open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Iwu Egwuregwu Ala 1880

The   
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## Translation results
Iwu Ground Game Act 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 47) bụ iwu nke ndị nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom mere na 1880 site n'aka gọọmentị Gladstone, n'ihi ọtụtụ mkpesa kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ gbasara oke mmebi nke enweghị ike ịnagide. ihe ubi ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na-ata ahụhụ site na oke bekee ọhịa na oke bekee na ndị nwe ala ekweghị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo gbuo ha n'ihi ichekwa egwuregwu.

Iwu a na-enye ndị nwe ala ikike na-enweghị atụ igbu oke bekee na oke ọhịa n'ala nke ha nwere.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe odide nke Iwu Egwuregwu Ala 1880dị ka ọ dị taa (gụnyere mgbanwe ọ bụla) n'ime United Kingdom, site nalegislation.gov.uk.
Usoro Hubble

. Usoro nke Hubble bụ onye nhazi nhazi nke ndị mbara igwe nke Edwin Hubble na 1926. [1] [2] [3] [4] A na-akpọ ya dị ka ụzọ Hubble tuning-fork n'ihi na ụgbọ ya na-  akiri anya ya dị ka ndụdụ .  Ọ bụ John Henry Reynolds na Sir James Jeans chepụtara ya
thumb|350x350px| Ntugharị ụdị ndụdụ nke usoro Hubble
Atụmatụ ndụdụ nlegharị anya kewara mampụta oge niile gaa na klaas atọ - ellipticals, lenticulars na spirals - dabere na nalọ anya ha (nke mbụ na efere foto ).  Klas nke nwere ikike ewepụ ndị nwere ikike na-adịghị mma .  Usoro Hubble bụ usoro a na-eme ihe maka nhazi mbara, ma na nchacha nke igwe na-eso na mbara igwe amateur.

N'aka ekpe (n'echiche na usoro a na-adọtakarị) dina ellipticals.  Ụyọkọ kpakpando elliptical nwere nkesa ọkụ na-adịchaghị mma, na-apụtakwa dị ka ellipses na foto foto.  A na-akọwapụta ha site n'akwụkwọ ozi E, na-esochikwa integer n na-anọchi anya ogo elliptical ha na mbara igwe.  Site na nkwekọrịta, n ji okpukpu iri karịa ihe mgbawa nke ụyọkọ kpakpando, gbachie ya na integer kacha nso, ebe a na-akọwa elliptical dị ka e = 1 - .mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-mmepụta .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion  {ngosi:inline-block; vetikal-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-mmepụta .sfrac .num,.mw-parser-mmepụta .sfrac .den{  ngosi: ngọngọ; ahịrị-elu: 1em; oke: 0 0.1em}.mw-parser-mmepụta .sfrac .den  : ziri ezi (0,0,0,0); elu: 1px; oke: -1px; njupụta: zoro ezo; padding: 0; ọnọdụ: zuru oke; obosara: 1px} e = 1 - maka  ellipse nwere ogologo axis ọkara na b nke ọkara axis ogologo.[1]  Ellipticity na-abawanye site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri na eserese Hubble, yana ụyọkọ kpakpando dị nso okirikiri (E0) dị n'aka ekpe nke eserese ahụ.  Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na elliptical nke ụyọkọ kpakpando na mbara igwe na-emetụta naanị n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè na ezigbo ọdịdị akụkụ atọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụyọkọ kpakpando nke gbawara agbawa, nke yiri discus nwere ike ịpụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ gburugburu ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ele ya anya ma ọ bụ nke ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ele ya anya.  ọnụ-na).  N'ihe nleba anya, ụyọkọ kpakpando "elliptical" ndị kachasị agbaze nwere elliptical e = 0.7 (apụtara E7).  Otú ọ dị, site n'ịmụ profaịlụ ìhè na profaịlụ nke elliptical, kama ilele ihe oyiyi ahụ anya, a chọpụtara na 1960 na ụyọkọ kpakpando E5-E7 nwere ike ịkọwa ụyọkọ kpakpando lenticular nwere diski buru ibu hụrụ na ọchịchọ dị iche iche na ahịrị anyị.  nke-anya.[2][3]  Nleba anya na kinematics nke ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị mbụ na-eme ka nke a pụtakwuoro.
Mbara igwe radieshon

thumb|432x432px| Mgbanwe nke mbara igwe megide urughuru ike dị n'elu ikuku ụwa
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Onyonyo aka ekpe: cosmic ray muon na-agafe n'ọnụ ụlọ igwe ojii na-agbasa site na obere akụkụ n'ime efere ọla etiti wee pụọ n'ọnụ ụlọ ahụ. Onyonyo ziri ezi: cosmic ray muon na-efunahụ ike dị ukwuu mgbe ọ gafechara na efere dị ka egosipụtara site na mmụba nke usoro egwu ahụ na mpaghara ndọta.
Ụzarị mbara igwe ma ọ bụ astroparticles bụ ụmụ irighiri ike dị elu ma ọ bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe (nke bụ protons ma ọ bụ atomiki nuclei nọchiri anya ya) ọ bụrụ na-agafe oghere na ihe echiche nke nta ka ọ ọsọ nke ìhè.  .  Ha sitere na isi, site na nke Sistemụ ikike na ike nke anyị, [1] na ike ndị dị anya.  [2] Mgbe ikuku ikuku dị, ụzarị mbara igwe na-ahụ mmiri mmiri nke ụmụ irighiri ihe nke abụọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha na-eru n'elu, n'agbanyeghị na magnetosphere ma ọ bụ heliosphere na - nnukwu ya  banye na mbara igwe.
Telesikọ redio

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|312x312px| .Igwe teliskop redio dị mita 64 na Parkes Observatory dị ka ìhè na 1969, mgbe jiri ya njikọ video sitere na Apollo 11
thumb| Antenna nke UTR-2 telescope redio dị ala, mpaghara Kharkiv, Ukraine .  Ihe mgbochi2040 cage dipole ọcha .
Igwe teliskop redio bụ antenna pụrụ iche na nnata redio eji achọpụta ebili mmiri redio site na isi mmalite redio nke mbara igwe na mbara igwe.[1][2][3]  Igwe teliskop redio bụ ihe bụ isi nleba anya nke a na-eji na mbara igwe redio, nke na-enyocha akụkụ redio nke ikuku elektrọnik nke ihe ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na-ewepụta, dị ka teliskop anya bụ ihe bụ isi nleba anya nke a na-eji na mbara igwe anya ọdịnala nke na-amụ akụkụ ọkụ ọkụ nke ụdịdị dị iche iche.  na-abịa site na mbara igwe ihe.  N’adịghị ka teliskop anya, a pụrụ iji teliskop redio mee ihe n’ehihie nakwa n’abalị.

Ebe ọ bụ na isi ọkwa nke redio mbara igwe dị ka mbara ala, ozi, nebulas na ike ndị dị nnọọ anya, ebili redio mmiri na-esi na ha adịghị ike nke ukwuu, ya mere teliskop redio na- nnukwu antennas iji nakọta ike redio zuru  ezu iji obi ha, yana ngwa nnata nke ukwuu.  Igwe teliskop redio na- nnukwu antenna parabolic ("efere") yiri nke a na-arụ ọrụ na nsochi na ikerịta ụka na satịla ịtịpụ na nyọcha oghere.  Enwere ike iji ha n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ ọnụ na eletrọnịkị n'usoro.  Ndị na-ahụ maka redio dị n'ebe dị anya site n'isi obodo ndị mmadụ iji zere nnyonye anya electromagnetic (EMI) site na redio, redio, radar, ụgbọ ala, na ngwa eletrọnkị ndị ọzọ mmadụ mere.

Karl Guthe Jansky, onye injinia nwere Laboratories ekwe ntị Bell wuru antenna redio mbụ ejiri mata ebe redio gbasara mbara igwe na 1932. Enyere Jansky ọrụ ịchọpụta isi mmalite nke static nwere ike igbochi ọrụ ekwentị redio . Anten Jansky bụ ọtụtụ dipoles na ihe nlegharị anya emebere iji nata mgbama redio dị mkpụmkpụ na ugboro 20.5 MHz (ogologo dị ihe dị ka mita 14.6). A na-etinye ya na turntable nke mere ka ọ gbanwee n'akụkụ ọ bụla, na-enweta ya aha "Jansky's merry-go-round." O nwere dayameta nke ihe dịka 100 ft (30 m) ma guzoro 20 ft (6 m) ogologo. Site n'ịtụgharị antenna ahụ, enwere ike tụọ ntụzịaka isi iyi redio (static) enwetara. Obere ụlọ n'akụkụ mpio ahụ nwere sistemụ ndekọ mkpịsị akwụkwọ na analog . Mgbe Jansky dekọchara akara ngosi sitere n'akụkụ niile ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa, Jansky mechara kewaa ha n'ime ụdị static atọ: égbè eluigwe dị nso, égbè eluigwe dị anya, na ụda na-ada ada n'elu ụda agbapụ, nke amabeghị. Jansky mechara kpebie na “ịkụda mmụọ” ahụ kwughachiri na okirikiri nke awa 23 na nkeji iri ise na isii. Oge a bụ ogologo nke mbara igwe sidereal ụbọchị, oge ọ na-ewe ihe ọ bụla "obere" nke dị na mbara igwe iji laghachi n'otu ebe ahụ na mbara igwe. Ya mere Jansky chere na hiss sitere n'èzí nke mbara igwe, na site n'iji ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara na map anya mbara igwe atụnyere, Jansky kwubiri na radieshon na-abịa site na Milky Way Galaxy na kasị ike na ntụziaka nke etiti nke ụyọkọ kpakpando, na ìgwè kpakpando nke Sagittarius .
Mpaghara Eluigwe

thumb| Geocentric celestial spheres;  Peter Apian's Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539)
. mgbaàmà mbara igwe, ma ọ bụ orbs celestial, bụ ihe ndị bụ isi ụdị mbara igwe nke Plato, Eudoxus, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Copernicus, na ndị ọzọ ozi.  N'abụrụ nke ndị a, a na-agụta ike ahụ sere ọkụ nke ndị na ala ala ndị a kapịrị ọnụ site n'imeso ha dị ka ozire n'okirikiri na- nke sitere na aetherial, transperent ise element ( quintessence )  , dị ka bara nnukwu uru atọrọ na orbs.  Ebe ọ bụ na ndụ na ndị ahụ a kapịrị ọnụ agbanweghị ọnọdụ ha n'ebe ibe ha nọ, a na-arụ ụka na ha ga-adị n'elu otu ndị mmadụ.

N'echiche nke oge a, a na-ele orbits nke mbara ala anya dị ka ụzọ nke mbara ala ndị ahụ site n'ọtụtụ ebe efu.  Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eche echiche n'oge ochie na nke oge ochie, lere orbs nke nji anya dị ka gbara mbọ nke ihe na-ahụ ahụkebe nke e na-egosi n'ime ibe ya, nke ọ elebe na-enwe ike .  zuru oke na mpaghara dị n'elu ya na ebe dị n'okpuru.  [1] Mgbe ndị na-asụ malitere ihe e ji akpụ ụgbọ epeepe Ptolemy, ha chere na mbara ala nke ọ na-agba toruru nke ukwuu nke ukwuu iji nabata ha.  [1] Site n'ijikọta ihe nlere anya ụkwụ a na-achọpụta nke mbara igwe, ndị ọkà gbakọrọ ihe ndị a na-anabatakarị n'oge ahụ maka ebe dị anya na Sun: ihe dịka 4 nde kilomita (6.4 nde kilomita),  na mbara ala ndị ọzọ, na na nsòtụ ụgbọ na ala: ihe dị ka 73 nde kilomita (117 nde kilomita).  [2] Ebe dị anya n'ụdị sphere nke akwu na-na mbara ala dị iche na nha nke anya nke oge a, [3] na nha nke mmadụ na ala ka amara ugbu a ka ọ buru ibu na-aga n'ihu.  na-agbasa
Daly detector

**Ihe nchọpụta Daly** bụ ihe nchọpụta gas-phase ion nke nwere "ọnụ ụzọ mbata" ígwè, scintillator (ihe nchọpụta phosphorus) na photomultiplier. A gụrụ ya aha onye mepụtara ya bụ Norman Richard Daly. A na-ejikarị ihe nchọpụta Daly eme ihe na mass spectrometers.

## Ụkpụrụ nke ịrụ ọrụ
Ions nke kụrụ aka n'ọnụ ụzọ na-ahapụ electrons nke abụọ.  Voltaji dị elu (ihe dị ka -20000 V) n'etiti ọnụ ụzọ na scintillator na-eme ka eletrọn dị ngwa na ihuenyo phosphor, ebe a na-atụgharị ha ka ọ bụrụ foto.  A na-achọpụta foton ndị a site na fotomultiplier.

Uru nke onye nchọpụta Daly bụ na enwere ike kewapụ fotomultiplier site na windo, nke na-ahapụ foton site na oghere dị elu nke igwe spectrometer, si otú a na-egbochi mmetọ ọzọ nke nwere ike ime na ịgbatị ogologo ndụ nke onye nchọpụta ahụ.  The Daly detector na-enye ohere a elu osooso mgbe ubi-free mpaghara nke a oge na-efefe mass spectrometer ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu, nke nwere ike imeziwanye uche maka ion arọ.

## Norman Richard Daly
Enyere Norman Daly patent 6 n'ime afọ 1962-1973 gbasara nchọpụta ion na igwe spectrometers, site na ọrụ ya na United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.

## Edensibia
Ọdịdị kpakpando

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| W51 nebula na Aquila - otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nzipu na Milky Way (August 25, 2020)
. Nhazi usoro bụ usoro ebe oke mpaghara dị n'ime igwe ojii dị n'ime oghere interstellar, nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "ebe a na-ahụ maka nhazi" ma ọ bụ "mpaghara na- , daa wee  àgwà.  [1] Dị ka ngalaba nke mbara igwe, njikọ njikọ nke interstellar medium (ISM) na nnukwu igwe ojii molecular (GMC) dị ka ihe na-ebute usoro mgbasa ozi, na mkpa nke protostars na ihe ndị na-eto eto dị.  Ntụgharị ya.  O nwere njikọ chiri anya na nhazi mbara ala, ngalaba ọzọ nke mbara igwe .  Theory formation Star, yana ịza asị maka nguzobe nke otu egwuregwu, ọnụkwa ịdekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọnụọgụ abụọ na mbụ mbụ mass .  Ụtụtụ Stakpọ etolite iche mana dịka nke nke otu ndị na-akpọ mkpà ma ọ bụ eje ozi

Ụyọkọ ndị na-agba agba dị ka Milky Way nwere ike, ihe na mbara igwe, na ikuku gas na uzuzu dị iche iche (ISM).  Ndị na-ahụ maka interstellar nwere 104 ruo 106 particles kwa cm3, ọ na-ese nke 70% hydrogen, 28% helium, na 1.5% ihe dị arọ site na oke.  Achọpụtara ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị arọ ka a na-ahụ n'ime akwụkwọ site na nucleosynthesis stellar wee chụpụ ka iwe na-agafe na njedebe nke usoro ha.  mgbaàmà dị elu nke interstellar ọkara ụdị igwe ojii, ma ọ bụ na-agbasa nebulae, [1] ebe nguzobe ozi na-ewere ọnọdụ.[2]  N'aká ka mole ndị gbara, mole ndị elliptical na-efunahụ pụtara oyi na-atụ [nkọwa dị mkpa] nke etiti etiti ya n'ime ihe dị ka otu esemokwu awụ, nke na--Man-ama elliptical na-efunahụ .  agbasa ma e wezụga site na iji ike na-agụ ndị ọzọ..
Cosmogony

thumb| Okike nke ihe anọ dị ka Holland bipụtara na 1589 site na akwụkwọ Ovid: Metamorphoses.
Sean M. Carroll, bụ onye ọkachamara na nkà mmụta sayensị na nkà mmụta sayensị na nke ubi, na-akọwa nkọwa abụọ na-asọmpi maka mmalite nke ịdị n'otu, nke bụ etiti oghere nke njirimara na-enweghị njedebe[1] (otu ihe atụ bụ ịdị n'otu nke nwa ojii).  oghere, ebe ike ndọda bụ njirimara nke na-aghọ enweghị njedebe —-enweghị ngwụcha). . 

.   &#x5B; ** &#x5D;A na-anabatakarị na-eso na ụwa ọdịdị n'otu ebe.  Mgbe fim n'otu nke egwu na ala egwu ịgbasa, Big Bang mere, bụ́ nke o doro anya na ọ chọpụtara na ụwa.  Nkọwa nke ọzọ, nke ndị na-akwado ya dị ka Stephen Hawking, na-ekwu na oge adịghị adị mgbe ọ na-egosi na ala.  Nkwuwa okwu a na-egosi na-egosi na njọ na-egosi, ebe ọ bụ na oge adịghị adị “tupu” njọ na ụwa.  N'ihi ya, ama ihe ma njikwa dị ka oghere ma ọ bụ oge nwanne na fim n'otu na mbara igwe amaara ama.
Ogwe Eluigwe

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Ogwe elu ugwu na ndị na njikọ ha na axis nke ntụgharị, ụgbọ elu nke orbit na axial tilt .
thumb|300x300px| Eserese nke ụzọ okporo osisi celestial nke dị n'ebe ugwu gburugburu ogwe ugwu ecliptic .  Mmalite nke afọ abụrụ "ịgụ akwụkwọ" nke oge ihe mere eme bụ akara zodiac ha: Age of Taurus site na Chalcolithic ruo na nwa Bronze Age, Age of Aries from the Middle Bronze Age to Classical Antiquity, Age of Pisces site n'oge  ochie ruo ugbu a, na Age nke Aquarius ọrịa na etiti awụ nke atọ.
elu ugwu na ndịda bụ isi ihe dị abụọ na mbara igwe ebe axis nke ntụgharị ụwa, na- na-eru ruo mgbe mgbọrọgwụ ebi, na-agafe gburugburu mbara igwe .  Osisi celestial nke ugwu na ndị na-egwu na-adịgide adịgide n'ebe ndị na-ekiri ya nọ na North Pole dhaawac na South Pole, n'otu n'otu.  Ka na-ama na-agbagharị na axis ya, ogwe osisi abụọ nke ise na- ogwu na-edozi na mbara igwe, na ihe ndị ọzọ niile nke ese na-egosi na ha na- gburugburu ha, na-emecha otu sekit kwa ụbọchị (  n'ụzọ doro anya, kwa sidereal ụbọchị).

Osisi celestial bụkwa okporo osisi nke usoro nchịkọta nke ndị, nke ọnụ na ha nwere mbelata nke +90 degrees na - 90 degrees (maka ugwu na ndịda celestial okporo osisi, n'otu n'otu).  N'agbanyeghị ọnọdụ ha yiri ka a kapịrị ọnụ, okporo osisi ndị dị na mbara igwe na-adịte aka , ọnwụ na-adịgide adịgide adịgide ndabere nke ike.  N'ihi ihe a mara dị ka ụzọ equinoxes ga-adịadị, okporo osisi ndị ahụ na-ebugharị na mbara igwe, na-ewe ihe dị ka afọ 25,700.  Axis nke ụwa na-edokwa n'okpuruokpuru ahụ ndị ọzọ dị okporo anya nke na-eme ka osisi selestịal ọkụ n'elu ụgbọ nke ogologo dị iche iche (lee nutation, polar motion and axial tilt ).  N'ikpeazụ, n'ime ogologo oge, ọnọdụ n'onwe ha na-agbanwe, n'ihi ihe ahụ kwesịrị nke ike .  N'iburu n'uche dị dị otú ahụ, maa osisi celestial na-anụ na oge iji jiri ụbọchị nke ntụgharị ntụgharị;  J2000.0 bụ ọkọlọtọ ugbu a.

Echiche yiri ya na-emetụta mbara ala ndị ọzọ: mkpanaka mbara ala nke eluigwe bụ isi ihe dị na mbara igwe ebe ntule nke axis nke ntụgharị nke mbara ala na-agafe na mbara igwe. Isi ihe ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ihi na anyụike mbara ala dị iche iche na-adabere n'ụzọ dị iche iche (ọnọdụ ndị pụtara ìhè nke kpakpando na-agbanwekwa ntakịrị n'ihi mmetụta parallax ).
Tube furnace

thumb|380x380px|A na-eji ọkụ eletrik eme ihe n'oge mmepụta nke Aluminium chloride
A tube oven bụ ihe eletrik na-ekpo ọkụ nke a na-eji eme syntheses na purifications nke inorganic compounds na mgbe ụfọdụ na organic synthesis. Otu atụmatụ nwere ike ịnwe oghere cylindrical gbara gburugburu site na coils na-ekpo ọkụ nke a na-etinye na matrix na-ekpuchi okpomọkụ. Enwere ike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ site na nzaghachi sitere na thermocouple. Igwe ọkụ ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya nwere mpaghara okpomọkụ abụọ (ma ọ bụ karịa) bara uru maka nnwale njem. Ụfọdụ ndị na-achịkwa okpomọkụ dijitalụ na-enye interface RS-232, ma na-enye onye ọrụ ohere ịhazi akụkụ maka ojiji dị ka ramping, sucking, sintering, na ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị dị elu na ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka 2" href="./Molybdenum_disilicide" id="mwEQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Molybdenum disilicide">molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) nke a na-enye na ụdị ụfọdụ nwere ike ịmepụta okpomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ ruo 1800 °C. Nke  na-eme ka ngwa ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya dị mfe. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị maka tubes mmeghachi omume gụnyere alumina, Pyrex, na quartz a gwakọtara agwakọta, ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara ihe na-emebi emebi, enwere ike iji tubes molybdenum ma ọ bụ tungsten mee ihe.

Emepụtara ọkụ tube ahụ n'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 ma jiri ya rụpụta filamentị seramiiki maka oriọna Nernst na ọkụ.

## Ihe osise
Ihe atụ nke ihe eji emepụta site na iji ọkụ ọkụ bụ superconductor YBa2Cu3O. 3 na-eme ka ngwakọta nke CuO, BaO, na Y2, nke dị n'ụgbọ mmiri platinum ma ọ bụ alumina dị ọkụ n'ime ọkụ ọkụ na ọtụtụ narị ogo n'okpuru ikuku Oxygen. 'otu aka ahụ, a na-akwadebe tantalum disulfide n'ime ite ọkụ na-esote mkpocha, kwa n'ime ọkụ ọkụ na-eji usoro nke mbufe mmiri. N'ihi nnweta nke anwụrụ ọkụ, ụgbọ mmiri mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ aghọwo usoro a ma ama ọ bụghị naanị na ụlọ ọrụ (lee usoro van Arkel-de Boer) kamakwa na ụlọ nyocha. 

A pụkwara iji ọkụ ọkụ tube mee ihe maka mmeghachi omume thermolysis, gụnyere ma ọ bụ organic ma ọ bụ inorganic reactants.  Otu ihe atụ dị otú ahụ bụ nkwadebe nke ketene nke nwere ike were ọkụ tube n'ime ' oriọna ketene'.  Flash vacuum pyrolysis na-ejikarị tube quartz fused, nke a na-ejikarị quartz ma ọ bụ seramiiki juru, nke a na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ.

## Edensibia
Lovibond comparator

Onye na-atụle Lovibond bụ ihe atụ nke colorimeter nke The Tintometer Ltd mere na Britain. Ọ bụ Joseph Williams Lovibond chepụtara ya na narị afọ nke 19 ma nsụgharị emelitere ka dị.

## Nkọwa
A na-eji ngwaọrụ iji chọpụta agba nke mmiri mmiri.  A na-etinye ihe nlele na tube iko.  A na-etinye tube na comparator ma jiri ya tụnyere usoro nke diski iko agba ruo mgbe achọtara egwuregwu kacha nso.

Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, a na-eji ngwaọrụ ahụ chọpụta ntinye nke ụfọdụ kemịkal na ngwọta.  N'iji nke a, a na-eche ụfọdụ echiche gbasara ihe dị na nlele ahụ.  Nyere echiche ndị ahụ, a ga-egosipụta ntinye uche site na diski nke kachasị mma na agba nke ngwọta.

E nwere ọtụtụ nnwale ọkọlọtọ nke a ga-agwakọta ihe nlele a ga-anwale na Ihe na-acha uhie uhie. N'ime ule ndị dị otú ahụ, ụcha a na-enweta na-egosi oke nke sample a na-anwale.

Nsonaazụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro nnwale ndị ọzọ, mana onye ntụnyere ahụ bara uru maka ọrụ ubi n'ihi na ọ dị mfe, siri ike ma dị mfe iji. Ọ bụrụ na achọrọ nyocha ziri ezi karị, enwere ike ịme nyocha ndị ọzọ na ụlọ nyocha.

A na-eji ya eme ihe na ụlọ nyocha kemịkal ebe enwere ike ịlele pH nke ihe nlele (ihe dịka) site na iji onye na-atụle ihe.
Cam plastometer

Cam plastometer bụ igwe nyocha anụ ahụ. Ọ na-atụ nguzogide ihe ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi na nrụrụ mkpakọ na ọnụego nhụsianya mgbe niile.  N'ụzọ dị otu a, enwere ike iji ya tụnyere Gleeble®.  N'oge mbụ, igwe ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala dị ala, ma ka oge na-aga, a na-emewanyewanye ya ma ugbu a ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche iche nke ọnụego. 

 na-enye ikike ikike igwe ahụ n'okpuru aha "United States Patent 4109516".

N'ime igwe ahụ, a na-etinye ike mkpakọ na ihe atụ site na platens abụọ dị larịị, na-emegide ibe ha nke na-emetụta ihe dị larịụ, nke nwere akụkụ anọ. Enwere ike ịgbanwe ike nkwarụ n'oge ọrụ, iji mepụta ọnọdụ ndị na-eme n'oge nrụgide na ịmepụta ọrụ.  nwekwara ike ịnwale ihe atụ. "

Cám plastometers  oke ọnụ ma enwere naanị ole na ole n'ime ha n'ụwa.

## Edensibia
Archeops

thumb|Archeops gondola at launch
Archeops bụ ngwá ọrụ balloon a raara nye ịtụle Cosmic microwave background (CMB) okpomọkụ anisotropies. Nnyocha nke radieshon a dị mkpa iji nweta ozi ziri ezi banyere evolushọn nke Eluigwe na Ala: njupụta, Hubble constant, afọ nke eluigwe na ala, wdg. Iji mezuo ebumnuche a, a na-eji ngwaọrụ ndị jụrụ oyi na 100mK okpomọkụ etinye na anya nke onyokomita na-ekpo ọkụ. Iji zere nsogbu ikuku, a na-etinye ngwaọrụ ahụ dum na gondola n'okpuru balloon helium nke ruru kilomita 40 n'ịdị elu.&nbsp;

Archeops nwere bands anọ na mpaghara millimeter (143, 217, 353 na 545 GHz) na mkpebi dị elu (ihe dị ka 15 arcminutes) iji gbochie obere anisotropy scales, yana nnukwu igwe mkpuchi (30%) iji belata ọdịiche dị na mbara igwe.&nbsp;

## Ngwá ọrụ na ụgbọ elu
 mepụtara ngwá ọrụ ahụ site n'ịgbanwe echiche ndị e wepụtara maka High Frequency Instrument of Planck surveyor (Planck-HFI) na iji mgbochi balloon.Ya bụ, ọ mejupụtara oghere 3He-4He dilution cryostat jụrụ spiderweb-ụdị bolometers na 100 mK;  Igwe anya igwe oyi nke onye ọ bụla nwere mpi n'ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị iche iche (0.1, 1.6, 10 K) na teliskop Gregorian na-apụ apụ.

A na-atụle mgbaàmà CMB site na ihe nchọpụta 143 na 217 GHz ebe a na-enyocha ikuku na-esi na 353 (polarized) na 545 GHz.&nbsp;&nbsp;A na-agbagwoju ngwá ọrụ ahụ dum anya iji zere radieshon sitere n'ụwa na balloon.

Iji kpuchie ihe ruru pasent iri atọ nke mbara igwe, ibu ahụ na-agbagharị n'elu ikuku, na-enyocha mbara igwe na okirikiri na ịdị elu nke ihe dịka ogo 41. Gondola, nke dị n'elu 32 kilomita, na-agbagharị n'eluigwe na ọnụego nke 2 rpm nke, jikọtara ya na ntụgharị ụwa, na-emepụta mbara igwe nke ọma na frequency ọ bụla.&nbsp;

Archeops fepụrụ na nke mbụ na Trapani (Sicily) na oge ntinye awa anọ.  Mgbe ahụ, ewepụtara ngwa ahụ kwalitere ugboro atọ site na Esrange base dị nso na Kiruna (Sweden) site na CNES n'oge oge oyi 2 consecutive (2001 na 2002).  Ụgbọ elu ikpeazụ na nke kacha mma na Febụwarị 7, 2002 na-ewepụta awa 12.5 nke ụdị data CMB (n'elu elu ụlọ na n'abalị) site na ngụkọta awa 19.  Balloon ahụ rutere na Saịberịa ma nwetaghachi ya (ya na data dị oke ọnụ ahịa e dekọrọ n'ime ụgbọ) site n'aka ndị otu Franco-Russian nwere ihu igwe -40ºC.

## Nsonaazụ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Map nke Archeops CMB
 ejikọtala, maka oge mbụ na tupu WMAP, nnukwu oghere oghere (nke COBE tụrụ na mbụ) na mpaghara mbụ nke ụda olu.

Site na nsonaazụ ya, a na-eme ka cosmologies na-akpali inflation sie ike na mbara igwe dị larịị (ngụkọta ike Ωtot = 1 n'ime 3%).Mgbe ejikọtara  na Site na datasets cosmological agbakwunyere gbasara uru Hubble na-adịgide adịgide, Archeops na-enye ihe mgbochi na njupụta ike gbara ọchịchịrị na njupụta baryonic na nkwekọrịta dị mma na atụmatụ ndị ọzọ nwere onwe ha dabere na nha supernovae na nnukwu nucleosynthesis.

 enyewo map polarized mbụ nke ụyọkọ kpakpando  mkpebi a.

## Edensibia
Kabir adeyemi

**Kabiru Aderemi Adeyemo** (amụrụ1965) ọ bụ Nigeria Prọfesọ nke Management & Accounting na Lead City University Ibadan. Oyo State, Nigeria. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Lead City University.

## Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ
Kabiru Aderemi Adeyemi malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Ife Anglican Grammar School na Ile-Ife. Ọzọkwa, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Olode Grammar School na Olode.

O nwere nnukwu nkà mmụta na nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka Osun State College of Technology, Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomse Alli University.Ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Babcock nakwa Mahadum Ọrụ Ugbo nke Ilisral, Abeokuta, na CIPA, Ghana. N'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ, o gosipụtara ike ọgụgụ isi na ịdị mma, na-enye aka dị ukwuu na ihe ọmụma na Management na Accounting, Business Policy, Strategic Management, Entrepreneurship, Law, Project Management, na Governance.

Kabir Aderemi Adeyemi nwetara B.Sc. na Accounting na MBA na Management & Accounting site na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. nzere masta ya na Peace & Conflict na Mahadum Ibadan. O nwere Ph.D.s na Management & Accounting na Law site na Mahadum Naịjirịa. Onye nkuzi a na-akwanyere ùgwù, onye nyocha atụmatụ, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye nduzi. bụ osote onye isi ala ugbu a na Mahadum Leads City.

## Nzukọ
Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Rotary Club nke Ibadan 2016-2017

Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Wednesday Social Club nke Nigeria.

Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ nsọpụrụ nke 2-DIV Army Officers Mess na Agodi Ibadan, NASFAT. 

Ọ bụkwa onye otu RANAO Association, Ibadan, The Professional Group Lafia Business Club Ibadan, yana Enyi Omo-Ajorosun, Ibadan. Ọ bụ onye otu Betel CICS II, Ibadan.

## Ndị otu na mkpakọrịta

Kabir Aderemi Adeyemi bụ onye otu ndị a.

* Fellow Certified Institute of Public Administration, Ghana.
* Onye otu Chartered Accountants nke Naijiria.
* Society maka okwu iwu
* Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU).
* Onye otu ndị nyocha aghụghọ.
* Òtù ndị nchọpụta.
* Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụtụ Isi
* Associate Chartered Institute of Personal Management (CIPM) 
* Onye ibe nke ndị na-enyocha aghụghọ
* Kabir Aderemi Adeyemi bụ onye so na kọmitii nke Vice-Chancellors of Nigeria Universities (CVCNU), nke na-eje ozi dị ka òtù na-ahụ maka osote-Chancellors na Nigerian Federal, State, na Private Universities.

## Onyinye

* Ọ natara onyinye nduzi pụrụ iche site na Uni-Caribbean Business School na 2021.
* na-asọpụrụ ya na Onyinye nke Ịdị Mma maka ọrụ pụrụ iche na onyinye agụmakwụkwọ nye ụmụ mmadụ site n'aka ndị lara ezumike nká nke ndị agha Naịjirịa.

## Ihe odide
Sintered polyethylene

Syntered polyethylene bụ polyethylene ntụ nke a na-emepụta n'ime ihe siri ike n'emeghị ka ọ gbazee. Enwere ike ịmepụta  site na iji okpomọkụ, nrụgide, ma ọ bụ laser sintering. Ọ nwere ngwa dị ka mkpuchi na ọkpọkọ na skis, na dị ka ihe nzacha.

## Ngwa

### Pipe
A na-etinye polyethylene sintered na ọkpọkọ ígwè iji guzogide corrosion.  na-eme ka ọkpọkọ dị ọkụ ma mesịa kpuchie ntụ ntụ polyethylene, ma ọ bụ electrostatic ma ọ bụ site na imikpu.

### Skis
E webatara polyethylene sintered dị ka mkpuchi na skis na 1962. Ọ na-adịgide adịgide, na obere karịa polyethylene siri ike, extruded.   nwere oghere na-eme ka ski na-amị wax.
 
E mepụtara ihe nzacha sinter plate na Germany  n'ime afọ 1981 na 1982. A na-eji ihe nzacha ndị a siri ike eme ihe na ndị na-anakọta uzuzu ma ga-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ gas dị ọcha nke 0.1 ruo 1.0 mg / m3 na ikuku nke 0.001 pound kwa elekere na oke nke 0.0004 gr / ft3, ọbụlagodi na ntụ nke D50 < 1 μm. &nbsp;&nbsp;EPA http://www.epa.gov na-akọwa arụmọrụ dị elu dị ka iwepụ 0 ruo 5.0 μm particulates. 
http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/module6/matter/control/control.htm#ffadvantages&nbsp;

Matrik nke ihe nzacha ahụ nwere polyethylene sintered (PE) a kpụrụ akpụ nke nwere isi ihe na-arịgo.  mkpuchi PTFE ọzọ na-abanye n'ime oghere nke ahụ PE-nke bụ isi ma mepụta micro-porous, nke na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke na-akpata nzacha elu. Ihe a jikọtara ọnụ na-eguzogide kemịkal ma ọ bụghị obere mmiri na-emetụta ya. Ihe nzacha efere efere siri ike nwere usoro kwụsiri ike nke ukwuu ma enwere ike ịmegharị ya.  Nkezi ndụ bara uru nke ihe nzacha efere sinter nwere ike gafere afọ iri.

Ihe nzacha Sinter plate PE dabara na gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ha anaghị emepụta ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu n'ime onwe ha, enwere ike ịsacha ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọEnweghị mmetọ nke ihe sitere na eriri nzacha dị ka ákwà na ihe mgbasa ozi cartridge. Onye na-anakọta uzuzu #Ndị na-anakụta ihe

Nkwụsi ike nke matrix na-eme ka ọ ghara ịka n'iyi site na ihe abrasive. A na-eme ka a dị ọcha site na ịntanetị, nrụgide dị ala na-agbanwe ikuku.  Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị ga-ejikwa okpomọkụ ruo 158 °F na ihe ndị ka mma e mere maka ihe ruru 230 °F&nbsp;&nbsp;

Ịrụ ọrụ nkewa ahụ karịrị nke akwụkwọ BIA chọrọ maka nhazi uzuzu M.

## Edensibia
Oil bath

thumb|Igbe mmanụ n'elu ihe na-ekpo ọkụ
Mmiri ịsa ahụ bụ ụdị ịsa ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke a na-eji na ụlọ nyocha, nke a na-ejikarị eme ka mmeghachi omume kemịkal dị ọkụ.  Ọ bụ akpa mmanụ nke efere ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ (n'ọnọdụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe) ọkụ Bunsen.

A na-ejikarị ịsa ahụ ndị a eme ihe iji kpoo ngwakọta mmeghachi omume n'ụzọ ziri ezi karịa ka ọ ga-ekwe omume na efere ọkụ naanị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ekpo ọkụ n'èzí nke karama mmeghachihachi omume ahụ. 'N'ozuzu, a na-eji mmanụ silicone eme ihe na bath mmanụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọ bụ ezie na ejiri mmanụ ịnweta mmanụ, mmanụ owu na ọbụna phosphoric acid mee ihe n'oge gara aga.

## Ihe ize ndụ
Ịkụbiga mmanụ ọkụ ókè nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ọkụ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na a na-eji mmanụ mineral eme ihe. N'ozuzu, okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke mmanụ ala bụ ihe dịka 160  , ebe ọkụ nke mmanụ ahụ. Enweghị ike iji mmanụ mineral mee ihe n'elu 310   n'ihi ebe ọ na-esi.  bụrụ na achọrọ okpomọkụ dị elu, enwere ike iji mmanụ silicone ma ọ bụ ájá mee ihe.   [isi iyi ka mma dị mkpa] Mmiri Silicone na-arụ ọrụ na 25 °C (77 °F) - 230 °C (446 °F). Mmiri ịsa ahụ  irè site na 25 °C (77 °F) ruo n'elu 500 °C (932 °F). [1]

## Na injinia
thumb|Ihe nzacha ikuku na-asa mmanụ n'elu aka ekpe na injin GAZ-21
Ihe ọzọ a na-eji bat mmanụ bụ ihicha ụmụ irighiri ihe dị n'ikuku, site n'ibute iyi ikuku site n'ebe a na-asa mmanụ anaghị ekpo ọkụ.  A na-eji ụdị nzacha ikuku a na ụgbọ ala na traktọ, mana ejiri akwụkwọ nzacha ikuku nke oge a dochie anya ya;  ụfọdụ obere injin na-aga n'ihu na-eji usoro a.  N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-eji mmiri ịsa mmanụ na-ekpo ọkụ ka ọ na-amụba tupu ha etinye ya n'osisi nke injin ụgbọ elu na traktọ.

## Hụkwa

* Mmiri ịsa ahụ n'ụlọ nyocha
* Ịsa ahụ

## Edensibia
Electrostatic separator

Onye Mas-ekewa electrostatic bụ ngwaọrụ maka ikewa ụmụ irighiri ihe site na oke na obere ike na-akwụ ụgwọ.

Otu ihe atụ bụ electrostatic precipitator eji eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-eji eme ihe iji gwọọ gas na-apụ apụ, na-ewepụ obere ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ ikuku. 

Nkewa elektrọstatic bụ usoro na-eji ụgwọ eletrọstatic kewaa irighiri ihe ndị gbajiri agbaji.  Usoro mmepụta ihe nke a na-eji kewapụ nnukwu ihe dị iche iche, nkewa electrostatic na-ejikarị eme ihe na nhazi nke ịnweta ore.  Usoro a nwere ike inye aka wepụ ihe bara uru na ọla, ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike inye aka wepụ ihe ndị si mba ọzọ iji mee ka ihe dị ọcha.  Na Ngwuputa Ngwuputa, a na-akpọ usoro nke ịkụpịa ọla n'ime ihe dị iche iche maka nzube nke ikewa mineral.

Na mkpokọta, a na-eji ụgwọ eletrọstatic na-adọta ma ọ bụ weghachi ihe ebubo dị iche iche.[1]  Mgbe nkewa electrostatic na-eji ike nke mma iji dozie ahụ, na-eduzi ụmụ irighiri ihe na-arapara n'ihe ebubo ebubo, dị ka drum ígwè, si otú ahụ kewapụ ha na ngwakọta nke urughuru.  Mgbe ụdị uru a na-eji ike na-achụghachi ya, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe iji gbanwee ọnọdụ ihe ndị na-ada ada iji dozie ha n'ebe dị iche iche.  N'ụzọ dị otú a, mgbe ngwakọta nke irighiri ihe daa n'ofe ihe na-ebugharị, ihe ndị ahụ nwere ụgwọ ziri ezi na-adapụ na ihe ndị ọzọ mgbe ihe ahụ ebubo yiri ya.'

Ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mma ma ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma - ihe ndị nwere ụgwọ dị mma na-achụpụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ụgwọ dị elu, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ha na-ebugharị ibe ha, ebe ihe nwere ụgwọ dị irè ga-adọta ihe nwere ụgwọ na-adịghị, si otú a na-eme gore ha abụọ jikọta ọnụ. 

Nnwale na-egosi nhazi electrostatic na-arụ ọrụ nwere ike inye aka mee ka usoro ahụ pụta ìhè.  Iji gosipụta nkewa electrostatic n'ụlọ, enwere ike ịme nnwale site na iji ahụekere nke ka dị na shei ha.  Mgbe a na-ehichapụ ahụekere ndị ahụ ma jiri nwayọọ kụrie ya, ngwaọrụ eletrọt, dị ka mbo a na-ete ngwa ngwa na sweta ajị, ga-eji ọkụ eletrik kwụ ọtọ chịkọta shea ahụekere ahụ.  Akpụkpọ anụ ndị e gwepịara egwepịa dị arọ bụ́ ndị a na-ebunye n'ụzọ na-emegiderịta onwe ha site na mbo ahụ na-apụ ngwa ngwa pụọ ​​n'akụkụ ahụekere eri nri mgbe mbo ahụ gafere nso.

Nkewa electrostatic nke ndị na-eduzi bụ otu ụzọ nke uru; ụzọ ọzọ a na-ahụkarị maka uru bụ uru magnetik. Nkewa electrostatic bụ usoro nhazi kachasị mma mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na nkewa nke ndị na-eduzi site na nkewa electrostatics na-abụghị ndị na-eduga. N'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ nkewa electrostatic na-ahazi ụmụ irighiri ihe nwere ụgwọ electrostatic dị iche iche uru magnetik na-ahapụ ụmụ irighari na-emeghachi omume na mpaghara magnetik. Uru electrostatic dị irè maka iwepu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, dị ka ntụ site na coal, ebe nkewa magnetik na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka iwepu ore magnetik site na ụrọ dị n'ụwa.

## Edensibia
Electrical penetration graph

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Common Brown Leafhopper (''Orosius orientalis'') jikọtara ya na electrode EPG
Ihe osise eletrik ma ọ bụ **EPG** bụ usoro nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eji apụl mmekọrịta nke ụmụ ahụhụ dịka aphids, thrips, na leafhoppers na osisi. Ya mere, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe iji mụọ ihe ndabere nke nje virus nje osisi, nhọrọ osisi site na ụmụ ahụhụ na ụzọ ụmụ ahụhụ nwere ike isi chọta ma rie nri site na phloem nke osisi ahụ. Ọ bụ usoro dị mfe nke nwere akụkụ dị iche iche nke a na-emecha mgbe ụdị dị ka aphids, nke a na'amụkarị, na-etinye stylet ya n'ime osisi ahụ iji *nyocha* osisi ahụ dị ka onye kwesịrị ekwesị maka nri. A na-egosipụta sekit ahụ emechara n'anya dị ka eserese nwere ụdị ebili mmiri dị iche iche na-egosi ma ọ bụ omume ụmụ ahụhụ dị iche iche dị ka nsị mmiri ma ọ bụ ntinye nke ọdịnaya cellular ma ọ bụ na-egosi ụdị anụ ahụ abanyela (ya bụ phloem, xylem ma ọ bụ mesophyll).  Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a maara ihe dị ka ụdị ebili mmiri iri dị iche iche, na-ejikọta ya na mmemme mmekọrịta ụmụ ahụhụ/osisi dị iche iche.

## Okporo ụzọ
Okporo ụzọ ahụ na-ejikọta na ụmụ ahụhụ site na waya ọla edo ma ọ bụ platinum 20 μm na osisi ahụ site na electrode ọla kọpa etinye n'ime ala. &nbsp;Okporo ụzọ ahụ na-agafe, dịka ọ na-adịkarị, otu ihe na-eguzogide gigaohm na 50x amplifier tupu echekwa nsonaazụ na dijitalụ ma kọwaa ya site na kọmputa iji gbakọọ eserese ikpeazụ.

600x600px

## Hụkwa

* Nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa
* Ọrịa na-efe efe
* Aphididae
* Ụmụ ahụhụ

## Edensibia

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchịkọta eletrik nke ọrụ penetration stylet. Na: A.K. Minks & P. Harrewijn (ed.). Aphids, ihe ndị dị ndụ ha, ndị iro na njikwa, 95-108.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Intracellular iri na nsị nwere ike ime ka nnweta na inoculation nke nje na-adịghị ebute ọrịa. Journal of General Virology, 78, 2701-2705.
* Sauge M.H.; Lambert P.; Pascal T. (2012). Co-location nke QTLs na-eguzogide osisi na-emetụta arụmọrụ na omume iri nri nke aphid Myzus persicae na osisi peach. Ihe nketa, 108 (3), 292-301.
* Giordanengo P. (2014). EPG-Calc: edemede dabeere na PHP iji gbakọọ ihe osise eletrik (EPG). Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 8 (2):163-169.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Usoro EPG
* EPG-Calc
PLAICE

PLAICE, ma ọ bụ FLASH-PLAICE, ngwaike mepere emepe dị ike, na-ejikọta ihe mmemme ebe nchekwa flash, nṅomi n'ime okirikiri, yana nyocha mgbagha ọtụtụ ọwa ọwa dị elu.  A na-ewu ya gburugburu 32-bit RISC Microblaze processor, mezuru na bọọdụ mmepe Xilinx Spartan-3E Starter kit.  Edere sọftụwia njikwa nke nọọrọ onwe ya na Java, ma nwee plugins maka ndị nyocha ụgbọ ala I2C na SPI.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Peeji mmalite nke PLAICE
Persoz pendulum

A **Persons pendulum** bụ ngwaọrụ eji elele ike nke ihe.  Ngwa ahụ nwere pendulum nke nweere onwe ya ịfegharị na bọọlụ abụọ na-ezu ike na panel ule mkpuchi.  Nnwale ike ike pendulum dabere n'ụkpụrụ na njupụta nke oscillation pendulum ga-ebelata ngwa ngwa mgbe a na-akwado ya n'elu dị nro.  A na-enye ike nke mkpuchi ọ bụla enyere site na ọnụọgụ oscillations nke pendulum mere n'ime oke a kapịrị ọnụ nke njupụta kpebisiri ike site na ihe mmetụta foto edobere nke ọma.  Igwe eletrọnịkị na-edekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ swing nke pendulum mere

## Ihe owuwu

Pendulum nwere bọọlụ ndị na-adabere na mkpuchi n'okpuru ule ma mepụta fulcrum. Pendulum Persoz yiri nnọọ pendulum Konig. Ha abụọ na-eji otu ụkpụrụ ahụ, ya bụ, ka ọ na-adị nro karịa ka a na-ebelata oscillations pendulum na obere oge dị mkpa maka oke oscillation ka a belata ya site na ego a kapịrị ọnụ. Pendulums abụọ ahụ dị iche na ọdịdị, ịdị arọ na oge oscillation, ọ nweghịkwa mmekọrịta zuru oke n'etiti nsonaazụ ndị a nwetara site na iji ngwá ọrụ abụọ ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ule ahụ na-agụnye naanị ịmara ogo na sekọnd maka oke nke swing iji belata site na 6 ruo 3 degrees (Konig pendulum) ma ọ bụ 12 ruo 4 degrees (Persoz pendulum). 

## Edensibia
Jitterlyzer

**FS5000 Jitterlyzer na-eme nlebanya ụgbọ ala oyi akwa anụ ahụ.  Ọ nwere ike igba jitter na-achịkwa wee tụọ njirimara nke jitter na-abata.  Mgbe ejikọtara ya na onye nyocha mgbagha ma ọ bụ protocol analyzer, ọ nwere ike jikọta nha ndị a na nyocha protocol.  Enwere ike ịme nnwale anụ ahụ ka sistemụ a na-anwale na-ahazi okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala dị ndụ**  

## Ihe ndị a na-atụle atụle
FS5000 na-atụle jitter n'ụdị abụọ:

### Oge
E nwere usoro oge anọ dị iche iche:

* Atụmatụ ịsa ahụ - Usoro ịsa ahụ nwere ike inye nghọta dị ukwuu banyere arụmọrụ BER nke njikọ a na-anwale. A na-enweta usoro ịsa ahụ site na ịde akara dị larịị gafee ụdị ebili mmiri n'okpuru ule. A na-agbakọ ọrụ nkesa ohere maka mgbanwe mgbaàmà (zero crossings) site na voltaji dị elu gaa na voltaji ala ma ọ bụ voltaji dị ala gaa na voltajii dị elu. Usoro ịsa ahụ bara uru n'ihi na ọ nwere ike inye nghọta dị ukwuu banyere omume nke usoro. Ewezuga ịtụle BER, ọ na-enyekwa ihe ngosi maka oke oke nke dị na usoro ahụ. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na nnwale protocol na Jitterlyzer, oke dị elu na-enyere ndị injinia aka iwepụ ngwa ngwa dị ka ihe nwere ike ịkpata njehie protocol ụfọdụ.
* Statistics - Usoro nyocha nke Jitterlyzer na-ekpughe jitter na BER n'onwe ya (na-achọghị nchịkọta mgbakọ na mwepụ). Usoro a maka jitter mberede (RJ) na nkewa nke jitter (DJ) gụnyere maka izu oke. A na-enyekwa nọmba maka RJ na DJ na okporo ụzọ ndụ.
* Bus View - Na-egosi ọwa na ọwa nke ọwa anọ n'otu oge.
* Jitter Histogram - A na-eme usoro a na okporo ụzọ ndụ. Ọ na-ahọrọ voltaji efu na data na-abata. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-agụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbanwe nke mgbaàmà serial dị elu dị ka ọrụ nke ọnọdụ oge.  na-emezi histogram nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na igbu oge.

### Anya
*E nwere ihe atọ dị iche iche anya*

* Ihe osise anya - A na-eme usoro a na okporo ụzọ ndụ n'ezie. Ọ na-enye ọtụtụ ozi karịa naanị oghere anya kwụ ọtọ ma ọ bụ oghere anya dị larịị. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-enye ihe ngosi mbụ nke parameters dị ka mgbasa na ụzọ mgbaàmà, nsogbu oge ịrị elu, wdg. Pịa na njikọ ma ị ga-ahụ ihe atụ nke eserese anya nke a na-enweta site na iji Jitterlyzer. Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ, a na-eme ihe ngosi nke mkpọtụ n'anya dum, ma e jiri ya tụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, naanị n'etiti.
* Oscilloscope - Nlele a na-enye onye ọrụ ohere ịhụ akara oscillosccope na ọnọdụ na-adịgide adịgide, na-enye ohere nyocha anya. Agba na-anọchite anya ugboro ole akara a tụrụ gafere n'akụkụ ọ bụla, na-acha ọbara ọbara na-anọchi anya nke kachasị, na oji na-anọci anya nke kacha nta. Rịba ama na a na-eme ka ọnụọgụ dị mma ruo ọnụọgụ kachasị elu nke 1.
* Voltage Histogram - Nlele a yiri jitter histogram ma e wezụga na a na-eme ya na ngalaba kwụ ọtọ.  na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpọtụ voltaji nke dị na mgbaàmà serial dị elu ma yie ụkpụrụ dị ka ịdị elu anya kwụ ọtọ.

## Ọgbọ Jitter

### Usoro data

* Ahịa ndụ
* Usoro nkwenye a kwadebere tupu oge eruo

### Nkọwa Jitter

* Ogologo oge 19.07 kHz - 19.99 MHz&nbsp;&nbsp;
* Ogologo oge 40ps - 1200ps

### Mgbanwe dị iche iche

* 400-1600mv

## Njikọ mpụga

* YNgwá ọrụ Nnyocha Jitter sitere na FuturePlus Systems.

## Edensibia
Usoro nhazi mbara igwe

thumb|Celestial
 

Na igwe igwe, a na-eji usoro nhazi makapụtapụta ọnọdụ nke ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe ( satịlattị, mbara ala, ihe, ihe, wdg) n'ihe oriri a nyere ntụaka etiti, dabere na ihe ntụaka anụ dị maka  onye na-ekiri ihe (naka ezi mbara ihu na ugwu ka).  onye nleba anya n'elu uwa).  [1] Usoro nhazi na mbara igwe nwere ikepụta ọnọdụ ihe na oghere atọ ma ọ bụ kpa nkata naanị ntụzịaka ya na mbara igwe, ma ọ bụrụ na amaghi ebe ihe dị anya ma ọ bụ dị obere.

.Nhazi ụgbọ, nke atumatu n'elu mbara igwe, dabara na usoro mpaghara ejiri n'elu ụwa .  a dị iche na nhọrọ ha nke isi ụgbọ elu, nke na-ekewa mbara igwe n'ime oghere abụọ há nhata n'ụdị mkpuchi .  Nhazi anọ, na mkpa kwesịrị, nwere otu isi ( x, y ) ụgbọ elu na ntụzịaka ( x -axis) dị ka axis nke ntụgharị .  A na-akpọ usoro nhazi ọla aha maka oke ụgbọ elu ya

Tebụlụ na-esonụ na-edepụta usoro nhazi ọnụ nke mbara igwe na-eji.  arịa elu bụ isi na-ekewa mbara igwe n'ime oghere abụọ hà nhata ma na-akpara usoro maka nhazi latitude, dị ka equator na usoro nhazi mpaghara .  Ogwe ndị ahụ dị na ± 90 ° site na ụgbọ elu bụ isi.  Ntuziaka bụ isi bụ nke nhazi ogologo.  Ebe akpa bụ ebe dị anya efu, "etiti etiti mbara igwe", ọ bụ isi na mkpa nke mbara igwe na-ahụ anya anya nsogbu nke ebe etiti ya.

Sistemụ *equatorial* bụ usoro nhazi nkịtị maka ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara na ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na-ama ama nwere ugwu equatorial nke na-esochi mmegharị nke mbara igwe n'abalị. A na-achọta ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe site n'imezigharị teliskop ma ọ bụ ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ ka ha kwekọọ n'usoro equatorial nke ihe ahọpụtara ka a na-ekiri.
Usoro nhazi nke equatorial

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px| Usoro nhazi nke equatorial na-eji nhazi .  A na-pụtara bụ isi site na ntule nke equator ụwa na mbara igwe, na-akpụ     Ebe equator .  Ewubere ntụzịaka bụ isi site n'ịtụefe ụgbọ ụwa na mbara igwe, na-akpụ    ecliptik, na-ama ọnụ ụzọ na-arị elu nke ecliptic na mbara igwe equator, na-akpụ vernal equinox .  A na-atụ nrrịgo aka nri n' ndị ndị iboju n'ụdị celestial equator site na equinox, a na-atụkwa mbelata nke ọma n'ebe ugwu site na celestial equator.  (A na-egosi ụzọ a na-hazi ụzọ dị otú ahụ ebe a.) Ntụle okporo nke osisi ala ugwu na ndịda nke ụwa na-etolite ogwe ugwu na ndị mmadụ nke ese, n'otu n'otu.
.  Sistemụ nchikota nke equatorial bụ usoro nhazi nke mmadụ bụ nke a na-ahụ mmetụta pụta nke ihe igwe .  Ụgbọ elu dị mkpa nke nwere ntule nke equator nke ụwa na mbara igwe (na-eme elu igwe equator), ntụzịaka bụ equator.  isi n'ụdị vernal equinox, na ebu aka nri

Mmalite dị n'etiti ụwa nkịtị na nhazi ahụ bụ geocentric, ya bụ, dị ka a na-ahụ site na etiti ụwa dị ka a ga-assị na ọ bụ uzo .  [1] The isi ụgbọ elu na isi igodo na nhazi usoro, mgbe kwekọọ na Earth's equator na okporo osisi, adịghị bugharia na ikike, ma na-ụdịtụ nke ụfọdụ ndabere .  Mgbakọ aka nri na nhazi na-akụkọ n'ebe ugwu site na mmalite gburugburu ụgbọ elu bụ isi.

.Nkọwapụta nke nghazi nke etiti ntụnye aka ka dị mfe;  nghazi na-dị nnọọ ofu.  Ntu ụzọ dị si nke axis nke ụwa, nke mbụ, na-eme ka nhazi ahụ ji na-enye na-aga n'ihu n'ebe e nwere ike inyere okporo osisi nke eklips, na-emecha otu sekit n'ihe dị ka afọ 26,000.  .  Ekwadoro na nke a bụ obere mgbanwe nke eklips, na obere oscillation nke axis ụwa, nutation
TAMA 300

thumb|TAMA 300
TAMA 300  ihe nchọpụta nke ebili mmiri nke dị na ụlọ akwụkwọ Mitaka nke National Astronomical Observatory nke Japan. Ọ bụ ọrụ nke otu ọmụmụ gravitational wave na Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR) nke Mahadum Tokyo. E hiwere ICRR na 1976 maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mbara igwe, ma na-etolite ugbu a Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA).

TAMA 300 bu ụzọ na Mitaka site na prototype TAMA 20 nke 20m n'afọ 1991-1994. Mgbe e mesịrị, a kwagara prototype ahụ n'okpuru ala na Kamioka mine ma nye ya aha L**ISM**. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ 2000-2002 ma guzobe ịdị jụụ nke ala ọma jijiji nke ebe dị n'okpuru ala.

Iwu nke ọrụ TAMA malitere na 1995. A chịkọtara data site na 1999 ruo 2004. Ọ nabatara Fabry-Pérot Michelson interferometer (FPMI) na ike recycling. A maara ya dị ka **300m Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Antenna** n'ihi na ọ nwere ogwe aka 300m ogologo (optical).

Ebumnuche nke oru ngo a bụ imepụta usoro dị elu achọrọ maka interferometer nha kilomita n'ọdịnihu yana ịchọpụta ebili mmiri ndọda nwere ike ime na mberede n'ime otu mpaghara.

Akwụsịla nleba anya TAMA, wee kwaga ọrụ na 100m Cryogenic Laser Interferometer Observatory (CLIO) prototype na Kamioka mine.&nbsp;

ọ na-erule 2020, a na-eji TAMA 300 gbanwere agbanwe eme ihe dị ka ebe nnwale iji mepụta teknụzụ ọhụrụ.

## Hụkwa

* CLIO, prototype interferometric gravitational wave detector na-arụ ọrụ na Japan.
* KAGRA, ihe nchọpụta nke oge ochie nke interferometric gravitational wave na-emepe emepe na Japan

## Edensibia
Usoro nhazi dị larịị

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px| Nhazi kwụ otu na-eji mbara igwe gbadoro ụkwụ na onye na-ekiri ya.  A na-atụ Azimuth n'ebe egwuregwu site n'ebe ugwu (mgbe ụfọdụ site na ebe ndịda ) nke mbara igwe;  elu bụ arọ dị n'elu mbara igwe.
Usoro nhazi nke akwụkwọ bụ usoro nhazi nke njide nke na-eji mpaghara mpaghara onye na-ekiri ihe dị ka elu bụ isi iji ụzọ ụzọ: elu na azimuth .  Ya mere, a na-akpọ usoro nhazi nke kwụ otu mgbe ụfọdụ usoro az / el, alt usoro / az, ma ọ bụ alt-azimuth usoro, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  N'elu ugwu altazimuth nke teliskop, anyụike abụọ nke ngwa ahụ na-eso elu na azimuth.

. Usoro nhazi nke ụzọ a na-ekewa mbara igwe n'ime akara abụọ: elu elu, ebe ihe dị n'elu mbara igwe ma na-ahụ anya, na ala ala, ebe ihe dị n'okpuru mbara igwe na akara ike ịhụ ya.  , ebe ọ bụ na ụwa na- echiche nke ha.  [lower-alpha 1] A na-akpọ nnukwu ihe nke na-ekewa mbara ala igwe, nke a ike dị ka nnukwu ibu dị na mbara igwe nke elu ya na-akpa na vector ike ndòda mpaghara.  [lower-alpha 1] Na omume, ike ike mbara igwe dị ka ụgbọ elu na-efegharị n'elu mmiri dị ike, dị ka ɔdɔ mmirika mercury .  A na-akpọ ogwe osisi dị n'elu ala zenith .  A na-akpọ ogwe osisi nke ala dị ala nadir

Sistemụ nhazi kwụ ọtọ ekwesịghị inwe mgbagwoju anya na sistemụ *nhazi topocentric* . Nhazi nke kwụ ọtọ na-akọwapụta nghazi nke onye na-ekiri ya, mana ọ bụghị ebe o si malite, ebe nhazi nke topocentric na-akọwapụta ebe mmalite, n'elu ụwa, n'ụzọ dị iche na usoro mbara igwe geocentric .

A na-edozi usoro nhazi nke kwụ ọtọ n'ebe dị n'ụwa, ọ bụghị kpakpando. Ya mere, elu na azimuth nke ihe dị na mbara igwe na-agbanwe ka oge na-aga, dịka ihe ahụ yiri ka ọ na-agafe na mbara igwe site na ntụgharị ụwa . Na mgbakwunye, ebe ọ bụ na a na-akọwapụta usoro kwụ ọtọ site na mbara ala nke onye na-ekiri ya, [lower-alpha 1] otu ihe a na-ele anya site na ebe dị iche iche n'ụwa n'otu oge ga-enwe ụkpụrụ dị iche iche nke elu na azimuth.
Usoro nhazi nke Ecliptic

. Na igwe, usoro nchikota eklips bụ usoro nhazi nke mmadụ nke a na-ama ihe eme ihe maka radichite anya ngosipụta ike ìhè, orbits, na pole orientation nke ihe Sistemụ akwụkwọ .  N'ihi na ọtụtụ mbara ala (ma e wezụga Mercury ) na ọtụtụ obere Solar Sistemu ozu nwere orbits na nanị nta ike na ekliptik, iji ya dị ka isi ụgbọ elu adaba.  Sistemu si nwe ike ịbụ etiti nke ma isi ma ọ bụ ike, isi ya bụ ikepụta vernal (March) equinox, na o nwere a aka nri nri .  Enwere ike ụgbọala ya na ndekọ ma ọ bụ anɔ.
thumb|Nchikota eklips nke gbadoro ụkwụ n'ụwa dịka a na-ahụ site na ngosi mbara igwe .  E sere ụwa zuru oke n'ebe a, ọ bụ ebe na a na- nha nhazi dị elu ma e wezụga ụfọdụ comets na asteroids .
thumb| Ntugharị ụdị nke egwuregwu n'ụdị eklips (acha ụda) dị ka apị n'ime nke mbara igwe .  Nhazi Ecliptik agba na (acha olu olu).  Equator nke na-eso (acha-agha-agha) na nhazi nke equatorial (acha-agbara), na-achọsi ike na eklips, yiri ka ọ na-ama jijiji ka ihe na-aga n'ihu.
.  The Bo equator na ecliptic ji nri na-akpụ akpụ n'ihi perturbing agha na ike, Ya mere, nghazi nke isi direction, ha intersection na Northern Hemisphere vernal equinox, na-acha ọkụ.  Ntu ụzọ dị si nke axis nke ụwa, nke mbụ, na-eme ka nhazi ahụ ji na-enye na-aga n'ihu n'ebe e nwere ike inyere okporo osisi nke eklips, na-emecha otu sekit n'ihe dị ka afọ 26,000.  .  Ekwadoro na nke a bụ obere mgbanwe nke eklips, na obere oscillation nke ụwa axis, nutation .
PILATUS (detector)

PILATUS bụ aha nke usoro Iwu nchọpụta x-ray nke **Ụjọ** ọrụ Paul Scherrer Institute mepụtara na Swiss Light Source ma melite ma zụọ ahịa site na DECTRIS. Ndị nchọpụta PILATUS dabeere na teknụzụ ịgụta photon (HPC), nke a na&#x2D; X-rays ka ọ bụrụ akara eletrik site na mmetụta fotoelectric na semiconductor sensor layer - ma ọ bụ silicon ma ọ bụ cadmium telluride - nke nwere nnukwu voltaji. An'okpuru nnukwu voltaji ele anya.  A na-agụ akara ọkụ eletrik ozugbo site na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ dị na ASIC jikọtara na ihe mmetụta.  Mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla—ma ọ bụ pikselụ—bụ ihe nchọta zuru oke n'onwe ya, nke nwere mgbamu, ịkpa oke na sekit counter.  Nke a ga-ekwe omume maka teknụzụ sekit agbakwunyere CMOS nke oge a.

Nchọpụta kpọmkwem nke otu foton na mkpebi ziri ezi nke ịgbasa na ike dị iche iche dị iche iche na-eme ka ndị nchọpụta PILATUS ghọọ ọkọlọtọ na ọtụtụ synchrotron beamlines na-eji maka ọtụtụ ngwa X-ray dị iche iche, gụnyere: obere akụkụ.  ịgbasa, ịgbasa na-ejikọta ọnụ, X-ray powder diffraction na spectroscopy

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E mepụtara ihe nchọpụta PILATUS mbụ buru ibu na PSI na 2003 dị ka ọrụ sitere na mmepe nke ihe nchọpụta pixel maka nnwale CMS na CERN.  ghọrọ ihe nchọpụta HPC mbụ a ga-eji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na synchrotron beamlines gburugburu ụwa.

 nke abụọ nke **PILATUS2** nọchitere anya nnukwu mmelite teknụzụ, na-egosi nha pixel nke 172 × 172μm, omimi nke 20 bits na nhazi na-anabata radiation, dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ na ụzarị X-ray siri ike na synchrotrons. N'afọ 2006, DECTRIS rere PILATUS2. Ubi nke protein crystallography ritere uru ngwa ngwa site na obere oge ọgụgụ na mkpọtụ na-enweghị mgbaàmà nke ihe nchọpụta, ebe ọ bụ na ọ belatara oge achọrọ iji chịkọta data.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Ọgbọ nke atọ **PILATUS3''', nke e webatara na 2012, gosipụtara teknụzụ retrigger ozugbo,  nke na-enye ohere maka ọnụ ọgụgụ photon dị elu karịa ndị bu ya ụzọ.

## Edensibia

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