Barbara Chase-Riboud

**Barbara Chase-Riboud** (amuru June 26, 1939) bu onye omenka na ihe nka nke America, onye ode akwukwo na onye na-ede uri .

Mgbe emechara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ede uri, Chase-Riboud nwetara nkwanye ugwu dị ka onye ode akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya *Sally Hemings* (1979). O nwetara Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize na akụkọ ifo, wee bụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma mba ụwa.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ Chase-Riboud banyere Sally Hemings welitere mkparịta ụka banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nwa agbọghọ ahụ gbara ohu na nna ya ukwu, Thomas Jefferson, onye ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke United States.  Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mainline jụrụ ihe ngosi Chase-Riboud wee mee ka CBS kwenye ka ọ ghara iwepụta obere usoro TV akwadoro emebere site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. N'ịgbaso nyocha DNA nke ụmụ ụmụ na 1998, mmekọrịta Jefferson-Hemings na-anabata nke ọma site n'aka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere ndị ahụ jụrụ na mbụ.

## Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Barbara Chase na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, bụ naanị nwa Vivian May Chase, onye na-ahụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme, na Charles Edward Chase, onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta.  Chase gosipụtara nkà mbụ maka nka wee malite ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ncheta nke Fleisher Art mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. A kwụsịtụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ka e boro ya ebubo, n'ụzọ hiere ụzọ, na ọ na-ede uri ya bụ "Autumn Leaves".   Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Philadelphia maka ụmụ nwanyị site na 1948 ruo 1952, na-agụsị akwụkwọ *summa cum laude* . N'oge ngụsị akwụkwọ, a gụrụ ederede "Of Understanding" ya.  Ọ gara n'ihu n'ọzụzụ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia . 

Na 1956, Chase nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts site na Tyler School na Mahadum Temple .  N'otu afọ ahụ, Chase meriri mkpakọrịta John Hay Whitney ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na American Academy na Rome maka ọnwa 12.  N'ebe ahụ, o kere ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla mbụ ya ma gosipụta ọrụ ya.  N'oge a, ọ gara Egypt, ebe ọ chọpụtara nkà ndị na-abụghị ndị Europe.  Na 1960, Chase dechara akara ugo mmụta MFA site na Mahadum Yale School of Design and Architecture.   Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ onye Afrịka America nwetara akara ugo mmụta MFA na Mahadum Yale.  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Chase hapụrụ United States gaa London, England, na Paris, France.

## Ọrụ
Chase-Riboud bụ onye na-akpụ akpụ, onye na-agụ uri, na onye edemede. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe mgbasa ozi dị iche iche n'ime ogologo oge ọrụ ya.

### Nkà ihe nkiri
N'ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà mmụta Tyler University nke Temple, ọ na-amụrụ Boris Blai ihe ma "kụziere ya ihe ọkpụkpụ, eserese, ihe osise, mbipụta, echiche agba, na mweghachi."  Ọ gụkwara ihe osise anatomical na Temple University School of Medicine . 

Ihe ọkpụkpụ akpụrụ akpụ nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Chase-Riboud na-ejikọtakarị ọla ndị na-adịgide adịgide na ndị siri ike nke ọla na aluminom nwere ihe ndị dị nro nke sitere na silk ma ọ bụ ihe akwa ndị ọzọ. N'iji usoro wax furu efu, Chase-Riboud na-akpụ, na-ehulata, na-apịaji, ma na-emegharị nnukwu mpempe akwụkwọ nke wax tupu e mee ihe nkedo nke atụmatụ ejiri aka mee. Ọ na-awụsa ígwè ahụ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ígwè ahụ, nke na-agbaze ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ nke wax. A na-ejikọta ígwè ahụ emechara na eriri ihe, bụ nke a na-emegharị n'ime eriri na ụdọ, ma na-abụkarị ebe ntọala maka akụkụ ígwè nke ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, gụnyere nke "Malcolm X Steles". 

N'afọ 1955, e gosipụtara *Reba* osisi ya na Carnegie Hall Gallery dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi *Ọ bụ Gị Nile* (nke magazin *Seventeen* na-akwado).  Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ zụtara igbutu osisi a.  

Akwụkwọ afọ *Templar* University bipụtara iri na anọ n'ime osisi ya na 1956. O mepụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ nke mbụ ya mgbe ọ nọ na American Academy na Rome na 1957 na mmekọrịta John Hay Whitney . N'afọ 1958, Chase malitere iji ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla mee nnwale, na-eji usoro ihe nkedo na-efunahụ . 

Ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya bụ na Galleria L'Obelisco na Spoleto Festival of Worlds Two na Italy na 1957. Emere ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke mbu na Europe na MOMA Paris na 1961. Ihe ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na Paris bụ na Galerie Cadran Solaire na 1966. 

Emechara ọrụ ọha mbụ ya na 1960 maka Wheaton Plaza na Wheaton, Maryland . Ewubere isi iyi a site na aluminom nke etinyere ma tinye ụdị nkịtị, ụda na mmetụta ọkụ iji gbakwunye na ọhụụ nke mmiri na-ada ada. 

N'ọgwụgwụ 1960s, Chase-Riboud malitere ịdọrọ mmasị dị ukwuu maka ọkpụkpụ ya. Nancy Heller kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka "ihe akpụrụ akpụ na-atụ n'anya nke dị n'ụkwụ iri na-ejikọta ụdị nkedo-bronze siri ike na mkpuchi nke eriri eriri nke sitere na silk na ajị anụ". 

### Ọrụ edemede
Chase-Riboud enwetala ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu maka ọrụ agụmagụ ya, gụnyere ihe nrite Carl Sandburg maka abụ uri na ihe nrite mmeri nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị Caucus maka Art .  N'afọ 1965, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị America mbụ gara leta Republic of China mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị.  Na 1996, Gọọmenti France kpụrụ ya mma wee nata *Ordre des Arts et des Lettres .* 
Chase-Riboud nwetara nkwado mba ụwa site na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, *Sally Hemings* (1979). A kọwawo akwụkwọ akụkọ a dị ka "echiche mbụ zuru oke" nke Hemings na ndụ ya dị ka ohu, gụnyere mmekọrịta iko nwanyị ya na Onye isi ala Thomas Jefferson na-ekwu ogologo oge.  Na mgbakwunye na ịkpali nnukwu esemokwu, dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge ahụ gọnarịrị mmekọrịta ahụ na ụmụ agbụrụ ndị ọ mụrụ nye Jefferson, akwụkwọ ahụ nwetara Chase-Riboud Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize maka akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma nke nwanyị America dere. *Sally Hemings* rere ihe karịrị otu nde nnomi na mkpuchi siri ike  ma ọ bụ nhọrọ klọb Book-of-the-Month .  E wepụtara ya na 1994. Na 2009, e bipụtara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, *Nwa nwanyị President* (1994), banyere Harriet Hemings, ada nke Hemings na Jefferson, bụ ndị gafere n'ime ọha mmadụ.

Chase-Riboud malitere ọrụ ide ya dị ka onye na-ede uri, na-ebipụta ọrụ mbụ ya *Memphis & Peking* (1974), nke Toni Morrison deziri, na nchịkọta ndị na-adịbeghị anya. *Oge ọ bụla a na-emezigharị eriri, a na-ahapụ Chineke: Anakọtara na abụ ọhụrụ 1974–2011* bụ Chase-Riboud kachasị ọhụrụ, nke e bipụtara na 2014.

Ọ gara n'ihu n'ịchọgharị agụmagụ ya n'ịgba ohu na nrigbu nke ndị Africa na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-esote. *Valide: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Harem* (1986) nyochara ịgba ohu na alaeze ukwu Ottoman .  *Echo nke ọdụm* ya (1989) bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ siri ike gbasara nnupụisi ụgbọ mmiri *Amistad* mere eme nke 1839. *Hottentot Venus: Akwụkwọ akụkọ* (2003) na-enyocha ndụ Sarah Baartman, nwanyị Khoikhoi bụ onye e gosipụtara gba ọtọ na ihe ngosi freak na Europe narị afọ nke 19.

Na 1994, Chase-Riboud bipụtara *Nwa nwanyị Onye isi ala,* ọrụ nke gara n'ihu na akụkọ Sally Hemings, site n'ichepụta ndụ ya na nwa nwanyị agbụrụ Jefferson Harriet Hemings; ya na ụmụntakịrị niile bụ ndị Europe nke asaa na asatọ ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha site na nna ochie.  Mgbe Harriet dị afọ 21, ọ hapụrụ Monticello, nke Jefferson nyere ya ego njem njem site n'aka onye nlekọta ya, wee gaa North. Ọ gara biri na Washington, DC ebe nwanne ya nwoke Beverley birilarị. Dị ka ya, ọ banyere n'ime ọha ọcha. Ọ lụrụ onye ọcha, dị ka akwụkwọ ozi o degaara nwanne ya nwoke bụ Madison Hemings . Madison bụ naanị otu n'ime ụmụ Hemings anọ dị ndụ bụ ndị biri ndụ fọdụrụnụ n'ime ndụ ya na-akọwa dị ka African-American. Mgbe ha si Ohio kwaga Wisconsin na 1852, Eston Hemings na ezinụlọ ya were aha nna "Jefferson" wee banye n'ime ọha ọcha.

