Anthony Clifford Allison

**Anthony Clifford Allison** (21 Ọgọst 1925 - 20 Febụwarị 2014) bụ onye South Africa geneticist na onye sayensị ahụike nke mere ọmụmụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ na mmegide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ịba.Allison gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kenya, gụchaa akwụkwọ mahadum ya na South Africa, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta BSc na sayensị ahụike na Mahadum Witwatersrand na 1947. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta PhD na ahụike na Mahadum Oxford na 1950.  Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Radcliffe Infirmary ruo afọ abụọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ post-doctoral na Linus Pauling na 1954. Mgbe ọ kụzuru ọgwụ afọ atọ na Oxford, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Medical Research Council na London. N'afọ 1978, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'otu oge na International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) dị ka onye nduzi ya, na World Health Organization's (WHO) Immunology Laboratory, ma na Nairobi. O mechara bụrụ osote onye isi oche maka nyocha na Syntex Corporation (1981-1994).

Mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Oxford, Allison sonyeere ọrụ aka Oxford University Expedition gaa Mount Kenya na 1949. O buru ụzọ hụ site na ihe nlele ọbara ọ chịkọtara na enwere nnukwu mmụba nke ọrịa sickle-cell n'ọnọdụ ya na-adịghị emerụ ahụ (heterozygous). O chepụtara echiche ahụ na ọ nwere ike ịbụ mgbanwe bara uru nye ndị na-enwekarị ọrịa ịba. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Oxford na 1953, ọ nyochakwuru. Na 1954, ọ chọpụtara, na-akwado echiche ya tupu oge eruo, na ndị nwere àgwà sickle-cell na-eguzogide ọgwụ malaria falciparum na-egbu egbu.

N'afọ 1970, Allison arụpụtala enzyme ahụ, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, dị ka molekul dị mkpa nke nzaghachi ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na ọrịa autoimmune na n'ịgbanwe akụkụ ahụ. Dabere na nke a, ọ nwalere ọgwụ nje a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, mycophenolate mofetil, dị ka ihe na-egbochi enzyme ahụ. Mgbe o mechara ihe ịga nke ọma na nnwale, ya na nwunye ya, Elsie M. Eugui, o mepụtara ọgwụ dị nchebe nke e mechara kwado dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ a na-akpọ CellCept. O nyere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ teknụzụ 400 ma dezie akwụkwọ 12.

## Akụkọ ndụ
A mụrụ Allison na East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Nna ya bụ onye agha ụwa nke mbụ nke Britain na onye na-egwu polo, onye hapụrụ Britain na 1919 maka ndụ ọrụ ugbo ka mma n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.Nna ya nwere ugbo chrysanthemum na Mawingo dị na elu Gilgil, Kenya, na-ele anya na Great Rift Valley, ebe ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ọ bụ nwata. Ọ banyere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi maka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị ya. Ọ laghachiri South Africa maka agụmakwụkwọ ka elu wee nweta BSc na sayensị ahụike na Mahadum Witwatersrand dị na Johannesburg. Na 1947 ọ banyere Merton College, Oxford, ebe o si nweta DPhil ya na akara ugo mmụta ahụike na 1952..  Ọ chọtara ọrụ na Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ abụọ ruo 1954. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na 1953 dị na Kenya. N'inweta George Herbert Hunt Traveling Scholarship maka afọ 1953,  ọ sonyeere onye nwetara ihe nrite Nobel bụ Linus Pauling na California Institute of Technology maka nyocha post-doctoral na 1954. Ọ laghachiri England iji malite ịkụzi ọgwụ na Mahadum Oxford. Mgbe afọ atọ gachara Oxford, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Medical Research Council na London, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ iri abụọ. O bu ụzọ sonye na MRC National Institute for Medical Research, wee sonye na Clinical Research Centre. N'afọ 1978, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nduzi nke International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) na Nairobi, Kenya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'otu oge na World Health Organization's (WHO) Immunology Laboratory na Nairobi. N'afọ 1981, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche maka nyocha na Syntex Corporation na Palo Alto, California. Dị ka Hoffman LaRoche nwetara Syntex na 1994, e nyere ya ezumike nká. Ọ gara n'ihu na-akụzi Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mmadụ na Mahadum Stanford ma sonye n'ọtụtụ mmemme ọgwụgwọ na Alavita Pharmaceuticals . 

Ọ nọrọ afọ 30 ikpeazụ ya n'ụlọ ya na Belmont, California. Ọ nwụrụ na 20 Febụwarị 2014 n'ihi nsogbu nke njedebe nke fibrosis akpa ume, nke ọ nọ na-ata ahụhụ.Spinney, Laura (2014).  Nwunye ya nke abụọ, na ụmụ nwoke abụọ hapụrụ ya.

### Ndụ onwe onye
Allison malitere inwe mmasị na mmalite nke evolushọn mmadụ. Mgbe ọ tolitere na Kenya, ọ zutere ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ dịka Louis Leakey, bụ́ ndị mere nchọpụta ihe ndị dị mkpa na Olduvai Gorge na Tanzania. Otu n'ime ndị nkuzi ya na Mahadum Witwatersrand bụ Raymond Dart, onye chọpụtara otu nwoke nwụrụ anwụ bụ́ Australopithecus africanus. Akwụkwọ Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species na The Descent of Man, nwere mmetụta siri ike n'ebe ọ nọ mgbe ọ ka dị afọ iri na ụma. Dị ka o si kwuo ya, ọ "ghọrọ onye Darwinian kwenyesiri ike".

Allison lụrụ Helen Green (7 Febụwarị 1923 - 26 Disemba 2011) mgbe ọ na-akụzi na Oxford. Mgbe ha mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Miles na Joseph Mark, ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'oge na-adịghị anya. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, Allison zutere onye Argentina biochemist, Elsie Eugui, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eleta na ụlọ nyocha ya na Clinical Research Centre. Allison chọtara ezigbo mmekọrịta na ọrụ yana mmasị na Eugui, wee lụọ ya. Ha nọrọ ọnụ n'oge ndụ ya niile. Ha kesara mmasị ha n'egwú, nka, ịkụ azụ miri emi, ịga ije, ikiri nnụnụ, na ịnụ mmanya.

## Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru

### Ọrịa ọrịa na-efe efe na iguzogide ịba
N'afọ 1949, Allison sonyere na njem aka nke Mahadum Oxford gaa Ugwu Kenya. Ọ malitere ọrụ nke ịnakọta ọbara n'aka ndị Kenya maka nyocha nke Ụdị ọbara na akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dịka maka ọrịa sickle-cell. N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya sayensị na ọrịa ahụ jupụtara n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-egbu ndị mmadụ tupu ha eruo n'oge uto, tupu ha enwee ike ịmụ ụmụ iji gafee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-egbu egbu. Ọ chọpụtara na mmụba nke sickle-cell trait (ọnọdụ heterozygous) n'etiti ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri karịrị pasent 20.  (N'oge ahụ, ndekọ kachasị elu bụ 8% n'etiti ndị Africa America.)  A jụrụ ya ajụjụ banyere ihe mere ọrịa dị otú ahụ na-egbu egbu (n'Ọnọdụ homozygous) ga-eji gbasaa na mpaghara dị n'ụdị ụdị heterozygous na-egbughị egbu. O chepụtara echiche na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ nwere uru na-ahọrọ ịba. N'ihi na mpaghara ahụ bụ ebe a na-ahụkarị, inweta mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mana ọ bụghị ụdị na-egbu egbu, nwere ike inye Plasmodium falciparum ikike. Iji nwalee echiche ya, ọ ga-echere afọ anọ ruo mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ahụike ya. Ọ laghachiri Nairobi na 1953 iji malite nnwale ya. Ọ họọrọ ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Ndị Luo, ndị si n'ógbè na-arịa ọrịa ịba gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. N'okpuru ọrịa nnwale, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo gosipụtara na ha na-eguzogide ịba. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọtara ụmụaka na-ebute ọrịa ịba na Buganda. Ọ chọpụtara na ụmụaka nwere àgwà heterozygous nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke nje na ọbara ha. Nke a na-egosi na heterozygosity n'ime ụmụaka nwetara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mma maka ịba. Nsonaazụ ikpeazụ ya nke a kọrọ na 1954 site n'aka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị East Africa 5,000 gosipụtara foto ahụ n'ozuzu ya: àgwà sickle-cell na-enye nguzogide ịba.   

Mgbe Allison gosipụtara echiche mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke iguzogide ịba, a nabatara ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na obi abụọ. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na a chọpụtara na a hụrụ ịba n'otu n'otu na homozygote na heterozygote ndị ọrịa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka. N'otu aka ahụ, e gosipụtara na a ga-eme nnwale na ịba nwere ike ibute na ndị Africa America nwere heterozygous alleles. Mana Allison kwuru na ọ bụrụ na nrụgide nhọrọ ga-awa ụmụaka nọ n'agbata ọnwa isii na afọ anọ, ọ dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ n'ihi na ndụ kachasị mkpa iji ruo n'oge ọmụmụ n'etiti ụmụaka ndị a. Arụmụka ya gosipụtara na ọ ziri ezi site na nyocha ndị ọzọ n'etiti ụmụaka nke East, Central, na West Africa, na-egosi 90% nchebe pụọ na ịba n'etiti ụmụ nwere heterozygous allele.

### CellCept
N'afọ ndị 1970 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Medical Research Council, Allison nyochara ihe kpatara ụkọ ahụike n'ime ụmụaka. Ọ chọpụtara ụzọ metabolic nke metụtara enzyme, inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase,  nke na-akpata mmeghachi omume ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ na-adịghị mma na ọrịa autoimmune, yana ịjụ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na transplant akụkụ ahụ. O mepụtara echiche na ọ bụrụ na achọpụta molekul nke nwere ike igbochi enzyme ahụ, mgbe ahụ, ọ ga-aghọ ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa maka ọrịa autoimmune na transplant akụkụ ahụ. Na 1981, o kpebiri ịga maka nchọpụta ọgwụ wee gakwuru ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụ, nke jụrụ ya otu otu n'ihi na ọ maghị ihe ọmụma mbụ gbasara nnyocha ọgwụ. Agbanyeghị, Syntex masịrị atụmatụ ya ma rịọ ya ka ya na nwunye ya sonye n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche maka nyocha. N'otu n'ime nnwale ha, ndị Allisons jiri ihe mgbochi nje, mycophenolate mofetil, nke a gbahapụrụ n'iji ya eme ihe n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ ya. Ha chọpụtara na compound ahụ nwere ọrụ na-egbochi ọrịa. Ha mepụtara ụdị kemịkal maka ọrụ dị ukwuu ma belata mmetụta ọjọọ.     Ha mechara gosipụta na ọ bara uru na transplantation nke akụkụ ahụ na òké nnwale.   Mgbe nnwale ahụike gara nke ọma,  US Food and Drug Administration kwadoro iji ya mee ihe na transplantation nke akụrụ na 3 Mee 1995,  ma ree ya n'okpuru aha CellCept.  

## Arụmụka
N'afọ 1982, Allison na Eugui kọrọ na mbipụta Krismas nke The *Lancet* nchọpụta nke mgbochi ọrịa maka nje ịba (*Plasmodium falciparum*) site na mmepụta nke free oxygen radicals na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Nzaghachi ngwa ngwa sitere n'aka Ian Clark, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ PhD nke Allison, na W.B. Cowden na G.A. Butcher, ha abụọ sitere na Mahadum nke Newcastle Medical School na New South Wales, bụ ndị kwuru na echiche sayensị ahụ bụ nke ha, ma bo Allison ebubo izuru echiche ahụ. Clark gara n'ihu kwuo na ọ mepụtara echiche ahụ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1982, wee nyefee akụkọ ya na Nature, nke jụrụ ya n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dị ka "ihe na-abụghị nke uru" nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Clark mechara bipụta ọrụ ya na mbipụta Jenụwarị nke Infection and Immunity .  N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1982, Clark nyere Allison akwụkwọ edemede ya; e bipụtara nsonaazụ nnwale nke Allison na Disemba. N'ịzaghachi ebubo ahụ, Allison kọwara na nnwale ya enweghị isi na nke Clark, ma weghachite ebubo ahụ na mgbe Clark bụ nwa akwụkwọ ya, o kwuru na ọrụ abụọ bụ nke ya, nke na-abụghị nke ya. E kwenyere n'ozuzu na echiche mbụ ahụ bụ nke Clark. E bipụtara akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta na Febụwarị 1983, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị niile metụtara ya jikọrọ aka dee.

## Edemsibia

Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations