Barbara Smith

**Barbara Smith** (amụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1946) [a] bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ onye keere òkè dị mkpa na Black femism na United States. Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1970, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye ọkà mmụta, onye na-eme ihe ike, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi, onye edemede, na onye na-ebipụta echiche Ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ kụzikwaara n'ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum ruo afọ 25. Akwụkwọ edemede Smith, nyocha, isiokwu, akụkọ mkpirikpi na nkatọ akwụkwọ apụtala n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere *The New York Times* Book Review, The Black Scholar, *Ms.*, Gay Community News, *The Guardian*, The Village Voice, Conditions na The Nation. O nwere ejima, Beverly Smith, onye bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede.

## Oge ọ malitere

### Oge ọ bụ nwata
Barbara Smith na nwanne ya nwanyị ejima, Beverly, mụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1946, na Cleveland, Ohio, nye Hilda Beall Smith.[1] A mụrụ ejima ahụ n'oge akabeghị aka ma gbasie mgba maka ọnwa ole na ole mbụ nke ndụ ha, ọ bụ ezie na Beverly gbalịsiri ike karị mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa. Nne ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye inyeaka nọọsụ ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-ere ahịa, ya mere nne nne ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta nwa n'oge ha bụ nwata, ebe nne ha na-enweta ego ahụ.[1] Na 1956, mgbe Barbara na Beverly dị afọ itoolu, nne ha nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi metụtara ahụ ọkụ rheumatic n'oge ha bụ nwata.[2] Mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị, ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ gara n’ihu na-ebi n’ụlọ ezinaụlọ ha abụọ na nne nne ha, nwanne nne ha, nwanne nne ha, na ụmụnne ha.

Ọ bụ ezie na ezinụlọ Smith enweghị ego, nne nne ya, ụmụnne nne ya, na nne ya niile gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọkachasị maka ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere na 1940s na 1950s. Nne nne ya na ụmụnne nne ya kụziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na South tupu ọ kwaga n'ebe ugwu, ọ bụ ezie na nne ya bụ naanị onye n'ezinụlọ ya natara diplọma kọleji, Bachelor's of Science na agụmakwụkwọ site na Mahadum Fort Valley State (nke bụ Fort Valley State College n'oge ahụ).  Ezinụlọ Barbara niile bụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwusi ike na agụmakwụkwọ, n'ime na n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ.

N'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya, Barbara nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere nna ya, Gartrell Smith, onye kewara na Hilda tupu amụọ ejima ahụ. Dị ka nwa nwanne nne Barbara si kwuo, "Nne" Isabel, Hilda na Gartrell gbapụrụ mgbe nne na nna Hilda jụrụ ịlụ ọgụ ahụ. Hilda laghachiri Cleveland dị ime mgbe ya na Gartrell kewara. Barbara ahụtụbeghị nna ya ma ọ bụ hụ foto ya. Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ya ma e wezụga na ọ bụ onye agha n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nakwa na Hilda na Gartrell zutere na Georgia, ebe Hilda gara kọleji.

Ọ bụ ezie na Barbara na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere n'ebe ugwu United States, ezinụlọ ya nọgidere na-enwe mgbọrọgwụ na omenala ndịda site na ime obodo Georgia. Ezinụlọ nne ya bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ ndị Africa America sonyere na Nnukwu Migration na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 iji gbanahụ usoro agbụrụ na-emegbu emegbu na South ma melite ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ha. Barbara kọwara njirimara ya dị ka nke nwanyị ndịda ma kwado ahụmịhe ezinụlọ ya nwere oke mkpasasị agbụrụ na Georgia dị ka ihe na-akpali ọrụ ya. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ naghị ewepụ ndị ugwu n'oké ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-edekọ ọtụtụ ihe omume nke mmegide Blackness nke ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nwere. N'otu ihe omume dị otú ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị wetara kuki ndị e mere n'ụlọ na klas French ha n'oge ọkọchị, nke nwanyị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'emeghị ihere kụziiri. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ụmụaka ọcha nọ na klas ahụ riri kuki ọ bụla. N'agbanyeghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ doro anya, ma Barbara ma Beverly mere nke ọma na agụmakwụkwọ.

### Mmụta
Barbara Smith na nwanne ya nwanyị malitere agụmakwụkwọ elementrị ha na Bolton Elementary School wee kwaga Robert Fulton Elementary School n'oge klas nke mbụ. Smith na-ekwu na ọganihu agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ n'ihi ogo dị elu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ọ gara. Ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtara ya na nwanne ya nwanyị maka ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ndị nwere nkà mmụta na klas nke anọ, ezinụlọ ha kpebiri na ha agaghị agbanwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị. Barbara na Beverly gara Alexander Hamilton Jr. High School na mgbe e mesịrị John Adams High School.

N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Smith mere nke ọma na klas AP ma nweta akara dị elu na PSAT. Ntinye akara ya na akara ule ya mere ka ọ banye na Mount Holyoke College na 1965, mana, ike gwụrụ ya n'ihi ibu iro agbụrụ na kọleji ahụ, ọ gafere na New School for Social Research na New York City, ebe ọ gụrụ sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya otu afọ. Ọ laghachiri na Mount Holyoke maka afọ ikpeazụ ya wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1969.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke College na 1969, Smith gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pittsburgh ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1971. Na Pittsburgh, ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na Women's movement na Gay Liberation movement.

N'afọ 1981, Smith gụsịrị akwụkwọ niile ma e wezụga akwụkwọ edemede maka ọmụmụ doctoral ya na Mahadum Connecticut .  Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye a ma ama, onye na-eme ihe maka Black, feminist, na nwoke idina nwoke.

### Mgbalị ndị mbụ
N'ihi na ọ tolitere n'ime ọha mmadụ nke kewara ekewa, Smith zụlitere echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na nwata. Dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị sonyere na ngagharị iwe maka ikike obodo nke na-elekwasị anya na mwepụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'oge a, Smith bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo maka isi Cleveland nke Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Ọ kọwara ogbugbu Bruce Klunder, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye ozi, dị ka ihe na-akpali ya itinye aka na Cleveland. Ọ gara ọtụtụ okwu nke Martin Luther King Jr., ma zute onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ Fannie Lou Hamer.

N'afọ 1965, Smith gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke College, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ sonyeere Civil Actions Group, nke, n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ, sonyere n'ịhazi megide Agha Vietnam. Ọ bụ ezie na Mount Holyoke enweghị isi nke Students for Democratic Society (SDS) na campus, Smith na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke Mount Holyoke nwere mmasị ma ṅomie mbọ nke otu ahụ. N'ime afọ ya na New School for Social Research, Smith gara Chicago wee sonye na ngagharị iwe na-eso Democratic National Convention. 

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke, Smith wepụrụ onwe ya n'ọrụ n'ihu, ebe ọ chere na njirimara ya dị ka nwanyị nọ n'òtù Black Nationalist. Ruo oge ụfọdụ, o chere na ọ nwere ike inyere aka ịkwalite ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Mana mgbe ọ gachara nzukọ nke National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO), ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa nke ime ihe ike wee malite iso ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ama ama na-acha ọbara ọbara rụkọọ ọrụ.

Smith biri na Boston mgbe ọ natara MA na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pittsburgh. Ọnọdụ ndị ọrụ nwanne ya nwanyị Beverly na Ms. Magazine nyere Beverly ohere inweta kọntaktị dị oke egwu,  ma site na mbipụta ahụ, Barbara zutere Margaret Sloan, onye guzobere NBFO. N'ịbụ onye oku maka ịga nzukọ mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke NBFO na 1974, Smith sooro ụmụ nwanyị si n'ógbè Boston nwee mkparịta ụka iji guzobe isi NBFO nke Boston.

N'afọ 1975, ya na Beverly na Demita Frazier, onye na-eme ihe ike na Chicago, Smith guzobere isi nke Boston NBFO. N'ihi enweghị ntụziaka sitere na nzukọ mba ahụ, isi Boston nwere ọdịdị onwe ya, na-ekpebi dị ka otu iji lekwasị anya n'ịkwalite nghọta na nhazi nke nyeere ndị ogbenye na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Boston aka.

## Mgbalị

### Osimiri Combahee
N'ịbụ ndị enweghị nkwurịta okwu sitere na nzukọ mba ahụ, kamakwa na-aghọta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Boston dị oke egwu karịa nke NBFO, otu ahụ kpebiri ịpụ kpamkpam. A na-akpọ ya aha mgbe ọrụ agha gara nke ọma Harriet Tubman duziri n'oge Agha Obodo n'osimiri dị na South Carolina, Combahee River Collective gara ngwa ngwa dee akwụkwọ. The Combahee River Collective Statement  na-akọwa ebumnuche nke otu ahụ, mana ọ na-akọwakwa ya dị ka otu ndị na-ahụ maka klas, na-ekwusi ike na ha nwere mmekọahụ. Ịmata ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị dị ka njirimara ziri ezi mere ka arụmụka dị n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii na nnukwu òtù ụmụ nwanyị sikwuo ike.

Dị ka òtù na-elekọta ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, mkpokọta ahụ kwusiri ike na njikọ nke agbụrụ, nwoke na nwanyị, heterosexist, na mmegbu klaasị na ndụ nke ndị America America na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ nwere agba. Dị ka òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'oge ahụ, Combahee kwuru na "ọtụtụ n'ime nchegbu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, site na iwe na ndị ikom ojii maka mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị na-alụ nwanyị ọcha, na esemokwu dị n'ime ahụ maka agba akpụkpọ anụ, ọdịdị ntutu, na ọdịdị ihu, na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegharị nke ndị ọcha na ndị inyom ojii ... na-awakpo akụkọ ifo nke Black matriarch na stereotypical inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na omenala ndị dị otú ahụ." "ikike ịmụ nwa, idina mmadụ n'ike, mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ, mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị, ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, nlekọta ahụike, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị ọcha."[2] A kpachapụrụ anya ahazi ya iji zere ndị isi na inye ndị òtù ikike nha anya; Smith zoro aka n'usoro a dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji hụ na nwanyị ojii dị ndụ "dị ka òtù na-enweghị isi."[3] Ndị òtù Combahee haziri ịlaghachi azụ iji kwurịta okwu n'ime Nkwupụta ahụ, ụzọ isi tinye Black Feminism n'ime echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na nsogbu dị egwu na obodo nke ha.[4]. Mana nzukọ a tụfuru n'ike ka mkparịta ụka gbasara mmasị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ọganihu mmụta mere ka ụfọdụ ndị otu kewapụ. N'ihi esemokwu onye isi na esemokwu ndị mmadụ, ndị otu Combahee jụrụ. Nzukọ ikpeazụ bụ na February 1980.[5]

### Tebụl kichin: Ụmụ nwanyị nke Color Press
Onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka akwụkwọ na edemede America, Smith gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ Bekee n'oge agụmakwụkwọ ya. Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ James Baldwin bụ Go Tell It on the Mountain masịrị ya, o kpebiri ịghọ onye edemede si mba ọzọ, mana n'ihi mmasị ya na mmegharị ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1960, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm maka ọmụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-anwa ịchọ ndị edemede nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, mana ọ nabatara eziokwu ahụ bụ na akwụkwọ edemede America anaghị agụnye ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na *Ms.* edemede na Alice Walker ga-akụzi ihe ọmụmụ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị edemede Africa-America, Smith debanyere aha ma kwe nkwa ịkụziri ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ọ bụla ọ kụziri. Ọ malitere ime nke a na Emerson College na 1973.

Smith bụ onye ndu n'ime akwụkwọ nta akụkọ Women's Press, bụ nke chọrọ ịmepụta netwọk nke akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara. Ọtụtụ ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na 1970 bụ ndị ọcha etiti ma nwee ndị na-ege ntị nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'etiti. Mgbe ya na enyi ya Audre Lorde gbasasịrị ndụmọdụ, Smith tọrọ ntọala Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press na 1980. N'adịghị ka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ kewapụrụ iche, Smith bu n'obi na ndị na-ege ntị Kitchen Table bụ ndị niile nwere agba, gụnyere ụmụ nwoke.[1][2]

N'ịbụ nke e guzobere na Boston, Kitchen Table kwagara New York na 1981. Na mmekorita ya na Lorde, Cherríe Moraga, Hattie Gossett, Susan L. Yung, June Jọdan, na Gloria Anzaldúa,  Smith bipụtara ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị a nabatara na ọmụmụ agbụrụ, ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, na mmemme ọmụmụ ndị isi ojii, dị ka *Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology*, This Bridge Called My Back, Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, na I Am Your Sister: Black Women Organizing Across Sexualities. Smith kwuru na ihe nketa Kitchen Table dị na mbipụta nke oge a, dịka ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ dị ka Walker na Toni Morrison abanyela na akwụkwọ edemede America, yana imetụta ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị iji tinye intersectionality dị ka oghere nyocha.

Smith gara n'ihu na-ede na iwepụta mkpokọta nke edemede ya, edemede na nyocha ya mgbe itinye aka ya na tebụl kichin kwụsịrị. Edere edemede ya "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism" (1977), nke e bipụtara na mbụ na magazin ọnọdụ, dị ka "nkwupụta doro anya nke mbụ nke nkatọ nwanyị ojii", [1] dị ka "dị mkpa", [2] na dị ka "mgbasa ala", [3] Smith ebipụtala nnukwu nchịkọta atọ na ụmụ nwanyị ojii: Ọnọdụ 5: The Black Women's Issue, na Lorraine 79); Ụmụnwaanyị niile na-acha ọcha, ndị ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, ma ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike: Ọmụmụ Mahadum Scott nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii (1982, nke ya, Black Press, Black Press, mbipụta nke abụọ; Black Women's; American Edition, Black Press: Black Women). Smith achịkọtala ihe odide ya dị iche iche na Eziokwu nke Na-adịghị Ajọrọ: Edemede na Race, Gender, na Freedom (1998).

### Ịbụ onye inyom
Barbara Smith enyewo aka dị ukwuu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị n'ịgbasa ókèala nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị iji tinye mkparịta ụka gbasara agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na klas. Smith bụ onye ọkà mmụta mbụ mepụtara okwu ahụ bụ " ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara", nke o ji kọwaa otu akụkụ nke njirimara, dị ka agbụrụ, okike, na mmekọahụ, si emepụta ụdị mmegbu pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Black. O kwuru na òtù ụmụ nwanyị ga-amata njirimara dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụmụ nwanyị a na-akparaghị ókè ka ha bụrụ ndị na-agụnye n'ezie. Smith katọrọ ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka ilegharakarị anya na mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpachara anya na-ewepu ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị agụnye ụmụ nwanyị niile ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị dịka "ịdị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị". Echiche Smith banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara tọrọ ntọala maka ndị ọkà mmụta mechara, gụnyere Kimberlé Crenshaw, bụ ndị mepụtara echiche nke "intersectionality," okwu nke nwetara nnukwu ewu ewu na mmata n'ime afọ 20 gara aga.

Na njikọ ya na ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, Smith mepụtara nkatọ Ụmụ nwanyị ojii. N'akwụkwọ ya "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism," Smith na-akọwa ọdịnala akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afro-descended na America, na-ekwusi ike na e leghaara ndị edemede nwanyị ojii anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mgbe a na-eleghara ha anya n'ụzọ doro anya, a na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị mma ma wepụ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ụmụ nwanyị pụtara. N'ihi na enweghi òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, e wepụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na akwụkwọ ndị Africa America ma wepụ nyocha nke mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ okike, nke pụtara na ọrụ niile akọwapụtara "ndị inyom" n'oge ahụ metụtara ya naanị na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Tinyere inye usoro echiche nke iji nyochaa akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, Smith bụkwa ma eleghị anya ike kachasị emetụta n'ịkwalite ndị edemede dị ka Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Amy Tan, na ndị edemede nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie site na "Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press".

Mmetụta Barbara Smith gbasaa na mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ dị iche iche, usoro nke gbanwere ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ iji dozie mkpa ụmụ nwanyị si agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche na ọkwa dị iche iche. Dị ka Becky Thompson si kọwaa na "Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism," Smith katọrọ njirimara ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya na ndị ọcha, ndị nọ n'etiti, nke na-elegharakarị mmegbu dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị a na-enweghị ego. Smith webatara echiche nke "otu oge nke mmegbu," na-agba ndị inyom ume ịmata otu agbụrụ, ọkwa, na okike si emekọrịta ihe iji mepụta ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche.

Thompson na-ekwu na Smith so n'ime ndị isi na-akụzi ihe na-agbasawanye okwu ụmụ nwanyị site n'ịkwado ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke klas n'ịghọta mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị. Ọrụ Smith gosipụtara etu ọnọdụ akụ na ụba si jikọta agbụrụ na okike iji kpụzie ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha ọbara ọbara. Nnyocha a nyere aka na mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'oge 1970s na 1980s, na-agba ndị otu ahụ ume ka ha tụlee otu nchụpụ akụ na ụba si emetụta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. Site n'itinye nyocha klas dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii, Smith nyere aka mepụta usoro nke gosipụtara n'ụzọ ziri ezi ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-akpali òtù ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ụzọ zuru oke iji ghọta mmegbu.

Dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwanyị, ụzọ Smith si eme ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị gafere agbụrụ na okike n'ime mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta mbụ chọpụtara otu Black lesbian feminist nke akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kewara lesbianism na njirimara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime afọ ndị 1970, 1980, na afọ ndị 1990, Smith na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe omume ndị ruuru LGBT, mana enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe omume ahụ, nke ọ chere na ọ na-agba gburugburu otu okwu dịka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na "omenala ndị a ma ama". Kemgbe ahụ, Smith ahọrọla ọtụtụ okwu LGBT nke na-ekwu maka mmegbu ndị a na-achụpụkarị na ọha mmadụ na-eche ihu.

#### Nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ nsogbu ụwa
Barbara Smith gbasaa ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ya na nsogbu ụwa, ọkachasị mmetụta nke agha nuklia na obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. N'akwụkwọ edemede ya nke afọ 1983, "Fractious, Kicking, Messy, Free: Feminist Writers Confront the Nuclear Abyss," Smith kwuru na esemokwu nuklia ga-emetụta ndị otu na-adịghị ike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihi enweghị nhata. Ọ kwadoro nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị nke na-ekwu maka egwu nuklia site n'echiche intersectional, na-ejikọta ya na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọdịiche akụ na ụba, na ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị.

Ụzọ Smith si eme ihe kwusiri ike ime ihe n'ofe òtù ikpe ziri ezi, na-ele nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji chee usoro ike zuru ụwa ọnụ ihu. Ọ gbara ndị edemede ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nabata ụdị "na-adịghị mma" na "na-enweghị isi" nke nabatara mgbagwoju anya, na-emesi ike mkpebi ya maka ezigbo olu ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzogide egwu ụwa.

## Ndụ e mesịrị
N'ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahazi obodo, a họpụtara Smith na Albany, New York Common Council (obodo kansụl) na 2005, na-anọchite anya Ward 4, ma họpụta ya ọzọ na 2009. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'oge a na David Kaczynski na New Yorkers for Alternatives to the Death Penalty na ngwọta ọhụrụ maka mpụ ime ihe ike.  N'oge oge abụọ ọ nọrọ na kansụl obodo Albany, Smith na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara mmepe ndị ntorobịa, mgbochi ime ihe ike, na ohere agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị ogbenye, ndị ka nta na ndị na-enweghị enyemaka.

### Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru

* She donated her papers to the Lesbian Herstory Archives in Brooklyn, New York, and gave oral histories of her life to Columbia University and Smith College. She appeared in Marlon Riggs's 1994 documentary *Black Is...Black Ain't* and the 2013 PBS and AOL documentary *Makers: Women Who Make America*. On February 2, 2017, she made a speech at Claiming Williams, "an annual event where the campus community comes together to discuss issues of race, gender, identity, religion and community". Claiming Williams is "moral courage day" at Williams College. Smith said that "taking the high ground, being honest, and deciding to do something that is objectively frightening" are key components of moral courage.
* Smith was a Fellow at Radcliffe College's Bunting Institute in 1996 and received a 1994 Stonewall Award for her activism. She received the Church Women United's Human Rights Award in 2000 and was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.
* In 2014, SUNY Press published ''Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around: Forty Years of Movement Building with Barbara Smith'', a reflective conversation through four decades of activism. Editors Alethia Jones and Virginia Eubanks worked with Smith to explore her life from her childhood to her recent work as an elected official. By combining hard-to-find historical documents with new unpublished interviews with fellow activists and scholars, the book uncovers the deep roots of today's “identity politics” and “intersectionality” and serves as a primer for practicing solidarity and resistance. It has a foreword by Robin D. G. Kelley.
* On November 14, 2015, the Albany Public Library Foundation awarded Smith the title "LITERARY LEGEND", along with Albany native Gregory Maguire (author of *Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West*).
* Smith is an activist against Islamophobia. She established a website, "Stop Islamophobia", to demonstrate support for immigrants and refugees. She created a "United States of All" decal and coordinated marches in November and December 2016.
* Season 6, episode 3 of the podcast *Making Gay History*, released in 2019, was about Smith.
* In February 2020, Smith endorsed Bernie Sanders for president in the Democratic Party primaries.
* In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, *Queerty* named her among the 50 heroes “leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people”.

### Onyinye na mmata

* African American Policy Forum Harriet Tubman Lifetime Achievement Award (2017) 
* Lambda Literary Award: Publishing Professional Award 
* Alumnae Association of Mount Holyoke College Achievement Award 
* Onyinye Sesquicentennial nke Mount Holyoke College Alumnae Association 
* Ntinye aha maka Nobel Peace Prize (2005) 
* Fellow na Bunting Institute nke Radcliffe College 
* Onye ọkà mmụta bi na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (1995-1996) 
* Onyinye Ikike Ụmụ nwanyị nke Church United (2000) 
* Ihe nrite Stonewall maka Ọrụ nye ndị inyom na ndị nwoke idina nwoke (1994) 
* Ihe nrite David R Kessler maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke: CLAGS: The Center for LGBTQ Studies (1994) 

### Smith Care Circle
Dị ka mmadụ etinyela aka na "ndụ ọrụ na ọgụ",  Smith enweghị ike ịnweta ego ezumike nká ọdịnala. N'ịgbaso nlekọta nke ndị Black feminist ethos, e nwere Caring Circle Archived November 1, 2020, na Wayback Machine nke na-akwado Smith na ọrụ ya. Enwere ike inye onyinye kwa ọnwa.

## Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

* Betel, Lorraine, na Barbara Smith (ed.). Ọnọdụ: Ise, The Black Women's Issue 2, No. 2 (Autumn 1979).
* Bulkin, Elly, Minnie Bruce Pratt, na Barbara Smith. Gị n'ọgụ: Echiche atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na Anti-Semitism na Racism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Firebrand Books, 1984, 1988.
* Hull, Gloria T., Patricia Bell Scott, na Barbara Smith (ed.). *Ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ ndị ọcha, ndị isi ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, mana ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike: Black Women's Studies.* New York: The Feminist Press na The City University of New York, 1982.
* Jones, Alethia na Virginia Eubanks, ndị nchịkọta akụkọ. Mụ na Barbara Smith. Ain't Gonna Hapes Nobody Turn Me Around: Forty Years of Movement Building na Barbara Smith. Okwu mmalite nke Robin D. G. Kelley. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Mankiller, Wilma, Gwendolyn Mink, Marysa Navarro, Barbara Smith, na Gloria Steinem (ed.). Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị US. Boston na New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998.
* Moraga, Cherrie na Smith, Barbara. "Lesbian Literature: A Third World Feminist Perspective" na Margaret Cruikshank, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Lesbian Studies: Present and Future. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1982
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Toward A Black Feminist Literary Criticism". Ọnọdụ. 1 (2): 25–44. E bipụtaghachiri ya, "Towards a Black Feminist Criticism". Onye nkuzi siri ike. 7: 20–27. 1978.
* Smith, Barbara, na Beverly Smith. "N'ofe Tebụl Kitchen: Nkwurịta Okwu Nwanyị na Nwanne Nwanyị. " Na Cherríe Moraga na Gloria Anzaldúa (ed), Àkwà Mmiri a kpọrọ M Nkwurọ: Ihe odide nke Radical Women of Color. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, 1981
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ""Feisty Characters" na 'Other People's Causes": Memories of White Racism and U.S. Feminism. "N'ime Rachel Blau DuPlessis na Ann Snitow, eds, The Feminist Memoir Project: Voices from Women's Liberation. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology*. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ihe odide banyere agbụrụ, okike, na nnwere onwe: Eziokwu nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ.* New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ebee ka nnwere onwe nwoke na nwanyị gafere? Ajụjụ ọnụ na Barbara Smith. " Na Amy Gluckman na Betsy Reed (eds), *Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, na Lesbian na Gay Life*. New York na London: Routledge, 1997.

* Ụmụ nwanyị ojii
* Ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị
* Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị
* Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu
* Osimiri Combahee
* Tebụl kichin: Ụmụ nwanyị nke Color Press
* Intersectionality
* Ndekọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
* Demita Frazier

## Ihe edeturu

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ajụjụ ọnụ: Na Black America; Ms. Barbara Smith, February 1, 1999, KUT, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress).
* Dianca London Potts, "Barbara Smith Ka bụ Otu n'ime Olu Kasị Mkpa nke Feminism", *Shondaland*, February 15, 2018.
* Roxane Gay, "Hear to Slay: Political Heartbreakers", ajụjụ ọnụ podcast, Luminary, October 27, 2020.
* "Barbara Smith and Kitchen Table Women of Color Press" nke onye na-ede uri Terri L. Jewell, ''Hot Wire: The Journal of Women's Music and Culture'' (May 1990) , peeji nke 20-22, 58.
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations