Sigismund Koelle

**Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle** ma ọ bụ **Kölle** (July 14, 1823 - February 18, 1902) bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ Germany na-arụ ọrụ maka Church Missionary Society nke dị na London, na mbụ na Sierra Leone, ebe ọ ghọrọ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke asụsụ Africa, ma mesịa na Constantinople. O bipụtara nnukwu nnyocha na 1854, *Polyglotta Africana,* na-egosi mmalite nke ọmụmụ siri ike nke ndị Europe banyere asụsụ Africa.

## Ndụ
A mụrụ Sigismund Koelle na Cleebronn na mpaghara Württemberg nke ndịda Germany.  mmalite ya na Württemberg, ọ yiri ndị ọgbọ ya Johann Ludwig Krapf (amụrụ 1810) na Johannes Rebmann (amụrụ na 1820), bụ ndị rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na ndị ozi ala ọzọ maka Church Missionary Society, mana n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. Onye ozi ala ọzọ ọzọ CMS a mụrụ na Württemberg bụ Karl Gottlieb Pfander (amụrụ 1803), onye bụ onye ọrụ ibe Koelle na Istanbul.

Mgbe  zụchara ọzụzụ na Basel Mission, seminarị ndị ozi ala ọzọ na Basel, Switzerland, Koelle gafere na 1845 na Church Missionary Society nke dị na London; mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọzụzụ ọzọ na Islington, Bishọp nke London, Charles Blomfield họpụtara ya. Site  Disemba 1847 ruo Febụwarị 1853 [1] ọ biri ma rụọ ọrụ na Sierra Leone, British protectorate guzobere na West Africa maka ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ.

Koelle kụziri na Fourah Bay College, nke Church Missionary Society guzobere na 1827.  "Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta Semitic, ma malite klas Hibru na Fourah Bay; n'oge na-adịghị anya, a na-ahụ ndị ntorobịa Africa, ụmụ nke ndị ohu a tọhapụrụ, ka ha na-agụ Agba Ochie na mbụ. " [1] Mgbe ọ nọ na Sierra Leone, ọ chịkọtakwara ihe gbasara asụsụ site n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Africa, ụfọdụ n'ime ha site n'aka ndị ohu a napụrụ aha ha dị ka Ali Eisami, nwoke Kanuri.

## Nkọwa okwu nke asụsụ Vai
N'afọ 1849, mgbe Koelle nọ na Freetown ihe karịrị otu afọ, a gwara ya ka ọ nyochaa akụkọ na ndị na-asụ Asụsụ Vai, Vei, ma ọ bụ Vai na-eji edemede nke ha mepụtara. Koelle mere njem izu asaa  Vailand iji zute onye mepụtara edemede ahụ, ma dee akụkọ banyere njem ya nke e bipụtara n'ikpeazụ n'otu afọ ahụ. 'etiti 1850, Koelle nọrọ izu ole na ole na mpaghara Gallinas nke Vailand, site na Nọvemba 1850 ruo Machị 1851 ọ rụrụ ọrụ ọzọ na mpaghara Cape Mount. Ka ọ na-erule Julaị 1851, ọ gụchara asụsụ Vai ya, ụlọ ọrụ Church Missionary Society bipụtara ya n'afọ 1854.

## ''Polyglotta Africana''
Nnukwu ọrụ asụsụ nke abụọ Koelle rụrụ n'ime afọ ise ọ nọrọ na Sierra Leone bụ *Polyglotta Africana* .  Echiche nke a bụ iji eziokwu ahụ bụ na Sierra Leone bụ ite na-agbaze ndị bụbu ndị ohu si n'akụkụ nile nke Africa iji chịkọta ndepụta nke okwu 280 (ụdị Ndepụta Swadesh mbụ) n'ihe dị ka asụsụ 160 na olumba. A na-achịkọta ndị a ruo n'ókè o kwere mee n'ezinụlọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-enye ihe ọmụma nyere aka n'ọrụ a sitere na West Africa, mana e nwekwara ndị ọzọ si n'ebe dị anya dị ka Mozambique. Otu ebe -enweghị bụ ụsọ mmiri Swahili nke Kenya na Tanzania, ebe ọ bụ na o yiri ka a na-eburu ndị ohu si n'ógbè a gaa n'ebe ugwu Zanzibar na Arabia kama ịga n'ebe ndịda America na Brazil.  na-eji nlezianya dee otú e si akpọpụta okwu niile site na iji mkpụrụ akwụkwọ yiri ya, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị otu, na nke Karl Richard Lepsius chepụtara, nke na-adịbeghị n'oge ahụ.  ṅomiri aha akwụkwọ ahụ site na ọrụ a ma ama a na-akpọ Asia Polyglotta (1823) site n'aka onye ọkà mmụta German Julius Klaproth.

N'okwu mmeghe Koelle gwara anyị na ọ chọrọ ahọpụtara okwu ndị ga-adị mfe maka onye ọ bụla na-enye ihe ọmụma ka a gbaa ya ajụjụ ọnụ n'otu ụbọchị, ọ bụkwa n'ihi nke a ka ọ hapụrụ nnọchiaha, nke ga-ewe ogologo oge iji nweta. Ọ na-agbakwụnye na afọ ole na ole tupu mgbe ahụ  n'oge ezumike ogologo o mere ndepụta yiri nke ahụ, nke naanị asụsụ 71, nakwa na n'ime ndepụta dị ugbu a ọ mụtara site na ahụmịhe ahụ. N'ime akwụkwọ bụ map nke Africa na-egosi ebe a na-atụle, ruo n'ókè a pụrụ ịchọpụta, nke asụsụ ọ bụla, nke onye na-ese map August Heinrich Petermann kwadebere.

Uru nke ndepụta ahụ abụghị naanị nke asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ ahụ anaghị agụnye naanị okwu ndị ahụ n'onwe ha, nke a haziri na asụsụ niile gbasara na ibe abụọ maka otu okwu Bekee atọ ọ bụla, mana Koelle gbakwunyere akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi nke onye ọ bụla na-enye ihe ọmụma, yana ozi ala banyere ebe ha si, yana ihe na-egosi ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ha maara na Sierra Leone na-asụ otu asụsụ ahụ. Ozi , tinyere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Sierra Leone mere na 1848, egosila na ọ bara uru nye ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-eme nchọpụta banyere ahia ohu Africa na narị afọ nke 19. 'ime ndị 210 na-enye ihe ọmụma, e nwere ndị bụbu ndị ohu 179 (abụọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị), ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ndị ahịa ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri. Nnyocha nke data ahụ na-egosi na ndị na-enye Koelle ihe ọmụma bụ ndị nọ n'agbata afọ iri na ụma ma ọ bụ ndị agadi bi na Freetown ruo afọ iri ma ọ bụ karịa. Atọ 'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bụbu ndị ohu hapụrụ ala nna ha ihe karịrị afọ iri gara aga, ọkara n'ime ha ihe karịrị Afọ 20 tupu mgbe ahụ; na atọ n'ụzọ ise nke ndị na-enye ihe ọmụma karịrị afọ iri anọ. Akụkụ ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ụzọ e si mee ndị na-enye ihe ọmụma ndị ohu.  jidere ụfọdụ n'agha, ụfọdụ tọọrọ, ụfọdụ onye ikwu rere, ndị ọzọ mara ikpe maka ụgwọ ma ọ bụ maa ha ikpe maka mpụ.

## Nchịkọta asụsụ nke asụsụ Kanuri
Ọrụ ọzọ Koelle nyochara ma dee na Sierra Leone bụ Grammar of the Bornu ma ọ bụ Kanuri Language, nke e bipụtara na 1854. Koelle na-arụ ọrụ na nke a site na 1848 ruo 1853, na-arụkọ ọrụ ọtụtụ awa n'ụbọchị na onye na-enye ihe ọmụma a na-akpọ Ali Eisami Gazirma (nke a makwaara dị ka William Harding).  nyekwara ihe maka ọrụ ọzọ, African Native Literature, nke nwere ilu, akụkọ ifo, akụkọ nkọwa, na iberibe akụkọ ihe mere eme n'asụsụ Kanuri.

Banyere ụtọ asụsụ Koelle, onye nchọpụta mechara, A. Von Duisburg, dere, sị: 

: "A chịkọtara Grammar Koelle na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ, mana ọ dị mwute na o nwere ọtụtụ njehie, nke enwere ike ịkọwa site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na Koelle anọtụbeghị na Bornu ma ọ bụ mba ọ bụla nwere agbụrụ. Onye isi ya bụ onye ntụgharị bi na Sierra Leone, onye hapụrụ mba nne ya ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ tupu Koelle jiri ya mee ihe na ọmụmụ ***'''Asụsụ****' ya. Nnyocha nke Grammar ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu mere ka Koelle n'onwe ya ghara ikwu Kanuri.

== Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị ==
Mgbe 1853 gasịrị, Koelle, onye dara ọrịa na njedebe nke ịnọ na Sierra Leone,  alaghachighị West Africa. Ruo oge ụf ọ gara n'ihu na nyocha asụsụ ya, ọkachasị na ajụjụ nke orthography ọkọlọtọ, n'ihe metụtara Standard Alphabet nke Karl Lepsius na-atụle na 1854. [1] N'afọ 1855, e zigara ya Ijipt, mana ọ nọrọ naanị obere oge; ọ kwagara Haifa na Palestine n'otu afọ ahụ. 'afọ 1856, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị nke France nyere ya onyinye Volney nke 1,200 francs maka ọrụ ya na *Polyglotta Africana* . [1]

N'afọ 1859, ndị Church Missionary Society zigara ya na Constantinople (Istanbul) ka ọ sonyere Karl Gottlieb Pfander, onye hapụrụ n'afọ gara aga. Ya na onye ozi ala ọzọ ọzọ ọzọ, R. H. Weakley, nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịtọghata ndị Turkey ka ha bụrụ Ndị Kraịst. Otú ọ dị, na 1864, e nwere mmeghachi omume ime ihe ike site na gọọmentị Turkey ma jide ọtụtụ ndị Turkey a tọghatara.  manyere Pfander na Weakley ịhapụ Constantinople, ebe Koelle nọgidere n'azụ ruo afọ ole na ole. Mgbe Church Missionary Society si n'obodo ahụ pụọ na 1877, ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo oge ụfọdụ dị ka onye ozi ala ọzọ nwere onwe ya, ruo mgbe n'afọ 1879, a manyere ya ịpụ, mgbe e jidere ya, ya na enyi ya Turkish, Ahmed Tewfik, onye nyeere ya aka ịsụgharị akwụkwọ ekpere Anglican n'asụsụ Turkish. A tọhapụrụ Koelle mgbe awa ole na ole gasịrị, mana a tụrụ Tewfik mkpọrọ ma maa ya ikpe ọnwụ. Mgbe nrụgide sitere n'aka Gọọmentị Britain, e zigara Tewfik n'àgwàetiti Chios, ma mesịa gbalaga England, ebe e mere ya baptizim na 1881 n'ime ụka Anglican n'ememe na St Paul's, Onslow Square London, nke nna nna Koelle, Archdeacon Philpot, hụrụ n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Otú  dị, o yiri ka ndụ ọhụrụ ya enweghị obi ụtọ ma mgbe e zigara ya Ijipt na 1883 o mechara nyefee onwe ya ọzọ n'aka ndị jidere ya na Chios.

Sigismund Koelle nwụrụ na London na 1902. 

== Ezinụlọ ==
Mgbe  si Africa lọta, Koelle lụrụ Charlotte Elizabeth Philpot (1826-1919), nwa nwanyị nke onye isi diakon England.  nwere ụmụ asaa.  'ime ha, Constantine Philpot Koelle, a mụrụ na Constantinople na 1862, mesịrị ghọọ onye ụkọchukwu Chọọchị England. Otu 'ime ụmụ Constantine, Sir Harry Philpot Koelle (1901-1980), ga-aghọ osote admiral na British Navy. Ụmụ ya na-akpọ aha ahụ "Kelly".

== Ọrụ Sigismund Koelle ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ banyere njem nlegharị anya n'ime obodo Vy nke West Africa na nchọpụta nke usoro ederede syllabic nke ụmụ amaala nke agbụrụ Vy mepụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. London: Seeleys, Fleet Street; Hatchards, Picadilly; J. Nisbet na Co. Berners Street.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nchịkọta nke Grammar nke Asụsụ Vei, tinyere Vocabulary Vei-English, na Akụkọ banyere nchọpụta na ọdịdị nke Ụdị Vei nke ederede Syllabic. London: Ụlọ Ndị Ozi ala ọzọ nke Chọọchị.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Grammar nke Asụsụ Bornu Ma ọ bụ Kanuri (akwụkwọ Google) 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka, ma ọ bụ Ilu, akụkọ, akụkọ ifo, & iberibe akụkọ ihe mere eme n'asụsụ Kanuri ma ọ bụ Bornu. Nke a gbakwunyere nsụgharị nke ihe dị n'elu na okwu Kanuri-English*.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://books.google.com/books?id=vqkaAQAAIAAJ *Polyglotta Africana, ma ọ bụ okwu ntụnyere nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ narị okwu na ahịrịokwu atọ, n'ihe karịrị otu narị asụsụ Africa dị iche iche*]. London, Church Missionary House.  (Pịa na akara ngosi spanner iji budata.) 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Nri maka Ntụgharị Anya: Ịbụ ntụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme n'etiti okpukpe Mohammedan na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst*. London  (E bipụtara ya n'okpuru aha nzuzo Abd Isa.) 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Book of Common Prayer, nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Turkish. London: SPCK.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ọnwụ Kraịst n'elu obe. Eziokwu, ọ bụghị akụkọ ifo: ịbụ okwu na-agbachitere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst megide mwakpo ndị Mohammedan*.  (E bipụtara ya n'okpuru aha Abd Isa.) 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mohammed na Mohammedanism, Critically Considered. London: Rivingtons.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Mohammed ọ bụ onye aka ya dị ọcha nke imposture dị ka Jizọs Kraịst?" na Church Missionary Intelligencer and Record, 15, 162-65.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Apocatastasis, ma ọ bụ Restitution of All Things. London
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]) Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke eluigwe na ala ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke onye nzọpụta ụwa.  ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/23949135 E nyochara ya] na The Journal of Theological Studies, Mpịakọta nke 8, Nke 31 (April, 1907), peeji nke 471-472. ) 

== Akwụkwọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://books.google.com/books?id=NyjKDwAAQBAJ&dq=bornu+kanuri+language&pg=PA148 *Ndị Afrịka a tọhapụrụ na mwepụ nke ahia ohu, 1807-1896*]. Mahadum nke Rochester Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Sources of the Nineteenth Century Atlantic Slave Trade" The Journal of African History, Vol. 5, Nke 2 (1964), peeji nke 185-208.
* Dalby, D. (1964). "Nkọwapụta nwa oge nke asụsụ na *Polyglotta Africana*", Sierra Leone Language Review (1964), 3, 83-90.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Asụsụ Bantu na *Polyglotta Africana*". Ntụle Asụsụ Sierra Leone 3, 59-64.
* Hair, P. E. H. (1963), "Koelle at Freetown: An Historical Introduction", na Koelle, (1963 [1854a]), *Polyglotta Africana*, ed. P. E. H. Ntutu isi. Graz, peeji nke 7-17.
* Hair, P. E. H. (1965) "Ohu nke ndị na-enye Koelle". The Journal of African History, Vol. 6, Nke 2 (1965), peeji nke 193-203.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ntụle: (Untitled). Ntụle ọrụ: Polyglotta Africana nke Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle. " L'Homme. T. 6, Nke 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1966), peeji nke 136-139.  (n'asụsụ French) 
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Bantu and the Semi-Bantu Languages" Journal of the Royal African Society, Jan., 1917, Vol. 16, Nke 62, peeji nke 97-110.
*  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Laghachi Africa: Benjamin Coates na Colonization Movement na America, 1848-1880. Mahadum steeti Pennsylvania.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304041212_Koelle_Sigismund_Wilhelm_1823-1902 "Koelle, Sigismund Wilhelm (1823-1902) "].
* Solleveld, Floris (2020)  "Ịchịkọta asụsụ na nka nkà mmụta asụsụ: Sigismund Koelle, Wilhelm Bleek, na Asụsụ nke Africa". *Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ German nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu na ndị ha na ha na-akparịta ụka*. peeji nke 169-200.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Church Missionary Society Mpịakọta 2. London
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Church Missionary Society Mpịakọta 3. London
* Stammerjohann, Harro (ed.) (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RwHtFaHBbtoC&dq=lexicon+grammaticorum+koelle&pg=PA823 *Lexicon Grammaticorum: Onye ibe bibliographical na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Linguistics*]. Tübingen; mbipụta nke abụọ, peeji nke 823.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] *Ọrụ Ndị Kraịst nye ndị Alakụba: Ihe ndekọ''. Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ William Carey

## Edensibia
nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo oge ụfọdụ dị ka onye ozi ala ọzọ nwere onwe ya, ruo mgbe n'afọ 1879, a manyere ya ịpụ, mgbe e jidere ya, ya na enyi  nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo oge ụfọdụ dị ka onye ozi ala ọzọ nwere onwe ya, ruo mgbe n'afọ 1879, a manyere ya ịpụ, mgbe e jidere ya, ya na enyi nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo oge ụfọdụ dị ka onye ozi ala ọzọ nwere onwe ya, ruo mgbe n'afọ 1879, a manyere ya ịpụ, mgbe e jidere ya, ya na enyi ntụgharị bi na Sierra Leone, onye hapụrụ mba nne ya ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ tupu Koelle jiri ya mee ihe na ọmụmụ Asụsụ ya. Nnyocha nke Grammar
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations