Mabel Palmer

**Mabel Palmer** (1876–1958) makwaara dị ka **Mabel Atkinson** na ọrụ mbụ ya, bụ onye amụrụ na Britain, onye nkwuputa okwu, onye nta akụkọ na onye nkuzi. Mgbe alụmdi na nwunye ya gasịrị, ọ malitere ọrụ nke abụọ dị ka onye nkụzi na agụmakwụkwọ South Africa, na-eji aha alụmdi na nwunye ya. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a kacha mara amara bụ mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi, mgbe ọ butere ụzọ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha akwụkwọ mahadum. Mgbe o nyechara nkuzi n'efu n'ụlọ ya afọ iri, ọ ghọrọ onye ntụzi nkuzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Natal na-enye, na-eje ozi site na 1945 ruo 1955. Mgbe ezumike nká ya nke abụọ gasịrị, Palmer nọgidere na-ebipụta ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1958.

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Mabel Atkinson na 22 Mee 1876 na Broomley, Northumberland, England nye Jane (née Elliott) na John Boland Atkinson. Nna ya bụ onye na-enyocha ogbunigwe, na nne ya bụ onye na -eme ihe ike, bụ ndị na-aga n'ihu, na-ekwere na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ. Na 1894, Atkinson debara aha na Glasgow University obere oge ka e meghere ya nye ụmụ nwanyị, na 1897, sonyeere Fabian Society, ghọọ onyeisi oche nke ngalaba mahadum nke otu ahụ. O nwetara nzere Master of Arts na 1900 site na nkwanye ugwu, na-enweta ihe nrite maka ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nka. Atkinson gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya, na-eme nyocha na Mahadum Glasgow na London School of Economics, tupu ọ gaa mba ọzọ ịga akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College na Pennsylvania maka otu afọ. Nchoputa ya, nyocha nke mbu nke *Gọọmenti Mpaghara na Scotland* ka ebiputara na 1904 ma bụrụ nkwado nke mgbanwe. [ 1 ]

## Ọrụ

### Na Britain
Site na 1904 ruo 1908 Atkinson kụziri na Armstrong College, na Durham na oge ochie na nkà ihe ọmụma. [ 1 ] Mgbe ọ ka nọ na Durham, ọ tụrụ aro imepe ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkọchị nke Fabian Society na-akwado iji nyere aka gbasaa echiche ha n'ime ime obodo. Nke mbụ n'ime ndị a, ọ haziri na 1907 na n'afọ sochirinụ, o bipụtara na *International Journal of Ethics*, *Mgbalị maka ịdị adị na mmekọrịta na omume na okpukpe* . [ 2 ] N'ịkwaga na London na 1908, ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi maka Association Educational Association (WEA) na nkuzi gbasara akụnụba site na 1908 ruo 1915 na King's College for Women . [ 1 ] O bipụtara akụkọ na *Daily News* na isiokwu gbasara nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gụnyere isiokwu gbasara ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ntuli aka, ụkpụrụ ọla edo na otu ndị ọrụ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ akụ na ụba na Margaret McKillop na 1911. [ 1 ]

Na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Federated Council of Women's Suffrage Societies, Atkinson na-ekwukarị okwu banyere ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị wee sonye na ngosi. N'afọ 1910, ọnọdụ ya na ntuli aka gbochiri mgbalị iguzo na London County Council. Na 1914, o bipụtara maka Fabian Society, traktị *The Economic Foundations of the Women's Movement*, na-atụle uru nke socialism maka nnwere onwe akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ rụrụ ụka na igbochi ndị inyom lụrụ di na nwunye ịrụ ọrụ na-amanye ha ịbụ ndị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye na-amụghị nwa. Na ntiwapụ nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ Atkinson malitere nkuzi gbasara udo ma kwado ịmepụta otu nzukọ dị ka Njikọ Mba dị ka ikike maka nchegbu mba. Otú ọ dị, nkwụsị agha ya akwụsịghị di ọhụrụ ya, Andrew Robert Barratt Palmer, onye nta akụkọ Australia nke ọ lụrụ na 2 July 1914 na Kensington, ịbanye na mgbalị agha ahụ. Atkinson gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị na nchegbu ọha na eze na-ebipụta na 1916, *Life-Saving in War-Time*, bụ nke nyochara ọnwụ ụmụ ọhụrụ na mmekọrịta ya na ịda ogbenye. Emechara ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, na-eleba anya n'ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke ndị nne na-arụ ọrụ, maka Kọmitii Mgbasa Ozi Ọma Maka Ụmụaka. [ 1 ]

### Na South Africa
Na 1920, soro di ya gaa Sydney, ọ malitere ịkpọ Palmer. Ná mmalite afọ 1921, di na nwunye ahụ kwagara Durban, South Africa. [ 1 ] ebe Palmer malitere nkuzi na Natal Technical College . Enyere ya ọrụ ịkụzi nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ ndị okenye site na WEA, nke jikọtara ya na kọleji ahụ. [ 3 ] Palmer na di ya kewapụrụ wee laghachi Australia. [ 4 ] Ọ kụzikwaara na Technical High School na na nkịtị ụlọ akwụkwọ, na isiokwu ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka obodo na akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-akụzi ọmụmụ na ndị otu na YWCA na themes emeso ụlọ akụ, ego, ụlọ ọrụ na-eri nke ndụ. [ 5 ] Na mgbakwunye na nkuzi ya, Palmer gara n'ihu itinye aka na ihe ndị na-eme na-aga n'ihu, na-esonye na Njikọ Njikọ nke Mba Ndị Dị na South Africa, National Council of Women of South Africa, South African Association for the Advancement of Science, South African Institute of Race Relations, òtù dị iche iche na-arụ ọrụ na òtù ndị ọzọ, nke nyere ya ohere ịnọgide na-ede akụkọ banyere isiokwu gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. N'afọ 1929, ọ sonyere na senate nke Mahadum South Africa . [ 1 ] [ 4 ] Palmer tinyere aka na mmepe nke mahadum dị na Durban na mgbe afọ iri gasịrị, mbọ ahụ gara nke ọma. Na 1931 ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ onye nkuzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme akụ na ụba na kọleji mahadum Natal ọhụrụ (NUC), nke mechara mara dị ka Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal . [ 3 ]

Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na NUC na 1936 Palmer malitere ọrụ a ma ama iji chọta agụmakwụkwọ mahadum maka ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha na Natal . [ 6 ] Na mbụ na-enwe klaasị n'ụlọ ya maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge bụ́ ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nkụzi, a na-enye ihe ọmụmụ ahụ n'efu n'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ aghaghị ime njem dị anya iji gaa. [ 1 ] Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kwadoro ndị ọrụ mahadum ka ha jide nkuzi na ebe dị ka Sastri College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkịtị maka ụmụ akwụkwọ India bi na Durban. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Na 1945, NUC hibere ngalaba nkuzi maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị European yana Palmer dị ka onye isi. Ọ kwadoro nkewa nke ụmụ akwụkwọ na-adịghị ọcha dị ka nzọụkwụ n'ime usoro colonial iji gbasaa agụmakwụkwọ na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-agụghị akwụkwọ, [ 1 ] [ 7 ] dị ka n'oge agụmakwụkwọ nke ya, ikewapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke kwere ka ụmụ nwanyị nweta akwụkwọ mahadum maka oge mbụ. [ 9 ] N'oge ọrụ ya, ndebanye aha ahụ si na 19 ruo 350 na mgbe ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya nwere ekele maka agụmakwụkwọ, [ 1 ] enweghị nghọta ya banyere omenala ndị Africa na ndị India kere ụfọdụ esemokwu. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Na 1955, Palmer lara ezumike nka nke ugboro abụọ, [ 1 ] mana gara n'ihu na-ebipụta. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-arụkọ ọrụ na Council 1956 nke South Africa Institute of Race Relations mbipụta, *The Indian dị ka onye South Africa* . Na 1957, o bipụtara *The History of the Indians in Natal*, otu n'ime ọrụ mbụ na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na mpaghara ahụ. [ 10 ]

## Ọnwụ na ihe nketa
Palmer nwụrụ na 16 Nọvemba 1958 n'ụlọ ya na Durban wee lie ya n'ili Stellawood. [ 1 ] Akwụkwọ ya dị na mkpokọta Killie Campbell n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Mahadum KwaZulu–Natal. [ 4 ] Ụlọ obibi ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ UKZN, nke Hans Hallen haziri bụ aha ya, [ 12 ] dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ ndị dị na Westville Girls' High School . &#x5B; ** &#x5D; na Grosvenor Girls' High School

## Na-arụ ọrụ

*   edited by Brougham Villiers
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## Hụkwa

* Edith McKay – Australian author and WWI nurse (1891-1963)
* Agnes Bennett – Australian New Zealand medical doctor (1872-1960)
* Jessie Ann Scott – New Zealand medical doctor, and prisoner of war (1883-1959)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Olive Kelso King – Australian adventurer and WWI ambulance driver (1885–1958)
* Mary de Garis – Australian medical doctor (1881–1963)Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Elsie Inglis – Scottish doctor (1864–1917)

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