John Dunkley

John Dunkley (10 Disemba 1891 - 17 Febrụwarị 1947) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe na Jamaica kụziiri onwe ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ama ama ya bụ nke a na-ahụkarị mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'agwaetiti ahụ.

## Oge ọ malitere
Ndụ mbụ Dunkley jupụtara na ihe isi ike na njem, nke nwere ike ịkọwa, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, maka ọhụụ nka pụrụ iche ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, ihe mberede mebiri otu anya ya, na-emetụta ikike ya ịmụta ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'ihi ya, nna ya bi na Panama zitere ya. Mgbe o rutere, Dunkley dị afọ iri na ụma chọpụtara na nna ya anwụọla n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ma lie ya ụbọchị tupu ya adaa.

N'ịbụ onye a napụrụ akụ na ụba nna ya, Dunkley malitere ịkpata ihe ọ ga-eri. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị obodo ya ojii dara ogbenye, ọ choro ọrụ na Caribbean niile,  na-akwụsị na Colón, Panama; Chiriqui, Panama; Costa Rica na Camaguey, Cuba. Ubi unere ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Panama ga-emecha kpalie ọtụtụ ihe osise ya.[1] A kọrọ na ọ malitere site na Cuba gaa California ịmụ ọgwụ ezé mgbe ọgba aghara mere. Ọ tụfuru ihe onwunwe ya niile, mana a zọpụtara ndụ ya. Dị ka nwunye ya si kwuo, Dunkley, onye bụ Freemason, zigara mgbaàmà nsogbu nke ndị Masons, nke otu onye otu ụlọ ọrụ na ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe agafe zaghachiri. A nabatara ya n'ụgbọ ahụ, ọ bịanyere aka dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, na-aga England, Scotland, North na South America na ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ. O nwekwara ike ịbụ na ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'iwu Ọwara Mmiri Panama.

Ọ laghachiri Chiriqui, ebe o guzobere ebe a na-akpụ isi ma malite ise ihe n'oge ezumike ya, nke Clarence Rock, onye a ma ama na-ese foto na Panama, gbara ume. N'oge ụfọdụ n'etiti 1926 na 1930, Dunkley laghachiri Jamaica, na-eguzobe azụmahịa ịkpụ isi ya na ala Princess Street na Kingston.[1] O ji obere ihe ịrịba ama e sere ese kpuchie mpụga ụlọ ahịa ahụ dum.  H. Delves Molesworth, onye odeakwụkwọ nke Institute of Jamaica n'oge ahụ, nwere mmasị na ihe osise ahụ. Onye isi na mmalite nke nka Jamaica, [1] nwa okorobịa England ahụ gbara Dunkley ume ka ọ nọgide na-ese ihe.

## Ọrụ
Ihe nkiri Dunkley juputara na nrụtụ aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke na-achị Jamaica colonial na 1930s na 1940s. Ọrụ ahụ na-egosipụta esemokwu agbụrụ, ahaghị nhata akụ na ụba na ọchịchọ maka ọchịchị onwe onye nke ndị Jamaica na ndị ọzọ bi n'agwaetiti Caribbean chere. Ihe mmepụta ihe ya dabara na ịchọ ụdị okwu "ezigbo" nke Jamaica nke bu ụzọ nwee nnwere onwe. Nke kachasị, n'agbanyeghị, Dunkley's oeuvre bụ nyocha nke otu onye siri ike na njirimara ọdịnala na-enwekarị ọchịchịrị.

A na-ejikọta ya na otu ndị na-ese ihe na Jamaica a maara dị ka "The Intuitives". Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere Mallica Reynolds, David Miller Senior, David Miller Junior, Everald Brown, David Pottinger na Albert Huie. Ọrụ ya na-enwekarị ụda ọchịchịrị, a kọwakwara ya dị ka ihe jikọrọ ya na ihe osise Wifredo Lam. Ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ na-ahụ ihe yiri ọrụ nke French Post-Impressionist Henri Rousseau.

Dunkley tinyere aka nke ukwuu n'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge ya, ọkachasị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye Pan-Africanist na onye na-enwe mmasị na Marcus Garvey.

## Ndụ e mesịrị
Mgbe Dunkley na-aga n'ihu na-azụ ahịa ya dị ka onye na-akpụ isi, Dunkley nọgidere na-achụso nkà ya. Na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ihe karịrị afọ iri tupu ọnwụ ya, ihe ọ rụpụtara dị ka onye na-ese ihe dị obere. A maara ihe na-erughị eserese 50, ma ha na-ekpughe ihe ịchọ mma pụrụ iche na nke na-adọrọ adọrọ. Enweghị mmepe a na-ahụta nke ọma na ọrụ Dunkley. N'ịtụ anya ịbụ onye a ma ama na-abịanụ, onye na-ese ihe debere ihe osise ya ma nọgide na-emezigharị ha, ọbụna na-arụbiga ọrụ ókè.

A na-echepụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ndị ahụ, ihe osise surrealistic jupụtara na ihe nnọchianya zoro ezo. Elu ya dị nro ma dị ka tapestry. Ahịhịa mara mma, osisi na obere osisi nwere okooko osisi, dị iche na alaka ndị a na-emebi emebi, n'ụzọ na-agba ume ka onye na-ekiri ya ghọta ha dị ka ihe nnọchianya. Nchegbu banyere njikọ dị n'etiti agụụ mmekọahụ na ọnwụ, echiche Freudian Eros / Thantos, dịkwa na ihe akaebe. Obere anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara, crabs, nnụnụ na mgbe mgbe ududo na eriri ha dị mgbagwoju anya, bi n'ọhịa gbara ọchịchịrị. Ihe oyiyi mmadụ dị ụkọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụnọ mmadụ na-egosi site n'ụlọ a na-ese mgbe ụfọdụ n'ebe dị anya ma ọ bụ na nsọtụ osisi. Ihe kachasị Dunkley bụ ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụzọ, nke na-agafe ahịhịa mgbe ụfọdụ iji gosipụta omimi dị ukwuu. Na "Back to Nature" (ihe dị ka 1939), ụzọ ahụ, nke nwere akara ụkwụ, na-agbagọ iji gbaa ili dị ka obi gburugburu.

A na-eche na otu ìgwè dị iche iche nke ihe osise na-adịchaghị anya bụ nke ikpeazụ ya. Na "Lonely Road", "Springboard", "Woman Feeding Fish" na "Footbridge", ahịhịa na-ejikarị eme ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ukwuu na mbara igwe dị ọcha. Ihe ndị dị n'azụ ya na-acha ọcha karịa ntụ ntụ. Ihe ole na ole jupụtara n'ala ahụ. N'ime ụfọdụ, a na-etinye akara ojii nke ahịhịa dị mkpụmkpụ na mbara igwe. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe a machibidoro iwu, ọrụ ndị ahụ ka na-enye nsogbu. Mmetụta ndị na-enweghị isi, dị ka ikpo okwu dịpụrụ adịpụ na "Springboard", na-ahapụ ndị na-agafe n'ime oghere dị na "Feeding the Fishes" na nkwado na-adịghị akwụsi ike na "Footbridge" na-enye aka n'echiche nke obi erughị ala.

Ihe na-eme ugbu a na-akpali Dunkley mgbe ụfọdụ. E nwere ihe mgbasa ozi ngwakọta na-egosi onye ọkpọ Joe Louis. Na "Good Shepherd" (ihe dị ka 1938), a na-egosi onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị populist Alexander Bustamante na-achịkọta ìgwè atụrụ, ebe n'ebe dị anya, ewu ole na ole na-agba ọsọ. Mgbe gọọmentị Roosevelt wuru Vernam Field na Sandy Gully n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ,  Dunkley sere onye isi ala. Site na nnukwu akụkụ nke Lignum Vitae e gburu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha, ọ tụrụ onyinyo nke nwoke Jamaica dị mpako ma kpọọ ya "Sandy Gully".[1]

Obere ihe ndị Dunkley tụrụ atụ, ọkachasị ihe ndị e ji osisi rụọ, anaghị arụ ọrụ karịa ihe osise ya. Na mgbakwunye na "Sandy Gully" (1940), ọrụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere "Old Joe", onyinyo siri ike nke nwoke ojii na-ejide ikpere ya mgbe ọ na-agbadata n'ekpere,  na "Acrobat", ihe osise mahogany nke nwoke na-eji isi ya gbagọ onwe ya n'etiti ụkwụ ya na n'okpuru azụ ya. 

N'oge ndụ ya, Dunkley nwetara ụfọdụ nkwado maka ọrụ nka ya n'ihi ihe ngosi otu. N'afọ 1938, ihe osise nke reindeer (ebe e bibiri ya) nwetara ihe nrite na St. George's Exhibition na Kingston. N'afọ sochirinụ, Dunkley nwetara ọla nchara maka "onyinye dị ịrịba ama na nka nke ụwa" na New York World's Fair. E gosipụtara ọrụ atọ, "Back to Nature", "Jerboa" na "Pastures" na Institute of Jamaica's 1945 Survey of West Indian Painting, ihe ngosi nke gara Canada. E gosipụtara ihe osise anọ gụnyere "Banana Plantation" na London na 1946. 

Dunkley nọ na-arịa ọrịa ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa tupu ọnwụ ya. Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 55, ma eleghị anya site na ọrịa kansa akpa ume,  na 17 Febụwarị 1947. Ndị ọgaranya na ndị ogbenye bịara ememe olili ozu ya.

## Aha ọma ọ bụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị
Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, aha Dunkley tolitere. Na 1948, e nyere ya ihe ngosi ncheta na Institute of Jamaica . 

### Ihe ngosi ndị dị mkpa
N'afọ 1951, e gosipụtara ihe osise ya "Jerboa" na First Caribbean Exhibition na San Juan, Puerto Rico. E gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke ọrụ Dunkley, ya na onye na-ese ihe Henry Daley, na 1960 na Institute of Jamaica. N'afọ 1969, e gosipụtara ihe osise "Diamond Wedding" na "Art in Jamaica Since the Thirties" na Spelman College na Atlanta, Georgia. Dunkley nọchitere anya ihe abụọ, "Jerboa" na "Back to Nature" na ngosi "Three Decades of Jamaican Painting" na Commonwealth Institute Art Gallery na London (1971). E mere ihe ngosi nke ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ Dunkley na National Gallery nke Jamaica, 9 Disemba 1976 ruo 19 Febụwarị 1977.  Site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke pasentị ziri ezi nke ọrụ ya na nlegharị anya na ngosipụta na-adịgide adịgide nke ọrụ ya, Dunkley weghachiri ọnọdụ ya dị ka ezigbo nna ukwu Jamaica.

Site na 26 Mee 2017 ruo 14 Jenụwarị 2018, Pérez Art Museum Miami (PAMM) mere ihe ngosi mbụ nke ọrụ Dunkley na mpụga obodo ya. *John Dunkley: Ọ dịghị ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abalị* nwere ọrụ iri anọ na ise, ihe osise sitere na 1930s na 1940s, yana osisi na nkume a tụrụ atụ. E bipụtara otu akwụkwọ nke otu aha ahụ n'oge ahụ.

Ihe ngosi ahụ gara National Gallery of Jamaica, ebe a na-egosi ya site na 29 Eprel 2018 ruo 29 Julaị 2018, a na-egosikwa ya na American Folk Art Museum na New York site na 30 Ọktoba 2018 ruo 24 Febụwarị 2019.  

N'ime nyocha nke *New York Times* banyere ọrụ Dunkley, onye nkatọ Roberta Smith kwuru na"N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na palette nke na-ada ada nke na-adịkarị oji, aja aja na ọcha nwere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, rose na odo, ọ na-eme ka ihe oyiyi ya nwee ume site na mgbanwe na-agbagọ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀, echiche na ọdịdị. Bushes na osisi na-atụ aro nnukwu akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ okooko osisi; ogwe osisi ndị e gbuturu egbutu, ọkpọkọ mmiri na-akpachi anya, ọka ọka ma ọ bụ phalluses. Alaka ha pulitere na-abụkarị osisi nye onwe ha. Ọtụtụ ụzọ na okporo ụzọ na-apụ n'ime ọhịa ma ọ bụ ọwara gbara ọchịchịrị ka ha na-eme ka ọ dị larịị nke kwaaji ahụ. "Ụdị National Gallery of Jamaica nwere ọrụ a na-egosighị na PAMM nke nyochara isiokwu nke njem nleta, mbata na mbido nke ịhụ mba n'anya n'oge ndụ Dunkley. "Daylight Come...Picturing Dunkley's Jamaica" jere ozi dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na "John Dunkley: Ọ dịghị ụbọchị ma ọ bụ abalị. "Ọ gụnyere foto ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ihe ndị e ji mee ihe na ihe nkiri site na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20 ruo n'òtù Jamaican Nationalist, na-enye ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara mmepụta Dunkley. 

## Ebem si dee

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