Henry Munyaradzi

thumb|Henry Munyaradzi
 

**Henry Munyaradzi** (a mụrụ n'afọ 1931) bụ onye Zimbabwe na-akpụ ihe. A na-akpọkarị mmegharị ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ọ bụ onye otu ya dị ka "Shona sculpture" (lee Shona art and Art of Zimbabwe), ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị otu ya a ma ama abụghị ndi agbụrụ Shona. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mbụ na Tengenenge Sculpture Community, kilomita otu narị na iri ise n'ebe ugwu nke Harare dị nso na Guruve, nke ọ sonyeere na 1967. N'obodo ahụ, na n'ikpeazụ n'ime ụwa sara mbara nke ndị hụrụ nka Zimbabwe n'anya, a maara ya dịka 'Henry'.

Henry Munyaradzi nwụrụ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1998 ma e lie ya n'obodo Mukaera Christian dị na mpụga Guruve.

## Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
Munyaradzi bụ nwa *mhondoro*, otu n'ime ndị isi ime mmụọ ọdịnala nke obodo ya na Chipuriro (ala Sipolilo Tribal Trust) ihe dị ka kilomita iri atọ site na Guruve, Mashonaland n'ebe ugwu nke ihe bụ, na 1931, Southern Rhodesia . O sonyere dị ka nwata na emume ọdịnala dịka *bira*, ụdị ngagharị olili ozu, nakwa ịchụ nta. Onye na-ekwu okwu Shona, Munyaradzi agabeghị ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke mere ka  asụsụ Bekee siere ya ike n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ọ bụ nwanne nna ya, Edward Chiwawa, onye bụ ọkwá nkà obodo zụlitere Henry; agụmakwụkwọ ya bara uru na nke mbụ. Otu onye nkwusa Ndị Kraịst na-ejegharị ejegharị, Mukaera, onye ọ sonyeere Chọọchị Apostolic ya wee mụta ịgụ Bible na Shona. N'ikpeazụ, ọ ghọrọ onye na-akpụ ọla n'obodo, ma rụkwaa ọrụ dị ka ọkwá nkà na onye na-akụ ụtaba.

## Mmepe nke ihe ọkpụkpụ nkume Zimbabwe
Central Zimbabwe nwere "Great Dyke" - isi iyi nke nkume agwọ nke ọtụtụ ụdị nke gụnyere ụdị siri ike nke a na-akpọ springstone. Omenala mbụ nke ndị Shona biri n'elu ugwu dị elu n'ihe dị ka 900 AD na "Great Zimbabwe", nke malitere n'ihe dị ka 1250–1450 AD, bụ obodo nwere mgbidi nkume na-egosi ihe akaebe na nkà mmụta ihe ochie ya nke nkume nwere nkà na-arụ ọrụ. A na-eji granite dị n'ógbè ahụ rụọ mgbidi ahụ ma ọ nweghị ihe eji eme ihe n'ihe owuwu ha. Mgbe e gwupụtara ya, a hụrụ nnụnụ isii na efere soapstone na ogige ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ihe ncheta ahụ, ya mere ụdị nka na soapstone bụ akụkụ nke ọdịbendị mbụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ịkpụ nkume dị ka nka enweghị usoro ọmụmụ kpọmkwem ruo taa ma ọ bụ naanị n'afọ 1954 ka mmegharị nke oge a malitere. Nke a bụ mgbe Frank McEwen ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ na Rhodes National Gallery ọhụrụ a ga-ewu na Harare na site na 1955 ruo 1973 bụ onye isi ntọala ya (ọ mepere na 1957). Ebumnuche nke Gallery bụ iweta nka na-abụghị nke Afrịka na Harare mana mgbe McEwen mepụtara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Workshop iji gbaa ọrụ ọhụrụ ume na eserese na ihe ọkpụkpụ, obodo nke ndị na-ese ihe chọpụtaghachiri nkà ndị na-adịghị ahụ maka ihe ọkpụkpụ nkume na "ọgbọ mbụ nke ndị na-ese ihe ọkpụkpụ Shona ọhụrụ. Ndị a gụnyere Joram Mariga na nwa nwanne ya John Takawira, na Thomas Mukarobgwa bụ ndị sonyeere ndị ọrụ gallery na 1957. Mmegharị nka a na-eto eto na-egbu oge ịzụlite mana Tom Blomefield nyere ya nnukwu ume na 1966 site n'aka Tom Blomefield, onye ọcha amụrụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na South-Africa nke ụtaba nke ugbo ya dị na Tengenenge dị nso na Guruve nwere ọtụtụ nkume agwọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ịkpụ. Onye na-akpụ ihe na nkume n'onwe ya, ọ chọrọ ime ka ojiji nke ala ya dị iche iche ma nabata ndị na-akpụ ihe ọhụrụ na ya iji mepụta obodo nke ndị na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ. Nke a bụ n'otu akụkụ n'ihi na n'oge ahụ, e nwere mmachibido iwu mba ụwa megide gọọmentị ọcha nke Rhodesia nke Ian Smith, onye kwupụtara Nkwupụta Unilateral nke nnwere onwe na 1965, ụtaba enweghịzi ike ịmepụta ego zuru oke. N'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, Tengenenge pụtara “Malite nke Mmalite” - n’ọnọdụ a nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ịrịba ama nke dịgidere ruo taa.

Munyaradzi alụọla nwanyị ma na-achọ ọrụ mgbe Blomefield kpọbatara ya na Tengenenge Sculpture Community na 10 Septemba 1967, onye dị ka profaịlụ ya nke Henry tụrụ aro ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ naanị ya kama ịbụ onye ndị ọzọ na-akpụ ihe dị ka Leman Moses bụ ndị sonyere obodo ahụ. N'iburu ihe ọmụma ya banyere ọrụ osisi na ịkpụ ígwè, ọ mụtara ngwa ngwa nkà nke onye na-akpụ ihe na nkume, na-anọgide na-akụziri onwe ya maka ọrụ ya niile. Henry McFadden zụtara ọrụ mbụ ya "The Insect God" ma mesịa gosipụta ya na Musée Rodin ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Henry hapụrụ Community iji rụọ ọrụ n'onwe ya n'afọ 1975. Ọ kụzikwaara ndị ọzọ na-akpụ ihe, dịka nwa nwanne nna ya Edward Chiwawa. Munyaradzi gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Rhodes National Gallery na 1968. N'oge ahụ, a ghaghị ibuga ọrụ ahụ na kilomita otu narị na iri ise gaa Salisbury, ebe Jenny Senior, onye na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi maka ụlọ ahịa na onye nyekwara aka hazie ihe ngosi nka kwa afọ. Dị ka Blomefield si kwuo, mgbe a jụrụ Henry otú o si mee ọdịdị zuru oke na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, ọ zara "Ana m agbaso ọdịdị nkume ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na nkume ahụ guzo n'ebe ahụ, enwere m ike ịhụ isi ihe dị iche iche dị mkpa ma m na-eme ya site n'ebumnobi m; enwere mmekọrịta dị n'otu n'etiti onwe m na nkume ahụ. "

1969 bụ nnọọ afọ dị mkpa maka mmegharị ihe ọkpụkpụ ọhụrụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ oge McEwen weere ụfọdụ ọrụ, ọkachasị site na Tengenenge, gaa na Museum of Modern Art na New York na ebe ndị ọzọ na US, iji nweta otuto dị egwu. Ọ bụkwa afọ ahụ nwunye ya Mary (née McFadden) guzobere Vukutu, ugbo ọkpụkpụ dị nso na Inyanga, ebe ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe mechara rụọ ọrụ. Ndepụta nke aha ndị na-akpụ ihe ndị ga-abụ ndị a maara nke ọma na mba ụwa toro nke gụnyere Bernard Matemera, Sylvester Mubayi, Henry Mukarobgwa, Thomas Mukarobgwa, Joseph Ndandarika na Bernard Takawira. Ndị niile a kpọtụrụ aha ruo ugbu a, gụnyere Munyaradzi, nyere aka n'ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Arte de Vukutu nke e gosipụtara na 1971 na Musée National d'Art Moderne na 1972 na Musée Rodin. McEwen haziri ndị a, onye biri ma rụọ ọrụ na Paris tupu nhọpụta ya na Harare.

## Ndụ mgbe e mesịrị na ihe ngosi
Munyaradzi na nwunye ya nwere ụmụ nwanyị asaa na ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Otu nwa nwoke, Mekias (Mike), onye gara Mahadum Manchester wee bụrụ onye na-anya ụgbọelu. Ọ na-agbaso nzọụkwụ nna ya dị ka onye na-akpụ ihe.

N'oge na-adịghị anya, Henry nwetara nkwanye ùgwù n'ụwa niile, na ihe ngosi asatọ nke otu onye na ebe ndị dị ka Los Angeles, Berlin na Heidelberg. N'ịgbaso otu n'ime ndị a, ihe ngosi nke 1984 na Commonwealth Institute na London, ọ zụtara ugbo na Ruwa, Zimbabwe ebe ọ biri ma rụọ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.

E gosipụtara otu n'ime ọrụ Henry, nke a na-akpọ Wing Woman, na stampụ Zimbabwe nke e nyere iji cheta ụbọchị Commonwealth na 14 Maachị 1983. Ọ mepụtara uru 9c n'ime usoro nke Joseph Ndandarika, John Takawira na Nicholas Mukomberanwa rụchara. Mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ nwere aha "Henry Mudzengerere"! Ọzọ, nke a na-akpọ Spirit Python bụ uru 30c na nke e nyere na 14 Eprel 1988 iji mee ememe ncheta afọ iri atọ nke mmeghe nke National Gallery.

Munyaradzi nwetara isiokwu ya site na ụwa okike, na-ejikọta ya na ihe osise Ndị Kraịst ma gosipụta ya n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ, nke onwe ya. Celia Winter-Irving, n'akwụkwọ ya na Stone Sculpture (lee ọgụgụ ọzọ) dere "Dị ka Paul Klee, Henry na-ewere akara maka ije mana ọ na-achịkwa ya mgbe nzọụkwụ mbụ gasịrị. Jonathan Zilberg tụlere mgbanwe nke ụdị ya na njikọ ya na ihe ọkpụkpụ Europe.

Ihe ọkpụkpụ Munyaradzi dị na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke National Gallery of Zimbabwe, Chapungu Sculpture Park, Museum fur Völkerkunde, Frankfurt, Indianapolis Museum of Art, McEwen collection nke British Museum, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Ihe ka ọtụtụ na-agụnye ihu mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ nke a na-akpụ anya dị ka okirikiri dị mfe ma na-egbutu anya na imi na akara kwụ ọtọ n'ụdị T. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ngosi ya, dị ka Saviour and Child (1989), agagharịala n'ụwa niile; dịka ọmụmaatụ na Yorkshire Sculpture Park na 1990, ebe ọrụ ndị a na-egosipụta gụnyere ihe atụ sitere n'aka ndị niile na-ese ihe nyere aka na ngosi Musée Rodin nke 1971.

Nchịkọta “Chapungu: Culture and Legend – A Culture in Stone” nke e gosipụtara na Kew Gardens n'afọ 2000 na-egosipụta ihe ọkpụkpụ Henry a kpọrọ *Mhondoro* – Great Lion Spirit (Springstone, 1986) na p. 48-59 and The Spirit Medium and the Interpreter (Springstone, 1995) on p. 84–85.
A na-ahụ ihe oyiyi nke ọrụ Munyaradzi n'ụzọ dị mfe na World Wide Web, dịka ọmụmaatụ site na nchịkọta Richard Handelsman ebe *Ekpere maka mmiri ozuzo* (203 cm elu) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị.

Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ nke Munyaradzi bịanyere aka na aha "Enri", dịka ọmụmaatụ maka ihe ngosi Arte de Vukutu, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere aha "HENRY" nke e dere na mkpụrụedemede ukwu na ọtụtụ ndị enyela ọnụ ahịa dị elu n'ahịa mba ụwa. N'ihi nke ahụ, a maara na adịgboroja dị adị. O ji ọtụtụ ụdị serpentine (eg springstone, green na red serpentine) na obere nkume verdite dị oké ọnụ ahịa maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ya. Dị ka Olivier Sultan kwuru "A maara ya dị ka 'Henry', onye a maara nke ọma na Zimbabwe na-akpụ ihe dị ka onye dibịa anwansi, onye amamihe nke maara otú e si achọta ihe dị mkpa ma, ya mere, nwee ike ịsụgharị isi nke onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ mmụọ n'ime nkume. Site na nlezianya na ịdị nro, ọ na-ahọrọ nkume nke ọ na-eche na o nwere mmụọ nke anụmanụ, mmadụ, ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ifufe. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji tọhapụ mmụọ ahụ, na-eme ka ọ ghara ịnwụ n'ihu stele na anya hypnotic. " 

### Ngosipụta o mere naanị ya ma ọ bụ otu

* 1968 New African Art: The Central African Workshop School, New York, USA
* 1971 Sculpture Contemporaine des Shonas d'Afrique, Musée Rodin, Paris, France
* 1978 MOMA, New York, USA
* 1982 Janet Fleischer Gallery, Philadelphia, USA
* 1984 Henry nke Tengenenge, Commonwealth Institute, London
* 1985 Kustchatze aus Africa, Frankfurt, Germany
* 1985 Henry nke Tengenenge, Feingarten Gallery, Los Angeles, USA
* 1989 Zimbabwe op de Berg, Foundation Beelden op de Berg, Wageningen, Netherlands
* 1990 Contemporary Stone Carving from Zimbabwe, Yorkshire Sculpture Park, UK
* 1994 Henry nke Tengenenge, Contemporary Fine Art Gallery Eton, Berkshire, UK
* 2000 Chapungu: Omenala na Akụkọ - Omenala na Nkume, Kew Gardens, UK

## Hụkwa

* Ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Zimbabwe

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Winter-Irving C. “Stone Sculpture in Zimbabwe”, Roblaw Publishers (A division of Modus Publications Pvt. Ltd), 1991,  (Paperback)   (Cloth bound)
* Winter-Irving C. “Pieces of Time: An anthology of articles on Zimbabwe’s stone sculpture published in The Herald and Zimbabwe Mirror 1999–2000”. Mambo Press, Zimbabwe, 2004,  

## Ebensidee

Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations