Paul McCartney

James Paul McCartney CH MBE (amụrụ 18 June 1942) bụ onye na-agụ Bekee, onye na-ede abụ na onye na-egwu egwu  onye nwetara ama ama n'ụwa niile na Beatles, onye ọ na-akpọ bass guitar ma soro John Lennon kerịta ihe odide mbụ na isi olu.  Otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwú na ndị na-eme ihe na-aga nke ọma n'oge niile, McCartney maara maka ụzọ egwu ya na-egwu bass, ụdị ụda olu dị iche iche na nke dịgasị iche iche, na eclecticism egwu, na-enyocha ụdị sitere na pre-rock na mpịakọta pop ruo oge gboo, ballads,  na electronica.  Mmekọrịta agụ abụ ya na Lennon ka bụ nke kacha aga nke ọma na akụkọ ntolite.[1]

Amụbụrụ na Liverpool, McCartney gbaa onwe ya piano, guitar, na ide abụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ebe nna ya, onye na-egwu jazz, na ndị na-egwu rock na dị ka Little Richard na Buddy Holly na-  emetụta ya.  Ọ akụkọ ọrụ ya mgbe ọ sonyeere Lennon's skiffle group, ndị Quarrymen, na 1957, nke ikpeazụ Beatles na 1960. Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ "Beatle mara mma", McCartney mechara mikpuo onwe ya na ihe nkiri avant-garde nke London wee  ọrụ dị mkpa n'itinye ihe omume mma mmetụta n'ime ihe nkiri Beatles.  Malite na album 1967 Sgt.  Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, o ji ahụ na- salad onye ndú nke mkpọ, na-enye ume okike maka ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ha na ihe nkiri.  Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu Beatles ya, egwu "Ahụrụkwa m ya n'anya", " ọhụnya ", " Eleanor Rigby ", na " Blackbird ", bụ otu n'ime egwu ekpuchiri na mberede ntolite.  [1] [2] Ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ onye bassist na Beatles, ọ na-akpọ ngwa ndị ọzọ, ịkpọ kiiboodu, guitar, na drum, na egwu dị iche iche.

Mgbe Beatles dị, ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na album McCartney nke 1970 wee gaa n'ihu guzobe band Wings ya na ozi mbụ ya, Linda, na Denny Laine .  N'okpuru nduzi McCartney, Wings ize otu n'ime ndị otu egwuregwu kacha aga nke ọma na 1970s.  O dere ma ọ bụ dekoo ọnụ ọgụgụ US ma ọ bụ UK ha-otu hits, dị ka " My Love ", " Band on the Run ", " Gee ntĩ n'ihe Nwoke kwuru ," " Slly Love Songs ", na  "Mull nke Kintyre".  .  Ọ daalụ ọrụ solo ya na 1980 ma na-eme njem dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri 1989. E arọ Wings, UK ma ọ bụ US nọmba-otu hits " Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey " (ya na Linda), " Na  - nipa nipa ", " Pip of Peace ", " Ebony na Ivory " (ya na Stevie Wonder), na" Kwuo Kwuo sị " (ya na Michael Jackson).  E wezụga egwu, o tinyela aka n'akwa kwalite ọrụ ebere mba ụwa, ikike ụmụ anụmanụ, ntakiri akara, ogbunigwe, anụ eri anụ, ndị ogbenye, na igwe egwu .

Njikọ McCartney na 18 June 1942 na Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Walton na mpaghara Walton nke Liverpool, ebe nne ya, Mary Patricia (née Mohin), ruru eru ọrụ dịka.  Nne na nna abụọ sitere na Irish.  [8] McCartney nwere nwanne nke nkata, Peter Michael, na onye nnochite anya nke obere, Ruth, nke mkparịta ụka nke abụọ nna ya, Angie, n'oge ọkọ na mbụ mbụ ya.  [1] Paul na Michael e mere baputizim n'okpukpe ikpe nne ha, n'agbanyeghị na nna ha bụbu onye Protestant nke ikpe onye na-akpa na Chineke .  E mesighị ike ike n'ụdị.

Dị ka onye na-ede ndị ndụ ya bụ Peter Ames Carlin si kwuo, nne na nna McCartney sitere na "ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ ala" [1] mana ha enwetala ụfọdụ nsogbu nsogbu na eze n'oge ndụ ha.  Tupu agha ahụ, Jim na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere akara maka ndị na-ere aha owu A. Hannay na Co., ebe e buliri ya n'ahụ dị ka nwa nwoke na-ama nkwakọba ihe;  mgbe agha ahụ dara, e mechiri Hannay, ma were Jim n'Ọrịra dị ka onye na- መሪ lathe na Napier 's Defence engineering ọrụ, na-ahụ onwe ya maka ndị na-agba ọkụ n'azụ.  [2] Ezin na-eto eto ka ewe n'otu ụlọ dị na Knowsley na 1944 wee bụrụ na ụlọ kansụl na Speke na 1946. Mgbe agha ahụ mma, Jim la mfe n'onye ya na ndị na-ere owu na-  akpata obere ego.  Ụbọchị Mary dị ka onye na-eleta onye na- eleta ọbịa bụ ihe na-enyekwu ego.  [1]

### 1960–1970: The Beatles
 

Na 1961, Sutcliffe hapụrụ ìgwè ahụ, McCartney ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ bass ha. A na-arụrịta ụka ma o mere nke a n'ala azụ ma ọ bụ na-achọsi ọrụ ike.   Mgbe ha nọ na Hamburg, ha dekọtara nke ọma na nke mbụ ma bụrụ ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị ka Beat Brothers, bụ ndị na-akwado ndị egwu Bekee Tony Sheridan na otu " My Bonnie ". [36] Nke a mere ka nlebara anya site na Brian Epstein, bụ onye bụ isi na mmepe na ọganihu ha na-esote. Ọ ghọrọ onye njikwa ha na Jenụwarị 1962. [37] Ringo Starr nọchiri anya Best n'August, ndị otu ahụ nwere egwu izizi ha, " Love Me Do ", na Ọktoba, ghọrọ ewu ewu na UK na 1963, na US otu afọ ka e mesịrị. . A maara hysteria fan dị ka " Beatlemania ", na mgbe ụfọdụ ndị nta akụkọ na-ezo aka McCartney dị ka "Beatle mara mma".  [nb 2] McCartney dekọrọ (ya na Lennon) ọtụtụ n'ime ihe egwu mbụ ha, gụnyere " Ahụrụ m ya ka ọ guzo ", " Ọ hụrụ gị n'anya ", " Achọrọ m ijide gị " (1963) na " nwere ike " 'Zụrụ m ịhụnanya ' (1964). 

Na 1966, ndị Beatles wepụtara album *Revolver* . N'igosi egwu egwu dị ọkaibe, nnwale ụlọ ihe nkiri, na ụdị egwu gbasaara site na nhazi ụdọ ọhụrụ ruo na nkume mmụọ, ọba ahụ nwere akara ọwụli elu nka maka Beatles. [48] Nke mbụ n'ime akụkụ atọ McCartney A- n'usoro, otu " Onye na-ede akwụkwọ edemede " bu ụzọ ahapụ LP.  The Beatles wepụtara obere ihe nkiri nkwado maka egwu ahụ, yana ọzọ maka akụkụ B ya, " Rain ". Ihe nkiri a, nke Harrison kọwara dị ka "onye bu ụzọ vidiyo ", ewepụtara na *The Ed Sullivan Show* na *Top of the Pops* na June 1966.  *Revolver* tinyekwara McCartney's " Eleanor Rigby ", nke gosipụtara eriri octet . Dị ka Gould si kwuo, abụ ahụ bụ "njegharị neoclassical de force ... ezi ngwakọ, na-agbaso ụdị egwu ọ bụla a na-apụghị ịmata ma ọ bụ ụdị egwu".  Ewezuga ụfọdụ ụda olu nkwado, egwu ahụ gụnyere naanị ụda olu McCartney na eriri nke onye mmepụta George Martin haziri. [52] [nb 3]

Achọghị m n'ezie ịnọgide na-aga dị ka onye na-ese ihe&nbsp;... ya mere ọ bịara doo anya na m ga-enweta otu ìgwè&nbsp;. . . Mụ na Linda kparịtara ya ma ọ dị ka, "Ee, mana ka anyị ghara ikpokọta otu supergroup, ka anyị laghachi azụ na square."  - McCartney
Ka Beatles na-agbasa na 1969-70, McCartney dara n'ime ịda mbà n'obi. Nwunye ya nyeere ya aka ịpụ n'ọnọdụ ahụ site n'ịja ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwú na ime ka ọ nọgide na-ede na idekọ. N'ịsọpụrụ ya, o dere " Ma eleghị anya ọ tụrụ m n'anya ", na-akọwa na na Beatles na-agbaji, "nke ahụ bụ mmetụta m: Ma eleghị anya, ọ tụrụ m n'anya na ihe na-eme. . . O nwere ike ịbụ na abụ m nwoke ma eleghị anya ị bụ naanị nwanyị nwere ike inyere m aka; Baby ị gaghị enyere m aka ịghọta. . . Ma eleghị anya, ọ tụrụ m n’anya otú i si dọpụta m n’oge, kpọgidere m n’ahịrị, ma eleghị anya, ọ tụrụ m n’anya otú m chọrọ gị n’ezie. Ọ gbakwụnyere na "abụ ịhụnanya ọ bụla m na-ede bụ maka Linda."  

Na 1970, McCartney gara n'ihu n'ọrụ egwu ya na mwepụta solo mbụ ya, *McCartney*, album nke US. Ewezuga ụfọdụ onyinye olu sitere na Linda, *McCartney* bụ ọba otu nwoke, McCartney na-enye ihe egwu, ngwa na olu.  [nb 8] Na 1971, ya na Linda na onye na-egwu egwu Denny Seiwell rụkọrọ ọrụ na album nke abụọ, *Ram* . Nọmba UK nke mbụ na onye isi US ise, *Ram* gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ US edekọtara ọnụ-otu kụrụ otu " Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey ".  Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, onye bụbu onye egwu Moody Blues Denny Laine sonyeere McCartneys na Seiwell iji guzobe otu Wings . McCartney nwere nke a ikwu banyere nguzobe otu ahụ: "Wings bụ mgbe niile echiche siri ike&nbsp;... otu ọ bụla na-agbaso ihe ịga nke ọma [Beatles'] ga-enwe ọrụ siri ike&nbsp;. . . Achọpụtara m onwe m n'ọnọdụ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ nhọrọ n'etiti ịga n'ihu ma ọ bụ imecha, na m hụrụ egwú n'anya nke ukwuu iche echiche ịkwụsị." [88] [nb 9] Na Septemba 1971, a mụrụ ada McCartney Stella, aha ya bụ nsọpụrụ nke nne nne Linda. Aha ha abụọ bụ Stella 

N'ịgbaso mgbakwunye nke onye egwu egwu Henry McCullough, njem egwu mbụ Wings malitere na 1972 site na arụmọrụ mpụta mbụ n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị narị asaa na Mahadum Nottingham . Iri ọzọ gigs sochiri ka ha na-aga gafee UK na a van n'oge unannounced tour nke mahadum, n'oge nke gbalaga nọrọ na obi umeala ulo na natara ụgwọ na coinage anakọtara n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ, mgbe na-ezere Beatles songs n'oge ha arụmọrụ.  McCartney mechara kwuo, sị, "Isi ihe m na-achọghị bụ ịbịa na ogbo, na-eche ahụhụ niile nke ahịrị ise nke ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nwere obere mpempe akwụkwọ ihu, ha niile na-ele m anya na-asị, 'Ehee, ọ dịghị mma. dị ka ọ dị.' N’ihi ya, anyị kpebiri ịga njem mahadum ahụ nke mere ka ahụ́ gharazie ịma m ahụ́&nbsp;... na njedebe nke njem ahụ, ọ dị m ka m dị njikere maka ihe ọzọ, n'ihi ya, anyị gara Europe." [92] N'ime izu asaa, 25-show Wings Over Europe Tour, ìgwè ahụ na-egwuri egwu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nanị Wings na McCartney solo material. : ihe mkpuchi Little Richard " Long Tall Sally " bụ naanị egwu Beatles dekọrọ na mbụ. McCartney chọrọ ka njem ahụ zere nnukwu ebe; Ọtụtụ n'ime obere ụlọ nzukọ ndị ha na-egwuri egwu nwere ikike nke ihe na-erughị mmadụ 3,000. [93]John dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ&nbsp;... mgbe ọ bụla n'ime m&nbsp;... na mkpụrụ obi m, n'ihi ya, m mgbe niile na-eche banyere ya.  - McCartney, *Guitar World*, Jenụwarị 2000
; ọ zara: "Ọ bụ idọkpụrụ". Ndị nta akụkọ katọrọ ya ngwa ngwa maka ihe yiri nzaghachi elu. [436] O mechara kọwaa, "Mgbe e gburu John, mmadụ rapaara m igwe okwu wee sị: 'Gịnị ka ị chere gbasara ya?' Asịrị m, 'Ọ bụ dra-a-ag' wee pụta ya na anụ ọhịa ọ bụla m nwere ike ịmalite. Mgbe ị tinyere nke ahụ na mbipụta ọ na-ekwu, 'McCartney na London taa mgbe a jụrụ ya maka ikwu okwu banyere enyi ya nwụrụ anwụ kwuru, "Ọ bụ ịdọrọ". Ọ dị ka okwu na-adịghị mma ikwu." [436] Ọ kọwara mgbanwe mbụ ya na Ono mgbe e gbuchara ya, na mkparịta ụka ikpeazụ ya na Lennon:

N'ịtụle mmekọrịta ya na McCartney, Harrison kwuru, sị: "Paul na-enyere aka mgbe ọ bụla ị ga-eme abụ iri ya - mgbe ahụ mgbe ọ nwetara 'gburugburu ime otu n'ime abụ m, ọ ga-enyere aka. Ọ bụ nzuzu. Ọ bụ nnọọ ịchọ ọdịmma onwe onye nanị, n'ezie&nbsp;. . . Otú ọ dị, enwere ọtụtụ egwu ebe m na-akpọ bass&nbsp;... n'ihi na ihe Pọl ga-eme-ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ede a song, ọ ga-amụta akụkụ nile nke Paul wee na-abịa na studio na-ekwu (mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-esi nnọọ ike): 'Mee nke a'. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-enye gị ohere iji ihe pụta." 

N'oge nnọkọ ndekọ maka *The Beatles* na 1968, ha abụọ batara na arụmụka maka nkatọ McCartney banyere akụkụ drum Starr maka "Back in the USSR", nke nyere aka na Starr na-ahapụ obere oge.  Starr mechara kwuo na ya na McCartney na-arụkọ ọrụ: "Paul bụ onye ọkpụkpọ bass kasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Ma o kpebisiri ike&nbsp;... [iji] nweta ụzọ nke ya&nbsp;... [ya mere] esemokwu egwu na-ebilite site n'oge ruo n'oge." [446] .
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