open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lynne Opperman

**Lynne A. Opperman** bụ onye nchọpụta America. Tupu mmalite nke afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2021-22, a kpọrọ Opperman onye isi oche nke Texas A&amp;amp;M University College of Dentistry.

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
A mụrụ Opperman ma zụlite ya na Johannesburg, South Africa.  gara Mahadum nke Witwatersrand maka nzere Bachelor of Science na Ph.D. tupu ọ kwaga United States maka postdoctoral fellowships ya.

## Ọrụ
N'ịgbaso mkpakọrịta ya, Opperman sonyeere ngalaba na Mahadum Virginia School of Medicine dị ka osote prọfesọ na nyocha.  mechara hapụ ya ka ọ sonye na Mahadum Texas A&amp;amp;M na 1996. N'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Texas A&M, Opperman jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Craniofacial Biology Group maka International Association for Dental Research na na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ dị iche iche. 'afọ 2011, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke mmepe teknụzụ na prọfesọ na sayensị biomedicine, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche a họpụtara nke American Association of Anatomists . [1]

'ihi nyocha ya, e nyere Opperman utu aha Regents Professor site na Texas A&M University System Board of Regents na 2015. Mgbe nke  gasịrị, a kpọrọ ya onye isi ngalaba na-anọchi anya sayensị biomedicine nke Texas A&M [1] ma họpụta ya maka afọ atọ dị ka onye nnọchi anya kansụl maka American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).  'afọ 2019, Opperman bụ otu n'ime ndị otu atọ nke Texas A&M họpụtara dị ka ndị Fellows nke AAAS.

Tupu mmalite nke afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2021-, a kpọrọ Opperman onye isi oche nke Texas A&amp;amp;M University College of Dentistry.  Septemba 2021, Opperman jikọrọ aka mepụta usoro mmụta iji kwe ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ezé nke afọ anọ nye Ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19. [1]

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Lynne Oppermanmbipụta ndị edepụtara site naOnye Ọkà mmụta Google
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Taurus (ìgwè kpakpando)

Taurus ( Latĩn maka " Ehi ") bụ otu n'ime mịka nke zodiac ma dị na ugwu nke ibu .  Taurus bụ nnukwu igwe ama na mbara igwe nke Northern Hemisphere .  Ọ bụ otu n'ime m agụ ndị ochie, akụkọ na Early Age Bronze opekata, mgbe ọ na-aka akara mpi ebe n'oge equinox spring.  Mkpa ọ dị na kalenda ọrụ ubi ụdị ụdị ehi dị iche iche n'iche ifo nke Sumer Ochie, Akad, Asiria, nchekwa, Egypt, Greece, na Rom .  Akara mbara igwe ochie ya bụ￼(♉︎), nke yiri isi ehi.

Ọtụtụ dị na-ịhụ ndị na- ekiri mbara igwe.  Taurus na-akwado n'ime mepere emepe kacha nso na ike, Pleiades na Hyades, nke abụọ na-ahụ anya na anya gba ɔtɔ.  N'ịdị elu nke mbụ, nnukwu ego Aldebaran bụ ụmụaka na-pupu polypụ na mpịakọta.  N'ebe egwu egwu nke Taurus bụ Messier 1, nke a na-akpọkarị Crab Nebula, ihe ike nke supernova nwere pulsar .  Otu n'ime mpaghara kacha nso nke ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ụdị Taurus-Auriga, na-agafe n'ikiri ugwu nke mgbịrịgba.  Kpakpando na- agbanwe T Tauri bụ ihe atụ nke otu klaasị ndị na-aga n'ihu .

Taurus bụ nnukwu ìgwè kpakpando na nke a ma ama na mbara igwe oyi nke ugwu, n'etiti Aries n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na Gemini n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ;  n'ebe ugwu ka Perseus na Auriga dị, na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Orion, na ndịda Eridanus, na na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Cetus.  N'ọgwụgwụ Nọvemba - mmalite December, Taurus rutere mmegide (nke kachasị anya site na Sun) ma na-ahụ ya n'abalị dum.  Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị March, ọ na-ada na ọdịda anyanwụ wee pụọ kpamkpam n'azụ anwụ anwụ site na Mee ruo Julaị.

Otutuu a bụ nke nke zodiac, ya mere ecliptic na-akpata ya.  Okirikiri a n'ofe mbara igwe na-etolite ụdị ọdịdị ka ụwa na-emecha orbit ya kwa afọ.  Dị ka ụgbọ elu nke ụnwa na mbara ala na-edina n'ụdị eklips, a na-Man-ha na mịgị Taurus n'oge ụfọdụ nke awụ ọ llala.  Tal elu galactic nke Milky Way na-agafe n'avidi egwu egwu , mkpọ ahụ na ihe na-ekwu galactic dị nso n'ókè dị n'etiti Taurus na Auriga.  Taurus bụ ndị Fola niile nke mbara igwe mbara igwe na mbara igwe.  Ihe owuwu galactic nke yiri mgbanaka nke a mara dị ka Gould's Belt na-agafe n'ìgwè akwụkwọ ahụ.

Mbibiri akwụkwọ ozi atọ akwadoro maka mkpuru, dị ka International Astronomical Union nakweere na 1922, bụ "Tau".  Oke ọnụ ọnụ ndị ọrụ ọrụ, dị ka onye Belgium na-egosi mbara igwe Eugène Delporte debere na 1930, ka ejiri polygon nke 26 akpa.  N'ime usoro nhazi nke equatorial, nhazi nrịgo nke ịrị elu nke oke ndị a dị n'etiti 03h 23.4 m na 05h 53.3 m, ebe ndekọ dị n'etiti 31.10 ° na -1.35 °.  N'ihi na obere nke m Mpịakọta dị n'ebe ndịda nke ese equator, nke a na-abụ ike ịbụ mkpokọta gburugburu ebe ọ na-abata.
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Torino

mbụ Torino bụ usoro maka ihe egwu egwu egwu ihe ndị dị nso n'ụwa (NEOs) dị ka asteroids na comets .  Ezubere ya dị ka ngwa nzi ozi maka ndị na-ezi mbara igwe na ọha na eze iji ndị mkpa nke mkpa n'ịhụnanya, site na ijikọta ọnụ puru omume na ikike kinetic amara n'ime otu uru iyi egwu.  Asụsụ ihe ize ndụ nke Palermo Teknụzụ bụ ihe yiri ya, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ụgbọ anya ụgbọ.  A na-ahụ ihe dị nso n'ụwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ Torino nke 1 ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ, ma nwee ike igburu izu ole ruo mgbe ha nwere ogologo ogologo ogologo ogologo anya nke na- berebere ọ ALA nke nkukota.  Enyere ɔkwan elu nke e kenyere na Torino Scale na asteroid 99942 Apophis, nwere ike nke 4 maka ụbọchị anọ na njedebe 2004.

Akọrọ Torino na-eji ọnụọgụgụ ọnụọgụgụ sitere na 0 ruo 10. A 0 na-egosi na ihe nwere obere obere nhọrọ nke nkukota na ikike, ma e jiri ya ngosi "mkpọtụ azụ" nke ihe nkukota na-emekarị, ma ọ bụ ike  akụkụ ikuku ụwa .  A 10 na-egosi na nkukota doro anya, na ihe na-emetụta ya buru ibu iji kpalite ngwaọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.

"Maka ihe nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu nwere ike ime n'otu ụbọchị, a ga-ekpebi uru Torino Scale maka ụbọchị ọ bụla. Ọ nwere ike ịdị mma iji chịkọta ihe dị otú ahụ site na uru Torino Scale kasị ukwuu n'ime nhazi ahụ." 

Ọ bụ Prọfesọ Richard P. Binzel kere Torino Scale na Ngalaba ikike, ikuku na mbara ala, na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  Ụdị nke mbụ, nke a na-akpọ "A Near-Earth Object Hazard Index", ka ewepụtara na echiche United Nations na 1995 ma Binzel ekiri ya na usoro ogbako sochiri ( Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, volume 822, 1997  .)
Triangulum

Triangulum bụ obere mkpà na mbara igwe nke ugwu.  Aha ya bụ Latin maka " triangle ", nke sitere na akwụkwọ atọ a na-ahụ anya, nke na-etolite triangle ogologo na warara.  Ndị Babịlọn na ndị Grik oge ochie ochie, Triangulum bụ otu n'ime mmịrị iri a na-eje ozi nke afụ nke abụọ na-egosi mbara igwe Ptolemy depụtara.  Ndị na-ese foto nke onye bụ Johann Bayer na John Flamsteed depụtara ikike nke akwụkwọ, na-enye isii n'ime ha aha Bayer . 

