open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ ndị Moklenic

Asụsụ Moklen ma ọ bụ Moken-Moklen nwere ike abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya ma dị iche, ya bụ Moken na Moklen.  Larish (1999) akara ngosi ahụ dị ka ndị na-achọpụta obere m abụọ dị iche iche nke alaka Moken-Moklen buru ibu.  Larish (2005) [1] na-atụ aro Moklenic dị ka aha ọzọ maka Moken-Moklen, okwu ikpeazụ nke Larish ji mee ihe na mbụ (1999).).

## Asụsụ
E nwere asụsụ abụọ nke Moklenic.

* Moken, nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,500-3,000 Ndị Moken ma ọ bụ "Sea Gypsies" nke Thailand na Myanmar na-asụ.
* Moklen, nke ndị Moklen 2,500-3,000 nke ndịda Thailand na-asụ.

Moken na Moklen nwere njikọ na-iche mana ha dị iche na ibe ha, ebe ndị na-asụ Moken bụ ndị na-ahụ nta na ndị na-achịkọta ihe n'oké osimiri, ebe ndị na-asụ Loklen bụ ndị bi n'ala bi n'obodo nta na obodo nta ndị Thailand (Larish 2005).  ntụnyere nke Moken na Moklen egwu nke Leerabhandh (1984), [1] Makboon (1981), [2] na Larish (1999).

A na-asụ Moklenic n'ụka 650 kilomita nke ụbọchị oké osimiri ngosi nke ndị Myanmar na ndịda Thailand, site na Tavoy Island, Burma ruo Phi Island, Thailand (Larish 2005).  Moken nwere nkesa sara mbara, ebe a na-asụrụ Moklen ikike n'oge oké osimiri, ama nke ndị Thailand.  Moklen na-Miche dị siri ike nke Southern Thai ma tinye n'ihe ize ndụ ụfọdụ Moken.

Urak Lawoi" bụ nke otu ndị Sea Gypsies ọzọ na-asụ na ndị Thailand. Ọ bụ otu n'ime Asụsụ Malay, ọ bụghịkwa egwu Moklenic. Na Phuket Island, Urak Lawoi" na Moken na-eme ihe ihe.

## Mmekọrịta mpụga

### Larish (1999, 2005)
Larish (1999, 2005) na-ewere Moklenic dị ka nwanne nke nwoke Chamic na Malayic kama ịbụ nke ha.  Asụsụ ndị Austroasiatic Bres siri siri ike n'asụsụ Moklenic, na ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ndị Austroasian, dị ka 'nnụnụ', nke a na-ahụkwa na Chamic.

Larish (1999) Moken na Moklen N'ime ezinụlọ Asụsụ Austronesia.  Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa."}}" id="cite_ref-Larish1999_4-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[1] kewara ụbọchị abụọ Moken na Moklen dị ka nke nnukwu Moklenic-Acehnese-Chamic-MAlayic (".

Ọ bụ nke na-adị Acehnese-Chamic-Malayic na- eje ozi ndị isi Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" id="mwXQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *q > *h, Moklenic na-egosi *kweano Proto -Ma Nalayo bụ ọnwụ Protolinesian.  nke alaka Malayic, *q na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ *k kama *h (*qulu → Duano kulu, mana Proto-Malayic *Hulu), [1] ya na Moklenic kerịtara.

### Smith (2017)
Na nhazi nke isi mmalite Malayo-Polynesian na nso nso a, Smith (2017: 459) [1] na-arụ ụka na ihe ọmụmụ phonological na Moklenic bụ alaka mbụ sitere na Proto-Malayo-Polyseian..

## Ihe owuwu
Larish wughachila Proto-Moken-Moklen (1999). 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ ọjọọ

Alas-Kluet, Ewoo, ma ọ bụ Batak Alas bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Sumatra.  Asụsụ atọ, Ala, Kluet, na Singkil (Kade-Kade), nwere ike ọ bụrụ abụ otu aha;  Ala nwere ike ikike nso na Karo, na ndị ọzọ dị nso na Dairi.  Saịtị na njikọ, Alas-Kluet bụ nke Batak subgroup.  Otú ọ dị, n'agbụrụ, ndị na-asụrụ ya ngwa akpo ndị Batak, karst n'ihi agha ha.

## Hụkwa

* Ndị ọjọọ
* Ndị Kluet
* Ndị Singkil

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
*
Asụsụ Angkola

Angkola, ma ọ bụ Batak Angkola, bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke Sumatra.  A na-asụ ya na South Tapanuli Regency na Padang Sidempuan..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Komering

thumb|300x300px|Ụmụ agbọghọ atọ Komering na 1929
Komering bụ akara Lampungic nke ndị Komering na-asự, otu asụsụ a metụtara na mpaghara Komering n'ịhụnanya Komering na South Sumatra, Indonesia.

## Ebe
A na-asụrụ Komering na Lampung Province na South Sumatra Province na ndịda Sumatra, n'ịkpọka Komering.

## Nchịkọta
Asụsụ Komering bụ nke alaka Lampungic, nke bụ obere m n'ime Ezin chọrọ Austronesian.. 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

A na-ekwukwa okwu mkparịta ụka /z/, mana ọ bụ naanị n'ihi okwu ndị mba ọzọ.

## Okwu
Ihe atụ nke okwu Komering bụ isi: 

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Komering na-eji Latịn dị ka usoro n'ozuzu ya, mana e ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-eji mara Jawi Arabic.    A na-eji edemede Komering mee ihe n'oge ochie, ugbu a, a na-eme njikwa iji edemede a ọzọ.
Asụsụ Batak Karo

Karo, nke a na-akpọ Bahasa Karo (asụsụ Karo), bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Indonesia)" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Ndị Karo nke Indonesia na-asụ. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 600,000 na-eji ya eme ihe na North Sumatra, na ndị na-asụ asụsụ na North Sumatra.  ugwu ugwu nke Dairi Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia E dere ya n'iche ihe mere eme site na iji Batak nke sitere na edemede Brahmi nke India oge ochie site na edemede Pallava na Old Kawi, mana n'oge a, ọ bụ obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Karo nwere ike ide ma ọ bụ edemede ahụ, kama a na-eji edemede Latin..

## Nchịkọta
Karo bụ Northern Batak, ma nwee ike njikọ chiri anya na Pakpak na Alas.[1]  A adịghị ya site na ahia Southern Batak, dị ka Toba, Angkola na Mandailing.

### Asụsụ
E nwere ọtụtụ olumba n'ime Karo.  Nnukwu ike dị n'etiti olumba ndị a na-asụrụ n'ebe egwuregwu na olumba ndị na-asụrụ n'ebe ọmụmụ.[1]  A na-ekewa ihe ndị a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu dabere na nke phonological na lexical.  A na-asụ asụsụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ ọmụmụ ma na-ebute ya n'ihu n'asụsụ asụsụ.  N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ahụ diphthongs n'asụsụ ọmụmụ dị ka monophthongs na-egosi ike ọmụmụ..

## Ọdịdị
Batak Karo nwere reduplication na-ewu ihe.  Reduplication zuru oke na-emekarị na klas okwu mepere emepe ma ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche.  nkọwa, reduplication nke aha nwere ike ịpụta ọtụtụ (tulan 'ọkpụkpụ' → tulan-tulan 'ịkpụ') na i ike na myirịta (berku 'oghere akị bekee' → gre-berku 'okpu').  Reduplication nke ngwaa nwere ike ugboro ugboro ugboro (nungkun 'na- egwu' → nungkun-nungkun 'nọgide na-foot')), oge (ngukiri 'iche echiche' → ngukur-ngukuri 'na-eche echiche') ma ọ bụ i okwu (medem 'na-ehi Ụra' → medem-medem 'nọdụ ala, zuru ike"). 

Batak Karo nwere ikike dị n'etiti olu onye na-eme ihe nkiri na olu onye nwere ndidi maka ngwaa na-agafe agafe ma ọrụ ike ya dị ka Asụsụ Indonesian.  A na-eji akara N-.  N- na-ahụ ya na ebe nchekwa nke ogwe ya na ya na-ejigide, a na-ahụkwa ya dị ka [m] tupu tupu ezé, alveolar na palatal na fricatives na [ŋ] tupu echekwa velar.  A na-eji akara ntụgharị ntụgharị i-.  Dị ka ndị ọzọ nke Indonesian, Batak Karo see ngwa (mkpịsịsị -ken dị ka ngwa n'ozuzu, na -i dị ka ngwa locative.). 

## Nchịkọta okwu
Batak Karo na-agbanwekarị n'etiti isiokwu-mbido na predicate-mbido okwu iwu maka ahịrịokwu na-agafe agafe, ọ bụ ezie na mmasị bụ maka ahịrị okwu Actor Voice ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu-mbụ. Predicate-Undergoer-Actor bụ usoro okwu a na-ahụkarị mgbe a na-eji nnọchiaha ajụjụ dochie onye na-aga. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga-ekwe omume maka ahịrịokwu olu onye ọrịa itinye isiokwu ahụ (onye na-agafe na ahịrịokwu ụda olu onye ọrịa) n'ọnọdụ mbụ, iwu okwu mbido-okwu na-adịkarị, na onye na-agagharị na-etinye n'azụ ma okwu na onye na'ime.
Asụsụ Batak

Asụsụ Batak bụ obere kị nke Asụsụ Austronesian nke Ndị Batak na-asụ na mpaghara Indonesia nke North Sumatra na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu..

## Nchịkọta n'ime
Enwere ike kewaa ahia Batak n'ime alaka, Northern Batak na Southern Batak.  A na-ewere Simalungun dị ka onye ogbugbo, mana na nhazi nke ugbu a, a na-amata ya dị ka nke alaka ndị ọzọ.  [1].  [3] Karo na Toba Batak ọnọdụ ibe ha.

Mandailing, Toba na Angkola njikọ na ibe ha ma na-miri ibe ha.  Asụsụ Karo na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ Northern Batak a na-akpọ Alas - akara Kluet dị n'akwụkwọ ndida Aceh, na Pakpak na Singkil na-okwu ibe ha.  Ụfọdụ Pakpaakpak (Dairi) na ọnwụ Toba na-iche ha.  Asụsụ Simalungun na Northern na Southern Batak na-okwu mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ọ na-afọkwu na edemede ndị ọzọ Southern Batak (Toba-Angkola-Mandailing).  Enwere ike ịhụ ike ala na ahia Batak na map dị na infobox;  Ọdọ Mmiri Toba kewara Karo (Northern Batak) site na pụtara kpọmkwem na Toba (Southern Batak)).

Enwere ike igosi na ịhụnanya Batak sitere na nna nna, Proto-Batak (nke sitere na Proto-Austronesia).  Adelaar wu usoro ụzọ nke Proto-Batak (1981). 

:: Proto-Batak  > Simalungun ; all other languages  'fire'
:: Proto-Batak  > Simalungun ; all other languages  'dead'
:: Proto-Batak  > Simalungun ; all other languages  'island'

## Usoro ide ihe
 
N'iche ihe mere eme, a na-ede akara Batak site na iji ihe Batak, mana a na-eji egwu Latin eme ihe a maka ọtụtụ ederede..

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asụsụ Batak na Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).
Asụsụ Batak Simalungun

Simalungun, ma ọ bụ Batak Simalungun, bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke Sumatra.  A na-asụkarị ya na Simalungun Regency na Pemang Siantar, North Sumatra, Indonesia..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

/b, d/ foto ike alophones implosive [ɓ, ɗ].

Ụda /i, u, ɛ, ɔ, a/ nwere ike ịnwe allophones [ɪ, ʊ, e, o, ɑ].

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Indonesian-Simalungun
* Nchịkọta nke David Goldsworthy nke Music of Indonesia na Malaysia echekwara na Paradisec gụnyere ndekọ ohere na Batak Simalungun.
Akwụkwọ Ende

Buku Ende bụ akwụkwọ egwu dị n'asụsụ Batak nke a na-eji na Batak Christian Protestant Church dị na Indonesia.  Ndị ngalaba na-ebi akwụkwọ nke Batak Christian Protestant Church na Pematang Siantar, Indonesia bụ ahaziri ma bipụta akwụkwọ a.  Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke abụ dị n'akwụkwọ a dị narị ise na iri ise na isii.  Na mbipụta ọhụrụ, Buku Ende ejirila egwu 308 rụchaa (BE-557 ruo BE-864), a na-akpọkwa ya Akwụkwọ Ende Sangap Di Jahowa (SDJ).

## Njikọ mpụga

* Huria Kristen Batak Onye Protestant
* Buku Ende HKBP Ngwa Android
Ihe odide Sitopayan nke Mbụ

Ihe odide Sitopayan I bụ ihe odide e dere na akwụkwọ nke mmeri Old Malay na Old Batak, [1] nke e dere na-akpa Kawi na okwu ụfọdụ na-eji ike Old Batak.  A idera odide ahụ na Biaro ( nssọ) Si Topayan, n'obodo Sitopayan, Portibi District, North Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia.[1][2]  Ihe odide dị, edere ya n'otu n'ime ahụ dị ike nke ntọala arụsị nkume.[2]  F.D.K.  Bosch chere na e dere ihe odide a na apụ nke 13 OA, dabere na ndị na-egosi nke edemede ahụ.

Ihe odide ahụ mmadụ atọ aha ha bụ Hang Tahi, Si Rangit, na Kabayin Pu Anyawari bụ ndị mere ụlọ arụsị.[1]  Ojiji nke abụọ, ya bụ Old Malay na Old Batak, na-eme ka echiche na obodo ndị gbara mpaghara gburugburu bụ njirimara.[2]  Na mgbakwunye, ihe aha isiokwu atọ Hanged, Si, na Pu (Mpu) na aha ndị mmadụ (Tahi, Ranggit, na Kabayin Anyawari) na- iekwa omume nke ndị na-asụ Malay.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-echekwa ihe odide ahụ na North Sumatra State Museum, na nọmba ndepụta 1517.1.

## 
Ihe odide ==1
Ihe odide a dị ka Bosch (1930) si kwuo bụ: 
# *tat kāla Hang Tahi Si Ranggit*
# *Kaba (ga) yin Pwanyawāri babwat bagas*
# *brahala sātap*

## Nsụgharị
Nsụgharị nke ihe odide a dị ka ndị a: 

# N'oge ahụ, Hang Tahi, Si Ranggit, (na) 
# Kabayin Pu Anyawari na-eme
# ebe obibi maka chi, n'okpuru otu ụlọ

## Hụkwa

* Ụlọ nsọ Bahal, ụlọ nsọ yiri ya n'otu ebe ahụ
* Ihe odide Sitopayan nke Abụọ

## Ihe odide
Ihe odide Sitopayan nke Abụọ

Ihe odide Sitopayan II bụ ihe odide e dere n'asụsụ Proto Batak [1] ma jiri Old Batak .   A idera odide ahụ na Biaro ( nssọ) Si Topayan, n'obodo Sitopayan, Portibi District, North Padang Lawas Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia.[1][2]   Ihe odide ahụ nwere ahụ nke abụọ dị ike, nke e dere n'ụdị nke ala arụsị nkume.[2]   F.D.K.   Bosch chere na e dere ihe odide a na apụ nke 13 OA, dabere na ndị na-egosi nke edemede ahụ.

Ihe odide ahụ kwuru mmadụ anọ wuru vihara maka eze, ndị aha ha bụ Pu Sapta, Hang Buddhi, Sang Imba, na Hang Langar.[1]  Agha nke isiokwu atọ Hanged, Sang, na Pu (Mpu) na aha ndị mmadụ na- agụkwa omume nke ndị na-asụ Malay.

Onye edemede Robert von Heine Geldern chere na ederede na ihe odide a bụ ụdị edemede Batak mbụ.  A na-ewere ederede ahụ dị ka ihe atụ nke ederede Batak, ọ malitere inwe chiri anya na ihe odide nke ndị mmadụ n'ime ugwu Sumatra.  Goris (1930) ụwa na aha Sapta, Buddhi, Imba, na Langgar nwere ike ịbụ Chandrasangkala (chronogram), na-enye anya nọmba 7, 5, 1, na 1, nke na-eme ka a na-enyo enyo na e wuru ụlọ nsụhọ Si Topayan na mpaghara ya gbara ya gburugburu na 1157 Saka (1235 OA).). 
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-echekwa ihe odide ahụ na North Sumatra State Museum, na nọmba ndepụta 1517.2 .
## Hụkwa

* Ihe odide Sitopayan nke Mbụ
* Ụlọ nsọ Bahal

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Gayo

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Map nke asụsụ Gayo na Northern Sumatra.
Gayo (nke a mmetụta dị ka Gajo) bụ akara Austronesian dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 275,000 na-asụ na mpaghara ugwu nke mpaghara Indonesia Aceh na Northern tip nke ọma Sumatra, jide gburugburu Central Aceh, Bener Meriah na Gayo Lues regencies.  A na-hazi ya dị ka nke Western Malayo-Polynesian nke Asụsụ Austronesian, mana ọ dịghị njikọ chiri anya na aha ndị ọzọ.  Ethnologue depụtara Bukit, Dëret, Lues, Lut, na Serbejadi-Lukup dị ka olumba..

Gayo dị iche na ndị ọzọ dị na Aceh.  Nkà na omenala nke Ndị Gayo ụdị iche ma e jiri ya iwu ndị ọzọ dị na Aceh.

N'afọ 1907, G.A.J. Hazeu dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Gayo-Dutch mbụ maka ndị ọchịchị nke Dutch East Indies. 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* 
*  

## Njikọ mpụga

* Enwere ohere ịnweta ihe ndekọ na Gayo site na Paradisec, gụnyere akụkọ ọdịnala, akụkọ ihe mere eme na mkparịta ụka.
Asụsụ Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands

.Asụsụ Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands (nke a na-akpọkwa Asụsụ Barrier Islands-Batak ma ọ bụ pay Sumatran) bụ otu egwuregwu Malayo-Polynesian nke ndị Batak na ndị yiri ya na-asụ n'ime North Sumatra na ndị Nias, Ndị Mentawai, na ndị ọzọ nọ n'etiti osimiri Barrier (Simeulue Islands Barrier (Simeulue Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands Reg, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands Reg), Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Island, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai, Indonesia, Mentawai Islands, Mentawai, Indonesia, Mentawai, Mentawai, Indonesia.  na-eme egwuregwu Barrier.

## Nchịkọta
Asụsụ nke Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands bụ:

* Gayo
* Asụsụ Batak
* Simeulue
* Nias-Sikule
* Mentawai
* Enggano (?) 

Ọ bụ Lafeber (1922) bu ụzọ chepụta obere m, onye kpara ya "Batak-Nias".[1]  Nothofer (1986) ihe eji okwu na phonological iji kwado obere m a, na-akpọ ya "Barrier Islands-Batak".

Ọnọdụ nke Asụsụ Enggano iche iche bụ iche.  Ma Lafeber (1922) na Nothofer (1986) fim Enggano dị ka anya nna.[1][2]  Edwards (2015) akwụkwọ nke a bụ onye na-ewere Enggano dị ka alaka mbụ nke Malayo-Polynesian.[3]  Kamar Smith mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (2017) na-akwado Enggano n'ime obere "Sumatran" ya, nke bụ ike nke Northwest Sumatra-Barrier Islands nke na-agụnyekwa egwu Nasal a na-asụ na Bengkulu na ndị agha ike Sumatra.[4]  Billings & McDonnell (2022) na-akwado Smith bụ ndị na-ekewa akwụkwọ Sumatran dị ka ndị a: 

* Asụsụ Batak
* Northern Barrier Islands (Simeulue) 
* Central Barrier Islands (Sikule, Nias) 
* Mentawai
* Gayo
* Ụgbọ imi
* Enggano

Dị ka ihe akaebe phonological maka itinye asụsụ ndị a na subgroup Sumatra ha na-atụ aro: 

; Njikọ

# PMP *j, *g > Proto-Sumatran *g
# PMP *z, *d > Proto-Sumatran *d
# PMP *ñ, *n > Proto-Sumatran *n
# PMP *R, *r > Proto-Sumatran *r
# PMP *h > Ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla nke Proto-Sumatran

## Akwụkwọ Nsọ
Edwards (2015: 78) [1] na-enye ajụjụ na-esonụ na-atụnyere ahụ okwu n'ofe ahia dị iche iche nke Barrier Islands.  Edwards (2015: 89) na-ewere egwu aberrant Enggano dị ka nke nke ọnwụ Barrier Islands-Batak.

Ihe ọhụrụ nke Proto-Sumatran nke Billings & McDonnell depụtara (2022) bụ: 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ ndịda Sulawesi

Asụsụ ndịda Sulawesi bụ obere m nke Eziniche bụ Austronesian.  A na-asụkarị ha na mpaghara Indonesia nke South Sulawesi na West Sulawesi, yana obere akpa akpa na West Kalimantan (Tamanic).).

## Ịdị n'ìgwè

### Nchịkọta n'ime
Nkewa a na-agbaso Grimes & Grimes (1987) na Ethnologue . [1]
 
Ọnọdụ nke Asụsụ Tamanic, nke a na-asụ na West Borneo, edoghị anya ruo na mberede awụ gara aga.  Onye ọka iwu Dutch bụ K.A.  Adelaar gị na ha dị nso na Buginese ma si otú a nwee ike ike ha na mpaghara South Sulawesi.[3]

Zobel (2020) kewara Asụsụ Badaic na Seko dị ka nke otu Seko-Badaic n'ime alaka South Sulawesi.

Rịba ama: Ihe odide italiki na-egosi na a na-ewere ya dị ka olumba ọ bụghị asụsụ dị iche.

### Ọnọdụ n'ime Austronesian
Na nsogbu ugbu a, a na-ewere ọnwụ South Sulawesi dị ka alaka bụ isi nke Malayo-Polynesian subgroup n'ime ahịa Austronesian..[5]

## Mmetụta South Sulawesi na Malagasy
ADelaar (1995) n 'OKWU NKE MAGORASY, N'onwe Gị BENTE na Malay Nute na BajeTA na Sogalesi  Blench ahụ ihe mgbu ọzọ (2018).  [7]

asụsụedemede Proto-South-Sulawesi *ɨ bụ ịgba nke Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *ə.  

Velar fricative *ɣ na-apụta naanị n'ọnọdụ ikpeazụ dị ka mmeghachi omume nke PMP *R,  ebe *z na-ahụ naanị n'etiti dị ka mmegharị nke PMP*j. [12][13]

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ nke Sulawesi
* Asụsụ ndị a ma ama

## Ihe odide

### Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ

### Akwụkwọ
 

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* South Sulawesi na Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
* Nchịkọta nke Asụsụ Sulawesi
Asụsụ Aralle-Tabulahan

Aralle-Tabulahan bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke sitere na mpaghara South Sulawesi.  A na-asụ ya na Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Aralle-Tabulahan nwere mmanya atọ: Aralle, Tabulahan na Mambi.  A na-elekarị olumba Mambi anya dị ka nke ozizi dị iche n'ime olumba atọ ahụ ma na-ahụ ya dị ka etiti nke ndụ dị n'etiti olumba Aralle na Tabulahan na Asụsụ Bambam yiri ya..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Pakpak

Pakpak, ma ọ bụ Batak Dairi, bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke Sumatra.  A na-ekwu ya na Dairi Regency, Pakpak Bharat Regency, Parlilitan district na Humbang Hasundutan Regency, Manduamas district na Central Tapanuli Regency, Subulussalam City na Aceh Singkil Regency.
center|thumb|500x500px|Usoro okwu Dairi Batak na edemede Batak.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* A pụkwara ịnụ okwu ikpeazụ /k/ dị ka nkwụsị glottal [ʔ].

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Bambam

V 

Bambam (nakwa: Pitu Ulunna Salu) bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke West Sulawesi, Indonesia.  A na-asụ ya na mpaghara Mambi na Tabang nke Mamasa Regency, yana na mpaghara Matangnga nke Polewali Mandar Regency.[1]  Ya na Aralle-Tabulahan, Ulumanda', Pannei na Dakka, Bambam bụ nke asụsụ Pitu Ulunna Salu, nke na-etolite ngalaba n'ime ngalaba Northern nke South Sulawesi subgroup...

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Campalagian

Campalagian (Koneq-Koneq'e) bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na West Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bugis.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Dakka

Dakka bụ asụsụ Austronesian nọ n'ihe egwu nke Sulawesi, Indonesia.  A na-asụ ya na mpaghara Wonomulyo nke Polewali Mandar Regency, ma bụrụ nke ngalaba mpaghara ugwu nke otu subgroup South Sulawesi...

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Embaloh

Embaloh (Maloh) bụ akara Austronesian (Dayak) a na-asụ na West Kalimantan, Indonesia .  [1].  Ọtụtụ ndị na-asụ Embaloh na-asukwa Iban, na-eduga n'ịnakwere ụfọdụ okwu ndị Iban n'ime Embaloh.[1]: 114 

Asụsụ Kalis (Kalis Maloh) nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ dị iche.

## Ihe Nlereanya
nkọwa ama: Nkọwa orthography na ng na ' kama ŋ na superscript ʔ (ʔ).
 

## Ihe odide

## Akwụkwọ

* K. Alexander Adelaar na Nikolaus Himmelmann, *Asụsụ Austronesian nke Eshia na Madagascar.* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
Asụsụ Enrekang

Enrekang bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ ngalaba mpaghara ugwu nke South Sulawesi subgroup, yana Duri na Maiwa nwere njikọ chiri anya..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Highland Konjo

Highland Konjo bụ nke Austronesian nke Sulawesi, Indonesia, nke sitere na alaka Makassaric nke South Sulawesi subgroup.  A na-asụ ya n'ime ime obodo nke Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, na Sinjai regencies nke South Sulawesi, n'iji dị n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu nke Ugwu Lompobatang.  Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na, mana ọ dị iche na Coastal Konjo, nke sokwa n'Asụsụ Makassaric.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Kalumpang

Kalumpang bụ akara Austronesian nke Sulawesi, Indonesia .  [1] Asụsụ ya dịtụ nso ụzọ ka ha dị n'asụsụ ndị yiri ya.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Bentong

Bentong bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Sulawesi, Indonesia, nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Makassarese..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Budong-Budong

Budong-Budong bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke Sulawesi, Indonesia, nke a na-asụ n'ime obodo Tongkou, Budong-Budong District, Central Mamuju Regency.  Yana Seko Padang, Seko Tengah na Panasuan, ọ bụ nke ngalaba Seko nke otu subgroup South Sulawesi..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Limola

Limola (nke a na-akpọkwa Lemolang) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Sulawesi, Indonesia.  A na-asụ ya n'obodo dị abụọ na North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi .  [1][2] A na-hazi ya dị ka onye otu Badaic nke egwú South Sulawesi.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Maiwa (Sulawesi)

Maiwa bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke ihe ruru mmadụ 50,000 na-asụ na South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ ngalaba mpaghara ugwu nke South Sulawesi subgroup, yana Duri, Enrekang na Malimpung nwere njikọ chiri anya..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Makassar

Asụsụ Makassar bụ otu egwuregwu a na-asụ n'ụdị ndịda mpaghara South Sulawesi, Indonesia, ma ọ bụrụ otu n'ime alaka nke South Sulawesi subgroup na na-ekiri Austronesian.[1][2]  Onye a ma ama n'òtù a bụ Makassar, nke nwere ihe egwú nde mmadụ abụọ na-ekwu okwu n'obodo Makassar na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu..

Ọnọdụ nke akara Makassar ndị ọzọ na-ahụ Makassarese dị ka akara dị iche iche anabata ya n'ụwa niile.  Na onye nhazi ndị okenye, [1] ngwaọrụ na igbu ihe ndị na-adịbeghị anya site n'aka ndị ọrụ agha mpaghara, [2] a na-ewere ha dị ka olumba nke ọnwụ Makassarese.

## Asụsụ

* Ndị Makassar
* Bentong
* Konjo nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri
* Ugwu Konjo
* Selayar

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ihe e ji mara asụsụ Makassar bụ ihe omume nke ụdaume nkwughachi nwere eriri na-agwụ na ikpeazụ /r/, /l/ ma ọ bụ /s/.  E.g.  Aghọtara /botol/ ' karama' dị ka bótolo na Selayar na Coastal Konjo, yana dị ka bótoloʔ na Makassarese na Highland Konjo (nke ikpeazụ na-agbakwụnye nkwụsịtụ glottal na ụdaume ụda olu).  A na-atụda ụdaume nkwughachi a ma ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere suffix, mana ọ na-edobe ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-esochi ya.

Konj (ma Coastal ma Highland Konjo), Bentong, Selayar na Labbakkang dialect nke Makassarese nwere j /ɟ/ na /h/ ebe Makassarese (Maros, Goa, Takalar, Jeneponto, Bantaeng) nwere y /j/ na /w/.  N'okwu ụfọdụ, Coastal/h Konjo na Selayar nwere h sere na efu na Makassarese, dịka Konjo/Selayar Bahine ('nwaanyị'), uhUʔ ('ntutu') vs. Makassarese baine, uʔ.

## Ọdịiche dị n'okwu

## Hụkwa
 

* Asụsụ nke Sulawesi
* Asụsụ ndị Indonesia

## Ihe odide
Jacques Leclercq

**Jacques Leclercq** (1891 na Brussels &#x2013; 1971 na Beaufays ) bụ onye Belgium ọkà mmụta okpukpe Roman Katọlik.

## Ndụ
Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta na iwu site na Université libre de Bruxelles na otu na nkà ihe ọmụma sitere na Mahadum nke Louvain (UCLouvain), ma chiri ya onye ụkọchukwu n'afọ 1917. Ọ bụ ọkà mmụta okpukpe na prọfesọ na Mahadum Saint-Louis, Brussels, Belgium na UCLouvain. N' afọ 1926 ọ tọrọ ntọala revue *La Cité chrétienne* .

Na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, Jacques Leclercq nyere aka guzobe Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị na Université catholique de Louvain na otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmụta mmekọrịta ọha. N'afọ 1955, o guzobere Centre de Recherches sociologiques. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado Vatican nke Abụọ na mbido ya mana anyị nwere ihe akaebe site n'ihe odide ya na ụkpụrụ ya ekwenyeghị na mgbanwe ahụ.

Site n'^} 1945 na ọ kwadoro ka e mepụta otu mpaghara Walloon Christian sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ, *Rénovation wallonne*, wee dee na 1963 mkpesa ndị Katọlik ka ha rally na mmegharị ahụ, akpọrọ *Les catholiques et la question wallonne* ("Ndị Katọlik na ajụjụ Walloon"). 

A na-akpọ ya aha ụlọ ahụ nke nwere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Ọchịchị na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze(PSAD) na Mahadum Louvain (UCLouvain) na Louvain-la-Neuve . Ọ tụgharị asụsụ Francois Rabelais 's Gargantua na Pantagruel n' afọ 1936.
Jean Leclercq (politician)

Jean Lerclercq bụ onye otu Conseil économique wallon mgbe ọ sonyeere Walloon Rally n' afo 1968 na ntọala nke atụmatụ mpaghara. Ọ ghọrọ olu a ma ama, a họpụtakwara ya na ntuli aka nke ụbọchị 31 ọnwa Machị afọ 1968. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ nke Walloon Rally a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu. Ọ ghọrọ onye otu komikion nke Ọrụ ugbo na Ezinụlọ mana ọ nwụrụ na Krismas afọ 1970. Paul Van Damme nọchiri ya.

Na nzuko Walloon Rally nke 22 n' ụbọchị 23 Maachị afọ 1969, ọ siri ọnwụ na Mouscron na Comines bụ 100% French, na maka mmekọrịta siri ike n'etiti Walloon na France . Na ntuli aka obodo nke Tournai na Oktoba afọ 1970, ọ megidere ndị ọzọ na pati ya, ma guzobe ndepụta nke ya, aha ya bụ *Rénovation tournaisienne* . A họpụtara ya onye kansụl ọgbakọ, mana ọ nwụrụ tupu ọ were oche ya.

## Ntụaka
Jean Louvet (playwright)

thumb|Jean Louvet
**Jean Louvet** (28 Septemba 1934 - 29 Ọgọst 2015) bụ onye Belgium onye  odee egwuregwu. 

A mụrụ ya na Moustier-sur-Sambre, nwa nwoke nke onye na-egwuputa ihe, ma biri na nwata na-arụ ọrụ. Afọ atọ na ndị agha na-akwụ ụgwọ maka ọmụmụ ya na nkà mmụta ihe ọmụma nke ịhụnanya na ọ nọrọ oge na academia, ma tụgharịa na ihe nkiri na-enye okwu na-ekpe ya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na tọrọ ntọala a "nkiri proletarian ". Sartre na Brecht na-emetụta ọrụ ya, site na mgbọrọgwụ Walloon ya na otu n'ime ihe omume kachasị mkpa nke Wallonia nke oge a, 1960-1961 Winter General Strike .

Ruo afọ ụfọdụ, echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mere ka ọrụ ya ghara ịdị na Wallonia, a makwaara ya nke ọma na France. Agbanyeghị, e nyere ya ihe nrite “Bologne-Lemaire Walloon nke afọ ahu” n' afo 2002.

'Jean Louvet na-agbachitere omenala na njirimara nke Walloon mgbe ọ na-ekwere na ụfọdụ utopia utopist'.
Charles Magnette

**Charles Magnette** ( ; 3 February 1863 – 18 Ọktoba 1937), bụ onye ọka iwu n'obodo Belgium na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emesapụ aka .

Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Sineti ndị Belgian site  n'afọ 1928 ruo afọ 1932 na Minista nke steeti. Ọ bụ Grand Master nke Grand Orient nke Belgium ugboro abụọ (site n'afo 1914 ruo afọ 1921 na site n'afọ 1925 ruo afọ 1927). Magnette bụ onye guzobere International Masonic Association n' afọ 1921.

Na 1914 na 1916 ọ rịọrọ German Grand Lodges, na-eme mkpesa banyere arụrụala ndị German mere, bụ ndị nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ Belgium n'oge Agha Ụwa.nbsp;M, na mbula ndị ọrụ. N’ihi ya, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ . Akpọrọ aha ya otu okporo ámá dị na Liege .

Nwanne ya nwoke bụ onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Félix Magnette .
Jean-Claude Marcourt

**Jean-Claude Marcourt** (amụrụ 16 Ọktoba 1956) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke obodo Belgium na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke nzuko omeiwu nke Wallonia kemgbe afọ 2019. Ọ bụ osote-Mịnịsta Ala-onye isi na Minista nke Economy na Foreign Affairs nke ọchịchị Walloon na osote-Minista-onye isi na Minista nke Higher Education nke Gọọmenti nke French Community . Ọ bụ onye otu Belgian Francophone Socialist Party (PS).
Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Asụsụ Mamuju

Mamuju bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ n'asụsụetiti Sulawesi na Indonesia. 

Asụsụ Mamuju gụnyere Mamuju, Sumare-Rangas, Padang, na Sinyonyoi. A na-ewere olumba Mamuju dị ka nke a ma ama. Ụdị ederede ya dabere na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Latin.

Although Mamuju is traditionally classified as South Sulawesi, it has various words of Wotu–Wolio origin.

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* "Ige ntị na (na Ịzọpụta) Asụsụ Ụwa". 29 Eprel 2010 Akụkọ *New York Times* nke Sam Roberts dere
* Njikọ Asụsụ Dị n'Ime Iche
Asụsụ Mandar

Mandar (nke a na-akpọkwa Andian, Manjar, Mandharsche) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke ihe ndị Mandar bi na mpaghara West Sulawesi nke Indonesia na-asụ, na mpaghara Majene na Polewali Mandar, yana n'obodo ole na ole dị na Pangkep District (nke a dị ka Spermonde Archipelago) na Ujung Lero, Pa obere-Papa nso.).   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

E dere ya na edemede Lontara.

Ndị ụdị Mandar nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị ọzọ atọ bi na South Sulawesi: Bugis, Makassar, na Toraja.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

* A pụkwara ịnụ ụda /b, d, ɡ, dʒ/ dị ka ụda dị ka [v, ɾ, ɣ, ʒ] n'ọnọdụ intervocalic.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu South Sulawesi

Asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu South Sulawesi bụ obere m nke edemede ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Sulawesi nọ n'Ezin alụlụ Austronesian..

## Nchịkọta
E kewara Northern South Sulawesi na alaka ise:

* Mandar
* Mamuju
* **Pitu Ulunna Salu**
** Aralle-Tabulahan
** Bamba
** Dakka
** Pannei
** Ulumanda"
* **Massenrempulu**
** Duri
** Enrekang
** Maiwa
** Malimpung
* **N'oge a, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ Toraja**
** Kalumpang
** Mamasa (gụnyere Pattae') 
** Tae"
** Talondo"
** Toraja-Sa'dan

Van der Veen (1929) amatalarị alaka Pitu Ulunna Salu, Massenrempulu na Toraja dị ka nkeji dị iche iche.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ nke Sulawesi
* Asụsụ ndị Indonesia

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga

* Northern South Sulawesi na Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
Asụsụ Panasuan

Panasuan bụ nhọrọ Austronesian a na-asả n'ókè nke mpaghara West Sulawesi na South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ya na Seko_Padang_language" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang, Seko Tengah na Budong-Budong, ọ bụ nke alaka Seko nke South Sulawesi subgroup..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Pannei

Pannei bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọfụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-afọ ya na ahia ndị ọzọ nke Pitu Ulunna Salu.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Pattaeʼ

Pattaeʼ (aha onwe ya bụ Basa Pattaeʼ ma ọ bụ Mattulaʼ Pattae) bụ akara ndị Pattaeʼ na-asụ, otu nri bi n'afọ osimiri n'ikpo ọmụmụ nke Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia .  [1] [2] Dabere na atụgharị okwu na ọdịiche, a na-ekewa Pattaeʼ dị ka olumba nke Asụsụ Mamasa, mana ndị na-asụ ya na-ewere ya dị ka kaadị dị iche..

## Ihe odide

## Njikọ mpụga
Asụsụ Seko Padang

Seko Padang bụ akara Austronesian nke a na-asụ na North Luwu Regency nke South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ya na Seko_Tengah_language" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Seko Tengah language">Seko Tengah, Panasuan na Budong-Budong, ọ bụ nke alaka Seko nke South Sulawesi subgroup.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Seko Tengah

Seko Tengah bụ akara Austronesian a na-asụ na North Luwu Regency nke South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ya na Seko_Padang_language" id="mwDw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Seko Padang language">Seko Padang, Panasuan na Budong-Budong, ọ bụ nke alaka Seko nke South Sulawesi subgroup..

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Selayar

Selayar ma ọ bụ Selayarese bụ akara Malayo-Polynesian nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 100,000 na-asụ n'agwaetiti Selayar na mpaghara South Sulawesi, Indonesia.[1]: 210 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụedemede

A na-eme ka ụdaume dị ogologo mgbe a na-ekwusi ike na mkpụrụedemede ghere oghe.

#### Nchịkọta
Nasalization na-agbasa site na-esokwa imi gaa na-azọume ndị a, na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ejikọtaume ọzọ na-azụ glottal gbochiri ya:

:  "Nkịta na-asị ya mamịrị".
: [sassaʔ lamẽãĩʔĩ""A lizard was na ya, a dog was na ya.: 225–226 

.N'ime coronals, m na- ike olu bụ ezé, ebe ndị ọzọ bụ alveolar

## Ọdịdị
 Selayarese intransitive verbs index pronominal ike saịtị na absolute enclitic.[1][2]: 162
  

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Taeʼ

Taeʼ bụ bụ a na-asụ na South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nke Ezin nhọrọ Austronesian ma bụrụ otu n'ime nhọrọ nke ire iri [aha dị mkpa] bi na mpaghara Tana Luwu nke South Sulawesi.   Asụsụ Taeʼ bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị bi na mpaghara atọ nke Tana Luwu (Luwu Regency, North Luwu Regency), na obodo Palopo na-eji.  Tae bụ nke otu aha South Sulawesi.  Ọ nwere njikọ njikọ chiri anya na Toraja, na nke dị anya na Mandar, Massenrempulu, na Mamuju.  A na-eji Taeʼ eme ihe dị ka akara si n'ebe ndịda nke ọgụ ya na Buriko Wajo Regency ruo Malili East Luwu Regency, yana na Tana Toraja na Massenrempulu.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Taman (Indonesia)

Taman bụ nke Austronesian (Dayak) nke Borneo.  N' wombaloh, ọ pịa alaka Tamanic nke Ezin egwu South Sulawesi.

## Ihe odide
Rita Lejeune

**Rita Lejeune** (1906-2009) bụ onye Belgium ọkà mmụta sayensị  onye ghọrọ ọkachamara na-eduga na ọmụmụ akwụkwọ French ochie .

A mụrụ Lejeune na Herstal n' ụbọchị 22 ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1906.  Nna ya Jean Lejeune, bụ onye ode akwụkwọ gọọmentị ime obodo nakwa onye na-ede uri n'okpuru aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ Jean Lamoureux. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa influenza nke afọ 1918 obere oge tupu ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke iri na abụọ ya.  Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọ ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ wee bụrụ onye nyocha na Mahadum Liège, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta doctorate ya n'afọ 1928 site na nyocha nke Jean Renart .  Ọ lụrụ Fernand Dehousse n'afọ 1929 wee mụọ ụmụ abụọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na École pratique des hautes études na Paris. N'afọ 1937, ọ malitere izi ihe na Mahadum Liège, n' afọ 1954, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke na ngalaba nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ịhụnanya n'ebe ahụ.  Ihe kacha amasị ya n'ime nchọpụta bụ nke ama dika chansons de geste na chivalric romances, mana ọ zụlitekwara mmasị na akwụkwọ Walloon .  Ọ nwụrụ na Liège n' ụbọchị 18 ọnwa Maachị afọ 2009,  wee lie ya n'ogige ụlọ ụka Notre-Dame de la Licourt na Herstal.

## Nsọpụrụ
Lejeune ghọrọ onye nkwekọrọ n' otu nke Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts nke Belgium n' ụbọchị 5 Disemba afọ 1977 yana onye otu zuru oke na 2 Mee afọ 1988.
Asụsụ Toraja-Saʼdan

Toraja-Saʼ (nke a na-akpọkwa Toraja, Saʼdan, South Toraja) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ na-ekerịta aha Taeʼ na East Toraja.  Ọ bụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ Dutch na-arụ ọrụ na Sulawesi, dị ka Nicolaus Adriani na Hendrik van der Veen mere ọtụtụ n'ime mmeri Toraja.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

A na-anụ ọrịa [tʃ, dʒ] site na okwu ndị Indonesia.  /h/ na- enweghị eme.

Na ọnọdụ ikpeazụ, ọ bụ naanị , ,  na  nwere ike ịpụta.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
  
* Waterson, Roxana (2012). . *Bijdragen tot nke Taal-, Land- na Volkenkunde*. **168** (4): 391–. doi:. JSTOR 23339340. &nbsp;S2CID 145289982.&nbsp;Enwetara ya na 21 Jenụwarị 2023.
Asụsụ Ulumandaʼ

Ulumandaʼ bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke West Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọfụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a na-ahụ ya na Asụsụ Pitu Ulunna Salu ndị ọzọ, [1] mana Ulumanda" nwere ụzọ ụzọume dị iche iche dị n'ihu..

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu
Ndepụta ụdaume nke Ulumandaʼ dị ka ndị a: 

Nchịkọta ụdaume a kwadoro bụ nke a:

### Nkwekọ ụdaume
Ulumandaʼ bụ ihe a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'etiti ịhụnanya Austronesian nke Sulawesi maka igosi ndị isi nkeume nkeume ihu /æ, ø, y/ na ịhụume azụ /ɑ, o, u/ yiri nke Asụsụ Uralic.  Na mbụ, ndịume ndị dị n'ihu sitere na ndịume azụ n'ihu ụkwụume ikpeazụ *k na *ŋ, mana a na-etinye ha na mmechi ikpeazụ mgbe okwu ikpeazụ *-m na *-n ngo ya na *ŋ iji mee ka -ŋ pụta ma ọ bụghị apụtaghịume azụ bu ụzọ n'ụzọ dị iche na *-ŋ.  mapedemede ndị a dị n'ihu na-ebute azụ azụ azụ ụzọ ọzọ n'otu okwu ma e wezụga ma ọ bụrụ na-ejedebe na-anọpụ iche dị ka *e ma ọ bụ *i na-etinye aka n'etiti ụkwụume..

Ihe dị iche iche gụnyere /uraŋ/ "onye" vs. /uræŋ/ [yræŋ] "shrimp".

## Ihe odide
Bantik

Bantik bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ngwaahịa ngwaahịa Philippines, nke North Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Ọ bụ nrịanrị nke ndị Bantik (otu obere mkpuru Ndị Minahasans), ndị na- agbanwe ugbu a na Manado Malay (ụdị Malay dị iche iche) dị ka ahia ha maka n ibu okwu kwa ụbọchị.  Mgbe ị na-eji Indonesia eme ihe maka mmemme na nke ndị.  Ọ bụ na ebe a ka na-eji Bantik eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosi ngosi ngosi.

A na-ewere nwoke Bantik dị ka ụmụ ụmụ, nke ụmụ nwoke na-eji na-achọ, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka ihe na-alụ ọgụ ụmụaka okwu na Bantik.  Ọ bụ ụmụ anụmanụ ole na ole na-eru afọ iri atọ mara otú e si ekwu ya.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụedemede

### Nchịkọta okwu
Usoro ndu bụ isi nke Bantik bụ isiokwu-okwu-ihe na ngwaa-ihe-ihe.  A na-eji nke mbụ eme mgbe ị na-ewebata ihe ọhụrụ, nke ikpeazụ mgbe ị na'ewebata isiokwu ọhụrụ.

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Bantik Wordlist na Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
Asụsụ imi

Nasal (nsy) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke ndị na-eme egwuregwu Sumatra.

## Nchịkọta
Anderbeck & Aprilani (2013) na-ewere Nasal dị ka onye nọpụrụ iche n'ime alaka Malayo-Polynesia.

Smith (2017), Otú ọ dị, akwụkwọ ahụ na "Sumatran" subgroup, n'akwụkwọ ncheta ndị ọzọ Batak-Barrier Islands.[1]  Billings & McDonnell (2022) ihe ịga nke ọma ọzọ maka Nasal dị ka Asụsụ Sumatra. 

## Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga
A na-asụ Nasal na mpaghara Nasal nke Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, n'ime obodo Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung (ha abụọ dị na mpaghara Muara Nasal), na Tanjung Baru (na mpaghara Maje).  E nwere ọtụtụ okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Lampung.[1]  Asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na nso mpaghara Nasal akara Krui nke Lampung na aha Malayic Kaur, Bengkulu, Serawai na Semenda (Anderbeck & April 2013:3).  E nyela ahụ ọkwa ọkwa EGIDS nke 6a (Vigorous), ọ bụ ebe na nke a dabere na isi mmadụ na ibe ya, a iwu akara ike.[2]

## Ihe odide

* Anderbeck, Karl; Aprilani, Herdian. 2013. Asụsụ Improbable: Akụkọ nyocha na Asụsụ Nasal nke Bengkulu, Sumatra. Akụkọ nyocha eletrọniki nke SIL. SIL International.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nọmba imi
Asụsụ Lepki

**Lepki** bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na Western New Guinea, na nso ndị ikwu ya Murkim na Kembra na Highland Papua . Naanị narị okwu ole na ole ka edekọtara, na ndepụta okwu anakọtara ngwa ngwa.

Øystein Lund Andersen (2007) nwere akụkọ ọdịnala na-ebipụtaghị na Lepki  nke gụnyere ndepụta okwu. 

## fonology
Lepki bụ asụsụ ụda olu .  : 466 

## Ntụaka
ole ka edekọtara, asụsụ

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Andersen, Øystein Lund. 2007. *Ndị Lepki nke Osimiri Sogber, New Guinea* . Usoro mmụta MA, Mahadum Cenderawasih, Jayapura.
Asụsụ Kwinsu

**Kwinsu** bụ asụsụ Papuan nke Indonesia . A na-asụ ya na obodo Ansudu dị na mpaghara Pantai Timur, Sarmi Regency . 

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Mandobo

**Mandobo**, ma ọ bụ **Kaeti**, bụ asụsụ Papuan nke mpaghara Mandobo na Boven Digoel Regency, South Papua, Indonesia .

## Ụdị dị iche iche
*Ethnologue* na-ekewa asụsụ abụọ:

* *Mandobo Bawah*, nke a na-ekwu na Osimiri Mandobo dị ala
* *Mandobo Atas*, kwuru na Oke Mandobo River

## fonology

### Udaume

### Consonants

## Evolution
N'okpuru bụ ụfọdụ echiche Kaeti nke proto-Trans-New Guinea nke Pawley (2012) tụpụtara, nke sitere na McElhanon na Voorhoeve (1970).  

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Jang, Hong-Tae. 2003. *Akụkọ nyocha gbasara asụsụ ndịda ugwu ugwu na Papua Merauke Regency nke Papua, Indonesia* . Ihe odide.
* Lebold, Randy, Ronald Kriens na Yunita Susanto. 2013. *Akụkọ banyere nyocha asụsụ Bamgi, Kia, na Lower Digul River na Papua, Indonesia* . Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International.

## Ntụaka
ụfọdụ echiche Kaeti nke proto-Trans-New

## Njikọ mpụga

* Mandobo na otu nyocha Awyu–Ndumut na Mahadum VU Amsterdam
Asụsụ Komba

**Komba** bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na mpaghara Morobe, Papua New Guinea .

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 
*
Asụsụ Kombai

**Kombai** (Komboy) bụ asụsụ Papuan nke Boven Digoel Regency na Indonesian New Guinea . Ndị Kombai na-asụ ya . Tayan bụ olumba.

*Ethnologue* na-edekọ asụsụ **Wanggom** nke yiri Kombai. Agbanyeghị, egosipụtabeghị nke a dịka asụsụ dị iche. 

## Ntụaka
yiri Kombai. Agbanyeghị

* Hughes, Jock. 2009. *[http://www.sil.org/silesr/2009/silesr2009-003.pdf Upper Digul Survey]* . Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International.
Asụsụ Kuwani

**Ndị a** bụ asụsụ Papuan akwadoghị nke ọma nke isi Bird Peninsula nke New Guinea. A na-egosipụta ya naanị site na otu ndepụta okwu, na ọbụnadị ebe ọ nọ na-amaghị kpọmkwem. 

## Ntụnyere
Smits na Voorhoeve (1998) chere na ọ dabara na Kalabra, mana enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'okwu okwu.  Ụfọdụ ndịiche dị n'ime lexical dị n'etiti Ndị a na Kalabra ka enyere n'okpuru. 

## Ntụaka
mana enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'okwu okwu.
Asụsụ Komyandaret

**Komyandaret** bụ asụsụ Papuan edekọghị nke ọma na Boven Digoel, South Papua, Indonesia. A na-asụ ya na mpaghara Firiwage, n'akụkụ Tsaukambo dị ka obodo Kaway. Ọ dị nso nke ọma na enwere ụfọdụ nghọta n'etiti. 

## Ntụaka
mana enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'okwu okwu.

* Hughes, Jock. 2009. *[http://www.sil.org/silesr/2009/silesr2009-003.pdf Upper Digul Survey]* . Ụlọ ọrụ SIL International.
Asụsụ Konda-Yahadian

**Konda–Yahadian** bụ ụzọ abụọ nke isi asụsụ South Bird a na-asụ na Western New Guinea :

* Konda
* Yahadian

N'ịkọba ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ isi dị ala, Holton and Klamer (2018) jiri nlezianya tụlee Konda–Yahadian, yana Inanwatan–Duriankere na ezinụlọ Nuclear South Bird's Head ka onye ọ bụla bụrụ ezinụlọ nwere onwe ha ruo mgbe enwere ike igosipụta ihe akaebe ọzọ. 

## Ntụaka
ezinụlọ Nuclear South Bird's Head ka o
Asụsụ Aghu

**Aghu**, ma ọ bụ **Central Awyu**, bụ asụsụ Papuan nke South Papua, Indonesia . O nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ abụọ n'ezie, dabere n'ụkpụrụ mmadụ maka 'asụsụ'. Ụdị abụọ ahụ bụ: Osimiri Mappi Awyu (Aghu) na Pasue River Awyu (Nohon, Mitak). 

## fonology
Ụda olu nke asụsụ Agụ: 

Udaume gbara okirikiri n'ihu /y/ bụ ihe ọhụrụ n'etiti asụsụ obodo na Indonesia. Na ngwụcha okwu, ụdaume nwere ike ịpụta ma ogologo na imi imi. Nke a na-eme n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ebe enwere imi /m/ ma ọ bụ /n/ ikpeazụ. N'ime okwu, kama ụdaume imi enwere usoro nke ụdaume gbakwunyere consonant imi nke dabara na nkwuputa nke consonant na-esonụ. Ya mere enwere ike nyochaa ụdaume imi dị ka /Vn/ ma ọ bụ /VN/.

## Ntụaka
mmadụ maka 'asụsụ'. Ụdị ab u areogologo na imi imi. Nke a

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* Aghu na otu nyocha Awyu–Ndumut na Mahadum VU Amsterdam
* Ngwa OLAC n'ime yana gbasara asụsụ Agu
* Ngwa OLAC n'ime yana gbasara asụsụ Awyu Central
* Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Jair Awyu
* Ngwa OLAC n'ime na gbasara asụsụ North Awyu
Asụsụ Ratahan

Ratahan (nke a na-akpọkwa Toratán) bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na North Sulawesi, Indonesia.  A na-asụ akara ahụ na mpaghara ndịda egwuregwu Minahasa . 

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Atohwaim

**Atohwaim** ( *Amathamit, Atokhin, Kaugat, Yagamit* ) bụ asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na mpaghara Pantai Kasuari, Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia.

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo

## Njikọ mpụga

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Atohwaim
Asụsụ Sangir

Sangi, nke a na-adị ka Sangih, Sangi, Sangil, ma ọ bụ Sangih, bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Ndị Sangir na-asụ n'asụsụetiti ndụ ugwu Sulawesi, Indonesia, na Mindanao, Philippines.  Ọ bụ nke otu Philippines n'ime akara Austronesian.

Ụfọdụ iche okwu sitere na Ternate na Spanish, [1] [2] yana Dutch na Malay.  [3] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị Sangirese akwagala n'ebe ndị na- agbata Sangihe archipelago, a na-akpọ ala Sulawesi, yana Philippines, ebe ngosi ka dị ike.[4]  Ndị Sangirese na-akwaga na North Maluku, Indonesia na-asụkwa Sangir.

A na-ihe Manado Malay eme ihe n'etiti ndị Sangirese, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka aha mbụ.  Manado Malay nwere mgbochi iche na Tahuna na Manado . 

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

### Mkpụrụedemede

* A pụkwara ịnụ ụdaume  dị ka  n'ime nkeji okwu.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka , , .

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* ADRIANI, N. (1894). "SANGIREESCHE TEKSTEN (Leevolg) ". Bijdragen tot nke Taal-, Land- na Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië (n'asụsụ Dutch). 44 (1): 1–168. JSTOR 25737775. Enwetara ya na 10 Febụwarị 2023.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Nkọwa egwu Sangirese na Youtube
* Ekpere Onyenwe anyị n'asụsụ Sangirese
Asụsụ Talaud

Talaud bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ na Talaud Islands n'ebe ugwu Sulawesi, Indonesia.  E nwere olumba abụọ, ya bụ olumba Lami nke a na-asụrụ na Miangas, Nanusa Islands, na Esang n'ugwu nke Karakelang Island;  A na-eji olumba Tirawata eme ihe na Lirung, Kabaruan, na otu ndị nke Karaklang Island..

Miangas bụ n'ezie obere olumba, mana ọ dị iche na isi olumba ya, Lami.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka nkwụsịtụ , dabere na olumba.
* A pụkwara ịkpọpụta ụda fricative  dị ka  na-enweghị olu.[3]
*  dị naanị n'asụsụ ụfọdụ nke Kaburuan Island. Ọ kwekọrọ na /ī/ n'ọtụtụ olumba ndị ọzọ.[3]

### Mkpụrụedemede

## Ihe odide

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ
Asụsụ Awyi

**Awyi** (Awye, Nyao)  bụ asụsụ Papuan nke Indonesian Papua . A na-asụ ya na Skanto District, Keerom Regency .

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Obokuitai

**Obokuitai** (Obogwitai) bụ asụsụ ọdọ mmiri dị larịị nke Papua, Indonesia . Akpọrọ ya aha obodo *Obogwi* dị na East Central Mambermano District, Mamberamo Raya Regency . 

Obokuitai, Sikaritai, na Eritai mebere ụyọkọ olumba .

## fonology
Mkparịta ụka a gbadoro ụkwụ na Jenison & Jenison (1991). 

Njirimara phonology na-adịghị ahụkebe nke Obokuitai na asụsụ dị larịị nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ bụ enweghị imi zuru oke, ọbụlagodi ụda olu, yana usoro ụdaume dị elu ma ọ bụ nke nwere mgbakasị ahụ nke malitere site na nfu nke consonant nkwụsị na-esote.  Obokuitai nwere otu n'ime ngwa ekwentị kacha nta n'ụwa, hà nhata asụsụ Pirahã na Rotokas na fọnịm iri na otu.

### Consonants

Obere ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa bụ ụdị asụsụ Ọdọ Plain.

Obokuitai nwere ụfọdụ ụda ndị ọzọ dị ka allophones. Nkwụsị ụda olu a na-ekwu, [g], na-apụta mkpuruokwu mbido na-eso mkpọda ikpeazụ /k/. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, /dikka/ -> [digga], 'di nwanne nwunye'.

Mgbatụ ma ọ bụ flap a na-akpọ alveolar, [ɾ], na-apụta n'etiti ụdaume n'ọnọdụ mbido yana kwa dị ka onye nke abụọ n'ụyọkọ consonant na ọnọdụ mbido mkpịrịsị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, /bɛda/ -> [bɛɾa], 'ụdị nduku ụtọ'. 

### Udaume
Obokuitai nwere ụdaume ise.

### Ụda
Dịka asụsụ Ọdọ Mmiri ndị ọzọ, Obokuitai bụ ụda olu . L, H na HL na-eme n'otu okwu ọnụ. A ka ga-emecha nyocha nke usoro ụda olu. Otú ọ dị, a na-egosipụta akụkụ ụda ụda nke nwere ike ịbụ site na triad *kuik <sup>1</sup>* 'rock', *kuik <sup>2</sup>* 'ụmụ ahụhụ' (sp.) na *kuik <sup>12</sup>* 'ngwere' (sp.). 

## Nkpọaha
Nnochiaha nwere ike na Obokuitai bụ: 

## Ngwaa
Obokuitai nwere prefixes okwu atọ bụ:  : 538 
  
Enwere suffixes okwu abụọ pụtara ìhè:  : 538 

* *-kua* : ezughị okè
* - *di* ~ - *ei* ~ *Ø* : zuru oke

Ndị a nwekwara ụdị “ndabere”, nke ejiri ya na ihe Foley na-ezo aka dị ka “okwu nkwekọrịta ndabere ndabere”.  : 538 

* - *hoíd* : ezughị okè
* - *ndewo* : zuru oke

## Ụmụ irighiri ihe
Ihe ikpeazụ dị na Obokuitai:  : 538–539 

* *ke* : exclamatory
* *ia* : eziokwu
* *te ~ toi* : dị mkpa
* *bi* : ee- mba ajuju
* *se* : ozi ajụjụ ajụjụ
* *beid* : adịghị mma

## Ntụaka
Njoki Susanna Ndung'u

**Njoki Susanna Ndung'u** bụ onye ọka iwu Kenya na onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Kenya . O nwere Bachelor of Laws (LLB) na Mahadum Nairobi na Master of Laws, LLM na ikike mmadụ na nnwere onwe obodo na Mahadum Leicester na United Kingdom .  A mụrụ ya n'afọ 1966.

## Ọrụ mmalite
Njoki, onye okenye ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Kenya (Klas nke 1980/82), malitere ọrụ ya n'etiti 1989 na 1993 na Office nke Attorney General dị ka onye ndụmọdụ steeti. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ mmemme (Civic Education) na Institute for Education in Democracy ruo 1995, mgbe ọ kwagara wee rụọ ọrụ otu afọ na UNHCR Alaka ụlọ ọrụ UNHCR Kenya dị ka onye ọrụ nchekwa mba. N'agbata 2000 na 2002 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ịdị n'Otu Africa, (OAU).

## Nzukọ Mba
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu National Rainbow Coalition (NARC)  -onye a họpụtara na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2007 ma rụọ ọrụ na kọmitii ndị omeiwu na-esonụ:

* Kọmitii Ngalaba na-ahụ maka Nchịkwa Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Okwu Iwu
* Kọmitii Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe na Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ
* Kọmitii ahọpụtara maka Iwu Kenya
* Kọmitii na-ahụ maka esemokwu na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa (PAP) 

* Nkwupụta Banyere Uru Ịmụ Nwa
* Mgbanwe na Iwu Ịmụ Nwa na Ikike Ịmụ Nna n'Oge Ọrụ 2007
* Mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Iwu Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ
* 'Mmekọahụ Mmebi Iwu, 2006'

## Iwu Mmebi Mmekọahụ 2006
 
Ọ bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-akwalite 'Sexual Offenses Bill, 2006' nke e mesịrị mee ka ọ bụrụ Sexual Offences Act 2006. 

## Ajụjụ ọnụ Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu
N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe ise a họpụtara n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Kenya site na Judicial Service Commission (Kenya) nke gbara ndị na-achọ ọrụ ajụjụ ọnụ.

## Ọrụ Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu
Mgbe agba nke mbụ nke ntuli aka onye isi ala mere na Maachị 4, 2013. Ndị Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission kpọpụtara Uhuru Kenyatta onye isi oche Kenya. Raila Odinga mara nke a aka n'ụlọikpe kacha elu nke Kenya. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọka ikpe isii kagburu akwụkwọ mkpesa ahụ na March 30, 2013. Na njedebe nke mkpesa ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 2017, Lady Justice Njoki Ndung'u kwuputara echiche na-emegiderịta onwe ya n'akụkụ Justice Jacktone Boma Ojwang, n'ekwughị ihe akaebe ọ bụla iji kwusaa ntuli aka ahụ dị ka ihe efu.

## Hụkwa

* Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Kenya
* Africa is a Woman's Name - ihe ngosi banyere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, gụnyere Ndung'u

## Edemsibia

Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Asụsụ Ambala

Ambala bụ asụsụ Sambalic a na-asụ na Philippines.  O nwere ihe karịrị 2,000 ọkà okwu[1]  ma na-asụ ya n'ime obodo Aeta na Zambal ime obodo nke Subic, San Marcelino, na Castillejos;  n'obodo Olongapo;  na n'ime Dinalupihan, Bataan.

Reid (1994)  na-akọ ebe ndị a Ambala, site na ndepụta okwu SIL:

* Maliwacat, Cabalan, Olongapo, Zambales
* Batong Kalyo (Pili), San Marcelino, Zambales

Himes (2012)  chịkọtakwara data Ambala site na ebe ndị a:

* Pastolan, Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
* Gordon Heights, Obodo Olongapo

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ nke Philippines

## Ihe odide