Achille Mbembe

**Joseph-Achille Mbembe**, onye a maara dị ka **Achille Mbembe** (/ əmˈbɛmbeɪ/; amụrụ 1957), bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cameroon, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ọgụgụ isi ọha bụ onye prọfesọ nyocha na akụkọ ntolite na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Wits Institute for Social and Economy Research na Mahadum. nke Wiwaterrand. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe odide ya banyere colonialism na nsonaazụ ya na ọ bụ onye isi na echiche ọhụrụ French dị egwu.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Mbembe na nso Otélé na Cameroon na 1957. O nwetara Ph.D. na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Sorbonne dị na Paris, France, na 1989. O mechara nweta D.E.A. na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Instituts d'études ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'otu obodo ahụ. O meela nhọpụta na Mahadum Columbia na New York, Brookings Institution na Washington, D.C., Mahadum Pennsylvania, Mahadum California, Berkeley, Mahadum Yale, Mahadum Duke na Council for Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) na Dakar, Senegal.

Mbembe bụ osote prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Columbia, New York, site na 1988 ruo 1991, onye ọrụ nyocha dị elu na Brookings Institution na Washington, D.C., site na 1991 ruo 1992, prọfesọ na-ahụ maka akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Pennsylvania site na 1992 ruo 1996. Onye isi oche nke Council for Development of Social Science Research in Africa (Codesria) na Dakar, Senegal, site na 1996 ruo 2000. Achille bụkwa onye ọkachamara nleta na Mahadum California, Berkeley, na 2001, na onye prọfesọ nleta na Yale. University na 2003. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na-eme nchọpụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Harvard W. E. B. Du Bois Research Institute .  N'afọ 2020, Mbembe kwuru okwu onye isi ala na Humanities na Mahadum Stanford. 

Mbembe edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afrịka, gụnyere La naissance du maquis dans le Sud-Cameroun (Paris: Karthala, 1996).  Na Postcolony ka e bipụtara na Paris na 2000 na French na Mahadum California Press, Berkeley, bipụtara nsụgharị Bekee na 2001. Na 2015, Wits University Press bipụtara mbipụta ọhụrụ, nke Africa. O nwere akara A1 sitere na National Research Foundation. Na Machị 14, 2024, e nyere Achille Mbembe onyinye Holberg nke 2024 maka nka na akwụkwọ ozi, ihe gbasara mmadụ, iwu na nkà mmụta okpukpe. Emume inyefe na-ewere ọnọdụ na June 6, 2024 na Mahadum nke Bergen, Norway. 

## Nhọpụta ndị a họpụtara ugbu a

Mbembe bụ onye ọrụ ugbu a na Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research (WISER) na Mahadum Witwatersrand na Johannesburg, South Africa. ma nwee nhọpụta nleta kwa afọ na Franklin Humanities Institute na Mahadim Duke. 

## Ọrụ
Isi isiokwu nyocha nke Mbembe bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa, ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị ọha. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ ya onye na-ahụ maka ọchịchị postcolonial, ya bụ n'ihi aha nke akwụkwọ Bekee mbụ ya, ọ jụrụ nke ọma akara a n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ya dị ka otu n'ime nnabata na ịdị elu nke ọdịiche, kama ịlaghachi na mbụ, ala nna ya na-abụghị obodo ukwu.

Mbembe's most important works are: Les jeunes et l'ordre politique en Afrique noire (1985);  Ọmụmụ nke maquis na South-Cameroun (1920-1960);  *Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji ọgụgụ isi eme ihe na mpaghara* (1996);  Site na postcolony. *Ọ bụ mgbe e mesịrị ka ha na-achị ala ọzọ. *Essai sur l'imagination politique dans l'Afrique contemporaine (On the Postcolony) (2000); Sortir de la grande nuit: Essai sur la Afrique décolonisée (2010); Critique de la raison noire (2013).

A sụgharịrị ọrụ ya dị mkpa On the Postcolony n'asụsụ Bekee ma wepụta ya na Mahadum California Press na 2001. E bipụtakwala ọrụ a nwere mmetụta na mbipụta Africa site na Wits University Press ma nwee okwu mbido ọhụrụ nke Achille Mbembe. N'ihe odide a, Mbembe na-ekwu na okwu agụmakwụkwọ na nke a ma ama banyere Africa na-ejide n'ime ihe dị iche iche ejikọrọ na echiche efu na egwu ọdịda anyanwụ. N'ịgbaso Frantz Fanon na Sigmund Freud, Mbembe na-ekwu na ngosipụta a abụghị ngosipụta nke ezigbo Africa kama ọ bụ amụma amaghị ihe ọ bụla jikọtara ya na ikpe ọmụma, nchụpụ, na mmanye ikwugharị. Dị ka James Ferguson, V.Y. Mudimbe, na ndị ọzọ, Mbembe na-akọwa Africa ọ bụghị dị ka akọwapụtara, ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ kama dịka mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti onwe ya na ụwa ndị ọzọ nke na-eme n'otu oge na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, psychic, semiotic, na mmekọahụ.

Mbembe na-ekwu na echiche nke Michel Foucault banyere biopower - dị ka mkpokọta nke ike ịdọ aka ná ntị na usoro ndụ ndụ - ezukwaghị ezu ịkọwa ụdị ndị a na-achị n'oge a. N'ime nghọta nke Foucault gbasara echiche nke ike ọchịchị na biopower, Mbembe gbakwụnye echiche nke necropolitics, nke gafere naanị "ịdepụta ozu n'ime ngwa ịdọ aka ná ntị". N'ikwu okwu banyere ihe atụ nke Palestine, Africa, na Kosovo, Mbembe na-egosi otu ike nke ọbụbụeze si eme ugbu a site na ịmepụta mpaghara ọnwụ ebe ọnwụ na-aghọ ngosipụta kachasị nke ọchịchị na ụdị isi nke nguzogide.

Ọ nyochala Johannesburg dị ka obodo ukwu na ọrụ Frantz Fanon.
thumb|Mbembe, Wendy Brown, Judith Butler, na David Theo-Goldberg na 2016

## Nkwụsị nke adreesị Ruhrtriennale
N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, ndị omeiwu Germany mere mkpebi na-akpọ ndị BDS ndị na-emegide ndị Juu. Na mgbakwunye, a dụrụ steeti Germany niile ọdụ ka ha jụ inye ego ọha na eze maka ihe omume ma ọ bụ ndị na-akwado òtù ahụ.[21] Na mbido 2020, Federal Commissioner for Jewish Life na ọgụ megide ndị na-emegide ndị Juu, Felix Klein, kpọrọ oku ka a kagbuo okwu isi nke Mbembe mere atụmatụ ka a nye ya na 14 Ọgọstụ n'oge ọkọchị ahụ na Ruhrtriennale. O kwuru na Mbembe "kwupụtara Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ ma gọnahụ ikike Israel nwere ịdị adị". E wepụrụ akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù ahụ, a kagbukwara emume ahụ n'onwe ya n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19.[22][21]

Ihe akaebe maka ebubo a dabeere na nkwupụta Mbembe mere n'akwụkwọ abụọ ebe o gosipụtara ihe yiri ya n'etiti iwu nkewa nke e mere na Israel bi n'ókèala Palestine na South Africa n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.[23][lower-alpha 1][24] Mbembe nwetara nkwado site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta Israel na ndị Juu, gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta German a ma ama na Holocaust. A na-enwe nchegbu banyere ihe ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka bụ "iji ngwá agha eme ihe megide ndị Juu",  ma, ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, na Disemba, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ụlọ ọrụ ọdịnala 32 a ma ama wepụtara nkwupụta na-ajụ òtù BDS ma, n'otu oge ahụ, na-adọ aka ná ntị na, kama ịchịkwa ndị na-emegide ndị Juu, mkpebi ahụ kpatara ihe ize ndụ nye nnwere onwe ikwu okwu.[23][lower-alpha 2][22] N'ime nzaghachi, Monika Grütters, odeakwụkwọ nke Germany maka ọdịbendị, kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ọdịbendị na-aga n'etiti nnwere onwe nka na echiche ndị a na-anabata na ọha mmadụ, nakwa na mmegide ndị Juu bụ nsogbu redline.[21]

## Onyinye

* 2015 Geschwister-Scholl-Preis maka ọrụ ya Critique de la raison nègre 
* Ihe nrite Gerda Henkel nke afọ 2018 
* Ihe nrite Holberg nke 2024 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Mbembe lụrụ Sarah Nuttall, onye bụ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ na ọdịbendị na onye nduzi nke Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Ha edeela ọtụtụ ederede ọnụ ma nwee ụmụ abụọ.

## Akwụkwọ

### Akwụkwọ (Bekee)

* Necropolitics, Duke University Press, 2019.  , :  
* The Earthly Community: Reflections on the Last Utopia, V2_Publishing, Rotterdam, 2022.   ISBN&nbsp;

### Akwụkwọ (French)

* 1985 *Ndị Ntorobịa na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Africa ojii*, mbipụta L'Harmattan, Paris 1985   
* 1996 Mmalite nke maquis na South-Cameroon, 1920-1960: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ojiji nke ọgụgụ isi na mpaghara.
* 2000 De La Postcolonie, edemede banyere echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Africa nke oge a.  (Mbipụta Bekee On the Postcolony, 2001. Mbipụta nke abụọ e degharịrị na French, 2005.) 
** Na Postcolony, Mahadum California Press, 2001.
* 2000 Gọọmentị na-anapụ ya n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.  (Mbipụta Bekee *On Private Indirect Government (State of the Literature) * ), 2002. ) 
* 2010 *Ịpụ n'oké abalị - Nnyocha banyere Afrịka a chụpụrụ n'okpuru ọchịchị*
** *Site n'abalị gbara ọchịchịrị: Essays on Decolonization*, Columbia University Press, 2021.   ISBN&nbsp;
* 2013 *Nkatọ nke ọgụgụ isi ojii*. 
** Critique of Black Reason, nke Laurent Dubois sụgharịrị, Duke University Press, 2017.
* 2016 ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ibu iro*Iwu nke ibu iro*
* 2020 Brutalisme Editions de la Découverte.

### Isiokwu

* The Society of Enmity, Radical Philosophy, RP 200 (Nov/Dec 2016).
* Ihe edeturu na Postcolony, *Africa: Journal of the International African Institute* Vol. 62, Nke 1 (1992).
* Ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ maka iku ume, Analysis Opinion Critique, Mahadum Yale.
* Mgbukpọ ụwa, , 2018/12 (December) 
* Necropolitics, Public Culture, Mpịakọta 15, Ọnụ Ọgụgụ 1, Winter 2003, peeji nke 11-40, Duke University Press.&nbsp;

## Akwụkwọ edemede nke abụọ

### Akwụkwọ
Matthias Böckmann, Matthias Gockel, Reinhart Kößler, Henning Melber: Jenseits von Mbembe - Geschichte, Erinnerung, Solidarität. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2022, ISBN 3-86331-677-0

### Isiokwu
'Genealogical Misfortunes": Achille Mbembe's (Re-) Writing of Postcolonial Africa', Michael Syrotinski, Paragraph, 35 (3). peeji nke 407-420. ISSN 0264-8334.

## Ihe edeturu

## Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

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## Ebe e si nweta ya
 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* "Future Knowledges and the Dilemmas of Decolonization", Okwu Mbembe na Mahadum Duke.
* "UCL.ac.uk/racism-racialisation/transcript-conversation-achille-mbembe" id="mwAkY" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Nkwurịta okwu: Na mkparịta ụka na Achille Mbembe", UCL
* Họrọ peeji nke Necropolitics nke Duke University Press kwadoro.

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Profaịlụ ndị ọrụ na WISER, Mahadum WITS
* Profaịlụ Mbembe na The European Graduate School / EGS.
*  

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations