị na ọdụ Germiston, ụgbọ oloko sitere na Pretoria naTembisa na-akwụsị na Kaalpontein. A kọrọ na ide mmiri na Midrand, Edenvale na Bedfordview; mgbe e kpochapụrụ nwa agbọghọ dị afọ atọ na Alexandra. E wepụkwara ụlọ na ụgbọala na Alexandra, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Mmadụ na Gauteng na-enye ebe obibi nwa oge mgbe Province guzobere  ebe nlekọta ọdachi Johannesburg.  Mgbidi oke ala dara na Zoo Johannesburg na mgbidi ọzọ dara na Houghton. . Dị ka ndị ọrụ mberede si kwuo, mmadụ isii nwụrụ n'oge idei mmiri ahụ.  Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Johannesburg Road Agency si kwuo, àkwà mmiri R55 dị na Kyalami dara, àkwà mmiri John Nhlanhla dị na Alexandra na akwa Buccleuch sachara, na àkwà mmiri niile dị ala dị n'etiti Kyalami na Dainfern jupụtara. .

## Edensibia
Ọrụ ice nke Greenland

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya nke saịtị GRIP na Summit Camp
**Greenland Ice Core Project** (GRIP) bụ ọrụ nyocha nke Ndi European Science Foundation (ESF) haziri. Ọrụ ahụ malitere site na 1989 ruo 1995, na oge evwuregwu site na afo 1990 ruo afo 1992. N'afọ 1988, a nabatara ọrụ ahụ dịka mmemme ESF, n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1989, a malitere ọrụ ubi na Greenland.

GRIP bu n'uche ịnakọta ma nyochaa ice cores nke dị mita 3000 nke a gwuru n'elu ice nke Greenland, nke a makwaara dịka Summit Camp. akwukwo Greenland ice  nwere ihe karịrị 90% nke ice sheet na akwukwo ice ice n'èzí Antarctica. 

Kọmitii Na-eduzi nke Mahadum nke Bern's Physics Institute, nke Prọfesọ Bernhard Stauffer duziri, duziri ọrụ ahụ. Ego sitere na mba Europ asatọ (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Switzerland, na United Kingdom), na European Union. Nnyocha nke isotopes nuklia na ihe dị iche iche dị na ikuku nke isi nyere nyere ohere ka ndị otu ahụ wuo ihe ndekọ zuru ezu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-ekpuchi afọ puku nari gara aga.
Elizabeth Betty Ryan

Elizabeth (Betty) Ryan (nke bụbu **Tylko**) bụ onye mmepe egwuregwu na onye mmemme America. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na General Computer Corporation (GCC) n'afọ ndị 1980 ma bụrụ onye ọrụ nke itoolu na nwanyị mbụ na-eme egwuregwu vidio na GCC. Ọ haziri egwuregwu arcade Atari, Inc. nke afọ 1982 Quantum yana ịrụ ọrụ na egwuregwu maka Atari 2600, Atari 5200, na Atari 7800.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Ryan nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Injinia na Applied Sciences na Mahadum Harvard ma bụrụ onye otu klas nke afọ 1980.

## Ọrụ
Ryan haziri egwuregwu vidio Atari arcade *Quantum*, nke General Computer Corporation (GCC) mepụtara maka Atari, Inc. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke itoolu na nwanyị mbụ mepụtara egwuregwu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Nwanne ya nwanyị, Carol Ryan Thomas, ka e mesịrị were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-anwale egwuregwu na onye na-edozi egwuregwu.

Mgbe *Quantum* gasịrị, Ryan rụrụ ọrụ na egwuregwu maka Atari 2600, Atari 5200, na Atari 7800, gụnyere Pole Position, Dig Dug, GCC's unreleased version of *Millipede* for the Atari 7800. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na AtariLab agụmakwụkwọ software.

Ryan ekwuola maka ọrụ ya na mmepe egwuregwu maka American Classic Arcade Museum. Kemgbe afọ 2003, ya na nwa ya nwoke, John Tylko, na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe weebụ.

## Egwuregwu

* *Quantum* (arcade, 1982)
* Ọnọdụ Pole (Atari 2600, 1982) ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site na arcade
* Dig Dug (1983) ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site na arcade
* *AtariLab* (1983)

### A na-ebipụtabeghị ya

* *Millipede* (Atari 7800, 1983) ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri site na arcade 

## Ebensidee

## Njikọ mpụga

* Betty Ryan Tylko na Atari Women 
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịkụ azụ

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ịkụ azụ na ụgbụ  a na ebuli elu na Bangladesh. Obodo ndị na-egbu azụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri na Bangladesh nwere ike ịdaba na idei mmiri site na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri.
Ugboro Ugboro

***Brotopia***: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley bụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke Emily Chang dere na puku abuo na iri na asato Ọ bụ akwụkwọ izizi ya ma bipụta ya na Febụwarị 6, puku abuo na iri na asato , site na Portfolio, nkewa nke Penguin Random House. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha ma na-enyo enyocha ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ nke Silicon Valley. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa na mba ahụ ozugbo ma nweta nlebara anya mgbasa ozi dị ukwuu na otuto dị egwu.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Chang si n'ihe karịrị narị ajụjụ ọnụ abụọ ọ gbara n'ofe ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ọnụ ndị ahụ sitere n'ọrụ ya na Bloomberg, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị mbụ ma mee maka ebumnuche nke akwụkwọ ahụ.

## Mbipụta na nkwalite
Vanity Fair wepụtara ihe si n'akwụkwọ ahụ na mbipụta Jenụwarị puku abuo na iri na asato nke akpọrọ ""Oh My God, This Is So F---ed Up": Inside Silicon Valley es Secretive, Orgiastic Dark Side". *Bloomberg Businessweek* wepụtara ihe na Febụwarị 2018 nke akpọrọ "Women Once Ruled the Computer World. Olee mgbe Silicon Valley ghọrọ Brotopia?".

E bipụtara Brotopia na Febụwarị 6, puku abuo na iri na asato site na Portfolio, nkewa nke Penguin Random House.

Akụkọ banyere akwụkwọ ahụ gbara na *The New York Times*, *The New York Time Book Review*, San Francisco Chronicle, Financial Times, TechCrunch na *The Verge*.

Chang pụtara na *Morning Joe*, *Good Morning America*, *CBS* This Morning na Marketplace iji kwurịta akwụkwọ ahụ.

*PBS* Newshour-New York Times "Now Read This" akwụkwọ klọb họọrọ Brotopia dị ka akwụkwọ klọbu ha na-agụ n'April 2019. Chang pụtara na PBS Newshour na Eprel 30, 2019, wee zaa ajụjụ sitere n'aka ndị na-ekiri banyere akwụkwọ ahụ.

## Nnakwere
Kirkus Reviews kpọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ "nnyocha zuru oke, nke dị mkpa" nke Silicon Valley, na-ede, "*Nnyocha* nke Chang na-emeghe ọnụ ụzọ sara mbara, na-enye ohere echiche ọhụrụ banyere ụlọ ọrụ rụrụ arụ ka ọ gbasaa ma kpalie mkparịta ụka".

E depụtara akwụkwọ ahụ maka Financial Times Business Book of the Year 2018 na 2018 800-CEO-Read Business Books Awards, a kpọkwara ya otu n'ime Amazon's Best Books of the Year So Far, ''Tech Crunch's'' Best Tech Books of 2018, na Financial Times Best Books of 2018.

## Ebensidee
Ụmụ agbọghọ mba ụwa n'ụbọchị ICT

thumb|Ụmụ agbọghọ mba ụwa n'ụbọchị ICT
 

A na-eme emume International Girls in ICT Day na Thursday nke anọ n'ọnwa Eprel iji mee ka a mara mkpa ọ dị **ụmụ agbọghọ** na ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba teknụzụ ozi na nkwukọrịta (ICT).

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Ụbọchị ahụ bụ atụmatụ nke Plenipotentiary Resolution 70 (Rev. Busan, 2014) site na Member States nke International Telecommunication Union iji mepụta mmemme ndị na-agba ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ ume ịtụle ọmụmụ na ọrụ na teknụzụ ozi na nkwukọrịta.

N'afọ 2022, mmemme Coding for Employment nke African Development Bank wepụrụ ọkara oghere ọzụzụ ya maka ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ iji cheta ụmụ agbọghọ mba ụwa na ICT Day.

## Ntinye aka
N'afọ 2015, ihe omume Girls in ICT Day nke a na-eme kwa afọ dekọrọ ihe dị ka ụmụ agbọghọ 177,000 gburugburu ụwa site na ihe karịrị ihe omume 5,300 na ihe karịrị mba 150. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, data nke International Telecommunication Union gosiri na ihe karịrị ụmụ agbọghọ 3,62,000 emeela emume ihe karịrị 11,000 na mba 171 n'ụwa niile n'oge International Girls in ICT Day.

## Ebensidee

* Ụbọchị Mba Nile nke Nwa Nwanyị
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Senegal

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Mmetụta akụ na ụba nke 2°C na Senegal
**Mgbanwe ihu igwe na Senegal** ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'akụkụ ọtụtụ ndụ na Senegal. Mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eme ka mmụba nke okpomọkụ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka n'etiti 1.5 na 4 °C (3 °F na 7 °F) site n'etiti afọ narị, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 1986 na 2005. Nkọwa nke mmiri ozuzo na-egosi mbelata n'ozuzu oke nke mmiri ozuzo yana mmụba nke nnukwu oké mmiri ozuzo n'elu Sahel. A na-atụ anya na oke osimiri ga-ebili ngwa ngwa na West Africa karịa nkezi zuru ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na Senegal abụghị ugbu a onye isi na-enye aka na griin haus ikuku gaasị na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa niile, ọ bụ otu n'ime mba ndị kachasị ike maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.

Oké ọkọchị na-emetụta ọrụ ugbo, ma na-akpata nri na enweghị ọrụ. Ihe karịrị 70% nke ndị bi na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo. A na-atụ anya na ịrị elu nke oke osimiri na mbuze nke osimiri ga-emebi akụrụngwa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma chụpụ pasent dị ukwuu nke ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwekwara ike ịbawanye mmebi ala nke nwere ike ịba ụba ọzara n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Senegal, na-eduga na mgbasawanye nke Sahara.
Mmepụta dị ọcha

**Mmepụta dị ọcha** bụ ihe mgbochi do iche iche, atụmatụ nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ.  Ebumnuche ya bụ iji belata ihe mkpofu na ikuku na-esi n'ime ala apụta ma bulie mmepụta ngwaahịa.  Site n'inyocha ihe na ike na-agafe na ụlọ ọrụ, mmadụ na-anwa ịchọpụta nhọrọ iji belata ihe mkpofu na ikuku sitere na usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe site na usoro mbelata isi iyi.  Mmeziwanye nke nhazi na teknụzụ na-enyere aka belata ma ọ bụ na-atụ aro nhọrọ ka mma n'iji ihe na ike, yana izere ihe mkpofu, mmepụta mmiri mkpofu, na ikuku gas, yana okpomọkụ na mkpọtụ mkpofu. 

## Nchịkọta
E mepụtara echiche a n'oge nkwadebe nke Rio Summit dị ka mmemme nke UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme) na UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) n'okpuru nduzi nke Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel, onye bụbu osote onye isi nchịkwa nke UNEP. Ebumnuche mmemme ahụ bụ iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ. O wuru na echiche nke 3M ji mee ihe na mmemme 3P ya (mgbochi mmetọ na-akwụ ụgwọ). Ọ chọtara nkwado mba ụwa karịa mmemme ndị ọzọ yiri ya. A kọwara echiche mmemme ahụ "...iji nyere mba ndị na-emepe emepe aka ịpụ site na mmetọ gaa na mmetụ dị ala, site na iji teknụzụ dịnụ". Malite site n'echiche dị mfe iji mepụta obere ihe mkpo ka e mepụtara n'echiches iji mụbaa arụmọrụ nke mmepụta n'ozuzu. UNIDO anọwo na-arụ ọrụ Ebe nrụpụta ihe ọcha nke mba and Programmes (NCPCs / NCPPs) na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Latin America, Africa, Eshia na Europe.

Na US, a na-ejikarị okwu mgbochi mmetọ eme ihe maka mmepụta dị ọcha.

Ihe atụ maka nhọrọ mmepụta dị ọcha bụ: 

* Akwụkwọ nke oriri (dị ka nyocha dị mkpa nke ihe na ike na-aga, dịka ọmụmaatụ na eserese Sankey)
* Ojiji nke ihe ngosi na njikwa (iji chọpụta mfu sitere na atụmatụ na-adịghị mma, agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ na-adịghị ike, mmejọ)
* Mgbanwe nke ihe ndị a na-emepụta na ihe enyemaka (karịsịa ihe ndị a ga-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ na ike)
* Mmụba nke ndụ bara uru nke ihe enyemaka na usoro mmiri (site na izere ịdọrọ, ịdọrọ pụọ, mmetọ)
* Nchịkwa na imepụta ihe ka mma
* Iji ihe mkpofu eme ihe ọzọ (n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí)
* Usoro na teknụzụ ọhụrụ, nke dị ala

## Ihe Ndị E Mere
Otu n'ime atụmatụ mbụ ndị Europe na mmepụta dị ọcha malitere na Austria na 1992 site na BMVIT (Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie). Nke a dugara na atụmatụ abụọ: "Nkwadebe" na EcoProfit.

E guzobere atụmatụ "PIUS" na Germany na 1999. Kemgbe afọ 1994, United Mmepe ụlọ ọrụ mba Nhazi  na-arụ ọrụ Ebe nrụpụta ihe ọcha nke mba Mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Central America, South America, Africa, Asia, na Europe.
Christina Wodtke

Christina R. Wodtke (amụrụ n'October 22, 1966) bụ onye ọchụnta ego America na ọkachamara na mpaghara nke echiche imewe, ihe owuwu ozi na Management Science (na-ahụ maka OKR na mmepụta otu).) Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na HCI na Mahadum Stanfo7rd ugbu a.

## Oru
Wodtke enweela ọtụtụ ọrụ ndị isi na ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ, ọkachasị ndị na-eduga ndị otu wuru ikpo okwu  omume ma mepụta algọridim maka akụkọ Linkedin, na-edughachi imepụta Myspace na ibe profaịlụ ya ma na-edugu imepụta na ịmalite ikpo okwu ịgba chaa chaa Zynga.com.

Wodtke bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche gara aga nke ozi Architecture Institute. Dị ka onye ọkachamara na Ahụmahụ Onye Ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Yahoo, Hot Studio, *The New York Times*, na *Zynga* iji melite ma melite ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha.

Wodtke guzobere magazin Webby-nominated nke echiche imewe [Boxes and Arrows] ma bipụta ya mgbe niile (yana onye na-enye onyinye oge ụfọdụ). Boxes and Arrows bụ magazin nke mbụ dị n'ịntanetị nke e mere naanị maka ndị na-emepụta  na-arụ ọrụ, ma kpalie ọtụtụ 'zines ndị ọzọ dị n'Ịntanet, site na UXmatters ruo Johnny Holland. [citation needed]

A na-achọkarị ya dị ka ọkachamara maka ajụjụ ọnụ na okwu gbasara imewe weebụ mmekọrịta, gamification, ahụmịhe onye ọrụ njikwa mmalite, na ihe ọhụrụ.

* 
* 
* 
* 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwupụta maka OKRs. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN .

## Ebensidee

X

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụmụ nwanyị na Tech Africa

**Women in Tech Africa** (**WiTA**) is an organization with a focus on entrepreneurship expansion and multiplying the numbers of females in technology especially in Africa. It was founded by Ethel D Cofie. Over the years, WiTA has strategically focused on enabling women to drive Africa's growth story and create impact on personal life through technology. Currently, its target audience comprises aspiring female tech entrepreneurs between the ages of 18–40. Women in Tech Africa is the largest group on the continent with membership across 30 countries globally with physical chapters in Ghana, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Somaliland, Germany, Ireland, Kenya, Tanzania and Mauritius.

* Ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha banye na teknụzụ ma were ọnọdụ ndị isi na ngalaba teknụzụ.
* Ịmepụta pipeline maka ụmụ nwanyị ịhọrọ ọrụ STEM.
* Ịgba ụmụ nwanyị ume ịbanye n'ime oghere azụmaahịa STEM.

### Ụmụ nwanyị na Tech Week (WiTW)
Emume dijitalụ a na-eweta ụmụ nwanyị na teknụzụ n'ụwa niile iji mee emume ihe ịga nke ọma na mmetụta site na ọzụzụ idu ndú, mmụta ndị ọgbọ, na ogbako.  Isiokwu ndị a na-elekwasị anya metụtara teknụzụ, ọchụnta ego, nguzozi ndụ ọrụ, na idu ndú. Ndị na-ege ntị maka ihe omume ndị a na-agụnye ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọchụnta ego teknụzụ, ụmụ agbọghọ na-achọ ọrụ STEM na ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi C.  Ihe omume ndị a na-elekwasị anya ọ bụghị naanị na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'Africa kamakwa ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka n'ụwa niile. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, WiTW natara nkwado site na Graca Machel Trust.

Na mmekorita ya na MTN Foundation, Women in Tech Africa haziri ọrụ MTN Girl Code na 2017. Ọrụ a chọrọ ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na MTN App Challenge (ihe omume MTN na-agba kwa afọ), melite ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ agbọghọ na usoro okike na Ghana ma gbaa ume ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụnwaanyị na usoro okpomọkụ nke African Startup. Ọzụzụ dị na nkwenye azụmaahịa, ngwa mkpanaka na mmepe IoT na egwuregwu na mmepe animation.

### Ogige Boot nke Afrịka nke Ọdịnihu
Na mmekorita ya na ATBN (UK) na Comic Relief, #HerFuture Africa, ọrụ inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ọchụnta ego nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ụmụ agbọghọ ikike na inye ụmụ agbọghọ ngwaọrụ ndị dị mkpa iji gboo mkpa nke obodo ha. A zụrụ ndị sonyere na echiche imewe, echiche, atụmatụ ọrụ, na ihe osise azụmaahịa na ọgbọ ngwọta. Ọrụ a hụrụ ịrị elu nke Ivy Barley, onye guzobere Developers na Vogue.

Na mmekorita ya na Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA) AgriHack Talent Initiative, atụmatụ a bu n'uche ịkwalite ọchụnta ego maka imeziwanye ihe oriri na mba Africa, Caribbean na Pacific. Egwuregwu AgriHack meghere maka ndị guzobere ngwọta ICT nke na-egbo mkpa na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo.

* Onyinye United Nations Equals maka idu ndú 2018

## Ebensidee
Ụmụ nwanyị 2.0

Women 2.0 bụ netwọk zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikpo okwu mmekọrịta maka ndị inyom na-achọ na ndị na-akwado teknụzụ ugbu a. E guzobere ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2006 ma na-enye ihe ngosi maka mmemme echiche maka ndị injinia, ndị na-emepụta ihe, azụmaahịa, na ndị na-ere ahịa chọrọ ịmalite ma mepụta ọrụ teknụzụ dị elu nke ha.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Ndị Shaherose Charania, Angie Chang, na Shivani Sopory guzobere, otu ahụ na-ahazi ọmụmụ ihe na ihe omume iji nyere ndị ọchụnta ego nwanyị aka. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego na-amalite ọrụ dị elu site na ịnweta ihe onwunwe, netwọk, na ihe ọmụma. Ihe dị ka pasent 80 nke ndị otu netwọk ahụ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na mmalite. Nzukọ ahụ natara ego site na Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2011.

Women 2.0 na-enye mmemme izu ise nke na-emetụta mmadụ iri abụọ. Ndị otu ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mepụta ngwaahịa ise dị irè ma mepụta echiche nsogbu. Mgbe a kwadoro ya ma mepụta prototype bụ isi, ndị otu ahụ na-emetụta incubators dị ka Astia, TechStars, Springboard, na YCombinator, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Enwekwara asọmpi atụmatụ azụmahịa kwa afọ nke na-ejedebe na Pitch Night, ebe ndị ikpeazụ na-egosi atụmatụ ha n'ihu otu ndị ọkàikpe.

N'afọ 2011, Women 2.0's mobile-focused Founder Labs ghọrọ otu nzukọ kwụụrụ onwe ya nke dị na San Francisco na New York City.

na 2015 ha malitere inye onyinye.

## Ebensidee
Ella Cheever Thayer

**Ella Cheever Thayer** (September 14, 1849 October 28, 1925) bụ onye America na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ. A mụrụ ya na mba Maine, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka telegraph ma bipụta ọtụtụ ọrụ n'oge ndụ ya.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke apothecary George Augusta Thayer (October 19, 1824 na December 13, 1863) na Rachel Ella Cheever Thayer (Ọktoba 18, 1823 - May 15, 1907). Otu nwanne ya nwanyị, Mary Georgie Thayer (Ọktoba 9, 1869 na Machị 30, 1912), bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Thayer mechara bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka telegraph na Brunswick Hotel na Boston, Massachusetts, onye jiri ahụmịhe ya na telegraph dị ka ihe ndabere maka akwụkwọ ya Wired Love, A Romance of Dots and Dashes, nke ghọrọ akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa ruo afọ (10) iri.

Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede egwuregwu, ebe o dere The Lords of Creation n'afọ 1883. A na-enyocha egwuregwu ya n'akwụkwọ On to Victory: Propaganda Plays of the Woman's Suffrage Movement nke Bettina Friedl, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1990 ( ) ọ bụkwa otu n'ime egwuregwu ndị mbụ.

O dekwara *Amber*, a Daughter of Bohemia, ihe nkịrị dị n'ime ihe ise, n'afọ 1883. O dekwara akụkọ mkpịrịkpị maka magazin gụnyere "The Forgotten Past" na *Argosy* (Jenụwarị 1897).

## Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị
O biri na Saugus, Massachusetts. Thayer nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa imeju; e debere ntụ ya n'ọnwa Nọvemba 1, n'afọ 1925 na Bigelow Chapel, dị na Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts.

## Ebensidee
Joeri Rogelj

**Joeri Rogelj** (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye obodo Belgium na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na-arụ ọrụ na ngwọta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ na-enyocha otú ọha mmadụ nwere ike isi gbanwee gaa n'ọdịnihu na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na sayensị na iwu ihu igwe (onye na-arụkọ ọrụ) na Centre for Environmental Policy (CEP) na onye ntuzi nyocha na Grantham Institute Climate Change and Environment, ma na Imperial College London. Ọ na-esokwa International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akụkọ ihu igwe site na Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) na United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), yana onye otu European sayensi bọọdụ ndụmọdụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
rogelj dechara nzere injinia na kU Leuven (Belgium) na 2003, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta postgraduate na omenala na ọmụmụ mmepe n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2005. Ọ gụsịrị PhD ya na physics ihu igwe na Swiss Federal Institute for Technology (ETH Zurich) na afọ 2013 n'okpuru nlekọta nke Prọfesọ. Reto Knutti na isiokwu nke ejighị n'aka na ọnọdụ ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ.

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Ụmụ nwanyị na Teknụzụ International

Women in Technology International (**WITI**) bụ òtù na-akwalite ihe **ụmụ nwanyị** rụzuru na teknụzụ ma na-agbatị nkwado, ohere, na mkpali. Ọ bụ Carolyn Leighton guzobere ya na 1989 dị ka International Network of Women in Technology. A gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ WITI Professional Association na 2001 mgbe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka òtù azụmahịa maka ụmụ nwanyị na teknụzụ.

A maara ya maka ịmepụta Women in Technology International Hall of Fame, nke na-ewebata ụmụ nwanyị nyere aka dị ukwuu na teknụzụ.

Malite site na otu email na 1989, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2012, otu ahụ etoola ruo nde mmadụ abụọ wee ghọọ nzukọ na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị na teknụzụ.
Nzukọ WITI nke afọ 25 nke afọ 2014 Powering Up! gụnyere ndị ọkà okwu dịka Gwynne Shotwell, Onye isi oche na Chief Operating Officer na SpaceX. N'afọ 2022, Randstad Technologies kwupụtara mmekọrịta ya na WITI iji dozie ndị na-anọchite anya nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ọrụ ma gbaa ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị ume ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ teknụzụ.

## Hụkwa

* AnitaB.org
* Ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na Tech
* National Center for Women &amp;amp; Information Technology

## Ebensidee

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Marie-Laure Ryan

**Marie-Laure Ryan** bụ onye ọkà mmụta na-ede akwụkwọ n'onwe ya na onye nkatọ. O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwụ gbasara akụkọ, akụkọ ifo, na culture ndi cyber,ma nye ya onyinye ọtụtụ ugboro maka ọrụ ya. Ọ gara Mahadụm Geneva iji mụọ akwụkwọ dị ka onye na-agụsị akwụkwọ, tupu ọ kwaga United States na 1968. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Utah, ebe ọ nwetara M.A. ya na Linguistics na German, yana Ph.D na French. O mechara nweta nzere bachelọ na Computer Science na Mahadum California San Diego .

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye injinia ngwanrọ ma bipụta ihe karịrị isiokwu iri ise, sụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ma nyefee, ọkachasị, echiche nke akụkọ dijitalụ, echiche akụkọ, echiche nke ụdị, ụzọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ, na ọdịbendị dijitalụ ma nye ọtụtụ okwu a kpọrọ. Na *akụkọ Avatar*, ọ na-anabata nkọwa transmedial nke akụkọ dabere na ntọala ọgụgụ isi. Ọ bi ugbụ a na Bellvue, Colorado ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ok mmuta na Residence na Mahadum Colorado site na afo 2009 ruo 2010 tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka Gutenberg Fellow na Mahadim Johannes Gutenberg, site na 2010 ruo 2011. O dezigharịrị *Johns Hopkins* Guide to New Media and Digital Textuality na Lori Emerson na Benjamin Robertson, nke e bipụtara na 2014.

## Ihe-nrite

* E nyere ya ihe nrite nafo 1992 maka Independent asụsụ site na asụsu ohuru Association maka oganiru uwa  Artificial Intelligence andative Theory
* E nyere ya ihe nrite Jeanne na Aldo Scaglione nke afọ 2002 maka mgbako akwukwo edemede site na Modern Language Association for Narrative as Virtual Reality
* 2001-2002 Onye natara Guggenheim Fellowship. Ọrụ: Akwụkwọ edemede
* E nyere ya onyinye Wayne Booth nke afọ 2017 maka ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndụ site na International na obodo I muta ntughari

## Akwụkwọ

* *Nkọpụta uwa, Spatializing Narrative. Ebe nkọpụta ihe odide na jiografi zukọrọ* (Columbus: ruo steeti Ohio na mahadụm mbipụta na afọr, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8142-1299-8)
* *Nkọwa ihe oyoyo na emume  2: Revisiting Immersion and Interactivity in Literature and Electronic Media* (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, series Parallax, 2015)
* *Akụkọ Avatar na.* (Mahadụm nke   Minnesota mbipụta ọtụtụ igwe mgbasaozi na afor 2006 uwa oganiru nke amamihe  an nkọwa ihe odide*d Narrative Theory.* (Bloomington:  mahadụm Indiana  ndi mbiputa akwukwo, 1991)

## Ebensidee


Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mgbanwe ihu igwe mberede

thumb|A chọpụtala hydrates Clathrate dị ka ihe nwere ike ime maka mgbanwe mberede.
Mgbanwe ihu igwe mberede na-eme mgbe a na-amanye usoro ihu igwe ka ọ gbanwee na ogo nke usoro ihu igwe na-ekpebi ike-ntụziaka ike, na nke dị ngwa ngwa karịa mgbanwe mgbanwe nke mmanye mpụga,[1] na agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ịgụnye na mberede.  ịmanye ihe omume dịka mmetụta meteorite.[2]  Ya mere mgbanwe ihu igwe mberede bụ mgbanwe karịrị mgbanwe ihu igwe.  Ihe omume gara aga gụnyere njedebe nke Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse, [3] Younger Dryas, [4] mmemme Dansgaard-Oeschger, ihe omume Heinrich na ikekwe yana Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum.[5]  A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ n'ime ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akọwa mgbanwe ihu igwe mberede nke a na-achọpụta na ogologo oge nke ndụ mmadụ, ikekwe n'ihi nzaghachi nzaghachi n'ime usoro ihu igwe [6] ma ọ bụ isi ihe.

Oge ihe omume ndị akọwara dị ka 'ngwa ngwa' nwere ike ịdịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị egwu.  Mgbanwe e dekọrọ na ihu igwe nke Greenland na njedebe nke Younger Dryas, dị ka a tụrụ site na ice-cores, na-egosi okpomọkụ na mberede nke +10 °C (+18 °F) n'ime oge afọ ole na ole.[1]  Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ na mberede bụ +4 °C (+7.2 °F) na Greenland afọ 11,270 gara aga[2] ma ọ bụ na mberede +6 °C (11 °F) na-ekpo ọkụ afọ 22,000 gara aga na Antarctica.[3]  Na uzọ dị iche, oke ọkụ Paleocene-Eocene nwere ike ịmalitela ebe ọ bụla n'etiti iri afọ ole na ole na ọtụtụ puku afọ.  N'ikpeazụ, usoro Earth System na-arụ ọrụ na n'okpuru ikuku gas na-aga n'ihu dị ka 2047, ụwa dị nso n'elu okpomọkụ nwere ike ịpụ na mgbanwe dị iche iche na afọ 150 gara aga, na-emetụta ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ 3 na ọtụtụ ebe ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ụwa.
Kwụsị JJOO 2030

Nkwupụta Kwụsị JJOO 2030 bụ nkwupụta ọha na eze nke 2021 megide Pyrenees-Barcelona 2030 Winter Olympics. N'ịbụ nke otu ndị obodo kwadoro site n'aka onye nhazi nke usoro SOS Pyrenees haziri, ọ nwere nkwado nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke ime obodo, ugwu, omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gburubruru ahu.

Mgbasa ozi ahụ na-ekwu na ịkwalite ọkwa a n'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe di ka, okpomọkụ ụwa bụ enweghị ọrụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ na-adọ aka ná ntị na ebe ezumike Pyrenees adaberelarị na mmepụta snow aka mere ma ọ gaghị adị irè n'etiti oge. N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụ ihe mgbe ochie ngwa ngwa. N'ihi ya, nkwupụta ahụ na-akwado iwepụ ọrụ ahụ na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ịga n'ihu, ọ na-arịọ maka ọwa nke itinye ego iji kwalite mgbanwe nke ụdị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba: ọdịiche dị iche iche nke akụ na ụba, ịlụ ọgụ megide ịkọ nkọ na mbelata nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ugwu, yana nchedo nke ebe okike na akuku nke mmasi.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Na Febụwarị nke afọ 2022, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Katalan 150 bipụtara "Independent Scientific Manifesto na 2030 Winter Olympics candidacy na Pyrenees". Ha na-ekwu na isi 10 ihe mere ọrụ a ji ghara ikwe omume. A na-ekwusi ike na teknụzụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka enweghị nghọta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Gọọmentị Pere Aragonès enwebeghị ike ime ka ụmụ amaala nweta akwụkwọ nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ruo ugbu a. Nkwupụta ahụ na-ekwukwa na mmụba nke njem nleta ga-enwe mmetụta na-ebibi ihe na ụdị dị iche iche nke ugwu. ihe ọzọkwa bụ, mmetụta akụ na ụba nke mpaghara ahụ ga-abụ nke na-adịghị mma, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ nọgide na-enwe nsogbu. Ihe ọzọkwa bụ, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ebe ndị e gwupụtara ihe n'ala na Pyrenees nke nwere ike imebi nke ukwuu. N'ikpeazụ, mmụba nke ihe achọrọ maka ike na mmiri, dị ka mmụba na mmetọ, bụ ihe a na-anabataghị n'ihe gbasara ọnọdụ ihu igwe a kwesiri ime ngwa ngwa.

Na June 20,  nke afọ 2022, Kọmitii Olympic nke Spain wepụrụ kpamkpam onye na-azọ ọkwa maka 2030 Winter Olympics n'ihi enweghị ike iru nkwekọrịta n'etiti gọọmentị Javier Lambán na Pere Aragonès. Mgbe ha nụrụ akụkọ ahụ, Popular Unity Candidacy na En Comú Podem mere emume maka ịhapụ "macro-project" a ma chọọ atụmatụ itinye ego ọhụrụ maka Pyrenees.

## Edensbịa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Manifesto
Òtù:Mgbanwe ihu igwe
Windo mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ

thumb|Mgbasa nke radieshon na ikuku
N'ikuku nke ụwa, uzuoku mmiri na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ ebili mmiri nke ike Infrared (IR), ebe ndị ọzọ anaghị etinye uche.  Akụkụ ndị fọdụrụ na electromagnetic spectrum nke ikuku mmiri anaghị amịkọrọ dị ka oghere dị na mbara igwe, na-ekwe ka ike electromagnetic na-asọba n'ime na n'ime usoro ahụ, dị ka windo nke na-enye ohere ka ìhè banye wee pụọ.[1].  Na mbụ John Tyndall chọtara ya,[2] ọtụtụ n'ime infrared na-abịa site na Eluigwe na Ala na-egbochi, ma na-etinye uche ya site na uzuoku mmiri (na gas ndị ọzọ griin haus) na ikuku ụwa.  Ogologo ogologo ikuku ndị a nwere ike iru n'elu akụkụ akụkụ na-abịa site na ihe a na-akpọ 'window vepor'.[3][4]  Window ndị a bụ otú ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe nwere ike isi lee eluigwe na ala na telescopes IR, nke a na-akpọ mbara igwe infrared.  Ụgbụ anwụ anwụ nke mkpirisi ọkụ na-abata na ụzarị ikuku ogologo ikuku na-apụ apụ n'elu ikuku na-eme ka nguzozi ike nke ụwa na-elele.  Ọnụ ahịa elele zuru ụwa ọnụ nke agbapụta, radieshon ogologo oge bụ 238.5 Wm2, ka Loeb et al.  (2009)'s ọmụmụ banyere satịlaịtị chọpụtara.  Mmadụ nwere ike nweta okpomọkụ ikuku dị mma nke ụwa site n'iche na usoro ikuku ụwa na-egbuke egbuke dị ka onye ojii dịka Stefan-Boltzmann equation of blackbody radieshon si dị.  Okpomọkụ nke nsonaazụ bụ -18.7 Celsius.  Tụnyere +14.5 Celsius C, nkezi okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke elu ụwa, ọ bụ 33 Celsius C jụrụ oyi.  Nke a na-egosi na elu ụwa dị ihe ruru 33 Celsius C karịa ka ọ ga-adị ma ọ bụrụ na ikuku adịghị.Windo ndị a na-enyekwa ohere ka satịlaịtị na-agagharị agagharị tụọ ike IR na-ahapụ mbara ala, SST na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.  Hụ nnabata elektrọnik site na mmiri: Mmetụta ikuku.

## Edensiba
Mmiri na ịdị ọcha na mpaghara Sahara Africa

thumb|Ihe mkpofu n'okporo ụzọ na Ghana
Ọ bụ ezie na ịnweta **mmiri na ịdị ọcha na mpaghara Sahara Africa** anọwo na-akawanye mma n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, mpaghara ahụ ka na-esote mpaghara ndị ọzọ niile na-emepe emepe. Inweta mmiri ka mma amụbaala site na 49% na 1990 ruo 68% na 2015, ebe ịnweta ịdị ọcha ka mma rịrị elu site na 28% ruo 31% n'otu oge ahụ. Ndịda Sahara Africa emezughị Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990-2015) nke belata òkè nke ndị bi na ya n'enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ịdị ọcha dị mma n'etiti 1990 na 2015. A ka nwere nnukwu ọdịiche n'etiti mba ndị dị na mpaghara Sahara nke Afrịka, na n'etiti obodo ukwu na ime obodo. MDGs setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa iji belata mkpuchi mmiri na ịdị ọcha (WASH) na ugbu a ihe mgbaru ndụ ọhụrụ dị n'okpuru Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (SDGs, 20162030). MDGs kpọrọ oku ka e belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi na ya n'enweghị mmiri zuru oke na ịdị ọcha, ebe SDGs na-akpọ maka ịnweta ụwa niile, na-achọ mbelata na-aga n'ihu nke enweghị nhata, ma gụnye ịdị ọcha na mgbakwunye na mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Karịsịa, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 na-elekwasị anya n'ịhụ na nnweta na njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile.

Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-enye mmiri site na ụlọ ọrụ dị n'obodo mepere emepe na ime obodo ma ọ bụ otu obodo n'ime ime obodo.  Netwọk ọwa mmiri abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị yana ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-adịghị na-adịkarị obere.  Ịdị ọcha na-abụkarị n'ụdị ụlọ mposi olulu ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi nkekọrịta.  A na-enweta 70% nke itinye ego na mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Sub-Saharan Africa ego n'ime ma naanị 30% na-enweta ego na mpụga (2001-2005 nkezi).  Ọtụtụ n'ime ego a na-enweta n'ime bụ ego nke ezinụlọ ($2.1bn), nke bụ isi maka ịdị ọcha na saịtị dịka ụlọ mposi.  Ego ngalaba ọha ($1.2bn) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị elu dị ka ego mpụga (US $ 1.4bn).  Ntụnye aka nke ego azụmahịa nkeonwe abụrụla nke a na-agaghị efu na nde $10 naanị
thumb|350x350px|Map nke Afrịka ndịda Sahara.

## Ịnweta

### Omume zuru oke
thumb|550x550px|Inweta mmiri na ịdị ọcha ka mma, na mba 7 dị na mpaghara Sahara, site na 1990 ruo 2008. Ebe e si nweta ya: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)

## Hụkwa

* Ahụike ụmụaka na nri na-edozi ahụ n'Africa
* Ndepụta nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha site na mba
* Onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha
* Mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha
* Mmiri na ịdị ọcha na Latin America
* Nchịkọta mmiri
* Nchịkwa mmiri

## Edensibia