Nje Korona

**Nje Korona bụ ụmụ nje nke na-ebute ụmụ ọrịa dị iche iche tụmadị n'ụmụ anụmanụ nakwa nnụnụ.**  Na mmadụ, nje korona na-ebute ihe ndi bekee kpọrọ respiratory tract infections nke nwere ike ịmalite dika obere ọria nkịtị wee ruo na-ịgbu mmadụ ọnwụọ. Obere ọria ndi a gụnyere oyi (bụ nke na- ebute ọria ndị ọzọ ọkachasị nke ndị oyibo kpọrọ rhinoviruses), ebe oke oyi nke na-ebute ọria ndi ọzọ na-egbu egbu  dika SARS, MERS, na COVID-19. Otu ọria si egosi na adị n'ụdị n'ụdị: n'ọkụkọ ọria na-ebute upper respiratory tract disease, mana n'ehi  na ezi ọ na-ebute  diarrhea. Ka ọdị ugbu a, enwebeghị ọgwụ mgbochi vaccines mọọbụ antiviral drugs maka igbochi maọbụ ịgwọ ọria nje korona n'ahụ mmadụ . 

Nje korona nwekwara subfamily  

***Orthocoronavirinae,*** si n'ezinụlọ *Coronaviridae*, *Nidovirales*, nakwa *Riboviria* .   Ha  kpuchiri nje ndi nwere positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome   nakwa nucleocapsid  nke helical symmetry. The genome size  nke nje korona na-ebido ihe dika kilobases,iri abụọ, nje kacha bu nje nke akpọrọ RNA viruses.  Njiri mara ha bụ na ha na-enwe ogwu n'ahụ ha niile bụ nke na enwe electron micrographsnke a na-emepụta  inyinyo ha dika korona nke sitere n'anwụ ọchịcha a  kpọrọ solar corona    

## Nchọpụta
Achọpụtara nje Korona n'afọ 1930 mgbe ọrịa nje na-efe efe nke ụmụ ọkụkọ gosiri na ọ bụ infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) na-ebute ya. N'afọ 1940, a chọpụtara anụmanụ abụọ ndị ọzọ, nwere ụdị nje korona a bụ nke nọpụrụ anọp akpọrọ mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) nakwa transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV),  .  

Achọpụtara nje korona nke na-aria mmadụ nafọ 1960s.  Ndị mbụ mụrụ maka nje korona a bụ site na ndi mmadụ na-aria oyi nkiti bụ nke emechara  kpọọ  human coronavirus 229E na human coronavirus OC43.  Achọpụtakwara Nje Korona ndị ọzọ bu nke na- arịa ndi mmadụ, ha gụnyere SARS-CoV n'afọ 2003, HCoV NL63 n'afọ 2004, HKU1 n'afọ 2005, MERS-CoV n'afọ 2012, nakwa SARS-CoV-2 n'afọ 2019.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọria ndị a ebutela ọrịa akpọrọ respiratory tract infections.  bụ nke na-efe efe na-ef.  

## Ọmụmụ
.Aha a bụ "coronavirus" sitere n'asụsụ Latin **', nke putara "okpueze" ma ọ bụ "wreath", bụ nke agbazitere n'asụsụ ndị Greek κορώνη  nke ha kpọrọ ''korṓnē'', "garland, wreath".   A kpọrọ aha nje korona  a mbụ n'afọ 1968 ọ bụ ndị otu na-ahụ maka ịgwọ ọria nje dị iche iche mere nke n'ime akwụkwọ jonalụ ''[[:en:Nature_(journal)|akpọrọ Nature]]'' nke bụ iji wee gosipụta  ezinaaụlọ nje di iche iche.   Aha a na-egosi njiri mara nke [[:en:Virion|virions]] ( bụ nje na-eme oji efe efe) site na nyocha nke [[:en:Electron_microscopy|electron microscopy]], bụ nke na-egosi ụdịdị nje a dika okpu eze maọbụ [[:en:Solar_corona|solar corona]].  Ụdịdị[[:en:Morphology_(biology)|morphology]] pụtara ihe na ogwu ogwu  nke [[:en:Peplomer|akpọrọ peplomers]], na-ejupụta na  [[:en:Proteins|proteins]] n'ahụ/ihu nje a. <br />

== Nhazi ==
[[Usòrò:3D_medical_animation_coronavirus_structure.jpg|alt=Cross-sectional model of a coronavirus|thumb|  usoro ọnụnọ nke nje korona ]]
Nje korona bụ nnukwu [[:en:Pleomorphism_(microbiology)|pleomorphic]] nwere kịrị kịrị ihe dika bọlụ  na- etupụta n'ihu ya. Kịrịkịrị bọlụ ndi a di ya n' ahụ di ihe dika  dayamita  otu nari na iri abụọ (120&nbsp;nm)/ (.12 μm). Dayamita nke na-ekpuchi ya di iri asatọ  ~80 nm (.08 μm) ebe ihe dika ogwu di ya n'ahụ di iri abụọ ~20 nm (.02 μm) n'ogologo. Ihe na-ekpuchi nje a na-egosi dika okpokoro miri emi nke ndi oyibo kpọrọ electron dense shells.

Ihe a kpuchiri  nje a gụnyere lipid bilayer ebe membrane (M), envelope (E) na spike (S) structural proteins na anọ. Ụfọdụ nje Korona (tụmadị ndi si n'otu betacoronavirus subgroup A) nwekwara ahụ ogwu nke akpọrọ [[:en:Hemagglutinin_esterase|hemagglutinin esterase]]  .

N'ime ihe a na-ekpuchi nje a e nwere ihe akpọrọ[[:en:Capsid|nucleocapsid]],  bụ nke na- amụba  site n' ụdị ọnọdụ [[:en:Bead|beads-on-a-string]] .
ọ bụ ihe ọnọdụ mkpuchi a , membrance protein,na nucleocapsid na-echedo nje a mgbe ọ na anọghị n'ahụ mmadụ maọbụ nke anụmanụ.<br />

== Genome ==
[[Usòrò:SARS-CoV_MERS-CoV_genome_organization_and_S-protein_domains.png|thumb| Ngosiputa nhazi na ụdịdị nke genome na akparam agwa ihe ndi nwere S protein maka SAR maka SARS-CoV na MERS-CoV ]]
Coronaviruses nwere            [[:en:Positive-sense_single-stranded_RNA_virus|positive-sense, single-stranded RNA]] genome.  [[:en:Genome_size|genome size]] nke nje korona bidoro na [[:en:Kilobase#Length_measurements|kilobases]] iri abụọ na isii na ụma anọ wee ruo na iri atọ na otu na ụma asaa. Nke a so n'otu nje RNA si n'ezinaụlọ genome kacha ibu.. Genome nwere  nke ndị oyibo kpọrọ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-prime_cap" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Five-prime cap" class="cx-link" data-linkid="196">methylated cap</a> ise na <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyadenylation" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Polyadenylation" class="cx-link" data-linkid="197">polyadenylated tail</a>. atọ.  

Nhazi ụdịdị  genome maka nje korona gụnyere [[:en:Five_prime_untranslated_region|5′-leader-UTR]] ha bụ spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)-[[:en:Three_prime_untranslated_region|3′UTR]]-poly (A) tail. Mkpughe nke ọgụgụ frame ya bụ 1a na 1b nke a mejupụtara okara atọ nke UTR ise ahụ bụ nke mebere [[:en:Nonstructural_protein|nonstructural proteins]].  

Ihe anọ ndị a mechara mejupụta ụdidị protin , ha bụ ogwu(spike), envelope, membrane,nakwa nucleocapsid. akọrọngwa ndia nakwa ọrụ ha na-arụgasi dị iche iche na-esite n'ụdị nje korona.  

== Obibi ndụ nje Korona ==

=== Ntinye ===
[[Usòrò:Coronavirus_replication.png|thumb| Usoro ndụ nke coronavirus ]]
Ofufe Ọrịa a na-amalite mgbe ogwu ya (viral spike (S) gbasara wee nyado n'ahụ onye o fere, .  

Mgbe ọ ịbanye n' ahụ onye bu ya, kịrị kịrị nje [[:en:Uncoating|dị uncoated]], na [[:en:Genome|genome]] na-adanye n'ime [[:en:Cytoplasm|cell cytoplasm]]. Dịka anyị kwuru na mbụ gbasara ọnọdụ nje a, na o nwere [[:en:Five-prime_cap|5′ methylated cap]] na [[:en:Polyadenylation|3′ polyadenylated tail]], bụ nke na enyere ogwu nje a aka ịnyado n;ahụ onye bu ya.  

=== Menwogharị ===
Ọtụtụ ihe nke ndi oyibo kpọrọ nonstructural proteins biakọtara ọnụ wee mebe ihe akpọrọ [[:en:Protein_complex|multi-protein]] replicase-transcriptase complex (RTC). Isi sekpụ ntị na  replicase-transcriptase protein bụ [[:en:RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase|RNA-dependent RNA polymerase]] (RdRp). Ọ bụ ihe ndia na ọnọdụ na ihe ndia na-ebute mmụba nje a mgbe ọ nọ n'ahụ onye maọbụ ihe bu ya.  

Otu n'ime ọrụ ihe ndị mebere nje a bụ ịmụnwogharị maọbụ ịmụba viral genome.  RdRp dika anyị tulere na mbụ na ebu n'obi  [[:en:DNA_replication|synthesis]] iji gosi ndi iche di n'etiti ( negative-sense genomic RNA) na (positive-sens genomic RNA). 

== Nzipụ ==
Mmekorita nke ogwu nje korona na emejupụta [[:en:Viral_entry|host cell recepto]] bụ isi sekpụ nti n'igosipụta [[:en:Tissue_tropism|tissue tropism]], [[:en:Infectivity|infectivity]], na [[:en:Host_tropism|species range]] nke nje a. Ọmumaatụ bụ na [[:en:Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus|SARS coronavirus]], na-efe mmadụ site na-inyado naihe a kpọrọ [[:en:Angiotensin-converting_enzyme_2|angiotensin-converting enzyme 2]] (ACE2) receptor.  .           

== Okike/Ụdịdị ==
[[Usòrò:Phylogenetic_tree_of_coronaviruses.jpg|thumb| Osisi phylogenetic nke nje korona ]]
Aha sayensi kpọrọ nje korona  bụ ''Orthocoronavirinae'' ma ọbu ''Coronavirinae'' . Nje korona sitere n'ezinaaụlọ''[[:en:Coronaviridae|Coronaviridae]],'' ''[[:en:Nidovirales|Nidovirales]]'' nakwa ''[[:en:Riboviria|Riboviria]].'' E kewara ha na alphacoronaviruses na betacoronaviruses bụ ndị nke na-efe mmadụ ebe gammacoronaviruses na deltacoronaviruses  na-efe ụmụ nnụnụ .  

* Genus: ***Alphacoronavirus*** 
** Ụdị ya dị iche iche 
** ''[[:en:Human_coronavirus_229E|Human coronavirus 229E]]'', ''[[:en:Human_coronavirus_NL63|Human coronavirus NL63]]'', ''[[:en:Miniopterus_bat_coronavirus_1|Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1]]'', ''[[:en:Miniopterus_bat_coronavirus_HKU8|Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8]]'', ''[[:en:Porcine_epidemic_diarrhea_virus|Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus]]'', ''[[:en:Rhinolophus_bat_coronavirus_HKU2|Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2]]'', ''[[:en:Scotophilus_bat_coronavirus_512|Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512]]''  
* Genus ***Betacoronavirus*** ; **' 
* Ụdi: *Murine coronavirus* *[[:en:Betacoronavirus_1|dị iche iche]]* 
* *[[:en:Betacoronavirus_1|Betacoronavirus 1]]* (''Bovine Coronavirus'', *[[:en:Human_coronavirus_OC43|Human coronavirus OC43]]*), *[[:en:Human_coronavirus_HKU1|Human coronavirus HKU1]]*, *[[:en:Murine_coronavirus|Murine coronavirus]]*, *[[:en:Pipistrellus_bat_coronavirus_HKU5|Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5]]*, *[[:en:Rousettus_bat_coronavirus_HKU9|Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9]]*, *[[:en:Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus|Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]]* (*[[:en:SARS-CoV|SARS-CoV]]*, *[[:en:SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV-2]]*), *[[:en:Tylonycteris_bat_coronavirus_HKU4|Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4]]*, *[[:en:Middle_East_respiratory_syndrome-related_coronavirus|Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus]]*, *[[:en:Hedgehog_coronavirus_1|Hedgehog coronavirus 1]]* (EriCoV)
* Genus ***[[:en:Gammacoronavirus|Gammacoronavirus]]***; type species: *[[:en:Avian_infectious_bronchitis_virus|Infectious bronchitis virus]]*
* Species: *[[:en:Beluga_whale_coronavirus_SW1|Beluga whale coronavirus SW1]]*, *[[:en:Infectious_bronchitis_virus|Infectious bronchitis virus]]*
* Genus ***[[:en:Deltacoronavirus|Deltacoronavirus]]***; type species: *[[:en:Bulbul_coronavirus_HKU11|Bulbul coronavirus HKU11]]*
* Species: *[[:en:Bulbul_coronavirus_HKU11|Bulbul coronavirus HKU11]]*, ''Porcine'' ''coronavirus HKU15''
## Nsinweta