Kpakpando ọcha Beta na Gamma Trianguli, nke eserese 3.00 na 4.00, n'otu n'otu, na-etolite isi nke triangle na Alfa Trianguli na-acha ọcha, nke ukwuu 3.41, elu.  Iota Trianguli bụ mamkpọ nke abụọ ama, yana ndị iko, awụ nwere mbara ala ama dị na Triangulum.  Otu ọtụtụ nwere ndị Mfaịlụ, nke kacha pụta ìhè na nke kacha nso bụ Triangulum Galaxy ma ọ bụ Messier 33 - onye otu mpaghara .  Quasar nke mbụ, 3C 48, ike n'ime oke Triangulum

. N'ime katalọgụ ndị nke nchekwa, Triangulum, ya na Gamma Andromedae, hiwere otu mịkọrọ a maara dị ka MUL APIN ( 💀𒀳 ) "Akụkụ".  Ọ bụ ihe ama dị ka m ike nke mbụ mbụ na (ma na-enye aha ya) otu ụzọ ndị na-egosi nwere ndepụta ozi nke ozi gburugburu 1000. BC, MUL.  APIN .  The Plow bụ m mbụ mbụ nke "Ụzọ Enlil" - ya bụ, nsogbu iri na ise nke ugwu nke anọ, nke mbụ na ụbọchị 45 n'adụ ọ ALA nke solstice .  Mpụta mbụ ya na mbara igwe tupu chi ụbọbọ ( heliacal rising ) n'anyị Febụwarị bụ oge a ga-amalite ubi na Mesopotamia

.  Ndị Gris oge ochie a na-akpọ Triangulum Deltoton (Δελτωτόν), dị ka makaman yiri ahụ yiri Greek nke delta (Δ).  Ọ bụ ndị odee Rom obodo ya, e ikekwa ikea Latin ka Deltotum.  [1] Eratosthenes akwụkwọ ya na Delta Nile Delta, ebe onye edemede Rom Hyginus akwụkwọ ya na-alụ Sicily triangular, nke a na-akpọbu Trinacria n'ihi ụlọ ya.  [2] A na-akpọkwa ya Sicilia, n'ihi na ndị Rom kweere Ceres, chi echere Sicily, Jupiter ka o tinye-ebeetiti ahụ n'obi.  [1] Ndị ọkà mmalite mbara igwe Gris dị ka Hipparchos na Ptolemy hụrụ ya Trigonon (Τρίγωνον), ma emesịa, a na-eme ya Romanized dị ka Trigonum.  Aha ndị ọzọ na-ezo aka na ndị na-egwu Tricuspis na Triquetrum.  [1] A na-akpọ Alfa na Beta Trianguli Al Mīzān, nke bụ Arabic maka "The Scale Beam".  [3] Na mbara igwe nke China, Gamma Andromedae na onye ndị na-agbata obi Beta, Gamma na Delta Trianguli ka ịrè Teen Ta Tseang Keun (天大将军, "Eluigwe Ukwu n'ozuzu"), na-Ịnya anya na ịgụ  nnukwu na nnukwu n'ozuzu na ụdị ifo
Klucze nke N'Oruzi nke Polski

Klucze do do do douroczania owadów Polski (Polish: 'Mkpịsị ugodi maka njirimara nke ụmụ ahụhụ Polish") bụ usoro akwụkwọ nwere mkpịsị igodo njirimara maka ụmụ ahụhụ nke Poland. Ebumnuche nke usoro a yiri nke Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects.

## Nchịkọta
 bụ Polish Entomological Society na-edezi usoro Klucze do do do do"...  malitere ibipụta ya na 1954, [1] e bipụtara akụkụ nke 179 na 2016,  ma usoro ahụ agwụbeghị. 

A na-enye aha n'asụsụ Bekee ('Keyes for the Identification of Polish Insects") na mkpuchi nke mpịakọta niile e bipụtara, mana ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na Polish naanị.  Germany na-amụ banyere ụmụ ahụhụ Fritz Hieke [de] dere na nyocha abụọ na, n'ihi ihe osise bara ọgaranya, akwụkwọ ndị ahụ nwere ike ịba uru ọbụna maka ndị na-adịghị asụ Polish.

## Mpịakọta na akụkụ ya

### Usoro nọmba
Akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke Klucze do do do doertoczania owadów Polski na-egosi nọmba abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ. A na-ekewa usoro ahụ na mpịakọta iri abụọ na itoolu kwekọrọ na iwu ma jiri Nọmba ndị Rom họpụta ya. A na-ekewa mpịakọta ụfọdụ n'ime mbipụta ndị kwekọrọ na Ezinụlọ ma ọ bụ superfamilies ma jiri Nọmba Arabic họpụta ha. A na-ekewapụta nsogbu ndị metụtara nnukwu (super) ezinụlọ n'akụkụ ndị a na-ahọrọ site na mkpụrụedemede. Ọzọkwa, akụkụ ọ bụla nwere nọmba na-aga n'ihu na-egosi usoro mbipụta. 

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akụkụ na-ekwu maka subfamily Staphylininae nke ezinụlọ Staphylinidae na-egosi site na nọmba XIX: 24e (mpịakọta XIX, Coleoptera; 24, ezinụlọ Staphyleinidae; 24e, subfamilyStaphylininaE) na nọmba na-aga n'ihu 111 . 

### Ndepụta nke mpịakọta
A na-enye data ndị a dabere na ndepụta e nyere n'ihu mbipụta XIX: 34b [173] nke *Klucze* bipụtara na 2008. 'E bipụtara' nwere ike ịpụta na e bipụtara mpịakọta ahụ dị ka otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ na e bipụtala akụkụ niile e kewara ya; 'nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ ụfọdụ' pụtara na e kewara mpịakọ ahụ n'ime mbipụta, ụfọdụ n'ime ha anaghị ebipụta.

* M - mba ndị a [Generalities; a naghị ebipụta ha]
* II - Collembola [ebipụtaghị]
* III - Protura [e bipụtara]
* IV - Diplura [e bipụtara]
* V - Thysanura [e bipụtara]
* VI - Ephemeroptera [ebipụtaghị]
* VII - Odonata [ebipụtaghị]
* VIII - Plecoptera [ebipụtaghị]
* IX - Mantodea [e bipụtara]
* X - Blattodea [e bipụtara]
* XI - Orthoptera [e bipụtara]
* XII - Dermaptera [e bipụtara]
* XIII - Thysanoptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XIV - Psocoptera [e bipụtara]
* XV - Mallophaga [e bipụtara]
* XVI - Anoplura [e bipụtara]
* XVII - Homoptera [nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ ya]
* XVIII - Heteroptera [nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ ya]
* XIX - Coleoptera [nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ ya]
* XX - Strepsiptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XXI - Megaloptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XXII - Neuroptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XXIII - Raphidioptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XXIV -Hymenoptera [nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ]
* XXV - Mecoptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XXVI - Trichoptera [ebipụtaghị]
* XXVII - Lepidoptera [nke e bipụtara n'ụzọ ụfọdụ]
* XXVIII - Diptera [nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ ya]
* XXIX - Siphonaptera [e bipụtara]

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ụdị dijitalụ nke mpịakọta ndị e bipụtara
Ogbugbu nke Ezinụlọ

Murder  Family bụ akwụkwọ mpụ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke Kent Whitaker dere. E wepụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na Septemba 23, 2008, site n'aka Howard Books.

## Nkọwa
Murder by Family na-akọwa mbọ Thomas Bartlett Whitaker na-agba ka onye na-egbu mmadụ gbuo nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwoke. Nne ya Tricia na nwanne ya nwoke Kevin nwụrụ na ịgba égbè na 10 Disemba 2003, mana nna ya Kent, ọ bụ ezie na a gbagburu ya, lanarịrị.

Akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbaso njem ime mmụọ nke Kent Whitaker nke ọgwụgwọ na mgbaghara maka nwa ya nwoke. Kent -ekwukwa na ọ gbaghara ndị mmekọ abụọ nke nwa ya nwoke: Chris Brashear, onye na-egbu mmadụ na Steve Champagne, onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ya.

## Ihe si na ya pụta
Kent  nwunye ya Tanya Youngling nwere ozi Ndị Kraịst ugbu a ma na-agwa òtù okwu banyere mgbaghara na ọgwụgwọ.

Thomas Bartlett Whitaker jụrụ ịrịọ arịrịọ site 'aka onye ọka iwu distrikti maka ịnakwere ikpe mara ya ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ na 2007. Kent rịọrọ ndị ọ ikpe ka ha chebe ndụ Bart n'efu. 'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2018, a gbanwere ikpe ọnwụ ya otu awa tupu e gbuo ya ma ọ na-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndụ ya niile n'enweghị ohere nke parole.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe si na Murder by Family si na The Oprah Winfrey ShowIhe ngosi Oprah Winfrey
* Kent Whitaker: Afọ 10 Mgbe Ọdachi A Na-apụghị Ịsị Okwu Site na Oprah Winfrey ShowIhe ngosi Oprah Winfrey
Courtenay Brandreth

thumb|Fuertes na Brandreth, 1924
**Courtenay Brandreth** (5 Febụwarị 1891 - 3 Nọvemba 1947) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ihe okike na onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke anụ ọhịa nke zụrụ n'okpuru Louis Agassiz Fuertes. Ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke nna nna ya Benjamin Brandreth guzobere ma mepụta ihe osise ma gosipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ.

## Akụkọ ndụ
áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọbọgwụ ojii n'elu ọdọ mmiri, ihe osise nke Brandreth
A mụrụ Brandreth na Ossining, New York na Colonel Franklin na Pauline Burgess. Ọ bụ nwa nwa Benjamin Brandreth, onye bara ọgaranya na-emepụta ọgwụ, onye zụrụ nnukwu ala na Adirondacks gbara ọdọ mmiri a maara ugbu a dị ka ogige Brandreth gburugburu. Nna ya bụ onye a ma ama na-anakọta nnụnụ na oge okpomọkụ na-anọ na Adirondacks. Ọ gara gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell ebe ọ zụrụ na nka nnụnụ n'okpuru Louis Agassiz Fuertes .    1928, ọ na-elekọta azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ (nke mepụtara ọnyà ụmụ anụmanụ n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ) mgbe ọ na-emepụta ihe osise ma na-ese ọtụtụ akwụkwọ.

## Edensibia
Kiyomizu-dera

**Kiyomizu-dera**  (Japanese: 清水寺) dị naKyoto CityHigashiyama Ward a>ụlọ nsọ dị na Shimizu . dị ihe dịka mita 130,000OgigeỤlọ arụsị nke iri ruo nke iri na anọ. Luoyang Saịtị Dị Nsọ Kannon Iri Atọ AtọTempulu nke iri na isii. Saigoku 33 Temple. Na eze, a na-akpọ ya Otowa-san Kiyomizu-dera. Na mbụ, ọ bụ nke otu Hosso, mana ugbu a ọ nweela onwe ya wee kpọọ onwe ya ndị otu Northern Hosso. Tuku Kanzeon Bodhisattva nwere ogwe aka iri na otu ihu bụOnyonyo isibụ Ugwu Otowa. Aha ugwu isi ụlọ nsọỤlọ nsọ nke Northern Hosso

Ewubere ụlọ nsọ ahụ Enchin Shonin na 778 n'oge ikpeazụ Nara oge , onye bụ́ ụkọchukwu si Nara (isi obodo Japan malite na 710 ruo 784), ọ hụrụ ọhụụ iji wuo ụlọ nsọ dị n’akụkụ ya. isi iyi Otowa.

N'afọ 798, shogun Sakanoue Tamuramaro, mere ka saịtị ahụ dịkwuo mma site n'itinye nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ nke dị na ya. gbakọtara site n'obí nke Emperor Kammu (r. 781–806). Eze ukwu hapụrụ Nara n'ihi mmetụta siri ike nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk Buddhist nwere na gọọmentị ebe ahụ. N'oge a, e nwere asọmpi siri ike n'etiti Kofuku-jina ụlọ nsọ Kiyomizu-dera na ha abụọ nwere mmetụta siri ike na gburugburu mpaghara ahụ. 

A rụrụ ọtụtụ n’ime ụlọ nsọ dị ugbu a na 1633, nke Tokugawa Iemitsu nyere iwu ka e wuo.Enweghị o nweghi otu ntu eji n'ihe niile. Ọ na-ewepụ aha ya site na mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mgbagwoju anya, nke na-agbapụ n'ugwu ndị dị nso. Kiyomizu pụtara mmiri doro anya, ma ọ bụ mmiri dị ọcha.

Na mbụ e jikọtara ya na ndị ochie na ndị na-akpa ike Hossō òtù malitere na oge Nara.Otú ọ dị, na 1965 ọ kewara njikọ ahụ, na ndị na-elekọta ya ugbu a na-akpọ onwe ha ndị òtù "Kita-Hossō" otu.

Òtù:Japan
Oge Ụwa

Oge terrestrial ( TT ) bụ ọkọlọtọ oge mbara igwe nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nke International Astronomical Union kọwapụtara, nke bụ isi maka nleba anya oge nke ndụ mbara igwe emere site na elu ụwa.  [1] ihe atụ, Almanac Astronomical na-eji TT maka nkọwa nke ọnọdụ ya ( ephemerides ) nke Sun, ọnwa na mbara ala dị ka ihe ngosi site na aṅụ.  Na ọrụ a, TT na-aga n'ihu n'oge Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT ma ọ bụ TD), [2] nke gara nke ọma oge ephemeris (ET) .  TT na-ekerịta mbụ e mere ET, ka ikpe onwe ya na iguzo iwu na ntụgharị nke ụwa .

Nkeji nke TT bụ SI nke abụọ, dabere ugbu a na elekere atomiki cesium, [1] mana adịghị TT n'onwe ya site na elekere atọ.  Ọ bụ echiche dị mma, na ezigbo elekere nwere ike were naanị ya.

TT dị iche n'usoro oge a na-dị ka ihe ndabere maka obodo, Oge Nchikota Universal Time (UTC).  TT bụ n'ụzọ doro anya ndabere nke UTC, site na International Atomic Time (TAI).  N'ihi isi ihe mere eme dị n'etiti TAI na ET mgbe TT mgbasa, TT bụ 32.184 s n'ihu TAI.

.International Astronomical Union (IAU) nakweere kaadị nke ọkọlọtọ oge terrestrial na 1976 na XVI General Assembly ma agbara Terrestrial Dynamical Time (TDT).  Ọ bụ ihe ibe ya na Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB), nke bụ ikike oge maka ọmụmụ ephemerides, ka dabere n'ọtụtụ oge na-agbanwe agbanwe .  akpa oge a tụ ifụre nke onye nke ọma.  Ekwupụtakwara obi abụọ gbasara ihe 'dynamical' dị n'aha TDT
Òtù:Àlà
Ursa Ukwu

Ursa / ( / ˈɜːrsə ˈ mɪ dʒər / ; nke a dị ka Great Bear ) bụ mkpọ̀ dị na mbara igwe nke dị n'ebe ugwu, nke ndị ndu ifo ndị na-enwe ikike ike ịgba laa azụ na mbụ.  Aha Latin ya "nnukwu anụ anụ bea (ma ọ bụ ibu)", na-ezo aka na iche na Ursa Minor dị nso, obere anụ anụ bea.  [1] N'oge ochie, ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ iri anọ na mbụ Ptolemy depụtara na apụ afụ nke AD, na-adabere na ọrụ ndị Gris, ndị Ijipt, na ndị Asiria na- mbara igwe.  [2] Taa, ọ bụ nke atọ kasị ukwuu n'ime m ike 88 nke oge a.

A maara Ursa Major nke ọma site na asterism nke akwụkwọ asaa ya, nke a na-akpọ " Big Dipper ", "Wagon", "Charles's Wain", ma ọ bụ "Plough", n'etiti aha ndị ọzọ.  akwụkwọ, nhazi stellar Big Dipper na-e USB nke " Little Dipper ".  asụsụ n'ime ugboro ya, aha ya bụ Dubhe na Merak ( α Ursae Majoris na β Ursae Majoris ), nwere ike iji mee ihe dị ka ihe nrịbama n'ikiri ebe ogwe ugwu dị ugbu a, Polaris na Ursa Minor .

A na-ahụ Ursa Major n'ime afɔ niile site na ọtụtụ mpaghara ugwu, ọ na-ekwukwa n'elu ugwu etiti ugwu.  Site na latitudes ndị ihu igwe, asterism bụ isi ngwa ahụ anya, mana na-ahụ ike ịhụ ndị nke akwụkwọ ahụ.

. Ursa Major na-ekpuchi 1279.66 square degrees ma ọ bụ 3.10% nke mkpokọta mbara igwe, na-eme ka ọ bụ nke a kasị ukwuu ukwuu Mịgha.  [1] N'afọ 1930, Eugène Delporte debere na-eje ndị na-ahụ maka mbara igwe nke International Astronomical Union (IAU), na-achọta dị ka polygon na-enye ego 28. N'ime usoro nhazi nke equatorial, m ike ike 28.  na-agụnye n'etiti nhazi nrịgo elu nke 08h 08.3 m na 14h 29.0 m na nna nna nke + 28.30 ° na + 73.14 °.  [2] Ursa Major nwere oke ndị ọzọ: Draco n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ndị na-amụ, Boötes n' ventila, Canes Venaci n'Ụbọchị ọmụmụ na ndị mụrụ ọmụmụ, Coma Berenices na ndị mụrụ ọmụmụ, Leo na Leo  Minor na ndịda, Lynx na ndị agha egwuregwu yana Camelopardalis n'ebe ugwu-ụta.  .  Ndị IAU akwụkwọ mkpokọta mkpokọta nke nwere ike atọ "UMa" na 1922
Iwu Titius-Bode

Iwu Titius-Bode (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ iwu Bode ) bụ ihe enyemaka mkpa dị n'etiti mbara ala na-akpakọ ọ kpọba.  Usoro a na-egosi na, na- egosi n' akara, mbara ala ọ ALA LABAAD ihe dị ka okpukpu site na ihe dị ka nke mbụ.  Echiche a anya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na orbits nke Ceres (na eriri asteroid ) na Uranus, mana dara dị ka onye enyemaka nke Neptune's orbit.  Aha ya bụ Johann Daniel Titius na Johann Elert Bode .

. Ikpe Blagg na Richardson mechara de mma nke ọma usoro izizi, wee kwuo ihe ndị nchoputa na nlebanya ọhụrụ mechara kwado.  Ọ bụ usoro ụzọ ndị a na-enye "nkọwapụta phenomenological kacha mma nke anya ebe a ga-eji ngwaọrụ mkpa iwu ụdị Titius-Bode

## Nhazi izizi
Iwu isi axis nke ọkara isi   a n   {\displaystyle ~a_{n}~}  nke ụwa ọ apụ apụ site na mmechi nke na ọkara isi axis bụ hà 10:

ebee ~x = 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 192, 384, 768 \ldots~ dị otú ahụ, ewezuga nzọụkwụ mbụ, uru ọ bụla bụ okpukpu abụọ nke uru gara aga. E nwere ihe nnọchianya ọzọ nke usoro a:

: a = 0.4 + 0.3 \times 2^n ~.
Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements
Insect pins

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụdị hoverfly abụọ a na-etinye na obere pin na nha 3 pin
thumb|Ntọala ụmụ ahụhụ na kaadị nnwale site n'aka onye na-eweta entomological.
thumb| block, nke a na-eji etinye ụdị na akara n'otu elu.
Ndị [2]-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ na-eji eriri ụmụ ahụhụ eme ihe maka ịnya ụmụ ahụhụ ndị a chịkọtara.[3] pụkwara iji ha mee ihe n'ime uwe maka ákwà silk ma ọ bụ ákwà ochie.

ka ọkọlọtọ, ha dị 38 milimita (1.5 in) n'ogologo ma na-abịa na nha  na 000 (nke kacha nta n'obosara), site na 00, 0, na 1, ruo 8 (nke kacha ukwuu n'obesara). 

ọgụgụ kachasị baa uru [2] entomology bụ nha 2,  bụ 0.46 milimita (0.018 in) n'obosara, na nha 1 na 3 bụ nke ọzọ bara uru.

A na-ejikarị ọla ma ọ bụ ọlaọcha mee ha, ma ndị a ga-emebi site na kọntaktị na ahụ ụmụ ahụhụ, a naghịkwa eji ya eme ihe.  igwe anaghị agba nchara

Enwerekwa micro-pins, nke dị 10-15 millimeters (0.39-0.59 in) ogologo.  Minuten, nke a na-atụnye n'obere ngọngọ nke ihe dị nro, nke a na-etinye na ọkọlọtọ, nke buru ibu, ntụtụ ahụhụ

## Ihe odide

### Nkwupụta

### Ebe e si nweta ya
Johann Peter Boßler

**Johann Peter** **Boßler** [ˈbɔslɐ] nke edekwara Bossler na **Bosler** (amụrụ n'etiti 6 na 9 Eprel 1689 na nnwere onwe nke Lichtenberg; nwụrụ na 31 Julaị 1742 na Darmstadt)  bụ onye Germany na-emepụta égbè na onye na-emepụta ngwá agha ịchụ nta.  nọ n'ọrụ nke Ụlọ Hesse-Darmstadt ma a na-ewere ya dị ka onye pụtara ìhè n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịchụ nta na Hesse-Rarmstadt . [1]

Ọbụna tupu nwa ya nwoke Friedrich Jacob, Johann Peter Boßler bụ ọkachamara Europe a ma ama maka égbè ikuku.  mgbe ọ ka dị ndụ, ndị na-emepụta égbè ndị ọzọ ṅomiri égbè ikuku ya mara mma na nke dị ịrịba ama.

 makwaara na Johann Peter Boßler mere égbè ikuku na ntụ nke enwere ike iji ya na ihe na-agbawa agbawa na usoro égbè ikuku.

## Ezinụlọ na mmalite ndụ
thumb|Nnwere onwe nke Lichtenberg Castle
A na-ekwu na Johann Peter Boßler mụtara ọrụ onye na-emepụta égbè na Zella na Thuringia.  na-ekwukwa na a mụrụ ya n'ebe ahụ, nke a pụrụ ịgụ n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ochie.  gaghị ahụ akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ebe a mụrụ Boßler na ọzụzụ ya na akwụkwọ ọ bụla.

Otu onye ikwu nyochara ndị nna nna Boßler nke ọma. N'ime usoro a, e wughachiri ezinụlọ Boßler na-emepụta égbè site na Lichtenberg (Fischbachtal), nke nwere ọfịs ụlọ ikpe nke Burgrave nke Lichtenberg na nke Johann Peter Boßler sikwa na ya. 'ihi ya, onye na-emepụta égbè n'ụlọ ikpe bụ onye *Agbụrụ Lichtenberg* nke ezinụlọ Hessian Boßler. 

  ihe akaebe a nke mmalite Johann Peter Boßler, nke e debere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta, o mekwara ka o doo anya na ọ bụ nwanne nna nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Friedrich Maximilian Klinger. Nwa nwa Johann Peter  Heinrich Philipp Boßler [1] bụ onye mbụ bipụtara Haydn, Beethoven na Mozart.

## Ihe Nketa
thumb|284x284px|Akara okpueze BOS / LER, akara ukwu red deer na ihe osise fleur-de-lis
Enwere ike ịchọta égbè ndị Johann Peter Boßler mere na Dresden Armoury, Danish War Museum ma ọ bụ Jagdmuseum Kranichstein, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

A na-ekwu na nwa Johann Peter bụ Friedrich Jacob Boßler, onye kwesịrị ime égbè a mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. 

A na-eji nkà rụọ égbè akụkọ ihe mere eme nke a na-egosi na Dresden Armoury site na teknụzụ na nke mara mma. Karịsịa ihe owuwu teknụzụ na-adọrọ mmasị na-egosi na Johann Peter Boßler nọ n'ihu oge ya n'ihe gbasara injinia. N'elu ogbunigwe nke égbè ahụ, nke fleurs-de-lis isii gbara gburugburu, bụ mgbada na-acha ọbara ọbara, akara Boßler. 'akụkụ ya bụ mbinye aka BOS / LER nke e kpuwere okpueze nke ndị landgraves Hessian.

 bụghị naanị na Johann Peter Boßler jiri aka Bosler a Darmstadt mee ihe n'ụzọ doro anya, kamakwa nwa ya nwoke Friedrich Jacob Boßler ji ya mee ihe iji bịanye aka na windchests ya.

Mgbọ ikuku ọzọ dị na Dresden Armoury, nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Johann Peter Boßler n'akwụkwọ ochie, bụ nke nwa ya nwoke Friedrich Jacob Boßler mere n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Mgbọ ikuku ahụ -egosi na ọ bụghị naanị Johann Peter ji akara *Bosler na Darmstadt* mee ihe kamakwa nwa ya nwoke.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Alexa-Beatrice Christ, Bossler, Johann Peter, na: Stadtlexikon Darmstadt, Darmstadt 2001.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Solar dial

solar dial bụ ụdị oge mgbanwe eji eme ihe maka ịchịkwa ọkụ.

Uru nke akara anyanwụ n'elu oge 'na-apụ' bụ ikike 'na-agbaso' oge Ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ maka otu latitude (nke akọwapụtara mgbe a zụrụ unit ahụ). Ọkụ anyanwụ 'na-edozi' onwe ya site na obere ego kwa ụbọchị, si otú a hụ na a na-agbanye ọkụ n'okporo ámá ma gbanyụọ mgbe achọrọ ya n'afọ niile. Ọtụtụ dial nwekwara ihe mgbakwunye 'akụkụ abalị' nke na-enye ohere maka ịgbanwuo n'etiti abalị, wee laghachi n'ụtụtụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa. A nabatara nhọrọ 'akụkụ abalị' a n'ọtụtụ ebe na United Kingdom maka ọkụ n'okporo ámá na 1970s na 1980s iji chekwaa ike. Ụfọdụ ndị na-agbanwe ụda anyanwụ nwere elekere ma ọ bụ batrị 'na-echekwa' iji mee ka oge dị mma n'ọnọdụ nkwụsị ọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na nke a adịghị, a ga-eweghachi mgbanwe ahụ oge ọ bụla ike ahụ dara, ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike.

Ugboro ugboro, a na-eji otu oge na-agbanwe agbanwe na ọkwa mgbanwe dị arọ iji chịkwaa usoro ọkụ dum, ikekwe otu akụkụ nke okporo ámá, na nke ọzọ iji chịkwaar akụkụ nke ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, a na-etinye ọtụtụ ogidi na elekere nke ọ bụla, karịsịa n'okporo ụzọ, ụzọ, na ebe otu ogidi guzo naanị ya. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye oge na igbe a na-ejikọta na mgbidi ma ọ bụ Ogwe telegraph, a na'enyekwa ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ / gbanwee ya site na isi ọzọ (nke ise) na eriri ndị dị n'elu.

## Ihe na-abaghị uru
Ejila njikwa fotocell dochie ya nke ukwuu n'oge mgba ọkụ anyanwụ, nke dị ọnụ ala ma na-achọ obere mmezi.  A ka na-eji akara anyanwụ na-amụnye steepụ ọkụ na ogige ụgbọ ala, na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị ọchịchị obodo nwere ike ịrịọ ha ọkụ n'okporo ụzọ, n'agbanyeghị na nke a dị ụkọ.  A na-ahụkarị ọkpụkpọ anyanwụ n'ime ime obodo United Kingdom [citation need], mana ka ndị a na-ada, a na-eji fotocell dochie ha mgbe ụfọdụ, na-abụkarị na oriọna ọhụrụ na mgbe ụfọdụ na-eji kọlụm ọhụrụ dum.  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mgbanwe oge ọdịda anyanwụ/ọwụwa anyanwụ dijitalụ apụtala n'ahịa, mana ndị a na-adịkarị oke ọnụ maka iji nnukwu ọkụ ọkụ n'okporo ámá na anabatabeghị ya maka ebumnuche a, belụsọ n'ọnọdụ ole na ole.

Sangamo  na-emepụta ma na-ere ụdị atọ nke akara anyanwụ site na ụlọ ọrụ ha na Port Glasgow. A na-anọgide na-eji akara anyanwụ eme ihe na ụlọ ahịa, usoro nchebe, ọkụ na usoro okpomọkụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe atụ ochie sitere na 1950s, 1960s na 1970s bụ ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta.

## Hụkwa

* Ìhè Okporo ámá

## Edensibia
Homogenizer

**homogenizer** bụ ngwa ụlọ nyocha ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-eji maka homogenization nke ụdị ihe dị iche iche, dị ka anụ ahụ, osisi, nri, ala, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.  E mepụtala ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche site na iji teknụzụ anụ ahụ dị iche iche maka imebi.  Ngwa ngwa na pestle, nke ejirilarị ọtụtụ puku afọ, bụ ngwá ọrụ ọkọlọtọ ọbụna na ụlọ nyocha ọgbara ọhụrụ.  Ngwọta ndị ọzọ nke oge a dabere na ngwa ụdị blender, igwe bead, ọgwụgwọ ultrasonic (nakwa sonication), igwe rotor-stator, nrụgide dị elu, na ọtụtụ ike anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.  Ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ngwa overlaps n'etiti ụzọ, onye ọ bụla homogenization usoro nwere iche na uru na ọghọm.  
thumb|File:PRO Scientific Rotor Stator disperser homogenizer.jpg
A na-enwekarị ọtụtụ aha dị iche iche maka otu akụkụ nke ngwá ọrụ homogenizing, gụnyere Cell Lysor, Disperser, High Shear Mixer, Homogenizer, Polytron, Rotor Stator Homogeniiser, Sonicator ma ọ bụ Tissue Tearor.

A na-eme nkewa nke mkpụrụ ndụ site na homogenizer iji wepụ organelles site na mkpụrụ ndụ. Ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ ochie lekwasịrị anya na mmebi nke ihe ahụ, teknụzụ ọhụrụ na-elekwasịkwa anya na àgwà ma ọ bụ akụkụ gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka mmetọ, aerosols, ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa, ma ọ bụ mkpọtụ. Homogenization bụ nzọụkwụ a na-ahụkarị maka nkwadebe ihe atụ tupu nyocha nke nucleic acid, protein, mkpụrụ ndụ, metabolism, pathogens, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.

## Ihe ngosi enyo kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ
Dị ka ihe ọzọ dị mfe maka ụrọ na pestle, a na-eji slides enyo na-egbuke egbuke eme ihe maka homogenizing obere na anụ ahụ dị nro.  na-eme ka ihe atụ nke anụ ahụ dị n'otu n'ime obere olu nke ihe mgbochi kwesịrị ekwesị n'etiti ebe nkuku nke slides abụọ na-egbuke egbuke site na mmegharị gburugburu; mgbe ahụ, a na-anakọta homogenate site na pipette.

## Hụkwa

* Homogenization (chemistry) 
* Mkpịsị ugodi nke France
* Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ
* Ultrasonic homogenizer
Net radiometer

**Net radiometer** bụ ụdị actinometer eji tụọ ụzarị ụgbụ (NR) n'elu ụwa maka ngwa meteorological.  Aha net radiometer na-egosipụta eziokwu na ọ na-atụle ọdịiche dị n'etiti radieshon ala/na-abata na elu/ pụta site na Ụwa.  A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ngalaba nke ecophysiology.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|4-component net radiometer na-egosi isi ihe ndị mejupụtara ngwá ọrụ ahụ: 2 pyranometers (nke nwere dome, otu a na-ahụ anya n'aka nri na-eche ihu n'elu na nke abụọ n'aka aka nri na-ele anya n'okpuru kpuchiri ya site na ọta radiation ọcha n'elu ya) na 2 pyrgeometers (windo dị larịị, ọzọ otu a na'elu) na otu gbara ọchịchịrị (na-eche ihu). Dimensions: dayameta nke pyranometer dome bụ 20 mm.

## Hụkwa

* radiometer
* pyranometer
* pyrgeometer
* irradiance
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Meteo-Technology

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkọwapụta, eserese na foto site na Hukseflux Thermal Sensors, www.Hukseflux.com
* Nkọwapụta site na Delta OHM www.deltaohm.com
* www.kippzonen.com
Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor

thumb|250x250px|Nkọwa nke égbè eluigwe na ikuku na ihe ndị na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik pụta
Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor (**ASIM**) bụ ọrụ nke European Space Agency duziri iji tinye kamera na ndị nchọpụta X-ray /γ-ray na International Space Station iji nyochaa ikuku dị n'elu iji mụọ sprites, jets na elves na ọkụ gamma-ray nke ụwa na njikọ ya na égbè eluigwe.   a na-atụ anya na nha nke ihe ndị a sitere na mbara igwe ga-enye aka na nghọta nke ikuku elu ụwa.

 ASIM, nke e mere atụmatụ na mbụ ka a rụchaa ya na 2014, ka a malitere ya na 2 Eprel 2018 ma tinye ya na Columbus External Payload Facility na 13 Eprel 2018. Ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ D Terma A / S na-agba ọsọ akụkụ teknụzụ nke ọrụ ahụ maka ESA  na DTU Space (*National Space Institute*) site na Mahadum Nkà na ụzụ nke Denmark na-enye nduzi sayensị nke ọrụ ahụ.   ndị ọrụ -eme site na Belgian User Support and Operations Centre (B.USOC) na Uccle, Belgium.

Nsonaazụ mbụ sitere na nha gosiri na ụzarị gamma na-agbawa mgbe ọkụ eletrik na-agafe na ikuku, obere oge tupu ọkụ ọkụ na-aga n'otu ụzọ ahụ.  E bipụtara .nsonaazụ ndị a na Julaị 2019 

## Ngwá Ọrụ
 ASIM nwere ịdị arọ nke 314   ma nwee sub-systems CEPA na DHPU, na ngwaọrụ sayensị abụọ a na-akpọ MXGS na MMIA: 

* The **''Columbus'' External Payload Adapter** (CEPA) na Data Handling and Power Unit (DHPU) na-emepụta njikọ na njikọ eletrik, n'otu n'otu, na modul Columbus.
* **Modular X na Gamma Ray Instrument** (MXGS) bụ ihe nchọpụta abụọ nke terrestrial gamma-ray flash (TGF). Ihe nchọpụta ike dị ala na-emetụta site na 15 keV ruo 400 keV, ihe nchọpụta ike kachasị elu na-emetụtakwa site na 200 keV ruo 40 MeV.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
* Modular Multi-Imaging Assembly (MMIA) bụ usoro ihe oyiyi anya nke nwere ike ịhụ okpokoro 12 kwa sekọnd n'ụzọ na-aga n'ihu na 777.4 nm na 337 nm bands na 5 nm obosara.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Hụkwa

* Enyemaka ndị Europe nyere International Space Station
* Nnyocha sayensị na International Space Station
* Onye Nlekọta Ọnọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* ASIM.dk
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ASIM na European Space Agency's Human Spaceflight Research portal
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ASIM site na Terma A/SOkwu A/S
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ASIM na NASA's Space Station Research & Technology portal
Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer

**Atmosphere-Space Transition Region Explorer** (**ASTRE**)bụ echiche ebumnuche nke akwadoro na 2011 na NASA's Medium-Class Explorers program (MIDEX) iji mụọ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikuku ụwa na ikuku ionized dị na mbara igwe na mbọ iji ghọta ka mmiri na-ebute oghere na grid ọkụ eletrik si abịa, yana  ka melite satịlaịtị ịdọrọ ụdị.  mbara igwe ahụ -atụle gas ndị e ji ion mee n'ime mpaghara mgbanwe / ókèala dị n'etiti 150-250 kilomita. &nbsp;A họrọghị echiche ahụ maka mmepe n'oge ahụ.

Onye isi nchọpụta  Robert F. Pfaff si na Goddard Space Flight Center na Greenbelt, Maryland.

## Edensibia
Nuclepore filter

A **Nuclepore** filter (aha aha Nuclepore sitere na Whatman, akụkụ nke GE Healthcare) bụ ụdị nzacha nke e mepụtara oghere micrometers ole na ole n'ogo na plastik (dịka polycarbonate) membrane. A na-emepụta nzacha ndị a site n'ikpughe membrane na radiation nke na-eme ka plastik ghara ịdị ike ma mepụta mpaghara ụfọdụ nke enwere ike iwepụ site na itinye membrane na acid (ma ọ bụ kemịkal ndị ọzọ). Robert L. Fleischer, P. Buford Price, na Robert M. Walker mepụtara usoro  na patent dị ka ihe sitere na nyocha ha gbasara mmetụta radiation na ihe siri ike, na-elekwasị anya pụrụ iche na ihe ndị na-ekpughe na ụmụ irighiri ike na mbara igwe. Usoro a na-enye ohere ịmepụta oghere ejiji nke ọ bụla achọrọ iji kwe ka a nyochaa ọbụna nje virus.

Ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe nzacha Nuclepore bụ na microbiology ebe a na-eji ha na-ejide mkpụrụ ndụ mgbe ha na-ewepụ mmiri ndị ọzọ niile na ihe ndị dị nta, dịka.  maka ịgụta nje bacteria site na microscopy fluorescence.  N'ihi na ihe nzacha ndị ahụ nwere elu dị larịị, mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ahụ na-ejide n'elu nzacha ahụ ma nọgide na-ahụ anya, n'adịghị ka ụdị ihe nzacha ndị ọzọ ebe mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ike ịbanye n'ime nzacha.

## Hụkwa

* Ụzọ ion.

## Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala
Cryophorus

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ihe osise Wollaston nke cryophorus. Mgbe a na-etinye bọọlụ efu dị n'aka nri n'ime ngwakọta snow na nnu, mmiri dị n'ime bọọlụ dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe na-ajụ oyi n'ime nkeji ole na ole.
**cryophorus** bụ akpa iko nwere mmiri mmiri na mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-eji ya eme ihe na ọmụmụ physics iji gosipụta oyi ngwa ngwa site na evaporation. A na-ahụkarị cryophorus nwere bulb n'otu nsọtụ ejikọtara na tube nke otu ihe ahụ. Mgbe a na-achịkwa mmiri mmiri n'ime njedebe bulbed na njedebe nke ọzọ na-abanye n'ime ngwakọta oyi (dị ka nitrogen mmiri), nrụgide gas na-ada ka ọ na-ajụ oyi. Mmiri mmiri na-amalite ịpụpụ, na-emepụtakwu ikuku mmiri.  Evaporation na-eme ka mmiri ahụ dajụọ ngwa ngwa ruo ebe oyi na-atụ ya, ọ na-esikwa ike na mberede Wollaston's cryophorus was a repurposed "pulse glass".

The "pulse glass" or "pulse hammer" (German: *Pulshammer*) was a toy / novelty that had existed in Germany since the 1760s and perhaps earlier.  In 1767 Benjamin Franklin visited Germany, saw a pulse hammer, and in 1768, improved it.  See:
Wolla's cryophorus bụ onye bu ụzọ na ọkpọkọ okpomọkụ nke oge a.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
William Hyde Wollaston kọwara cryophorus na mbụ n'akwụkwọ 1813 nke akpọrọ, "Na usoro nke ịjụ oyi n'ebe dị anya".

## Edensibia
Tintometer

Joseph Williams Lovibond, nwa nwoke nke onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ biya a ma ama na Greenwich, London, guzobere **Tintometer** Limited na 1896  . J.J.W.  Lovibond mepụtara agba agba mbụ bara uru n'ụwa dịka ụzọ isi hụ na biya ya dị elu.  Ka ọ na-erule oge ọnwụ ya na 1918, o guzobewo onwe ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na ngalaba sayensị agba na ụlọ ọrụ ya, The Tintometer Limited, amaralarị n'ụwa niile maka ụdị ngwá ọrụ ya na nka ya na ngalaba nke colorimetry.  Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọgidere na-eto eto na ike na dị ka ọganihu e mere ma na agba sayensị nnyocha na ngwá mmepe Lovibond ụkpụrụ ghọrọ kpọmkwem maka ọtụtụ ngwaahịa n'ụwa nile.

## Hụkwa

* Degreesị Lovibond
* Harold Horton Sheldon maka mmepụta nke ngwaọrụ colorimetric.

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* Tintometer Ltd
* Ịtụle Agba

## Edensibia
De-asphalter

De-asphalter bụ otu n'ime ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ crude ma ọ bụ ihe nkwalite bitumen nke na-ekewa asphalt na akụkụ mpụta nke mmanụ crude ma ọ bụ bitumen.  Ebumnuche bụ isi nke nkewa ahụ bụ iji wepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ (asphaltenes, metals) site na nri nke ga-eme ka nkwụsị ngwa ngwa nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara nhazi nke ala.  N'ime ime nke a, de-asphalter bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime usoro usoro na-eme ka nri dị ala dị ala na ngwaahịa ndị a nụchara anụcha dị elu..

A na-etinyekarị unit de-asphalter n'azụ ụlọ elu distillation ma nata nri site na ala (ihe fọdụrụ). Ọ na-abụkarị solvent de-asphalter unit, SDA. SDA na-ekewa asphalt na nri n'ihi na hydrocarbons dị mfe ga-agbaze aliphatic compounds mana ọ bụghị asphaltenes. Ihe a na-emepụta site na de-asphalt unit bụ mmanụ de-asfalted ("DAO") na asphalt. 

DAO sitere  propane de-asphalting nwere ogo kachasị elu ma ọ bụ nke kachasị ala, ebe iji pentane nwere ike okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ okpukpu atọ nke mmepụta sitere na nri dị arọ, mana na-efu mmetọ site na ọla na carbon fọdụrụ na-eme ka ndụ nke ihe na-emebi emebi. Ọ bụrụ na ihe na-agbanye mmiri bụ butane, a ga-akpọ ya butane de-asphalter ("BDA") ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ahụ na-agbasa mmiri bụ propane, a gaghị akpọ ya propane de-Asphalter ("PDA").

## Edensibia

* Nnyocha nke ihe ndị fọdụrụ na mmanụ ala ahọpụtara site na US EPA
* Lubricants na Lubrication (Mbipụta nke Abụọ)

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe na-agwọ mmiri
* Solvent de-asphalting nke vacuum residuum
* Asphalt e ji mee gas
Simon Ratcliffe (onye na-enyocha mbara igwe)

**Simon Ratcliffe** bụ onye South Africa na-enyocha mbara igwe nke a maara maka nkwalite ya nke Square Kilometre Array.  mgbasa ozi akpọwo  "onye na-enyocha mbara igwe na-enweghị ụkwụ" maka omume ya nke ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Onye na-agbanwe egwuregwu site na Simon Ratcliffe
* Simon Ratcliffe: Scale na Square Kilometer Array

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Susan van den Heever

**Susan Claire van den Heever** bụ onye sayensị ikuku nke South Africa bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Colorado State. Nnyocha ya na-atụle physics igwe ojii na mesoscale modeling. Ọ bụ onye otu American Meteorological Society  na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences . 

## Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
N'ịbụ onye si South Africa, van den Heever nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, ebe ọ gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na ọdịdị ala. Ọ nọgidere na Mahadum maka otu afọ ọzọ, ebe ọ gụsịrị diplọma dị elu na agụmakwụkwọ.   Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị na Johannesburg. O mechara laghachi na mahadum, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka akara ugo mmụta na geography. Nnyocha nna  ukwu gụnyere imepụta ihe ngosi nke ebe okpomọkụ na South Africa. , ọ mụrụ El Niño-Southern Oscillation na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ndịda Afrịka. [1] N'ikpeazụ, van den Heever kwagara na United States dị ka onye nyocha doctoral.  gụsịrị PhD ya na Mahadum Colorado State, ebe ọ nyochara oké ifufe supercell. Mgbe  nwetasịrị nzere doctorate ya, van den Heever rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkà mmụta postdoctoral na onye na-eme nchọpụta sayensị na Mahadum Colorado State . [1]

## Nnyocha na ọrụ
N'afọ 2008, van den Heever sonyeere ngalaba na Mahadum Colorado State .   na-ahụ maka mmepe nke igwe ojii na-edozi ọnụọgụ Regional Atmospheric Modeling System.  kpọrọ ya Monfort Prọfesọ n'afọ 2015 na Prọfesụ Mahadum Distinguished n'afọ 2022. Kemgbe af 2020 ọ bụkwa Prọfesọ Nleta na Ngalaba Physics na Mahadum Oxford.

Nnyocha nke van den Heever -eme na-elekwasị anya na usoro oké ifufe na mmetụta nke mmetọ ikuku na igwe ojii.  bụ akụkụ nke NASA Cloud, Aerosol and Monsoon Processes Philippines Experiment (CAMP2), nke na-efefe n'elu oké osimiri dị nso na Philippines ma na-anakọta data gbasara aerosols na igwe ojii microphysics. 'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ van den Heever onye isi nchọpụta nke NASA Investigation of Cloud Updrafts (INCUS), nke a na-atụ anya ịmalite na 2027.

## Onyinye na nsọpụrụ

* 2002 NASA Group Achievement Award na CRYSTAL-FACE Science Team  
* 2013 Colorado State University Outstanding Professor of the Year Award 
* 2015 Colorado State University Outstanding Professor of the Year Award 
*  American Geophysical Union ASCENT Award [1] 
* 2018 Edward . Lorenz Teaching Excellence Award [1]
*  Massachusetts Institute of Technology Houghton Lectureship [1]
*  Fellow nke American Meteorological Society [1] [2]

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

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## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Barry Schoub

thumb
Barry Schoub bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike South Africa mara maka ọrụ ya na nyocha ahụike virology. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 33 ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ mbụ na onye isi Ngalaba Virology na Mahadum Wiwaterrand. Ọ bụ onye nhazi ntọala nke National Institute for Diseases Diseases South Africa, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa n'etiti 2002 na 2011. Ọ na-elekọta Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ Minista South Africa na ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 (VMAC). Ọ bụ(NICD) nke bụkwa onye nchoputa nke otu African Virology Association, onye isi oche ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ sayensị nke Poliomyelitis Research Foundation na. .” 

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Nuno Pires

**Nuno Pires** bụ onye ọchụnta ego si South Africa .   bụ onye guzobere Altis Biologics . [1]

## Ọrụ
Pires guzobere Altis Biologics na Nicolaas Duneas  na 2002.   bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke mmepe azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

N'afọ 2012, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ meriri Africa SMME Awards na ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. 

N'afọ 2014, Pires na Duneas meriri Innovation Prize maka Africa.   natara $ 100,000 maka ihe ọhụrụ ha bụ Osteogenic Bone Matrix (OBM). [1]

Pires bụ onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Licensing Executive Society South Africa . 

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Allyson Lawless

**Allyson Lawless** bụ onye injinia South Africa, onye ọchụnta ego na onye International Fellow nke Royal Academy of Engineering .  'afọ 2000 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE).  [2]

## Mmụta
Lawless nwere nzere bachelọ nke sayensị  injinia obodo na Mahadum Natal na Master of Science, DIC na injinịa ụlọ na Imperial College, London.  mere ya onye International Fellow nke Royal Academy of Engineering na 5 Nọvemba 2012. [1]

## Onyinye
Lawless mepụtara ngwanrọ Computer Aided Design AllyCAD .  A na-ejikarị AllyCAD eme ihe na mba ya bụ South Africa.  bụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke SAICE Professional Developments and Projects, ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere iji dozie mmepe nkà injinia obodo na South Africa.  bipụtara akwụkwọ abụọ; Numbers and Needs na 2005, na Numbers and Reeds in Local Government na 2007.

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Antoinette Lombard

**Antoinette Lombard** bụ Onye isi nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ọha na Criminology na Prọfesọ na Ọrụ Ọha Na Mahadum Pretoria.  bụ onye otu Academy of Science nke South Africa .  E nyere ya James Billups International Consortium for Social Development Leadership Award na Social Development prize na 2013. Ọ bụ onye nduzi mmemme nke Mahadum Fordham's Ubuntu Exchange Programme na Mahadum Pretoria.  bụ onye isi oche nke Global Agenda Committee na International Association of Schools of Social Work . [1]

## Edensibia

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Egwuregwu Hockey nke Phil

**Philip Anthony Richard Hockey** (8 Machị 1956  24 Jenụwarị 2013) bụ onye a ma ama na-amụ banyere ụmụ nnụnụ na South Africa.     Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology na Mahadum Cape Town, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa na onye edemede nke Sasol Birds of Southern Afrika. A mụrụ Hockey na Bournemouth, England na 1956 wee kwaga South Africa na 1979. Ọmụmụ doctoral ya bụ na African oystercatcher. O lekwasịrị anya na nnụnụ ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-ede akwụkwọ Waders of Southern Africa. Hockey hụrụ ụ nnụnụ 885 dị iche iche na Southern Africa.  

## Akwụkwọ

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## Edensibia
Ọrụ Ntụgharị Ụwa na Ntụziaka

International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), nke bụbu International Earth Rotation Service, bụ otu na ahụ maka idowe oge zuru ụwa ọnụ na ụkpụrụ ntụaka, ọkachasị site na Parameter Orientation Earth (EOP) na International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) .

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere IERS n'ụdị ya ugbu a na 1987 site n'aka International Astronomical Union na International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, nọchiri mbụ International Polar Motion Service (IPMS) na ngalaba ntụgharị ụwa nke Bureau International de l'Heure (BIH) . Ọrụ ahụ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Jenụwarị 1, 1988. Kemgbe mmalite ya, IERS ewepụtala ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ gụnyere GPS Coordinating Center na 1990, DORIS Coordinating Center na 1994 na Global Geophysical Fluids Center na 1998. A na akpọbu nzukọ a dị ka International Ọrụ ntụgharị ụwa ruo n'afọ 2003 mgbe ọ gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ọ dị ugbu a, nke nzukọ a họọrọ idowe mkpọaha IERS.

## Ọrụ
IERS nwere ihe dị iche iche dị na United States, Europe na Australia. N'ime ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ, ndị IERS na ahụ maka ịkpọpụta sekọnd ịwụli elu.

Ndị Sub Bureau maka Ọrụ Ọsọ na Amụma nke Parameters Orientation Ụwa nke IERS, nke dị na United States Naval Observatory, na enyocha ntụgharị ụwa. Akụkụ nke ọrụ ya na agụnye mkpebi nke usoro oge dabere na ọnụego mgbanwe nke ụwa ugbu a. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke IERS dị na Paris Observatory.

UT1 bụ oge na abụghị uwe akọwara dabere na ntụgharị ụwa.

Ọ kọwapụtara ntụaka IERS Meridian, International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), na Frames International Terrestrial Reference (ITRF) sochirinụ. Sistemu nchikota emetụtara na eji sistemu igodo satịlaịtị dịka GPS na Galileo: WGS84 na GTRF. Nkọwa na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ITRF, ICRF na EOP bụ ụkpụrụ nkwekọrịta IERS. Dịka nke 2022, mgbakọ kacha ọhụrụ bụ Mgbakọ IERS (2010).

## Ngwaahịa nghazi ụwa
Ebumnuche nke IERS bụ ịnye ndị obodo geodesy ka ukwuu ozi nhazi ụwa n'ụdị akwụkwọ akụkọ:

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## See also

* Astrometry
* International Atomic Time
* Coordinated Universal Time
* International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
* Leap second
* International Celestial Reference System and its realizations
* Earth rotation, ΔT
* IERS Reference Meridian
* List of astronomical societies

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* Official website
* (in English, French, and Russian) Earth Orientation Center of the IERS : data and interactive analysis (Paris Observatory)
* (in English and French) IERS International Celestial Reference Frame center
Ọgba Stadsaal

**Ọgba Stadsaal** (ma ọ bụ **Stadtsaal**, nke pụtara "ụlọ nzukọ obodo") dị na Cederberg, South Africa. Ebe ahụ bụ ebe a ma ama maka ọdịdị nkume, ọgba na overhangs nke e mepụtara site na mbuze nke ala ala nke sandstone, yana ihe osise nkume prehistoric. Stadsaal bụ akụkụ nke Matjiesrivier Nature Reserve, nke WWF South Africa zụrụ na 1995 ma CapeNature na-achịkwa ya.

## Ihe osise San rock
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe osise San nke onyinyo mmadụ na enyí dị n'elu ugwu dị nso na ọgba Stadsaal
Ihe osise nkume San nke -egosi ihe oyiyi mmadụ na enyí dị n'elu ụlọ dị nso na ọgba Stadsaal .     na-eche na ihe osise nkume Cederberg dị n'agbata afọ 8000 na 100 ruo afọ 200.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Aha ndị ọbịa nke oge a gụnyere D. F. Malan (mgbe e mesịrị Praịm Minista) na ndị nwe ala n'ógbè ahụ sitere n'ezinụlọ Wagener na Neiuwoudt.
Ọgba ndị ahụ na-agụnyekwa ihe odide nke oge a, ụfọdụ sitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, ka ndị ọbịa dekọrọ aha ha na ụbọchị nleta ha. Aha ndị a ma ama gụnyere D. F. Malan, onye mechara bụrụ praịm minista nke South Africa, onye gara ebe ahụ na 1919 dị ka onye omeiwu maka mpaghara Calvinia nke Cederberg dara. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ n'ógbè ahụ haziri nzukọ kwa afọ na Stadsaal site na 1918 iji nweta ego maka Malan's National Party.   Minista P. W. Botha na Minista Dawie de Villiers gakwara Stadsaal na 1987 ma dekọọ aha ha, nke a na-emebi ugbu a, na nkume ahụ.

## Njem
Ebe ahụ meghere maka ọha na eze ma ọgba ndị bụ isi na ihe osise San dị nso nwere ike ịnweta site na ụzọ gravel.  na-enweta ikike ileta site na ọfịs CapeNature na Matjiesrivier ma ọ bụ Algeria na site na ugbo ndị ọbịa na Dwars River, Krom River na ndị ọzọ na Cederberg Conservancy.

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta ọgba dị na South Africa

## Edensibia
Bernard de Winter

**Bernard de Winter** (31 Julaị 1924 - 8 Mee 2017 Pretoria) bụ onye South African botanist onye site na 1973 bụ Director nke Botanical Research Institute, nke mesịrị ghọọ National Botanical Institute  na South African National Biodiversity Institute.

Ọ gara Mahadum Pretoria site na 1942 ruo 1946, e nyekwara ya MSc na 1947.   Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nke National Herbarium, e mekwara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka nyocha botanical na 1959, na onye enyemaka onye nduzi na 1963.   &#x5B;****&#x5D;*</sup>"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span>&#x5D; Isi onyinye ya na botany bụ akwụkwọ gbasara Ebenaceae na Gramineae, ọkachasị ụdị *Eragrostis*. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 

A na-echeta ya na *Kirkia dewinteri*, *Aloe dewinteri*. A na-akpọ ụdị Pedaliaceae nke *Dewinteria* aha ya,  ya na otu ụdị *D. petrophila* sitere na Kaokoveld na [[Namibia]].

A na-etinye ihe dị ka 9 500 ya na Pretoria na duplicates n'ọtụtụ herbaria gụnyere Kew na Windhoek. A chịkọtara ha n'etiti 1947 na 1975 n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ ya na Willi Giess, D. S. Hardy, O. A. Leistner, W. Marais ma ọ bụ J. Wiss. Ebe ndị isi ọ na-anakọta bụ Pretoria na n'ebe ugwu Messina, Kruger National Park, [[Namibia]], Northern Cape, Okavango, Kaokoveld, [[Botswana]], Matopos, Caprivi Strip.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**&#x5D;</sup>

Bernard de Winter na nwunye ya Mayda, na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ D. J. B. Killick, bụ ndị na-ahụ Maka mbipụta nke "Sixty-six Transvaal Trees" na 1966  n'oge *Ememme Republic'' nke South Africa. 

## Edensibia