open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Ndepụta Flora ndị a na-akpọ Rare na Priority

**Ndepụta Flora** Rare na Ibu ụzọ Flora bụ usoro nke a na enye ihe ọkụkụ nchekwa nke Western Australia ụzọ. Gọọmentị nke Western Australia's Ngalaba gburugburu na nchekwa mepụtara ya, e ji ya mee ihe nke ukwuu n'ime ngalaba ahụ, gụnyere Western Australian Herbarium. Akwụkwọ akụkọ herbarium, *Nuytsia*, nke bipụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke akwụkwọ nchekwa nke steeti ahụ, chọrọ ka a tinye ọnọdụ nchekwa na mbipụta niile nke akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke Western Australia nke yiri ka ọ dị ụkọ ma ọ bụ na eyi egwu.

Usoro a na akọwa ọkwa isii nke taxa ndị dị mkpa:

; X Threatened (Declared Rare Flora) – Presumed Extinct Taxa
: These are taxa that are thought to be extinct, either because they have not been collected for over 50 years despite thorough searching, or because all known wild populations have been destroyed. They have been declared as such in accordance with the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, and are therefore afforded legislative protection under that act.
; T Threatened (Declared Rare Flora) – Extant Taxa
: These are taxa that have been thoroughly surveyed, and determined to be rare, in danger of extinction, or otherwise in need of special protection. They have been declared rare in accordance with the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950, and are therefore afforded legislative protection under that act. The code for this category was previously 'R'.
; P1 Priority One – Poorly Known Taxa
: These are taxa that are known from only a few (generally less than five) populations, all of which are under immediate threat. They are candidates for declaration as rare flora, but are in need of further survey.
; P2 Priority Two – Poorly Known Taxa
: These are taxa that are known from only a few (generally less than five) populations, some of which are not thought to be under immediate threat. They are candidates for declaration as rare flora, but are in need of further survey.
; P3 Priority Three – Poorly Known Taxa
: That are taxa that are known from several populations, some of which are not thought to be under immediate threat. They are candidates for declaration as rare flora, but are in need of further survey.
; P4 Priority Four – Rare Taxa
: These are taxa that have been adequately surveyed, and are rare but not known to be under threat.

## Hụkwa

* Ọnọdụ nchekwa
* Iwu Nchekwa Anụ Ọhịa 1950, iwu steeti
* Iwu Nchedo Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchekwa Biodiversity 1999, iwu gọọmentị etiti
* ROTAP (Ụmụ osisi Australia ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ ndị a na - na-eyi egwu) usoro koodu

## Ihe odide

* "Nuytsia nke WA's Journal of Systematic Botany". Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchekwa, Gọọmentị nke Western Australia.
* "Nuytsia nke WA's Journal of Systematic Botany - Editorial Guidelines". Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Nchekwa, Gọọmentị nke Western Australia.
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ Gọọmentị nke Western Australia
Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihu igwe na Belgrade

A malitere ime ihe gbásárá ihu igwe na Serbia mgbè a chịkọtara data ihu igwe, nyochaa ma dekọọ ya kwa ụbọchị, n'afọ 1848, na Belgrade. Kwa ụbọchị, amụma ihu igwe malitere n'afọ 1892. Ónyé mbụ na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe bụ Vladimir Jakšić. 

Ọ bụ ezie na ébé mbụ a na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe dị n'ụlọ onwé ónyé dị nso, e wuru ụlọ nyocha ihu igwe (Serbian Meteorološka opservatorija) n'afọ 1891 site n'aka ónyé na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Dimitrije T. Leko, na mbara ala Vračar, na Savinac (nke a makwaara dị ka *Englezovac*, nke aha ya bụ Francis Mackenzie).

## Njikọ mpụga

* Belgrade Meteorological Station (n'asụsụ Bekee)
Ihe eji eme ihe

Tocolytics (nke a na-akpọkwa **ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi** ma ọ bụ **ihe** na-egbochi ọrụ) bụ ọgwụ eji egbochi ịmụ nwa n'oge (site na Grik τόκος *tókos*, "amụ nwa", naλύσις *lúsis*, "ịdị mfe"). Ịmụ nwa n'oge na-akpata 70% nke ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ. Ya mere, a na-enye ọgwụgwọ tocolytic mgbe ịmụ nwa ga-akpata ịmụ nwa n'oge, na-egbu oge ịmụ nwa ogologo oge maka inye glucocorticoids, nke na-eme ka ọganihu nke akpa ume nwa ma ọ nwere ike ịchọ otu ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abụọ iji rụọ ọrụ.

Ọgwụ tocolytic a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere β2 agonists, calcium channel blockers, NSAIDs, na magnesium sulfate. Ndị a nwere ike inye aka n'ịgbasa oge ịmụ nwa n'oge site n'igbochi mgbanaka nke uru ahụ dị n'akpa nwa ma jiri ha mee ihe iji belata ọrịa na ọnwụ nke nwa e bu n'afọ na-emetụta ịmụ nwa n"oge. Mgbochi nke mgbochi na-abụkarị naanị akụkụ na tocolytics nwere ike ịdabere na ya iji gbuo oge ịmụ nwa ruo ụbọchị ole na ole. Dabere na tocolytic tocolytics eji eme ihe, nwanyị dị ime ma ọ bụ nwa e bu n'afọ nwere ike ịchọ nlekota (dịka, nlekota ọbara mgbali elu mgbe ejiri nifedipine mee ihe ka ọ na-ebelata ọbara mgbali; cardiotocography iji nyochaa ọdịmma nwa e bu). N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ihe ize ndụ nke ịmụ nwa n'oge na-adịghị anya naanị na-eme ka ọ dị mma ịbanye n'ụlọ ọgwụ.

## Ihe Ndị Na-egosi
A na-eji ọgwụ Tocolytics eme ihe n'oge a na-amụ nwa, nke na-ezo aka na mgbe a mụrụ nwa n'oge tupu izu iri atọ na asa nke ime ime. Dị ka ịmụ nwa n'oge na-anọchite anya otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa na ọnwụ nke nwa ọhụrụ, ebumnuche bụ igbochi ọrịa na ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ site na igbu oge ịmụ nwa na ịbawanye afọ ime site n'inweta oge maka usoro nchịkwa ndị ọzọ dị ka ọgwụgwọ corticosteroids nke nwere ike inyere aka na ntozu nke akpa ume nwa. A na-atụle ọgwụ Tocolytics maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ nwa n'oge n'etiti izu ịrị abụọ na anọ na iri atọ na anọ nke afọ ime ma jiri ya na usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye nlekọta corticosteroids, neuroprotection nke nwa e bu n'afọ, na mbufe dị nchebe na ụlọ ọrụ.

Enweghị ihe doro anya nke mbụ tocolytic. Ihe akaebe dị ugbu a na-egosi na ọgwụgwọ mbụ na β2 agonists, calcium channel blocker, ma ọ bụ NSAIDs iji gbatịkwuo ime ruo awa iri anọ na asatọ bụ ụzọ kachasị mma iji nye oge maka nlekọta glucocorticoid.

A na-eji ụdị ihe dị iche iche eme ihe, na-enwe ọnụego ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche na mmetụta ndị ọzọ. U.S. ndi nchikota baka nri na ọgwụ  (FDA) anaghị akwado ọgwụ ụfọdụ maka iji ya mee  iji kwụsị mgbanaka akpa nwa n'oge a na-amụ nwa, kama iji ya mee ka ọ ghara ịbụ aha.

Dabere na nyocha Cochrane nke afọ Puku niri abụọ na iri abụo , tocolytics kachasị dị irè maka igbu oge ịmụ nwa n'oge site na awa iri anọ na asatọ, na ụbọchị nke asa bụ ndị na-enye nitric oxide, ndị na-egbochi ọwa calcium, ndị na'ahụ maka ndị na-anabata oxytocin na njikọta nke tocolyics.
Ụlọ akwụkwọ Bergen (meteorology)

"Bergen School of meteorology" bụ **ụlọ akwụkwọ** echiche nké bụ ihe ndabere màkà ọtụtụ amụma ihu igwe nkè ógè a.

Nke ónyé na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe bụ Prọfesọ. Vilhelm Bjerknes na ndị ọrụ ibe ya n'afọ 1917, ụlọ akwụkwọ Bergen na-anwa ịkọwa mmegharị nke ikuku site na mgbakọ na mwepụ nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti hydro- na thermodynamics, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nke Bjerkne n'onwe ya chọpụtara ma ọ bụ kọwaa, si otú a na-eme amụma mgbakọ na mwepụta banyéré ihu igwe site na nyocha data. A rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ ahụ na Geophysical Institute, Mahadum Bergen, na Bergen, Norway.

Ụlọ akwụkwọ Bergen dị oke mkpa na mbido mmepe na arụmọrụ nke amụma ihu igwe ọnụ ọgụgụ n ébé afọ 1940s na 1950s, nke bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị Scandinavian na ndị nchọpụta US. Na mmepe a, e jikọtara echiche ihu igwe dị ugbu a. N'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ngụkọta dị mkpa màkà ịmepụta amụma ndị dị irè, a gbanwere ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ na mmemme kọmputa. Njikọ gafere Atlantic dịkwa mkpa màkà mmepe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Bergen na ọbọdọ Norwegian meteorology 

## Ndị enyemaka Bjerknes n'oge 1917-1926

* Jacob Bjerknes
* Halvor Solberg
* Tor Bergeron
* Carl-Gustaf Rossby
* Sverre Petterssen
* Erik Palmén
* Erik Björkdal
* Svein Rosseland
* Carl Ludvig Godske
* Johan Sandström

## Hụkwa

* Ihe nlereanya nke oké ifufe nke Norway
* Cyclogenesis
* Nnyocha ihu igwe n'elu
* Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke synoptic

## Edensibia

* Ọhụụ Vilhelm Bjerknes maka amụma ihu igwe sayensị

## Njikọ mpụga

* (in English) '''Biography of Jacob Bjerknes''' by Arnt Eliassen with description of the School
Trash Inc: Ndụ Nzuzo nke Ihe Nri

***Trash Inc: Ndụ Nzuzo nke mkpofu bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri telivishọn na-ewe otu awa nke ewepụtara na CNBC na Septemba 29, 2010 gbasara ahịhịa / ahịhịa, ihe na-eme ya mgbe a "tụfuru" ya, yana mmetụta ọ na-enwe*** n'ụwa. Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri ahụ bụ CNBC Squawk Box bụ Carl Quintanilla ka ọ na-akọ akụkọ site na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa dị iche iche (dị ka nke kachasị na United States, Apex Landfill na Clark County, Nevada), azụmahịa, na ebe ndị ọzọ na United States (New York, New Jersey, Hawaii, South Carolina) na China (karịsịa Beijing).

Echiche maka Trash, Inc sitere na ndalata akụ na ụba nke afọ 2008 na nkwụsi ike nke ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa mkpofu na-ere ahịa n'ihu ọha.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
Bermuda Weather Service

Bermuda Weather Service bụ ọrụ ihu igwe nkè mba Bermuda. Ọ na-enye amụma ihu igwe ọha, nke mmiri, nke okpomọkụ na nke ụgbọ elu yana ịdọ áká ná ntị na ọrụ climatolological. Ọrụ ahụ bịdọrọ ọrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ụgbọelu, Ministry of Transport and Tourism, n'afọ 1995. Tupu nke ahụ, ọrụ ihu igwe nke agwaetiti ahụ sitere na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri US na agwaetiti ahụ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* http://www.weather.bm/
Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ihe mkpofu

[áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọ bụ Nna Godfrey Nzamujo malitere ugbo ihe mkpofu nke Songhai na [Benin n'afọ 1985.  UN nabatara ya ugbu a dị ka ebe kachasị mma na nkà ihe ọmụma ya na usoro ya na-amụ ma na-eso ọtụtụ puku mmadụ n'Africa.  Foto ahụ na-egosi ọgbọ nke biofuel site na nsị anụmanụ.  A na-eji mmanụ a eme ihe maka isi nri na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik.]]
Agriculture efu efu bụ ụdị ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide nke na-eme ka ojiji nke alaeze ise sitere n'okike, ya bụ, osisi, anụmanụ, nje bacteria, fungi na algae, na-emepụta nri dị iche iche, ume na nri n'ime usoro mgbagwoju anya nke uru na-eme ka ihe mkpofu.  nke usoro ọ bụla na-aghọ nri nri maka usoro ọzọ
áká_èkpè

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Golueke & Oswald gosipụtara njikọta nke ọdọ mmiri oxidation na-adịghị omimi nke microalgae n'afọ 1960s. Enwere ike ịkọwa mmejuputa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke usoro ndị a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na Prọfesọ George Lai Chan-Yu-Thim (02 Machị 1924 Mauritius-08 Ọktoba 2016 Mauritius) site na ZERI.  A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo efu efu ugbu a na China (ọrụ ugbo ebe obibi), Columbia (usoro nri jikọtara ọnụ na sistemu mkpofu) & Fiji (sistemụ ọrụ ugbo jikọtara ọnụ), India (ọrụ ugbo biogas jikọtara ọnụ), South Africa (BEAT Coop & African Agroecological Biotechnology Initiative) na Mauritius  .  Gọọmentị Brazil anabatala usoro ọrụ ugbo agbakwunyere dị ka teknụzụ ọha na eze bụ isi maka ịkwalite ndị ọrụ ugbo nọpụrụ iche na ndị na-eri nri site na nhazi ya na TECPAR.

Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ihe mkpofu na-ejikọta ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-enye nguzozi nke ịmepụta ọrụ, enyemaka ịda ogbenye, nchekwa nri, nchekwa ike, nchekwa mmiri, enyemaka mgbanwe ihu igwe, nchekwa ala na nlekọta.

## Omume
A na-arụ ọrụ ugbo n'enweghị ihe mkpofu na obere ụlọ nwere hekta 1-5 nke ezinaụlọ nwere na nke a na-achịkwa ma na-akwado ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala na ịzụ anụmanụ dịka a na-eme n'ọtụtụ obodo ụwa nke atọ.  Agriculture efu efu na-echekwa usoro ụmụ amaala obodo yana ụkpụrụ na omume ndị ọrụ ugbo dị adị.

Ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ihe mkpofu na-egosi nguzozi nke uru akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi dịka ọ:

# na-eme ka mmepụta nri dị mma n'ụzọ dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi
# na-ebelata ojiji mmiri site na imegharị ihe na ibelata evaporation
# na-enye nchekwa ike site na owuwe ihe ubi nke biomethane (biogas) na iwepụta biodiesel site na micro-algae, dị ka ihe sitere na mmepụta nri
# na-enye enyemaka mgbanwe ihu igwe site na mbelata nke ukwuu nke ikuku griin haus sitere na omume ugbo ọdịnala na ojiji mmanụ ala .
# na-ebelata ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ site na ọrụ ugbo dị iche iche

Nkwado nke ọrụ ugbo dị otú ahụ bụ ihe ịma aka na ohere.

## Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

* Nkà na ụzụ ọrụ ugbo a/k/a Agritech
* Ịzụlite Aquaculture Multi-Trophic
* Obere ihe mkpofu

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
*
Snow na-efe efe

thumb|Snow na-efe efe
**Snow na-efe** bụ snow nke ifufe na-ebuli site n'elu, na ányá (1.8  ) ma ọ bụ karịa, nke ga-ebelata ányà. Snow na-efe efe nwèrè ike ịpụta site na snow na-ada ma ọ bụ snow nke gbakọtara n'ala mana ifufe siri ike na-eburu ya ma na-ebugharị ya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị a chọrọ màkà oké ifufe. Koodu METAR ya bụ **BLSN**. Ọ bụrụ na snow nọgide n'okpuru 1.8 m (isií ), a ga-akpọ ya **snow** na-agagharị agagharị (METAR koodu **DRSN**). Snow nke a na-afụli elu nwèrè ike ịba dị ka snowdrifts.

## Ọzụzụ
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Ịdị ala nke a na-ahụ anya na snow na-efe n'oge snow na-ada n'ala

# N'ọnọdụ advection dị larịị, ifufe na-efefe n'elu ụwa na ntakiri ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla nnukwu mmegharị elu.
# N'ọnọdụ convection, ifufe na-egosipụta nnukwu mmegharị elu na-ebuli snow n'ime ikuku na-emepụta ebili mmiri snow rụrụ narị mita ise (1,600 ft) n'ịdị elu.
# N'ọnọdụ ngwakọta okpomọkụ na igwe, nnukwu convective rolls na-emepụta na ikuku na snow nwere ike ịhụ site na mbara igwe na snow snow snow rolls na na-emepụta ebili mmiri snow (nke a makwaara dị ka snow billows) yiri ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ oke osimiri snow. Ọnọdụ ndị siri ike nwèrè ike ili ụlọ nwéré okpukpu abụọ n'egbughị ógè ma mee ka iku ume sie ike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ n'èzí.

## Hụkwa

* Oké Ifufe
* Ndụmọdụ Snow Na-efe
* Oké ifufe na-efe n'ala
* Okwu ihu igwe siri ike (Canada)
* Snowsquall
* Whiteout (ikuku)

## Ihe edeturu
Blue Norther (ikuku)

Blue Norther, nke a makwaara dị ka **Texas** Norther, bụ ihu oyi na-aga ngwa ngwa nke a na-ahụ site na ọdịda ngwa ngwa nke okpomọkụ, ifufe siri ike, na mbara igwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ma ọ bụ "ọcha".  Ihu oyi na-esi n'ebe ugwu, ya mèrè "n'ebe ugwu", ma nwee ike izipu okpomọkụ na-ada site na ogo irí abụọ ma ọ bụ irí atọ 30 na nkeji ole na ole.

## Mmetụta
Midwestern United States enweghị ihe mgbochi ala iji chebe onwé ya pụọ na ikuku oyi oyi nké sitere na Canada na arctic. Ọtụtụ ugboro n'afọ ọnọdụ ga-adị mmá iji mee ka oke oyi rụọ n'ébé ndịda dị ka Texas, na-eweta snow na snow ma na-eme ka windchill banye n'ime ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma. Dabere n'oge nke afọ, okpomọkụ dị elu nké na-esote Texas Norther nwèrè ike iru 85 ° F (29 ° C) ma ọ bụ ọbụna 90 ° F (32 ° C) n'okpuru ìhè anyanwụ na-egbuke egbuke n'ọnọdụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ dị jụụ tupu ihu oyi abịarute. 

Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị Blue Northers anaghị aga n'ihu rụọ n'ebe ndịda dị ka Mexico, ọbụnakwa ihe atụ kachasị njọ na-eru n'etiti etiti Texas. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọbọdọ ndị dị na North Texas, dị ka Dallas, na-enwe ọtụtụ Blue Northers karịa ọbọdọ ndị dị n'akụkụ Gulf of Mexico, dị ka Houston. Ka Blue Norther na-awakpo ọbọdọ, okpomọkụ ya nwere ike ịbụ ogo iri atọ ruo iri ise oyi karịa ọbọdọ ndị gbara ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ nke dị naanị kilomita ole na ole ka na-awụbeghị. Blue Northers nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị ize ndụ n'ihi mgbanwe okpomọkụ ha na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-ejide ụfọdụ ndị na-akwadoghị.

## Ugboro ole a na-eme
Blue Northers na-apụta ọtụtụ ugboro kwa afọ. A na-edekarị ha n'etiti ọnwa Nọvemba na Machị, ọ bụ ezie na edere ha obere ógè n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Eprel. Ihe omume Blue Norther bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Nọvemba, mgbè ihe ncheta ikpeazụ nke ógè mgbụsị akwụkwọ ka na-arapara na ndụ. Otu n'ime ndị Blue Northers a ma ama bụ Great Blue Norther nke ụbọchị iri na otu n'ọnwa Nọvemba, 1911, nke kpatara ọtụtụ tornadoes ma mee ka okpomọkụ dị 40 degrees na naanị nkeji ogo iri na ise ruo iri isii na asaa na awa irí, ihe ndekọ ụwa.

## Hụkwa

* Ihu igwe

## Edensibia
Black Storm - Oké ifufe ojii

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|290x290px|Ihe nkiri nke Kali Andhi
Oké ifufe ojii, nkè a na-akpọ **Kali Andhi**, **Kali Nheri** na South Asia (Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu, nké pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị: **Oké ifufe Ojii**) bụ ajọ uzuzu na-eme na ngwụcha ógè opupu ihe ubi n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nkè mpaghara Indo-Gangetic Plain nkè mpaghara India.

Ha na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ, mana ha nwèrè ike igbochi anyanwụ, belata anya nke ukwuu ma kpatara mmebi na mmerụ ahụ. Ha bụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ na mbata nkè mmiri ozuzo na mbara ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Punjab na ọzara Cholistan na Thar na Pakistan na Rajasthan na India.

## Edensibia
Bulk Richardson number

**Ọnụ ọgụgụ** **Bulk Richardson** (BRN) bụ ihe atụ nkè ọnụọgụ Gradient Richardson. BRN bụ ọnụọgụ na-enweghị akụkụ na ihu igwe metụtara oriri nkè turbulence nké kewara site na mmepụta shear (ọgbọ nkè turbulance kinetic energy kpatara site na ikuku shear) nké turbulency. A na-eji ya egosi nkwụsi ike na mmepụta nke ọgba aghara.

A na-eji BRN eme ihe ugboro ugboro na meteorology n'ihi data rawinsonde (nkè a na-akpọkarị radiosonde) na amụma ihu igwe nké na-enye ikuku na okpomọkụ n'ébé dị íchè íchè na mbara igwe.

## Nkọwa
N'okpuru ébé a bụ usoro màkà BRN. Ébé g bụ ọsọ ọsọ, Tv bụ oke okpomọkụ, Δθv bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti okpomọkụ dị n'ofe ọkpụrụkpụ Δz (omimi kwụ ọtọ), na ΔU na ΔV bụ mgbanwe na ihe ndị dị n'akụkụ ikuku gafee otu okpomọkụ ahụ.

:: 
R_{B} = \frac{(g/T_{v})\Delta\theta_{v}\Delta z}{(\Delta U)^2 + (\Delta V)^{2}}


## Ụkpụrụ nkatọ na nkọwa
Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na-egosi ébé ndị na-adịghị akwụsi ike na / ma ọ bụ ebe ndị na'adịghị ike; ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala na-egosi enweghị ike na / ọ bụ ike ịkpụcha. N'ozuzu, ụkpụrụ dị n'agbata  irí nakwa irí ise na-atụ aro ọnọdụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi dị mmá màkà mmepe supercell.

Na njedebe nkè ọkpụrụkpụ nké na-aghọ obere, ọnụọgụ Bulk Richardson na-eru nso ọnụọgụ Gradient Richardson, nkè ọnụọgụ Richardson dị oké égwu bụ ihe dịka Ric= 0.25. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-erughị uru a dị oke egwu anaghị akwụsi ike ma nwee ike ịghọ ma ọ bụ nọgide na-agbagwoju anya.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị oke egwu nkè 0.25 na-emetụta naanị maka gradients mpaghara, ọ bụghị màkà ọdịiche dị ichè íchè gafee nnukwu ọkwa. Ka ọ na-esiwanye ike, o yikarịrị ka anyị ga-emezi nnukwu gradients na-eme n'ime obere mpaghara nke ihe na-adọrọ mmasị. Nke a na-eme ka ejighị n'aka banyéré amụma anyị banyéré ihe na-eme, ma ugbu a, mmadụ ga-eji uru buru ibu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ Richardson dị oke egwu iji nye nsonaazụ ezi uche dị na ya site na iji gradients anyị dị nro. Nke a pụtara na ka ọ na-adịkwu arọ, otú ahụ ka uru ahụ na-eru nso na echiche ahụ.

## Hụkwa

* Ogologo oge nke Monin Obukhov
* Nọmba Richardson
* Mgbanwe nke ikuku
* Okpomọkụ nke ikuku

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Enyemaka - Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu Richardson - NOAA Storm Prediction Center
*
Buran (ikuku)

**Buran** (Persian: بوران, Russian: буран) bụ ifufe nké na-efefe Iran, ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, ọkachasị Xinjiang, Siberia, na Kazakhstan. N'elu tundra, a makwaara ya dị ka пурга, purga. Ọ bụ ifufe ikuku oyi, mgbé ụfọdụ siri ike, nkè a na-ahụkarị na steppes nké Sarmatic Plain, n'ébé ọdịda anyanwụ nkè Ural.

Buran na-ewere ụdị abụọ: n'oge okpomọkụ, ọ bụ ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri na-efe efe; n'oge oyi, ọ na-ajụ ezigbo oyi ma na-esokarị snow. Ifufe buran n'oge oyi siri ike ma jupụta na ice na snow. A na-ejikarị snow jupụta n'eluigwe, nke na-agbagharị ma na-ebelata anya ruo ihe fọrọ nkè nta ka ọ bụrụ efu mgbé ụfọdụ. N'Alaska, a maara oké ifufe a na-esi n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka *burga* ma na-eweta snow na ice pellets.

Ihe omume mbara igwe Soviet kpọrọ otu klas nké ụgbọ mbara igwe site na buran (lee mmemme Buran).

## Hụkwa

* Oké ifufe uzuzu
* N'aschi
* Shamal (ikuku)

## Edensibia

* Buran na Ifufe nke Ụwa
Camanchaca

thumb|camanchaca, alụlụ n'elu ọzara Atacama, Chile.
thumb|Camanchaca na Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park
**Camanchacas** bụ ụsọ mmiri stratocumulus igwe ojii nke na-etolite n'ụsọ oké osimiri Chile, n'akụkụ ọzara kachasị akọrọ n'ụwa, Ọzara Atacama, ma na-aga n'ime ala. Na Peru, a na-akpọ anwụrụ ọkụ yiri nkè ahụ garúa, na Angola cacimbo. N'akụkụ ugwu ébé igwe ojii ndị a na-emepụta, camanchaca bụ nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke na-adịghị eme ka mmiri ozuzo. Mmiri nke mejupụtara igwe ojii ahụ dị n'agbata microns otu na iri anọ n'obosara, dị oké mmá iji mepụta mmiri ozuzo.

## Nchịkọta anwụrụ ọkụ
N'afọ 1985, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chepụtara usoro nchịkọta anwụrụ ọkụ nke polyolefin net iji jide mmiri na-agba n'ime anwụrụ ọkụ iji mepụta mmiri na-asọ asọ màkà ọbọdọ nta ndị dị n'ebe ndị a na-enweghị ihe ọzara. Ọrụ Camanchacas wụnyere nnukwu ụgbụ na-achịkọta anwụrụ ọkụ irí ise n'elu ugwu, nke na-ejide ihe dị ka pasent abụọ nke mmiri na anwụrụ ọkụ.

N'afọ 2005, ntinye ọzọ nkè ogwe nké atọ na square mita (32 sq ) na-emepụta lita ise (1.1  gal; 1.3  ) kwa square mita kwa ụbọchị.

## Edensibia
Atụmatụ Ala Canada

**Atụmatụ Ala Canada bú The Canadian Land Surface Scheme** (CLASS) bụ **atụmatụ** parametrization nke ala màkà iji ya mee ihe na ụdị ihu igwe buru ibu. Ọ bụ ihe nlereanya ọkaibe, na-eji usoro nhazi nke anụ ahụ iji gosipụta ike na mmiri nke ahịhịa, snow na ala. A na-emepụta CLASS na ọrụ nyocha n'aka D. Verseghy duziri na Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service.

## Hụkwa

* CCCma - A na-eji CLASS eme ihe na CGCM3.1

## Edensibia

* D. L. Verseghy, "The Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS): akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na ọdịnihu ya," Atmosphere-Ocean, Mpịakọta nke 38, Nke 1, peeji nke 1-13, 2000.
* D. L. Verseghy, "CLASS--A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMS: I. Soil Model," International Journal of Climatology IJCLEU, Mpịakọta nke 111-133, peeji nke 44, 1991.
* D. L. Verseghy, N. A. McFarlane, na M. Lazare, "CLASS-A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMS, II. Ihe nlereanya ahịhịa na ọsọ jikọtara ọnụ, " Int. J. Climatol., Mpịakọta nke 13, Nke 4, peeji nke 347-370, 1993.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Klas
* Usoro Ala
Ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen

A na-eji **ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen** akọwa ụdị nnyefe okpomọkụ màkà elu nke nwéré mmiri.  Mbufe okpomọkụ nwèrè ike ime dị ka okpomọkụ dị mmá (ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ na-enweghị evapotranspiration) ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ zoro ezo (ike achọrọ n'oge mgbanwe nkè ọnọdụ, na-enweghị mgbanwe na okpomokwu).  A na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen eme ihe iji gbakọọ okpomọkụ furu efu (ma ọ bụ nweta) n'ime ihe; ọ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ike na-aga site n'otu steeti gaa na nke ọzọ site na okpomọkụ dị mma na okpompe zoro ezo.

Ọ bụ Harald Sverdrup nyèrè ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ aha Ira Sprague Bowen (1898ī1973), onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nkè ọrụ ya na ikuku si na mmiri jiri ya mee ihe na mbụ, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na meteorology na hydrology. 

## Nkọwa
A na-agbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen site na usoro: 

: , ebe okpomọkụ dị mma na okpomọkụ zoro ezo.B = {\frac{Q_h}{Q_e}}Q_hQ_e

N'ọnọdụ a, mgbè oke nke erughị otu, a na-enyefe oke nke ike dị n'elu ikuku dị ka okpomọkụ dị omimi karịa ka okpompe dị omimi, na mkparịta ụka bụ eziokwu maka uru nke karịrị otu.BB  Dị ka , Otú ọ dị, ọ na-aghọ ihe na-enweghị njedebe na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen bụrụ nhọrọ na-adịghị mma nke mgbanwe maka iji ya na usoro, ọkachasị màkà ébé kpọrọ nkụ.{Q_e \rightarrow 0}B  N'ihi nke a, akụkụ evaporative bụ mgbè ụfọdụ nhọrọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke mgbanwe na-anọchite anya ònyìnyé dị íchè íchè nke mgbagwoju anya na-agafe na mmefu ego ike elu.

Bowen ratio nwèrè njikọ na evaporative fraction, , site na nhazi,EF

: .{EF = \frac{Q_e}{Q_e + Q_h} = \frac{1}{1+B}}

Ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen bụ ihe na-egosi ụdị elu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ Bowen, , bụ ihe na-erughị otu n'elu ébé nwéré ọtụtụ mmiri.{B}

## Edensibia

* 
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* National Science Digital Library - Bowen Ratio
Brisote

Brisote (nkè a na-akpọkwa **brisole**) bụ ifufe azụmahịa nkè ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na Cuba mgbè ọ na-efegharị ike karịa ka ọ na-emebu. Ike nké ifufe a bụ 9 m s−1; ihe ọ bụla na-afụ na ọnụego siri ike nwéré ike ịkọwa dị ka brisote. A na-ejikọta brisote na oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ na-agafe n'ébé ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nkè agwaetiti ahụ.

## Edensibia
Ihe mgbochi nke Canopy

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|536x536px
Canopy interception bụ mmiri ozuzo nkè osisi na-egbochi ma na-esi na akwụkwọ ya pụọ. Mmiri ozuzo nkè a na-egbochighị ga-ada dị ka mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi na ala ọhịa.

E nwèrè ọtụtụ ụzọ iji tụọ interception canopy. Usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ site n'ịtụle mmiri ozuzo n'elu okpokoro ma wepụ mmiri ozuzo na ogwe osisi. Otú ọ dị, nsogbụ na usoro a bụ na okpokoro ahụ abụghị otu, nké na-akpata ihe isi ike n'inweta data na-anọchite ányà.

Ụzọ a na-eji zere nsogbụ a bụ iji plastik kpuchie ala ọhịa ma na-anakọta ihe na-ada. Ọghọm nké usoro a bụ na ọ dabara adaba màkà ogologo ógè, n'ihi na n'ikpeazụ osisi ga-akpọnwụ n'ihi ụkọ mmiri, usoro ahụ anaghị emetụta ihe omume snow.

Usoro Hancock na Crowther zere nsogbụ ndị a site n'iji mmetụta cantilever nke alaka. Ọ bụrụ na akwụkwọ dị n'alaka na-ejide mmiri, ọ na-adị arọ karị ma gbagọọ. Site n'ịtụle mgbagwoju anya, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri a na-egbochi. A nụchara usoro a n'afọ 2005 site na iji ihe gauge strain. Otú ọ dị, ọghọm nke usoro ndị a bụ na ọ bụ naanị ozi gbásárá otu alaka ka a na-enweta ma ọ ga-esiri ike ịlele osisi ma ọ bụ ọhịa dum.

## Hụkwa

* Interception (mmiri)
* Nchịkọta ala ọhịa

## Edensibia
Canwarn

**CANWARN**, acronym màkà CANadian Weather Amateur Radio Network, bụ mmemme a haziri ahazi na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe siri ike na akụkọ nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Meteorological nkè Environment Canada haziri ma na-agba ọsọ. Ihe ndị otu CANWARN na-eme bụ nkè a na-akpọ eziokwu n'ala, ha na-akwado ma na-agbakwunye ozi na nyocha nkè satellite na radar yana ịnye ozi a na-apụghị ịhụ ányá site na teknụzụ ndị a.

Ọ bụ ndị otu Windsor Amateur Radio Club na Windsor, Ontario chepụtara usoro ihe omume ahụ n'afọ 1986.  Randy Mawson VE3TRW, Paul Robertson VE3HFQ, Jerry Beneteau VE3EXT na Bill Leal VE3ES guzobere usoro na usoro mbụ n'oge ahụ na ógé ọzụzụ mbụ e mèrè na Windsor n'oge oyi nke afọ 1986/1987 na Windsor Airport, ébé obibi n'oge Windsor Weather Office of Environment Canada.  Paul VE3HFQ na Bill VE3ES na-etinye ákà ikpeazụ na ọdụ (VE3YQG) dị na Windsor Weather Office na mbido ọnwa Eprel 1987 mgbè a kpọrọ netwọk CANWARN mbụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu.  Akụkọ banyéré ajọ ifufe na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Michigan n'ụzọ na-aga Essex County ka e zigara na tebụl ihu igwe siri ike nke Environment Canada na Toronto, Ontario.

Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mgbè ajọ ifufe nke Edmonton na arịrịọ nke Hage Report, a gbasaa CANWARN karịa mmemme mbụ nke Windsor (Ontario) Weather Office.  A haziri ebe oké ifufe na Canada dịbu ma na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya na Environment Canada ma ọ nweghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmemme CANWARN mere. Na mmalite, CANWARN dabeere na ndịda Ontario na etiti Alberta mana o mechara too iji kpuchie mba ahụ dum site na mmalite afọ 1990.

United States bịdọrọ mmemme nyocha nke oké ifufe n'ime afọ ndị 1950s. Tupu nke ahụ, ọ nwekwara naanị mmemme spotting mpaghara. N'afọ ndị 1970, ọ mụbara mbọ ịchọpụta ma malite mmemme Skywarn ya, nke kpaliri CANWARN. N'afọ 2000, Europe malitekwara ịhazi mbọ ndị a na-eme n'okpuru nkwado nke Skywarn Europe, nke nwéré alaka ndị na-achị onwé ha n'ihe dị ka mba iri na abụọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ọrụ Mberede Redio Amateur

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi Canwarn
* Ndị Radio Amateurs nke Canada CANWARN Page
Cape Doctor

thumb|Cape Town, Table Mountain, Table Cloth
"**Cape Doctor**" bụ aha ọbọdọ màkà ifufe siri ike, nke na-adịgide adịgide ma kpọọ nkụ nke na-efe n'ụsọ oké osimiri South Africa site n'oge opupu ihe ubi ruo n'oge ọkọchị (ọnwa Septemba rụọ Maachị na mpaghara ndịda). A maara ya dị ka Cape Doctor n'ihi nkwenye ọbọdọ na ọ na-ehichapụ Cape Town na mmetọ na 'ọrịa'.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
Ọ bụ ezie na ifufe na-efegharị n'ébé sara mbara nke Western Cape Province, ọ bụ ihe a ma ama karịsịa na gbụrụ-gbúrụ Cape Peninsula, ébé ọ nwèrè ike ịdị ike ma na-akpasu iwe. Ndị Capetonians na-akpọkwa ya "South-Easter".

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị mma na-esokarị South Easter. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na South-Easter na-esonyere ala dị ala dị ka ọ na-eme mgbè ụfọdụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ, nke a nwèrè ike ime ka nnukwu mmiri ozuzo daa na Western Cape. A maara ihe omume a dị ka Black South-Easter. Idei mmiri nke Laingsburg nke ọnwa Jenụwarị 1981 sitere na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo dị ka akụkụ nke Black South Easter.

Ọ bụ ihe na-emegide onwe ya na ihe ndekọ ihu igwe màkà Cape Town na-egosi na ifufe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nkè ógè oyi nwèrè ike ịdị ike karịa South-Easter, ebe a na-enyeghị ifufe ndị a aha dị mma. Nke a nwèrè ike ịbụ n'ihi na ifufe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na-esokarị mmiri ozuzo, nke nwéré ike ịda ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị na ọbụna izu.

## Hụkwa

* Dọkịta Fremantle
* Ebe ndịda
* Ihu ihu oyi n'azụ

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Wind Names
Ntụgharị nke Capping

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ntughari capping na-egbochi mmepe kwụ ọtọ nke igwe ojii. N'ihe oyiyi a e sere na nso Kreuzberg (Rhön), ntụgharị ahụ dị n'okpuru elu ugwu ahụ.
thumb|Ihe osise na-egosi mgbanwe kwa ụbọchị na ntụgharị capping n'elu ala nke ụwa.
A **capping inversion** bụ elu inversion layer nké na-ekpuchi convective planetary boundary layer.

Akụkụ nkè ókèala bụ akụkụ nké ikuku nké kacha nso n'ala.  Dị ka o kwesịrị, anyanwụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ala, nke na-ekwo ọkụ ikuku dị n'elu ya.  Okpomọkụ na-apụta mgbè ikuku a na-ekpo ọkụ na-arịgo n'ime ikuku oyi (ikuku na-ekwo ọkụ adịghị arọ karịa ikuku oyi), usoro a na-akpọ convection. Akara convective dị ka nke a nwèrè ikike màkà mmepụta igwe ojii, ébé ọ bụ na condensation na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-arị elu ma na-ajụ oyi.

Mgbanwe na-eme mgbè okpomọkụ nkịtị (ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'okpuru, ikuku oyi n'elu) na-agbanwe, na-emepụta nhazi siri ike nke ikuku oyi, nke na-anọdụ n'okpuru ikuku dị ọkụ, nke na'ekpo ọkụ. N'ihi ya, elu inversion layer bụ gburugburu ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu mpaghara ikuku oyi, mànà dị elu na ikuku (na-emetụkarị n'elu).

A capping inversion na-eme mgbè e nwèrè a boundary layer na a normal okpomọkụ profaịlụ (ekpo ọkụ ikuku na-ebili n'ime oyi na-ekpo ọkụ) na ikpo dị n'elu nke ahụ bụ a inversion layer (ekpo oyi n'okpuru okpomọkụ ikuku).  Ọdịdị igwe ojii sitere na ala ala ala "na-ekpuchi" site na inversion layer.  Ọ bụrụ na okpokoro ntụgharị ma ọ bụ "okpokoro" siri ike nke ukwuu (nke dị nso n'elu), ọ ga-egbochi égbè eluigwe ịmalite.  Okpu siri ike nwèrè ike ịkpata ọnọdụ alụlụ.

Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na ikuku dị n'elu anaghị akwụsi ike, enwèrè ike ịmanye elu siri ike site na ntụgharị capping.  Usoro a na-ahọrọ nke na-ekwe ka mmiri kachasị ike mepụta égbè eluigwe na-akpatakarị ntiwapụ nke ihu igwe siri ike. Ọrụ nke ijide ntụgharị n'ịkwalite ike nke ihu igwe siri ike bụ nke a ghọtara na ụdị echiche nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta sayensị ikuku mepụtara na ngwụcha afọ 1960 ma bụrụ nke a ghọtara dị ka njirimara nke ikuku na-emepụta tornado dị ka ọ dị n'afọ 1954.

## Hụkwa

* Convective nwere ike ịnwe ike
* Mgbochi convective

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Capping Inversion - AMS Glossary of Meteorology
* Capping Inversion - National Science Digital Library
CHAMP (satellite)

thumb|CHAMP (satellite)
**Ihe ịma aka** Minisatellite Payload (**CHAMP**) bụ satellite German nkè e wepụtara n'ubochi irí na ise n'onwa Julaị afọ 2000 site na Plesetsk, Russia ma jiri ya mee ihe màkà nyocha ikuku na ionospheric, ya na ngwa ndị ọzọ nke geoscientific, dị ka GPS radio occultation, mkpebi nke ike ndọda, na ịmụ banyéré ala magnetik nke ụwa.

Ọ bụ GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam na-elekọta CHAMP.

Ụgbọ mbara igwe bụ ngwa izizi nke ikpo okwu "Flexbus" nke Astrium; GRACE bụ nké abụọ.  Ụdị a gbanwere nke ukwuu na-efe efe dị ka ọrụ GOCE.

## Ngwá ọrụ ụgbọ mbara igwe
Otu onboard BlackJack Global Positioning System (GPS) Flight Receiver, nke JPL nyèrè, na-enyere aka iji satellite na-esote satellite màkà ọnọdụ ụgbọ ala.  Iji wepụ mmetụta nke ike mpụga, nke na-abụghị ike ndọda (dịka, ịdọrọ ikuku, nrụgide radieshon anyanwụ) satellite nwere ihe dị n'ime 3-axis STAR accelerometer.  A na-eme ka nkwenye onwé onyé nke ọnọdụ orbital site na passive Laser Retro Reflector (LRR), nke na-enyekwa ohere ịhazi ọnọdụ isi site na laser ranging.  A na-atụle àgwà ụgbọ mbara igwe site na iji Advanced Stellar Compass (ASC) nke Mahadum Nkà na ụzụ nke Denmark nyere.

N'ịbụ nkè a kwụnyere na boom, satellite ahụ nwèrè Magnetometer Instrument Assembly System (MIAS) maka ịtụle ala magnetik.  Ụgbọala ahụ nwèrè ike ịlele oghere eletrik nke ụwa n'akụkụ oghere magnetik na Digital Ion Drift Meter (DIDM).

## Njedebe nke ozi
CHAMP rụzuru ọrụ ya wee banyeghachi na ikuku ụwa n'ubochi irí na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2010 mgbè afọ 10 gasịrị (ndụ imepụta: afọ ise).

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị metụtara ya kpebiri na ọrụ ahụ na-aga nke ọma, ọkachasị dịka afọ ise mbụ nke imepụta ndụ gbatịrị nke ukwuu.

## Edensibia

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ NASA
Ihe ịma aka Bonn

**Ihe ịma aka Bonn** bụ mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ iji weghachite nde hekta otú narị na iri ise nke ala ndị mebiri emebi na ndị e gburu n'oké ọhịa n'ụwa site na 2020 na nde hekta narị atọ na ịrị ise tụpụ afọ 2030. Ọ bụ Germany na International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) kwadoro ma malite ya na Bonn na 2 Septemba 2011, na mmekorita ya na Global Partnership on Forest / Landscape Restoration na nnyefe ebumnuche na Rio Conventions na nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke 1992 Earth Summit.  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2013, e kwere nkwa na mba ndị gụnyere Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Rwanda, na United States ga-eweghachi ihe karịrị nde hekta iri abụọ. South Korea, Costa Rica, Pakistan, China, Rwanda na Brazil amalitela mmemme mmezigharị ala na-aga nke ọma.

IUCN na-eme atụmatụ na imezu ebumnuche nke ihe ịma aka Bonn ga-emepụta ihe dịka ijeri $ 84 kwa afọ na uru ego nke nwere ike imetụta ohere ego maka obodo ime obodo. A na-eme atụmatụ na a ga-enweta mbelata nke ọdịiche dị ugbu a nke carbon dioxide site na 11-17% site na izute ihe ịma aka ahụ.
Nkwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa nke Pakistan nwere ọdịiche nke ịbụ nkwa mbụ nke mba, nkwa mbụ a ga-emejuputa n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na nkwa mbụ a gaghị amụba. 'Billion Tree Tsunami' bụ atụmatụ na ntụziaka ahụ nke ka na-aga n'ihu

Ihe ịma aka Bonn ga-ekwu maka nsogbu nchekwa akụ na ụba, nchekwa mmiri, nchekwa nri na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nweghachi ala site na ihe ịma aka Bonn na-eme ka mkpebi mba ụwa maka mgbanwe ihu igwe dịkwuo elu. Iweghachi nde hekta otu narị na iri ise nke ala ndị mebiri emebi na ndị e gburu n'oké ọhịa n'ụwa site na 2020 ga-enyere aka n'inweta otu ijeri tọn nke carbon dioxide nke ga-ebelata ọdịiche dị ugbu a site na pasent ịrị abụọ.

Amụma a kpọrọ 'The African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative' dabara n'ime ihe ịma aka Bonn ma nwee ebumnuche nke inwe nde hekta otu nari n'ime usoro mweghachi tụpụ afọ 2030. Mba iri abụọ na asatọ nke Afrịka emeela ngụkọta nke nde hekta otu narị na iri na atọ na atụmatụ ahụ. Ethiopia emeela otu nkwa kachasị ukwuu na nke putara otu nde hekta. Praịm Minista Etiopia Abiy Ahmed kwupụtara na Mee 2019 na mba ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ịkụ osisi ijeri anọ na 2019 naanị.

## Hụkwa

* Iweghachi ọhịa

## Edensibia
Perforene

N'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2013, Lockheed Martin kwupụtara na ọ na-emepụta ezinụlọ nke membranes e ji graphene mee, n'okpuru akara ahịa **Perforene**.

Mmetụta kachasị mma bụ mmiri nnu ewepuru ụtọ nnu dị na ya.  Na oghere dị obere dị ka otu nanometer n'obosara, membranes ga-ejide sodium, chlorine na ion ndị ọzọ, ka ha na-enye ohere ka mmiri na-agafe n'ụzọ dị mfe.

Atụmanya arụmọrụ (nke metụtara ojiji nke osmosis membranes) gụnyere:

* Mmuba flux ruo ugboro ise gafee membrane
* Mbelata na-adịghị mma ruo pasent ịrị asatọ 
* Ihe dị ka obere ike na nrụgide achọrọ. (Reuters kọrọ nkwupụta a.  Akwukwo data nke ngwaahịa Lockheed Martin ugbu a na-ebu amụma mbelata dị ala na ojiji ike: 10 - 20%.)

Na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ iwepu nnu dị na mmírí ńnú, Lockheed Martin na-eme atụmatụ ire ụdị Perforene dị iche iche na mpaghara ndị a:

* Nlekọta mmiri mkpofu
* Nchịkọta ọgwụ na ime ka ọ dị ọcha
* Ike / mmepụta ike
* Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala
* Nri na ihe ọṅụṅụ
* Imepụta ihe

A tụghị anya na a ga-ewepụta ngwaahịa ahụ ruo n'afọ 2020.

## Mmeghachi omume mgbasa ozi
Bruce Sterling kwuru maka Wired, "ọ bụrụ na ihe a na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie, anyị ga-agbaghara Lockheed Martin maka ihe niile ha mere na ma eleghị anya ọbụna nye ha obí Nobels na McMansion n'ọzara ochie. "

Akụkọ Water Desalination na-ede na nkwupụta Lockheed Martin na ọ mepụtara membrane nke ga-eme ka mmiri wepụ mmiri dị n'ime obere ego nke usoro RO dị n'ụlọ ọrụ bụ "ihe nzuzu na oge".

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Usoro Descaling & Mmiri Na-eme ka Mmiri dị nro
Mpaghara Hot Stain

Mpaghara Hot Stain bụ mpaghara nke ụwa ebe mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma gwuru agwu.  Okwu a nwere ike ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka mmiri nke Goldman Environmental Prize bụ Michal Kravcik chepụtara. Enwere ike ịchọta ntụpọ ọkụ na kọntinent ọ bụla, ma e wezụga Antarctica.  Isi ihe kpatara ntụpọ na-ekpo ọkụ na-etolite bụ nrụgide ndị mmadụ. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-abawanye, mmiri na-achọ na-ababawanye. Ọ bụ ezie na mmiri kpuchiri ụwa dị pasent ịrị itoolu na aasaa, naanị otu pasent nke mmiri ahụ dị mma maka ọṅụṅụ. Hot Stain nwere ike imebi ikike ọrụ ugbo nke mpaghara ma nwee ike iduga ụkọ nri, ụnwụ nri, na ọbụna ịhapụ mpaghara ahụ.

Maude Barlow onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye isi nke Council of Canadians, na onye guzobere Blue Planet Project ejirila okwu 'hot stain' mee ihe gbasara ihe onwunwe mmiri. N'afọ 2005, Maude Barlow natara onyinye Right Livelihood Award nke Sweden.

## Ihe onwunwe mmiri
Mpaghara 'Hot stains' bụ otu okwu e nyere ebe mmiri na-apụ n'anya. Mpaghara ndị a gụnyere Middle East, Northern China, Mexico, California na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mba iri abụọ na abụọ n'Africa. Taa, mba iri atọ na otu na ihe karịrị otu ijeri mmadụ enweghị mmiri dị ọcha. Nsogbu mmiri dị ọcha zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka otu n'ime nnukwu egwu na ndụ nke mbara ala anyị dịka Maude Barlow na Tony Clarke si kwuo n'otu isiokwu dị na magazin The Nation.

## Hụkwa
  

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* 
*
Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Ecuador

Ọnọdụ **ihu igwe nke** Ecuador na-abụkarị nké na-ekpo ọkụ ma dịgasị iche nà ịdị elu ná mpaghara, n'ihi ọdịiche dị na ịdị elu yana, ruo n'ókè, na nso nkè **[[Ecuador|equator]]**.
thumb|300x300px|Map Ecuador nke nhazi ihu igwe Köppen.
Ala ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ecuador na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ na mpaghara iri abụo na ise  ( 77 degrees). Mmiri na-efe n'oké osimiri na-emetụta gburugburu ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ezo n'etiti ọnwa Jenụwarị na Eprel.

Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na Quito kwekọrọ na nke ihu igwe ugwu ugwu. Nkezi okpomọkụ n'ehihie bụ 21  (70 °F), nke na-adaba na nkezi nke 10 °C (50 ) n'abalị. Nkezi okpomọkụ kwa afọ bụ 18 °C (64 ). E nwèrè ógè abụọ n'obodo ahụ: mmiri na mmiri. Ógè ọkọchị na-amalite n'ọnwa Juun ruo Septemba na ógè mmiri ozuzo bụ site n'ọnwa Ọktoba ruo May.

## Mmetụta nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe
thumb|Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Quito n'oge ọgbaghara ihu igwe nke Septemba 2019.
Ecuador nwèrè ọdịdị ala dịgasị iche iche ma bụrụkwa ihe na-adịghị ike maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Antisana, Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, Cayambe, Ilinizas (n'ebe ugwu na ndịda), El Altar, na Carihuairazo bụ ice asaa nke Ecuador. Glaciers ndị a niile dị na craters volcanic nkè mmetụta greenhouse na-emetụta. N'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa, ice Carihuairazo efunahụlarị pasent iri itoolu na isii nke ice ya. Site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-aga n'ihu na-akawanye njọ, Carihuairazo nwere ike ịpụ n'ime afọ ise. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2018, e nwere nkezi mba niile nke pasenti iri ise na atọ nke mkpuchi glacier. Mbelata nke ice bụ ihe okike nke dị; Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ iri abụo gara aga, mgbanwe ihu igwe emeela ka mbelata ka njọ. Glaciers ndị a dị na Ecuador na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihu igwe n'ihi na ha na-achịkọta ikuku ikuku sitere na Pacific na iru mmiri nke mpaghara Amazon.

## Hụkwa

* Ọnọdụ ihu igwe

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Map ihu igwe
* Nkọwa nke ihu igwe nke mpaghara ọ bụla Archived  Wayback Machine
Climate Severity Index

Nkọwa nke ịdị njọ nke ihu igwe dị site na otu ruo otu narị. Otú mkpụrụ bụ nke kachasị njọ na otu narị bụ nke kachasị sie ike. Nkọwa nke ịdị njọ nke ihu igwe bụ oke dị n'etiti ihe na-egosi ihu igwe a hụrụ na ihe na-ahụ màkà ihu igwe.

## Edensibia
Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance

The **Carbon Neutral Cities Alliance** (CNCA ma ọ bụ Ánn'Alliance) bụ njikọ aka nké ọbọdọ ndị na-eduga n'ụwa niile na-arụ ọrụ iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na pasenti iri asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa ka ọ na-erule afọ 2050 ma ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya. Njikọ ahụ na-ezube idozi ihe ọ ga-ewe màkà iduzi ọbọdọ mba ụwa iji nweta mbelata ikuku ndị a dị omimi na otu ha nwèrè ike isi rụọ ọrụ ọnụ iji mezuo ebumnuche ha n'ụzọ dị irè ma dị irè.

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
A mụrụ Alliance na Copenhagen n'ọnwa Juun n'afọ 2014 na nzukọ nhazi nke ọbọdọ iri na asaa na-esonụ:

* Berlin, Germany
* Boulder CO, USA
* Boston MA, USA
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* London, United Kingdom
* Melbourne, Australia
* Minneapolis MN, USA
* New York City NY, USA
* Oslo, Norway
* Portland ma ọ bụ, USA
* San Francisco CA, USA
* Seattle WA, USA
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Sydney, Australia
* Vancouver BC, Canada
* Washington DC, USA
* Yokohama, Japan

Ọbọdọ ndị guzobere ọbọdọ gbakọtara ọnụ iji kesaa nkụzi na ịhazi na itinye n'ọrụ mbelata carbon miri emi ma kwekọrịta na ohere iji mee ka omume kachasị mma dị ngwa site na mmekorita na afọ mbụ nke Alliance, gụnyere:

* Ịmepụta nnọpụiche nke carbon Atụmatụ Atụmatụ Ịmepụta ụzọ, nyocha, na ngwaọrụ iji kwado nnọpụiche carbon; ịhazi usoro nyocha na nkwenye màkà ịchọpụta ọganihu.
* Ịga n'ihu na Mgbanwe Mgbanwe na Mpaghara Ọbọdọ Úkwú na itinye n'ọrụ omume kachasị mma màkà inweta usoro mgbochi carbon miri emi na njem ọbọdọ, iji ike, na usoro mkpofu.
* Ịkwado màkà Mgbanwe Iwu Ịmata na *ịkwado* màkà iwu na steeti, mpaghara, na gọọmentị etiti iji belata isi iyi nke ikuku na-adịghị achịkwa obodo na ịmekọrịta ndị ọzọ na-emetụta mpụga ndị na-emetụ n'ahụ màkà ihe ịga nke ọma obodo.
* Ikwu okwu na olu nkịtị na-enyere obodo CNCA aka igosipụta idu ndú ha ma jiri olu nkịtị kwurịta okwu.
* *Ịmepụta CNCA* Innovation Funding na nnukwu ikike, ọrụ ndị obodo na-eduzi nke na-emepe, na-anwale, na-etinye n'ọrụ, ma na-eme ka atụmatụ na omume dị omimi nke carbonization (nke a na-akwado ugbu a na puku dollar ise).
* *Mmetụta na-arịwanye elu nke* Alliance Sharing Alliance na-amụta na ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu iji rite uru na mpaghara ndị na-agba mbọ màkà nnọpụiche carbon.

## Ndị ọrụ, ndị mmekọ na ego
Ndị ọrụ Alliance bụ Urban Sustainability Directors Network (USDN) na mmekorita ya na Innovation Network for Communities (INC) na C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group (C40), ma Kresge Foundation, Barr Foundation, Summit Foundation, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, V. Kann Rasmussen Foundation, MacArthur Foundation, na Bullitt Foundation na-akwado ya.

## Edensibia
Cers (ikuku)

**Cers**, nké ndị bi n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Narbonne na-akpọkwa Narbonnais, bụ ifufe kpọrọ nkụ nké na-ajụ oyi n'oge oyi ma na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge ọkọchị. N'ịbụ nké sitere na ikuku mmiri Atlantic na-agafe n'ógbè Toulouse, Cers na-esikwu ike site na ọdịiche Lauragais. Ifufe Cers na-adịkarị gafee mpaghara Aude na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ France. N'ụzọ pụrụ iche, ọdịda anyanwụ na-acha ọbara ọbara na igwe ojii lenticularis na-ekwukarị mbido nke Cers. Ọ nwèrè njikọ chiri anya na Mistral, mànà ókwú Cers na-ezo áká kpọmkwem na ifufe siri ike na bas-Languedoc. 
Ihe megidere ụdị ifufe a bụ Marin, ifufe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke na-eme gafee Iberian Peninsula.

## Hụkwa

* Okporo Ụgbọ Mmiri

## Edensibia

* Cers na Winds nke Ụwa
Ihe na-ese onyinyo ugwu

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Climograph nke Calcutta.
**Climograph** bụ ihe ngosi nkè ọnọdụ ihu igwe nkè ébé. Climographs na-egosipụta data màkà mgbanwe abụọ: (a) nkezi okpomọkụ kwa ọnwa na (b) nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa ọnwa. Ndị a bụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru iji kọwaa ihu igwe nke ébé ngwá ngwá.

## Nnọchiteanya
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụkarị okpomọkụ site na iji akara, ọtụtụ climographs na-ahọrọ ịhụ data site ná iji mmanya. Uru nké usoro a na-enye ohere ka climograph gosipụta nkezi dị na okpomọkụ (nkezi kacha nta na nkezi kachasị elu) karịa nkezi kwà ọnwa.

## Ojiji
Usoro dị na climograph na-akọwa ọ bụghị naanị ihu igwe nkè ébé kamakwa na-enye ihe akaebe màkà ọnọdụ ihu igwe ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, climograph nwéré oke okpomọkụ n'ime afọ nwèrè ike ịnọchite anya ébé dị nso na equator, ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ ebe dị nso n'oké mmiri na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na okpomọkụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, oke okpomọkụ kwa afọ nwèrè ike igosi ihe dị iche. Anyị nwekwara ike inweta ozi gbasara ọnọdụ gbụrụ-gbúrụ ébé obibi site na climograph. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na mmiri ozuzo dị ala n'oge niile n'afọ, anyị nwere ike ịtụ aro na ébé ahụ na-egosipụta ọzara; ọ bụrụ na enwere usoro ógè a na-ahụ anya na mmiri ozu, anyị nwere ohere ịtụ aro na ọnọdụ ahụ na-enwe ógè mmiri ozuzo. Mgbè anyị na-ejikọta okpomọkụ na usoro mmiri ozuzo ọnụ, anyị nwere ọbụna ihe akaebe ka mma maka ọnọdụ mpaghara. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ógbè na-enye aka na usoro ndị a hụrụ n'otu ébé; ya mere, climograph abụghị ngwá ọrụ na-egbochi nzuzu nke na-ejide ọdịiche ala niile nwere ike ịdị.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* 
*  - Webapplication maka ịmepụta climographs maka ebe dị iche iche n'ụwa niile.
* ClimateCharts.net bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-enyocha ihu igwe  (Open Access)
*  - Ngwa weebụ maka ịmepụta eserese ihu igwe maka ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa site na iji data CHELSA dị elu n'efu.
CLIVAR

CLIVAR (mgbanwe ihu igwe na amụma) bụ akụkụ nke World Climate Research Programme. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịkọwa ma ghọta mgbanwe ihu igwe na amụma na ógè ógè ógè ruo otu narị afọ, ịchọpụta usoro anụ ahụ na-ahụ màkà mgbanwe ihu igwe ma mepụta ihe ngosi na ikike ịkọ ọdịnihu màkà ihe ngosi ihu igwe.

A họpụtara Dr Antonietta Capotondi dị ka ónyé isi óche PICES WG-49 na-anọchite anya CLIVAR n'afọ 2023.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ihe na-esonụ bụ usoro iheomume nkè CLIVAR na ihe ndị bu ya ụzọ:

* 1985: World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) bịdoro TOGA (Tropical-Ocean Global Atmosphere) (1985-1995), iji mụọ mgbanwe mgbanwe kwà afọ nke usoro ikuku oké osimiri na-akpali na okpomọkụ.
* 1990: WCRP malitere akụkụ mbụ nke World Ocean Circulation Experiment (afọ 1990 ruo afọ 1997)
* 1991: Kọmitii Sayensị Jikọrọ Aka (JSC) kpọrọ otu ndị ọkachamara ka ha gbakọta ma tụlee ntụziaka ndị nwéré ike ime n'ọdịnihu màkà nyocha ihu igwe, na-ewu na ntọala nke TOGA na WOCE.
* 1992: E bipụtara mkparịta ụka nke Kọmitii Sayensị Jikọrọ Aka n'afọ 1992 na broshuọ akpọrọ [[[[: A study of Climate Variability and Predictability]]]]
* 1993: WCRP JSC kpebiri ime CLIVAR dị ka ọrụ dị mkpa.
* 1995: A malitere CLIVAR n'ụzọ iwu, na mmalite dị ka ọrụ afọ iri na ise. Mmalite ahụ dakọtara na njedebe nke TOGA.
* 1997: E bipụtara atụmatụ mmejuputa CLIVAR mbụ.

## Òtù na òtù ọrụ
CLIVAR nwèrè ọtụtụ akụkụ na ìgwè na-arụ ọrụ dabere na ọmụmụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na amụma nkè ihe dị íchè íchè nke usoro ihu igwe ụwa.

### Òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ
CLIVAR nwèrè akụkụ atọ zuru ụwa ọnụ:

* Global Synthesis and Observation Panel (GSOP)
* Ndị ọkachamara na Nchọpụta na Nkọwa Mgbanwe Ihu igwe (ETCCDI)
* Òtù Ọrụ na Ocean Model Development (WGOMD)

### Ngalaba mpaghara
Ngalaba mpaghara na-elekwasị anya n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke usoro ihu igwe. Ebe ọ bụ na mpaghara dị íchè iche nke oké osimiri dị íchè íchè, ma nye ọrụ dị mkpa nke oké osimiri na ịchịkwa ihu igwe n'etiti afọ, afọ iri, na narị afọ nke CLIVAR tụlere, nkewa n'ime akụkụ dị íchè íchè dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mpaghara nke usoro oké osimiri. N'ụzọ doro ányá, ihe ndị a bụ ndepụta nke mpaghara mpaghara:

* Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel (AAMP)
* Atlantic Implementation Panel (AIP)
* CLIVAR/GEWEX Africa Climate Panel (ACP)
* CLIVAR/CliC/SCAR Southern Ocean Panel (SOP)
* CLIVAR/IOC-GOOS Indian Ocean Panel (IOP)
* Pacific Panel (PP)
* Mgbanwe nke American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS)

### Ihe omume mba
E nwèrè mmemme CLIVAR mba anọ, nke na-agba ọsọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu ma na-enye aka na mmemme CLIVars mba ụwa:

* US CLIVAR: Nke a na-enye aka kpọmkwem na U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) site na ịhazi na ịkwalite nyocha n'ime US iji melite akwụkwọ, nghọta, imepụta na amụma nke ọdịiche dị na ihu igwe ụwa na mpaghara. A na-akwado ya site na mmemme na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị United States ise: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Science Foundation (NSF), United States Department of Energy (DOE), na Office of Naval Research (ONR).
* CLIVAR-Spain na Spain
* Canadian CLIVAR Research Network
* UK CLIVAR

## Hụkwa

* VAMOS Ocean Cloud Atmosphere Land Studies

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
Official website
Radius na-arụ ọrụ na igwe ojii

Radius dị irè nke igwe ojii (ma ọ bụ radius dị irè ma ọ bụ **radios** dị irè mgbè ọ dị n'ihe gbárá ya gbụrụ-gbúrụ) bụ ihe dị arọ nke nkesa nke igwe ojii. James E. Hansen na Larry Travis kọwara okwu ahụ n'afọ 1974 dị ka oke nkè oge nké atọ na nke abụọ nke nkesa nha droplet iji nyere aka na ntụgharị nke data a na-ahụ anya. N'ụzọ anụ ahụ, ọ bụ mpaghara radius nke igwe ojii.
Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwèrè ike ịkọwa nke a dị ka

: .r_e = \dfrac{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty} \pi \cdot r^3 \cdot n(r)\,dr}{\int\limits_{0}^{\infty} \pi \cdot r^2 \cdot n(r)\,dr}

Radius nke ụwa nwèrè uru dị iche iche màkà mmiri na ice: nke mbụ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 14 μm, ébé màkà ice ọ dị gbụrụ-gbúrụ 25 μm. Nnyocha na-egosikwa na radius nke ígwé ojii dị irè buru ibu n'elu oké osimiri karịa n'elu ala site na Pasent iri na ise ruo pasentị iri abụọ N'ụzọ dị iche, ọdịiche dị na oke ice n'elu ala na oké osimiri dị obere (naanị 5%).

## Hụkwa

* Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime
* Nhazi nke oke mmiri ozuzo

## Edensibia