#### ''Sally Hemings: Akwụkwọ akụkọ''
Na 1979 Chase-Riboud nwetara nlebara anya zuru oke na otuto dị egwu maka ide akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya *Sally Hemings* . Ọ dabere na ndụ ohu quadroon Thomas Jefferson nke aha ahụ; ọ bụ nwanne nne na nna nke tọrọ nke nwunye ya nwụrụ anwụ, a na-akọkwa na ọ bụ iko ya kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1974 Chase-Riboud ezutewo onye nchịkọta akụkọ Jacqueline Onassis iji kparịta atụmatụ ya maka ọrụ ahụ, Onassis mekwara ka ọ dee ya.  Dabere na akụkọ ndụ Fawn M. Brodie nke Jefferson, Chase-Riboud so na ndị kwenyere na Thomas Jefferson mụrụ ụmụ isii na Hemings. Ohu ahụ na-eto eto dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 30 ka onyeisi oche, ọ dịghịkwa ihe e dekọrọ banyere ndụ ya.

Chase-Riboud bụ onye edemede izizi gosipụtara agwa Sally Hemings nwere nghọta zuru oke, nwere ndụ ime ime. N'ikpeazụ, Sally Hemings nwere olu. Ọhaneze nabatara ihe ngosi ya ma nwee ike ikwere na nwanyị dị otú ahụ nwere mmekọrịta na Jefferson. Sally Hemings pụtara ìhè dị ka onye akụkọ ihe mere eme America. Akwụkwọ Chase-Riboud ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ere ihe karịrị otu nde akwụkwọ mkpuchi siri ike, wee nweta Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize na akụkọ ifo nke nwanyị America. 

Ọ bụ ihe ewu ewu nke ukwuu nke na CBS mere atụmatụ imeghari ya dị ka obere usoro TV. Ma ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ ndị ka nọ "na-eche" Jefferson nrụgide n'ahụ onyeisi oche William Paley ka ọ kwụsị mgbalị ahụ.  Ọ nweghị mgbanwe emere n'oge ahụ.

Mana, ihe karịrị afọ 20 ka nke ahụ gasịrị, CBS mepụtara *[[Sally Hemings: An American Scandal|Sally Hemings: Scandal American]]* (2000), obere usoro ihe onyonyo emere maka TV nke gosipụtara mmekọrịta Hemings na Jefferson. A nabatara nke a n'ọtụtụ ebe kemgbe nyocha DNA nke 1998 gosipụtara egwuregwu n'etiti ụmụ Hemings na ahịrị nwoke Jefferson.  

Ndị na-eche nche nke ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Jefferson anọgidewo na-agọnahụ ohere nke mmekọrịta, ma na 2000 na 2001 Thomas Jefferson Foundation na Monticello, na National Genealogical Society n'onwe ya kwuputara nkwubi okwu ha na Jefferson nwere ike ịmụta ụmụ Hemings niile, dabere na abụọ ahụ. DNA na ịdị arọ nke ihe akaebe akụkọ ihe mere eme ndị ọzọ.   Nkwekọrịta nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ka egosipụtara na ederede agụmakwụkwọ gbasara Jefferson na oge ya. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Smithsonian na Monticello jikọrọ aka na ihe ngosi dị egwu na 2012 na Washington, DC : *[[Slavery at Jefferson's Monticello|Ịgba ohu na Jefferson's Monticello]]*, bụ nke nyochara Jefferson dị ka onye na-agba ohu na isii n'ime ezinụlọ ndị ohu. O kwuru na Jefferson nwere ike ịbụ nna nke ụmụ Sally Hemings niile. Ihe karịrị otu nde mmadụ hụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ.

Chase-Riboud nyochara mmekọrịta siri ike dị n'etiti ezinụlọ Hemings na Jefferson. N'ihi na Sally Hemings bụ nwanne nne nke obere obere nke nwunye Jefferson (ha nwere otu nna, John Wayles ), ọ bụ nwanne nne ya ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.N'ọnọdụ akụkọ ifo obodo nke na-agọnarị mmalite agbụrụ agbụrụ America, Chase-Riboud tụgharịrị gaa na ezinụlọ Hemings iji kpughee ọnụnọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti antebellum yana ohere nke obodo nwere ikike ọchịchị obodo ọtụtụ agbụrụ. Ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-ede uri, na ndị ode akwụkwọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta Jefferson-Hemings kemgbe ahụ.

### Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* *Sally Hemings: Akwụkwọ akụkọ* (1979).  / ebigharịrị na mpempe akwụkwọ, 2009
* *Valide: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Harem* (1986). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Echo nke ọdụm* (1989). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Ada President* (1994). ISBN&nbsp; / ebigharịrị na mpempe akwụkwọ, 2009
* *Hottentot Venus: Akwụkwọ akụkọ* (2003). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Nnukwu Oriakụ Elias: Akwụkwọ akụkọ* (2022). ISBN&nbsp; 

* *Site na Memphis & Peking* (1974). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Eserese nke nwanyị gba ọtọ dị ka Cleopatra* (1987). ISBN&nbsp;
* *Mgbe ọ bụla a na-emegharị eriri, a na-ahapụ Chineke* (2014). ISBN&nbsp;

### Ihe ncheta

* *M na-ama mgbe niile: A Memoir* (2022). ISBN&nbsp;

## Ntụaka

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Darlene Clark Hine, Elsa Barkley Brown, na Rosalyn Terborg-Penn (eds), "Barbara Chase-Riboud", *Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia.* Bloomington na Indianapolis: Mahadum Indiana Press, 1993.
* Basulado, Carlos na BCR. *Barbara Chase-Riboud: The Malcolm* X *Steles katalọgụ*, 2013 (Philadelphia Museum of Art & Yale University Press). ISBN&nbsp; PMA, &  Yale
* Dawson, Emma Waters. "Ndị akaebe na ndị na-eme omume: Àgwà ndị dị na Miscegenation na Barbara Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings." Na Dolan Hubbard (ed.), *Ederede/ederede enwetara enwetara* . Knoxville, TN: Mahadum Tennessee Press, 1997, 1–14.
* Farrington, Lisa E. *Ịmepụta Onyonyo nke Onwe Ha: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri Africa-American* . 2004 (Oxford University Press)
* Heller, Nancy. *Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe: Akụkọ ihe atụ*, 1987 (Cross River Press)
* Janson, HW, *History of Art*, 1995 (Harry N. Abrams, Inc.)
* Lewis, Samella. *ART: African American*, 1990 (Hancraft Press)
* McKee, Sarah. "Barbara Chase-Riboud (1939-)". *Ndị ode akwụkwọ akụkọ Afrịka Amerịka nke oge a: Akwụkwọ mmalite nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.* Ed. Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1999. 82–87.
* Rushdy, Ashraf HA "Na-anọchite anya Iwu: Embodiments nke America na Barbara Chase-Riboud's Echo of Lions." *nkatọ: Ọmụmụ na akụkọ ifo nke oge a* 36.4 (Ogbe okpomọkụ 1995): 258–80.
* Rushdy, Ashraf HA "  M na-ede n'asụsụ dị iche iche': Mgbakwunye nke olu na Barbara Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings", *Akwụkwọ nke Contemporary* 35.1 (mmiri 1994): 100–35.
* Russell, Jọn. "Ntụle nke Sally Hemmings". *Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times,* Septemba 5, 1979.
* 
* 
* Simmons, Chariti. "Thomas Jefferson: Akụkọ mmekọrịta chiri anya, arụmụka ọha." *Chicago Tribune*, Julaị 3, 1979.
* Smith, Carney. *Ụmụ nwanyị ojii America ama ama*, 1991 (Gale Cengage). ISBN&nbsp;
* Barbara Chase-Riboud, *Callaloo* . 2009 (Johns Hopkins University Press). ISSN 0161-2492
* Trescott, Jacqueline. "Ihe gbasara Hemmings: Onye ode akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii na onye isi ala Jefferson." *Washington Post*, June 15, 1979.

## Njikọ ndị emetụtara

* Blog Art
* Ọtụtụ iri afọ na Ime
* BCR's Malcolm X Steles Exhibit video  
* Fred B. Adelson, "Barbara Chase-Riboud wetara Malcolm X ihe ọkpụkpụ n'ụlọ", *USA Taa*, Nọvemba 5, 2013
* Akwụkwọ Barbara Chase-Riboud na Stuart A. Rose Library, Mahadum Emory
* "Onye na-ese ihe nkiri America bi na Paris France - Barbara Chase-Riboud", vidiyo YouTube, Eprel 27, 2010.
* "Ncheta bụ ihe niile: Barbara Chase-Riboud", Barbara Chase-Riboud na mkparịta ụka ya na Hans Ulrich Obrist, *Magazin Mousse*, 60
* ''Akụkọ ifo nke agba agba France'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ Alan Govenar na-egosi Barbara Chase-Riboud.
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