open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ụbọchị ahụike uche

N'ebe ọrụ, ọ kachasị na Australia, **ụbọchị ahụike uche** bụ ebe onye ọrụ na-ewe oge ezumike ọrịa, ma ọ bụ ebe nwa akwụkwọ anaghị aga ụlọ akwụkwọ n'otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ karịa, n'ihi ihe adịghị ike nke ahụ. A na-ekwenye na ụbọchị ahụike nke uche na-ebelata anọghị na ọrụ nakwa nsonye, nke ga-eweta mbelata nrụpụta ihe ma ọ bụ nsonaazụ ọjọọ ndị ọzọ sitere na nrụgide ịrụ ọrụ.   Ụbọchị ahụike nke uche dị iche na  na-anọghị n'ọrụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịmaliteghachi ahụike uche mmadụ karịa  ọchịchọ ma ọ bụ mmetụta ịhapụ ọrụ.

## Mkpali
Nnukwu nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi, ọrịa bipolar, nlebara anya  hyperactivity na ọrịa uche ndị ọzọ, yana ọnọdụ dị ka ndọlị, ịda mbà n'obi, na nchekasị, nwere ike ịkpata emeghi nke ọma  na nnweta mmụta n'ebe ọrụ. Enwere ihe akaebe na United States na nkwado nchịkwa ezughị oke maka ọrịa uche na ọnọdụ ọjọọ emewo ka enwekwuo ohere ịhapụ ọrụ, ịrịa ọrịa ọtụtụ, na ihe dị ka ijeri US $ narị atọ kwa afọ n'ihi nrụgide n'ebe ọrụ. 

Mkparị onye ọrịa uche na-enweta  na-egbochikwa ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọrụ ị nweta ezumike ọrịa maka ahụike uche.    Otu nkọwa nke okwu ahụ bụ "ụbọchị ahụike uche" bụ ịrụ ọrụ dị ka okwu ọzọ maka "ụbọchị ọrịa" iji zere mkparị site na nsogbu ahụike uche nke ebe ọrụ, ka ndị ọrụ wee nwee ike ikwupụta ihe isi ike ma rịọ nkwado. 

Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2010 gosiri na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ "na-ekweta na ha na-arịa ọrịa iji nweta ezumike ụbọchị n'ihi na ha chere na ha anaghị anabata ya."   Dị ka ọmụmụ 2016 n'etiti ndị nọọsụ, ihe dịka 54% nke ndị 5041 zara kọrọ na-ewere ụbọchị ahụike uche dị ka ụdị ọrịa na-anọghị n'ime ọnwa 12 gara aga, na ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu banyere ahụmahụ nke mmegbu n'ebe ọrụ. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtakwara na ndị nọọsụ na-ewere ụbọchị ahụike uche ndị a nwere ike ime atụmatụ ịhapụ ọrụ ha ugbu a n'ime afọ na-abịa. 

## Nkwado Iwu
N'Australia, dị ka  *Fair Work Act 2009* si kwuo, ndị ọrụ nwere ikike iji ezumike ọrịa na ezumike onwe onye ebe Fair Work Ombudsman kwuru, ọrịa onwe onye gụnyere nchekasị nke nwere ike imetụta ahụike uche onye ọrụ. Ebe   ndị ọrụ nkịtị n'Australia anaghị enweta ezumike ọrịa, nke a pụtara na ha enweghị ikikere site na *Fair Work Act 2009* inwe ụbọchị ahụike uche, n'agbanyeghị mkparita uka ha na ndị were n'ọrụ ga-ekwe omume.  Ndị nwere nsogbu uche adịghị mkpa igosipụta ọnọdụ maka ebumnuche a ọ gwụla ma ha na-emerụ onwe ha ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nsogbu, n'agbanyeghị ikwupụta okwu ndị ahụ nwere ike ime ka ndị ọrụ nweta ohere ka mma.  

Ọtụtụ mba enweghị iwu magidere ndị ọrụ igosípụta asambodo ahụike naanị otu ụbọchị enweghị ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, na 2010, gọọmentị mba nke New Zealand tụpụtara iwu chọrọ asambodo ahụike maka otu ụbọchị ọ na-anọghị,  na onye were ọrụ ga-ekpuchi ụgwọ iji nweta asambodo ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na oge ọnụnọ na-erughị ụbọchị atọ n'usoro. 

Na mba United States, n'okpuru  nke afọ1990, ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike inwe ụbọchị ahụike uche dịka akụkụ nke "ụlọ ezi uche dị na ya" maka ọrịa uche ekpughere. N'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dịka maka nrụgide, a na-ahapụ ịhapụ oge kpamkpam n'aka onye were gị n'ọrụ. 

## Hụkwa
 

## Edemsibịa

Otú:Ahuike
Ọnọdụ mpaghara Uche

**Ọnọdụ Mpaghara echiche** na-arụtụ aka na nchikota mmetụta ọha niile ebe o metụtara ahụike uche .

A na-ejikarị okwu a eme ihe n'ọnọdụ dị oke egwu maka gburugburu uche na obodo mepere emepe. A na-arụ ụka na dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-egbu egbu a na-ahụ anya na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ nke na-emerụ ahụ ike nke anụ ahụ mmadụ, ha na-emepụtakwa ihe ogbugbu nke uche (dịka telivishọn, oke mkpọtụ, usoro ịzụ ahịa ime ihe ike , irị ahụ nke ntanetị , ọnwa mgbasa ozi  ) nke na-akpata mmebi uche. 

Ebe ọnọdụ uche dị ala a nwere ike inye aka kọwaa ihe kpatara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa uche ji dị elu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke nwekwara ike rụtụ aka na ebe agụmakwụkwọ dị ala yana ibi ndụ arụrụ arụ ugbu a. Nkwenkwe Okpukpe-Magico bụ ntinye dị mkpa nke ntọala obodo ndị dị otú ahụ. Echiche aghụghọ dị ka ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ site na nwata na-esikarị ike ịchịkwa kpamkpam na ndụ mmadụ. 

Echiche  a nwere mgbọrọgwụ na evolushọn akparamaagwa, dị ka mpụtara e nwere ike ikpochapụ dị ala nke  echiche gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nke e nwere ike ịkọwa site njịkọta n'etiti echiche gburugburu ebe obibi ụmụ mmadụ malitere ibi n'ime ya na nke ha nọ n'ime ya taa.

"Anyị bi na gburugburu ebe echiche na nke ana ahụ anya. Anyị nwere ike imetụta ọnọdụ uche na gburugburu anyị, ma  n'ókè dị ukwuu anyị na-enwe mmetụta site na gburugburu ebe obibi uche. gburugburu ebe echiche nwere ike ndị na-emetụta echiche na mmetụta uche anyị na nke nwere ike ịchịkwa uche anyị." - Marshall Vian Summers

Enwere ịkọwa ọnọdụ uche site na ihe dị iche iche,   gụnyere ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na omenala,  mmekọrịta ezinụlọ na enyi,  mmụta na ahụmahụ mmụta, mgbasa ozi na nkà na ụzụ, yana àgwà na na ọnọdụ àgwà onye ọ bụla.  Ọnọdụ ndị a nwere ike imetụta ahụike uche na ọdịmma mmadụ nke ukwuu site n'ịmetụta ọnọdụ, echiche, na omume ha.

Nnyocha e mere na Mahadum Harvard chọpụtara na iso ndị mmadụ na-emekọrịta ihe na-eme ka ohere nke inwe obi ụtọ na-abawanye site na pasentị iri abụọ na ise.  Ọzọkwa, dị ka nnyocha emere na Stanford Business School, inwe onye ndụmọdụ ma ọ bụ onye ntuziaka na ngalaba ọkachamara nwere ike ikwalite nke ohere ịga nke ọma n'ọrụ. 

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ahụike uche  site n'ịgbanwe nhazi na ọrụ nke ụbụrụ. Nnyocha e mere  ụmụaka kwadoro nke a, ma chọpụta na ụmụaka a zụlitere n'ọnọdụ adịghị mma na-enwekarị agamnihu ụbụrụ na-egbu oge,  nke na-abawanye ohere nke nsogbu ncheta, nsogbu mmụta, na nsogbu omume.

## Hụkwa

* Ahụ ike ụbụrụ na mmetọ
* Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na ahụike uche
* akparamaagwa gburugburu ebe obibi
* Iwu ahụike dị mma
* Usoro ọgwụgwọ Horticultural
* Ikike  gburugburu ebe ahụike dị mma
* Ọkwa akụ na ụba na ahụike uche
* Ogige ọgwụgwọ

## Edensibịa

Otú:Ahuike
Ụbọchị Ncheta Ahụike Uche n'Ụwa

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbakọ maka ụbọchị ncheta gbasara ahụike ụwa nke afọ 2014 na Salem, Tamil Nadu
thumb|ncheta Ụbọchị ahụike uche ụwa 2015 na Munich, Germany
**Ncheta Ụbọchị ahụike uche ụwa** (Abali iri nke ọnwa Octoba) bụ ụbọchị mba ụwa maka nkuzi gbasara ahụike uche zuru ụwa ọnụ, mmata na nkwado megide mkparị ọha mmadụ .  Emere ya nke mbụ na  afọ1992 na ntchepụta nke World Federation for Mental Health, òtù ahụike uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na ndị òtù na kọntaktị na mba narị iri ise  karịa.  N'ụbọchị a, puku kwuru puku ndị nkwado na-abịa emume mmemme mmata kwa afọ iji weta uche na ọrịa uche na nnukwu mmetụta ya na ndụ ndị mmadụ n'ụwa niile.   Tụkwasị na nke a, ụbọchị a na-enye ohere maka ndị ọkachamara ahụike uche iji kwurịta ma mee ka ìhè dị na ọrụ ha pụta ihe, ma na-eme ka ahụike uche bụrụ ihe kacha dị mkpa n'ụwa nile.  ma mba ụfọdụ, ụbọchị a bụ akụkụ nke izu mmata gbasara ya, dị ka izu ahụike uche na Australia . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Emere ncheta  ụbọchị ahụike uche nke ụwa nke oge mbụ na October 10, afọ1992, site na nchepụta nke osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu Richard Hunter. Ruo n'afọ 1994, ụbọchị ahụ enweghị isiokwu ọ bụla ka ma  ọ bụ ịkwalite nkwalite ahụike uche na ịkụziri ọha mmadụ ihe. 

N'afọ 1994 World Mental Health Day ka e ji isiokwu nke mbụ mee emume na nchepụta nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu Eugene Brody mgbe ahụ. Isiokwu a bụ "Ịkwalite ogo ọrụ ahụike uche n'ụwa niile". 

Ncheta ụbọchị *ahụike echiche bụ* WHO na-akwado site n'iwelite mmata n'ihe gbasara ahụike uche site na iji mmekọrịta siri ike ya na Ministri ahụike na ndị otu obodo gburugburu ụwa. WHO na-akwadokwa nke a site n'ịkwalite ngwa ọrụ aka na nzikọrịta ozi. 

Na ncheta ụbọchị  ahụike nke echiche 2018, Prime Minister Theresa May họpụtara Jackie Doyle-Price dị ka onye ozi na-egbochi igbu onwe onye UK mbụ. Nke a mere mgbe gọọmentị UK na-akwado ọgbakọ ahụike uche mbụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. 

## Isiokwu gasị nke ụbọchị ncheta ahụike uche ụwa

## Hụkwa
 

* Ahụike uche zuru ụwa ọnụ
* Izu Mmata Ọrịa Uche (US, izu mbụ nke Ọktoba)
* Njikọ Mba na Ọrịa Uche (NAMI)
* Ụlọ ọrụ National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
* Ụbọchị ahụike ụwa
* Njikọ ụwa maka ahụike uche

## Edemsibịa

## Njikọ mpụga

* World Federation for Mental Health
* World Mental Health Day (WHO)
* World Mental Health Day 2020
* World Mental Health Day 2021 (WHO)
* World Mental Health Day 2021 (PAHO)
Otú:Ahuike
John Bockoven

**John Sanbourne Bockoven** (1915 - 2007) bụ onye Amerika bụrụkwa dọkịta ndị isi mgbaka. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ na U.S. Army Medical Corps nke n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme nyocha na Boston Psychopathic Hospital, dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ na onye na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọgwụ Butler Health Center na Providence, Rhode Island, dị ka onye nlekọta na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Cushing na Framingham, Massachusetts,  na mmalite afọ 1966, dị ka onye nlekọta nke Dr. Harry C. Solomon Mental Health Center na Lowell, Massachusetts.

Ọ kụziri na Harvard Medical School na Mahadum nke Vermont College of Medicine. O nwere mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka, ma dee ọtụtụ ihe banyere ya. N'afọ 1964, ọ natara asambodo na ija mma site n'aka American Psychiatric Association maka ọrụ ya dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Psychiatry.

A mụrụ ya na North Dakota Ọ nwụrụ na Concord, Massachusetts . 

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* Moral Treatment in Community Mental Health, Springer, 1972. OCLC 641639244 
* *Omume na American Psychiatry.* New York: Springer, 1983.  (n'ọbá akwụkwọ 304 dị ka *WorldCat* si kwuo ) 

## Edemsibịa
J. Alexander Bodkin

**J. Alexander Bodkin** bụ dọkịta ndị isi mgbaka nke Amerika. Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Clinical Psychopharmacology Research Program na McLean Hospital na Assistant Professor of Psychiatry na Harvard Medical School. Nnyocha Bodkin na-elekwasị anya "n'ụzọ ọgwụ na-ejighị ya mee ihe iji gwọọ ọnọdụ na nsogbu nchekasị siri ike, dị ka MAO, ihe nkpali, na opioid buprenorphine". 

Bodkin bụ onye na-akwado ụlọ akwụkwọ nke na-eche na nsogbu nchekasị post-traumatic (PTSD) bụ nke ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ahụike uche chọpụtara, ma gbaa akaebe na nnọchiteanya Roman Catholic Archdiocese nke Hartford na ikpe Mmetọ mmekọahụ nke ndị ụkọchukwu. Bodkin gbaghara ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọrịa isi mgbaka nke onye gbara akwụkwọ na-ekwu na ọ ga-enwe mmerụ ahụ ogologo oge n'ihi mmetọ ahụ ma ọbụna kwuo na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye gbara akwụkwọ ahụ na onye ụkọchukwu ahụ nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ dị mma nakwa na "ejila usoro ọgwụgwọ maka ịchọpụta ọrịa ahụ ka etinyere ya na" onye gbara akwụkwọ.

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ

### Ogo

* 1978 AB na nkà ihe ọmụma, Columbia CollegeKọleji Columbia
* 1985 MD, Yale School of MedicineỤlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ Yale

### Ebe obibi

* 1985-1986 Internship, McLean Hospital, Mt. Auburn Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital
* 1986-1989 Ebe obibi na Psychiatry, McLean Hospital

## Nnyocha
N'afọ ndị 1990, Bodkin malitere imekọ ihe ọnụ na Somerset iji zụlite nnyefe nke Selegiline site na patch transdermal iji zere mmachi nri a ma ama nke ndị na-egbochi MAO.   Somerset nwetara nkwado FDA iji ree patch ahụ n'afọ 2006. 

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

* Bodkin JA, Zornberg GL, Lukas S, Cole JO. Ọgwụgwọ Buprenorphine nke ịda mbà n'obi. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1995;15 (1):49-57.
* Bodkin JA, Amsterdam JD, Transdermal selegiline na nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi: nyocha abụọ na-adịghị ahụ anya, nke placebo na-achịkwa, nke otu n'ime ndị na-enweghị ọrịa. American Journal of Psychiatry 2002;159:1869-75.
* Bodkin JA, Popu HG, Detke MJ, Hudson JI. PTSD ọ bụ nrụgide na-akpata? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2007;21 (2):176-182.
* Nhọrọ Ọgwụgwọ Maka Ndị Ọrịa Na-enwe Mgbaàmà Nkwụsị
* Ọ bụghị ihe mgbe ochie: Ọrụ na-aga n'ihu maka TCAs na MAOIs

## Edemsibịa

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Kristin Baker (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)

**Kristin Dutrow Baker** (amụrụ n'afọ 1963) bụ Onye Republican bụbu onye otu North Carolina House of Representatives . 

  Ọ nọchitere anya mpaghara 82nd (gụnyere ndị mejupụtara na Cabarrus County) site na nhọpụta mbụ ya na Machị 2020 ruo 2025  

## Ndụ na ọrụ
Baker nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na 1985 na Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill dị ka onye mmụta Morehead-Cain, yana nzere ahụike ya na 1989 na Mahadum North Carolina na Chapel Hill School of Medicine.  Baker na-agwọ ọrịa uche na Concord, North Carolina.

## Ọrụ kọmitii

### Oge 2023-2024

* Nkwado (Onye isi oche) 
* Nkwado - Ahụike na Ọrụ Mmadụ (Onye isi oche) 
* Ahụike (Onye isi oche) 
* Agụmakwụkwọ - Mahadum
* Ezinụlọ, Ụmụaka, na Iwu Ịka Nká
* Inshọransị
* Ntinye aha UNC BOG

### Oge 2021-2022

* Nkwado (Onye isi oche) 
* Nkwado - Ahụike na Ọrụ Mmadụ (Onye isi oche) 
* Ahụike (Onye isi oche) 
* Agụmakwụkwọ - Mahadum
* Ezinụlọ, Ụmụaka, na Iwu Ịka Nká
* Inshọransị
* Ntinye aha UNC BOG

## Akụkọ banyere ntuli aka

### 2022

### 2020

## Edensibịa

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ

## Committee assignments

### Oge 2023-2024

* Nkwado (Onye isi oche) 
* Nkwado - Ahụike na Ọrụ Mmadụ (Onye isi oche) 
* Ahụike (Onye isi oche) 
* Agụmakwụkwọ - Mahadum
* Ezinụlọ, Ụmụaka, na Iwu Ịka Nká
* Inshọransị
* Iwu ntuli aka na Mgbanwe ego nke mkpọsa

### Oge 2021-2022

* Nkwado (Onye isi oche) 
* Nkwado - Ahụike na Ọrụ Mmadụ (Onye isi oche) 
* Ahụike (Onye isi oche) 
* Agụmakwụkwọ - Mahadum
* Ezinụlọ, Ụmụaka, na Iwu Ịka Nká
* Inshọransị
* Ntinye aha UNC BOG
Stephen Barrett

**Stephen Joel Barrett** (/ˈbærɪt/; amụrụ n'afọ 1933) bụ onye mba America lara ezumike nká na ịhụ maka ndị ịsị mgbaka, onye edemede, na onye na-akwado ndị ahịa nke a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-alụso aghụghọ ahụike ọgụ na ịkwalite Ọgwụ ndị dabeere na ihe akaebe. O guzobere Quackwatch, netwọk nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-akatọ usoro ahụike na-enweghị ihe akaebe ma ọ bụ nke a na-enyo enyo, ma soro guzobe National Council nke na megide aghugho dị na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ike. Onye na-akatọ pseudoscience na ọgwụgwọ ọzọ ogologo oge, Barrett edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ozi na-ezighi ezi na ahụike ma jee ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na ahụike. Ọrụ ya emeela ka e too ya site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na nkatọ site n'etiti ndị na-akwado usoro ahụike ọzọ.

A mụrụ Barrett na mba  New York City. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na afọ 1957 na Mahadum Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons ma mechaa omumu maka ndị isi mgbaka na 1961. N'afọ 1968, ọ gụsịrị ufodu Akwụkwọ ozi na American Law and Procedure na La Salle Extension University na Chicago.

## Ọrụ
Onye bi ogologo oge na Allentown, Pennsylvania, Barrett bi Zi ugbu a na Chapel Hill, North Carolina . 

Na mgbakwunye nke webmastering ya, Barrett bụ òtù n'ime onye nchoputa, osote onye isi oche na onye otu National Council Against Health Fraud (NCAHF). Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ sayensị na American Council on Science and Health, na onye otu Kọmitii maka nyocha obi abụọ (CSI). Site na afo 1987 ruo na afo 1989, ọ kụziri agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum Pennsylvania State.

Barrett bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ *gbasara*Consumer Health Library na Prometheus Books,  ma bụrụkwa onye na-enyocha ndị Ọgwụ maka  abụọ   akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke Medscape  na Science Review of Alternative Medicine .  Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya si kwuo, ọ "deela ihe karịrị akụkọ puku abụọ ma nye ihe karịrị okwu narị ato na kọleji, mahadum, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike, na nzukọ ndị ọkachamara. Mgbasa ozi ya gụnyere Dateline, Today, *Good Morning America*, Primetime, *Donahue*, CNN, National Public Radio, na ihe karịrị 200 ndị ọzọ redio na telivishọn okwu ajụjụ ọnụ".  

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
The Croods

***The Croods*** bụ ihe nkiri ọchị Amerika nke afọ 2013. Ọ bụ Chris Sanders na Kirk DeMicco dere ya na nke Kristine Belson na Jane Hartwell mebere ya. O gisiputara ndi na-eme ihe nkiri dika, Nicolas Cage, Emma Stone, Ryan Reynolds, Catherine Keener, Clark Duke na Cloris Leachman. E wepụtara ya na ihe nkiri na 22 Maachị 2013.

## Ndị mere ihe nkiri a
* Emma Stone dị ka Eep Crood
* Nicolas Cage dị ka Grug Crood
* Ryan Reynolds dị ka Guy
* Catherine Keener dị ka Ugga Crood
* Clark Duke dị ka Thunk Crood
* Cloris Leachman dị ka Gran
* Randy Thom dị ka Sandy Crood
* Chris Sanders dị ka Belt

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
* 

Òtù:Ihe nkiri 2021
Daniel B. Borenstein

thumb
**Daniel B. Borenstein** bụ dọkịta ndị isi mgbaka nke Amerika bụ onye isi oche nke 129 nke American Psychiatric Association.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Borenstein na Silver City, New Mexico. Nne na nna ya bụ Isaac "Jack" na Marjorie E. Borenstein (onye a mụrụ Kerr). Jack nwere ma jikwaa Ụlọ Ahịa Ngalaba Borenstein Brothers nke e meghere n'afọ 1892, ma nọgide n'izụ ahịa ruo n'afọ 1960.

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkachamara
Borenstein gara New Mexico Military Institute (1953); Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B. S. (1957); University of Colorado School of Medicine, M.D. (1962); Internal Medicine Internship, University of Kentucky (1963); Psychiatric Residency (1963-66); Chief Residency, Dept. of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Medical Center (1965-66).

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ (1971) na Los Angeles Psychoanalytic Society na Institute. Ọ bụ prọfesọ ụlọ ọgwụ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles Department of Psychiatry and Bio-behavioral Sciences kemgbe afọ 1996. Site n'afọ 2000-2001, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke American Psychiatric Association . 

## Ọrụ nyocha
N'afọ 1980, tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke APA, Borenstein dere edemede agụmakwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama nke na-ekwu maka nsogbu ahụike uche dị mkpa ọ nwetara n'oge ọzụzụ ahụike. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &#x5B;**&#x5D;

N'afọ 1986, Na 1986, o nyere akaebe ọkachamara n'okwu ikpe nke onye lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, bụ ebe e boro onye agọnarị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ ebubo na "nkwutọ na ụma na-ebute nsogbu mmetụta uche"; Ditlieb Felderer, bụ́ onye nkwusa Sweden, kpagburu onye ahụ lanarịrịnụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, bụ́ onye zigara akwụkwọ ndị gbara akwụkwọ nke gọrọ agọ ma ọ bụ kparị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ emo.

N'afọ 2000, Borenstein gbara akaebe n'ihu Kọmitii Senate nke United States na Commerce, Science, and Transportation banyere mmetụta nke ime ihe ike na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na ụmụaka: "Anyị kwenyesiri ike na ikpughe ugboro ugboro na ime ihe ike ntụrụndụ n'ụdị ya niile nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama nke ahụike ọha na eze".

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* Borenstein, DB, Cook, K. "Nchịkwa mmebi n'ime afọ ọzụzụ: mmemme ahụike uche ọhụrụ na UCLA". Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 247:2700‐2703, 1982.
* Borenstein, DB. "Nweta nke ihe onwunwe ahụike uche maka ndị bi na ụlọ ọgwụ agụmakwụkwọ". Journal of Medical Education, 60:517‐523, 1985.
* Borenstein, DB. "Ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ ndị dọkịta kwesịrị inye ndị isi ụlọ enyemaka nke isi mgbaka? Akụkọ banyere nchọpụta ndị dị mkpa nke mmemme prototype". *The American Journal of Psychiatry*, 142:1053‐1057, 1985.

## Edemsibịa

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Abram Bennett

**Abram Elting Bennett** (1898-1985) bụ onye American psychiatrist nke a maara nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na electroconvulsive therapy). 

Bennett bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ nyocha 50 na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere afọ iri ise na Neurology na Psychiatry (1972), Alcoholism and the Brain (1977) na Huguenots Migration: Descendants' Ntụnye na America (1984). N'afọ ndị 1930, Bennett webatara iji curare iji gbochie mgbaji na mmetụta ọjọọ ndị ọzọ nke ọgwụgwọ ujo kpatara. Ọ kwadoro pentylenetetrazol iji kpalite nhụsianya na ndị ọrịa. [1]

Bennett nwere njikọ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ncheta Bishop Clarkson na Omaha, Nebraska na California Pacific Medical Center Bennett nwere njikọ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins, Ndị nwere ngwụcha Ncheta Bishop Clarkson na Omaha, Nebraska na California Pacific Medical Center.

O nyere aka na mbipụta nke abụọ nke Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders na n'oge gara aga ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị ndụmọdụ na-etinye aka n'ịmepụta DSM-1.

## Edensibịa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndị ọsụ ụzọ: Abram Elting Bennett, MD site na California Pacific Medical Center
Karen Berman

Karen Faith Berman bụ dokịta isi mgbaka America na dibịa-ọkà mmụta sayensị bụ onye isi nyocha na onye isi nke ngalaba na neurọimaging ịntegrativ, ngalaba psychosis na cognitive ọmụmụ, yana ngalaba ahụike na ntụgharị akwara ozi nke National Institute of Mental Health's division of intramural research.

Berman nwetara B.S. nzere sitere na Mahadum Rochester na MD sitere na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ nke Mahadum Saint Louis.[1] Ọ gụchara ọzụzụ ahụike ya na Mahadum Washington dị na St. Louis ma nwee ọzụzụ obibi obibi na isi mgbaka na Mahadum California, San Diego.[1] Berman gụchakwara ọzụzụ obibi na ọgwụ nuklia na National Institutes of Health Clinical Center ma bụrụkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike ma psychiatry na ọgwụ nuklia.[1]

Ọ bụ onye nyocha dị elu na onye isi nke ngalaba na ntinye aka na neuroimaging, ngalaba psychosis na cognitive studies, yana ngalaba ahụike na ntụgharị asụsụ neuroscience nke National Institute of Mental Health's (NIMH) nke ngalaba nyocha intramural.[1] Ndị otu Berman na-eji neuroimaging arụ ọrụ iji maapụ ọrụ ụbụrụ yana usoro neurochemical jikọtara ya na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi dị elu yana arụrụ ọrụ na ọrịa neuropsychiatric dị ka schizophrenia, ọrịa ndị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nrụrụ ụbụrụ dị ka Williams syndrome, na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta cognition dị ka ịka nká nkịtị.[1] Ha na-amụkwa mmetụta nke homonụ steroid nke gonadal na arụ ọrụ ụbụrụ.[1] Na 2016, a họpụtara Berman na National Academy of Medicine.[1] Na 2023, ọ ghọrọ onye otu nke American Association for the Advancement of Science.[2]

## Ihe odide

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Jim Bakhtiar

A mụrụ Bakhtiar na Tehran, Iran, na Jenụwarị 8, 1934, wee kwagharia were gawa United States dị ka nwata nwoke. Ọ gara Mahadum Virginia ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ kọleji na ọkwa fullback na placekicker maka otu bọọlụ Virginia Cavaliers site na 1955 ruo 1957. N'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1956, o setịpụrụ otu egwuregwu nke Atlantic Coast Conference na 210 na-agba ọsọ megide VMI. Òtù Football Writers Association of America họpụtara ya dị ka otu egwuregwu mbụ na 1957 College Football All-America Team. O mechara soro Calgary Stampeders gbaa bọọlụ na Canadian Football League n'afọ 1958 tupu ọ banye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ahụike dị na Mahadum Virginia. 

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ were nweta nzere dọkịta na-ekwusi ike na ọrịa uche na 1963. Ọ laghachiri Iran ebe o guzobere ngalaba nke ndi isi mgbaka nke oge a nke mbụ. Mgbe mgbanwe nke Iran gasịrị, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara Turkey wee laghachi na mba United States.

Nwanne nwanyị Bakhtiar bụ Laleh, onye ọkà mmụta, onye edemede, onye ntụgharị, na onye na-ahụ maka ahụike. Ụmụ nwanne ya nwanyị bụ onye na-emepụta NPR, onye nta akụkọ, na onye edemede Davar Ardalan na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Lailee Bakhtiar McNair; nwa nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye gbara ihe egwuregwu genus n'oge gara-aga  Fred McNair . 

Ọ nwụrụ otu ụbọchị na Jenụwarị 9, afọ 2022, mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asatọ na asatọ.

## Edensibia
Richard Bonnie

**Richard J. Bonnie** bụ Prọfesọ Harrison Foundation nke Iwu na Ọgwụ,  Prọfesọ nke Public Policy, Prọfesọ nke Psychiatry na Neurobehavioral Science, na Director nke Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy na Mahadum Virginia ya na Mahadum Virginia School of Law.  Ọ na-akụzi ma na-ede banyere iwu mpụ, bioethics, na iwu ọha na eze metụtara ahụike uche, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ịka nká na ahụike ọha.

## Agụmakwụkwọ
Bonnie nwetara nzere Bachelor nke nka na Mahadum Johns Hopkins n'afọ 1966. Ọ natara L.L.B. ya na Mahadum Virginia n'afọ 1969.

## Ọrụ
Bonnie etinyela aka na ọrụ ọha na eze n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ. N'etiti ọtụtụ ọkwa ndị ọzọ, ọ bụri osote onye nduzi nke National Commission na eji wii wii na iji ọgwụ eme ihe (1971-73); odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke National Advisory Council na iji ọgwụ eme ihe (1975-80); onyeisi oche nke Virginia's State Human Rights Committee nke na-ahụ maka ichebe ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ (1979-85), onye isi ndụmọdụ maka ABA Criminal Justice Mental Health Standards Project (1981-88) na onyeisi oche nke Commission on Mental Health Law Reform nke Chief Justice of Virginia guzobere (2006-11).

Bonnie jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na American Psychiatric Association Council on Psychiatry and Law kemgbe afọ 1979, nata American Psychiatric Association's Isaac Ray Award n'afọ 1998 maka onyinye na ngalaba nke forensic psychiatry, e nyekwara ya otuto pụrụ iche nke onye isi ala n'afọ 2003 maka onyinye ya na American psychiatry. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na netwọk nyocha atọ nke MacArthur Foundation - na Mental Health and the Law (1988-96), Mandated Community Treatment (2000-2010) na Law and Neuroscience (kemgbe afọ 2008). 

N'afọ 1991, a họpụtara Bonnie na National Academy of Medicine. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ National Academy na isiokwu sitere na mmeso ọjọọ ndị agadi na ịṅụ mmanya na-erubeghị afọ iri, gụnyere akụkọ dị ịrịba ama, Ikpochapụ Nsogbu Ụtaba: A Blueprint for the Nation (2007). N'oge na-adịghi anya, ọ bụ onye isi ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mgbanwe ikpe ziri ezi nke ụmụaka (2013) na ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị okenye na ndị ntorobịa (2014).

## Nnyocha
Bonnie edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ gbasara iwu mpụ, bioethics na iwu ọha na eze metụtara ahụike uche, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ihe, ịka nká na ahụike ọha na eze.

## Onyinye na nsọpụrụ
N'afọ 2007, Bonnie natara nsọpụrụ kachasị elu na Mahadum Virginia, Thomas Jefferson Award .  Ọ natara ihe nrite Yarmolinsky n'afọ 2002 maka onyinye ya na National Academies .  A họpụtara Bonnie ka ọ bụrụ onye American Law Institute n'afọ 2014.

## Edemsibịa

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Silvano Arieti

Silvano Arieti (June 28, 1914 na Pisa, Italy – Ọgọst 7, 1981 na New York City) bụ dibia bekee were were dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ụwa na schizophrenia. Ọ natara MD ya na Mahadum Pisa wee pụọ n'Ịtali n'oge na-adịghị anya, n'ihi amụma agbụrụ na-emegide ndị Juu nke Benito Mussolini.

Arieti bụ prọfesọ nke ọrịa uche na New York Medical College. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha ọzụzụ na Division of Psychoanalysis na William Alanson White Institute, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke mpịakọta isii *American Handbook of Psychiatry*. Nkọwa ya nke Schizophrenia meriri 1975 National Book Award na sayensị.  The Will to be Human meriri 1973 National Book Award na ngalaba nkà ihe ọmụma na okpukpe. 

Arieti mere ọgwụgwọ akparamaagwa nke ndị ọrịa schizophrenic, ụzọ pụrụ iche nke mmadụ ole na ole n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe ya họọrọ ịgbaso. A na-ewere ọrụ ya n'oge ya dị ka nnukwu ngbanwe nke echiche nke schizophrenia mgbe Kraeplin na Bleuler gasịrị. Echiche ndị o kwupụtara na Nkọwa nke Schizophrenia gosipụtara usoro biopsychosocial zuru oke maka nsogbu ahụ, nke dị iche na usoro ndu siri ike nke ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmụọ na etiti narị afọ ndị ọzọ mere. A na-ahụta nchegbu nwata na ahụmihe uche nke nwata ahụ dị ka isi ihe na-ebute mmepe schizophrenia n'ime afọ. Ọ kwalitere echiche site na ụlọ akwụkwọ psychodynamic, onyinye ya wee bụrụ ntọala nke ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị e mesịrị na psychotherapy nke schizophrenia. A na-echeta Silvano Arieti dị ka nnukwu ọgụgụ isi nke tinyere ndụ ya n'ilekọta ndị isi mgbaka.
thumb|466x466px|Akwụkwọ Arieti bụ The Will to Be Human (nke a bịanyere aka na ya)

## Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ na echiche na-ezighi ezi nke Anti-Psychiatry
A na-ejikọta Silvano Arieti ugboro ugboro na ndị na-emegide ọrịa uche, ma nke a bụ echiche na-ezighị ezi, n'ihi na ya n'onwe ya abụghị akụkụ nke mmegharị ahụ, na n'ezie anabataghị echiche nke R.D. Laing na Thomas Szasz banyere schizophrenia. N'ezie, Arieti n'onwe ya kwadoro iji ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa uche na-agwọ ndị nwere ọrịa schizophrenia, iji mee ka ha nwetakwuo ọgwụgwọ psychotherapy, ọ na-ezigakwa ndị ọrịa nwere schizophrenia na-adịghị ahazi ka ha nweta ọgwụgwọ electroconvulsive ujo, iji belata mgbaàmà ha. O dere ọtụtụ ihe banyere ojiji na ịdị irè nke neuroleptics na nkọwa nke Schizophrenia, na uru ha na-agwọ ndị ọrịa.

Arieti na-agwọkarị ndị ọrịa nọ n'ọkwa schizophrenia siri ike site na iji ọgwụgwọ uche, mgbe ụfọdụ na neuroleptics ndị ọzọ, ma kọwaa ihe isi ike n'ịgwọ ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ ọrịa ahụ na-adịghị ala na otu usoro ahụ, n'ihi crystallization nke echiche efu na ụzọ isi mgbaka nke echiche na ọkwa a nke ọrịa ahụ, ma kwuo na mbelata uche ya na-eme ka ọgwụgwọ na-agbanwe agbanwe sie ike. Ọ chọpụtakwara omume na mgbaàmà nke ndị nọ n'ọkwa pre-terminal nke ọrịa ahụ, na ọkwa njedebe, na-ekwu na a naghị ahụkarị ndị ọrịa nọ n'oge ndị a n'oge a, n'ihi ojiji a na-ejikarị ọgwụ neuroleptic eme ihe, nke na-egbochi ọkwa dị otú ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Nkọwa nke Schizophrenia

## Edensibịa

## Njikọ mpụga
John Bancroft (onye na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ)

Dr **John H.J. Bancroft** (amụrụ n'afọ nke 1936) bụ dọkịta bụ onye nhazi nke The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction na Mahadum nke Indiana site na afọ 1995 ruo na afọ 2004. Ọ bụ prọfesọ na-ahụ maka Ọrịa Uche na mahadum nke Indiana na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike.

Bancroft nwetara B.A. ya na afọ 1960 na M.D. ya na afọ 1970 na Mahadum Cambridge. Julia Heiman nọchiri Bancroft dị ka onye nduzi nke Kinsey Institute na afọ 2004.

Bancroft bụ onye a mara nke ọma na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ntụgharị electroshock.

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Alice Bennett

** (Mary) Alice Bennett** (January 31, 1851 - 1925) bụ dọkịta US na nwanyị mbụ nwetara Ph.D. na Mahadum Pennsylvania. Na mgbakwunye, Bennett bụ nwanyị mbụ na-elekọta ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọgwụ steeti maka ndị isi mgbaka nọ na Norristown, Pennsylvania, na nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke Montgomery Country Medical Society. Ya na ndị dọkịta ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ onye so guzobe otu National Conference of Charities and Correction . 

## Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Bennett biri afọ mbụ ya n'obodo ya bụ Wrentham, Massachusetts  ya na nne na nna ya, Lydia Hayden na Isaac Francis Bennett na ụmụnne ya ise tọrọ ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Bennett kụziri nkuzi ruo afọ anọ na mpaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị gburugburu Wrentham. N'afọ 1872, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania na Philadelphia. Ozugbo ọ nwetara MD ya n'afọ 1876, Bennett rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Philadelphia slums. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ ya, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye ngosi anatomy n'ụlọ akwukwọ Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ma n'afọ 1880 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nwetara Ph.D. na Mahadum Pennsylvania. Ka ọ na-agụcha Ph.D. ya, Hiram Corson nyeere  ya aka na nhọpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nlekọta ahụike nke Ngalaba Ụmụ nwanyị n' ụlọ ọgwụ Pennsylvania State Hospital for the Insane na Norristown.

## Ọrụ na nruzu ndị  ọzọ
A họpụtara Alice Bennett dị ka nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke otu  Montgomery County Medical Society na Pennsylvania. N'oge ndụ ya ọ bụ onye otu ọtụtụ òtù gụnyere otu American Medical Association, Philadelphia Neurological Society na Medical Jurisprudence Society, yana otu n'ime ndị nnyere aka na Spring Garden Unitarian Church nke Philadelphia . 

Bennett rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ahụike nke Ngalaba gbasara  Ụmụ nwanyị na Pennsylvania State Hospital for the Insane na Norristown site n'afọ 1880 ruo afọ 1896. N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye nkwado inwe obi mmadụ nye ọgwgwọ ndị ọrịa. Ọ katọrọ igbochi ndị isi mgbaka na ndị isi mebiri na ufọdụ ihe, ma na-akọwa na nke a abaghị uru ma bụrụ nke na-kpatara iwe. Bennett kwsịrị omume ndị a na ụlọ ọrụ nke ya, ma mee ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ mee otu ihe ahụ. Dị ka onye nọchiri ya, dọkịta a na-ewebata nchepụta ọhrụ webatara usoro ọrụ ọgwụgwọ dịka, ọrụ aka, egwu na nka. Akụkọ nnyocha ya na akwụkwọ gbasara ọdịdị na njirimara nke ọrịa uche mere ka ọ bụrụ ọkachamara ọrụ ya. 

Bennett hapụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ steeti n'afọ 1896, ma laghachi  n'obodo ya bụ Wrentham ma na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya. N'afọ 1910, ọ chọpụtara ụlọ ọgwụ New York bụ Emily Blackwell's New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Childrenl. O wepụtara onwe ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba na-ahụ maka ịmụ nwa ruo afọ iri na ise.

## Ọnwụ
Bennett alụghị di ma ọlị. Ọ nwụrụ na ọrịa angina pectoris na ụlọ ọgwụ New York n'afọ 1925 ma e lie ya na Wrentham, Massachusetts.

## Edemsibịa

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Albert Moore Barrett

**Albert Moore Barrett**, M.D. (1871-1936), onye dọkịta America, bụ prọfesọ nke ọrịa uche na Mahadum Michigan, ma bụrụ kwa onye a na-eto maka nguzobe ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ nke ọrịa uche n'ime mahadum.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Barrett na Julaị 15, na afo 1871, na Austin, Illinois, obu nwa nke onye ụkọchukwu Metọdist. Ọ gara Mahadum steeti nke Iowa, nweta Bachelor of Arts (A.B.) na afo1893 na nzere mmụta ahụike (M.D.) na afo 1895.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, site na afo1895 ruo afo 1897 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na onye na-enyere dọkịta aka na ụlọ ọgwụ Iowa Steeti maka ndị isi mgbaka na nwere onwe. Tupu ọ gaa ọrụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru Adolph Meyer, onye isi, na-ahụ maka Ọrịa akwara, na Illinois Eastern Hospital maka ndị isi mgbaka na Kankakee, Illinois. Dị ka Meyer si kwuo, Barrett nwere mmasị ịmụta otu esi eme nchọpụta ozu na ịmụ maka Ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'afọ 1897, Barrett kwagara na ụlọ ọgwụ nke ndị isi mgbaka dị ṅa Steeti Worcester, Massachusetts dị ka osote dọkịta. N'afọ 1901-1902, Barrett gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Heidelberg na Germany, ya na Franz Nissl, Alois Alzheimer, na Emil Kraepelin rukoru ọrụ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na mba United States, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote dọkịta na onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na Danvers State Hospital (nke a makwaara dị ka State Lunatic Hospital na Danvers na State Insane Asylum) na Massachusetts, na 1905-1906 ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na neuropathology na Harvard Medical School. 

N'afọ 1906, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonye na Mahadum nke Michigan na ahụ maka arụ ike .  William J. Henderson, onye isi, prọfesọ nke ọrịa akwara na nke uche, na-eme atụmatụ imeghe obere ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke mahadum na usoro ahụike uche steeti. Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ọrịa Ọrịa Ọkụ nke Steeti ọhụrụ ahụ bụ iji nye nlekọta nke ndị ọrịa, yana maka ọmụmụ na nyocha na ọrịa ụbụrụ nke ọrịa uche. Ndị omeiwu steeti Michigan nyere ikike ilu ọrụ ahụ na afọ 1905, e meghere ya na 1906 na Barrett dị ka onye ntuzi aka

Barrett bụ òtù n'ime ndị kwadọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọrịa ịsị mgbaka ndị na ele anya na ọrịa ịsị mgbaka bu nke nwere ike ịkwe ngwọta. nke na-eme ka a ghara ịtụ ndị isi mgbaka mkpọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ntaramahụhụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye ntụziaka nke State Psychopathic Hospital na Ann Arbor bụ nke pụrụ iche n'ọtụtụ akụkụ, ọkachasị na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa nke ndị na-adịghị njọ na ndị ọrịa ndị si na ụlọ abịa, (ya bu ndi ebighị na ụlọ ọgwụ ) ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịru nwa oge. Barrett hụrụ ihe nlereanya ya nke ụlọ ọgwụ na-arịa ọrịa uche dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na usoro ụlọ ọgwụ steeti dị ugbu a maka ndị isi mgbaka, ma kwenyere na usoro ụlọ ọrụ ahụike uche jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọgwụ dị n'ógbè ga-adị irè karịa ndokwa dị ugbu a, nke dị n'etiti, na steeti ọ bụla; ọ ga-enye ohere imekọ ihe ọnụ na ụlọ ikpe mpaghara na ụlọ ọrụ ọdịmma, ma hapụ ndị ọrịa ka ha nọrọ nso n'ụlọ mgbe ọ bụla o kwere omume.

## Ọrụ
Barrett, Albert "Nnyocha nke ụfọdụ Nsogbu Ụbụrụ na Mmerụ Ọrịa Ụbụrụ pụrụ iche A hụrụ na Cases of Pernicious Anemia," The Physician and Surgeon 35 (1913): 356-358.

## Edensibia
Jack Barchas

**Jack David Barchas** (amụrụ na Nọvemba 2, afọ r1935)  bụ onye American psychiatrist onye bụ Barklie McKee Henry Prọfesọ na Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Psychiatry na Weill Cornell Medical College nke Mahadum Cornell na Onye isi Psychiatrist nke New York-Presbyterian Hospital / Weill Coronnell Medical Center na Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic. Ọ bụbu prọfesọ Nancy Friend Pritzker na psychiatry na Mahadum Stanford na dean nke nyocha na neuroscience na Mahadim California, ụlọ ahụike nke Los Angeles . 

N'afọ 2006, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike (nke bụzi National Academy of Medicine) nyere ya ihe nrite Rhoda na Bernard Sarnat International  na Mental Health nke ha. 

Barchas nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Pomona College na afọ 1956 na nzere ahụike ya na Yale Medical School na afọ 1961. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &#x5B;**&#x5D; the

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Amin Azzam

**Amin Azzam** bụ prọfesọ na-ahụ maka ahụike America na ngalaba isi mgbaka na Mahadum California Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọgwụ. Ọ bụkwa onye prọfesọ ụlọ ọgwụ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, onye bụbu onye isi ngalaba nke UC Berkeley – UCSF Mmemme ọgwụọgwụ jikọtara ọnụ, na onye bụbu onye isi nke usoro mmụta “Mmụta dabere na nsogbu” mmemme ahụ,   ma e wezụga ịbụ onye isi nke Mmemme mmụta meghere onye ọ bụla  na ngalaba ntinye aka na ngalaba nhazi n’Osmosis nke Elsevier  A maara ya maka ịkụziri klas a họpụtara ahọpụta maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike afọ anọ nke mejupụtara kpamkpam dezie akụkọ Wikipedia gbasara isiokwu ahụike.  O nwetara echiche ahụ site n'aka otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, Michael Turken, na 2012, ma nwee obi abụọ na mbụ, ma emesịa kwenye na ọ nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo echiche. O meziri klas ahụ na Turken.   O buru ụzọ kụziri usoro ọmụmụ ọnwa na December 2013.  Banyere klas ahụ, o kwuru, sị, "Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta anyị na ọha mmadụ, dịka ndị dọkịta, na-enye aka na Wikipedia na ebe ndị ọzọ na-emeghe ohere n'ihi na ọ bụ ebe ahụ ka ụwa na-agụ banyere ozi ahụike." 

## Mmụta
Azzam nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Rochester na akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ ya na Mahadume Ọgwụ nke Virginia .  Mgbe ahụ, o mezuru mmemme ọkachamara ya na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa uche ndị okenye n’Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mahadum California,San Francisco, wee nweta nzere masta na agụmakwụkwọ na Mahadim California, Berkeley.

* Ndepụta nke ndị Wikipedia

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ gọọmentị na UCSF
* User pagenaWikipedia
* Amin AzzamnaTwitter
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Linda Austin

**Linda Austin** (amụrụ n'afọ 1951) bụ onye dibia isi mgbaka nke America. A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na mmata banyere ahụike uche site na mgbasa ozi.a matara ya màkà ọrụ ya

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
Na afo 1976 I wetara akwụkwọ mahadum na afu màkà ndi ara mgbe afọr atọ garsari enyere ya onye ịse dọkịta mgbasara ńdí ara o bu  onye mara ihe o na eme ofụma 

O bu waa onye mba Amerika 

N'afọ 1976, Austin nwetara MD ya na Mahadum Duke. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ bụ nwa na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche na Mahadum Georgetown. N'ebe ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye nkuzi ahụike maka ọrịa uche. N'afọ 1986, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ na Mahadum Ọgwụ nke South Carolina . Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, a kpọrọ ya osote prọfesọ nke ọrịa uche na onye nduzi nke mmemme nsogbu uche. N'afọ 1995, Austin nwetara ọrụ ma otu afọ ka e mesịrị ọ ghọrọ osote dean maka agụmakwụkwọ ọha. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ oge niile nke ọrịa uche na 1999. Ọ bu onye mba Amerika   

na afu màkà ndi ara                    

Mgbe Hurricane Hugo gasịrị, Austin jiri usoro mgbasa ozi dị ka telivishọn na redio maka ebumnuche nke agụmakwụkwọ ahụike uche ọha na eze na ịgbanwe ihere nke na-aga n'ihu na ọrịa uche. E gosipụtara ya na ihe nkiri American Psychological Association Depression: The Storm Within ma n'otu afọ ahụ ọ malitere ihe ngosi nke ahụike uche ya na NPR nke akpọrọ What's on Your Mind?.  Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka webụsaịtị emelitere nke Mahadum Ọgwụ nke South Carolina nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 900 mmeri pọdkastị.  Ewezuga ide akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n'ime ha gosipụtara na ihe ngosi Oprah Winfrey, na ịnabata ihe ngosi okwu nke ya, Austin na-eme psychiatry ihe dị ka awa 20 n'izu.  

## Edensibịa

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Salman Akhtar

**Salman Akhtar** (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ na Otu nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1946)  bụ onye ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke India-Amerikan mba United States . Ọ bụ onye edemede na Prọfesọ nke Ọrịa uche na Omume mmadụ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike Jefferson  na Philadelphia .

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Salman Akhtar na Khairabad, Uttar Pradesh nye Jan Nisar Akhtar, onye na-ede egwú Bollywood na onye na-ede uri Urdu, na Safia Akhtar, onye nkụzi na onye edemede. Nna nna ya, Muztar Khairabadi, bụ onye na-ede uri mgbe nna nna ya ukwu, Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi, bụ ọkà mmụta nke mmụta Islam na nkà mmụta okpukpe ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na nnupụisi India nke afọ 1857 . Ọ bụ nwanne nwoke onye na-ede uri na onye na-agụ egwú Javed Akhtar na ọgọ nwoke nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-elekọta mmadụ Shabana Azmi . Nwa ya nwoke bụ Kabir Akhtar bụ onye isi nke ihe onyonyo nke Amerika na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Emmy họpụtara . Nwa ya nwanyị Nishat Akhtar bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye mmebe ihe osise.  

## Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ
Mgbe ọ natara akara ugo mmụta MBBS ya na  Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke Mahadum Muslim Aligarh (JNMC)  na India, Salman Akhtar mere ọzụzụ ya na Maulana Azad  kọleji ahuike nke Mahadum Delhi na India. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ mmụta ahụike nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ọrịa uche na PGIMER Chandigarh n'okpuru Onye dibia bekee ọrịa uche ama ama NN Wig .  N'oge a, o dere a ma ama isiokwu "A phenomenological analysis nke mgbaàmà na obsessive-compulsive neurosis".  Ọ kwagara mba United States n'afọ 1973 wee kwughachi ọzụzụ mmụta uche ya na Mahadum Ahụike  Virginia  n'afọ 1976. O nwetara ọzụzụ psychoanalytic site na Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute n'afọ 1986. &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Ugbu a, ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke  ọrịa uche na Omume mmadụ n' ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji ahụike Jefferson  na onye isi mgbaka na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mahadum Jefferson yana Ọzụzụ na Nlekọta Nlekọta na Psychoanalytic Center nke Philadelphia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D; O jere ozi na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke *International Journal of Psychoanalysis* na *Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association* . Salman Akhtar edeela, dezie ma ọ bụ dezie ihe karịrị akwụkwọ narị atọ , gụnyere akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ otu narị . Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe nkiri maka *International Journal of Psychoanalysis*, ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nyocha akwụkwọ maka *International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies* . O bipụtakwala nchịkọta uri asaa wee jee ozi dị ka onye Ọkammụta na-ebi na ụlọ ọrụ Inter-Act Theater na Philadelphia. &#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara

## Edemsibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Akeem Sule

**Akeem Sule** bụ onye Britain na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche ma bụrụ onye  Naijiria, onye guzobere Hip-hop Psych, nchepụta  nke na-eji egwu hip hop na okwu so egwu akwado ndị na-arịa ọrịa uche, ma bụrụ onye nhazi nke  otu Association of Black Psychiatrists Culture Club .   

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

*  (Co-author)
*  (Co-author)
* 

## Edemsibịa

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akeem Sule (CV)
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Eric Berne

Eric Berne (Mee 10, 1910 – Julaị 15, 1970) bụ onye dibia bekee amụrụ na Canada bụ onye mepụtara tiori nke nyocha azụmahịa dịka ụzọ isi kọwaa omume mmadụ.

Ozizi Berne nke nyocha azụmahịa gbadoro ụkwụ na echiche Freud na Carl Jung mana ọ dị iche. Ndị ọkachamara n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Freudian lekwasịrị anya na ọgwụgwọ okwu dị ka ụzọ isi nweta nghọta maka ụdị onye ọrịa ha. Berne kwenyere na enwere ike ịchọpụta nghọta nke ọma site na nyocha azụmahịa mmekọrịta nke ndị ọrịa.[1]

## Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ (1927-1938)
A mụrụ Eric Berne na Mee 10, 1910, na A mụrụ Eric Berne na Mee 10, 1910 na Montreal, Quebec, Canada, dị ka Eric Lenard Bernstein. Ọ bụ nwa David Hillel Bernstein, MD, ọkachamara n'ozuzu, na Sarah Gordon Bernstein, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọkachamara. Naanị otu nwanne ya, nwanne ya nwanyị Grace, mụrụ afọ ise ka e mesịrị. Ezinụlọ ahụ si Poland na RSFSR kwaga Canada. Nne na nna abụọ ahụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum McGill na Montreal. Eric nọ nna ya nso ma kwuo obi ụtọ banyere otú o si eso nna ya na-agbagharị, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri na-adọkpụ na-eme njem na oyi Montreal oyi iji leta ndị ọrịa.[1]

Papa Berne nwụrụ n'ihi ụkwara nta mgbe Berne dị afọ 11. Nne ya kwadoro onwe ya na ụmụ ya abụọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede. Ọ gbara nwa ya nwoke ume ịgbaso nzọụkwụ nna ya na ịmụ ọgwụ.[1] Berne nwetara akara ugo mmụta baccalaureate ya na 1931[2] na MD na CM. (Master of Surgery) sitere na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike Mahadum McGill na 1935.[1]

Berne bịara United States na 1935 mgbe ọ malitere ọzụzụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Englewood na New Jersey. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ otu afọ na 1936, ọ malitere ebe obibi uche ya na Psychiatric Clinic of Yale University School of Medicine, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ abụọ.[1]

N'afọ 1939, Berne wė bụ nwa ama n'ala Amerika wee kpọchie aha ya site na Eric Lenard Bernstein ruo Eric Berne. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ

N'afọ 1949, a nabatara ya dị ka Fellow na Amerika Psychiatric Association . 

## Ọrụ (1938-1970)
Carl Bell (onye dọkịta)

Carl Compton Bell (Ọktoba 28, 1947 - Ọgọst 2, 2019) bụ onye America prọfesọ nke ọrịa uche na ahụike ọha na eze na Mahadum Illinois na Chikago . Bell bụ onye nchọpụta mba ụwa nke Ụlọakwụkwọ Ahụike nke Uche. onye dere ịhe karịrị akwụkwọ narị ise na iri asaa na ise, isi, na isiokwu na-akọwa maka nsogbu mgbochi ime ihe ike, mgbochi Ọya mmịnwụ, mgbochi ahụ mkpọnwụ ụra, nchọpụta na-ezighi ezi nke Ọrịa ụra mbà n'obi, na ụmụaka ịhe ike nwere ike ịme.   

Bell bụ Onye isi nke otu ndi na-aga n’obodo maka ahuike nke uche . nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ahụike uche na-abụghị maka uru na Mba Amerịca.  Ọ bụkwa onye ndu nke Ụlọakwụkwọ nke nchọpụta nke ụmụaka (Ụlọ ọmụmụ nke ụmụaka nwere isi mgbaka)  na Mahadum Illinois na Chikago. Ọ na-arụ na Ụlọgwụ nke ndị isi mgbaka dị na jacksin pakị na ọbere ụlọ arụ ike na Southside nke Chicago.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Bell na agbataobi Bronzeville nke  dị na Chikago , wee gụchaa na Ụlọakwụkwọ sekọndịrị ana akpọ Hyde Park na 1965.  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Illinois na 1967 jiri nzere mmụta nke mbụ na biology,  ọ gara n'ihu gụkwaa na ụlọakwụkwọ ahụike Meharry   ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ jiri nzere mmuta nke abụọ na Ụlọakwụkwọ ahụike were pụta. Ọzụzụ na akwụkwọ nke abụọ ya na Mahadum bụ na ụlọakwụkwọ nke ndị isi mgbaka nke di na Steti Illinois. di na chikago. Mgbe obibi ọmụmụ ya gachara ,  ọ banyere ndi ọgụ mmiri nke ndi Amerika  site na 1974 ruo 1976 mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi n’ulọgwụ nke ndị isi mgbaka obodo na Southsidi nke chikago ,  na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike gụnyere ụlọ arụike Jackson Parkị na obodo ọgbakọ nke ndị na ahụ maka ndị isi mgbaka,  nke o nyere aka wulite ruo nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ahụike uche zuru oke, nke na-adụ ndị ọzọ ọdụ na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ na ahụike ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike uche.

## Edensidee
Joseph Biederman

Joseph Biederman (29 Septemba 1947 - 5 Jenụwarị 2023) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị America. Ọ bụ onye isi nke Clinical and Research Programs na Pediatric Psychopharmacology na Adult ADHD na Massachusetts General Hospital na prọfesọ nke psychiatry na Harvard Medical School.

Site na 2019 ruo 2022, metrik nrụtụ aka ya debere ya na 0.01% kacha elu nke ndị sayensị n'akụkụ niile.[1] Nnyocha ya bụ nke a na-akpọkwa ya nke ọma: Biederman nwere h-index nke 121, [2] nke bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị elu na ngalaba ahụike uche. Usoro metrik ndị a na-egosi na akwụkwọ ya enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọhịa. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe kacha lekwasị anya na nlebara anya-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) n'oge ntorobịa na ndị okenye, ọ gụkwara nsogbu nke mgbagwoju anya, ọrịa bipolar, nsogbu tic, ịda mbà n'obi, na nsogbu iji ihe eme ihe na ntorobịa. N'ihi ọrụ a, a na-ewere ya dị ka nna nke ụmụaka psychopharmacology.[3] Ọ dọtara esemokwu na nlebara anya ọha maka ọrụ ya n'ịkwalite nchoputa nke nsogbu ịda mbà n'obi nke nwata na njikọ ego ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ.[4][5].
Eugene G. d'Aquili

* Ihe mere Chineke agaghị aga: Brain Science and the Biology of Belief (2001) na Andrew Newberg (Onye edemede) na Vince Rause, Ballantine Akwụkwọ Ballantine
* The Mystical Mind: Probing the Biology of Religious Experience (1999) na Andrew B. Newberg, Fortress PressEbe obibi akwụkwọ
* Brain, Symbol and Experience: Toward a Neurophenomenology of Human Consciousness (1990) na Charles D. Laughlin na John McManus, New Science Librarymba Akwụkwọ Sayensị Ọhụrụ
* The Spectrum of Ritual: A Biogenetic Structural Analysis (1979) na Charles D. Laughlin na John McManus, Columbia University PressỤlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Columbia
* *Biogenetic Structuralism* (1974) na Charles D. Laughlin, Columbia University PressỤlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Columbia
* *Ihe Ndị Na-ekpebi Ọdịbendị* (1972) Addison-Wesley o na eme waa njri màrà ndị 

* Obituary na: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-eugene-daquili-1174695.html