Sydney Brenner

**Sydney Brenner** CH FRS FMedSci MAE (13 Jenụwarị 1927 - 5 Eprel 2019)  bụ onye South Africa nwere akara ugo mmụta maka ihe ndị dị ndụ. N'afọ 2002, ya na H. Robert Horvitz na Sir John E. Sulston kerịtara Ihe nrite Nobel na Physiology ma ọ bụ Medicine. Brenner nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịrụ ọrụ na koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke molecular biology mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology nke Medical Research Council (MRC) na Cambridge, England. O guzobere òkpò *Caenorhabditis elegans* dị ka ihe nlereanya maka nnyocha nke ihe ọmụmụ developmental biology,   ma guzobe Molecular Sciences Institute na Berkeley, California, mba Amerika.     &nbsp;

## Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ndụ
A mụrụ Brenner n'obodo Germiston dị na Transvaal mgbe ahụ (nke dị na Gauteng taa), South Africa, na 13 Jenụwarị 1927.  Nne na nna ya, Leah (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Blecher) na Morris Brenner, bụ Ndị Juu kwagara mba ọzọ. Nna ya, onye na-eme akpụkpọ ụkwụ, si Lithuania bịa South Africa n'afọ 1910, nne ya si Riga, Latvia, n'afọ 1922. O nwere otu nwanne nwanyị, Phyllis.

Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Germiston High School  na Mahadum Witwatersrand . Ebe ọ sonyeere mahadum ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, a chọpụtara n'afọ nke abụọ ya na ọ ga-adị ntorobịa ukwuu itozu maka ịrụ ọrụ ahụike na ngwụcha afọ isii ya, ya mere e nyere ya ohere inweta nzere Bachelor of Science na Anatomy na Physiology. N'oge a, Joel Mandelstam kụziiri ya physical kemịstrị, Alfred Oettle kụziiri ya microscopy, ebe Harold Daitz kụziiri ya neurology. Ọ nwetakwara nkuzi izizi banyere anthropology na paleontology site n'aka Raymond Dart na Robert Broom. Onye gụrụ histology bụ Joseph Gillman bụkwa onye nduzi nnyocha na ngalaba Anatomy rụgidere Brenner ka ọ gaa n'ihu inweta nzere mbụ ya ma karịa, inwetakwa nzere MSc. Brenner kwetara ọ bụ ezie na nke a ga-apụta na ọ gaghị agụsị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke ha-akwụsịkwa ego a na-akwụ ya. Ọ kwadoro onwe ya n'oge a site n'ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ nnyocha. Ọ bụ n'oge a, n'afọ 1945, ka Brenner ga-ebipụta ọrụ ndị sayensị mbụ ya. Akwụkwọ edemede inweta nzere Masta ya bụ na ngalaba cytogenetics na mbipụta n'oge a n'ọ́gbọ́ ọmụmụ Brenner ga-emecha kpọọ Cell Physiology.

N'afọ 1946, Wilfred Le Gros Clark kpọrọ Brenner na Ngalaba Anatomy ya na Oxford, n'oge ọ gara njem nleta South Africa. A gbara Brenner ume ka ọ gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba ahụike ya. Brenner laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ebe ọ dara ọmụmụ ọgwụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa ịwa ahụ ma nweta nzere klas mbụ na Obstetrics na Gynecology. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, Brenner agụgharịchaala Medicine and Surgery ma n'afọ 1951 nweta nzere Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBCh). 

Brenner natara ime ngosi agụmakwụkwọ n'ezi nke afọ 1851 site na Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 nke nyeere ya aka ịgụzu ma nweta nzere Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil)  na Mahadum Oxford dị ka nwa akwụkwọ gụsịrị Mahadum na Exeter College, Oxford, nke Cyril Hinshelwood lekọtara. 

## Ọrụ na ime nnyocha
Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị DPhil ya, Brenner mere nnyocha na-esi inweta nzere ọkankuzi na California,_Berkeley" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="University of California, Berkeley">Mahadum California, Berkeley .  Ọ nọrọ afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ na Laboratory of Molecular Biology  na Cambridge. N'ebe ahụ, n'ime afọ ndị 1960, o mere ntinye na molecular biology, mgbe ahụ ọ bụ ngalaba na-apụta apụta. N'afọ 1976, ọ sonyeere Salk Institute na California . 

Ya na Jack Dunitz, Dorothy Hodgkin, Leslie Orgel, na Beryl M. Oughton, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na Eprel 1953 ịhụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA, nke Francis Crick na James Watson wuru; n'oge ahụ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Kemịstrị nke Mahadum Oxford. Ihe nlereanya DNA ọhụrụ ahụ masịrị ha niile, ọkachasị Brenner, onye mechara soro Crick rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ nnyocha Cavendish dị na Mahadum Cambridge na ụlọ nyocha ahụike e mepere ọhụrụ Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB). Dị ka Beryl Oughton, onye mechara bụrụ Rimmer, si kwuo, ha niile ji ụgbọala abụọ mee njem mgbe Dorothy Hodgkin gwara ha na ha na-aga Cambridge iji hụ ihe nlereanya nke ọdịdị DNA.

Brenner mere ọtụtụ ihe ntinye dị mkpa na ngalaba Molecular Biology na-apụta apụta na afọ ndị 1960 (lee Phage group). Nke mbụ bụ igosi na usoro koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile na-ekpuchi ekpuchi agaghị ekwe omume. Nghọta a kewara ọrụ koodu site na mgbochi nhazi dị ka George Gamow chepụtara na koodu dị nkọ. Nke a mere ka Francis Crick chepụta echiche nke molekụl a na-eche n'echiche (nke e mechara mara dị ka transfer RNA ma ọ bụ tRNA) nke na-ebufe ozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site na RNA gaa na protein. Brenner nyere aha ahụ "adaptor hypothesis" n'afọ 1955. Nkewa a hụrụ anya n'etiti anticodon na amino acid dị na tRNA bụ ihe ndabere maka ozi na-aga n'otu ụzọ na usoro ndụ nwere koodu. A maara nke a dị ka nkwenkwe dị mkpa nke molecular biology, ya bụ, ozi na-esi na nucleic acid gaa na protein ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla ọ na-esite na protein gaa na nucleic acid. N'ịgbaso nghọta nkwụnye a, Brenner chepụtara maka messenger RNA n'oge mkparịta ụka Eprel 1960 ya na Crick na François Jacob, nke ọ gara n'ihu ya na Jacob na Matthew Meselson igosi ịdị adị ya n'oge ọkọchị ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, ya na Crick, Leslie Barnett, na Richard J. Watts-Tobin, Brenner gosipụtara ọdịdị atọ nke koodu ntụgharị protein site na nnwale sayensị nke Crick (Brenner, Barnett, Watts-tobin na ndị òtù ya mere nke afọ 1961,  nke chọpụtara frameshift mutations. Brenner ịrụkọ ọrụ ya na Sarabhai, Stretton na Bolle n'afọ 1964, na-eji amber mutants nwere nkwarụ na bacteriophage T4D  protein isi, gosipụtara na usoro nucleotide nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ahụ na usoro amino acid nke eriri polypeptide na-agakọ. 

Tinyere ọrụ decoding nke Marshall Warren Nirenberg na ndị ọzọ, nchọpụta nke ọdịdị atọ nke koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị oke mkpa iji kọwaa koodu ahụ. Barnett nyere aka guzobe ụlọ nnyocha Sydney Brenner na Singapore, ka ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Esther Lederberg, Gunther Stent, Sydney Brenner na Joshua Lederberg ka esere ha foto n'afọ 1965
Brenner, ya na George Pieczenik,  mepụtara nnyocha matrix kọmputa mbụ nke nucleic acid site na iji TRAC, nke Brenner nọgidere na-eji. Crick, Brenner, Klug na Pieczenik laghachiri n'ọrụ mbụ ha ịkọwa koodu mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na akwụkwọ ọsụ ụzọ ha gbasara mmalite nke protein synthesis, ebe ihe ndị mgbochi dịịrị mRNA na tRNA jikọtara aka pụta na-enye ohere maka mmekọrịta ise na ntụgharị nke anticodon loop, wee si otú ahụ mepụta usoro ntụgharị koodu atọ n'achọghị ribosome. Ihe nlereanya a chọrọ koodu na-ekpuchi ibe ya nw'obere. Akwụkwọ sayensị e bipụtara dị oke ụkọ n'ihi na ndị rụkọrọ ọrụ iji bipụta ya gụnyere ndị edemede atọ bụ ndị ghọrọ ndị nrite Nobel.

## Ihe nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù
Brenner nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ, gụnyere: 
 

## Ndụ onwe onye
Brenner lụrụ May Brenner (a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Covitz, mesịrị bụrụ Balkind)  site na Disemba 1952 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 2010;  ụmụ ha gụnyere Belinda, Carla, Stefan, na nwa nwunye ya Jonathan Balkind sitere na alụmdi mbụ nwunye ya lụrụ Marcus Balkind. Ọ biri na Ely, Cambridgeshire. Ọ bụ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke.

Brenner nwụrụ na 5 Eprel 2019, na Singapore, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na abụọ. 

## Hụkwa

* Ndepụta nke ndị Juu nwetara nrite Nobel

## Edensibịa

## Ịgụrụ Gawa

* Soraya De Chadarevian; Designs For Life: Molecular Biology After World War II, CUP 2002, 444 pp;   
* Francis Crick; What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery (Basic Books reprint edition, 1990)   
* Georgina Ferry; 'Max Perutz na Nzuzo nke Ndụ', (Chatto & Windus 2007) 352pp,  . Maka foto a na-enweghị isi. 
* Robert Olby; Francis Crick: Hunter of Life's Secrets, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,  , bipụtara na 25 August 2009. 
* Max Perutz; *Olee oge m nwere: Akwụkwọ ozi ahọpụtara.* , CSHL Press 2008, 506pp  . Maka foto nwere nkọwa. 
* Matt Ridley; Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) nke mbụ e bipụtara na June 2006 na US na UK September 2006, site na HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp,  ; na akwụkwọ mpịakọta, site na Atlas Books (na ndepụta),  .  
* Sydney Brenner Collection Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives
* Lewis Wolpert; Otu anyị si ebi ndụ na ihe mere anyị ji nwụọ, Faber na Faber 2009, 240 peeji;   

## Njikọ mpụga

* Alan Macfarlane gbara ajụjụ ọnụ 23 Ọgọst 2007 (vidiyo)
* Sydney Brenner  gụnyere Nobel Lecture 8 Disemba 2002 Onyinye Nature na Sayensị*Onyinye Okike Maka Sayensị*
Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations