James Emanuel

**James Emanuel** (amuru June 15, 1921  – Septemba 28, 2013) bu onye odee na oka akwukwo si Alliance, Nebraska . Emanuel, bụ onye ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị mma   na ndị na-ede uri na-eleghara anya nke narị afọ nke 20,  bipụtara ihe karịrị 300 abụ, akwụkwọ 13 nke ọ bụla, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa-American . akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ya mere ụdị edemede ọhụrụ, jazz-and-blues haiku, nke a na-ejikarị egwu egwu na-agụ. 

## Ndụ mbido
Amụrụ na Nebraska na 1921, Emanuel tolitere na steeti ahụ. O si n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ asaa ebe ọ bụ nke ise. Akwụkwọ bụ akụkụ nke ndụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata. Adọbatara ya n'ime akụkọ, ukwe uri na prose na ndị edemede dị iche iche. N'ihi nke a na ọgụgụ niile o mere mere ka Emanuels nwee ọchịchọ ịghọ onye edemede. Obere oge ya na oge uto ya bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Emanuel na-ekwu na o ji obere ụgwọ maka ịha nhatanha n'obodo ahụ karịa n'ịtụgharị echiche ezinụlọ ya na mkparịta ụka ezinụlọ ya n'ozuzu ya na ihe ịga nke ọma ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ kwụ ọtọ nke nyere ya obi ike inweta ezigbo ọrụ na ndụ nke na-aga nke ọma.

Emanuel, tupu ọ gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị rụrụ ọrụ n'ugbo na ebe a na-azụ anụ na ahụmahụ ọrụ a rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mkpali ide abụ dị ka "Ọrụ atọ: Otu ụbọchị obodo". Ọ nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya na ọdịda anyanwụ United States ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ, ọ sonyeere ndị agha United States wee jee ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nzuzo nke Assistant Inspector General nke US Army Benjamin O. Davis Sr.  O mere nke a iji nweta ego zuru oke iji kwụọ ụgwọ kọleji. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ oge agha dị ka onye ọrụ sergeant na 93rd Infantry Division na Pacific.

## Ndụ agụmakwụkwọ na ọkachamara
Mgbe ọ chụpụrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya na mahadum Howard . Na 1950 e nyere ya nzere bachelọ, summa cum laude. Na n'oge ya na Howard ọ nwetara mkpali ide. O bipụtara ọtụtụ abụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'otu afọ ahụ ọ kwagara Chicago wee lụọ Matte Etha Johnson. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na nzere nna ya ukwu wee nweta ya na Mahadum Northwwest (MA) mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi obodo na ngalaba mmalite nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ elu. Mgbe ogologo oge nọ n'ọkwa a, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ihi na o chere na a gafeworo ya n'ihi agbụrụ ya. Site n'oge ya na Northwestern ọ bịara kwenyekwuo na ọ chọrọ ide. Ndị prọfesọ ya toro ya maka ọrụ ya ma kpọọ ya ezigbo onye na-ede uri. Mgbe ịrụsi ọrụ ike na jụsịrị Emanuel, e nyere ya John Hay Whitney Fellowship nke kwadoro ọrụ ya na Northwestern wee nata akara mmụta MA na 1953,  na afọ mbụ ọrụ ya n'ebe Ph.D. nzere na Mahadum Columbia (Ph.D.). N'oge na Columbia ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Harlem YWCA Business School. Na 1957, ọ kwagara New York City, bụ ebe ọ kụziri na City College of New York (CUNY), ebe na 1960 ọ kụziiri kọleji mbụ klas na African-American uri na-eduzi ndị ọkà mmụta n'ọdịnihu dị ka Addison Gayle Jr.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na uri ya mgbe niile nke ebe akwụkwọ mbipụta dị iche iche ama ama dịka New York Times na-agba ume.

Emanuel na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ mbụ ya bụ mbipụta nke nchịkọta uri nke Langston Hughes, onye Emanuel weere na onye nduzi ya.  N'ikpeazụ yn 1962 ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ya site na nkwado nke nwunye ya na nwa nwoke dị afọ asaa. O nwere ike imeri ihe mgbochi nke ndụ onwe ya na nke ọkachamara ya. Ka afọ gafere Emanuel nwere nkụda mmụọ maka ọnọdụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na America. A na-eji ya ede oji site na nwata mana ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya metụtara ndị isi Bekee dịka Shakespeare. Ka ọ na-amụ Hughes ọ chọpụtara enweghị nlebara anya nke ndị ode akwụkwọ ojii nwetara wee kpebie iwere ihe n'aka ya. Ọ malitere ịgụ ọrụ ndị odee ojii ma bu n'obi ikpughe mkpa ndị ode akwụkwọ ojii dị. Ma otu a ka o siri malite mmegharị ahụ. N'afọ 1966, nkuzi izizi na abụ ojii ka a ga-akụzi na CCNY. Ọchịchọ ya bụ ilekwasị anya na njirimara agbụrụ, ịma agbụrụ, na ịma nlebara anya na ndị nna nna ya na ndị ha na ha dịkọrọ ndụ. Mgbe enyere ya ọkwa nkuzi na mahadum dị na Europe na ngwụcha 1960, ọ kwagara mba ofesi. Mgbe otu nwa ya nwoke, James A. Emanuel Jr., gburu onwe ya na Los Angeles afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe e tiri ya ihe, n'okwu Emanuel "ndị uwe ojii atọ dị egwu," o kwere nkwa na ọ gaghị alaghachi United States.  Emanuel mechara kụziri na Mahadum Toulouse (dị ka ọkà mmụta Fulbright na 1968-1969), na Mahadum Grenoble, na Mahadum Warsaw . Ọ nọ na Paris, France, mgbe ọ nwụrụ. 

## Edemede

### Abụ
Emanuel bụ onye na-ede uri, ọkà mmụta na onye nkatọ. Dị ka onye na-ede uri, o bipụtara ihe karịrị abụ 300 na akwụkwọ 13 n'otu n'otu. A na-akpọ Emanuel otu n'ime ndị kasị mma, na nke a na-eleghara anya, ndị na-ede uri nke oge ya.  Ndị nkatọ ewepụtala ọtụtụ ihe kpatara uri Emanuel na-eleghara anya site na ụwa ka ukwuu nke akwụkwọ, gụnyere eziokwu ahụ bụ na o dere ụdị uri ọdịnala ndị ọzọ, na ọ hapụrụ United States, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ jụrụ isonye na ụwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ziri ezi . Nwa agụmakwụkwọ.  Na 1968 Emanuel mbụ abụ abụ aha ya bụ "The Treehouse na ndị ọzọ poems" e bipụtara. Mpịakọta a nwere isiokwu ndị dị ka ịdị ọcha, ihe mgbu nke ntorobịa na ihe omume nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site na ahụmahụ ya. Abụ a mgbe ụfọdụ dị oké njọ, mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpa ọchị, mgbe ụfọdụ na-abụ abụ, ma ọ dịghị ọkụ. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ha na-eji usoro ọdịnala na ukwe, mana mgbe ụfọdụ na-egosipụta blues na ụdị jazz nke a mụtara na mbụ, ikekwe, site na uri nke Langston Hughes.  Egwu ya na-egosipụta nchegbu agbụrụ na dịka enyi ya Marvin Holdt kwuru na ọ na-egosipụtakwa akụkụ nke ahụmahụ ndị ojii America na America, na-emeso ya n'obi ilu na nnupụisi. 

Egwu ya pụtara n’akwụkwọ 11 nke ya nakwa n’ihe karịrị mpịakọta 120 ndị ọzọ.  Egwu ya gụnyere "Kraịst, Otu ụtụtụ",  "Snowman",  "Bojangles na Jo", na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ Emanuel bụkwa onye a kwadoro na ọ na-emepụta ụdị edemede ọhụrụ, jazz-na-blues haiku, nke ọ gụrụ. maka nkwado egwu na Europe na Africa dum.  Maka ihe okike a, e nyere ya Sidney Bechet Creative Award na 1996. Emanuel nyekwara onyinye Dean's Award for Distinguished Achievement na 2007 site na Mahadum Columbia University 's Graduate School of Arts and Sciences  ma nyekwara ya onyinye John Hay Whitney, Mmekọrịta Saxton Memorial, na onyinye pụrụ iche sitere na ndị ojii. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ American Literature Forum. 

### Nkatọ na akwụkwọ ozi
Na mgbakwunye na uri ya, Emanuel deziekwa (ya na Theodore Gross) akwụkwọ akụkọ Africa na-emetụta mmetụta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ *gbara ọchịchịrị Symphony: Negro Literature in America.* Akwụkwọ akụkọ a, nke Free Press bipụtara na 1968, bụ otu n'ime nnukwu nchịkọta mbụ nke ihe odide African-American.  Akụkọ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme, na ọrụ Emanuel dị ka onye nkuzi, nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọmụmụ nke ụdị akwụkwọ edemede Africa-American . 

N'afọ 2000, e debere nchịkọta akwụkwọ ozi na ihe odide Emanuel n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ Congress nke United States. Gwendolyn Brooks, Ralph Ellison, Benjamin O. Davis, Ossie Davis, WEB Du Bois, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere n'ime akwụkwọ ndị ahụ. 

Emanuel deziekwara akwụkwọ *Broadside Critics* ise (1971–1975) wee dee ọtụtụ edemede dị egwu. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ e bipụtara gụnyere ihe ncheta, *The Force and Reckoning*, nke e bipụtara na 2001.

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* *Langston Hughes* (New York: Twayne. 192 p.)
* *Symphony gbara ọchịchịrị: Akwụkwọ Negro na America* ya na Theodore L. Gross (New York: Free Press. 604 pp.)
* *Ụlọ osisi na uri ndị ọzọ* (Detroit: Broadside Press. 24 p.)
* *Nwoke Panther* (Detroit: Broadside Press. 32 p.)
* *Otu m si dee/2* na MacKinlay Kantor na Lawrence Osgood (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 256 pp.)
* *Nwoke Oji Mba Ọzọ: Egwu Toulouse* (Detroit: Lotus Press. 76 pp.)
* *Chisel dị n'ọchịchịrị (Ahọrọ abụ ọhụrụ na nke ọhụrụ)* (Detroit: Lotus Press. 73 p.)
* *Uche Onye na-ede uri* (New York: Regents. 85pp.)
* *Bowl gbajiri agbaji (abụ ọhụrụ na nke anakọtara)* (Detroit: Lotus Press. 85 pp.)
* *James na-egbu egbu na abụ ndị ọzọ* (Detroit: Lotus Press. 82 p.)
* *Mmetụta Quagmire*
* *Ọka dum: Abụ anakọtara, 1958–1989* (Detroit: Lotus Press. 396 p.)
* *De la rage au cœur* na Jean Migrenne na Michel Fabre (Thaon, France: Amiot/Lenganey. 173 pp.)
* *Blues na oji na ọcha*
* *Ịbịakwute Mumia: 16 Haiku*
* *Jazz sitere na Eze Haiku*
* *The Force na Reckoning*

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ebe obibi James Emanuel
* Watson, Douglas. "James A. Emanuel." *Ndị na-ede uri Afro-American kemgbe 1955*, nke Trudier Harris-Lopez na Thadious M. Davis, Gale, 1985 deziri. Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Vol. 41. *Ụlọ ihe enyemaka nke Gale Literature*
* Emanuel, James A. “[Abụ]: James A. Emanuel.” *African American Review*, vol. 29, mba. 1, 1995, p.&nbsp;92–92
* Emanuel, James A. “Kraịst, Otu ụtụtụ.” *Phylon*, vol. 30, mba. 1, 1969, p.&nbsp;100–100
* Emanuel, James A. “Snowman.” *Phylon*, vol. 26, mba. 4, 1965, p.&nbsp;419–419
* Dan Schneider, "Onyinye dum: Abụ Achịkọtara nke James A. Emanuel", *Simon*, February 16, 2006
* Anthony Zanetti, Nlebanya nke ọka dum: Abụ ndị anakọtara nke James A. Emanuel, Disemba 3, 2007
* Emanuel's ''The Negro''
* Mkparịta ụka ọdịyo dị n'ịntanetị na Emanuel
* Onye na-ede uri Nebraska mụrụ na-achọta ama na mba ofesi  site na Avishay Artsy, N'ajụjụ ọnụ Nebraska Public Radio na Emanuel
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations