Ramses Younan

**Ramses Younan** (رمسيس يونان ; Minya, 1913 – Cairo, 1966), bụ onye Egypt na-ese ihe na odee. A na-ejikọkarị ọrụ ya na Art na Liberty Group, mkpokọta ndị na-ese ihe, ndị ode akwụkwọ, ndị ọgụgụ isi na ndị na-eme ihe ike nwere ozi mgbochi mba.

## Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ
A mụrụ Ramses Younan n'ime ezinụlọ dara ogbenye, ndị Coptic-Christian na Minya, obodo dị ihe dịka 150 kilomita ndịda Cairo na n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Osimiri Naịl.  Na 1929 ọ debanyere aha na Faculty of Fine Arts na Cairo mana ọ hapụrụ na 1933 ka ọ kuzie ịse eserese n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị n'obodo dị iche iche mpaghara Egypt mgbe ọ nwetasịrị asambodo nkuzi ya na 1934.  N'ime afọ dị n'etiti 1933 na 1938, ọ bụ onye na-esokarị na ụlọ nka nka nke ndị enyi nke Fine Arts Association kwadoro.  Tupu isonyere Georges Henein ọchịchị na Art et Liberté na 1939, Younan sonyeere Society for the Promotion of Art ( *Jamaa'at al-di'aya al-fanniyya)* na 1935. Ọ bụ "nchịkọta nke onye na-ese ihe Habib Gorgui guzobere na-akpọ maka mkpa nkà na agụmakwụkwọ."  Na 1938, Society bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya *The Aim of the Contemporary Artist* nke ọ tụlere ọrụ nke onye na-ese cubist French Amédée Ozenfant na echiche ya nke Purism.  Na 1939, yana Georges Henein, Ikbal El Alaily, na Edmond Jabès, Ramses Younan hiwere akwụkwọ akụkọ surrealist *La Part du Sable* . Ọ bụkwa onye ama ama nke nka aka ekpe na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị *Art et Liberté* wee bịanye aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha "Long Live Degenerate Art!" Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 22, 1938.

## Ọrụ ide na eserese
Dị ka onye edemede, ọ deziri akwụkwọ akụkọ *Al Majalla Al Jadida* (Arabic: The New Magazine), bụ nke e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Art na Liberty nke mbụ, n'etiti 1943 na 1945.  N'oge a, Younan bipụtakwara nsụgharị Arabic nke ya nke ọrụ na edemede dị ka Albert Camus' *Caligula*, Franz Kafka 's *Une médecin de campagne* na Arthur Rimbaud 's *Une saison en enfer* . Na 1947, ọ hapụrụ Egypt gaa Paris mgbe a kwụsịrị Art na Liberty na "obere oge nọrọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ."  ma biri n'ebe ahụ afọ itoolu sochirinụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na France, ọ rụrụ ọrụ "dị ka odeakwụkwọ nchịkọta akụkọ maka ngalaba Arabic na ọrụ mgbasa ozi French."  N'otu afọ ahụ (1947) Younan sonyere na International Surrealist Exhibitions na Paris na Prague wee bịanye aka na *Rupture Inaugurale*, ihe ngosi mkpokọta nke ndị Parisian Surrealists bipụtara. Mgbe Art na Liberty nwụsịrị, Younan rụrụ ọrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị n'ụdị nkịtị, nke egosipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ya na ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya emere na 1948 na Gallery Nina Dausset, Paris. Nkwalite ya n'ime abstraction mere ka ọ dị mfe site na mmasị ya na ụdị na oghere na ịkpọasị ya na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke surrealism dịka ndị Paris Surrealists si kọwaa. Ọ nọgidere na-edobe ụdịdị ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1966. O bipụtakwara na 1948 mkparịta ụka ya na Henein, *Notes sur une ascèse hystérique*, na-akatọ ike nke Surrealist automatism . Ọbụna tupu ezumike ya na surrealism, Younan na-akatọ European Surrealism nke ọ chere na ọ "bụ nke a kpara akpa" na o kweghị ka e jiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu.  O chekwara na o lekwasịrị anya gabiga ókè na onye ahụ kama ịnakwere mkpokọta. Kama nke ahụ, ọ kpọrọ oku maka ihe ọ kpọrọ, "Subjective Realism" ma ọ bụ Free Art, "ngwugwu na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ndị na-amaghị ihe jikọtara ya na ihe oyiyi mpaghara nke ga-ama ndị Ijipt maara nke ọma, ma ọ bụghị fetishistic ma ọ bụ mba." 

Younan laghachiri Cairo na 1956 mgbe a chụpụrụ ya na France maka ịjụ ịkatọ gọọmentị Egypt na redio French.  Laa azụ n'Ijipt, ọ chere ihu na ihu igwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala na-esiwanye ike, mana ọ nọgidere na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ya na echiche ya banyere nkà na nnwere onwe. Na 1960, ọ "natara onyinye sitere n'aka Ministry of Culture Egypt nke nyere ya ohere itinye oge zuru ezu na eserese."  O bipụtakwara akụkọ na *Al Tatawwur* bụ onye nọchiri anya *Al Majallah Al Jadidah*, akwụkwọ akụkọ o deziri na 1940s. 

E gosipụtara ọrụ ya, n'etiti ndị otu Art na nnwere onwe, na Palace of Arts na Cairo, Egypt dị ka akụkụ nke ihe ngosi njem ogologo oge nke Sharjah Art Foundation kwadoro, Ministry of Culture na Egypt na Cairo's American University. na 2016. 

## Edemede

* " Ghayat al-rassam al-'asri (Ebumnobi nke onye nka nke oge a) », edemede na Amédée Ozenfant, ed. Gamaat Habib, 1938
* " Ihe edeturu sur une ascèse hystérique (Ihe edeturu na asceticism dị elu) », mkparịta ụka ya na Georges Henein, Cairo, 1948
* " La Quatrième dimension vaut la première œuvres incomplètes ( Akụkụ nke anọ bara uru nke mbụ: ọrụ ezughị ezu) », La Nouvelle akụkụ nke sable, 2002

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

* Azar, Aimé. *Les Inquiets, 1938–1946* . [Ndị Restless, 1938–1946]. Cairo: Imprimerie Française, 1954.
* Karnouk, Liliane. *Nkà nke Ijipt oge a, 1910–2003* . New York: Mahadum America dị na Cairo Press, 2005.
* Sharọni, Zubhị. *al-Muthaqqaf al-mutamarrid, Ramsīs Yunān* [The Intellectual Rebel]. Cairo: al-Hayʼah al-Miṣrīyah al-ʻĀmmah lil-Kitāb bi-al-taʻāwun maʻa al-Jamʻīyah al-Miṣrīyah li-Nuqqād al-Fann al-Tashkīlī, 1992.
* Adam Biro & René Passeron" Dictionnaire général du surréalisme et de ses alentours », Office du Livre, Fribourg, Suisse et Presses universitaires de France, Paris, 1982, biography nke Édouard Jaguer, p.&nbsp;431.

## Ntụaka

## Njikọ mpụga

* www.ramsesyounan.com
* http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2018/20th-century-art-middle-east-l18226/lot.14.html