open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
J. K. Annand

**James King Annand** MBE (2 Febụwarị 1908 - 8 Juun 1993) bụ onye Scotland na-ede uri nke a maara nke ọma maka uri ụmụaka ọ na-ede.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ ya na Edinburgh nye Maggie Gold na di ya, onye na-arụ ọrụ plumba William Annand. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Broughton Secondary School, ma gụsịa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Edinburgh na 1930. O mechara kụzie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dị na Edinburgh na Whithorn. Ọ sụgharịrị uri na akụkọ ifo site na German na Latin oge ochie gaa n'asụsụ Scots. Uri ndị toro eto ya gụnyere nsụgharị nke abụ ọdịnala Bavarian na nke *Carmina Burana* . 

N'afọ 1925, Annand dere nnyocha nke akwụkwọ Hugh MacDiarmid bụ *Sangshaw* ma soro MacDiarmid rụọ ọrụ maka nguzobe nke Scottish PEN n'afọ 1927. 

N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, Annand jere ozi na Royal Navy, na-ekere òkè na ndị njem Murmansk.

Ọ bụ onye nkwado siri ike nke òtù Scottish Youth Hostel Association, nke n'a ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye na-aga ije n'ugwu nakwa n'agha n'oké osimiri kpaliri ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin gasị ma mesịa chịkọta ya na Two Voices (1968) o dere. Abụ ụmụaka na Scots nke William Soutar dere nwere mmetụta n'egwú ya.

Annand bụ onye guzobere Scots Language Society na 1972  na onye nchịkọta akụkọ mmalite nke *Lallans*, magazin maka ide ihe na Scots nke Scots Language Society bipụtara, site na 1973 ruo 1983. Uri ya 'Arctic Convoy' meriri ihe nrite nke afọ 1956 maka Best Original Poem na Scottish Dialect nke Burns Federation.  O nyere ikike nke ọrụ ya, na ihe nrite ndị sitere na ya, na Dictionaries of the Scots Language SCIO.

Ọ nwụrụ na Edinburgh na 1993.

## Nchịkọta nke uri ụmụaka O Dere

** *Sing it Aince for Pleisure (1970)*
** *Twice for Joy (1973)*
** *Thrice to Show Ye (1979)*
** *A Wale o Rhymes (1989); reissued in 1998 as Bairn Rhymes*

## Ọrụ ndị ọzọ

* *Olu Abụọ* (1968) 
* *Abụ na nsụgharị* (1975) 
* *Abụ sitere na Carmina burana* (1978) 
* Akwụkwọ aka Scots (1980) 
* *Abụ ndị a họọrọ, 1925-1990* (1992) 

## Nkwado

* 1958 - onyeisi oche nke Edinburgh Branch nke Saltire Society.
* 1979 - Ihe nrite pụrụ iche nke Scottish Arts Council maka enyemaka ya na Scottish Poetry.
* 1993 - MBE mgbe ọ nwụsịrị maka ọrụ ya na asụsụ na akwụkwọ edemede Scots.
* 2008 - Nkume ncheta n'Ụlọikpe Makars
* 2015 - Onyinye Arctic Star maka ọrụ agha ya na Royal Navy n'oge WW2

## Ịgụrụ Gawa

* Campbell, Janet, "The Bairn Rhymes of J.K. Annand", na Glen, Duncan (ed.) *Akros* No. 26.

## Edensibịa
Pól Deeds

**Pól Deeds** (amụrụ na 1978) bụ ọkachamara n'asụsụ Irish na onye ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu. Ọ bụ onye mbụ nwere ọkwa Kọmishọna Asụsụ Irish.

## Ndụ na ọrụ
A mụrụ Deeds n'afọ 1978 na West Belfast, na-etolite na Arizona Street n'okporo ụzọ Glen. Tupu ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna Asụsụ Irish, ọ bụ Osote Onyeisi Nchịkwa nke Foras na Gaeilge  ruo afọ iri abụọ tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka nzukọ asụsụ Irish maka ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Belfast, An Droichead.

## Edensibia
Yakhin

(Russian) bụ aha nna nwoke Tatar sitere na aha Arabic enyere Yahya,[1] onye ya na nwanyị bụ Yakhina. Ọ nwere ike izo aka na:

* Alexei Yakhin (amụrụ n'afọ 1984), onye na-agba goaltender n'egwuregwu ice hockey na Russia
* Guzel Yakhina (amụrụ n'afọ 1977), onye edemede Russia na onye na-ede ihe nkiri
* Röstäm Yaxin (1921-1993), onye Tatar na-ede egwu na onye na-akpọ piano

## Edemsibia
Yusupov

**Yusupov** (Russian) ma ọ bụ **Yusupova** (feminine; ) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị bụbu Soviet Union, nke pụtara "Nwa Josef." Ọ nwere ike izo aka na:

* **Ụlọ Yusupov**, ezinụlọ eze Russia, nke sitere na Tatar Felix Yusupov (1887-1967), Count Sumarokov-Elston, onye isi Russia na otu n'ime ndị sonyere na ogbugbu Grigori Rasputin Irina Yusupova (1915-1993), Princess Russia na nwa nwanyị nke Count Felix Yusupov Zinaida Nikolaevna Yusupova (1861-1939), Princess Russia na nne Count Felix Yusupova
** Felix Yusupov (1887-1967), Count Sumarokov-Elston, onye isi Russia na otu n'ime ndị sonyere na ogbugbu Grigori Rasputin
** Irina Yusupova (1915-1993), Princess Russia na nwa nwanyị nke Count Felix Yusupov
** Zinaida Nikolaevna Yusupova (1861-1939), Princess Russia na nne Count Felix Yusupov
* Aliya Yusupova (b. 1984), onye na-eme egwuregwu mmega ahụ na Kazakhstan&nbsp;
* Artur Yusupov (b. 1960), nnukwu onye na-eme egwuregwu chess&nbsp;
* Benjamin Yusupov (amụrụ n'afọ 1962), onye Israel na-ede egwu
* Ibroyim Yusupov (1929-2008), onye na-ede uri Karakalpak, onye na-eme egwuregwu, onye ntụgharị na onye nkuzi
* Iosef Yusupov (amụrụ n'afọ 1955), onye America na-emepụta ihe nkiri amụrụ n'Uzbekistan
* Ismail Yusupov (1913-2005), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kazakhstan
* Iraida Yusupova (b. 1962), onye na-ede egwu na Turkmenistan&nbsp;
* Lidia Yusupova (b. 1961), onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ&nbsp;
* Tuti Yusupova (1880-2015), onye Uzbekistan na-azọrọ ogologo ndụ
Räşit Wahapov

**Räşit Wahap ulı Wahapov** (, Russian: Раши́д Вага́пович Вага́пов, romanized: Rashid Vagapovich Vagapov; May 7, 1908–December 14, 1962) bụ onye na-abụ abụ Tatar (tenor), nke e nyere onyinye site na Onye Egwu Ndị Mmadụ nke TASSR (1957). Wahapov bụ "otu n'ime ndị na-abụ abụ Tatar kacha egwu egwu na nke ọma n'afọ 1940 ma nwee nnukwu ewu ewu n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị". Na Kazan, isi obodo Tatarstan, a kpọrọ otu okporo ámá aha onye na-abụ abụ ahụ.

## Oge ọ malitere
A mụrụ Wahapov n'obodo nta a na-akpọ Aktuk, nke dị na Nizhny Novgorod Oblast . 

## Ọrụ
E nyere ya onyinye People's Artist nke TASSR (1957). N'afọ 1941-1962 ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwú nke Tatar Philharmonic Society. Ọ na-abụ abụ ọdịnala Tatar yana abụ ndị na-ede egwu dịka Sälix Säydäşev, Cäwdät Fäyzi, na Mansur Mozaffarov.

A na-eme emume abụ Tatar, nke akpọrọ aha Wahapov, kwa afọ.

## Edemsibia
Shura (magazine)

***Shura*** (Tatar: Council) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ edemede na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke a na-ebipụta kwa izu abụọ na Orenburg, Alaeze Ukwu Russia, n'etiti Jenụwarị 1908 na Jenụwarị 1918. Magazin ahụ nwere isiokwu e dere n'asụsụ Turkish na Tatar. Ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị kacha mkpa n'asụsụ Tatar.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
*Muhammad Shakir na Zakir Ramiyev hiwere Shura.O sitere na magazin Arabic bụ Al Manār nke Rashid Rida deziri na Cairo. E bipụtara Shura na mbụ na Jenụwarị 10, 1908. Ọ bụ mgbakwunye nke akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị bụ Waqt nke dị n'etiti 1906 na 1918, akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ nọkwa na Orenburg.*  E bipụtara Shura n'asụsụ Tatar kwa izu, n'ụbọchị mbụ na nke iri na ise nke ọnwa ọ bụla.   Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Shura bụ onye ọrụ okpukpe na-eme mgbanwe, Rizaeddin bin Fakhreddin .   Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ahụ gụnyere Musa Jurullah Begiyev, Fatih Karimiy na Jamaliddin Validiy.

Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-agụ ya bụ Ndị Alakụba, ọdịbendị Russia nwere mmetụta miri emi na *Shura*. Magazin ahụ bipụtara nsụgharị nke isiokwu ndị sitere na *Al Manar*  na magazin ndị ọzọ, gụnyere *Al Liwa* .  E bipụtara uri Zakir Ramiyev na Shura .  Magazin ahụ gosipụtakwara uri banyere ili Turkestani n'etiti 1911 na 1913.  Isiokwu ndị ọzọ a na-ahụkarị na magazin ahụ bụ akụkọ ndụ nke ndị isi Alakụba, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Turkey na asụsụ. Shura gosipụtakwara isiokwu gbasara ala na ụkpụrụ omume.  Magazin ahụ bipụtara akụkọ ọnwụ zuru oke maka Ismail Bey Gasprinski na mbipụta anọ na 1914. 

Na 1917, Shura bipụtara nọmba 23 na 24 ọnụ.[1] Magazin ahụ kwụsịrị ibipụta ya na Jenụwarị 1918 mgbe ndị kọmunist weghaara Orenburg ma mechie ya.

## Edemsibia

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Valiyev

**Valiyev** or **Valiev** (masculine, Azerbaijani: Vəliyev, Cyrillic: Валиев) na Valiyeva ma ọ bụ Valieva (nwanyị, Azerbaijani: Vəliyeva, Cyrillic: Валиева) bụ aha nna Azerbaijani na Tatar, nke pụtara "nwa Vali". Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Valeyev. Ndị a ma ama nwere aha nna gụnyere:

* Arif Valiyev (1943-2014), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Azerbaijan
* Elmar Valiyev, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Azerbaijan
* Evgeny Valiev (amụrụ n'afọ 1990), onye Russia na-agba bọọlụ
* Mirabi Valiyev (amụrụ n'afọ 1970), onye Ukraine na-agba mgba
* Ravil Valiyev (amụrụ n'afọ 1966), onye Russia na-agba bọọlụ
* Rinat Valiev (amụrụ n'afọ 1995), onye na-agbachitere ice hockey na Russia
* Rom Valiyev (amụrụ n'afọ 1984), onye na-awụli elu atọ nke Kazakhstan
* Suleyman Valiyev (1916-1996), onye edemede Azerbaijan
* Timur Valiev (amụrụ n'afọ 1990), onye Russia na-eme egwuregwu ọgụ
* Zinyat Valiyeva (amụrụ n'afọ 1974), onye na-agba ụta n'egwuregwu Paralympic nke Azerbaijan
* Kamila Valieva (amụrụ n'afọ 2006), onye Russia na-agba ọsọ
* Lamiya Valiyeva (amụrụ n'afọ 2002), onye na-eme egwuregwu Paralympic nke Azerbaijan
Nkwado Tamil

Tamil prosody na-akọwa ọtụtụ mita n'ime ihe isii bụ isi  na-ekpuchi akụkụ dị iche iche nke rhythm. A na-ede ọtụtụ ọrụ oge ochie na ọtụtụ ọrụ nke oge a na mita ndị a.

Tolkappiyam na-anọchite anya ọdịnala ochie na Tamil prosody ebe *yapparungalam* na *yapparungalakkarigai* na-anọchi anya ọdịnala nke ikpeazụ. A ga-enyocha usoro prosodic nke akwụkwọ edemede sitere n'oge Sangam dịka Tolkappiyam si kwuo. A na-eji iwu ndị e nyere na Yapparungalakkarigai eme ihe na nyocha nke ọrụ ndị ọzọ.

## Ọganihu
Enwere ike kewaa mmepe nke prosody Tamil n'ime usoro anọ. Nkebi nke mbụ bụ nke ndị obodo, nke tupu Sanskritic na nke karịrị Sanskritic. Ọ dabere na nkeji metric bụ isi aha ya bụ acai nke bụ ntọala maka mita oge ochie niile dị mkpa nke Tamil. Nkebi nke abụọ (ihe dị ka 600 CE) na-egosi mmetụta nke prosody Sanskritic na mita Tamil ma na-akwụsị site na itinye oke nha nke akshara (mkpụrụedemede) na matra (mora) dabere na ndị Tamil obodo..

A na-ahụ nkebi nke atọ site na njikọta nke uri na egwu nwayọ nwayọ site na iji ụdị egwu a kapịrị ọnụ (*IAST|paṇ*) na Shaiva]] na ederede Vaishnava Bhakti. Ogbo ahụ na-agwụ na mgbasa nke ụdị egwu na narị afọ nke 17, nke 18, na mmalite narị afọ nke 19. Ogbo ikpeazụ pụtara site na mmalite nke amaokwu efu na uri-abụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20.≥

## Ihe ndị bụ isi
Otu prosodic bụ isi bụ (*acai*) nke mejupụtara *ezhuttu* (ehuuttu), mkpụrụedemede nke Asụsụ Tmil ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi karị, okwu na-ada ụda na Tamil. Asais bụ ihe ndị mejupụtara ụkwụ metric ma ọ bụ Цаr nke, n'aka nke ya, bụ ihe ndị dị na *adi* (aṭi), akara nke uri. Ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere *todai* (*toṭai*, alliteration) na *vannam* (*vaṇam*, "mmetụta rhythmic", lit. agba ma ọ bụ ịma mma).

## Mita
 

* Venpa
* Aciriyappa
* Kalippa
* vanjippa

## Hụkwa

* Nkwupụta Sanskrit

## Ihe edeturu

## Edensibia

* 
* 
*
Kim J. Henriksen

**Kim Jan Henriksen** (nke a makwaara dị ka **Kimo**, amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1960) bụ onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eti egwu Esperantist na Denmark. Site n'aka nne ya a mụrụ na Poland, Bogumiła Maria Henriksen, na nna ya a mụrụ n'Denmark, Kai L. Henriksen. Ọ mụtara Esperanto mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị, bụrụ onye a ma ama n'Òtù ndị ntorobịa Esperanto na n'ụwa nke egwu egwu Esperanto na 1980s na 1990s. Kim Henriksen na nwunye ya a mụrụ na Poland na-asụ Esperanto n'ụlọ ma na-azụlite nwa ha nwoke dị ka onye na-asụgharị Esperanto nke ọgbọ nke abụọ. Egwu Henriksen na-anụ ọkụ n'obi n'aha Esperanto na nghọta ọdịbendị site na egwu rock emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na Europe na America.

## Nkọwa Arika Okrent
Onye America na-amụ asụsụ bụ Arika Okrent kwuru, sị:

"[Henriksen] yiri ka ọ maghị otú ọ dị ịtụnanya ịbụ onye na-asụ asụsụ e chepụtara echepụta. Esperanto bụ ihe na-emetụta mmekọrịta ndị mụrụ ya na ndụ ezinụlọ ha niile.

Tupu ị malite iwe n'ihi ya, mara na mgbe ọ na-etolite, ya na ụwa na-emekọrịta ihe nke ọma n'èzí ụlọ ya ma mụta ịsụ Danish dịka nwa amaala. Mana o weere Esperanto dị ka ezigbo asụsụ nne ya. Maka Kimo, Esperanto bụ eziokwu zuru oke nke ndụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ Polish gaara abụ ma ọ bụrụ na nne na nna ya abụọ bụ Polish. Kimo ahọrọghị ịmụ Esperanto, nwa ya nwoke emeghịkwa, mana onye ọ bụla ọzọ nọ na nnọkọ ahụ mere. N'otu ebe n'ụzọ ha kpebiri na ọ bara uru oge ha iji mụta asụsụ utopian a na-arọ nrọ. "

## Ìgwè egwú
N'afọ 1983, Henriksen bụ onye so guzobe otu Amplifiki  (ya na Bertilo Wennergren na Micke Englund), nke rụrụ ọrụ na Europe niile n'afọ ndị 1980.  O dere ma bụrụ ọtụtụ n'ime egwu kachasị ewu ewu nke otu egwu egwu egwu Esperanto bụ Sola. Onye guzobere otu Esperanto Desperado  na 1996, ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwu, Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-akụ ụbọ akhara n'òtù a.

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2005, ya na Brian Laustsen, Nis Bramsen na Mark Dziwornu guzobere otu Hotel Desperado, otu ya na ya ka na-arụ ọrụ. Ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ahụ ugbu a bụ Thierry Boisdon na David-Emil Wickström .  Ìgwè ahụ na-abụ abụ n'ọtụtụ asụsụ - Danish, English, French, Twi na Spanish. Egwú ha na-agụnye ihe ndị dị na flamenco, Afro, blues, folk, Balkan na ska.

Henriksen bụ onye isi otu Danish Esperanto Youth Organisation, onye isi otu Danish Esperanto Society site na 1995 ruo 2002 na onye isi oche nke Copenhagen Esperanto Club site na 2005 ruo 2007 O nyere aka na ntọala ma gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ nke *Sunda Esperanto agado*, otu na-enyere aka na mmekorita Øresund-ógbè n'etiti klọb Esperanto si Copenhagen na Helsingborg na Denmark na klọb si Malmö na Lund na Sweden. Ọ nọ na ndị isi nke Esperanto Club nke Malmö kemgbe afọ 2007, ebe ọ na-akụzi nkuzi mmeghe na nke etiti na Esperanto.

## ndetu


Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Otú:Articles with hCards
Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata
Otú:Articles with short description
Nchịkọta Tamil

Nchịkọta Tamil bụ usoro mkpirisi eji eme ihe na Asụsụ Tamil. Nke a bụ nke Srinivasa Rao chepụtara ma nabata ya kemgbe 1894.

Onye ọzọ tinyere aka na Tamil shorthand bụ N. Subramania Iyer, onye hiwere onyeisi oche nke The Stenographers' Guild n'afọ 1935. Gọọmentị Madras, nke bụ ugbu a Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu, nabatara usoro abụọ ahụ maka ojiji gọọmentị.

## Edensibia

# Tamil Shorthand si na The Hindu, National Newspaper of India
Tamil Valarchi Kazhagam

**Tamil Valarchi Kazhagam** (Tamil Academy), bụ òtù asụsụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị guzobere na 1946 na Madras Presidency site n'aka onye bụbu minista agụmakwụkwọ T. S. Avinashilingam Chettiar n'okpuru Iwu Ndebanye aha nke Societies .  Kemgbe e guzobere ya, ụlọ akwụkwọ a na-arụ ọrụ site na ogige Chepauk nke Mahadum Madras.

## Nchịkwa
Kemgbe 2024 Ọktoba 24, M. Rajendran na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ahụ, Krishna Chand Sodiya bụ osote onyeisi oche na V. Jeyadevan bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego. P. Chidambaram bụ onyeisi oche nke ndị nlekọta nke gụnyere Nalli Kuppuswami Chetti, S. Ramakrishnan na mmadụ ole na ole a ma ama.

### Ndị bụbu ndị isi ala
A na-edepụta ndị isi oche mbụ nke nzukọ ahụ n'okpuru ebe a.

# Periyasaamy Thooran
# Chidambaram Subramaniam 08-12-1982 ruo 10.03.1990
# V. C. Kulandaiswamy 10.03.1990

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

* Tamil Encyclopedia - Mpịakọta 10
* Children Encyclopedia - Mpịakọta 10
* Akwụkwọ nkà mmụta ọgwụ

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ
Elvin Grey

**Elvin Grey** (Bashkir language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Bashkir: Элвин Грей) bụ aha egwu nke **Radik Yulyakshin** (Bashkur: Радик Юлъяҡшин, Russian: РадикЮльякшин), onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe na Russia nke sitere na Bashkir.

A mụrụ Radik Yulyakshin na Ufa n'ime ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ụlọ nke agbụrụ Bashkir. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pedagogical nke Moscow State .

## Ọrụ
Na 2006, o wepụtara abọm mbụ ya. Kwa afọ n'etiti 2006 na 2012, a na-akpọ Yulyakshin onye na-abụ abụ nke afọ na Bashkortostan. N'afọ 2011, ọ kwagara Moscow. N'afọ 2016, a kpọrọ Yulyakshin Onye Ọdịbendị nke Afọ na Tatarstan. 

N'afọ 2017, ọ natara aha Merited Artist of Bashkortostan. 

N'afọ 2017, a gụnyere aha Radik Yulyakshin n'akwụkwọ nkuzi asụsụ Bashkir. 

Na 2020, Onyeisi mba Bashkortostan, Radiy Khabirov, họpụtara onye na-abụ abụ dịka onye ndụmọdụ ya na mmepe omenala na amụma ndị ntorobịa.. 

## Onyinye

* 2006-2012 - "Onye na-abụ abụ nke Afọ na Bashkortostan"
* 2012 - Grand Prix "Hit nke afọ na Bashkortostan"
* 2013 - Finalist nke All - asọmpi Russia nke ndị na-eto eto na-eme ihe nkiri "Abụ m onye na-ese ihe" 
* 2017 - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Republic of Bashkortostan 
* 2024 - Onye na-ese ihe nke Republic of Bashkortostan 

## Edemsibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Otú:Articles with hCards
Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata
Otú:Articles with short description
Daniel Bovet

**Daniel Bovet** ForMemRS  (23 Machị 1907 - 8 Eprel 1992) bụ onye Italian na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na Switzerland nke meriri 1957 Nobel Prize na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine maka nchọpụta ya nke ọgwụ ndị na-egbochi omume nke ụfọdụ neurotransmittersrs. A maara ya nke ọma maka nchọpụta ya na 1937 nke antihistamines, nke na-egbochi neurotransmitter histamine ma jiri ya mee ihe na ọgwụ allergy. Nnyocha ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọrụ na chemotherapy, Ọgwụ sulfa, Usoro akwara ọmịiko, ọgwụ nke curare, na mmasị ndị ọzọ na-emetụta akwara.

N'afọ 1965, Bovet duuru otu ndị nyocha nke kwubiri na ise siga siga na-abawanye ọgụgụ isi nke ndị ọrụ.  Ọ gwara akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times na ihe ahụ abụghị ka “ịmepụta ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, kama ọ bụ naanị [iji] tinye onye nwere obere onyinye n'ọnọdụ iru nzụlite echiche na ọgụgụ isi na-eju afọ".

A  mụrụ Bovet na Fleurier, Switzerland.  Ọ bụ onye asụsụ Esperanto.  Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Geneva na 1927 wee nweta doctorate na 1929. N'etiti 1929 na 1947, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Pasteur Institute na Paris.. Ọ kwagara Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Superior Institute of Health) na Rom na 1947. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1949, e nyere Bovet Ihe nrite Cameron maka ọgwụgwọ nke Mahadum Edinburgh. N'afọ 1964, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Sassari na Ịtali. Site na 1969 ruo 1971, ọ bụ onye isi nke Psychobiology na Psychopharmacology Laboratory nke National Research Council, na Rome, tupu ọ kwụsị ịghọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Rome La Sapienza. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1982.

## Edensibia


## Njikọ mpụga

* Daniel Bovetna Nobelprize.org
Asụsụ Betta Kurumba

Asụsụ **Betta ''kurumba*** (*Beṭṭa Kurumba*, IPA) ,  bụ asụsụ Dravidian asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Asụsụ Kannada| na Tamil, mmadụ 32,000 na-asụkwa ya n'ugwu Nilgir na n'ebe ndị dị ya nso na Tamil Nadu, Karnataka na Kerala.
*Beṭṭa* pụtara "ugwu" n'asụsụ Kannada na *kurumba''  pụtara "onye ọzụzụ atụrụ".

## Hụkwa

* Kuruba
* Asụsụ Kurumba
* Asụsụ ndị Drvidiammadụ 32,000 na-asụkwa ya n'ugwu Nilgiri na n'ebe ndị dị ya nso na Tamil Nadu, Karnataka na Kerala. Beṭṭa (ಬೆಟ್ಟ) pụtara "ugwu" na Kannada na kurumba (ಕುರುಬ) pụtara "onye ọzụzụ atụrụ".n
* Ndepụta asụsụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ ya na India
* Asụsụ Ndịda Eshia

## Ihe edeturu


## Edensibia

* Coelho, Gail Maria (2003): A Grammar of Betta Kurumba (PDF).
* 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* ELAR Open Access Archive
Rosa Junck

**Rosa Junck** (amụrụ **Růžena Bílková**; 24 Mee 1850 - 27 Julaị 1929) bụ onye Czech Esperantist, onye nkuzi, onye ntụgharị asụsụ na onye na-agụ egwu opera.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Junck Růžena Bílková na 24 Mee 1850 na Tabor, Bohemia, Alaeze Ukwu Austria. 

Bílková gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba ịbụ abụ nke Prague Conservatory, na 1871 ọ malitere ịbụ abụ opera na Provisional Theatre na Prague.  Mgbe ọ kwagara ịrụ ọrụ na Innsbruck, Tyrol, ọ zutere wee lụọ onye  violin aha ya bụ Junck. 

Mgbe ọ kwagara Bordighera na Ịtali dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ n'ihe dị ka 1890,  Junck mụtara asụsụ enyemaka mba ụwa Esperanto  wee ghọọ "onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Esperanto na Ịtali. "  Ọ kụziri asụsụ,  ọ bụ onye otu Esperanto *Lingva Komitato* (Komiti Asụsụ)  wee bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke Bordighera Esperanto Club.

Ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Clarence Bicknell, Junck sụgharịrị ọrụ Italian n'asụsụ Esperanto na nke ọzọ, gụnyere ọrụ Italian nke enyi ya Edmondo De Amicis  na LL Zamenhof's Esperanto akwụkwọ Ekzercaro de la lingvo internacia Esperanto.  
[thumb|''Lingva Komitato'' na 1907, Junck bụ nwanyị ahụ nọ ọdụ n'aka nri na ndị ọzọ e sere na foto gụnyere Louis de Beaufront, [Louisa Frederica Adela Schafer, na L. L. Zamenhof ]]
Junck gara ọtụtụ ọgbakọ Esperanto World mbụ, gụnyere 1905 Congress na Boulogne-sur-Mer, France, Congress 1906 na Geneva, Switzerland,  na 1907 Congress na Cambridge, England.  Junck bụkwa ihe nlere anya mba ụwa maka ịkpọpụta asụsụ ahụ, ọkachasị ụda ụdaume, na-agụ uri na omume Esperanto.  Zamenhof kọwara ịkpọ okwu ya dị ka "ihe atụ."    

Junck nwụrụ na 27 Julaị 1929 na Bordighera, Ịtali.
## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara

### Nsụgharị gaa n'asụsụ Esperanto

* La Floro De L' Pasinto (1906)  na *Kverko kaj Floro* (1906), nke Edmondo De AmicisCover nke nsụgharị Italian nke L. L. Zamenhof nke akwụkwọ mmega ahụ Esperanto Ekzercaro de la lingvo internacia Esperanto (1908) [thumb|363x363px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke nsụgharị Italian nke Junck nke akwụkwọ mmega ahụ Esperanto nke [L. L. Zamenhof *Ekzercaro de la lingvo internacia Esperanto* (1908) ]]

### Nsụgharị gaa n'asụsụ Italian

* *Ekzercaro de la lingvo internacia Esperanto* (1908), nke L. L. Zamenhof dere
* Fundamento de Esperanto (1907), dị ka onye nlekọta ntụgharị

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Eravallan

**Eravallan** ( []) bụ asụsụ Dravidian agbụrụ metụtara Tamil. Ndị Eravallan na Kerala na Tamil Nadu na-ekwu ya.

## Edensibia
Nzukọ Ụwa Tamil

Nzukọ World Tamil (Tamil) bụ usoro nzukọ oge ụfọdụ iji kwurịta uto mmekọrịta nke Asụsụ Tamil. Ọtụtụ puku ndị Tamil na-anụ ọkụ n'obi gburugburu ụwa na-abịa nzukọ ọ bụla. A na-akwado nzukọ n'obodo dị iche iche na India, yana obodo ụwa nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị Tamil. Ebumnuche nzukọ a bụ ịkwalite ihe nketa nke asụsụ Tamil

E nwere ogbako yiri nke a kpọrọ World Classical Tamil Conference 2010, nke International Association for Tamil Research na-akwadoghị, na Tamil Nadu nke Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu duziri n'okpuru nduzi nke M. Karunanidhi. Ọ bụghị mmadụ niile kwenyere na [onye?] siri ike nke ihe omume ikpeazụ a [achọrọ ntụaka]. N'agbanyeghị nkatọ ndị a, a na-akwanyere nnukwu ihe omume dị otú ahụ ùgwù nke ukwuu, na-egosi uru asụsụ na omenala Tamil bara, a na-enyekwa ya otuto maka onyeisi DMK dịka ndị mmadụ na steeti Tamil Nadu kwenyere na ya..   Abụ isiokwu nke nzukọ World Classical Tamil, Semmozhiyana Thamizh mozhiyam, bụ onye mmeri Oscar A. R. Rahman dere. Ọ bụ M. Karunanidhi dere abụ ahụ ebe o jirila okwu ndị a ma ama sitere na uri Sangam.  

E mere mbipụta kachasị ọhụrụ nke ogbako ahụ na Julaị 3–7, 2019 na Chicago. Òtù Mba Nile nke Nnyocha Tamil, Federation of Tamil Sangams na North America (FeTNA) na Chicago Tamil Sangam (CTS) kwadoro ogbako nke iri ahụ.  Onye Amerịka na-ede egwu bụ Raleigh Rajan dere egwu isiokwu nke ogbako Tamil nke irin'ụwa, nke akpọrọ 'Yaadhum Oore Anthem'. Ọ bụ ya dere egwu mbụ maka uri afọ 2000, Yaadhum Oore, nke onye na-ede uri oge Sangam bụ Kaniyan Pungundranar dere. Rajan kwuru na dịka nkwanye ugwu nye otu n'ime uri ochie kacha aga n'ihu nke na-akpọ maka ịdị n'otu na nha anya, o dere egwu isiokwu ahụ iji kpuchie ọtụtụ ụdị egwu ma kpọbata ọtụtụ ndị egwu mba ụwa nke ụdị dị iche iche, agbụrụ na asụsụ dị iche iche gụnyere onye na-abụ abụ a họpụtara na mahadum bụ Bombay Jayashri, Karthik na Durham Symphony. 

## Ndepụta nke nzukọ

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 

## Njikọ mpụga
Nzukọ Nzukọ Nzọụkwụ Mba Nile nke Mbụ nke Ọmụmụ Tamil, 1966
Mikhail Bronshtein

thumb|Mikaelo Bronŝtejn, 2016
**Mikhail Bronshtein**  (Russian: Бронштейн, Михаил Цалевич, Esperanto: Mikaelo Bronŝtejn; amụrụ 1949), bụ onye Soviet na Russian Esperantist, onye edemede, injinia, onye na-agụ abụ.  Ọ na-ejikwa aha pen Bruna Ŝtono.  O dela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara prose na uri na Esperanto.

## Akwụkwọ

* 1992, 1998, 2006: :eo:Legendoj pri SEJM / Legends of SEJM 
*: nchịkọta nke ncheta dị mkpirikpi banyere Soviet Esperantist Youth Movement 
* 2004: eo:Dek tagoj de kapitano Postnikov (Ten Days of Captain Postnikov) About Alexander Alexeyevich Poстников, a Russian officer and one of the founders of the Esperanto movement in the Russian Empire Na 2007 a sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Russian dị ka Десять дней капитана Постников[2]
*: Banyere Alexander Alexeyevich Postников, onye ọrụ Russia na otu n'ime ndị guzobere òtù Esperanto na Alaeze Ukwu Russia
*: N'afọ 2007, a sụgharịrị ya n'asụsụ Russian dị ka iri ụbọchị nke onye isi ụgbọ mmiri Poстников 
* 2016: I Harnessed the Stars to Dream (eo:Mi stelojn jungis al revado) Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ekpuchi oge nke 1918-1938, nke a raara nye ọdịnihu nke ndị Esperantist Soviet, gụnyere mmegide Stalinist.[3]
*: Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-ekpuchi oge nke 1918-1938, nke a raara nye ọdịnihu nke ndị Esperantist Soviet, gụnyere mmegide Stalinist.

## Ihe nrite

* 2003: Ihe nrite Antoni Grabowski
* 2013: OSIEK-premio  maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Dek tagoj de kapitano Postnikov (Ten Days of Captain Postnikov) 
* 2021: Laurel nke Academy of Esperanto  maka Mi steljon jungis al revado 

## Edensibia


## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Don Harlow, Ne nur legendoj, ne nur pri SEJM / Not Just Legends, Not Just About SEJM, nyocha nke akwụkwọ Vladimir Samodai dere dị ka nsọpụrụ maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ 50 nke Mikhail Bronshtein
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Asụsụ Irula

**Irulas** (Natively: ër̠la/ïr̠la,  [ərla, ɨrla])   bụ Asụsụ Dravidian nke ndị Irula bi n'ógbè Ugwu Nilgiri, na steeti Tamil Nadu, Kerala, na Karnataka, India. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Tamil. E dere ya na edemede Tamil.

## Okwu mmalite
E si n'okwu "'iruḷ* "ojii" na "'-a/iga* "ndị mmadụ" nweta Irula.
## Mmalite ya

Dịka echiche nwa oge nke Kamil Zvelebil si kwuo, ndị bi na tupu Dravidian nke mejupụtara ọtụtụ ndị Irulas n'ihe gbasara mmadụ malitere ikwu okwu oge ochie nke dị na pre- ma ọ bụ proto-Tamil, nke a na-etinye n'okwu ha nke dị na pre-Dravidian. Nke ahụ mechara bụrụ ntọala nke asụsụ ahụ, nke ga-abụrịrị na ọ na-ejikọta asụsụ ebo ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara Nilgiri yana asụsụ ndị gbara ya gburugburu dịka Kannada, Tamil, na Malayalam.[1]

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Tebụl ndị ahụ gosipụtara ụdaume  na ụdaume   nke Irula. and the consonant

### Mkpụrụedemede

Zvelebil na Perialwar depụtara  n'oge gara aga na phonology. Ezigbo àgwà nke na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti  na  edoghị anya.

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya etu /d/ na /r/ si bụrụ ụdaume dị iche iche.

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya
 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Kaikadi

**Asụsụ Kaikadi** (IPA) bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke metụtara Tamil, nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 23,000 si n'agbụrụ Kaikadi nke bụbu onye kwabatara na Maharashtra na-asụ.

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Mannan

**Mannan** ( []) bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke Kerala na Tamil Nadu nke e kewara n'okpuru asụsụ Tamil.

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Muthuvan

**Muthuvan** (IPA) bụ asụsụ Dravidian ebo metụtara Tamil, nke ndị Muthuvan na-asụkarị na mpaghara Pooyamkutty-Idamalayar Dam na mpaghara Ernakulam nke Kerala.

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Sholaga

**Asụsụ Sholaga** ( [ʃoːlɐɡɐ, s-]) bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke metụtara Kannada na Tamil ma ndị Soliga na-asụ ya. A makwaara asụsụ a dịka Kadu Sholigar, Sholigar, Sholigar, Solaga, Solega, Soliga, Soligar, Solanayakkans, Sholanayika

## Okwu mmalite
Aha asụsụ ahụ sitere na *śōla* "oké ọhịa" na *-ga* "ndị mmadụ".

## Nchịkọta
.A na-ekewa Sholaga dị ka asụsụ Dravidian. A na-ekewa asụsụ Dravidian n'ime ngalaba ise bụ isi, nke a na-akpọ Southern, South Central, Central, North na Unclassified. Sholaga dabara na ngalaba Southern, nke nwere obere ngalaba atọ: Tamil-Kannada, Macro-Tulu, na unclassified. Sholaga bụ asụsụ Tamil-Kannada.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Nke a bụ ụdaume na ụdaume nke Sholaga: 

### Mkpụrụedemede

Kamil Zvelebil depụtara n'etiti  na phonology. Ezigbo àgwà dị iche iche nke na-eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti  na  edoghị anya.

* E nwere ụdaume imi. Mkpụrụedemede niile dị mfe nwere ụdị imi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na imi ikpeazụ ochie: *Akka* "nwanne nwanyị", mö̃yi "ahụ".

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* /s/ dị n'efu na [ʃ] ma ọ naghị emegide /t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.
* *p-* > h- > ̆-: Shol*aga* aga, Kannada hoge; Sholaga *haḍagu*, Kannada *haḍagu*. Mbido p-. dịkwa ka *paḍe*.
* /ɖ, ː / ọdịiche: *nōṛ-* "hụ", *ōḍ-* "agba ọsọ".
* /k/ palatalization anaghị eme n'adịghị ka Kannada: Sholaga *kimi*, Kannada *kivi*, Tamil *Cevi*.
* Rare /g/ > /ṅ/: Sholaga **'magu**', Kannada maganu.

## Asụsụ
Ebe e si nweta ya: [3]

* Ụdị **-a* bụ -a: Tamil *Iṯappay* "eyelid", *rap* Kannada, Sholaga *ṟappa*.
* Dị ka Irula na asụsụ Nilagiri ndị dị nso, ọ nweghị ụdị oblique na ngwakọta na onye na-agbanwe agbanwe na-esote: *kāḍu aṉḏi* "ezì ọhịa", Tamil kāṭṭu (< *kāṭu*) *paṉṟi*.
* N'adịghị ka Jenu Kuruba, ọ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị. Ọtụtụ na-ewere *-ga*, mana ọtụtụ aha na-ejedebe na -ã na-ewere*-*-ru**, mana ndị ọzọ na-ewere /ru.
* Ọtụtụ ikpe dị ka Kannada, mana ụdị ya abụghị otu.
* Enwere naanị okwu abụọ: oge gara aga / na-agaghị aga (nke dị ka ngwaa agwụla na agwụla). Site n'oge gara aga, a na-agbanye oge preterite, na site na oge na-abụghị nke gara aga, e mepụtara oge ugbu a na ọdịnihu.

## Okwu

## Edensibia

## Ebe e si nweta ya
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ihe onwunwe OLAC
* Ee, A. (2011). ScholarSpace na Mahadum nke Hawaii na Manoa: Nchịkọta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi: Ihe atụ India
Asụsụ ndị Tamil

**Asụsụ [[Tamil language|Tamil]]**, nke a makwaara dị ka asụsụ Tamil, bụ otu asụsụ Dravidian nwere njikọ chiri anya na Tamil.  Na mgbakwunye na Tamil n'onwe ya, ha bụ Eravallan, Kaikadi, Mala Malasar, Malasar, Malapandaram, Mannan, Muthuvan, Paliyan, Pattapu, Bugandi na Yerukala.

Arwi abụghị asụsụ dị iche kama ọ bụ ndekọ nke Tamil nke ndị Alakụba na-eji. E dere ya na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Arabic ma nwee ọtụtụ ego mgbazinye site na Arabic.

Kakkala nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ Tamil ma ọ bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ Malayalam.

## Nchịkọta n'ime
Glottolog na-ekewa asụsụ Tamiloid dị ka ndị a: 

## Edensibia
Asụsụ Yerukala

**Yerukula** ( [])bụ asụsụ Dravidian nke ndị Yerukala na-asụkarị. A na-akpọkwa asụsụ a Kurru basha ma ọ bụ Kulavatha. Yerukala dị nso n'asụsụ South Dravidian dịka Ravula na Irula. Myirịta okwu n'etiti asụsụ ndị a dị site na 53% ruo 81%; n'ihe gbasara Irula, ọ dị iche site na 33% ruo 38%; n'ihe gbasara Ravula, ọ dị iche site na 28% ruo 45%; n'ihe gbasara Tamil nke oge a, ọ dị iche site na 27% ruo 45%. .

Sathupati Prasanna Sree mepụtara edemede pụrụ iche maka iji ya na asụsụ ahụ.

Ụfọdụ n'ime okwu asụsụ, ọkachasị mmekọrịta (okwu ikwu).

## Edensibia
Nsụgharị Bible gaa n'asụsụ Telugu

Nsụgharị mbụ bụ nke Rev. Benjamin Schulz, onye sụgharịrị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Baịbụl na mmalite narị afọ nke 18. E zigara akwụkwọ odide ndị ahụ na Jamanị maka ibipụta ha mana e bipụtaghị ha.. Isi nsụgharị n'Asụsụ Telugu bụ nsụgharị Lyman Jewett nke 1880s. 

 

A maara nke a taa dị ka "Telugu Bible OV" (పరిశుద్ధ గ్రంథము), nke Bible Society of India Andhra Pradesh Auxilary bipụtara na Hyderabad.

Na mmekorita ya na Church centric Bible translation, Free Bibles India ebipụtala Nsụgharị Telugu n'ịntanetị.

N'afọ 2019, Ndịàm Jehova wepụtara New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures dị ka nsụgharị Bible zuru ezu n'asụsụ Telugu.  E bipụtara Bible zuru ezu n'ịntanetị (nakwa offline na PDF format) na nsụgharị mkpanaka wepụtara site na ngwa JW Library na ụlọ ahịa App.

## Edensibia
Ụlọ Ọrụ Telugu nke Mba Nile

Gọọmentị Andhra Pradesh guzobere International Telugu Institute na 1975 iji nabata mkpebi nke ndị nnọchiteanya ji otu olu nabata na Nzukọ Telugu nke mbụ e mere na Hyderabad.   E mechara jikọta ya na Mahadum Potti Sreeramulu Telugu na 1985 ma nye ya aha ọzọ dị ka International Telugu Centre.

Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ngalaba atọ - Ngalaba nke Ọha na Omenala; Ngalaba Asụsụ, Akwụkwọ na Nsụgharị; na Ngalaba Mbipụta.

## Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị bụ isi

* iji kwalite mmekọrịta agụmakwụkwọ na ọdịbendị ma mee ka nkuzi na mmụta asụs Telugu bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-asụ Telugu na ndị hụrụ Telugu n'anya na steeti ndị ọzọ dị na India na mba ofesi.
* iji mee nchọpụta na ọmụmụ ihe na mpaghara asụsụ Telugu, akwụkwọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, nka, ọdịbendị na ngalaba ndị ọzọ.
* iji mee ihe ngosi akwụkwọ na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ nyocha metụtara ndụ na ọdịbendị nke Ndị Telugu.
* ịhazi ọmụmụ ihe na mmemme ọzụzụ maka abamuru nke ndị ọkà mmụta mba ọzọ na-eleta Andhra Pradesh

## Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara
Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore na-arụkọ ọrụ maka ịme ogige gburugburu asụsụ.  Ọ na-ewepụtakwa akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa Telugu Vaani na bekee na Telugu.  O bipụtala monograph anọ - Burma lo Telugu Vaani, Mauritius lo Telugu Vaani, Pandugalu Pabbalu na Vernacularisation of Literacy - nnwale Telugu.

Ụlọ akwụkwọ a amalitela atụmatụ ibipụta akwụkwọ gbasara ndụ na ọrụ nke ndị Telugu dị mkpa dabere na nkuzi ha haziri. N'afọ 1983–85, ha ewepụtala akwụkwọ ndị a:

# Alluri Sitarama Raju
# Kasinathuni Nageswara Rao
# Madapati Hanumantha Rao
# Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao
# Gurajada Appa Rao
# Gidugu Rama Murthy Pantulu
# Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu
# Poosapati Ananda Gajapati Raju
# Kodi Rama Murthy Naidu
# Potti Sri Ramulu na Nannaya

Dr. V. V. B. Rama Rao dere monogram na Poosapati Ananda Gajapati Raju ma bipụta ya n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985.

## Ihe ndị a na-agụ
Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ anọwo na-ahazi okwu oge na oge iji cheta ndị Telugu a ma ama.

* Kandukuri Veeresalingam Panthulu Memorial Lecture at Madras in May 1979.
* Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao Memorial Lecture at Bombay in December 1979.
* Sir Raghupati Venkatratnam Naidu Memorial Lecture at Calcutta in July 1980
* Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Memorial Lecture at Delhi in December 1980.

## Edensibia

* The International Telugu Institute nke M.Ramappa bipụtara na 2nd World Telugu Conference 1982 Souvenir.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Banyere International Telugu Center na Mahadum Telugu
Ndepụta nke Nayakars

**Nayak, Nayakkar, Nayaker, Naikar,** bụ aha ndị Kannada, Tamil na Telugu na-eji na South India, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka aha nna na n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị ka njikọ agbụrụ. Naicker ma ọ bụ Nayakar bụ otu ihe ahụ dị ka Naidu. Nayakar chịrị Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu na Telangana dị ka ndị ọgaranya obodo, nke a maara dị ka Poligars, mgbe e kewara South India n'etiti ọtụtụ usoro ọchịchị Nayaka mgbe ọgba aghara nke Agha Talikota gasịrị. Aha a bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nye ndị nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị na ndị isi agha nke alaeze Vijayanagara.,  ọ bụkwa Dravidianized sitere na okwu Sanskrit Nāyaka. Aha ahụ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Naidu, Nayudu, Nayaka na Nayak. Na mpaghara Telugu na Tamil Nadu, ndị Balija, Kapu, na Kamma na-ejikarị Naidu eme ihe.

## Edensibia
Naneelu

**Naneelu** bụ ụdị akwụkwọ Telugu nke nwere ahịrị anọ na opekata mpe mkpụrụedemede iri abụọ, nke na-agaghị agafe iri abụọ na ise. Onye meriri ihe nrite Sahitya Akademi bụ Prọfesọ N. Gopi webatara akwụkwọ a.

Dr N Gopi webatara Naneelu n'afọ 1998 site n'akwụkwọ ya *Naeelu* .

## Ihe onwunwe

## Nomenclature
*Nani* bụ okwu a na-eji na Telugu Community akpọ ụmụ ha ịhụnanya. Dr N Gopi chọrọ ịkpọ aha ụdị a na ihe jikọtara ya na Ndị Telugu. Ya mere, ọ tụlere aha a.

Gopi n'akwụkwọ ya kwukwara na "Naneelu bụ nke gị na nke m - 'na' na 'nee' pụtara na Telugu 'm' na 'ị' n'otu n'otu, na njedebe 'lu' na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke uri - n'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị nkenke, ha bụ nke anyị niile" 

* Abụ sitere na Naneelu nke Gopi

*Grieve not*
*for the broken earthen pot.*
*The earth is preparing*
*to shape anew*


## Edensibia
Steeti nke India site n'aka ndị na-asụ Telugu

Nke a bụ ndepụta steeti na ókèala otu mba India site n'aka ndị na-asụ Telugu dịka ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ si dị na 2011.

## Hụkwa

* Steeti nke India site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ukwu
* Steeti nke India site na oke akụ na ụba

## Edensibia
Ụbọchị Asụsụ Telangana

A na-eme emume **Ụbọchị Asụsụ Telangana** na 9 Septemba kwa afọ na Telangana, India.  A họọrọ ụbọchị a n'oge onye edemede a ma ama, onye na-ede uri nke Telangana Kaloji Narayana Rao's 100th birth anniversary. Gọọmentị Telangana na-enye ego na onyinye maka imeziwanye asụsụ Telangana nke Telugu.

Ngalaba Omenala na-ahazi ụbọchị ahụ n'aha Gọọmentị Telangana. Shri Kaloji Narayana Rao, si mpaghara Warangal, dere ọtụtụ uri, akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme kwa ụbọchị. "Naa Godava" nke Kaloji Narayana Rao bụ nke a kacha mara amara n'ime ihe odide ya niile.

## Kaloji Narayana Rao
**Kaloji Narayana Rao** (9 Septemba 1914 (Madikonda) - 13 Nọvemba 2000 (Warangal) 

Ihe nrite: Padma Vibhushan

A maara ya nke ọma dị ka Kaloji ma ọ bụ Kalanna, ọ bụ onye India na-ede uri, onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe, onye na'emegide ndị Fascist na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Telangana. Ọ bụ onye edemede na onye na-ede uri na Telugu, Urdu, Hindi, na Marathi. Ọ bụkwa onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke na-emegide àgwà feudal nke Nizams. E nyere ya Padma Vibhushan n'afọ 1992.

Aha zuru ezu Kaloji Narayana Rao dịka asambodo SSC ya si dị bụ Raghuveer Narayan Srinivasan Kaloji.

Kaloji gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Madikonda na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu na Warangal na Hyderabad.

## Ịgagharị
Kemgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, ọ nwere mmetụta miri emi site na òtù ndị a ma ama n'oge ahụ dị ka Arya Samaj Movement, ọkachasị akụkụ nke ikike obodo ya, Library Movement na Andhra Maha Sabha Movement. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Satyagraha movement, Osmania University Student Vandemataram movement, Arya Samaj, State Congress, Andhra Mahasabha (Telangana) na Anti-Razakar movements. Kaloji sonyere n'ọrụ Andhra Maha Sabha kemgbe e guzobere ya na 1934. E jikọtara ya na Arya Samaj.

O sonyere nke ọma n'ime ngagharị nnwere onwe nke Steeti Hyderabad ochie ma gaa mkpọrọ n'okpuru Nizam. O sonyekwala n'ọtụtụ ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na akwụkwọ na Andhra Pradesh. Ntinye aka ya na ndị mmadụ na nsogbu ha na mgba ya na-enweghị ike ọgwụgwụ maka nnwere onwe ha emeela ka o nwee ịhụnanya n'ebe ndị mmadụ nọ na iwe nke ndị ọchịchị dị iche iche nọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị agha nnwere onwe ahọpụtara nke mba anyị nke ndị isi feudal na ndị ọchịchị mba ọzọ tụrụ mkpọrọ tupu ha enweta nnwere onwe India na ndị isi obodo mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.

Ọ na-alụ ọgụ mgbe niile maka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na nke nwere ọrụ. Nraranye ya maka ikike mmadụ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye otu na Kọmitii Tarkunde. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ megidere ikike ọchịchị na ịchụpụ ọkwa Kaloji lere ntuli aka anya dị ka ihe omume ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ọkwa ọha ugboro atọ ma họpụta ya otu ugboro dịka onye otu kansụl ndị omeiwu. Asọmpi ya kachasị mkpa bụ na 1977 megide Vengal Rao, onye bụ onyeisi minista mgbe ahụ, onye na-anọchite anya ọchịchị 'ihe mberede' na Andhra Pradesh.

## Hụkwa

* Jaya Jaya He Telangana
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-ede uri Telangana
* Afọ ndị Telugu

## Edensibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations
Akwụkwọ ndị ìsì Telugu

Telugu Braille bụ otu n'ime mkpụrụedemede Braille Bharati, ọ na-adabakwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na uru mkpụrụedemede nke mkpụrụedemede Bharati ndị ọzọ.

## Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ
Mkpụrụedemede ahụ bụ nke a.. A na-eji mkpụrụedemede ụdaume eme ihe kama iji mkpụrụedemede ụdaume, ha na-apụtakwa mgbe ha na-ede ya n'usoro okwu ha. Maka nkwekọrịta nhazi, lee Braille Bharati.

E nwere otu njikọ e mepụtara tupu oge eruo,

## Nkọwapụta
Lee Bharati Braille#Punctuation.

## Edensibia
Ụbọchị Asụsụ Telugu

A na-eme emume Telugu bhāṣā dinōtsavaṁ; "Ụbọchị Asụsụ Telugu") na 29 Ọgọst kwa afọ na steeti Andhra Pradesh na Telangana nke Republic of India. A họọrọ ụbọchị a ka ọ dabara na ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke onye na-ede uri Telugu bụ Gidugu Venkata Ramamurthy. Gọọmentị Andhra Pradesh na-enye ego ma na-enye onyinye iji mee ka asụsụ Telugu ka mma. Ngalaba Omenala bụ ọrụ ịhazi ụbọchị ahụ n'aha gọọmentị...

## Hụkwa

* Nzukọ Ụwa nke Telugu
* Afọ Ọhụrụ Telugu

## Edensibia
Romanization nke Telugu

E nwere ọtụtụ usoro maka Romanization nke ederede Telugu.

## Mkpụrụedemede

## Mkpụrụ okwu

### Ndị na-anọghị n'otu

## Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ

* **Virama** na-eme ka ụdaume nke ụdaume ghara ịdị, nke mere na ọ bụ naanị ụdaume ka a na-akpọ. Ihe atụ: ci ma ọ bụ  + .  
* **Anusvara** (??) nasalize ụdaume ma ọ bụ mkpụrụedemede nke ha na-ejikọta. Ihe Nlereanya: ci +?? ma ọ bụ  +  → 
* **Candrabindu** +  → .
* **Visarga** na-agbakwunye ume na-enweghị olu mgbe ụdaume ma ọ bụ nkeji okwu ejikọtara ya. Ihe Nlereanya: Ci ma ọ bụ Ci ma ọ bụrụ na

## Romanization nke UN maka aha ala
Usoro romanisation nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka aha ala (akwadoro na 1972, I1/11; emezigharịrị na 1977 IH/12) dabere na akụkọ nke D. N. Sharma kwadebere.

Romanisation UN na-eji macrons maka ụdaume ogologo ā ī ū, ntụpọ n'okpuru ṛ maka ụdaume r, na caron na ĕ na ŏ. 

: ka kā ki kī ku kū kṛ kĕ ke ki kŏ ko kau

## ISO
E nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro UN na ọkọlọtọ transliteration ISO 15919: 2001

## Oge Ndị Na-adịghị Anya
ITRANS nwekwara transliteration maka Telugu.

## RTS
E ji ya mee ihe na Vemuri Rao's English-Telugu Dictionary (2002) Rice University's Reverse Transliteration System (RTS) (nke Ramarao Kanneganti na Ananda Kishore mepụtara) nwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka transliteration nke Telugu n'ime edemede Roman dị ka ihe ọzọ na mkpụrụedemede phonetic. A na-akọwa RTS n'okpuru ebe a.  (1) Na-anọchite anya ụdaume dị mkpirikpi site na mkpụrụedemede dị ala ... "

* RTS na-anọchite anya ụdaume dị mkpirikpi site na mkpụrụedemede Bekee dị ala na ụdaume dị ogologo site na mkpụrụ edemede dị elu: кре = a, fot = A; wdg.
* A na-anọchite anya ụdaume abụọ na ụdaume na-enweghị aspiration site na mkpụrụedemede dị ala na-esote ụdaume kwesịrị ekwesị.

Nsonaazụ ya bụ nnọchiteanya fonetiki nke kachasị adaba maka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu na usoro ntinye kọmputa. Ihe atụ:

* vaiDUryaM
* gOmEdhikaM

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ nke Congress Tebụl Romanization Telugu
Aha ndị Telugu

Aha Telugu na-ezo aka na mgbakọ **Aha ndị Telugu** na'iji, ọkachasị site na steeti India nke Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, na Mpaghara Yanam nke Puducherry. Aha Telugu dị iche maka ojiji ha na-eji usoro "aha ezinụlọ, aha e nyere", n'adịghị ka omume aha ọdịda anyanwụ ebe aha ezinụlọ na-apụta mgbe niile n'ikpeazụ. A na-emekwa omume a n'etiti ndị Han Chinese, Korea, Japanese, na ndị Hungary.

## Ọdịdị aha
Ọdịdị aha Telugu na-etinye aha ezinụlọ (ma ọ bụ iṇṭipēru, lit. ) na mbụ, aha e nyere sochiri. Usoro a dị iche na omume Aha ọdịda anyanwụ, nke na-etinye aha ezinụlọ n'azụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute mgbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ na mpụga mpaghara ndị na-asụ Telugu.

### Aha ezinụlọ
A na-esikarị n'ebe, ọrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ezinụlọ ahụ nweta aha ezinụlọ Telugu. Ihe atụ gụnyere Kondaveeti (site na Kondaveedu), na Kandukuri (site na Kandukuru). Aha ezinụlọ nwekwara ike ịkwụsị site na mgbakwunye dịka wada, palli (obodo), veedhi (okporo ámá), ma ọ bụ giri (ugwu). Na mgbakwunye, aha ezinụlọ nwere ike igosi ọrụ, dị ka Vungrala ("onye na-eme mgbaaka") ma ọ bụ Gurram ("ịnyịnya"), ma ọ bụ gosipụta akụnụba, dị ka ọ dị na Kasu ("mkpụrụ ego"), nke nwere ike ịpụta ndị na-achọ ọla. N'adịghị ka omenala ndị ọdịda anyanwụ, ebe aha ezinụlọ pụtara ìhè, a na-akpọkarị ndị Telugu aha ha nyere.

A na-emekarị ka aha ezinụlọ Telugu dị mkpirikpi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-akpọkarị onye bụbu praịm minista P. V. Narasimha Rao aha mbụ maka aha ezinụlọ ya na aha ya.

### Aha ndị e nyere
Aha ndị Telugu enyere na-egosipụtakarị mkpa omenala na okpukperechi, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na chi ndị Hindu. Aha ndị enyere na-abụkarị okwu ndị a na-agwakọta; n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a, naanị okwu ikpeazụ tupu agbụrụ ka a na-eji nkwubi okwu kwa ụbọchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'aha "Venkata Satyanarayana Naidu", a ga-eji "Satyanarayana" eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi.

### Mkpụrụ okwu ndị dị n'ọkwá
Mgbe ụfọdụ, nsonaazụ nke ndị dị ka Naidu, Sastri, Chowdary, Raju, Varma, Reddy, Yadav, Goud, Setty, ma ọ bụ Gupta, na-eso aha e nyere. N'aha Devula Rama Naidu, "Devula" bụ aha ezinụlọ, "Rama" bụ aha e nyere, na "Naidu" bụ nsonaazụ nke ndị otu.

## Ihe yiri omenala na asụsụ
Nkwekọrịta Telugu nke itinye aha ezinụlọ na mbụ nwere myirịta na usoro aha nke ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ, dị ka Ndị Korea, Ndị Japan, Ndị China, na Ndị Hungary.

## Edensibia
Steeti Telugu

**Steeti Telugu** na-ezo aka na steeti India nke Andhra Pradesh na Telangana ebe a na-asụ Telugu dị ka asụsụ bụ isi. Ndị ka ukwuu n'agbụrụ Telugu bi na steeti ndị a. Mgbe a chịkọtara ya, Maharashtra dị n'ebe ugwu, Karnataka dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, Odisha, Chhattisgarh dị n'etiti ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, Tamil Nadu dị n'okpuru ndịda na Bay of Bengal, Yanam district enclave nke Puducherry dị n'ihu ọwụwa Anyanwụ. 

E guzobere Steeti Andhra Pradesh dị n'otu na 1956 site na njikọta nke steeti Andrah na-asụ Telugu na mpaghara Telangana nke Steeti Hyderabad n'okpuru Iwu Nhazi Steeti. A na-eji okwu ntụaka nke steeti Telugu eme ihe kemgbe e kewara Andhra Pradesh na 2014, n'ime Andhra Pradesh na Telangana. Dabere na atụmatụ ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ nke 2023, Telangana nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 38,272,000, Andhra Pradesh nwekwara 53,340,000, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị bi na steeti Telugu dị nde 91.62. 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
Mgbe nnwere onwe nke India gasịrị na 1947, e kewara ndị na-asụ Telugu n'etiti Steeti Hyderabad na Steeti Madras. Iji nweta steeti nweere onwe ya dabere na njirimara asụsụ na iji chebe ọdịmma nke ndị na-asụ Telugu nke Steeti Madras, Potti Sreeramulu buru ọnụ ruo ọnwụ na 1952. E si na steeti Madras kpụpụta mpaghara na-asụ Telugu nke Andhra Steeti na 1 Ọktoba 1953, ebe Kurnool bụ isi obodo ya..

Vishalandhra was the term used in post-independence India for a united state for all Telugu speakers. On the basis of the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956, the States reorganisation act created Andhra Pradesh by merging the neighbouring Telugu-speaking areas of the Hyderabad State with Hyderabad as the capital on 1 November 1956.

## Asụsụ
Telugu is spoken across the Telugu states As of 2022, Urdu has also gained official status in both the states. Telugu stands alongside Hindi, Bengali and English as one of the few languages with primary official language status in more than one Indian state. It is one of eleven languages designated a classical language of India by the country's government.

## Omenala
 
N'iburu n'uche ịdị nso nke steeti abụọ ahụ na asụsụ a na-ekerịta, enwere ihe ole na ole yiri steeti dị ka Nri Telugu, Nri Andhra na Nri Hyderabadi) na sinima (lee sinima Telugu).

## Edensibia
Tenglish

**Tenglish** (Telugu), na-ezo aka na ngwakọta koodu ma ọ bụ Mgbanwe koodu nke Asụsụ Telugu na Bekee India.

Aha a bụ ihe nnọchianya nke aha asụsụ abụọ ahụ, e dekwara ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche. Ụdị mbụ bụ Telugish (site na 1972), wee bụrụ Teluglish (2000), Tinglish (2003), Telenglish (2010), na Telugish na Telish (ha abụọ bụ 2014).

N'ihe gbasara asụsụ e ji ede ihe n'asụsụ Bekee, Tenglish na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Telugu e dere n'asụsụ Bekee (ya bụ, iji mkpụrụ edemede Rom kama mkpụrụ edemede Telugu, n'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi ọha na eze), gwakọtara ya na okwu Bekee.

## Nbudata
A na-ahụkarị ụdị Mgbanwe koodu a n'obodo ukwu na mpaghara ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Andhra Pradesh na Telangana, mana ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbasa n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu site na teliishọn na okwu ọnụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ ya amaghị na ha na-etinye okwu Bekee n'ime ahịrịokwu Telugu ma ọ bụ okwu Telugu n'ime okwu Bekee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, kama ịsị *dhanyavadhamulu* maka "ekele", ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ekwu chala ekele; n'ụzọ nkịtị na-asụgharị "oké ekele".  Ụdị okwu Telugu a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto n'èzí obodo ndị dị ka Hyderabad, Vizag, Vijayawada, Khammam, Guntur na Warangal. Ka Bekee na-abawanye ụba, a pụrụ ịhụ ya na obere obodo, obodo nta, na ọbụna ime obodo.

Site na ewu ewu ya, a na-eji Tenglish ebipụta akụkọ n'ịntanetị. Ọbịbịa nke telivishọn cable na uto ya zuru ebe niile ahụla ka ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ọtụtụ mmemme si n'akụkụ ụwa. Ihe ọzọ na-enye aka na mgbasa nke Tenglish bụ ewu ewu nke ihe nkiri Tollywood na ọwa TV. Tenglish pụtakwara na mgbagwoju anya nke India, dị ka ndị dị na akwụkwọ Telugu *Sakshi* . 

## Hụkwa

* Hinglish
* Tanglish
* Bekee India
* Ọdịiche mpaghara na olumba n'asụsụ Bekee nke India

## Edensibia

* 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Krishnamurtisastri Sripada (1866-1960) , Mana Sanskriti Mbipụta 86, Vepachedu Educational Foundation
Nzukọ Ụwa nke Telugu

thumb|World Telugu Conference, Stamp of India - 1975 - Saraswati (Chi nwanyị nke mmụta) - ihe odide na Telugu.
World Telugu Conference (WTC) bụ ogbako maka ịkwalite asụsụ Telugu.  echiche ha gbasara ịgbasa na ichekwa asụsụ ahụ na ịkwado amụma asụsụ Telugu.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E mere WTC mbụ na Hyderabad na 1975.  Minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ n'oge ahụ, Mandali Venkata Krishna Rao nyere aka ịmalite ya. Onye na-agụ egwu bụ M. S. Ramarao mere nke mbụ ya na nrị ahụ.  Sankarambadi Sundarachari bịakwara, onye dere ukwe "Maa Telugu Thalliki", na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-agụ egwu Tanguturi Suryakumari onye si London bịa ịka ukwe ahụ..

E mere WTC nke abụọ na Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia site na 14–18 Eprel 1981,  na nke atọ na Disemba 1990 na Mauritius. 

E mere nzukọ nkeanọ nke Telugu na Tirupati na Disemba 2012.   E mere nke ise site na 15 Dsemba 2017 na LB Stadium, Hyderabad, na-eme emume afọ 40 nke World Telugu Conferences. 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* World Telugu Conference: N'oge ahụ na ugbu a
* http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/dubai-to-host-telugu-conference/article3160573.ece