Glenda Gray

**Glenda Elisabeth Gray** MB BCh, FC Paeds, DSc (hc), OMS bụ dọkịta South Africa, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-akwado ọrụ ọkachamara na nlekọta ụmụaka na ọgwụ nje HIV. N'afọ 2012, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke South Africa, Order of Mapungubwe (Silver).  Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke South African Medical Research Council  n'afọ 2014, Time  kwuru na ọ bụ otu n'ime "ndị 100 kacha nwee mmetụta" na 2017 ma *Forbes Africa* depụtara ya n'etiti "ndị inyom 50 kachasị ike n'Africa" na 2020. Nkà mmụta nyocha ya gụnyere ịmepụta ọgwụ microbicides maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ na Ọgwụ mgbochi HIV.

## Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
Gray was the fifth of six children born in the gold mining town Boksburg, South Africa in 1962. Her father was a mechanical engineer at the mines and her mother was a bookkeeper. Under the apartheid government of the time, Boksburg was a low income, racially segregated town. Her family were not typical of the residents of the town in that they had black friends.

Grey kpebiri site na afọ 6 na ọ ga-abụ dọkịta. Ezinụlọ ya ji agụmakwụkwọ kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu: nna ya bụ onye mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya ịga mahadum na ise n'ime ụmụaka isii gara mahadum. Atọ n'ime ha, gụnyere Grey, gara n'ihu n'ọkwa dị elu ma gbasoo ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, mana nna ha ebighị ịhụ nke a ka ọ nwụrụ mgbe Gray dị afọ 16.

### Mgbalị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ
Gray banyere na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na 1980 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ruo afọ isii wee soro afọ asaa nke ọkachamara na pediatrics.  Ụmụnne ya anọworị na mahadum ma otu n'ime ụmụnne ya na-etinye aka na njikọ ụmụ akwụkwọ siri ike nke na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Gray sonyeere Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ahụike, otu na-ezube iwepụ ihe ndị dị na ụlọ ọgwụ South Africa. N'afọ 1983, e gosipụtara ọrịa HIV / AIDS mbụ na ọnwụ na South Africa na Gray tinyere aka n'ịkụziri obodo South Africa otu esi egbochi HIV. 

### Nnyocha HIV na ime ihe ike
Ka ọ na-erule oge Gray gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya dị ka dọkịta ụmụaka na 1993, nje HIV jupụtara n'etiti ọtụtụ ụmụaka nabatara na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, ụlọ ọgwụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa,  nke dị na mpụga obodo ndị isi ojii kachasị ukwuu na South Africa, Soweto. N'afọ 1993, Gray, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya James McIntyre, guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ HIV perinatal.
thumb|Glenda Gray (n'aka nri) na nnọkọ nke iri ise nke Fogarty NIH, 1 Mee 2018
N'afọ 1996, Gray malitere nyocha UNAIDS PETRA, n'ime obodo ise dị na South Africa, Tanzania na Uganda, iji chọpụta ịdị irè nke usoro mgbochi nje dị mkpirikpi.  N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya International Fogarty Fellowship iji mụọ Clinical Epidemiology.

Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU),  akụkụ nke Medical School nke Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, nke dị na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl nyocha ahụike na 2014. A naghị edekọkarị nje HIV dị ka ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'oge 1990s na 2000s mana enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ya na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na ụmụaka.

N'isi mmalite 2020, a kwụsịrị n'oge ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọgwụ mgbochi HIV nke Grey na-eduzi. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, gụnyere 5407 ndị na-enweghị nje HIV, malitere na 2016 ma kwesịrị ịnọgide na-aga n'ihu ruo 2022. Otú ọ dị, data mbido elere na January 2020 iji nyochaa nchekwa na ịdị irè gosipụtara 129 nje HIV na otu ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na 123 na-achịkwa placebo. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị HIV ekwenyeghị na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ ga-aga nke ọma, dị ka nchọpụta mbụ e mere na Thailand gosiri na ọ dị naanị 31%. Grey kwenyere na n'ihi oke ọrịa nje HIV na South Africa, nnwale ọhụrụ bara uru ịchụso. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ nlekota onwe ha nke nyochara nsonaazụ nwa oge kwubiri na ọ bụ ihe efu ịga n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ.

## Ihe omume ndị ọzọ

* Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ sayensị (site na 2023) 

## Nkwado na ndị otu
Gray bụ onye otu Academy of Science nke South Africa, onye mba ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na United States Institute of Medicine, onye sayensị A-rated National Research Foundation nke South Africa, onye nchọpụta isi maka HIV Vaccine Trials Network na onye otu American Academy of Microbiology.

Na mgbakwunye:

* N'afọ 1997, e nyere Gray onyinye "Nwanyị nke 90".
* A kọwara Gray dị ka otu n'ime "Icons of the Century" na mbipụta Millennium Collectors nke Longevity Magazine.
* N'afọ 2001, magazin Science kọrọ banyere Gray na onye ọrụ ibe ya, James McIntyre.
* Nelson Mandela nyere Gray onyinye Mandela maka ahụike na ikike mmadụ n'afọ 2002.
* N'afọ 2003, e depụtara Gray n'akwụkwọ Inspirational Women at Work .  
* N'afọ 2009, e nyere ya N"Galy - Mann lectureship iji kwado enyemaka ya na nyocha HIV. 
* O nwere nzere doctorate nke Mahadum Simon Fraser nyere ya n'afọ 2012.
* N'afọ 2013, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership nyere ya "Outstanding African Scientist Award".
* 2013 The Order of Mapungubwe: SilverUsoro nke Mapungubwe: ọlaọcha
* A họpụtara Gray ka ọ bụrụ onye otu African Academy of Sciences n'afọ 2015
* A kpọrọ Gray otu n'ime "Ndị 100 kachasị emetụta" site na Time na 2017.  
* Na 2019 Mahadum Rhodes dị na Grahamstown nyere Gray nzere doctorate na iwu (LLD, hc).
* E depụtara Gray n'etiti "Ndị inyom 50 kachasị ike n'Africa" site na *Forbes Africa* na 2020. 

## Arụmụka

### Usoro nwa ọhụrụ
Gray has not been a stranger to controversy. At her first research presentation in 1996 at an international AIDS conference, she championed the position that HIV positive women in developing countries should feed their babies infant formula rather than breast milk to avoid the transmission of HIV from mother to child. The prevailing opinion at that time was that the risk of infant death by diarrheal diseases, caused by mixing contaminated water with the infant formula, outweighed the chance of contracting HIV. Gray's research in the Soweto communities indicated that infant formula could be safely used,  but this put her in direct conflict with the activists who had led boycotts against Nestle, because of their infant formula, since the 1970s.Subsequent research on the topic demonstrated high deaths in formula fed compared to breastfed children of HIV-infected mothers.

### AZT
Ọgwụ Zidovudine (nke a makwaara dị ka azidothymidine (AZT)) bụ ọgwụ mgbochi retroviral nke enwere ike iji gbochie nnyefe nke HIV site n'aka nne gaa nwatakịrị n'oge ịmụ nwa. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ bụ izu iri na anọ, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ nke a. N'agbanyeghị nkatọ sitere na nchịkọta akụkọ nke The New England Journal of Medicine, Gray mere nnwale (na-emegharị ọmụmụ ihe sitere na Thailand) site na iji usoro ọgwụgwọ dị mkpirikpi megide placebo nke gosipụtara na usoro dị mkpirisi ahụ dị irè.   Otú ọ dị, gọọmentị South Africa, n'okpuru onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki na minista ahụike Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, jụrụ ikikere ka e jiri ọgwụ ahụ mee ihe, n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dị oke ọnụ. Gray tinyere aka n'inweta ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa na nzuzo, na-emegide gọọmentị. 

Gray sonyere n'ịmalite Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), ya na Zackie Achmat na ndị ọzọ, dị ka òtù na-ahụ maka HIV / AIDS.  Naanị mgbe Gray natara 2002 Mandela Award for Health and Human Rights na agha iwu na 2003 metụtara TAC, bụ nevirapine, ọgwụ dị irè karịa AZT n'igbochi nne na nwa ibufe nje HIV,  na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egbochi nje HIV nke gọọmentị kwadoro maka iji ya na South Africa.  Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang anọchiwo Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma dị ka Minista nke Ahụike na arụmụka megide ndị na-emegide retrovirals agbanweela site na nke ọnụ ahịa gaa na nkwado nke ọgwụ ọdịnala Africa karịa ọgwụgwọ omenala.

### COVID-19
N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Gray na Kọmitii ndụmọdụ ahụike nke gọọmentị South Africa n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 na South Africa. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2020, gọọmentị South Africa tinyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpọchi zuru oke na ndị bi na ya. Site na 1 Mee 2020, e ji nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ mkpọchi ahụ n'okpuru atụmatụ ise. Na 15 Mee 2020, Gray kwuru, "Na mbụ, enwere ezi ihe mere a ga-eji tinye n'ọrụ mkpọchi ahụ iji belata mgbasa nke nje ahụ ma zụta oge iji kwadebe usoro ahụike, nke a mezuru n'ụzọ dị ukwuu". Ugbu a, ọ chere na "a ga-ekpochapụ mkpọchi ahụ kpamkpam, nakwa na ntinye aka na-abụghị nke ọgwụ (NPI), dị ka ịsa aka, iyi ihe nkpuchi, ịhapụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmachibido iwu na nnọkọ, kwesịrị itinye ya n'ọnọdụ. "  Na mgbakwunye, o kwuru na:

* A na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, gụnyere na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. "Anyị ahụbeghị nri na-edozi ahụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, ya mere anyị na-ahụ ya na nke mbụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ", ka o kwuru.
* Ịpụ n'ime mkpọchi ahụ n'ụzọ "ọnwa na ọnwa" enweghị ihe ndabere na sayensị. Ọtụtụ iwu mkpọchi yiri ka ọ bụ "mkpịsị aka", nke e mere n'ebe ahụ na obere ihe kpatara ya.

Ọ gwara ndị mgbasa ozi: 
 
Minista ahụike Zweli Mkhize kwuru na Gray "mere nkwupụta na-ezighi ezi na nke na-enweghị isi". O kwuru na gọọmentị ahọpụtala obere kọmitii nyocha nke Gray bụ onye ya iji nye ha ndụmọdụ. O kwuru na nkwupụta mkpịsị aka ukwu ahụ "na-emebi ọrụ na mgbalị jikọrọ aka nke National Coronavirus Command Council, Cabinet na gọọmentị n'ozuzu ya etinyela aka na ya. "  Banyere nkwupụta banyere agụmakwụkwọ o kwuru, sị: "Departmentị nke agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi etinyela aka n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na ndị metụtara ya banyere ụzọ ziri ezi ha ga-esi meghee ụlọ akwụkwọ. 

N'ihi nkwupụta Mkhize, onye na-anọchite anya onye isi nchịkwa nke Ngalaba Ahụike, Anban Pillay, kwuru na ọ dị mkpa nyocha maka omume Gray. Na 25 Mee 2020, South African Medical Research Council rịọrọ mgbaghara maka nkwupụta Gray ma gbochie ndị ọrụ ya ịgwa ndị mgbasa ozi okwu  ebe ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta 250 nyere nkwupụta nkwado maka ya. 

N'ụbọchị na-esote, 26 Mee 2020, Mkhize kwuru na ya "na-ele Prọfesọ Glenda Gray anya dị ka ihe mechiri emechi", o kwukwara na "enweghị ihe ndabere iji tụọ aro itinye aka na nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ".

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ
Gray edeela ma ọ bụ soro dee ihe karịrị edemede sayensị 300, gụnyere:

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Gray enyewo aka ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere:

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## Edemsibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Publications by Glenda GraynaResearchGate
* https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/g/glendagrayurusca/
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations