open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kalayaan (onyinye)

**Kalayaan** bụ ọrụ ebere United Kingdom (UK) na-arụ ọrụ yana ịkwado ndị ọrụ ụlọ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na UK. Okwu 'kalayaan' pụtara 'nnwere onwe' na Tagalog, ebe ihe karịrị 200,000 Filipinos na-arụ ọrụ na UK dị ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ. 

Kalayaan meriri 2006 Center for Social Justice Awards

Na 28 June 2008, e mere nzọụkwụ dị mkpa n'ihu maka ikike nke otu ndị ọrụ a na-adịghị ike. Na nzaghachi na nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ụlọ na-akwaga mba ọzọ n'onwe ha, Kalayaan, òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na ndị otu, gọọmentị UK kwadoro na-aga n'ihu na nchebe nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na UK ma wepụrụ atụmatụ ya iwepụ visa onye ọrụ ụlọ na ya na ọtụtụ. nke ikike nke otu ndị ọrụ a. http://www.kalayaan.org.uk/

## Njikọ mpụga

* Webụsaịtị Kalyaan
* Akụkọ ruru unyi na akụkọ BBC
* Ndị ohu chọrọ ka iwu UK gbanwee Akụkọ na BBC News
* Ekwensu bụ nkọwa zuru ezu Akwụkwọ nke Dr Bridget Anderson, Dept Sociology, Mahadum Warwick
* Ojiji nke ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ bụ ọmụmụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ nyere

## Edensibia
Kılbasan

**Kılbasan** bụ obodo dị na Karaman District, Karaman Province, Turkey .  Onu ogugu ya bu 1,571 (2022).  Tupu nhazigharị 2013, ọ bụ obodo ( *belde* ). 

## Geography
Kılbasan dị n'ebe ugwu Karaman na ụzọ awara awara na-aga Karaman bụ 17 km (11 mi) . Obodo a dị na mbara ala nke nwere elu 1,010 m (3,310 ft) . Ugwu mgbawa ọkụ Karadağ (2271 m.) dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo ahụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'oge Alaeze Ukwu Byzantium, isi obodo bụ na *Karışmaa Birindi*, obodo oge ochie nke dị na tumulus kilomita ole na ole n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kılbasan. Kılbasan na gburugburu bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Seljuk na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 11. Mgbe Mongol chịchara, mpaghara ahụ ghọrọ akụkụ nke Karamanid beylik (isi obodo). Na 1467, etinyere mpaghara ahụ n'ime Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman na-arị elu. Onye mbụ biri n'obodo ahụ nwere ike ịbụ onye Turkmen nomad si n'ebe ugwu (mpaghara Kastamonu ) onye akwụkwọ ikike ya ka dị na nnukwu ụlọ alakụba nke Kılbasan. Na 1967, Kılbasan mara ọkwa obodo. 

## Akụ na ụba
Dị ka ọtụtụ obodo Central Anatolian ndị ọzọ, ọrụ bụ isi bụ ọrụ ugbo . Ihe ọkụkụ a na-akpọkarị bụ ọka wit. Ịzụ anụmanụ bụ ọrụ akụ na ụba ọzọ. N’ezie, aha obodo ahụ bụ akpa akpụkpọ e ji emepụta cheese. Malite na 1970s, ọtụtụ ndị bi na Kılbasan kwagara West Europe (karịsịa Netherlands ) ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ mmepụta ihe ( *Gastarbeider* ). Ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị de jure nke obodo ahụ karịrị ọnụ ọgụgụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ibe mbụ
Usoro nkwado ndị ọrụ mba ọzọ nke Kuwait

**Sistemụ nkwado ndị ọrụ mba ofesi Kuwait** nyere iwu na ndị si mba ọzọ ga-akwadorịrị site n'aka onye were ọrụ n'ime obodo iji nweta ikike ọrụ . N'August 2008, MP Abdullah Al-Roumi kwupụtara na ya ga-edepụta iwu iji kpochapụ usoro nkwado "kafeel" nke ndị ọrụ si mba ofesi Kuwait: "Gọọmentị kwesịrị ịbụ naanị kafeel ... Anyị nwere ọtụtụ ndị bachelor bi na Kuwait na onye na-arụ ọrụ na mba ọzọ. Ọtụtụ mpụ na-akpata n'ihi okwu 'ịzụ ahịa na mmadụ' nke na-emerụ aha Kuwait. "  

E wepụrụ atụmatụ ịgbanwe usoro a na 2011. 

## Edensibia
Frank Smith (onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain)

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Frank Smith na ngwụsị 1900s
Francis Samuel Smith (1854 – 26 Disemba 1940) bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ Britain na onye agha ndị Christian socialist, onye gbara ọtụtụ mbụ aka tupu emechaa merie oche ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 70 ya.

Amụrụ na Chelsea, [1] Smith akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ [2] wee gbaa ụlọ ọrụ akwa na Sloane Street .  [1] Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Chelsea Mission, na site na nke ahụ sonyeere Salvation Army n'oge mbụ ya.  N'afọ 1884, ọ kwagara United States iji ikike otu ndọrọ ndọrọ n'etiti ndị Salvationist ebe ahụ, wee pụta na UK dịka onye ndu mbụ nke Social Wing of the Salvation Army.  Na njem njem na America akwụkwọ akụkọ Henry George, Ọganihu na Ịda ogbenye nke webatara ya echiche Georgist.  Na 1890, o so William Booth dekọrọ na England njọ na ụzọ ikpe .  Otú ọ dị, ọ rụpụtara ahụ mgbe e gosiri n'afọ, iji tinye onwe ya n'ahụ na-arụ ọrụ, [2] na-eme ka ndị ọrụ agha na ndị ọrụ na-eti mkpu, akwụkwọ nke o deziri  site na afọ.  Na 1892, ọ pastọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Weekly Dispatch, [1] na-ejide ọkwa afọ atọ.

Smith guzoro ihe ịga nke ọma na Hammersmith na 1892 nhoputa ndi ochichi, [1] ma a hoputara ya na London County Council, na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ahụ ruo 1913. [2] Ọ ọrụ onye sere Independent Labor Party (  ILP), ma ọ bụrụ onye ngwaọrụ ndị mbụ ya, na mbụ nke Sheffield Attercliffe 1894 .  [1] Otu ezigbo enyi nke onye ndu ya, Keir Hardie, o ikike ụfọdụ na akwụkwọ radical iji nyere aka na mweghachi nke Onye isi ndị ọrụ .  [3] Smith guzokwara na Glasgow Tradeston na 1895 nhoputa ndi ochichi, [1] ka ọ dị ugbu a na-etinye onwe ya na ime ohere na Òtù Ụmụnna, na-ekwusi ike na, maka ya, socialism kpamkpam na-ekwe.  [2] Mgbe inwe aka ahụ ọkpụkpọ, ọ gara njem nlegharị anya na United States na Hardie.  N'afọ 1901, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche kansụl ya wee sonye na Salvation Army, mana ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-elekọta mmadụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, telivishọn nke National Right to Work Council na 1908 

ILP bụ ntọala ntọala nke Labour Party, Smith guzoro n'okpuru akara a n'ibulite aka: mbụ aka nke 1909 Taunton, mbụ aka nke Croydon 1909, na Chatham na Disemba 1910, Balham na Tooting na 1918, Birmingham West na 1922 na  1923, na Nuneaton na 1924.  [1] O mechara merie Nuneaton na mbụ aka izugbe nke 1929, mbọ ya nke iri na abụọ mgbaàmà n'omeiwu.  [2] N'agbanyeghị na ọ dịịrị afọ 74, [3] ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nke George Lansbury site na Ọktoba 1930, [1] mana ọ tụfuru oche ya na mbụ aka izugbe 1931   

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Francis Smith

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Henry Map

Henry Mapp bụ onye ozi Britain na onye ọrụ ọrụ nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi nke anọ nke ndị ọrụ nke The Salvation Army

## Ọrụ
Ndị Salvation Army nyere Mapp ọrụ na 1888 wee jee ozi na British India na Ceylon tupu ebuga ya na London.  Ọ dị n'azụ na Great Britain, Canada, South America, na Japan.  [1] General Bramwell Booth Ọnọdụ Map na Rọshịa ka o guzobe ngalaba nke Salvation Army.  Otú ọ dị, ndị ndú Kọmunist manyere òtù ahụ ịpụ mgbe Bolshevik nchebe   

Na 1929, mgbe ọ na-eje ozi onye isi mba ụwa nke ihe ahụ, o sonye na Council High Council nke The Salvation Army nke mbụ, bụ nke mere atụmatụ aka nke ọma iji General Bramwell Booth na-arịa ọrịa siri ike n'  obere.  [1] Mgbe ịpụta Bramwell Booths n'ọkwa, Mapp, onye isi ndị ọrụ nke The Salvation Army n'okpuru General Edward Higgins .  Na ezumike nka Higgins na 1934, Mapp eduzichite ya dị ka onye isi.  [2] mmụta, ndị otu High Council àmà Evangeline Booth n'ọkwa ahụ.  [3] Na 1937, Evangeline Booth wepụrụ Mapp dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ mgbe ọ dara ọrịa siri ike ma kwupụta ezumike.  [4] Ọ boro ya ebubo dị iche iche iche àgwà arụ nke a na-iche n'ihu ọha  

Mapp, agbanyeghị chọrọ, n'okpuru iwu ndị agha, a ga-anụ n'ihu otu panel. Ndị otu ndị ọrụ ise ahụ kwadoro mkpebi Booth iji wepụ Mapp dịka onye isi ndị ọrụ wee chọpụta na ọ mara ebubo nzuzo.  Asịrị na-agbasa na Mapp tinyere aka na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, nke o kwuputara na ọ ga-agba akwụkwọ maka ịkpọtọ agwa.  Mapp kwuru na a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ dịka onye isi ndị ọrụ n'ihi arịrịọ ọ rịọrọ onye isi ala ka ọ laa ezumike nka n'ihi ọrịa. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Media related to Henry Mapp at Wikimedia Commons
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Njikọ nke Ndị Ọrụ Na-akwaga Ịtali

**Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Na-akweaga Itali** ( Italian   ), bụ nzukọ nke ndị Italy kwabataa na West Germany . FILE nwere mmekọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na PC (ml) I. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta ya na KPD eweghachi na Njikọ Komunist nke West Germany ( *Kommunistischer Bund Westdeutschland* ; KBW). Nchekwa steeti West German mere atụmatụ na ndị otu FILE bụ mmadụ 1200. E mebiri FILE na 1974.
Ọmụmụ ihe

Pomology (nke sitere na Latịn , "mkpụrụ osisi", + , "ọmụmụ") bụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ na-amụ mkpụrụ osisi na ihé okụkụ ha. Onye na-eme nchọpụta ma na-eme sayensị  pomology ka a na- akpọ pomologist. A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ fruticulture ( nke sitere na Latịn , "mkpụrụ osisi", + , "nlekọta") iji kọwaa ọrụ ugbo nke ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi.

Nnyocha nke Pomology na-elekwasị anya na mmepe, nkwalite, ịzụlite, na ọmụmụ nke Osisi mkpụrụ osisi. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke imeziwanye osisi mkpụrụ osisi gụnyere imeziwanye ogo mkpụrụ osisi, ịchịkwa oge mmepụta, na ibelata mmepụta mmefu.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme

### Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa
Na Mesopotemia oge ochie, Ndị Sumerian na-eme pomology, ndị a maara na ha na-akụ ụdị mkpụrụ osisi dị iche iche, gụnyere ụbọchị, mkpụrụ vaịn, apụl, melons, na fig. Ọ bụ ezie na mkpụrụ osisi mbụ ndị Ijipt kụrụ nwere ike ịbụ nke ụmụ amaala, dị ka ụbọchị nkwụ na sorghum, a na-ewebata mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ ka a na-etinye mmetụta ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ. A chọtara Mkpụrụ vaịn na mmiri melon n'ebe niile ndị Ijipt, dị ka fig sycamore, nkwụ dom, na Ogwu Kraịst. E webatara ndị Ijipt carob, olive, apụl, na pomegranate n'oge Alaeze Ọhụrụ. Ka e mesịrị, n'oge Oge ndị Gris na ndị Rom, e webatara peaches na pears.

### Europe
Ndị Gris na ndị Rom oge ochie nwekwara ọdịnala dị mma nke pomology, ha na-akụkwa mkpụrụ osisi dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere apụlapụl class="cx-link" data-linkid="50" href="./Pear" id="mwQA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pear">pears, fig, mkpụrụ vaịn, quinces, citron, strawberries, blackberries, elderberries, currents, damson plums, dates, melons, rose úkwù, na pomegranates. Mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ Azeroles na medlars ndị ọzọ. Cherries na apricot, ha abụọ webatara na narị afọ nke mbụ BC, bụ ndị a ma ama. E webatara peaches na narị afọ nke mbụ AD site na Peasia. A maara Oroma na lemons ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ọgwụ karịa maka isi nri. A maara ndị Rom, karịsịa, maka usoro ha dị elu nke ịzụlite na ichekwa mkpụrụ osisi, ha mepụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ụzọ ndị a ka na-eji eme ihe na pomology nke oge a.

### United States

## Ebenside

Òtù:Mkpuru osisi
Ray Steadman-Allen

Lieutenant Colonel (Dr) Ray Steadman-Allen (18 September 1922 - 15 December 2014) bụ onye Britain na-ede abụ choral na bras maka ndị agha agha na maka maka otu  

Njikọ ya na Salvation Army 'Nne's Hospital', Clapton, mgbe nne na nna ya Salvation Army Officer bi na Horfield mpaghara nke Bristol .  Mgbe nsogbu ha na London na 1937, ọhịa ọrụ na International Headquarters dị ka nwa ụlọ ọrụ nye General Evangeline Booth, ada nke The Salvation Army nchoputa.

Na 1942 ọ debanyere aha na Royal Navy .  Sir Granville Bantock nchacha ya maka diplọma egwu onye sere ya ka ọ tinye akwụkwọ maka ọrụ egwu mgbe agha ahụ ikike.  N'ihe omume ahụ, Bantock nwụrụ, na Ray Steadman-Allen sonyeere Ngalaba Editorial Music nke The Salvation Army.  N'ịgbaso obere oge agha gachara dị ka trombonist na The International Staff Band, ọ pịare nka omume ya wee bụrụ Bandmaster nke Tottenham Citadel Band.

Ọ nta onye isi ndị agha agha na 1949, na Harrow Corps.  , na na 1951 ọ ngosi Joyce Foster, bụ onye ghọworo onye ọrụ Salvation Army site na Hastings Citadel na 1949

Ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ya dị tupu oge ya, ruo n'ókè nke na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe na-anabata ndị na-ege ntī.  Onye nwe oke osimiri kere furore.  E nyere Chineke ihe okike ya kpam kpam ma ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ emee n'ịduzi egwu Salvation Army n'ime mpaghara a na-ede ihe, mgbe Ngalaba Egwu ] Mba [ n'okpuru iwu ya n'etiti 1967 na 1980

Ray Steadman-Allen na-ekere òkè dị ka Bandmaster na mmemme redio ama ama Sounding Brass nke Gloria Hunniford na Owen Spencer-Thomas ịgụ na Redio 2 na Radio London na 1970s.  O dere akwụkwọ Color and Texture in the Brass Band Score nke The Salvation Army akwụkwọ.  Nke mbụ ebụ na 1980, e bi isila olu a n'ihi na-aga n'ihu na-achọsi ike sitere n'aka ndị na-ede abụ, ndị na-hazi na ngalaba egwu mahadum.

E wezụga ihe karịrị 200 brass band nke The Salvation Army bipụtara, Ray Steadman-Allen dere ọtụtụ ọrụ choral nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke nhazi na nhazi n'ụdị odide, na-agwụkarị maka ndekọ ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi egwu pụrụ iche.

Nakwa na-emecha ya Doctorate na Music, Ray Steadman-Allen nwere ọtụtụ ozi, bụ President nke National College of Music, osote onye isi nke National Association of Brass Band Conductors na patron nke London Musicological Research Society.

Steadman-Allen gbakwara ume imepụta ihe ọhụrụ, ọkachasị ndị na-ede egwú brass.

N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Ray Steadman-Allen ghọrọ onye a ma ama dị ka 'RSA'.

Na 2003, Royal School of Church Music nyere ya ARSCM (Associate of the RSCM).  N'afọ 2005, The Salvation Army ihe RSA na-ekiri, Order nke Onye ahụmahụ 

N'afọ 2012, akwụkwọ Shield bipụtara otu akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ndụ ya na ọrụ ya n'okpuru aha 'History, Harmony and Humanity'.

Ray Steadman-Allen nwụrụ na 15 Disemba 2014 mgbe ọ dị afọ 92.  

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Steadman-Allen na SAWiki.net

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ndị ọrụ Palestine na Israel

**Ndị ọrụ Palestine na Israel** ( Hebrew ) bụ ụmụ amaala Palestine nke Palestine Authority bụ ndị ụmụ amaala Israel na-arụ ọrụ na steeti Israel na ebe ndị Israel na West Bank . Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nkà na ngalaba dịka ọrụ ugbo na ihe owuwu.

## Ikike ọrụ dị maka ndị ọrụ Palestine
Dị ka January 1, 2015 Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration report, e nwere 55,200 ọrụ na-raara onwe ya nye ndị ọrụ Palestine.  E kewara ikike ndị a na ngalaba:

Na 2022, a na-ebuli ọnụ ọgụgụ ikike ọrụ site na Gaza ruo 17,000 na atụmatụ ịkwalite ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ ruo 20,000.  Dị ka nke 2023, ndị Palestine 150,000 na-arụ ọrụ na Israel.  

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
 
Ozugbo agha ụbọchị isii gasịrị, ndị obodo Palestine dị na West Bank na Gaza Strip nwere nnukwu nsogbu akụ na ụba, n'ihi nkwụsị nke mba ahụ na-achị achị, Jordan na Egypt n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù, bụ ebe bụ isi na-ebupụ mbupụ ugbo na ụgwọ ọrụ maka ụgwọ ọrụ. ndị ọrụ obodo (dị ka ndị nkuzi na ndị odeakwụkwọ). Ngwa ngwa, nchịkwa Israel meghere ohere ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ịrịba ama maka obodo Palestine, nke malitere ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụ na ụba Israel, tumadi dị ka ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọrụ ugbo, ihe owuwu na ihicha. N'oge na-adịghị anya ndị ọrụ Palestine malitere dochie ndị Israel na-enweghị nkà sitere na ngalaba ndị a na-arụ ọrụ tupu 1967. Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrụ Palestine dị ala na mpaghara dị iche iche kpatara mbelata nkezi ụgwọ ọnwa na ngalaba ndị a yana mbelata nke nrụpụta ọrụ n'ihi oke ọrụ aka dị ọnụ ala. 

Na mbụ, ndị ọrụ Palestine na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, na kemgbe oge okpomọkụ nke 1968, na ikike ikike, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mụbaa (ọtụtụ puku tupu 1970, gburugburu 20,000 na 1970, 50,000 na 1972 na 75,000 na 1982). Dị ka atụmatụ si kwuo, otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ọrụ Palestine bụ ndị e were n'ọrụ na Israel n'oge ahụ. Tinyere ndị ọrụ ji akwụkwọ ikike, ọnụọgụ ndị ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị na-arụkwa ọrụ. A na-ekpughekarị ndị ọrụ Palestine na nrigbu ndị ọrụ ha n'ihi ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ dịnụ na ndị ọrụ iwu na-akwadoghị, yana n'ihi na ha bụ ndị ọrụ na-enweghị nka. 

Na 2011, Palestine Authority (PA) kwuru na ọ ga-eme ihe iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Palestine na-arụ ọrụ na Israel na n'ime obodo. Shaher Saad, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke otu ndị ọrụ Palestine kwuru na enweghị ike ịme ụdị ihe a n'ihi na PA anaghị enye ụzọ ọzọ. O kwuru na ndị ọrụ Palestine 35,000 na-arụ ọrụ n'ime Israel na n'ime obodo ndị na-enye akụ na ụba obodo na mmefu ego ijeri dollar 2 kwa afọ. 

Na 2013, *Haaretz* kọrọ na ndị Palestine 48,000 na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro na Israel na Israel, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu kemgbe ntiwapụ nke abụọ Intifada . Ọ na-ekwukwa na dịka nyocha siri dị, ihe ruru 30,000 rụrụ ọrụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na-enweghị ikike ọrụ. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Filipinz na Israel
* Ndị India nọ na Israel
* Ụmụ amaala Palestine nke Israel

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ọrụ Ụwa Nile

**Ụlọ ọrụ Global Labour Institute** ( **GLI Network Ltd** ) dị na UK, bụ akụkụ nke netwọk mba ụwa nke òtù ndị na-adịghị akwụ ụgwọ maka nzube nke ịkwalite ịdị n'otu mba n'etiti òtù azụmahịa na otu ndị mmekọ iji nweta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche na ụwa na-adịgide adịgide. ọha mmadụ. Isi ọrụ nke otu GLI bụ ịzụlite agụmakwụkwọ, iwulite ikike na nyocha banyere mmepe mmegharị ọrụ mba ụwa, amụma nwoke na nwanyị na ịhazi atụmatụ. Ụlọ ọrụ Global Labour Institute na-arụ ọrụ na òtù ndị otu mba ụwa, òtù ndị na-azụ ahịa mba, òtù ndị ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ na ndị NGO dị ka LabourStart, WIEGO na Oxfam,  na ọ na-ekwupụta nkwenye echiche maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ Global Labour mbụ na Geneva na 1997 ma bụrụ onye isi ya Dan Gallin, onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke International Union of Food, Agricultural, Hotel, Restaurant, Catering, Tobacco and Allied Workers' Association (IUF)   1]  bụ onye bipụtara ọtụtụ ebe na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnihu nke otu òtù azụmahịa mba ụwa.    E hiwere netwọk GLI mba ụwa ugbu a site na otu ise: GLI Geneva, GLI Manchester, GLI Paris, Praxis Center na Moscow, Russia, na Trade Unions for Energy Democracy initiative na New York. GLI Manchester na-ahazi GLI Network ugbu a.

## Ihe omume
Site na 2012-2016, Global Labor Institute (GLI) na-agba ọsọ International Summer School na Northern College, Barnsley, na-eme ka ndị otu ndị na-azụ ahịa si n'akụkụ ụwa dum kwurịta ihe bụ, na ihe kwesịrị ịbụ, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke òtù azụmahịa nke mba ụwa.  Ndị otu mba dị iche iche na UK na mba ofesi na otu ndị otu azụmaahịa mba ụwa kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ a. Ụlọ akwụkwọ okpomọkụ nke mba ụwa nke mbụ mere na July 2012, ma gụnye ndị sonyere 86 sitere na mba 26 dị iche iche.  Ụlọ ọrụ Global Labour Institute agbaala ụlọ akwụkwọ anọ na-esote na 2013, 2014 2015, na 2016.

Yana International Summer School, GLI na-enye ọtụtụ nkuzi na mmemme mmụta maka otu ndị ọrụ. Ndị a gụnyere ma nkuzi GLI na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ bespoke sitere na GLI site n'aka ndị otu. Ugbu a GLI na-amalite nkuzi dịka akụkụ nke mmemme mmụta mba maka ịdị n'otu .

GLI na-akwadokwa nhazi, nnọchite anya na ibi ndụ nke ndị ọrụ na akụ na ụba njem njem na-adịghị mma site na nyocha na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ, na-arụ ọrụ na mmekorita ya na International Transport Workers Federation (ITF) na otu ndị ọzọ dị iche iche.

GLI na-ewepụtakwa ngwaọrụ nyocha na mmụta iji gboo ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị, hụ na a na-anọchi anya olu na nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ma kwado mmepe mmemme ụmụ nwanyị n'ime otu ndị ọrụ.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga
 

* Ụlọ ọrụ Global Labour Institute, Geneva
* Global Labour Institute, New York
* Global Labour Institute, UK
* Praxis Center, Moscow
* Global Labour Institute Paris
David Catherwood

David Catherwood (amuru 7 Mee 1956) bu onye edemede na onye ndu nke Northern Irish, nke nwere ma olu na olu na-ebi ugbu a.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A match David Catherwood na Belfast, Northern Ireland wee sonye na Salvation Army mgbe ọ dị afụ asaa site na ọrụ ndị ya.  Ọ egwu egwu na Queen's University of Belfast, na-enweta B.Mus.  (Hons), ma bụrụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ ugbu a na ike Campbell dị na Belfast, ebe ọ bụbu onye ntụzi egwu na ihe ọmụmụ afọ 20.    

## Egwu
  Ọ bụ Bandmaster na Salvation Army's Belfast Temple (1979 – 89 & 2018 – ugbu a), Bandmaster nke Ireland Divisional Youth Band (1989 – 93), onye ndu egwu na Belfast Temple (1993 – 94), na Bandmaster na Belfast Sydenham (1997).  ).  -01).

O doro aka na egwu na Ireland ruo ọtụtụ awụ na n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya ọ bụ ndị ọbịa na ọtụtụ mmiri na Canada Roblin Lake Camp, Camp Newport na Camp Selkirk na Ontario, na Pine Lake Camp na Alberta .  Ọmala ọtụtụ oge ọkọchị dịka ọbịa nke nri egwu na Texas, Florida na Pennsylvania   &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup>

Ndị otu ndị ọrụ New York, Williams Fairey Band, ISB, na ndị otu ndị ọrụ Canada, Chicago na Amsterdam edekọla egwu Catherwood.  Soloists bụ ndị na-agụ solos Catherwood na ndị CD ha egwu cornet virtuosi David Daws, Roger Webster, Philip Smith na Gordon Ward, na ndị egwuregwu euphonium Derick Kane na Steven Mead.</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Ndụ onwe onye
David Catherwood akụkọ Wilma Catherwood.  Ha bụ ndị agha na Belfast Temple corps nke The Salvation Army ebe David na-edu ndị otu.&#x5B; ** &#x5D;

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ndị Ọrụ Afọ Ọhụrụ

**Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke European** ( **EVW** ) bụ aha mkpokọta enyere ndị Europe kọntinent nke gọọmentị Britain kpọrọ ka ha rụọ ọrụ na UK n'oge agha ụwa nke Abụọ ozugbo, iji nyere ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi n'oge agha na ịkwado ụkọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ. Mmemme na-akpọ ndị ọrụ na-agụnye Balt Cygnet, bụ nke wetara ụmụ nwanyị Baltic maka nọọsụ, ọrụ ụlọ na ọrụ akwa. N'agbanyeghị aha ya, Balt Cygnet nabatara ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ si Ukraine, Poland na mba ndị dị na Balkans, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Mgbe e mesịrị Westward Ho! nke na-ewe ndị ikom n'ọrụ maka ọrụ na-enweghị nkà na ụlọ ọrụ. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ọkwa dị elu nke uto akụ na ụba na UK n'oge oge agha gachara butere nnukwu ụkọ ọrụ n'ime ngalaba ndị bụ isi. A na-akpọ EVW nke mbụ ka ha wee kpuchie mkpa nke obere ụgwọ na ọrụ enweghị nkà na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Ngwuputa, ígwè, textiles na ígwè, kamakwa na usoro ahụike na ọrụ ugbo.  Ọtụtụ EVW sitere na Ukraine, Poland na Latvia. N'oge usoro nhọrọ, a na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ, ma kwadebere akụkọ ahụike.  Ebe ọ bụ na a chụpụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a n'ihi Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, a na-ekwukwa na ihe gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ bụ ụfọdụ atụmatụ EVW. Na mkpokọta ihe dị ka mmadụ 91.000 bịara UK n'etiti 1946 na 1949 n'okpuru atụmatụ EVW dị iche iche. A na-akpọ EVW na mbụ dị ka ' Ndị Achụpụrụ ', ebe ọ bụ na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ chụpụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bịarutere. Otú ọ dị, e jiri 'EVW' dochie okwu a n'ihi nkọwa mkparị ya. N'afọ 1953, e ji naanị 'Ndị ọrụ mba ọzọ ewepụtara n'okpuru atụmatụ Westward Ho' dochie okwu 'EVW'. 

Ụfọdụ atụmatụ etinyere, dị ka Balt Cygnet, emebeghị ihe ọ bụla maka ndị dabere. Nke a na-ewelitekwa ajụjụ gbasara ọchịchọ ọdịmma mmadụ nke gọọmentị Britain . Atụmatụ ndị a enwetara nsogbu na mbanye, yana atụmatụ kacha aga nke ọma 'Westward Ho! ' nwere ebe obibi maka ma ụmụaka ma ndị di na nwunye.  A na-akwụ ndị EVW ndị bịara UK ụgwọ otu ụgwọ ọrụ ma nwee otu ikike ahụ ndị ọrụ Britain. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ nwetara ịkpa ókè, karịsịa n'ime azụmahịa ndị nwere otu ndị ọrụ siri ike. Dị ka ihe atụ, a na-ajụkarị ha n'ọkwa ndị nwere ibu ọrụ ka ukwuu ma bụrụ ndị a chụrụ n'ọrụ n'ebe ụfọdụ n'ihu ndị ọrụ Britain n'ihe gbasara ọrụ ọrụ.  Nkatọ ọzọ bụ na ụfọdụ ndị bi n’ebe mgbaba ahụ ga-ebi n’ogige ndị buru ibu n’emekọrịtaghị ezinụlọ ha na ndị bi n’ógbè ahụ.  Ngụkọta nke ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 80,000 nke Europe na ndị bụbu ndị a chụpụrụ achụpụ ka ewebatala ọrụ site na Balt Cygnet na Westward Ho! mmemme. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Baltic na United Kingdom
* Ndị a chụpụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Europe mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị
* Immigrashọn na United Kingdom kemgbe 1922
* Mbugharị Polish na United Kingdom
* Ukrainian diaspora na United Kingdom

## Edensibia

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* L. McDowell, 'Akụkọ nke Ezinụlọ, Obodo na Ọrụ Arụ Ọrụ: Ndị inyom Latvia European Volunteer Worker Women in Post-War Britain', *Nyochaa Akụkọ Ụmụ nwanyị*, 13:1, 2004.
Ọrụ na Society International

**Labour and Society International** ( **LSI** ) bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị hiwere na United Kingdom na 1990s. Ndị malitere ya bụ Arthur Lipow na David Clement.  Ọ kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ na 2002–2003, na onye nduzi ikpeazụ ya bụ Stirling Smith. LSI kwadoro usoro akwụkwọ na Pluto Press, nwee ogbako na akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara, ma rụọ ọrụ na ọrụ na òtù ndị otu mba ụwa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe . Ọ kwadokwara webụsaịtị LabourStart maka afọ anọ mbụ ya.

## Edensibia
Ogbugbu nke Alberto Adriano

alt=Memorial stone in park|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ncheta nke Alberto Adriano
Na 2000, ndị Neo-Nazi atọ gburu **Albert Adriano** na Dessau, Germany. E jidere ndị ogbu mmadụ ozugbo ma tụọ ha mkpọrọ ka e kpechara ha ikpe.

## Ndụ
Alberto Adriano mụrụ c. 1961 na Mozambique . Ọ gara East Germany na 1988 dị ka Vertragsarbeiter, na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-edozi anụ ma na-ebi na Dessau . Ọ zutere onye ya na ya na-emekọ ihe, ha nwekwara ụmụ atọ.  

## Igbu mmadụ
Na June 10, 2000, Adriano lere egwuregwu mmeghe nke UEFA Euro 2000 football Championship.  Ọ gwara ndị enyi ya na ya na-eme atụmatụ ịga Mozambique.  N'ihe dị ka elekere 1:30 nke ụtụtụ, ọ gara n'ụlọ 400 mita n'ofe ogige obodo Dessau. N'ime ogige ahụ ọ zutere ndị Neo-Nazis atọ aṅụrụma, bụ ndị agbaghara ụgbọ okporo ígwè ha n'ụlọ ma na-ejegharị na-eti mkpu aka nri dị ka "Heil Hitler".  Ha wakporo Adriano ma tie ya n'ala, na-aga n'ihu na-apịa ya isi. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị.  E jidere mmadụ atọ a na-enyo enyo, Enrico H., Frank M. na Christian R., n'otu abalị wee kwupụta na ha mere mpụ ahụ. A mara Enrico H. ikpe maka igbu ọchụ na ndị ọzọ abụọ a tụrụ mkpọrọ afọ 9 n'ụlọnga ụmụaka.  

## Ihe nketa
Igbu ọchụ ahụ kpatara mkparị zuru ebe niile na Germany na Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder gara olili Adriano.  Mgbe ikpe ụlọikpe gasịrị, Schroeder kwuru na ọ bụ "ikpe ziri ezi maka mpụ jọgburu onwe ya".  A haziri atụmatụ ndị na-emegide ndị Nazi ma na-akwado ezinụlọ Adriano n'ụzọ ego.  Henning Mankell dere egwuregwu dabere na ogbugbu nke Adriano nke malitere na Theater tri-bühne na Stuttgart na 2003. 

## Hụkwa

* Ọnwụ nke Oury Jalloh

## Edensibia
Wesley Pentland

Wesley Pentland (1929 - 23 September 2007) bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ njem Irish na onye agha otu na Northern Ireland .

## Ọrụ
Akụkọ Pentland n'ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ụzọ Portadown, wee nwee ike ma jikwaa ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na Belfast .  Ọ na-ekiri oche nke ABTA ( Association of British Travel Agents ) na Oga oche nke Institute of Travel and Tourism na 1980s. 

 Pentland bụ onye nna oge nile maka Salvation Army ihe ụmụaka afọ iri ise.  [1] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na Democratic Unionist Party, ma bụrụ onye a na-amụ na Mgbakọ Northern Ireland, 1982, site na North Down .

## Ntụaka


Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
John Boyd (onye na-arụ ọrụ)

Sir John McFarlane Boyd CBE (8 Ọktoba 1917 – 30 mụrụ 1989) bụ onye ọrụ nke Scotland.

Amụrụ na Motherwell, Boyd gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Glencairn tupu ọ ọrụ injinia.  Ọ hụ ọrụ na Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), na-arụ ọrụ oge niile dị ka onye nhazi otu site na 1946. , na isonyere onye isi otu na 1953. Ọ bụkwa onye ama na Confederation of Shipbuilding and Engineering Unions, na-  eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche ya na 1964, ma bụrụ onye mbụ mgbaàmà na General Council of Trades Union Congress (TUC) na 1967. Onye so na National Executive Committee of the Labour Party, o jekwara ozi dika onye isi oche otu ahu na  1967 

Boyd guzoro maka onye isi oche nke AEU na 1967, mana onye nku aka ekpe Hugh Scanlon meri ya.  [1] Na 1975, a mgbaàmà Boyd ka ọ bụrụ ike ukwu nke AEU, na-eje ozi ruo 1982. [2] A mara ya dị ka onye aka nri na otu òtù na maka iguzosi ike n'ihe ya nye ndị Labor Party.  .  [3] Site na 1978 ruo 1982, ọ nọkwa na kansụl Acas;  otu oge ọ lara nká na otu onye ọrụ ya, ọpụta ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ICL na British Steel Corporation, ma ọ bụrụ talent nke BBC . 

Boyd na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Salvation Army site na nwata ya, [1] na ọ natara Order nke Onye ahụ na 1981. E mere ya ka ọ bụrụ ọchịchịagha nke Order nke Ukwu Britain na 1974, a kpọkwara ya na 1979   

## Ntụaka


Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Mmiri na-adọba mmiri

Okwu a **na-ahụ maka nlekọta ahụ** bụ 2002 site n'aka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze nwanyị bụ Arlie Hochschild, bụ nkatọ nwanyị nke ụbụrụ ụbụrụ n'okpuru usoro nhazi nke ịkwaga nwanyị na agbụ nlekọta zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmetụta ọ na-enwe na ezinụlọ ndị inyom a na-ahapụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, **uru nlekọta** na-ezo aka uru maka ndị inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ, ezinụlọ ha na mba ndị na-ezigara ha.  

Ọpụpụ nlekọta bụ ihe ama ama n'ime iyi nke mbugharị ise: 

* Site Eastern Europe ruo Western Europe
* Site na Mexico, Central America, na South America ruo United States
* Site na North Africa ruo Southern Europe
* Site na South Asia ruo na steeti Gulf
* Site na Philippines ruo n'ụwa niile, gụnyere Hong Kong, US, Europe na Israel.

## Edensibia

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 

* 

* 

*
Ihe Omume Mba Nile Maka Ịkwụsị Ọrụ Ụmụaka

**Mmemme mba ụwa na mkpochapụ ọrụ ụmụaka** ( **IPEC** ) bụ mmemme nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile na-agba kemgbe 1992. Ebumnuche IPEC bụ ịrụ ọrụ iji wepụta mkpochapụ ọrụ ụmụaka na-aga n'ihu site n'ịkwalite ikike mba dị iche iche iji dozie nsogbu ọrụ ụmụaka, yana site n'ịmepụta ngagharị zuru ụwa ọnụ iji luso ya ọgụ.

## Ihe gbasara
Ndị otu IPEC na-ebute ụzọ bụ ụmụaka nọ n'ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kacha njọ dị ka ịgba ohu na omume ndị yiri ịgba ohu, dị ka ọrụ ụmụaka jikọtara ọnụ na ụmụaka nọ n'ọnọdụ ọrụ na ọrụ dị ize ndụ. IPEC na-elekwasịkwa anya na ụmụaka ndị na-adịghị ike, ya bụ obere ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ (ndị na-erubeghị afọ 12), na ụmụ agbọghọ na-arụ ọrụ.

Uche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ntinye aka nke ndị ọchịchị n'otu n'otu iji leba anya n'ịrụ ọrụ ụmụaka na mmekorita ya na òtù ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ, ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị na ndị dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ - dịka mahadum na mgbasa ozi - bụ mmalite maka ihe niile IPEC. A na-ewulite nkwado site na mbido site n'ịgbasi ike na "nwe" nke obodo. A na-enye ndị otu na-arụkọ ọrụ nkwado ka ha mepụta na mejuputa usoro ndị na-achọ igbochi ọrụ ụmụaka, ịdọrọ ụmụaka n'ọrụ dị ize ndụ na inye ihe ọzọ, na imeziwanye ọnọdụ ọrụ dịka ihe ngbanwe iji wepụ ọrụ ụmụaka.

## Atụmatụ
A na-etinye usoro awara awara na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nwere usoro ndị a:

* Na-akpali njikọ nke ndị mmekọ ịnakwere ma mee ihe megidere ọrụ ụmụaka.
* Na-eme nyocha ọnọdụ iji chọpụta nsogbu ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na mba.
* Na-enyere aka n'ịzụlite na imejuputa atumatu mba na nsogbu ọrụ ụmụaka.
* Na-ewusi òtù dị ugbu a ike na ịmepụta usoro ụlọ ọrụ.
* Ịmepụta mmata maka nsogbu a na mba niile, na obodo na ebe ọrụ.
* Ịkwalite mmepe na itinye iwu nchebe.
* Na-akwado omume ozugbo na ndị ọrụ ụmụaka (nwere ike) maka ebumnuche ngosi, gụnyere Mmemme na-ejikọta oge iji lebara ụdị kacha njọ nke Mgbakọ ọrụ ụmụaka .
* Ịmegharị na ịgbasa ọrụ na-aga nke ọma n'ime mmemme nke ndị mmekọ.
* Ịkwalite okwu ụmụaka n'ọrụ n'ime amụma mmekọrịta ọha na eze, mmemme na mmefu ego.

## Hụkwa

* Mmegharị ikike ụmụaka
* Ike na-agbanwe
* Ụbọchị mba ụwa megidere ọrụ ụmụaka
* Ụdị ihe egwu kachasị njọ ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ chere ihu

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ibe ụlọ IPEC
Ebe Ọzụzụ Mba Nile nke International Labour Organization

**Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Mba Nile nke International Labour Organisation** ( **ITCILO** ) bụ ogwe aka ọzụzụ nke International Labour Organisation (ILO). Ọ na-arụ ọzụzụ, mmụta na ọrụ mmepe ikike maka gọọmentị, otu ndị na-ewe mmadụ n'ọrụ, otu ndị ọrụ na ndị mmekọ mba na mba ndị ọzọ na-akwado ezigbo Ọrụ na mmepe na-adigide.  Ọ bụ akụkụ nke United Nations System.

 

## bọọdụ
N'inye usoro nke akụkụ atọ ya, ebe a na-achị ebe a bụ bọọdụ mejupụtara ndị nnọchi anya gọọmentị, otu ndị ọrụ na ndị were were n'ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwadoro mmemme na mmefu ego kwa afọ, na-enye nduzi atụmatụ na ntụziaka maka njikwa nke Center, na-atụ aro mgbanwe iji gosipụta mgbanwe mgbanwe na ihe onwunwe na, site na nyocha nke akụkọ nyocha nke ime na n'èzí, na-arụ ọrụ nlekọta n'ihe gbasara ego na ego. ihe gbasara ọchịchị ime. Ndị Board na-ezukọ kwa afọ ma bụrụ onye isi oche onye isi oche nke ILO. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
thumb| Onye isi ala Italy Republic Mr. Giuseppe Saragat ITCILO
N'afọ 1950 na 1960, na-esochi mkpochapụ, Òtù Na-achị Isi nke ILO chọrọ ụlọ ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide nke nwere ike iwepụta ndị ọrụ mmepe maka mba ndị na-apụta.  Na 1961, Gọọmenti Ịtali, n'ime narị afọ nke ịdị n'otu Ịtali e mere ememe na Turin, nyere ụlọ "Italia 61". Na May 1963, Òtù Na-achị Isi nke ILO ji otu olu nakweere ụkpụrụ nke Center ma guzobe, na mmekorita ya na Gọọmenti Ịtali, Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Mba Nile na 24 October 1964. Nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ Giuseppe Saragat, Minista nke Mba Ọzọ, maka Gọọmenti Ịtali, na David A. Morse, Director General maka ILO. Ka ọ na-erule 1 October 1965, e mepere International Center for Advanced Technical and Vocational Training.

## Ọzụzụ
A na-enye mmemme oge niile na mpaghara ọdịnala na asụsụ ọtụtụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, site na e-learning na ITCILO eCampus, ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ngwakọ nke na-agwakọta mmadụ na mmụta n'ịntanetị. A na-enye mmemme emeziri nke ọma na ọkwa nhazi, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara. 

Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na-enwekarị ihe ngosi nka na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu nke nkwado na mmepe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na 31 May 2022, n'ememe ncheta nke nkwenye nke UN Convention on the Rights of Child, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ meghere ihe ngosi "Il Paese delle Meraviglie" (Wonderland) nke Eugenio Bolley dere. A na-arara ya nye ụmụ Ukraine . 

## Ihe ohuru ohuru
Na 2020, ITCILO, na mmekorita ya na Obodo Turin, kwadoro ngosi na nnwale nke obere ụgbọ ala na-anya ụgbọ ala nke a na-akpọ "Olli".  

Na 2021, Gọọmenti Italy kwere nkwa inye ihe karịrị nde euro 3 iji kwado nhazigharị ụlọ akwụkwọ ITCILO. Ihe mgbakwunye ọhụrụ ga-agụnye ụlọ nyocha ọhụrụ. 

## Hụkwa

* Turin
* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile
* Atụmatụ ọrụ dị mma nke ILO
* Mgbakọ mba ụwa nke United Nations, 1999-2000, na-agba ndị azụmaahịa ume ka ha nweta atumatu na-adigide na mmekọrịta ọha na eze.
* Mgbakọ Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile
* Mmegharị ọrụ
* Nkebi ahịrịokwu, njikọta nke isi asaa isi ikike ikike ọrụ ILO n'ime nkwekọrịta azụmahịa
* Ijikọ ụwa ọnụ
* Ụkpụrụ ọrụ mba ụwa

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Official website
* Nobel Peace Prize 1969 for the ILO
* Contains electronic copies of ILO reports published from 1919 onwards
Frederick Coutts

thumb|Leger des Heils 80 jaar. Wethouder Jan Tabak van Amsterdam begroet Generaal Fre…, Bestanddeelnr 920-3452.
Frederick Coutts, CBE (21 September 1899 – 6 Febrụwarị 1986) bụ onye isi nke nke The Salvation Army (1963-1969)

## Akụkọ ndụ
Malite na 1935, ọ ga-arụ ọrụ afọ 18 na Ngalaba Literary of International Headquarters .  N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ onye edemede nke International Company Orders site na 1935 ruo 1946, Editor of The Officers' Review from 1947 to 1953, Assistant to Literary Secretary from 1947 to 1952, then na 1952, ọ ọrụ.  .  .  .  edemede n'onwe ya maka.  otu afọ.  Na 1953, Frederick ga-esi na ode akwụkwọ edemede gaa na onye isi ikike na Ọzụzụ Mba Nile.  Ọ ga-ejide ọrụ a afọ anọ.  Na 1957, ọ ga-abụ Ọstrelia Eastern Territorial Commander maka afọ isii.

Malite na 1935, ọ ga-arụ ọrụ afọ 18 na Ngalaba Literary of International Headquarters .  N'oge ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ bụ onye edemede nke International Company Orders site na 1935 ruo 1946, Editor of The Officers' Review from 1947 to 1953, Assistant to Literary Secretary from 1947 to 1952, then na 1952, ọ ọrụ.  .  .  edemede n'onwe ya maka.  otu afọ.  Na 1953, Frederick ga-esi na ode akwụkwọ edemede gaa na onye isi ikike na Ọzụzụ Mba Nile.  Ọ ga-ejide ọrụ a afọ anọ.  Na 1957, ọ ga-abụ Ọstrelia Eastern Territorial Commander maka afọ isii.

## Ndụ onwe onye
Nwunye mbụ ya, Bessie Lee nwụrụ na 1967. Onye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Manchester, ọ bụkwa onye isi ndị agha Salvation.  General Coutts na-egosi nke abụọ, Commissioner Olive Gatrall, na 1970.

General Coutts lara ezumike nka otu ụbọchị tupu 70th ya, 20 September 1969. General Coutts nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 86 ma lie ya na New Camberwell Cemetery   

## Nkwanye ugwu

* Na Disemba 1963, ndị High Council nke The Salvation Army họpụtara Frederick Coutts ka ọ bụrụ General nke ndị agha.
* N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, nwetara nzere Doctorate nke akwụkwọ ozi sitere na Mahadum Chung-Ang dị na Seoul, South Korea na 1966.
* Order nke Ọdịbendị, Korea (1967)
* Order nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain (1967)
* N'afọ 1981, ọ natara akara ugo mmụta nke Divinity na Mahadum Aberdeen .

## Akwụkwọ
Ọ bụ ya dere edemede ndị a

* *Ndị amụma na-adịghị agafe agafe* (1944)
* *Eserese nke Onye Nzọpụta* (1955)
* *Oku nke ịdị nsọ* (1957)
* *Ihe dị mkpa nke Ahụmahụ Ndị Kraịst* (1969)
* *Ọgụ Ka Mma* (1973)
* *Enweghị mwepu n'agha a* (1975)
* *Enweghị obodo na-aga n'ihu* (1976)
* *Achịcha maka onye agbata obi m* (1978)
* *Na Good Company* (1980)
* *Ebube nke ịdị nsọ* (1983)
* *Ngwá agha nke ezi uche* (1986)

A na-ebipụtakwa ihe ndị sitere na ihe odide ya n'ime Year na Frederick Coutts (1987) akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Peter Cooke kwa ụbọchị.

## Ntụaka

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Ụlọikpe Nchịkwa nke International Labour Organization

**Ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa nke International Labour Organisation**, mkpirisi **ILO Administrative Tribunal** ma ọ bụ **ILOAT**, bụ ụlọ ikpe maka esemokwu nke ndị ọrụ na onye were ha n'ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti etiti. E hiwere ụlọ ikpe a dị ka "Administrative Tribunal of the League of Nations" na 1927 site na Njikọ Mba ma nyefee (ma nyegharịa ya aha) na International Labour Organisation na 1946.  Mkpebi metụtara ọrụ nke otu mba ụwa 60 nwere ike ịrịọ arịrịọ na ILOAT.

## Ndị ikpe
Dị ka nke June 2020, e debere ụlọ ikpe dịka ndị a: 

* Patrick Frydman, Onye isi ala
* Dolores M. Hansen, osote onye isi oche
* Giuseppe Barbagallo
* Michael Francis Moore
* Hugh Anthony Rawlins
* Fatoumata Diakité
* Yves Kreins

## Ikpe
Dịka nke 12 Ọgọst 2019, ILO ewepụtala ikpe 3900. Otu dị iche iche nke enyere ọtụtụ mkpebi bụ: 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Saịtị gọọmentị
Ikike ọrụ na Azerbaijan

**Ikike ịrụ ọrụ na Azerbaijan** bụ nke amachibidoro nke ukwuu. Ndị na-akwado ikike ọrụ na-eche mmegbu na Azerbaijan.   Iwu Azerbaijani na-enye ohere ka e guzobe otu ndị ọrụ na ikike ịwakpo ọrụ, mana na omume, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ na-akwado ọchịchị aka ike, ọtụtụ ụdị nke ndị ọrụ amachibidoro ime ihe, na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị bụ isi bụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ steeti nwere ebe gọọmentị na-achị. na-esetịpụ ọnọdụ ọrụ. 

Dị ka akụkọ nke US Ụlọ ọrụ nke International Labour Affairs si kwuo, Azerbaijan enweela "ọganihu dị nta" na nchebe ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ nakwa na "ụmụaka nọ na Azerbaijan na-edobe ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ", 

N'afọ 2022, Ụlọikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Europe kpebiri megide Azerbaijan megide ọchịchị Azerbaijan maka ịghara ime nyocha dị irè n'ime mkpesa ndị kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi nke ọrụ mmanye na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.  N'okwu ikpe ECHR kpebiri, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ mmanye na ịzụ ahịa mmadụ yiri ka ọ bụ nwunye onye ozi Azerbaijan bụ Azad Rahimov nwe ya.  E wetala ndị isi ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ mkpesa ndị kwesịrị ntụkwasị obi, ma ha kagburu mkpesa ndị ahụ ma jụ inyocha ha. 

## Òtù Mba Nile Maka Ndị Ọrụ na Azerbaijan
thumb| Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile
Azerbaijan ghọrọ onye otu International Labour Organisation na Mee 1992. ILO mepere ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ya na Azerbaijan na 2003.  Ruo na njedebe nke Septemba 2017, Azerbaijan akwadola Mgbakọ 58 na 1 Mgbakwunye Protocol n'ime usoro nke ILO. Azerbaijan kwadoro usoro iwu niile na nkwekọrịta ọchịchị nke ILO.  Na 18–19 Nọvemba 2010, Baku, isi obodo Azerbaijan, mere nnabata na ọgbakọ nke atọ nke Regional Alliance of Labor Inspections. Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of Republic of Azerbaijan, International Association of Labor Inspections, ILO, na World Bank jikọtara ọnụ haziri Nzukọ. 

## Hụkwa

* Ikike mmadụ na Azerbaijan
* Ikike ụmụaka na Azerbaijan
* Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population
* Koodu ọrụ nke Azerbaijan

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* https://web.archive.org/web/20181103112435/http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/1
* http://www.ilo.org/moscow/countries/azerbaijan/lang--en/index.htm
John Gowans

thumb|Gowans Congress.
John Gowans (13 Nọvemba 1934 – 8 Disemba 2012) bụ onye onye Scotland, bụ onye bụ 16th General of the Salvation Army site na 1999 ruo 2002, nọchiri anya General Paul Rader .  Ọ bụkwa onye ama ama maka ijikọ ya na General John Larsson na nhazi nke ọtụtụ egwu na egwu egwu.

## Oge nwata
A Masanin Gowans na Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, na 13 Nọvemba 1934, nke atọ n'ime ihe ise.  Nne na nna ya bụ ndị ọrụ nchekwa nke Salvation Army .

Mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, ọ ahụmahụ ọrụ mba, na akwụkwọ maka ọrụ nkuzi.  O mechiri anya ike n'òtù ndị agha Britain, ebe nhọrọ mbụ ya bụ Army Catering Corps.  ịhụ, ndị agha agha aro ka ọ bụ Royal Army Educational Corps .  O ji afọ abụọ jee ozi mba na Jamanị.

## Na-arụ ọrụ na The Salvation Army
N'afọ 1954, Gowans Salvation Army International Training College (Session Soulwinners).  N'ebe ahụ, ọ hụrụ ya Gisèle Bonhotal onye, ​​n'onwe ya, bụ ọkọlọtọ tozuru etozu.  Ọ bụ onye France site na ogbu na nne na nna ya, dị ka Gowans', bụ ndị ọrụ nchekwa Salvation Army abụọ.  Di na ngosi ngosi na Paris na 1957 ma ụmụ nwoke abụọ, John-Marc na Christophe.

Malite na 1967 Gowans ikike ikike ide ya mgbe, ya na John Larsson, de egwu egwu iri zuru oke.  Ndị a bụ Take-Over Bid (1967), Hosea (1969), Jesus Folk (1972), Spirit (1973), Glory (1975), White Rose (1977), Ọbara nke Nwa Atụrụ (1978), Nwa nke Mmadụ (  1983), Man Mark II (1985), na ụbọchị (1990).

Odewokwa akwụkwọ uri ekpere atọ n'okpuru aha *Onyenweanyị!* na akụkọ ihe mere eme, *Enwere nwa nwoke ebe a ...*

Gowans na Juans ya jere ozi n'òtù dị iche iche na British Territory n'ime afọ 16. A mgbaàmà ya onye ike nke mba, ebe eje ozi ya ọrụ dị ka onye nhazi nke International Youth Fellowship na ọrụ n'otu n  'ime ụlọ ndị agha na-amụ nwa na London.

Mgbe oge dị ka ndị isi nkewa na Manchester, UK, Gowans, mgbe ahụ bụ onye isi agha, isi onye isi isi nke France Territory.  A ahụmahụ ya na Los Angeles na USA Western Territory ebe ọ jere ozi dịka ike maka mmemme.

Mgbe ha jere ozi dị ka ndị isi nke Southern California Division, di na izi ahụ la ike France na 1986 dị ka ndị isi mpaghara.  Afọ asaa ka ịhụ, a mgbaàmà ha ndị isi mpaghara nke Australia Eastern na Papua New Guinea Territory, nke ọrụ maka ọrụ ndị agha na New South Wales, Queensland, Australia Capital Territory na Papua New Guinea .

Na 1997, a kwalitere John Gowans ka ọ bụrụ kọmishọna wee were nke United Kingdom Territory na Republic of Ireland.

Na 15 Mee 1999, a họpụtara Gowans ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke iri na isii nke The Salvation Army wee weghara ọrụ na 23 Julaị 1999, ya na Kọmishọna Gisèle Gowans dịka Onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị ụwa.

Mgbe Gowans lara ezumike nká na 2002, onye ya na ya na-egwu egwu John Larsson nọchiri ya dị ka onye ndu mba ụwa ọzọ nke The Salvation Army.

## Ọnwụ
Gowans nwụrụ na 8 Disemba 2012.  Ọrụ olili ya mere na William Booth Memorial Buildings, Denmark Hill, London na Fraịde 14 Disemba 2012. 

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ ndụ Salvation Army
* GOWANS & LARSSON egwu webụsaịtị

Òtù:Ịda ogbenye
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations
Ụdị Ọrụ Ụmụaka Kasị Mma

**Ụdị ndụmọdụ kachasị njọ nke ọrụ ụmụaka** bụ nke Òtù Mba Nile Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ (ILO) nakweere na 1999 dị ka Nkwanye ILO Mba 190.  Ndokwa nke ndụmọdụ a na-agbakwunye ndị nke ụdị kachasị njọ nke nkwekọrịta ọrụ ụmụaka (Convention No 182, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'okpuru dị ka 'Nkwekọrịta') na ekwesịrị itinye ya na njikọ ha. Ekwesịrị ịgụkọ isiokwu a na nke ahụ na mgbakọ ahụ.

Ndokwa nke Nkwanye ahụ gụnyere ihe ndị a: 

* Kedu mmemme nke omume e zoro aka na ya na Nkeji edemede 6 nke Ụdị Kasị njọ nke Mgbakọ Ọrụ Ụmụaka kwesịrị itinye na (Nkeji I);
* Kedu ihe a ga-atụle mgbe mba ndị na-akwado ya na-ekpebi n'ihe gbasara Nkeji edemede 3 (d) nke Mgbakọ ahụ ụdị ihe egwu kachasị njọ na-eche ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na mba ndị ahụ (Nkebi II);
* Na ekwesịrị ịchịkọta ozi zuru ezu na data ndekọ banyere ọdịdị na oke ọrụ ụmụaka na-arụ ma mee ka ọ dị ọhụrụ (Isiokwu III (5) ruo (7);
* Na mba ndị na-akwado kwesịrị guzobe ma ọ bụ wepụta usoro mba kwesịrị ekwesị iji nyochaa mmejuputa ndokwa nke mba maka mmachibido na mkpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ (Nkeji III (8));
* Na mba ndị na-akwado ya kwesịrị, n'ókè ọ dabara na iwu obodo, na-akwado mbọ mba ụwa na-agba mbọ maka mmachibido na mkpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ (Nkeji III (11));
* Mba ndị na-akwado ya kwesịrị inye na  ndị a kọwapụtara nke ọma bụ mmejọ mpụ ma na-enyekwa ndị omempụ ọzọ, ndị obodo ma ọ bụ nhazi nhazi iji hụ na mmanye mmanye nke mba dị irè maka mmachibido na ikpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ ( Nkeji edemede III (12) ruo (14));
* Ndepụta usoro ndị ọzọ enwere ike iji machibido ma kpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ (Isiokwu III (15));
* Nke ahụ kwalitere nkwado mba ụwa na/ma ọ bụ enyemaka n'etiti mba ndị na-akwado maka mmachibido na mkpochapụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kacha njọ kwesịrị ịkwado mbọ mba (Isiokwu III(16)).

## Edensibia
Akụkọ Ohlin

**Akụkọ Ohlin** bụ akụkọ nke otu ndị ọkachamara nke International Labour Organisation nke Bertil Ohlin duziri na 1956 depụtara. Ya na Spaak Report, o nyere ntọala maka Nkwekọrịta Rome na ahịa nkịtị na 1957 na ịmepụta European Economic Community na 1958.

## Nchịkọta
Isi ihe dị na mkpesa Olin bụ na ahịa nkịtị ewepụtaghị ọkwa nkwekọ nke ụkpụrụ ọrụ. Akụkọ ahụ kọwara na ọnụego mgbanwe n'etiti mba na-egosipụta nrụpụta akụ na ụba yana, si otú a na-ewepụ uru nke obere ụgwọ ọnwa na steeti ndị ọzọ. N'ihi nke a, steeti ndị nwere oke nchebe ọha na eze na ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu ekwesịghị ịtụ egwu asọmpi sitere na mba ndị dị ọnụ ala. Nke a na-akọwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na isiokwu 117 na 118 nke European Economic Community nkwekọrịta dị *nro* na ọdịdị, ma n'ụzọ dị iche na isiokwu 119 na 120 *siri ike* nke nkwekọrịta EEC nwere oke oke.  

## Hụkwa

* Iwu ọrụ UK
* Iwu EU
* Iwu ọrụ European

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka

* Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ndị Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mba Nile, Ihe Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ọha na Ụba nke European Economic Co-operation. Nkwupụta sitere n'aka otu ndị ọkachamara (nchịkọta), na: (1956) 74 Nyochaa Ọrụ Mba Nile, na 99–123.
* André Sapir, *Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụkpụrụ ọrụ na amụma azụmahịa mba ụwa*, Economy World 18 (6), 791-803.
* J. Kenner, *EU Employment Iwu: Site Rome ruo Amsterdam na gafere*, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, 593pp
Akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

N'ime ọnọdụ nke ahia mba ụwa, **okwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze** bụ njikọ nke ụkpụrụ nkwado, dị ka isi nkwekọrịta ikike ọrụ ILO n'ime nkwekọrịta azụmahịa.

N'oge Nzukọ Minista Minista nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Azụmahịa Ụwa nke 1996, ọ bịara doo anya na ọ dịghị okwu gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ga-anakwere.  Enwere okwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nkwekọrịta bi- na plurilateral.

## Hụkwa
 

* Atụmatụ ọrụ dị mma nke ILO
* Mgbakọ Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile
* Mmegharị ọrụ

## Edensibia
Ihe Omume Mba Nile Maka Nchebe Chemical

**Nke International Programme on Chemical Safety** ( **IPCS** ) e hiwere na 1980 na bụ mmekorita n'etiti atọ United Nations òtù, nke World Health Organisation, International Labour Organisation na United Nations Environment Programme, iji guzobe a sayensị ndabere maka nchekwa ojiji nke kemịkalụ na. iji wusie ike mba na ikike maka nchekwa kemịkal. 

Ọrụ nkwonkwo metụtara ya na otu ebumnuche, **IPCS INCHEM**, bụ mmekorita n'etiti IPCS na Ụlọ Ọrụ Canada maka Ahụike na Nchekwa Ọrụ (CCOHS). 

IPCS na-akọwapụta ihe ndị a dị ka "kemịkalụ nke nnukwu nchegbu ahụike ọha":

* Mmetọ ikuku
* Arsenic
* Asbestos
* Benzene
* Cadmium
* Dioxin na dioxin-dị ka ihe
* Fluoride ezughi oke ma ọ bụ karịa
* Ndu
* Mercury
* Ọgwụ ahụhụ dị oke egwu 

## Hụkwa

* Nri ụbọchị anabatara
* Kaadị nchekwa kemịkalụ mba ụwa
* Mpempe akwụkwọ nyocha kemịkalụ zuru ụwa ọnụ
* Nchekwa nri

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe WHO Official
* Saịtị gọọmentị