Nancy Elizabeth Onye Amụma

**Nancy Elizabeth Prọfesọ** (amụrụ *Nancy Elizabeth Profitt* ; Maachị 19, 1890 - Disemba 13, 1960) bụ onye omenkà America sitere na agbụrụ ndị Africa-American na ụmụ amaala America, mara maka ọkpụkpụ ya. Ọ bụ onye mbụ African-American gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Rhode Island School of Design na 1918 wee mụọ akwụkwọ na L'Ecole des Beaux-Arts na Paris n'oge mmalite 1920s. Ọ bịara mara maka ọrụ ya na Paris na 1920 na 1930. N'afọ 1934, onye amụma malitere nkuzi na Spelman College, na-agbasawanye usoro ọmụmụ ka gụnye nhazi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nka na ihe owuwu. Onye amụma nwụrụ na 1960 mgbe ọ dị afọ 70. 

Onye amụma chere ọtụtụ mgba mgba n'oge ndụ ya. Onye amụma nwere oge siri ike itinye ego maka ọrụ ya ma rịọ maka ntọala dị iche iche maka ego ma na-ajụkarị ya. Ọ gbalịkwara ime ka ngosi ọrụ ya na mgbe ụfọdụ na-eji aha Eli onye amụma mgbe ọ banyere ọrụ ngosi. N’ime oge ya nile na Paris, Onye-amụma nọ n’ọnụ ọnụ nke agụụ mgbe nile. Otu o sila dị, Onye-amụma jigidere ụkpụrụ ọrụ siri ike sitere n'aka nne na nna ya.  Onye na-achọ izu okè nke mere ihe osise nke ya niile, mmepụta ya dị ndụ dị ntakịrị.

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Nancy Elizabeth Profitt na March 19, 1890, na Warwick, Rhode Island, nye William H. Profitt na Rosa E. Walker Profitt. (Ọ gbanwere mkpụrụ okwu ikpeazụ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye amụma na 1932.) Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ na naanị nwa nwanyị nne na nna ya mụrụ.  Nne na nna ya sitere na nna ochie America na ndị Africa America; nna ya bụ Narragansett . 

Site na nwata, Onye-amụma gosipụtara mmasị siri ike na eserese na eserese. Ebe mmasị o nwere na ngalaba ndị a ka amabeghị. N'oge ahụ, nne na nna ya lere anya n'echiche okike ya dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị na-akwado ịrụsi ọrụ ike; nne ya bụ osi ite ma nna ya bụ onye ọrụ obodo. Ha gafere ụkpụrụ ịrụsi ọrụ ike ha na nwa ha nwanyị, na-atụ anya na ọ ga-emecha rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ ma ọ bụ onye nkụzi. N'agbanyeghị nrụgide a, Onye Amụma ka chọtara oge ịchụso ọchịchọ okike ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, onye amụma ji obere ego ọ na-enweta site n'ọrụ nlekọta ụlọ nwa oge kwụọ ụgwọ nkuzi nka. 

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, onye amụma nọgidere na Rhode Island. Ruo afọ ise, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ na Providence. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ iwu obodo dị ka onye na-ese ihe. N'iji ụgwọ ọrụ abụọ a nwetara, onye amụma nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ nka. 

### Ndụ na RISD
Na 1914, mgbe ọ dị afọ 24, onye amụma debanyere aha na Rhode Island School of Design na Providence, Rhode Island . Ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ Afrịka America n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọcha. N'agbanyeghị nke a, onye amụma jikọtara onwe ya nke ọma ma agụmakwụkwọ na ọha. 

Na 1915, n'ime afọ nke abụọ ya, onye amụma lụrụ Francis Ford, onye garala Mahadum Brown nwa oge. Ford bụ agadi onye amụma afọ iri wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na Providence mgbe onye amụma gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya na RISD. Ha amụtaghị nwa ma mesịa kewapụ na 1932. 

Mgbe ọ nọ na RISD, onye amụma mụtara eserese na ịse ihe n'efu, ọkachasị eserese.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1918. 

### Emechaa ngụsị akwụkwọ
N'ime afọ na-esote ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Onye-amụma weere ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ na ọkpụkpụ na RISD. N’oge a, onye-amụma bi n’ime ụlọ ya na di ya na nna di ya nwụrụ n’oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ọ nwara ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe osise oge niile mana o nweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Enweghị ike ịnweta ihe ngosi ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi gallery, ọ kwụsịrị esere naanị foto ole na ole nke ndị bi na Providence. Onye amụma laghachiri ọzọ n'ọrụ ụlọ iji nweta ego iji gaa France na 1922. 

### Na-arụ ọrụ na Paris
Onye amụma kwagara Paris na 1922 ka ọ mụọ ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe akaebe maka afọ iri na abụọ ọ nọrọ na France sitere na akwụkwọ ndetu ya, ihe odide aka edere peeji iri anọ na isii, bụ́ ebe ọ na-akọwa oge ọrụ siri ike dị iche na oge ịda mbà n'obi. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-azọrọ na ya gụrụ akwụkwọ na École des Beaux-Arts, ha enweghị ndekọ banyere ya, ma eleghị anya ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ njikọ.
áká_èkpè|thumb| Enweghị afọ ojuju, Nancy Elizabeth Onye Amụma (Onye Ọkpụkpụ America, 1890-1960); Ụbọchị: c.1929
Isi osisi polychromed ya *enweghị afọ ojuju*  gosipụtara ihe ọ kọwara dị ka "ahụmahụ mmetụta uche ogologo, nke enweghị izu ike, nke ịta agụụ maka ụzọ isi nweta" n'oge a na ndụ ya.  Na Nọvemba 1925, ọ malitekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndụ ya nke abụọ, *Le Pélerin* . Na bekee, nke a pụtara *The pilgrim* . Ọ na-akpali akpali nke statuary ụka mgbe ochie ma na-enye agụụ maka oge emepechabeghị anya na nka French. 
thumb| Le Pélerin, Nancy Elizabeth Onye Amụma, (Onye Ọkpụkpụ America, 1890-1960); Bernes, Marouteau& C. (Onye na-ese foto); Ụbọchị: c.1922-1929
Silence ya na marble bust *Silence,* otu ibe ya na *Discontent*, na-ekwupụta "ọnwa ole onye naanị ya bi n'obere ụlọ ya dị na Paris, na-anụ olu ọ dịghị onye ruo ụbọchị ole na ole."  Na June 1926, Onye-amụma kwagara n'ime ụlọ ọhụrụ na Rue Broca ebe o biri afọ asatọ sochirinụ. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ a, o kere ya ihe ọkpụkpụ *Ekpere* (ma ọ bụ *ịda ogbenye)*, nwanyị gba ọtọ na contrapposto, na aka nri ya na ara ya, isi ya tụpụrụ azụ, na agwọ na-agbagharị n'etiti nkwonkwo ụkwụ ya na-adabere na ụkwụ ya. 

Tinyere *ịgbachi nkịtị* na *enweghị afọ ojuju*, onye amụma kere usoro nke busts ndị ọzọ; N'ime ndị a bụ *Poise* na *Head of a Cossack* . The visage nke *Poise* yiri nke *enweghị afọ ojuju*, mgbe *Isi nke a Cossack* na-enwe a yiri visage nke *Poise* ma ọ na-ekpo ọkụ, mere nke osisi, na ejiri ogologo okpu mara. 

## Ntụaka
abụọ ọ nọrọ na France sitere na akwụkwọ ndetu ya, ihe odide aka edere peeji iri anọ na isii, bụ́ ebe ọ na-akọwa oge ọrụ siri ike dị iche na oge ịda mbà n'obi. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-azọrọ na ya gụrụ akwụkwọ na École des Beaux-Arts, ha enweghị ndekọ banyere ya, ma eleghị anya ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ njikọ.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

### Akwụkwọ

* Amaki, Amalia K. na Andrea Barnwell Brownlee . *Hale Woodruff, Nancy Elizabeth Onye Amụma, na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọmụmụ* . Seattle, WA: Spelman College Museum of Fine Art na Mahadum Washington Press, 2007.
* Ụlọ ihe nkiri Bannister ( Ụlọ akwụkwọ Rhode Island ). *Anọ sitere na Providence: Bannister, Prophet, Alston, Jennings: Black Artists na Rhode Island Social Landscape.* Ihe omume: Mahadum Rhode Island, 1978.
* Farrington, Lisa. "Ịmepụta onyinyo nke ha: Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị inyom America America." NY: Oxford University Press, 2005.
* Hirshler, Erica E. *A Studio nke Onwe Ya: Ụmụ nwanyị Artists na Boston, 1870-1940.* Boston: MFA Mbipụta, 2001.
* Leininger-Miller, Theresa. *New Negro Artist na Paris: Ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-ese ihe na ndị America America na Obodo Ìhè, 1922-1934* . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001
* Le Normand-Romain, Antoinette. *Ọkpụkpụ: Ọhụụ nke Ọkpụrụkpụ Ọgbara na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na nke iri abụọ.* New York: Skira/Rizzoli, 1986.

### Akụkọ

* Alisha Pina, "Onye Ọkpụkpụ Nancy Elizabeth Onye Amụma, Onye Ngụsị Akwụkwọ Oji Mbụ nke RISD..." Providence Journal, 14 Eprel 2014.

### Ngwa ntanetị

* "Nancy Elizabeth Collection Prọfesọ, Nchịkọta Pụrụ Iche, James P. Adams Library, Rhode Island College" . Enwetara ya Septemba 4, 2019
* "Nancy Elizabeth Onye Amụma, Onye Ọkpụkpụ A Na-amaghị." *Akwụkwọ ntuziaka St. James maka onye nka ojii* . Ed. Thomas Riggs. African American Registry Online. 1997. ISBN&nbsp; . Enwetara 2014-05-22.
* Jụọ Art: The American Artists Bluebook. 2007 Enwetara ya Disemba 19, 2011
* Rhode Island Black Heritage Society. 2003. Enwetara ya Eprel 16, 2007.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Media related to Nancy Elizabeth Prophet at Wikimedia Commons
* Prophet, Nancy Elizabeth. "Negro Head, before 1927." Wood. Collections. RISD Museum. Access Date 8 July 2014
* Nilsson, Casey. "The Resurrection of Nancy Elizabeth Prophet: A black female sculptor from Warwick died penniless and without recognition. The RIBHS and RICH hope to change that." *Rhode Island Monthly* (March 2014). Access Date 8 July 2014.
* Simonesoldnz. "Honoring RISD’s First Black Graduate" *[http://our.risd.edu/ Our RISD: A Place to Show and Tell]* 11 June 2014. Access Date 8 July 2014
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations