Ali Moustafa Mosharafa

**Ali Moustafa Attia Mosharrafa** (Arabic: علي مصطفى عطية مشرفة; 11 Julaị 1898 - 16 Jenụarị 1950) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị nke Egypt.  Ọ bụ Prọfesọ nke mgbakọ na mwepụ etinyere na Mahadum Cairo ma bụrụkwa onye isi mbụ nke Mahadum.[1]  O nyere aka na mmepe nke Quantum theory yana Theory of relativity

## Akụkọ ndụ

### Ndụ mbido
Mosharafa nwetara asambodo praịmarị ya na 1910, bụrụ onye nke abụọ na mba ahụ. Ọ nwetara Baccalaureate ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii, na-aghọ nwa akwụkwọ kachasị nta n'oge ahụ ka e nyere asambodo dị otú ahụ ma, ọzọ, bụrụ nke abụọ. Ọ họọrọ idebanye aha na kọleji ndị nkuzi karịa ngalaba nke ọgwụ ma ọ bụ injinia n'ihi mmasị miri emi ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ.

Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1917. N'ihi ịdị mma ya na mgbakọ na mwepụ, Ngalaba Mmụta Ijipt zigara ya England ebe, na 1920, ọ nwetara BSc (Honors) na Mahadum Nottingham. Mahadum Ijipt kwetara inye Mosharafa agụmakwụkwọ ọzọ iji mezue thesis doctoral ya. N'oge ọ nọ na London, e bipụtara ya ọtụtụ ugboro na magazin sayensị a ma ama.O nwetara PhD na 1923 site na King's College London n'oge kacha nta enwere ike kwere dịka ụkpụrụ ebe ahụ siri dị.  Na 1924, Mosharafa nwetara akara ugo mmụta nke Dọkịta nke Sayensị, onye Egypt mbụ na onye sayensị sayensị nke 11 n'ụwa nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị otú ahụ.

### Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ
Ọ bụ onye prọfesọ Egypt izizi nke mgbakọ na mwepụ na ngalaba Sayensị.  Ọ ghọrọ onye isi ngalaba na 1936, mgbe ọ dị afọ 38. Ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba nke Sayensị ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1950.

## Ihe ndị sayensị rụzuru
N'ime afọ 1920 na 1930, ọ mụrụ Usoro Maxwell, ozizi nke relativity pụrụ iche, ma soro Albert Einstein na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi.

Mosharafa bipụtara akwụkwọ 25 mbụ na akwụkwọ sayensị dị iche iche banyere quantum theory, theory of relativity, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti radiation na ihe. O bipụtara akwụkwọ sayensị iri na abụọ gbasara mmekọrịta na mgbakọ na mwepụ.  A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ya gbasara tiori relativity n'asụsụ Bekee, French, German na Polish.  Ọ sụgharịkwara akwụkwọ 10 gbasara mbara igwe na mgbakọ na mwepụ n'asụsụ Arabik.

Mosharafa nwere mmasị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị, na-elekwasị anya na onyinye nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Arab na Middle Ages.  Ya na nwa akwụkwọ ya bụ M. Morsi Ahmad, o bipụtara akwụkwọ al-Khwārizmī The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Bancing (Kitab al-Jabr wa-l-Muqabala).

Mosharafa nwekwara mmasị na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti egwu na mgbakọ na mwepụ.

## Echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị
Mosharafa bụ onye mbụ kpọrọ oku maka mgbanwe na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na nchọnchọ sayensị. Mosharafa chọrọ ịkwalite mmata sayensị ọha na eze wee dee ọtụtụ akụkọ na akwụkwọ gbasara isiokwu sayensị ezubere ka ndị na-ege ntị nweta ohere.MỌ gbakwara ume ka asụgharị akwụkwọ sayensị n'asụsụ Arabik, ma nye aka n'ịde akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma sayensị Arab na akwụkwọ gbasara ihe nketa sayensị nke ndị Arab.  Ọ megidere iji ike atọm eme ihe n'agha ma dọọ aka ná ntị megide iji sayensị eme ihe dị ka ụzọ mbibi.

## Nsọpụrụ

* Eze Farouq nyere ya utu aha "Pasha", mana ọ jụrụ utu aha ahụ na-azọrọ na ọ nweghị utu aha kwesịrị ekwesị karịa PhD sayensị.
* A na-akpọ ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ nzukọ aha ya na Faculty of Science, Mahadum Cairo, Egypt.
* Ezinụlọ ya amalitela onyinye kwa afọ nke na-ebu aha ya ka e nye ya nwa akwụkwọ kacha nwee ọgụgụ isi na mgbakọ na mwepụ.
* Egypt & Europe Magazine bipụtara ihe osise nke ya na-eguzo n'etiti Russia na USA na-ejide akwụkwọ a tụgharịrị n'aka ya, na ike abụọ na-echere ya ka ọ kpughee ihe nzuzo nke sayensị. ???  &nbsp;&nbsp;
* N'afọ 1947, ụlọ ọrụ Institute for Advanced Study kpọrọ Mosharafa ka ọ sonye dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Princeton, mana eze jụrụ.
* A gụrụ Newton-Mosharafa Fund aha ya na Sir Isaac Newton 

## Akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ
O dere akwụkwọ iri abụọ na isii dị mkpa gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike. O dere akwụkwọ iri na ise gbasara relativity na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Otu n'ime ha bụ akwụkwọ gbasara echiche nke relativity nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee, French, German na Polish, ma bipụtaghachi na United States. O mepụtara ihe dị ka akwụkwọ sayensị iri na ise gbasara relativity, mgbakọ na mwepụ, na atọm. 

### Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

* *Anyị na Sayensị*
* *Sayensị na Ndụ*
* *Bọmbụ Atọm na Atọm*
* *Nkwupụta Sayensị*
* *Injinia na Fero Times*

### Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ

* 
* On the Stark Effect for Strong Electric Fields (Phil. Mag. Vol. 44, p. 371) - (1922) &nbsp;
* On the Quantum Theory of Complex Zeeman Effect (Phil. Mag. Vol. 46, p. 177) - (1923) &nbsp;
* 
* The Stark Effect for Strong Fields (Phil. Mag. Vol. 46, p. 751) - (1923) &nbsp;
* On the Quantum Theory of the Simple Zeeman Effect (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Mpịakọta 102, peeji nke 529) - (1923) &nbsp;
* Ọkara Integral Quantum nọmba na Theory of Stark Effect na n'ozuzu Hypothesis of Fractional Quantum numbers (Roy. Soc. Proc. Vol. 126, p. 641) - (1930) &nbsp;
* On The Quantum Dynamics of Degenerate Systems (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Mpịakọta 107, peeji nke 237) - (1925) &nbsp;
* The Quantum Explanation of the Zeeman Triplet (Nature Vol. 119, p. 96, No. 2907, July 18) - (1925) &nbsp;
* The Motion of a Lorentz Electron as a wave Phenomenon (Nature Vol. 124, p. 726, No. 3132, Nov. 9) - (1929) &nbsp;
* Wave Mechanics and the Dual Aspect of Matter and Radiation (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Vol. 126, p. 35) - (1930) &nbsp;
* Material and Radiational Waves (Roy. Soc. Proc. A. Mpịakọta 131, peeji nke 335) - (1931) &nbsp;
* Enwere ike ile ihe na radiation anya dị ka akụkụ abụọ nke otu ọnọdụ ụwa (Verhandlungen der Internationalen Kongress, Zurich, Switzerland) - (1932) 
* Ụfọdụ Echiche Banyere Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Ihe na Radiation (Bulletin de l'institute d'Egypte, T. XVI, p. 161) - (1939) &nbsp;
* 
* The Maxwellian Equations and a Variable Speed of Light (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, No. 1, Vol. 1) - (1937) 
* The Principle of Indeterminacy and the Structure of the World Lines (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Vol. 2, No. 1) - (1944) 
* Wave Surfaces jikọtara ya na World Lines (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 2) - (1943) 
* Conical Transformations (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, No. 2, Mpịakọta 3) - (1944) 
* On a Positive Definite Metric in the Special Theory of Relativity (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Mpịakọta nke 2, Nke 4) - (1944) 
* On the Metric of Space and the Equations of Motion of a Charged Particle (Proceedings of the Mathematical and Physical Society of Egypt, Mpịakọta nke 3, Nke 1) - (1945) 
* 
* The Metric of Space and Mass Deficiency (Philosophical Magazine) - (1948) 
* 

## Edensibia

### Edensibia nke akwụkwọ ya

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