Asụsụ Chwalim

**Olumba Chwalim** ( Polish : *gwara chwalimska* ; Silesian   ) bụ olumba Lechitic a na-asụ ruo ọkara mbụ narị afọ nke 20 na Chwalim nke dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Poland nke oge a. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, obodo a bụ nke Lower Silesia . Ọ bụ ezie na njirimara olumba bụ nke Silesian, ndị ọkà okwu kwenyere na ha bụ ụmụ Sorbs . [ 1 ] A na-ekewa olumba ahụ dị ka olumba Silesian, [ 2 ] na ndị ọzọ kpọmkwem, otu olumba Silesian Lower, mana na-egosipụta ụfọdụ mmetụta Polish ka ukwuu .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Na narị afọ nke 19, a kwenyere na ndị bi na Chwalim bụ Wends ndị si na Lower Lusatia kwaga ebe ahụ. Ka o sina dị, Kazimierz Nitsch, n'ihi njirimara asụsụ nke olumba ha, kwenyere na ha bụ ndị Silesia. Site na nleta ya na Chwalim na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ọ mụtara na a maara olumba ahụ nke ọma n'etiti ndị okenye, ebe ndị na-eto eto kwụsịrị ịmụ ya, kama ịhọrọ German, n'agbanyeghị na ha ka ghọtara ya. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ e mere na 1910 si kwuo, ụmụ amaala 117 na Chwalim ka na-asụ ihe a na-akpọ "asụsụ Wendish". [ 1 ]

Ndị ọkà okwu a bụ ndị Protestant na-eleta chọọchị dị n'obodo Kargowa dị nso ma jiri akwụkwọ Polish na-ekpe ekpere. [ 3 ]

## Igwe okwu [ 4 ]
Usoro phonological nke olumba Chwalim nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na olumba ndị Silesian ndị ọzọ, nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ sitere na olumba Poland Greater.

### Consonants
Usoro consonant nke olumba Chwalim na-adịkarị ka nke ahụ na Standard Polish, mana enweghi usoro postalveolar/retroflex n'ihi mazuration, nke dị na ụfọdụ olumba Silesian ndị ọzọ. Prothetic adịghị ike  a na-etinyekarị tupu mmalite  .

### Udaume na diphthong
N'okpuru ebe a, nnukwu ụda olu na-egosi na ụda ahụ bụ ngbanwe nke ụdaume Ochie Polish kwekọrọ. Ọ na-esikwa ike ịchọpụta ma ụdaume diphthongized ọ̀ bụ diphthong phonemic ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị.

Udaume imi: ã, õ.

Allophony:

* *á* na-aghọtakarị dị ka diphthong  mana ọ na-ebelata ka [o] n'ihu consonants imi ma ọ bụ meghee karịa  tupu  ma ọ bụ  ;
* A na-akpọkarị *é* dị ka [ ɘ lechiri ], dị ka n'asụsụ Silesian ndị ọzọ;
* Mkpọpụta nke *o* nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti  na  dabere na ụda olu. N'ozuzu, *u̯* kachasi ike na mmalite okwu ma na-esighi ike na njedebe nke okwu a:  'smith',  'ọrụ' ( aha ),  '(she) fepu',  'Nwa okorobịa',  'okwu'. N’isiokwu a, e ji akwụkwọ ozi *ô* gosi otú e si akpọ aha [  ];
* *y* nwere ike ghọta dị ka  ma ọ  monophthong dabere na ọnọdụ ụda olu (na-emekarị, na njedebe nke okwu ọ bụ diphthong). Tupu  a ghọtara ya dị ka  ;
* *A* na-aghọtakarị ya dị ka diphthong  mana a na-ebelatakarị ka  n'ime mkpụrụokwu na-edochaghị anya ma ọ bụ tupu  ;
* *ị* bụ n'ozuzu  dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Polish na Silesian, mana ọ nwere ike imeghe ntakịrị  tupu  na imi;
* a na-akpọkarị *ã*  ;
* Mkpọpụta *õ* nwere ike ịdị iche n'etiti  na  ;
* A na-akpọkarị *m* na *a* dị ka  na  n'otu n'otu, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Polish na Silesian.

### Evolution sitere na Polish ochie
N'ime ndepụta dị n'okpuru ebe a, V na-egosi ụdaume ọ bụla, C - consonant ọ bụla, N - consonant ọ bụla nke imi, ogonek - ụda imi na macron - ụdaume ogologo .

* lack of final -*aj* > -*ej*, unlike in other Silesian dialetcs;
* *ā* > *á*, except in feminine noun endings -*niā* > -*nia*;
* *ē* > *é*, *eN* > *éN*. Sporadically *ē*, *e* > *i*:  '(he) couldn't',  'Protestant';
* *ō* > *ó*, *oN* > *óN*;
* *y* > *i* in few cases, mostly after ;
* *ą* > *ã*, *ą̄* > *õ*, *ą̄* > *õm* word-finally;
* in comparative adverbs endings -*ēj* > -*y*
* irregular Silesian vowel changes:  – compare Polish *igła* 'needle',  – compare Polish *niosę* '(I) carry',  :  (gen.) – compare Polish *zegar* : *zegara* 'clock',  – compare Polish *w szkole* 'in school',  – compare Polish *w Austrii* 'in Austria';
* due to Greater Polish influence, -*ew-* after soft consonants is preserved:  'horse (dative)',  'smith (dative)',  'cherry (nueter)' (adjective);
* masuration is regular with a few exceptions:  – compare Polish *człowiek* 'human',  – compare Polish *żelazo* 'iron'.  in recent German borrowings is adapted as ;
*  >  as in most of Polish and Silesian dialects;
*  after consonants is often lost:  > ;
* between two vowels (unless first of them is *o* or *á*)  is much weaker. If the vowels are the same or very similar, it can be even completely omitted, contracting the vowels:  '(she) heard' – compare Polish *słyszała*,  '(she) wasn't taking' – compare Polish ,  '(she) didn't know' – compare Polish *nie znała*,  'she was here' – compare Polish *ona tu była*,  '(she) took' – compare Polish *wzięła*;
* various simplifications of consonant clusters and palatalizations:  'all',  'bee',  'enough, fairly',  'six years',  'to collect' – compare Polish *wszystko*, *pszczoła*, *dość*, *sześć lat*, *zbierać*.

## Ụtọasụsụ [ 5 ]
Ọtụtụ njiri mara olumba Silesian dị na morphology, mana enwere ike ịhụ ụfọdụ mmetụta Sorbian .

### Mbelata
Ngwucha kachasị maka genitive nwoke otu genitive nke aha bụ - *u* . A na-echekwa njedebe nke nwoke mgbe ochie - *ewi* ka mgbọrọgwụ na-ejedebe na consonant dị nro. A na-etolite ebubo ebubo nke nwanyị na - *ã* .

The nwoke na neuter genitive nke adjectives na-etolite na njedebe - *yk* si - *ēgo*, nke sitere na mmetụta Sorbian. [ 2 ]

### Njikọta
Ngwaa na njedebe njedebe na - *j* <- *ć* na - *ś* <- *ść* / *-źć* . Future ụdị nke *być* ('to be') nwere *d* na *dź* simplified n'ime kwekọrọ ekwekọ nasal consonants *n*, *ń* dị ka ndị ọzọ Silesian olumba: *bãnõm*, *bãnie*, – tụnyere Polish *będą*, *będzie* .

Oge njedebe dị ugbu a bụ - *ą* /- *ám* maka onye mbụ otu, - *my* for the first person plural and - *cie* for the second person plural. Ewubere oge gara aga site na *l* -otu na nnọchiaha onwe onye; na singular onye mbụ enwere ike ịgbakwunye suffix - *ch* to personal pronoun *ja*, nke a na-ahụkarị maka Silesian: *jach tam bół* (M nọ ebe ahụ), *jach słysa* 'm nụrụ ( nwanyị )', *my cytali* (anyị na-agụ), *bółś tam* ? (ị nọla ebe ahụ?/ị nọ ebe ahụ (otu)). Dị ka ọ dị na Polish na Silesian, prefixes pụrụ iche na-egosi ma akụkụ nke ngwaa ahụ ọ bụ nke zuru oke ma ọ bụ ezughị oke. A na-eji 'ịbụ' wuo n'ọdịnihu n'ụdị ngwaa: *bãnõm piáj* (ha ga na-agụ), *my bãniemy piáj* (anyị ga-agụ), ma ọ bụ jiri ụdị ngwaa zuru oke ugbu a.

Njikọ nke ngwaa ole na ole:

* *(h)iś* 'to go' / *pôj* (perfective): *(h)idõm* (ha na-aga/ha na-aga), *(h)idźmy*, (ka anyị gaa (adịghị ezughị okè)), *pódziémy* (anyị ga-aga), *przisáł* (ọ bịa/ọ bịa);
* 'nwere ike': *môgã* (M nwere ike), *móg* (o nwere ike);
* 'to be': *jes* (he/she/it/there is), *my sõm* (anyị bụ), *bãnie* (he/she/it will), *bãniemy* (anyị ga-), *bãnõm* (ha ga), *bół* ((he) was), *baa* or *bełe* (she) bụ, *beły* (ha bụ (nwanyị)).

## Okwu [ 6 ]

## Ntụaka

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations