Hoffmann kiln

thumb|Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, Willy Spahn Park na Hannover
thumb|Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ na Llanymynech Heritage Area, foto Shropshire: John M, geograph.org.uk
Hoffmann kiln bụ usoro ihe ọkụkụ nke usoro ogbe.  Kiln Hoffmann bụ kiln a na-ejikarị eme brik na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa seramiiki ndị ọzọ.  Onye German Friedrich Hoffmann nyere ikike maka ịkpụ brik na 1858, e mechara jiri ya mee ọkụ lime, ma mara ya dị ka ebe a na-esi nri Hoffmann na-aga n'ihu.

## Ihe owuwu na ọrụ
Kiln Hoffmann nwere isi ụzọ ọkụ gbara ọtụtụ obere ụlọ gburugburu n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla.  Ime ụlọ ọ bụla nwere pallet nke brik.  N'ọnụ ụzọ ọkụ bụ isi e nwere ụgbọ ala ọkụ, nke na-ejide ọkụ na-ere ọkụ mgbe niile.  A na-agbanye ọnụ ụlọ nke ọ bụla maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ, ruo mgbe a na-eme ka brik ndị ahụ dị mma, ma emesịa, a na-atụgharị ụgbọala ọkụ ahụ n'ọnụ ụlọ ọzọ ka a gbaa ọkụ.

A na-ejikọta ọnụ ụlọ ọ bụla na ọnụ ụlọ na-esote site na ụzọ na-ebu gas na-ekpo ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na-eduzi gas kachasị ọkụ n'ime ụlọ a na-agbapụ ugbu a. Mgbe ahụ, gas na-agafe n'ime ụlọ dị n'akụkụ nke a na-eme atụmatụ ka a gbaa ya ọzọ. N'ebe ahụ, gas na-eme ka brik ahụ dị ọkụ. Ka gas na-agafe n'ime usoro ọkụ, ha na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ajụ oyi ka ha na-ebufe okpomọkụ na brik ka ọ na-ekpo ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ. Nke a bụ n'ezie ihe na-agbanwe okpomọkụ, nke na-eme ka ojiji dị mma nke okpomọkụ na mmanụ. Ịrụ ọrụ nke ọm a bụ isi uru nke ọkụ ọkụ Hoffmann, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe kpatara mmepe mbụ ya na iji ya mee ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Na mgbakwunye na oghere dị n'ime n'okporo ụzọ ọkụ, ọnụ ụlọ ọ bụla nwekwara ọnụ ụzọ dị n'èzí, nke a na-ewepụ brik a gbara ọkụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma jiri brik mmiri dochie ya ka ọ kpọọ nkụ ma gbaa ya ọkụ na usoro ịgba ọkụ ọzọ.
áká_èkpè|thumb|156x156px|Akụkụ nke okpomọkụ, Friedrich Eduard Hoffmann's patent, 1858
N'ime kiln Hoffmann kpochapụwo, ọkụ ahụ nwere ike na-ere ọkụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọbụlagodi ọtụtụ iri afọ;  na Iran, e nwere kilns ka na-arụ ọrụ ma na-arụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu ruo afọ 35.  Enwere ike iji mmanụ ọkụ ọ bụla na kiln Hoffmann, gụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala, gas sitere n'okike, mmanụ ala dị arọ na mmanụ osisi.  Akụkụ nke kiln Hoffmann a na-ahụkarị na-agbanwe kpamkpam, mana na nkezi ihe dịka 5 m (ịdị elu) x 15 m (obosara) x 150 m (ogologo). dị arọ na mmanụ osisi. Ọdịdị nke ọkụ ọkụ Hoffmann na-agbanwe agbanwe kpamkpam, mana na nkezi ihe dị ka 5 m (ịdị elu) x 15 m (obosara) x 150 m (ogologo).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

## Ihe atụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọkụ Hoffmann
thumb|Hoffmann ring oven na Mildenberg museum
thumb|Foto ụgbọelu nke ọkụ brik Hoffmann n'oge mgbukpọ na 2012, Armadale, West Lothian.

### UK
 British Isles, e nwere naanị ite ọkụ Hoffmann ole na ole fọdụrụ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha echekwara.

Nanị ndị nwere anwụrụ ọkụ bụ na Prestongrange Industrial Heritage Museum na Llanymynech Heritage Area.  na-eji saịtị ahụ dị na Llanymynech, nke dị nso na Oswestry eme ihe maka ọkụ lime ma e weghachiri ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ nchedo ihe ochie nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akwado site na English Heritage na Heritage Lottery Fund.

atụ abụọ  na North Yorkshire, ọkụ ọkụ Hoffmann na Meal Bank Quarry, Ingleton, na nke na-arụ ọrụ Craven na Murgatroyd, Langcliffe, na-ahazi ihe ncheta oge ochie.

E nwere ite ọkụ Hoffmann nke na-enweghị nsogbu ma gbahapụ ya na-enweghị anwụrụ ọkụ dị na Minera Limeworks; a gbahapụrụ saịtị ahụ mana e mebiri ụzọ mbata niile nke ite ọkụ ahụ, na-egbochi ohere. Okpomọkụ ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ dị njọ nke nrụzi, na osisi na-etolite na mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Minera Quarry Trust na-atụ anya otu ụbọchị iji melite mpaghara ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta.  na-eleghara ọkụ brik Hoffmann nke Grade II depụtara na Ilkeston, Derbyshire anya nke ukwuu, ọ bụ ezie na mgbidi a rụnyere na nso nso a na-enye nchebe maka ụlọ ahụ na ndị ọbịa.

Na Prestongrange Museum, n'èzí Prestonpans na East Lothian, Hoffman kiln ka na-eguzo na ndị ọbịa nwere ike ige ntị karịa ya site na njem ekwentị mkpanaaka. .

 nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ite ọkụ zuru ezu na Horeb, Carmarthenshire.

A ka nwere ite ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ na Kings Dyke na Peterborough, nke bụ ebe ikpeazụ nke London Brick Company, nke Forterra PLC nwere.   &#x5B;**'&#x5D;</sup>

=== Australia ===
Na Victoria, Australia, n'ebe a na-akpụ brik dị na Brunswick, e nwere kiln abụọ dị ndụ agbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi, na chimni sitere na kiln nke atọ;  e nwere ihe ọzọ na Box Hill, Victoria;  dịkwa na Melbourne 

'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Australia, ite ọkụ dị na [[Maylands, Western Australia|Maylands]]_Brickworks" id="mwdg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Maylands Brickworks">Maylands Brickworks na Perth, nke na-arụ ọrụ site na 1927 ruo 1982 bụ naanị ite ọkụ Hoffman fọdụrụ na steeti ahụ.

=== Catalonia ===

* Obosara Bellamar na Calafell.

=== Mba ndị ọzọ ===
 nwere ite ọkụ zuru oke na ụlọ ọrụ brik [[Tsalapatas]] e weghachiri na Volos Gris nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ebe ngosi nka.

E nwere abụọ na New Zealand.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;**'&#x5D;

Obodo Kaohsiung dị na Taiwan bụkwa ebe a na-anọ eme ọkụ Hoffman, nke gọọmentị Japan wuru na 1899.    &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akụkọ Hoffman
* Ebe njem Preston Grange
* Nnyocha nke Hoffman Kiln Technology
* RCAHMS Canmore
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations