Samuel Bak

thumb|DanielaBak
Samuel Bak ( Hebri  ; oju 12 Ọgọst 1933) bụ onye Lithuania-American onye na-ese ihe na onye ode akwụkwọ lanarị Mgbukpọ ahụ wee kwaga Israel na 1948. nwa 1993, ọ bi na United States1 .

## Akụkọ ndụ
 Samuel Bak mụrụ na Wilno (Vilnius), nke abụọ Polish Republic, na August 12, 1933. A ghọtara Bak site na nwata dị ka onye nwere nkà nka. Ọ kọwara ezinụlọ ya dị ka ndị nkịtị, ma na-anya isi na ha bụ ndị Juu . 

Ka ọ na-erule 1939, mgbe Bak dị afọ isii, Agha ịhụ nke ndị mgbasa, e sikwa Poland bufee obodo Vilnius na Lithuania.   [1] Mgbe ndị German weghaara Vilnius na June 24, 1941, a manyere Bak na ya ọkụga na ghetto .   Mgbe ọ dị agbaghara, o mere ihe ngosi mbụ ya n'ime ghetto.   Bak na nne ya gbagara n’ebe obibi ndị nọn nke Benedictine bụ ebe otu nọ n’ịhụ aha ya bụ Maria Mikulska na-akpa inyere ha aka.   Mgbe ha la iche na ghetto, apụ ha n'ogige ndị ọrụ mmanye, mana ha gbakwara ọzọ na ebe obibi ndị ebe ha nọ na-achọ ruo mgbe agha ahụ biri. 

Ka ọ na-erule ná njedebe nke agha ahụ, Samuel na nne ya bụ nanị ndị òtù ya nke lanarịrị.  na July 1944, ndị Jamanị gbagburu nna ya, bụ́ Jonas, ụbọchị ole na ole tupu Samuel nwere onwe ya.  Dị ka Bak si Ọnọdụ ahụ, “mgbe ndị Soviet tọhapụrụ anyị na 1944, anyị bụ mmadụ abụọ n’ime ọnụ abụọ nke ndị Vilna lanarịrị—si n’otu nke gụworo 70 ma ọ bụ 80 puku.”  Bak na nne ya, dị ka ụmụ amaala Poland tupu agha agha, e kwere ka ha ike na Vilnius nke Soviet na-achị ma gaa Central Poland, na mbụ na-edozi obere oge na Łódź .  N'oge na-adịghị anya, ha hụrụ Poland wee banye n'akpa Germany ndị America na-achị .

Site na 1945 ruo 1948, ya na nne ya biri n'ogige ndị a chụpụrụ apụ na Germany .  Ọ ọtụtụ oge a n'ogige Landsberg am Lech DP na Germany.  Ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ka ọ na-ese ihe osise onwe ya obere oge tupu ọ jụrụ emume Bar Mitzvah ya.  Bak na-amụkwa ihe ndị ọrụ na Munich n'oge a, ma na-ese A Nne na ike, 1947, nke na-eme ka ụfọdụ n'ime ihe na-eme nkwusa ya gbara mgbochi oké Mgbukpọ ahụ ma gbapụ na Poland nke Soviet na-  achị.

Na 1948, Bak na nne ya kwagara Israel .  Na 1952, ọ nkà nkà na Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design na Jerusalem .  [1] Mgbe o jere ozi na Israel Defence Forces, ọ gara n'ihu na mkpagbu ihe ya na Paris site na 1956 na École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts [2] Ọ ntọala dị iche na Rome, Paris, Switzerland na  Israel

N'afọ 1993, ya na nwunye ya Josee kwagara Boston, ebe ha na-ebibu na-adịgide adịgide. 

N'afọ 2001, Bak laghachiri na Vilnius na nke mbụ ya kemgbe ọ bụ nwata ma gaa n'obodo ya ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe ahụ. 

## Ụdị nka na mmetụta
Nkà Samuel Bak nwere ihe dị iche nke post-modernism, ebe ọ na-eji ụdị dị iche iche na akwụkwọ ndị a na-ahụ anya, ie surrealism ( Salvador Dali, René Magritte ) , nchịkọta egwuregwu ( Picasso ), nkà pop (  Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein ) na nhota sitere na ndị nna ochie ochie.  Ọ dịghị mgbe onye na-ese ihe na-ese ihe ngosi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nwụrụ.  Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-eji ihe atụ, ihe atụ na ụfọdụ ihe nka dị ka: ihe na-eme ihe eji egwu egwu kama e gburugburu bụ ndị ha na ha na-port egwu, akwụkwọ, kama ndị na-agụ ha.  [1] Ngwa ndị ọzọ bụ nhota nke ihe atụ iconographical, ya bụ, Michelangelo's Creation of Adam (1511/12) na Sistine Ceiling ma ọ bụ ihe onye ọrụ ama nke Albrecht Dürer ịre Melancholia (1516).  N'ọgwụ 1980s, Bak meghere ihe ihe osise ya, na-ekwu na ha na-enye "echiche nke ụwa nke gbajiri agbaji." 

N'ime ibe ya nkenke ụgbọ oloko, Bak na-ahụ oke ntụ ntụ na nnukwu ugwu na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko.  Nnukwu kandụl taper na-ere n'ebe dị anya na-aga n'ihu n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko, gbara mgbawa gburugburu.  Anwụrụ ọkụ si kandụl na ugwu mgbawa na-awụba na mbara igwe nke ígwé ojii jọgburu onwe ya nke zoro n'elu mbara ala ahụ.  Ebe Bak chọtala ihe ọhụrụ maka "ọkọ oloko".  Ọtụtụ n'ime mmalite Bak egwu nke omenala ndị Juu na Oke Mgbukpọ ahụ nwere ikike anya gbara na okike, dị ka Shema Yisrael, Alone, na Ghetto   *.*

Na usoro Bak's 2011 nke ndụ Adam na Iv (nke nwere ụzọ 125, egwuregwu na ọrụ mgbasa ozi agwa), onye na-ese ihe tụbara di na ụzọ mbụ dị ka ndị na-eso iwu akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nsọ nke Chineke nke mmadụ ma kwe nkwa na ọ  ebibi ya.  N'ịbụ ndị na-ahụ ike ime nke ọma ná nkwa kasị ukwuu n'ime akwụkwọ nile, Chineke na-aghọ ụzo n'ime ihe kpatara ndị mmadụ ịchụpụrụ n'ebe obibi ha na-eburu ha na-aga agha.  ụwa egwu.  Ndị na-ekiri ya na-amakarị Bak dị ka onye ekike, ma ọ bụrụ na ngwaọrụ oge gboo na-ama nwanne eze, Bak na-akọ ịhụnanya ndakpọ na ndakpọ nke ndị a nwa.  Bak na- ndị dike nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ nke Jenesis, ma ọ na-etinye uche na ihe nketa anya nke okike dịka ndị na-ese ihe Ịtali na North Renaissance na- anwụ anwụ anwụ.  

Bak na-aga n'ihu na-emeso okwu nka nke ọma na nbi nke mebere nwata ya.  Ọ na-ekwu maka ihe a na-ewere na ọ bụ arụrụ arụ na- atụ nke oké Mgbukpọ ahụ, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na-ala azụ ịmachi nke nkà ya na ụdị post-Holocaust.

## Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara

* *Samuel Bak, Ihe osise nke afọ iri gara aga*, A. Kaufman na Paul T. Nagano. Aberbach, New York, 1974.
* *Samuel Bak, Ihe ncheta maka nrọ anyị*, Rolf Kallenbach. Limes Verlag, Weisbaden & Munich, 1977.
* *Samuel Bak, Oge gara aga na-aga n'ihu*, Samuel Bak na Paul T. Nagano. David R. Godine, Boston, 1988
* *Chess dị ka ihe atụ na nka nke Samuel Bak*, Jean Louis Cornuz. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & CA Olsommer, Montreux, 1991.
* *Ewiges Licht* (Landsberg: A Memoir 1944-1948), Samuel Bak. Ndị Juu Museum, Frankfurt, Germany, 1996.
* *Ọdịda ala nke ahụmịhe ndị Juu*, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & University Press nke New England, Hanover, 1997.
* *Samuel Bak – Retrospective*, Bad Frankenhausen Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Germany, 1998.
* *Egwuregwu ahụ na-aga n'ihu: Chess na Art nke Samuel Bak*, Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2000.
* *Na Ìhè dị iche: Akwụkwọ Jenesis na Art nke Samuel Bak*, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Mahadum nke Washington Press, Seattle, 2001.
* *Nkà nke ikwu okwu banyere ihe a na-apụghị ikwu*, ihe nkiri TV nke Rob Cooper dere. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2001.
* *N'etiti ụwa: Eserese na eserese nke Samuel Bak sitere na 1946-2001*, Pucker Art Publications, Boston, 2002.
* *Esere ya n'okwu: A Memoir*, Samuel Bak. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2002.
* *Samuel Bak: Onye na-ese ajụjụ*, ihe nkiri TV nke Christa Singer dere. Toronto, Canada, 2003.
* *Echiche ọhụrụ nke ọdịdị ochie na nka nke Samuel Bak*, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2005.
* *Samuel Bak: Ndụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị*, Eva Atlan na Peter Junk. Felix Nussbaum Haus & Rasch, Verlag, Bramsche, Osnabrueck, Germany, 2006.
* *Laghachi na Vilna na nka nke Samuel Bak*, Lawrence Langer. Pucker Art Publications, Boston & Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2007.
* *Na-anọchite anya ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha: Shoah, Akwụkwọ Nsọ, na nkà nke Samuel Bak*, Danna Nolan Fewell, Gary A. Phillips na Yvonne Sherwood, Eds. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, na Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2008.
* *Akara ngosi nke ọnwụ: Nwa na-akpagbu Samuel Bak*, Danna Nolan Fewell na Gary A. Phillips. Pucker Art Publications, Boston, na Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, 2009.
* Njem nlegharị anya n'ime nka nke Samuel Bak. Ute Ben Yosef. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ndị Juu South Africa. Cape Town, 2013.

## Ihe ngosi ngosi nka ahọpụtara

* Bezalel Museum, Jerusalem, Israel – 1963
* Tel Aviv Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel – 1963
* Rose Museum, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA – 1976
* Germanisches National Museum, Nuremberg, Germany – 1977
* Heidelberg Museum, Heidelberg, Germany – 1977
* Haifa University, Haifa, Israel – 1978
* Kunstmuseum, Düsseldorf, Germany – 1978
* Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn, Germany – 1978
* Kunstmuseum, Wiesbaden, Germany – 1979
* Stadtgalerie Bamberg, Villa Dessauer, Germany – 1988
* Koffler Center for the Arts, Toronto, Canada – 1990
* Dürer Museum, Nuremberg, Germany – 1991
* Temple Judea Museum, Philadelphia, PA – 1991
* Jüdisches Museum, Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Germany – 1993
* Hebrew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, New York, NY – 1994
* Janice Charach Epstein Museum and Gallery, West Bloomfield, MI – 1994
* National Catholic Center for Holocaust Education, Seton Hill College, Greensburg, PA – 1995
* Spertus Museum, Chicago, IL – 1995
* B’Nai B’Rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum, Washington, DC – 1997
* Holocaust Museum Houston, Houston, TX – 1997
* Panorama Museum, Bad Frankenhausen, Germany – 1998
* National Museum of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania – 2001
* Snite Museum of Art, Notre Dame University, Notre Dame, IN – 2001
* Florida Holocaust Museum, Saint Petersburg, FL – 2001, 2007, 2009
* Recent Acquisitions, Ben Uri Gallery, London, United Kingdom – 2001-2006
* Canton Museum of Art, Canton, OH – 2002
* Clark University, Worcester, MA – 2002
* Neues Stadtmuseum, Landsberg am Lech, Germany – 2002
* University of Scranton, Scranton, PA – 2003
* City Hall Gallery, Orlando, FL – 2004
* Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX – 2004
* Tweed Museum of Art, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN – 2004
* Felix Nussbaum Haus, Osnabrueck, Germany – 2006
* University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH – 2006
* Yad Vashem Museum, Jerusalem, Israel – 2006
* Mary and Leigh Block Museum of Art, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL – 2008
* Israel & Art: 60 Years through Teddy's Eyes, Ben Uri Gallery, London, United Kingdom – 2008
* Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art, Tulsa, OK – 2008
* Keene State College, Cohen Holocaust Center, Keene, NH – 2008
* Brown University, John Hay Library, Providence, RI – 2009
* Wabash College, Eric Dean Gallery, Crawfordsville, IN – 2009
* DePauw University, The Janet Prindle Institute for Ethics, Greencastle, IN – 2009
* Drew University, Korn Gallery and University Library, Madison, NJ – 2009
* Queensborough Community College, Holocaust Resource Center, Bayside, NY – 2009, 2010
* Holocaust Memorial Center, Zekelman Family Campus, Farmington Hills, MI – 2010
* Holocaust Museum Houston, Houston, TX - 2012
* South African Jewish Museum, Cape Town, South Africa – 2013-2014.
* University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE - 2019

## Ntụaka


## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọkụ: Nkà nke mkpokọta ihe enyemaka Samuel Bak
* Ihe osise Samuel Bak mere na saịtị Ben Uri
* Mahadum nke Minnesota, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies
* Samuel Bak, okporo ụzọ dị egwu na webụsaịtị Yad Vashem
* N'ajụjụ ọnụ 2015 Samuel Bak na Jon Niccum, *Kansas City Star*
* Samuel Bak na Pucker Gallery, Boston
* Ajụjụ ọnụ WCBV 2019, Onye I Kwesịrị Ịmara na Maria Stephanos
*   
* Katalọgụ Raisonné www.kunst-archive.net
* Samuel Bak Museum: Ebe mmụta, Mahadum Nebraska na Omaha
* Samuel Bak Gallery na ebe mmụta, Holocaust Museum Houston
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations