Denham Tracts

Tracts Denham mebere mbipụta nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nta na mkpirisi gbasara akụkọ ifo, iri ise na anọ n'ozuzu, nke Michael Aislabie Denham, onye ahịa Yorkshire chikọtara n'etiti 1846 na 1859. Ọtụtụ n’ime traktị ndị mbụ e ji nke iri ise bipụta (ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ n’ime ha nwere mkpụrụ iri abụọ na ise ma ọ bụ ọbụna iri na atọ). James Hardy mesịrị dezigharịa traktị ndị ahụ maka Folklore Society ma bipụta ya na mpịakọta abụọ na 1892[1] na 1895. O kwere omume na J.R.R. Tolkien wepụrụ okwu hobbit site na ndepụta nke fairies na Denham Tracts.

## Ndepụta nke traktị ndị mbụ

* Nchịkọta nke Ilu na Okwu Ndị A Ma Ama metụtara Oge, Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe, na Ọrụ Ugbo. *Lond bipụtara maka Percy Society site na T.Richards, 100. St. Martin's Lane 1846, peeji nke 73.&nbsp;*

* Akụkọ ifo nke Mildridge; akụkọ na-ekwu maka Adventures nke Witless Wight na Mildridge Fairies na ya Bishoprick nke Durham; ugbu a ihe karịrị narị afọ abụọ gara aga. *A Broadside nke ogidi atọ, August 1849. Iri ise.*

* Nkọwa nke ihe ncheta ha na Staindrop Church, co. Durham. *Akụkụ dị obosara nke peeji abụọ. Ọktoba 1849. Iri ise*

**Nke anọ. Okwu mmeghe; na Agha na Agha mkpu.**

* (1) Slaghorns nke North of England. *Mbipụta nke mbụ. Peeji isii, Jenụwarị 1850. Iri ise.*
* (2) Asụsụ; ma ọ bụ, Mkpokọta mkpu nke North of England. *Mbipụta nke abụọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1850. Novo-Castro-Sup-Tynam E bipụtara ya site na M. & M.W.Lambert, Grey-st. Iri ise.*
* (3) Asụsụ nke North of England.*Mbipụta nke atọ., nke e bipụtara nke ọma na agba, nwere ọtụtụ ihe osise. Otu narị peeji na iri. June, 1851. Newcastle upon Tyne, nke George Bouchier Richardson bipụtara, na akara nke River God Tyne, 38, Clayton-st., Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nke asatọ., mbipụta ole na ole e bipụtara na 4to.*

**Nke ise.**

* Nchịkọta nke English Border Rhymes, Proverbs and Sayings na njikọ ya na Oge Feudal. *Peeji iri na abụọ, July, 1850. Iri ise.*

**Nke isii. Co: Pal: Durham. - Akụkụ ise.**

* Akụkụ nke Mbụ. Nchịkọta nke Bishoprick Rhymes, Proverbs and Sayings, na njikọ ya na oge Border na Feudal. *[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Iri ise. E dere ya na ezinụlọ Hylton na Conyers.*
* Akụkụ nke Abụọ. Nchịkọta nke Rare na Popular Rhymes, Proverbs, Sayings of Reproach and Praise, &c., &c., metụtara Obodo Durham na ndị bi na ya. *Peeji nke 13 ruo 28, Jenụwarị 1851. Iri ise. E dere ya na Clargy, Lawers, na Olde Maids, nke a na-akpọ Cittie, &c.*
* Akụkụ nke Atọ. Asụsụ Rịlị, Ilu, Okwu, Characteristics, Reproaches, &c., na-emetụta ndị bi n'obodo na obodo ụfọdụ; yana ezinụlọ na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na County of Durham. *Peeji nke 29 ruo 50, Eprel, 1851. Iri ise. E dere ya na Joseph Ritson, Esq.*
* Akụkụ nke isii. Asụsụ Rhymes, Sayings, Characteristics, &c., na ndị ọzọ, metụtara ụfọdụ Obodo na Obodo Obodo na County of Durham. Asụsụ 51 ruo 78, May, 1851. *Peeji nke 51 ruo 78, May, 1851. Iri ise. E dere ya na Sir Cuthbert Sharp. Dunelm Ọ bụ Will bipụtara ya. Elliott Duncan & Sons, na Saddler-street.*
* Akụkụ nke ise. Mgbakwunye na Rhymes, Ilu, Okwu, &c., nke County of Durham. *Peeji asatọ, September 1858. Iri ise. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Dunelm Ọ bụ Will bipụtara ya. Duncan & Sons, na Saddler-street, 1859.*

**na mpempe akwụkwọ 42 ọzọ.**

## Ndepụta nke mmụọ na fada
Nke a bụ ndepụta ogologo nke mmụọ, fairies, bogies na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke, dabere na ndepụta ochie na Discoverie of Witchcraft, nke e depụtara na 1584, [1] nwere ọtụtụ mgbakwunye, nkwughachi ole na ole na aha ọtụtụ ihe e kere eke na-apụtaghị n'ebe ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na traktị ndị ahụ nwere ihe ndị e kere eke ndị a na-ekwughị ebe ọ bụla ọzọ pụrụ igosi na Denham enyochawo isiokwu ahụ nke ọma karịa ndị ọzọ n’oge ya, enweghị ebe ndị ọzọ na-eme ka ụfọdụ na-eche na nke a agaghị ekwe omume n’agbanyeghị na a na-ewere Denham dị ka ebe a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na-enweta ozi.

*"What a happiness this must have been seventy or eighty years ago and upwards, to those chosen few who had the good luck to be born on the eve of this festival of all festivals; when the whole earth was so overrun with ghosts, boggles, Bloody Bones, spirits, demons, ignis fatui, brownies, bugbears, black dogs, spectres, shellycoats, scarecrows, witches, wizards, barguests, Robin-Goodfellows, hags, night-bats, scrags, breaknecks, fantasms, hobgoblins, hobhoulards, boggy-boes, dobbies, hob-thrusts, fetches, kelpies, warlocks, mock-beggars, mum-pokers, Jemmy-burties, urchins, satyrs, pans, fauns, sirens, tritons, centaurs, calcars, nymphs, imps, incubuses, spoorns, men-in-the-oak, hell-wains, fire-drakes, kit-a-can-sticks, Tom-tumblers, melch-dicks, larrs, kitty-witches, hobby-lanthorns, Dick-a-Tuesdays, Elf-fires, Gyl-burnt-tales, knockers, elves, rawheads, Meg-with-the-wads, old-shocks, ouphs, pad-foots, pixies, pictrees, giants, dwarfs, Tom-pokers, tutgots, snapdragons, sprets, spunks, conjurers, thurses, spurns, tantarrabobs, swaithes, tints, tod-lowries, Jack-in-the-Wads, mormos, changelings, redcaps, yeth-hounds, colt-pixies, Tom-thumbs, black-bugs, boggarts, scar-bugs, shag-foals, hodge-pochers, hob-thrushes, bugs, bull-beggars, bygorns, bolls, caddies, bomen, brags, wraiths, waffs, flay-boggarts, fiends, gallytrots, imps, gytrashes, patches, hob-and-lanthorns, gringes, boguests, bonelesses, Peg-powlers, pucks, fays, , gallybeggars, hudskins, nickers, , trolls, robinets, friars' lanthorns, silkies, cauld-lads, death-hearses, goblins, hob-headlesses, bugaboos, kows, or cowes, nickies, nacks, waiths, miffies, buckies, ghouls, sylphs, guests, swarths, freiths, freits, gy-carlins, pigmies, chittifaces, nixies, Jinny-burnt-tails, dudmen, hell-hounds, dopple-gangers, boggleboes, bogies, redmen, portunes, grants, hobbits, hobgoblins, brown-men, cowies, dunnies, wirrikows, alholdes, , follets, korreds, lubberkins, cluricauns, kobolds, leprechauns, kors, mares, korreds, puckles, korigans, sylvans, succubuses, blackmen, shadows, banshees, lian-hanshees, clabbernappers, Gabriel-hounds, mawkins, doubles, corpse lights or candles, scrats, mahounds, trows, gnomes, sprites, fates, fiends, sibyls, nicknevins, whitewomen, fairies, thrummy-caps, cutties, and nisses, and apparitions of every shape, make, form, fashion, kind and description, that there was not a village in England that had not its own peculiar ghost. Nay, every lone tenement, castle, or mansion-house, which could boast of any antiquity had its bogle, its spectre, or its knocker. The churches, churchyards, and crossroads were all haunted. Every green lane had its boulder-stone on which an apparition kept watch at night. Every common had its circle of fairies belonging to it. And there was scarcely a shepherd to be met with who had not seen a spirit!"*

## Edemsibia