open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ Ndị Kraịst nke Neo-Aramaic nke Senaya

**Senaya** **ma ọ bụ Sanandaj Christian Neo-Aramaic** bụ olumba nke Northern Eastern Neo-Aramaic nke Ndị Kraịst na Sanandaj, Kurdistan Province na Iran na-asụbu. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ bi ugbu a na California, United States, ezinụlọ ole na ole ka bi na Tehran, Iran. Ha bụ ndị otu Chọọchị Katọlik nke Kaldea. Senaya dị nnọọ iche na Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic

## Mmalite, akụkọ ihe mere eme na ojiji taa
Obodo Sanandaj dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara asụsụ Aramaic nke oge a a na-asụ. Ọdịdị ala ya mere ka Neo-Aramaic nke Sanandaj dị iche na olumba ndị ọzọ. Asụsụ Aramaic abụọ dị iche iche e mepụtara na Sanandaj: Jubian Hulaula na Christian Senaya. Asụsụ abụọ ahụ mepụtara n'ụzọ dị iche iche, nke mere na ha abụọ enweghị ike ịghọta ibe ha. Otu ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ mgbanwe ụda nke jikọtara ya na θ (th) nke Middle Aramaic, nke a na-akpọkarị l na Hulaula, na s na Senaya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mîθa, 'nwụrụ anwụ', bụ mîsa na Senaya, na mîla na Hulaula.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Senaya bụ ndị otu Chọọchị Katọlik nke Kaldea, nke kewapụrụ na Chọọchị nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na narị afọ nke iri na isii wee banye na Chọọlụ Roman Katọlik. Otú ọ dị, Senaya bụ ihe na-enweghị nghọta nye ndị na-asụ asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke Chaldean, ndị Katọlik nke Chaldean. N'etiti narị afọ nke 20, a kwagara Bishọp Chaldean nke Senna (dị ka a na-akpọ Sanandaj na Senaya) na Tehran. Ndị Kraịst sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya, nke mere na ọ dịghị ndị na-asụ Senaya fọdụrụ na Sanandaj. Na Tehran, Senaya enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu site na olumba Urmežnāya nke Assyrian Neo-Aramaic nke Chọọchị nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na-asụ n'ebe ahụ. Ndị ụka abụọ ahụ na-eji Asụsụ Syriac oge ochie eme ihe n'ofufe. E dere Senaya na nsụgharị *Madnhāyâ* nke mkpụrụedemede Syriac, nke a na-ejikwa maka Syriac oge ochie.

## Nnyocha
1995 ọrụ nyocha n'okpuru nduzi nke Estiphan Panoussi na mmekorita ya na Wolfhart Heinrichs nyere site na Swedish Council for Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences nyochara Senaya Dialect (Aha: Christian Senaya Dialesct on Neo-Aramaic Texts, Grammar and Dictionary). Ọrụ ahụ mepụtara mpịakọta atọ: Senaya, A Christian Neo-Aramaic Dialect (Na mbụ na Persian Kurdistan) (400 peeji). Senaya Grammar (300 peeji). A Dictionary of the Neo-Aramaic Senaya Dialect (800 peeji).

## Omenala Senaya
Paul Caldani wepụtara egwu mbụ e dekọrọ na okwu Senaya na 2002, nke akpọrọ Melodies of a Distant Land .

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Aramaic
* Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
* Chọọchị Katọlik nke Kaldea
* Kaldea Neo-Aramaic
* Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Syriac
* Asụsụ Syriac

## Edensibia

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* Estiphan Panoussi: On the Senaya Dialect, na Wolfhart Heinrichs (ed) Studies in Neo-Aramaic (Harvard Semitic Studies) 1990, peeji nke 107-129,  . &nbsp; 
* E. Panoussi: e nwere nkọwa zuru ezu na nkọwa zuru ezu, nke a na-akpọ "Spanish Neuralh" (nke a na-ahụkarị na nkọwa zuru oke). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 3-4:165-183.
* Heinrichs, Wolfhart (ed.) (1990). Ọmụmụ na Neo-Aramaic. Ndị ọkà mmụta Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN . &nbsp;
Harsusi

, with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri.

## Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu
Harsusi bịara na mbụ n'uche ndị ọkà mnwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 600-1000 na-asụ asụsụ Jiddat al-Harasis, ọzara nkume dị na ndịda etiti Oman. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Mehri.fọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na Harsusi bụ olumba nke asụsụ Mehri a na-asụkarị, ọtụtụ na-ekwusi ike na ha na-aghọta ibe ha ma dị iche iche. Harsusi, dị ka asụsụ South Arabian niile nke oge a, edeghị ya,  ọ bụ ezie na e nweela mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji mepụta ụdị ederede site na iji edemede Arabic. 

N'ihi na ndị Harasis bụ naanị mmadụ bi na Jiddat al-Harasis ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, asụsụ ahụ mepụtara n'onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụaka Harasis na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ asụsụ Arabic ugbu a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Arabic, a na-asụ obere Harsusi n'ụlọ, nke pụtara na a naghị enyefe ya n'ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta mmanụ n'ógbè ahụ na ọrụ nchekwa maka ìgwè oryx e webatara ọzọ enyewo ọtụtụ ohere ọrụ maka ndị ikom Harsusi,  ihe ndị a emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị Harasis na-asụ Arabic na Mehri na mgbakwunye na ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ Harsusi. Harry Stroomer dere na ọ bụ "ma eleghị anya na-adịghịzi adị" Nsogbu ndị a mere ka otu onye nchọpụta kwubie na 1981 na "n'ime ọgbọ ole na ole Harsusi ga-eji Arabic dochie anya ya, ọkachasị site na asụsụ Omani Arabic"  ọ bụ ezie na nke a emebeghị.

UNESCO ahapụla Harsusi dị ka asụsụ "nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ".

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

Mkpụrụ okwu pharyngeal bụ naanị n'ihi mmetụta nke Omani Arabic.

Enwere ike ikwughachi /ɬ/ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ intervocalic.

A naghị ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ okwu na Harsusi.

### Mkpụrụedemede

Na mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe a ma ama ma ọ bụ mgbe  gasịrị (dị ka /h/, //, /x/ na //), // na-aghọta dị ka []. Mgbe a na-ahụ ụdaume glottalized ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ, // dị ka [].[5]

A pụrụ ịghọta diphthong dị ka ay /æj/ na aw /ɑw/.

## Edensibia

* 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*  
* 
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## Njikọ mpụga

* 
* ELAR Archive nke ihe ndekọ asụsụ HarsusiIhe odide asụsụ Harsusi
Asụsụ Ngurlun

Asụsụ **Ngurlun**, nke a makwaara dị ka Eastern Mirndi, bụ ngalaba nke Asụsụ Mirndi a na-asụ gburugburu na Barkly Tableland nke Northern Territory, Australia. Ngalaba ahụ nwere asụsụ abụọ ruo anọ, dabere na ihe a na-ewere dị ka olumba: Ngarnka, Wambaya, na mgbe na mgbe Binbinka na Gurdanji.

A na-echebu na otu a nwere njikọ chiri anya na Asụsụ Jingulu, ya na nnukwu otu a na-akpọ **West Barkly** ma ọ bụ naanị Barkly,  ma anaghị eche na njikọ ahụ bu usoro ọmụmụ. 

## Edemsibia
Lacandon

**Lacandon** (*Jach-tʼaan* na orthography e degharịrị edegharị nke Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indigenas)  bụ Asụsụ Maya nke Ndị Lacandon niile bi na steeti Chiapas dị na Mexico na-asụ.[3] N'ime Chiapas, a na-asụ Lacandon na Betel, Lacanjá San Quintín, Lake Metzaboc, Metzaboco, na Najá.

Ndị na-asụ Lacandon na-akpọ asụsụ ha *Jach tʼaan* ma ọ bụ *Hach tʼan*. Ọtụtụ ndị Lacandon na-asụ Lacandon Maya. Ọtụtụ na-asụkwa Spanish.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Tebụl ndị a na-edepụta ụdaume ọkọlọtọ nke asụsụ Lacandon.

### Mkpụrụ okwu

## Edemsibia
Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic

Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic, ụdị asụsụ obodo Betanure dị na Kurdistan nke Iraq, so n'ụdị asụsụ Aramaic kacha dị ụkọ ma dịkwa ize ndụ n'oge a.[1] Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime asụsụ ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic kacha echekwa echiche nke ọma na asụsụ ndị Northeastern Neo-Aramaic karịsịa.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
N'afọ 1940, ezinụlọ iri na asaa buru ibu n'obodo Betanure nke ndị Juu na-asụ asụsụ Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic.[1] Obodo ahụ kwagara Izrel n'ozuzu ya na 1951.[1] Kemgbe asụsụ ahụ na-eche mbibi site na asụsụ Hibru nke ndị Izrel na site na ụdị Neo-Aramaic ndị ọzọ a na-asụ na Izrel ihu..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Neo-Aramaic nke Zakho
* Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic
* Asụsụ ndị Juu na ndị Aramaic

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ

*
Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Dohok

**Asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] nke Dohok** bụ asụsụ Judeo-Aramaic nke sitere na obodo ndị Juu dị na Duhok, Kurdistan nke Iraq. Ndị Juu si Izrel pụọ na Iraq na-asụkwa ya n'afọ 1950.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
.

## Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
Judeo-Dohoki Aramaic nwere ọtụtụ ihe pụrụ iche nke na-eme ka ọ dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Neo-Aramaic nke gụnyere: Inwe ụdị ọdịdị-ọdịdị-ụdị, ịsọ mpi na-agafe agafe, na ịkewapụta okwu omume na nke kwụ otu ebe.

## Ihe odide ihe atụ

## Edensibia
Lishana Deni

**Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho** bụ asụsụ nke ndị Juu na Zakho, Iraq na-asụ na Northeastern Neo-Aramaic mbụ. Mgbe ndị Juu si n'ala ndị Alakụba pụọ, ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ bi ugbu a na Israel, ọkachasị Jerusalem na obodo nta ndị gbara ya gburugburu.
thumb|Rakhma na-asụ asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Juu (Lishana Deni)

## Asụsụ
A maghị kpọmkwem otu esi guzobe akara mmadụ dị ka akara nnọchiaha, ma ọ bụ akara nkwekọrịta. E nwere nkọwa abụọ. Nke mbụ na-adabere na mgbanwe oge, na-eji ihe akaebe sitere na Syriac oge ochie. Nnyocha a na-ekpughe na otu onye ahụ nwere ike ịkpa àgwà dị iche na gburugburu dị iche iche. Nkọwa nke abụọ na-egosi na ọ nweghị dichotomy doro anya n'etiti akara nnọchiaha na akara nkwekọrịta ma ọlị, na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ mgbanwe dị ka ihe atụ.

## Hụkwa

* Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Aramaic
* Betanure Ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic
* Asụsụ ndị Juu

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Avenery, Iddo, *Asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu nke Zakho*. Israel academy of Science and Humanities 1988.
* Heinrichs, Wolfhart (ed.) (1990). Ọmụmụ na Neo-Aramaic. Ndị ọkà mmụta Press: Atlanta, Georgia. ISBN . &nbsp;
* Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar nke olumba nke asụsụ Syriac: dị ka ndị East Syrian nke Kurdistan, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Persia, na Plain of Mosul na-asụ: na ọkwa nke asụsụ ndị Juu nke Azerbaijan na nke Zakhu dị nso na Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.
* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Juu Kurd
* Ihe ngosi nke onwe onye na usoro okwu nke asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Juu nke Zakho
* Ihe Nketa Ọhụrụ nke Ndị Juu nke Zakho
Judeo-Egyptian Arabic

Asụsụ Arabik nke Judeo-Egypt (nke bụkwa asụsụ Arabik nke ndị Ijipt) bụ asụsụ Arabic nke ndị Juu Ijipt na-asụ. Ọ bụ ụdị asụsụ Arabic nke ndị Ijipt..

## Nchịkọta
Asụsụ Arabik nke Judeo-Egypt bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị Judeo-Arabic. Ọ dị nso n'asụsụ Aleksandria, nke a bụkwa eziokwu ọbụna nye ndị na-asụ ya na Cairo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'asụsụ Arabic nke Cairene, "M na-ede" bụ baktib (بكتب) na "M na-eri" bụ bakol. Na asụsụ Judeo-Arabic nke Ijipt, dịka na Arabic nke ọdịda anyanwụ Alexandria, ọ bụ nektobou (نكتبوا) na neshrabou, nke yiri onye mbụ mana n'ụdị ọtụtụ. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arabic nke Judeo-Egyptian 75,000. Taa, ọtụtụ ndị Juu Ijipt bi n'Izrel ma na-Asụsụ Hibru.

Nnyocha mbụ na Judeo-Egyptian Arabic bụ nke Nada Tomiche mere na 1968.

Arabic Judeo-Egyptian na-ebelata ugbu a n'ihi ọpụpụ nke ndị Juu si Ijipt, na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị onye fọdụrụ taa. Asụsụ ahụ nwere ike ịpụ n'anya n'oge na-adịghị anya.

## Okwu
Ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị pụrụ iche na Judeo-Egyptian Arabic sitere na Hibru, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ sitere na French na Italian. O nwekwara ọtụtụ okwu ndị e mere site na ịgwakọta Hibru na Egyptian Arabic, yana ọtụtụ nnọchiaha ndị ọzọ a na-adịghị ahụ na Egyptian Arab.

Dị ka olumba ndị ọzọ nke Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Egyptian Arabic na-echekwa ọtụtụ àgwà ochie furu efu na Egyptian Arabic.

## Ihe Nlereanya

## Ihe edeturu
Judeo-Iraqi Arabic

Judeo-Iraqi Arabic (Arabic: عربية يهودية عراقية, romanized: ʻArabīyah Yahūdīyah `Irāqīyah), nke a makwaara dị ka Iraqi Judeo-Arabic na Yahudic, bụ ụdị Arabik dị iche iche nke ndị Juu Iraq na-asụ.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Asụsụ ahụ malitere n'etiti ndị  ʻArabīyah Yahūdīyah `Irāqīyah), nke a makwaara dị ka Iraqi Judeo-Arabic na Yahudic, bụ ụdị Arabik dị iche iche nke ndị Juu Iraq na-asụ.zrel, a na-eji asụsụ ahụ eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'etiti ndị Juu si Iraq kwabata, ma ruo taa, ọtụtụ ndị Israel, gụnyere ndị nne na nna ha si Iraq kwapụ, na-aga n'ihu na-eji ya eme ihe.

A na-ejikwa asụsụ ahụ mee ihe na Obodo Baghdadi na India na obodo ndị ọzọ nke ndị Juu si Iraq kwabata n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.

N'afọ 1992, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arabic nke Judeo-Iraqi 120 fọdụrụ na Iraq. N'afọ 2018, e nwere ndị na-asụ asụsụ ahụ 94,000 na Israel.  Ụdị a maara nke ọma bụ Baghdad Jewish Arabic, ọ bụ ezie na a na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ na Mosul na ebe ndị ọzọ.

Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu Iraq akwagala Israel ma gbanwere gaa na Hibru nke oge a dị ka Asụsụ mbụ ha.

Ihe nkiri 2014 Farewell Baghdad na-abụkarị na Baghdad Jewish Arabic. Ọ bụ ihe nkiri mbụ e mere na Judeo-Iraqi Arabic.

## Ihe odide ihe atụ

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe Nlereanya
* Nkwupụta
* Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Arabic Judeo-Iraqi
Mabire

**Mabire** bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic nke a na-asụ n'obodo Oulek dị na Chad nke dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu.

## Ndị ọkà okwu
Dịka akụkọ e bipụtara n'afọ 2001 si kwuo, e nwere mmadụ atọ na-asụ asụsụ Mabire.  .

## Nchịkọta
Asụsụ Mabire bụ nke Dangla nke Eastern Chadic, tinyere Dangaleat (Dangla) na Migaama (Migama). 

## Mbelata
Afọ iri ise gara aga, ndị Mabire biri n'obodo nta anọ dị nso na Ugwu Mabire. Obodo nta ndị a bụ Amdjaména, Arga, Mambire. Obodo ahụ gbasara mgbe ọrịa na-efe efe gasịrị, ndị lanarịrị na-abanye n'ime obodo ndị agbata obi.

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Profaịlụ Mabire na Ọrụ Asụsụ Ndị Nri
Miltu

**Miltu** (a makwaara ya dịka Miltou maọbụ Gàlì) bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic nke a na-asụ n'ebe dị ize ndụ n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Chad,  n'obodo nta ndị dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Chari na mpaghara Bousso.  Ngụkọta ndị mmadụ mere n'afọ 1993 gosiri na ndị ọkà okwu 270. Ndị ọkà okwu na-aga Bagirm. 

## Ihe edeturu
Mire

Mire, ma ọ bụ Mulgi, bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic a na-asụ na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Chad nke Tandjile Prefecture na Lai Prefecture.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu, bụ́ ndị na-ekpe okpukpe ọdịnala ma ọ bụ Iso Ụzọ Kraịst, na-asụ Ndam (65% yiri okwu) ma ọ bụ Kimré (32% yiri okwu) dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ.

## Edensibia
Mser

**Mser** (Msər), ma ọ bụ **Kousseri** (Kuseri), bụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu Kamerun na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Chad. Asụsụ ndị a bụ Gawi, Houlouf, Kabe, Kalo, Mser (Kuseri).

Na Kamerun, a na-asụ Mser na Kousseri (Kousséri na Logone-Birni communes, Ngalaba Chari, Mpaghara Ugwu Dị Anya). A na-asụkwa ya na Chad. E nwere ngụkọta nke ndị na-asụ ya 2,100 (ma na Kamerun na Chad). 

## Edensibia
El Horria - Nnwere Onwe

El Horria (Arabic Judeo-Moroccan: אלחוררייא, transl. "Nnwere Onwe") ma ọ bụ La Liberté bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Judeo-Moroccan nke Salomon Benaioun bipụtara na Tangier n'ụdị abụọ: otu n'asụsụ Arabik Judeo-Moroccan na otu n'asụsụ French..

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E bipụtara nsụgharị Arabic, *El Horria*, na mbụ na 1914. E bipụtara mbipụta mbụ nke nsụgharị French, La Liberté, na June 18, 1915, na mbipụta nke 51 nke *El Horria*. 

## Nkwado
Akwụkwọakụkọ ahụ nwere nsogbu ego, ma kwado ya site na njikọta nke itinye ego onwe onye site na Benaioun, ụgwọ ndenye aha, ego mgbasa ozi, na nkwado nzuzo site na gọọmentị France, nke hụrụ usoro nchịkọta akụkọ pro-French nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ bara uru nke mgbasa ozi.  Gọọmentị na-achị mba ahụ kwụrụ 1,600 francs kwa afọ ruo 1918, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ kwụrụ 2,000 francs kwa ụbọchị ruo 1924 mgbe Iwu nke Tangier sụgharịrị mgbasa ozi ahụ na-enweghị isi.

## Digitization
E nyochara ya ma tinye ya na digitized na Historical Jewish Press project. 

## Edensibia
Ma ọ bụ ha-Ma'arav

***Ma ọ bụ ha-Maʿarav*** (Hibru: אור המ 11:20), ma ọ bụ La Lumière du Maroc bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa nke ndị Juu na-ebipụta n'asụsụ Judeo-Arabic site n'aka ụmụnna Hadida site na 1922 ruo 1924 na Casablanca, Morocco.  Isiokwu nchịkọta akụkọ ya bụ Zionist.[1] Ndị ọchịchị France mechiri ya..

## Hụkwa

* *Ihe Ndị A Na-eme n'Otu*

## Edensibia
Peter nke Toledo

Peter nke Toledo bụ onye nsụgharị Latin dị mkpa nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu na-akwado nsụgharị Latịn mbụ nke Qur'an (Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete).

Peter nke Toledo bụ onye nsụgharị Latin dị mkpa nke narị afọ nke iri na abụọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu na-akwado nsụgharị Latịn mbụ nke Qur'an (Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete)   mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya, ya na ndị ọzọ atọ maara Arabic, Robert nke Ketton, Herman nke Carinthia, onye Alakụba a na-akpọ Mohammed yana Peter nke Poitiers, onye malitere ịcha Latin. Kritzeck na-eto Peter nke Toledo maka ịhazi ma kọwaa nchịkọta ahụ, mana nkọwa a dabere na Peter bụ onye dere nkọwa ndị a na-amaghị aha ha n'ihe odide nke dị na France. 
mana o tinyere aka dị mkpa n'ọrụ ahụ dum, na-arụkọ ọrụ na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ maara asụsụ Arabic, Robert nke Ketton, Herman nke Carinthia, onye Alakụba a na-akpọ Mohammed nakwa Peter nke Poitiers, onye mere ka asụsụ Latin dị ọcha.[1] Kritzeck kwuru na Peter nke Toledo mere atụmatụ ma depụta aha ya, mana nkọwa a dabere na Peter bụ onye dere ihe ndị a na-akpọghị aha n'akwụkwọ edemede nke ka dị na France.

## Ihe edeturu

## Ihe odide

* James Kritzeck (1964), Peter the Venerable na Islam*Peter Onye A Na-asọpụrụ na Islam*
Rimma Kuruch

**Rimma Dmitrievna Kuruch** ( Russian   Дмитриевна Куруч (, 6 Mee 1938 – 8 Julaị 2019) bụ ọkachamara n'ịkụzi asụsụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'idekọ ihe, ichekwa, na ịgba ume ojiji Kildin Sámi . Kuruch nyekwara aka guzobe Òtù Kola Sámi ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi oche mbụ ya.

## Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ
A mụrụ Kuruch n'obodo Balovo dị na Vachsky District, Gorky Oblast, Russia. Ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị Moldova . Na 1961, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bălți State Pedagogical Institute na Moldovan SSR site na nzere asụsụ Rọshịa, akwụkwọ, na Bekee, ọ malitekwara ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ime obodo na Moldova. Na 1967, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Russian Academy of Education [ ru ] ọ malitere ọrụ na Mahadum Chernivtsi State na SSR nke Ukraine na 1968. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ zuru oke ebe ahụ na 1971 wee gaa n'ihu na mahadum ruo 1975.  

## Ọrụ asụsụ Sami
Na 1975, Kuruch kwagara Murmansk, ebe ọ banyere na Pedagogical Institute Murmansk (nke bụ ugbu a Murmansk Arctic State University [ ru ] ) ịrụ ọrụ na Institute of Linguistics nke USSR Academy of Sciences . N'ebe ahụ, Kuruch sonyere dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye edemede n'ọrụ imepụta akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke Sámi-Russian, *Саамско–Русский Словарь/Са̄мь–Рӯшш Соагкнэһкь* (ebipụtara na 1985), nke gụnyere okwu 8,000, ilu na okwu 400, usoro nhazi asụsụ, na ihe ntụaka sara mbara.   

Na 1976, ọ ghọrọ onye isi otu ndị odee mpaghara na-arụ ọrụ ichekwa na ịzụlite asụsụ Kildin Sámi. Ndị otu ahụ mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Cyrillic ọgbara ọhụrụ maka Kildin Sámi, yana usoro ọmụmụ na akụrụngwa maka ịkụziri Kildin Sámi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị. N'afọ 1995, Kuruch bipụtara ya na Nina Afanasyeva *Правила орфографии и пунктуаци самского языка* (Ụkpụrụ nsụpe asụsụ Sámi na akara edemede). 

Na 2010, otu ndị Russia nke ndị Indigenous Peoples of the North nyere ya onyinye nkwanye ùgwù site n'inye ya ihe nrite Fidelity to the North maka ọrụ ya iri afọ ole na ole iji mee ka asụsụ Kildin Sámi dịghachi ndụ. 

Na 1989, a họpụtara ya dịka osote onyeisi oche (ya na Nina Afanasyeva) nke otu Kola Sámi ; agbanyeghị, ọ hapụrụ ọkwa ahụ mgbe otu afọ gachara n'ihi na otu ahụ chọrọ ka ndị ọrụ ya bụrụ ndị agbụrụ Sami. 

## Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Karịa ọrụ ya na asụsụ Sámi, Kuruch bụ onye na-akwado ndị mmadụ n'obodo Murmansk. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Mpaghara Murmansk nke otu ndị ezumike nka nke ndị Russia maka ikpe ziri ezi site na 1998 ruo 2006, na-eje ozi dịka onyeisi oche site na 2002 ruo 2006. Site na 2008, ọ bụ onyeisi otu Murmansk Children of the Great Patriotic War ma jee ozi na kọmitii nhazi maka emume ncheta afọ 70 nke na-egosi njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mmeri nke ndị agha Nazi na Arctic.  

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Rimma Kuruch na Kildin Saami na-eme atụmatụ Orbituary nke Michael Rießler na Linguistica Uralica 56:3 (2020)
Louise Kaiser

**Louise Kaiser** ( Medemblik, 15 Ọktoba 1891 – Bussum, 2 Eprel 1973) bụ ọkachamara n'ụda olu na asụsụ Dutch, bụrụkwa onye nkuzi nwanyị mbụ na Mahadum Amsterdam, a makwaara ya maka nnyocha ya n'ihe gbasara nha ụda olu na anụ ahụ na mmadụ na ndị Urk na Netherlands.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Kaiser n'ezinụlọ ndị dọkịta bara ọgaranya, ọ nọkwa na Hoorn mgbe ọ bụ nwata. Ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na Mahadum Amsterdam. O gafere ule ahụike ya na 1918 wee nweta doctorate ya na 14 Mee 1924 ya na GA van Rijnberk na *The segmental innervation of the pigeon's skin* . 

Kaiser nyere nkuzi mbụ ya na fonetiki etinyere n'ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha physiological nke Mahadum Amsterdam na mbido afọ 1922. Na 1926, e guzobere oche maka sayensị fonetiki, a họpụtakwara Kaiser dị ka onye nkuzi mbụ ya, yana ọrụ inyocha fonetiki nnwale. Na 1931, o sonyeere ntọala otu Dutch maka sayensị fonetiki. Ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke otu ahụ ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1959.  

Na 1932, *Nzukọ Mba Nile Mbụ nke Sayensị Ụdaume* mere, site na ntinye aka Kaiser. Obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na 1933, o hiwere Ụlọ Nyocha Ụdaume nke Experimental, nke bu ụzọ na Institute for Phonetic Sciences, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Ngalaba Asụsụ na Mahadum Amsterdam. 

A na-ewere Kaiser dị ka onye mbụ n'ihe gbasara ụda olu. Ọ nwalere ngwa ụda ma bụrụ onye mbụ n'ọrụ ya iji ọtụtụ ndị nyocha ule, n'adịghị ka obere ìgwè ndị nyocha ahọpụtara. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na mpaghara Zuiderzee mbụ, gụnyere agwaetiti Urk, na polders ọhụrụ a gbapụrụ agbapụ. N'ebe a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ubi kachasị mkpa ya. E nweela mmasị sayensị na obodo ochie dị na mpaghara Zuiderzee, n'ihi ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ ya na ndị mmadụ e chere na ha bi na ya. 

Na 1928, Kaiser mere nha ụda olu na nke anụ ahụ na nke mmadụ na Urk, nke gụnyere ịtụ ogologo ọnụ Urkers, yana nyocha gbasara agba ntutu na anya. Site na ntọala nke 'Foundation for Population Research in the drained Zuiderzee Polders' site n'aka Kaiser na Amsterdam geographer HN ter Veen, a na-eleba anya na nnyocha n'akụkụ a n'usoro. Site na 1936 ruo 1958, Kaiser bụ onye otu bọọdụ nke ngalaba maka Linguistics, Phonetics na Folklore. Onyeisi oche nke ngalaba ahụ, Piet Meertens, ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Meertens Institute . Kaiser na onyeisi oche chịkọtara ihe ụda site n'aka ndị mgbasa ozi Dutch maka nyocha sayensị. 

Nchịkọta ọdịyo n'ọhịa nke ụda olu nwere ndekọ n'ọhịa nke ịmụta okwu na olumba, nke Kaiser na Meertens chịkọtara na Mahadum Amsterdam, dị ugbu a na Meertens Institute. 

### Ọrụ nka
Mgbe o mechara, Kaiser ghọrọ onye omenkà, tinyere ọrụ ya dịka onye nkuzi. Dịka nwanne nwanyị nke onye omenkà Dutch bụ Johann Wilhelm Kaiser, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na nka anya mgbe ọ dị obere. Ọ gụrụ ihe ọmụmụ mgbede na ụlọ akwụkwọ nka na nka Quellinus dị na Amsterdam . Kaiser lara ezumike nká na mahadum na 1958. 

### Ndụ nkeonwe
Dịka Meertens si kwuo, "Ọ bụ ezie na onye ọ bụla maara ya maara na ọ bụ nwanyị nwere obi ike nke na-atụghị egwu ịlụso onye iro ọ bụla ọgụ, ọ na-achọsi ike itinye onwe ya n'ọkwa dị elu." O chepụtara na nke a bụ ihe mere na a kpọghị ya prọfesọ mahadum n'ihi na ọ bụ "onye nwere ikike." 

Kaiser mụrụ ụmụ abụọ e ji azụ nwa.  Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1973.  

## Edensibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Akwụkwọ nke Nestor onye ụkọchukwu

***The Book of Nestor the Priest***, originally titled ***Account of the Disputation of the Priest*** (*Qissat Mujadalat al-Asquf* Arabic: قصة مجادلة الأسقف) or its Hebrew textual avatar **Sefer Nestor Ha-Komer**  (written c. 900 CE) is thought to be the earliest surviving anti-Christian Jewish polemic. The original version of the book was written in Judeo-Arabic, and a translation to Hebrew which confused an opening quote from Nestorius with the name of the author of the book, who is actually unknown.  It cites extensively and critically from the New Testament and Church sources. The title *komer* (כומר) describes a Christian priest (in modern Hebrew the word is used both for Catholic or Orthodox priests and for Protestant ministers), rather than a kohen or Jewish priest. The text is written as the story of a Christian priest (wrongly named Nestor in the Hebrew translation) who converted to Judaism and wrote a critical account of the fundamental Christian doctrine regarding the nature of Jesus and the Trinity. It was also used by Muslim polemic writers against Christianity.

Mbipụta nke oge a פולמוס נסתור הכומר The Polemic of Nestor the Priest nke Daniel J. Lasker na Sarah Stroumsa dere bụ nke Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East bipụtara, 1996.

## Hụkwa

* Toledot Yeshu
* Milhamoth ha-Shem nke Jacob Ben Reuben 12C
* Sefer Nizzahon Yashan ma ọ bụ Nizzahon vetus 13C
* Sefer Joseph Hamekane nke R. Joseph hen R. Nathan onye ọrụ 13C (Paris MS) 
* Nkume Mmetụta nke Ibn Shaprut

## Edemsibia
Aline Heitaa-Archier

**Aline Titiehu Heitaa-Archier** (amụrụ na 28 Juun 1961)  bụ onye nkuzi French Polynesian ma na-akwado asụsụ Marquesan .

Heitaa-Archier si n'obodo Puamau, na Hiva Oa na Agwaetiti Marquesas . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Saint-Anne de Atuona, wee gaa na Collège La Mennais na Tahiti .  Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na Banque de Tahiti, ọ zụrụ ọzụzụ dịka onye nkuzi, wee laghachi na Marquesas ịkụzi ihe, wee bụrụ onye nyocha agụmakwụkwọ. Na Ọgọst 2018, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nyocha agụmakwụkwọ mba nke na-ahụ maka Marquesas.  N'ọrụ ahụ, ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na Marquesan Academy iji kwalite nkuzi asụsụ Marquesan. 

Na 2010, e mere ya knight nke Ordre des Palmes academiques . Na 2015, e mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi. Na Septemba 2023, e mere ya knight nke Ordre national du Mérite .   

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Stephanie Fielding

**Stephanie** " **Ọkụ Ụtụtụ** " **Fielding** ( Mohegan : *Yôpôwi Yoht* ) bụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ Mohegan. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na mbilite n'ọnwụ na ime ka asụsụ Mohegan dịghachi ndụ.  N'afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2017-2018, ọ bụ onye otu Presidential Fellow na onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Asụsụ na Mahadum Yale .   Fielding bi na mpaghara Mohegan dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Connecticut, na Uncasville .  Ọ bụ onye otu okpukpe Baha'i. 

## Akụkọ ndụ na ọrụ ya
Fielding nwere nzere bachelọ nke nka na asụsụ na nkà mmụta mmadụ site na Mahadum Connecticut, yana nzere masta nke sayensị na asụsụ site na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme masta afọ abụọ na MIT "maka ndị obodo ndị asụsụ ha anwụọla ma ọ bụ na-anwụ anwụ."  Akwụkwọ edemede masta ya, *The Phonology of Mohegan-Pequot*,  gụnyere ihe odide akwụkwọ ndekọ edere na Mohegan site n'aka onye ikwu ya bụ Fidelia Fielding, onye na-asụ asụsụ Mohegan nke ọma.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Fielding lekwasịrị anya na algọridim asụsụ nke na-enye ya ohere iji okwu proto-Algonquian a nabatara iji mepụta okwu Mohegan nke bụ eziokwu. 

Na 2006, Fielding bipụtara *A Modern Mohegan Dictionary* .  O mekwara *ọrụ Mohegan Language Project* n'ịntanetị,  dịka akụkụ dị mkpa nke mbọ ya iji mee ka asụsụ nna nna ya dịgide. Banyere ọrụ a, Fielding kwuru na "ebumnuche ya bụ ịsụ asụsụ nke ọma ," ma na-enye njikọ na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Mohegan-Bekee, akwụkwọ ahịrịokwu, ntuziaka ịkpọ okwu, mmega ahụ, na nhọrọ ọdịyo.  N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na *New York Times*, Fielding kwuru "Iji mee ka asụsụ dị ndụ ma bilie, ọ chọrọ ka ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya, nakwa ka ndị mmadụ na-ekwu ya, a ga-enwerịrị ọha mmadụ na-arụ ọrụ na ya."  Fielding edekwala nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi,  yana ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ụmụaka iji nye ma ụmụaka ma ndị nne na nna ohere ma mụta asụsụ ahụ. 

Ọ rụọla ọrụ "dịka onye nkụzi, onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-ese ihe osise na onye na-akpọsa redio. O jekwara ozi na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, òtù ndị na-abụghị maka uru, na òtù okpukpe."  Ọ na-asụgharị Bekee gaa na Mohegan maka ndị ọkà okwu na emume ọdịnala Mohegan.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ "nke ukwuu" na Walk Norwich Project na 2015 iji nyere aka na ịgbakwunye ụzọ Mohegan. 

## Edensibia
Okinawa, ụmụ klas ya na-akparị ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ndị kpọrọ ya "America" n'ihi ọdịdị ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 22, ọ gara United States mana ọ chọpụtara na ndụ ebe ahụ na-enye nsogbu, n'ihi na ndị obodo chere na ọ nwere ike ịsụ Bekee n'ihi ọdịdị ya. [1] Mgbe ọ lọghachiri Okinawa mgbe ọ dị afọ 24, ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ ochie ebe ọ nụrụ ka a na-abụ egwu ọdịnala Okinawa . Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, Fija kpebiri ịmụta asụsụ Okinawa ma kwalite omenala

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ajụjụ ọnụ nke Ngalaba Asụsụ MIT na Fielding
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Fessi dialect

Asụsụ Fessi (Arabic Moroccan: هضرة أهل فاس) bụ olu asụsụ Arabic nke Moroccan, ma ọ bụ Darija, nke jikọtara ya na obodo Fes, ọkachasị ezinụlọ ndị ochie nke obodo ahụ..

A na-ewere olumba Fessi dị ka olumba dị ùgwù karịa ụdị ndị ọzọ nke Moroccan Darija, dịka ọrụ nke ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ndị na-asụ ya.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Dị ka asụsụ Moroccan ndị ọzọ dị n'obodo ukwu, a na-ewere ya dị ka pre-Hilalian. 'Pre-Hilalian' n'ọnọdụ a na-ezo aka n'asụsụ ndị e kwenyere na ha sitere na Arabic a na-asụ n'ógbè ahụ tupu mbata nke agbụrụ Banu Hilal na Banu Ma'qil nke malitere na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ. Mgbe ihe omume a gasịrị, asụsụ "Hilalian" ghọrọ ihe a ma ama n'ime ime obodo nke etiti Morocco ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke Arabic Moroccan taa. : 2–10 : 2–10 

N'ihi mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke malitere na narị afọ nke 20 dị ka nnukwu mbata n'ime obodo n'ime ime obodo na ọpụpụ nke ọtụtụ ndị isi obodo ochie na Casablanca, ọdịdị asụsụ ọdịnala anaghịzi achịkwa okwu nke ndị na-asụ Arabic na Fes taa. : 5, 24 : 5, 24 

### Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Fessi
Obodo ndị Juu nọ na Fes, tupu ọpụpụ nke ọtụtụ ndị Juu bi n'obodo ahụ na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke 20, na-asụkwa olumba Arabic yiri nke obodo ndị ọzọ. : 24 [a]

## Akụkụ asụsụ

### Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ọ nwere ọdịnala asụsụ pụrụ iche, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị tupu Hilalian n'óg ahụ kerịtara: : 5, 24 na ọkwa phonological, ndị a gụnyere ojiji a na-eji post-veolar approximant (dị ka ịkpọpụta /ɹ/ nke America n'okwu "red") n'ọnọdụ nke trilled [r] maka /ر/, ma ọ bụ pharyngealized glottal stop ma ọ bụ voiceless uvular plosive n'ọnọdụ ụda olu ([g]) maka /ق/

### Akwukwo okwu
Na ọkwa morphosyntactic, a na-egbochi ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na nnọchiaha na ngwaa na onye nke abụọ. 

### Akụkụ nke asụsụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya
.

## Ihe edeturu
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## Edensibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Byron Fija

**Byron Fija** ( Okinawan   ; amụrụ ya na 1 Septemba 1969 na Naha ) bụ onye nkuzi na onye na-akwalite asụsụ Okinawan . Ọ na-akwado mmemme redio nke asụsụ Okinawan ma a na-egosikarị ya na telivishọn Japan iji kụzie asụsụ ahụ.

A mụrụ Fija na 1 Septemba 1969 na Naha, nne ya bụ onye Okinawa na nna ya bụ onye America . E hapụrụ ya na nwanne nna ya nwoke na nwanne nne ya obere oge ka a mụsịrị ya.  O tolitere n'obodo ya bụ Okinawa, ụmụ klas ya na-akparị ya mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ndị kpọrọ ya "America" n'ihi ọdịdị ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 22, ọ gara United States mana ọ chọpụtara na ndụ ebe ahụ na-enye nsogbu, n'ihi na ndị obodo chere na ọ nwere ike ịsụ Bekee n'ihi ọdịdị ya.  Mgbe ọ lọghachiri Okinawa mgbe ọ dị afọ 24, ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ ochie ebe ọ nụrụ ka a na-abụ egwu ọdịnala Okinawa . Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe nkiri ahụ, Fija kpebiri ịmụta asụsụ Okinawa ma kwalite omenala na njirimara Okinawa.  Fija na-amata ugbu a dị ka "American-Uchinanchu" (American-Okinawan). 

## Agụmakwụkwọ na omume
N'oge Fija bụ nwata, enweghị klaasị ma ọ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akụzi asụsụ Okinawa. N'ihi ya, Fija mụtara Okinawan site n'ịgwa ndị agadi bi n'ógbè ahụ okwu bụ ndị ka nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ ahụ. Onye nkuzi ya bụ isi bụ onye ome ihe nkiri a ma ama, Makishi Kochu (1923–2011), onye ọ na-eleta kwa izu iji mụta ihe n'aka ya. 

Fija malitere ịkụzi ndị Okinawa mgbe ọ mụtachara asụsụ ahụ. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-akwado mmemme redio nke ọ na-eduzi kpamkpam n'asụsụ Okinawan na asụsụ Ryukyuan ndị ọzọ. Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị agadi niile, na-akpọ oku ka ha rịọ maka abụ na mkparịta ụka. Ọ pụtakwara na ihe ngosi telivishọn site n'enyemaka nke gọọmentị obodo Naha iji kụziere ndị obodo asụsụ Okinawa. 

Fija bụ onye na-akwado asụsụ obodo nke ọma n'ihe gbasara ndụ kwa ụbọchị ma na-agba ndị mmadụ na Okinawa ume ka ha mụta asụsụ Okinawa.  Dịka otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ ahụ nke ọma, ndị mgbasa ozi obodo na nke mba ụwa na-akpọtụrụ ya mgbe niile ma na-agakarị mmemme mba na nke mba ụwa gbasara asụsụ Ryukyuan ma ọ bụ asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ozuzu.   

Vidiyo nke gosiri Fija ka ọ na-abụ abụ ọdịnala Okinawa n'asụsụ Okinawan dị n'ime nchịkọta dị na Ethnological Museum Berlin nke onye omenkà Okinawa bụ Yuken Teruya chịkọtara dịka akụkụ nke nchịkọta ọhụrụ na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Okinawa ruo taa. 

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Arabic nke ndị Juu na ndị Siria

Asụsụ Arab Judeo-Syria, nke a na-akpọkwa asụsụ Siria Judeo-Arabic, bụ asụsụ nke asụsụ Judeo-Arabic dabere na asụsụ Arabic nke Siria. A na-ede ya n'asụsụ Hibru n'oge ochie. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mgbe ndị Juu si Siria pụọ, asụsụ Arabik nke Judeo-Syria kwụsịrị nke ukwuu n'ihi Bekee, Spanish, na Hibru n'etiti ndị Juu si Siria kwapụ. E nwere obodo ndị na-asụ asụsụ Arabik nke Judeo-Syria na İskenderun ruo afọ 1998 mana ọ dịghịzi adị.

## Ihe ndị e ji mara ya
Arabic nke ndị Juu na ndị Siria nwere okwu Ladino na ndị Hibru. 

## Mgbasa ozi
Enwere vidiyo YouTube na ihe nlele nke Judeo-Syrian Arabic dị n'ịntanetị. Obodo ndị Juu Siria nọ na New York City anọgidewo na-enwe ọdịnala egwu siri ike nke ndị Juu na ndị Siria. 

## Ihe odide ihe atụ

## Edensibia
Judeo-Yemeni Arabic

Asụsụ Arabic nke Judeo-Yemeni (a makwaara dịka Judeo-Yemeni na Yemenite Judeo-Arabic) bụ asụsụ Arabic dị iche iche nke ndị Juu si Yemen na-asụ. A na-ede asụsụ a n'asụsụ Hibru. Obodo Sana'a, Aden, al-Bayda, na Habban District na obodo nta ndị dị na mpaghara ha nwere asụsụ nke ha.

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Juu Yemen akwagaala Izrel ma gbanwee gaa na Modern Hebrew dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha. Na 1995, Izrel bụ ebe obibi nke mmadụ 50,000 na-asụ Judeo-Yemeni na 1995, ebe otu puku mmadụ ka nọ na Yemen.Dịka onye rabaị Yemen bụ al-Marhabi si kwuo, ọtụtụ n'ime ha alaala United States kemgbe ahụ. Na 2010, e chere na ihe na-erughị ndị Juu 300 ka nọ na Yemen. [./Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic#cite_note-3 [2] .Dịka nke 2022[mmelite], naanị otu onye Juu kwenyere na ọ ga-anọ na Yemen

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ ndị Juu na ndị Arab

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (2013, Jenụwarị 1). Hibru dị ka Asụsụ Nzuzo na Yemenite Judeo-Arabic (EHLL) . E nwetara ya na February 13, 2015
* Wexler, P. (onye nwụrụ). Jewish Interlinguistics: Eziokwu na Echiche. E nwetara ya na February 13, 2015
* Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ Moshe ka a na-akpọ Piamenta 1990–1991. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke post-classical Yemeni Arabic. Leiden: Ọmarịcha  (Gụnyere ntụaka bibliographical (v. 1, p. xv-xxiv)).
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Asụsụ al-gades: Isi njirimara nke asụsụ Arabic a na-asụ na Lower Yemen. Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke 73. 351–394.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Vidio YouTube nke Judeo-Yemeni
Koy Sanjaq Jewish Neo-Aramaic

Koy Sanjaq Jewish Neo-Aramaic bụ asụsụ nke Northeastern Neo-Aramaic na otu Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic. Ndị niile na-asụ asụsụ ahụ kwagara Israel na 1951, ma ruo 1985, ụmụaka a zụlitere na Shtula, moshav na Israel, na-amụta asụsụ ahụ.[1]

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* 
*
Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic

Sanandaj Jewish Neo-Aramaic bụ ụdị asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Juu na-asụ na Northeastern nke ndị Juu na-asụ na mbụ na obodo Sanandaj, Iran. O nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Juu Trans-Zab ndị ọzọ karịa asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Kraịst na-asụ n'otu obodo ahụ.[1]

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụdaume /ṭ/ na /ṣ/ n'asụsụ dị ugbu a agbakọtawo na /t/ na /s/ n'ọtụtụ gburugburu ma mgbe ụfọdụ na-emetụta ịkpọpụta ụdaume ndị gbara ya gburugburu.[3] A na-ejikarị pharyngealized eme ihe.[4]

## Asụsụ
A na-agbanwe ngwaa transitive n'oge gara aga maka okwu oblique nwere mgbakwunye (nke bụ ahịrịokwu prepositional sitere na ya), ebe a na-agbanwe ngwaa intransitive n'oge gara aga site na mgbakwunye kpọmkwem (nominative) Usoro ihe-ngwaa (OV) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Sanandaj karịa n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Judeo Neo-Aramaic..

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya

* 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Barwar Christian Neo-Aramaic

Barwar Christian Neo-Aramaic bụ olumba nke Northern Eastern Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Asiria na-asụ na mpaghara Barwari nke Iraq na Turkey..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya

*
Koy Sanjaq Syriac

**Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic** (aha obodo: ܡܘܪܬ, nke e dere n'asụsụ roman: Sûrat) bụ ụdị asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke ndị Asiria nke Ndị Kraịst na-asụ na Northeastern na Koy Sanjaq na Erbil Governorate, Iraq. Koy Sanjaq Jewish Neo-Aramaic bụ asụsụ dị iche nke ndị Juu na-asụ n'otu obodo ahụ..

## Hụkwa

* Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
* Chọọchị Katọlik nke Kaldea

## Edensibia
Qaraqosh Neo-Aramaic

**Qaraqosh** bụ otu n'ime olumba na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Northeast Neo-Aramaic, Ndị Asiria agbụrụ kwuru na obodo Qaraqosh (Bakhdida) na Iraq. Olumba Qaraqosh nwere ụfọdụ myirịta na Aramaic a na-asụ na Karamlesh dị nso.Ọ bụ olumba dị n'akụkụ n'asụsụ olu nke neo-Aramaic gbatịa site na Turoyo ruo Western Iran. 

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
*
Asụsụ Galili

Asụsụ Galili bụ ụdị asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu Palestine nke ndị Galili na-asụ n'oge oge ochie, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge Jizọs na ndị na-eso ụzọ ya, dị iche na asụsụ ndị Juu a na-asụ na Jerusalem.

Dịka e dekọrọ n'Oziọma Aramaic nke Jizọs, na-enye ọtụtụ ihe atụ nke ahịrịokwu Aramaic. Agba Ọhụrụ kwuru na ịkpọpụta Pita mere ka ọ bụrụ onye Galili nye nwa agbọghọ na-eje ozi n'ebe a na-esi nri n'abalị ikpe Jisọs (lee Matiu 26:73 na Mak 14:70).

## Nrụzigharị nke ndị ọkà mmụta

### Mmụta agụmakwụkwọ oge ochie
Na narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, John Lightfoot na Johann Christian Schöttgen chọpụtara ma kwuo okwu banyere okwu Aramaic nke Galili. Ọrụ Schöttgen bụ *Horae Ebraicae na Talmud*, nke mụrụ Agba Ọhụrụ n'ihe gbasara Talmud, sochiri nke Lightfoot. Ndị ọkà mmụta abụọ ahụ nyere ihe atụ nke ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu Galili na nke Judia. 

Onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ nke narị afọ nke 19 bụ́ Gustaf Dalman chọpụtara "Aramaic nke Galili" n'ụtọasụsụ nke Talmud na Midrash nke Palestine,  . 

### Agụmakwụkwọ nke oge a
Porter (2000) notes that scholars have tended to be "vague" in describing exactly what a "Galilean dialect" entailed. Hoehner (1983) notes that the Talmud has oneplace (Ber. 53b) with several amusing stories about Galilean dialect that indicate only a defective pronunciation of gutturals in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Hugo Odeberg attempted a grammar based on the Aramaic of the Genesis Rabbah in 1939. Michael Sokoloff's English preface to Caspar Levias's 1986 *A Grammar of Galilean Aramaic* (in Hebrew) also sheds light on the controversy that began with Dalman. &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup> E. Y. Kutscher's 1976 ''Studies in Galilean Aramaic'' may offer some newer insights. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D; More recently, attempts at better understanding the Galilean dialect in the New Testament have been taken up by Steve Caruso, who has spent over 10 years compiling a topical lexical reference of the Galilean dialect. Caruso has noted the difficulties of the task:
 
Caruso ebipụtala ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụtọ asụsụ zuru ezu n'asụsụ Bekee.

## Aha onwe onye
Ihe akaebe banyere mkpirisi ma ọ bụ ịgbanwe aha Hibru n'asụsụ Galili pere mpe. Ihe odide ossuary na-egosi ụdị aha Hibru zuru oke. David Flusser tụrụ aro na aha mkpirikpi Yeshu maka Jizọs na Talmud bụ 'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ n'ezie' ụdị olumba nke Yeshua, dabere na ilo ayin nke Paul Billerbeck kwuru;  ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ na-agbaso nghọta ọdịnala nke aha ahụ dị ka mbelata esemokwu. 

## Edensibia
Jewish Palestinian Aramaic

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic bụ asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu na-asụ n'oge Oge Ochie na Judia na Levant, ọkachasị na Hasmonean, Herodian na Roman Judia na ala ndị dị ya nso na ngwụcha narị afọ nke mbụ TOA, na mgbe e mesịrị na Siria Palaestina na Palaestina Secunda na mmalite narị afọ nke mbụ OA. A na-akpọkarị asụsụ a Galilean Aramaic mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụ ezie na okwu ahụ na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na olu asụsụ Galilean ya.  

Ihe odide kachasị pụta ìhè n'akwụkwọ akụkọ Aramaic nke ndị Juu dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ bụ Jerusalem Talmud, nke a ka na-amụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ okpukperechi ndị Juu na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị n'ọtụtụ ebe dịka Talmud nke ndị Babilọn, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha ka e dere n'asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọkachasị Megillat Taanit: Talmud nke Babilọn nwere okwu ndị e kwuru mgbe ụfọdụ site na ha. Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ 4Q246, nke dị na Qumran, ka e dere n'asụsụ a kwa..

A na-ede Targum na ihe odide ndị yiri ya n'asụsụ Late Jewish Literary Aramaic .  Ọ bụ ọkwa ikpeazụ nke asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu Palestine.

E nwere ụfọdụ ọdịiche n'asụsụ dị n'etiti Judia na Galili, ọtụtụ ederede ndị dị ugbu a dị n'Asụsụ Galili. Michael Sokoloff ebipụtala akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị iche iche nke asụsụ abụọ ahụ. Asụsụ Galili nke Aramaic nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Jizọs na-asụ.

A na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie anya Arabic Western Aramaic nke ndị Juu mgbe ndị Alakụba meriri Lvant na narị afọ nke asaa.

## Asụsụ

### Orthography
י, ו, א, ה na-egosi ụdaume. A na-ejikwa iji iji dochie anya otu okwu ha n'etiti okwu.

## Ihe odide ihe atụ

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Kraịst Palestine Aramaic
* Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Babilọn
* Asụsụ Mandaic
* Asụsụ Sameria
* Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Neo-Aramaic

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya
Samaritan Aramaic

Samaritan Aramaic bụ asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Sameria ji eme ihe n'akwụkwọ nsọ na nke agụmakwụkwọ ha. E kwesịghị iji nke a tụnyere asụsụ Hibru nke ndị Sameria, asụsụ Pentateuch nke ndị Sameria. Aramaic nke ndị Sameria kwụsịrị n'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 10 na nke 12, ebe ndị Sameria gbanwere gaa na Arabic nke ndị Palestine dị ka asụsụ ha.

.

## Ihe Nlereanya
Ọpụpụ 20:1-6 n'asụsụ Samaritan Aramaic, nke a sụgharịrị:

# Umellel Elâ'e yet kel milleyya aalen l'mimar.
# Ana Šema Eluek deppiqtek men ara d'Miṣrem mibbet av'doothah.
# La ya'i lakk elah ahkharin, bar minah.
# La tewed lakh tsilam v'khal d'mu debšumeyya milleilah wedbaraa millera wedbameyya mil'ra l'ar'ah.
# La tisgad l'hon v'la tifli'khinon arei anah ala anaki Šema elaak el kana mas'ar khoveih awaan al b'nin m'rahdin al dahr t'leethai v'ah; dahr r'vee'ai l'sahnai kad mašl'meen b'nayah l'meekhtei bathar avahth'hohn.
# Wabed teivoo l'al'fei dahreen l'rahkhamai welnateri fiqqudi. 

Rịba ama myirịta ya na Judeo-Aramaic dị ka a hụrụ na Targum Onqelos n'otu akụkụ a (ụfọdụ okwu ndị dị n'okpuru ebe a na-akọwa, ọ bụghị n'ụzọ nkịtị):

# *Umalleil Adonai yath kol pithghamayya ha'illein lemeimar* 
# *Ana Adonai elahakh de'appeiqtakh m'arʹa deMiṣrayim mibbeith* 
# *Yihvei lakh elah okharan, bar minni* 
# *N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-adị n'otu n'otu* 
# *Tiisgodh lehon vela tifleḥinnin arei ana Adonai elahakh el qanna masāar ḥovei avahan benin maradhin Ōa al dar telithai veha al reviʹai lesane'ai kadh mašlemin benayya lemiḥtei bathar avahathon* 
# *__ibo____ibo__ Ihe omuma di nma di nma* 

## Hụkwa

* Ndị Kraịst Palestine Aramaic
* Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Babilọn
* Asụsụ Aramaic nke ndị Juu na Palestine
* Asụsụ Mandaic
* Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Neo-Aramaic

## Akwụkwọ

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* Nicholls, G. F. A Grammar of the Samaritan Language with Extracts and Vocabulary. London: Samuel Bagster na Sons, 1858.
* Dị ka ihe atụ, Abraham, A Dictionary of Samaritan Aramaic: Brill 2000   

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Samaritan Aramaic Targum - Ihe odide Aramaic nke Samaritan Targum na nsụgharị Bekee
* Ekpere ndị Sameria na liturgy
Albert Belay

**Albert T. Belay** (amụrụ na Mee 24, 1925) bụ onye na-akwado omenala ndị Germany nke Gottschee na New York City. 

A mụrụ Belay na Livold ( German   ), Slovenia.   Ọ hapụrụ mpaghara Gottschee mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, wee bụrụ onye a chụpụrụ n'Austria mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị,  wee kwaga United States na 1951, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka injinia obodo.  Ọ lụrụ onye gbara ọsọ ndụ Gottschee ibe ya, Therese Erker, na 1953. Belay jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Gottscheer Volksfest nke 1960 na New York  ma duru kọmitii omenala nke Gottscheer Relief Association ruo ọtụtụ afọ. Ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Gottschee German Men's Club na New York.   

Belay dere akwụkwọ nri *Hoimischai Khöscht* (Ụgwọ Ụlọ), nke nwere usoro nri ọdịnala 155 nke Gottschee German,  ma kọọ usoro CD nke akụkụ ise nke *Eine Reise durch Gottschee 1936* (Njem site na Gottschee, 1936).  Nwa ya nwoke, onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ Roland Belay 1955 - 2020, bụ onye otu ndị isi nke Gottscheer Central Holding, nke na-achịkwa Gottscheer Hall na mpaghara Ridgewood nke Queens, New York City. 

## Ndekọ Akwụkwọ

* Albert Belay. 1993. *Hoimischai Khöscht = Heimische Kost: Küchenrezepte aus Gottschee* . New York: Onye edemede.
* Albert Belay, onye edemede. 2015. *Eine Reise durch Gottschee 1936* (CD setịpụrụ akụkụ ise).

## Edensibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Mangei Gomango

thumb|300x300px|Mangei Gomango mepụtara Saura Script
**Mangei Gomango** (16 June 1916 – 1980), nke a ma ama dị ka **Pandita Sabara Mangei Gamango** bụ onye na-akwado asụsụ India nke ekwuru na ọ chepụtara   asụsụ agbụrụ nke mpaghara Rayagada .   Odisha Sahitya Academy enyela ya onyinye. 

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Gomango na 16 Juun 1916 na Marichaguda, Jeypore Estate, British India.  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye mepụtara Soura Lipi (edemede). Mangei Gamang mepụtara mkpụrụ edemede Saura Sorang Sompeng  na 1966 maka ịgbasa asụsụ ahụ.   Dịka ihe ngosi nke nsọpụrụ, ndị mmadụ kpọrọ ya "Pandita Sabara" (ọkà mmụta). 

## Ọrụ
Ụlọ nsọ Matarabnam dị na Marichaguda rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ihe e mepụtara edemede ahụ. A kwenyere na n'ebe ahụ ka mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Sorang Sompeng bịakwutere ya n'ọhụụ na 18 Juun 1936.  Ọ bụ onye na-ede uri, ọkà mmụta Arurvedic na onye na-eme mgbanwe. Na 1936, o hiwere ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na Puthasahi nke ngalaba Gunupur maka ịgbasa edemede ahụ o mepụtara.  

## Ndụ nkeonwe
Gomango nwụrụ n'afọ 1980. 

## Edensibia
 

* Ọnụ ụzọ gọọmentị nke Orissa