Renee Cox

**Renee Cox** (amụrụ n'October 16, 1960)  bụ onye na-ese ihe na Jamaica-America, onye na-ede foto, onye nkuzi, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nlekọta. A na-ewere ọrụ ya dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nka ụmụ nwanyị na United States. Otu n'ime ọrụ ya ndị a ma ama bụ Queen Nanny of the Maroons, *Raje* na Yo Mama's Last Supper, nke na-egosipụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Black Feminist ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ya akpaliwo mkparịta ụka na njikọ nke ọrụ ọdịnala, ime ihe ike, okike, na African Studies. Dị ka ọkachamara na ihe nkiri na ihe osise dijitalụ, Cox na-eji ìhè, ọdịdị, teknụzụ dijitalụ, na ụdị mbinye aka ya iji jide njirimara na ịma mma n'ime ihe ya na onwe ya.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Cox "rara ọrụ ya nye imebi ụkpụrụ na imezigharị ahụ nwanyị ojii, na-eji ọdịdị ya gba ọtọ dị ka isiokwu. "  Ọ na-eji onwe ya dị ka ihe nlereanya bụ isi iji kwalite echiche nke "ịhụnanya onwe onye" dị nko mgbịrịgba na-akọwa n'akwụkwọ ya Sisters of the Yam, n'ihi na dị ka Cox na-ede na nkwupụta onye na-ese ihe, "ndị ojii na ndị inyom a napụrụ kpamkpam ùgwù na njirimara ha na akụkọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ [sic] na-akpali akpali ọhụrụ nke ndị isi ojii". N'isiokwu ya, "A Gynocentric Aesthetic", Cox na-ekwu na mgbanwe gaa na nka matriarchal ga-agbanwe ngosipụta mara mma iji soro ndụ na ọha mmadụ na-emekọrịta ihe kwa ụbọchị, kama mkparịta ụka nka nke na-emesi ịma mma ike karịa usoro na ngosipụta.

Greg Tate, onye edemede maka The Village Voice, dere, sị: " (Renee) bụ dike nke ya. Ọ na-ekwu maka iji ọrụ ahụ dị ka ikpo okwu maka ịhụ onwe onye n'anya. Ọ na'ụzọ doro anya na-atọ ụtọ n'ọrụ ya. Ọ bụ àgwà New York: 'Ee, yabụ gịnị? Abụ m Jizọs. Abụ m nwanyị dị ịtụnanya".

Na mgbakwunye na ime ihe osise, Cox edeela ma mee ihe nkiri. O meela ọrụ maka Rush Art Gallery site na mmalite ya. N'afọ 1996, o mere ihe ngosi akpọrọ No Doubt na The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum na Ridgefield, Connecticut ma soro mee ihe nkiri nke Bridgett Davis bụ Naked Acts, ebe o gosipụtara onye na-ese foto.

## Ọrụ

### Ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ
Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Syracuse, Cox gụrụ akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, o kpebiri itinye ume ya n'ọchịchị nke foto. Ọ malitere dị ka onye na-enyere onye nchịkọta ejiji aka na Glamour Magazine wee kwaga Paris iji chụsoo ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta ejizi. Ọ nọrọ afọ atọ na-arụ ọrụ na Paris, na-ese foto maka magazin gụnyere Votre Beaute na Vogue Homme na maka ndị na-emepụta Issey Miyake na Claude Montana, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.

Cox laghachiri na New York City, ebe ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ejiji ruo afọ iri. N'etiti ndị ahịa ya bụ magazin nchịkọta akụkọ dịka Essence, Cosmopolitan, Mademoiselle, na Seventeen. Ya na Spike Lee rụkwara ọrụ, na-emepụta ihe ngosi maka ihe nkiri ya nke 1988 School Daze . 

Na mbido afọ 1990, site na ọmụmụ nwa mbụ ya, Cox kpebiri ilekwasị anya na foto nka dị mma. Ọ natara Master of Fine Arts na School of Visual Arts na New York ma mesịa soro Mary Kelly na Ron Clark rụọ ọrụ otu afọ na Whitney Independent Study Program.

### Ọrụ nka mara mma
N'afọ 1994, Cox gosipụtara ihe osise ya It Shall Be Named  na ihe ngosi Black Male: Representations of Masculinity in Contemporary American Art, nke Thelma Golden haziri na Whitney Museum of American Art na New York City.  Nnyocha nke ihe ngosi ahụ e bipụtara na Art in America  kọwara ọrụ ahụ dị ka nke na-ezo aka "nlaghachi n'ụdị nka ọdịnala - n'ọnọdụ a, obe ndị a kpụrụ akpụ nke narị afọ nke 13 na nke 14 nke Ịtali - na nsọpụrụ miri emi. "Nchigharị" nke oge a na ntinye aka na martyrdom iji mee ka akụkọ ihe mere eme dị egwu nke lynchings, beings na emasculation gara n'ahụ ndị isi ojii na mba a".

N'otu afọ ahụ, e tinyere foto onwe onye gba ọtọ nke Cox nke dị mita asaa bụ *Mụ Mama* na ihe ngosi Bad Girls nke Marcia Tucker haziri na New Museum. Cox bụ nwanyị mbụ dị ime n'oge Whitney Independent Study Program,  dị ime n"oge ahụ na nwa ya nwoke nke abụọ, nke kpaliri ya ịmepụta onye Yo Mama na usoro foto.  N'ime foto ahụ, Cox guzo ọtọ, na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ ojii, na-ebu nwa ya nwoke nke okenye dị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ ngwá agha. Na Yo Mama and the Statue, Cox na-akatọ agbụrụ na nsogbu okike, ka ọ na-anwa "ịkwado àgwà ya dị ka nwanyị ojii dị ime na-ese ihe na mgbakọ nwoke ọcha nke ọmụmụ ihe ngosi nka na ihe oyiyi oge ochie". 

N'afọ 1995, Cox, Fo Wilson, na Tony Cokes mepụtara Negro Art Collective (NAC) iji lụso ọdịbendị na-ezighị ezi banyere ndị isi ojii America ọgụ. Ìgwè ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ na Creative Time na Gee Street Records, mepụtara mkpọsa mgbasa ozi iji maa aka ma kpalie echiche ndị e chepụtara echepụta banyere agbụrụ, mpụ na ịda ogbenye. "N'ihe banyere nnọchiteanya, anyị ga-eweghachi ya," Cox kọwara na Daily News. NAC wepụtara ihe onye ọkà mmụta Charles Murray kwuru ma tinye nkọwa ha iji mee ka ihe ahụ kwekọọ na ebumnuche ha. Echiche ahụ bụ inye ndị na-ekiri ezigbo ozi, nke na-efe efe n'ihu ihe a na-akụziri ndị America ikwere. Ihe ngosi 24 site na 36 inch na-agụ, sị: "Ihe ijuanya, Ihe ijuanya, 'n'ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị isi, ndị ọcha Europe-America bụ agbụrụ nwere ọtụtụ ndị nọ n'ịda ogbenye, ọtụtụ ụmụaka iwu na-akwadoghị, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma, ọtụtụ ndị ikom na-enweghị ọrụ, na ọtụtụ ndị e jidere maka mpụ ndị dị egwu.' Ihe ngosi ahụ gbara na Manhattan, Brooklyn na Los Angeles. &nbsp;Ọrụ a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nwa nwoke dị afọ ise nke Cox jụrụ ya otu ụbọchị: "Gịnị mere ndị isi ojii niile ji dị njọ?"  

N'oge na-adịghị anya, Cox mepụtara *Raje* alter-ego ya, dike nke na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma na-akụziri ụmụaka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa America. N'afọ 1998, e gosipụtara ọrụ ahụ na mmemme nka Fin de Siècle na Nantes, France. Nantes bụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ebe ikpeazụ a na-azụ ahịa ohu, tupu ụgbọ mmiri ahụ alaghachi n'Africa iji buru ibu ha. A na-etinye foto ndị ahụ na bọọdụ mgbasa ozi n'obodo ahụ dum.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

N'afọ 1999, egosiri ọrụ Cox na Venice Biennale, na Oratorio di S. Ludovico, chọọchị Katọlik nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa, ebe egosiri ihe nkiri ya bụ Yo Mama's Last Supper a contemporary re-imagining of Leonardo da Vinci's classic. N'ime ncheta Cox nke ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme a, ọ gba ọtọ n'ọnọdụ Jizọs Kraịst ma ndịozi ojii niile gbara ya gburugburu, ma e wezụga Judas, onye ọcha. N'afọ 2001, a gụnyere ihe ngosi ahụ na Brooklyn Museum of Art Committed to the Image: Contemporary Black Photographers, nke Barbara Millstein haziri.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

N'afọ 2001, Nri Anyasị Ikpeazụ nke Yo Mama kpalitere nnukwu esemokwu mgbe Rudy Giuliani, onye isi obodo New York City mgbe ahụ, hụrụ ọrụ ahụ wee malite bo Cox ebubo na ọ bụ onye na-emegide Katọlik. Giuliani nwetara nlebara anya mba mgbe o mechara kpọọ oku ka e mepụta otu panel iji mepụta ụkpụrụ omume maka nka niile e gosiri n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na-akwado ego n'obodo ahụ. Giuliani gwara Daily News na ya ekwenyeghị na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi ka e jiri ego ọha na-emetọ okpukpe, na-awakpo agbụrụ ndị mmadụ.. "

Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, Cox mere usoro foto ọzọ, nke a kpọrọ aha onye dike mba Jamaica, Queen Nanny of the Maroons. N'usoro ihe omume ahụ, Cox weere àgwà nke Queen Nanny, onye duuru ndị Maroons gaa mmeri na Agha Maroon Mbụ. E gosipụtara Queen Nanny of the Maroons na mbụ na Robert Miller Gallery na 2005. Cox gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Jamaica Biennial na 2007 ebe ọ meriri Aaron Matalon Award.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Cox na-aga n'ihu na-egosi ọrụ ya yana ịmepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ dịka ọ na-akpali ya. Ọrụ ya ugbu a na-enyocha geometry dị nsọ na ojiji nke fractals iji mepụta kaleidoscopes. Soul Culture  maka Cox gosipụtara nnabata ya n'ụwa dijitalụ na nyocha ya na-aga n'ihu nke ahụ mmadụ dị ka saịtị iji mee ka ndị na-ekiri ya nwee obi ụtọ ma mee ka okwu dị mma na nke na-agbagwoju anya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

### Nnyocha nkatọ
Writing for *Vogue* magazine, art critic Roberta Smith described *Yo Mama* as "one of the most striking images in the East Coast portion of the *Bad Girls* exhibition…A towering self-portrait, it showed the artist, naked except for a pair of black high heels, holding her two-year-old son…The image presents a woman, both regal and erotic, who seems singularly disinclined to take guff from anyone and whose son will undoubtedly grow up to respect her gender."

N'afọ 2001, Nri Anyasị Ikpeazụ nke Yo Mama kpalitere nnukwu esemokwu mgbe Rudy Giuliani, onye isi obodo New York City mgbe ahụ, hụrụ ọrụ ahụ wee malite bo Cox ebubo na ọ bụ onye na-emegide Katọlik. Giuliani nwetara nlebara anya mba mgbe o mechara kpọọ oku ka e mepụta otu panel iji mepụta ụkpụrụ omume maka nka niile e gosiri n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na-akwado ego n'obodo ahụ. Giuliani gwara Daily News na ya ekwenyeghị na ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi ka e jiri ego ọha na-emetọ okpukpe, na-awakpo agbụrụ ndị mmadụ.

Cox's *Yo Mama* is one of the focuses of writer Sheila F. Winborne's chapter, "Images of Jesus in Advancing Great Commission", in the book *Teaching All Nations: Interrogating the Matthean Great Commission*. Winborne describes Cox's *Yo Mama* as "fine", relating the piece to "The perpetuation of the myth that the realistically rendered white Christ is superior to all other representational approaches supports the perception that the main issue is about appearances as signs of cultural and spiritual value, whereas in reality the main concern is the power to control outcomes in one's own favor." Winborne further compares Cox's *Yo Mama* to popular representations of Christ by adding: "Ideas of white Christ as necessarily the most 'holy' of images reinforces the power of this myth's creators and supporters, along with the continued unequal treatment of others."

Cox zaghachiri ebubo Giuliani n'ihu ọha site n'ịgbachitere ikike mmezigharị mbụ ya iji gosipụta onwe ya dị ka Kraịst. Dị ka Cox kọwara, agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik ya kụziiri ya na e kere mmadụ niile n'ụdị Chineke. "Ọ bụ ihu abụọ," ka e hotara ya ka ọ na-ekwu na Daily News, "ugbu a na ya na nwanyị nke ọzọ ahụ ejikọtala, agaghị m ekwu maka okwu omume ọma. " N'oge ahụ, Giuliani kwetara na ya na enyi ya ogologo oge Judy Nathan nwere mmekọahụ ma gaa n'ihu ịgba nwunye ya, Donna Hanover alụkwaghịm.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

Cox states that her reasoning for her ''Yo Mama's Last Supper'' piece was because "Christianity is big in the African-American community, but there are no presentations of us," Cox added, "I took it upon myself to include people of color in these classic scenarios."

Nke a bụ oge nke abụọ n'oge Giuliani nọ n'ọkwa na ọ nwara inyocha ihe osise egosiri na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke New York City ma ọ kpatara esemokwu mba banyere ikike mmezigharị mbụ nke ndị na-ese ihe.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
 

== Ndepụta mbipụta ==
**Akwụkwọ**

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mona Lisa to Marge: Otu ihe osise kachasị mma n'ụwa si banye n'omenala a ma ama''.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Splat Boom Pow! Mmetụta nke Ihe osise na Ihe osise nke Oge A''.
* Copeland, Cynthia R.; Hulser, Kathleen; Stokes Sims, Lowery, Legacies: Ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na-echebara ịgba ohu echiche''Ihe nketa: Ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a na-atụgharị uche n'ohu''
* Nkịta, Onye Kraịst. ''Ụlọ Ọrụ Kreyol''
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Renee Cox: Ezinụlọ America''.
* Cullen, Deborah; Fuentes, Elvis. Caribbean: Art na Crossroads nke Ụwa.
* Dunye, Cheryl; Goode Bryant, Linda; Tanner, Marcia; Tucker, Marcia. ''Ụmụ agbọghọ Ọjọọ''
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nkà na njirimara: ịma mma nke ndị Africa America na New School''
* Foner, Eric  Nye m nnwere onwe! : An American History (Fourth Edition) (Mpịakọta 1). (Mbipụta nke Anọ) (Mpịakọta nke 1).
* Heartney, Eleanor; Posner, Helaine; Princenthal, Nancy, Scott, Sue. Nkọwa: Ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe nke puku afọ ọhụrụ.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Venus n'ọchịchịrị: Ọcha na Ịma Mma na Omenala A Ma Ama''.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ònye ka Sci-Fi Karịa Anyị?: Ihe osise nke oge a sitere na Caribbean''.
* Isaac, Jo Anna Na-ele anya n'ihu, na-ele anya ojii.
* Jay Z, A Na-agbanwe ya''A kọwapụtara ya''
* Jones, Amelia ''Onwe / onyinyo: Teknụzụ, Nnọchiteanya, na Isiokwu nke Oge A''
* Lawrence, O'Neil Foto sitere na Paradise: Nnyocha nke Foto Caribbean nke oge a.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Nkà nke Ụmụ nwanyị na nke Nne''.
* Lotz, Leo ''Ụwa dị ịtụnanya! Eluigwe na Ala Ndị Dị n'Otu nke Comics & Fine Arts''
* Plate, S. Brent ''Nkwutọ: Nkà nke Na-emebi Ihe''
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Rosenfeld Dassel, Sara Dramatis personae: ile anya na ọrụ na akụkọ na foto nke oge a.
* Solana, Guillermo ''Ndị dike''
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwenye ụmụ nwanyị: nka na edemede gbasara mmekọahụ.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Venice Biennale 1999: Over All - 48th Exposition of International Art, Aperto''.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Black Womanhood: Images, Icons, na Ideologies of the African Body.
* Willis, Deborah ''Black Venus 2010: Ha kpọrọ Ya "Hottentot"''.
* Willis, Deborah; Williams, Carla. ''The Black Female Body: Akụkọ Foto''
* X Ball, Barry; Steensma, Regnerus; Nieboer, Jan Willem; Blaettler, James R. Onye a họọrọ: ihe oyiyi nke Kraịst na nka New York na-adịbeghị anya''Nke a họọrọ: ihe oyiyi nke Kraịst na nka New York na nso nso a''
* Ọ bụ, Lydia. ''Akụkọ ifo obodo: Bronx nọchitere anya kemgbe afọ 1960''

**Magazin na akwụkwọ akụkọ*'

* Charles, Nick "Nkà nke ịlụ ọgụ stereotypes." Daily News*Akụkọ Kwa Ụbọchị*
* Colangelo, Lisa na Michael R. Blood "Rufy & 'Yo Mama,'" Daily News*Akụkọ Kwa Ụbọchị*
* Eversley, Shelly; Morgan, Jennifer. The *Mmekọahụ: WSQ*: Oge opupu ihe ubi / oge okpomọkụ 2007.
* Nochlin, Linda "Ịmụta site na 'Black Male'" Art na America, March 1995
* Srivastav, Vinita "Nwanyị nọ n'azụ Oké Ifufe". Savoy Magazine, May 2001
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ọnọdụ nke Ihe Akaebe". *Vogue'', August 1994
* The Sunday Review 10 July 2000. "Pride and Prejudice", The Independent na Sunday.

## Ebem si dee

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:1960 births
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations