Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbasa nke gas site na ebe a na-ewepụta mmanụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri mgbe mmanụ na-awụfu.
[áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchịkọta nke [Mmetọ plastik|ihe mkpofu plastik n'ụsọ osimiri.]]
Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala dị ukwuu ma gbasaa n'ihi mmanụ ala nwere ọtụtụ ojiji. Mmanụ crude na gas bụ isi ike na akụrụngwa nke na-enyere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na akụnụba ụwa aka. Ọbịbịa ha etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime afọ 150 gara aga iji gboo ihe ndị mmadụ na-arị elu ngwa ngwa, imepụta ihe, ihe ọmụma na ịzụ ahịa.

A na-emepụta nnukwu ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na nke na-adịghị egbu egbu n'oge mmịpụta, nhazigharị, na njem nke mmanụ na gas. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta, dị ka ogige organic na-agbanwe agbanwe, nitrogen & sulfur ogige, na mmanụ a wụfuru nwere ike imerụ ikuku, mmiri, na ala n'ọkwa ndị na-emerụ ndụ n'ebe a na-ejikwa ya n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Okpomọkụ ihu igwe, acidification nke oké osimiri, na ịrị elu ọkwa oke osimiri bụ mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta ikuku griin haus dị ka carbon dioxide (CO2) na methane, na micro-particulate aerosols dị ka carbon ojii.

N'ime ihe niile mmadụ na-eme, ọkụ ọkụ fossil bụ ihe kacha enye aka n'ịkwalite carbon na-aga n'ihu na biosphere nke ụwa. The International Energy Agency na ndị ọzọ na-akọ na mmanụ & gas ojiji mejupụtara n'elu 55% (18 Ijeri Ton) nke ndekọ 32.8 Billion Ton (BT) nke CO2 wepụtara n'ime ikuku si niile ike isi mmalite n'oge afọ 2017. Coal ojiji gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime 45% fọdụrụnụ. Mkpokọta mpụta na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ọ bụla: gbagoro 1.7% ọzọ ruo 33.1 BT na 2018.

Site na ọrụ nke ya, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nyere aka ozugbo ihe dịka 8% (2.7 BT) nke 32.8 BT na 2017. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi ebumnuche ya na mwepụta nke gas ndị ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere aka ozugbo ma ọ dịkarịa ala Nde Tọn 79 nke methane (2.4). BT CO2-dabara) n'otu afọ ahụ; ego ruru ihe dị ka 14% nke ihe niile ama ama anthropogenic na ikuku ikuku nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ.

Tinyere mmanụ ọkụ dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na gas sitere n'okike, mmanụ ala na-enyere ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa aka, dị ka fatịlaịza na plastik. Ọtụtụ teknụzụ ndị ọzọ maka mmepụta ike, njem, na nchekwa nwere ike ime naanị n'oge a n'ihi uru dị iche iche. Nchekwa, arụmọrụ, na ibelata mmetụta mkpofu nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị irè na omume ndị na-azụ ahịa iji nweta nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi ka mma.

## Nsogbu Ndị Dị Iche

### Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmanụ ala nwere ike ịmepụta ìhè n'elu mmiri dị ka obere ihe na-emepụta ihe a na'ahụ anya a kpọrọ interphase.
Mmanụ ala bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọtụtụ ihe. Ihe ndị a gụnyere eriri ogologo, alaka, cyclic, aromatic monocyclic na polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Enwere ike ịghọta nsi nke mmanụ site na iji ikike nsí ma ọ bụ nsí nke akụkụ mmanụ ọ bụla nke ọ bụla na mmiri solubility nke akụkụ ahụ. Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ enwere ike iji tụọ nsí nke mmanụ crude na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala ndị ọzọ metụtara. Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-enyocha ọkwa nsi nwere ike iji ụdị lipid lekwasịrị anya ma ọ bụ nyocha colorimetric na-eji agba agba iji chọpụta nsi na biodegradability.

Mmanụ dị iche iche na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke nsị. Ọkwa nke toxicity na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe dị ka ihu igwe, solubility, yana kemịkal dị ka nnọgidesi ike. Mmụba ihu igwe na-achọ ibelata ọkwa nke nsi ka a na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-agbaze ma na-adị ala. Ihe ndị na-agbaze nke ukwuu na-enwekarị nsí dị elu karịa ihe ndị na-adịghị ike na mmiri. Na mkpokọta, mmanụ nwere agbụ carbon ogologo yana nke nwere mgbanaka benzene nwere oke nsi. Benzene bụ ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nwere oke nsi. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị benzene nke na-egbu egbu bụ toluene, methylbenzene na xylenes (BETX). Ihe ndị nwere nsi kacha ala bụ mmanụ crude na mmanụ moto.

N'agbanyeghị ọkwa nsi dị iche iche n'etiti ụdị mmanụ dị iche iche, ngwaahịa mmanụ ala niile enwetara nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe atụ nke mmetụta ọjọọ bụ emulsions mmanụ n'ime usoro mgbari nri na ụfọdụ mammals nwere ike ịkpata mbelata ikike mgbari nri nke nwere ike ibute ọnwụ nke ụfọdụ mamma. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere mgbawa capillary na hemorrhages. Enwere ike imetụta ụdọ nri gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi mbelata nke mmepụta algae ya mere na-eyi ụfọdụ ụdị egwu egwu. Mmanụ bụ "ihe na-egbu egbu" ịkụ azụ - ya bụ, ọ na-egbu azụ ngwa ngwa, na ntinye nke akụkụ 4000 kwa nde (ppm) (0.4%). Nsi nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na-eyi ahụike mmadụ egwu. Ọtụtụ ogige ndị a na-ahụ na mmanụ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ibute ọrịa kansa (carcinogenic) yana ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha e mere na Taiwan na-ejikọta ịdị nso na ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ na ịmụ nwa. Mmanụ crude na mmanụ mmanụ na-akpata ntụpọ nwa.

Benzene dị na mmanụ crude na mmanụ ụgbọala ma mara na ọ na-ebute ọrịa leukemia na ụmụ mmadụ. A makwa na ogige ahụ na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha n'ime mmadụ, nke ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ kpughee ya ka ọ na-ebute ọrịa. "Nnyocha ejikọtawo mkpughe benzene n'ime akụkụ nke otu ijeri (ppb) na njedebe ọrịa leukemia, lymphoma Hodgkin, na ọrịa ndị ọzọ nke ọbara na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ime afọ 5-15 nke ikpughe."

Gas fosil na mmanụ na-enwekarị obere ihe redioaktivu nke a na-ewepụta n'oge a na-egwupụta akụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ihe ndị a na brine bụ ihe gbasara nkà na ụzụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

### Gas nke griin haus
Carbon dioxide emissions and partitioningEmissions of CO2 have been caused by different sources ramping up one after the other (Global Carbon Project)Partitioning of CO2 emissions show that most emissions are being absorbed by carbon sinks, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake (Global Carbon Project)Mwepụta mmanụ ala na-akpaghasị nguzozi nke okirikiri carbon nke ụwa site na ibuga carbon geologic sequestered n'ime biosphere. A na-eji carbon nke ndị na-azụ ahịa mee ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche na nnukwu akụkụ na-agbakọta n'ime ikuku; si otú a na-ekepụta nnukwu ikuku griin haus, carbon dioxide, dị ka ihe na-emebi emebi. Gas sitere n'okike (karịsịa methane) bụ ụlọ griin haus na-esiwanye ike mgbe ọ na-agbaba n'ikuku tupu agba ya ọkụ.

Kemgbe afọ ụlọ ọrụ malitere ihe dịka 1750-1850 site na iji osisi na-eto eto na kol, ikuku ikuku nke carbon dioxide na methane abawanyela ihe dịka 50% na 150%, n'otu n'otu, karịa ọkwa ha kwụsiri ike nke afọ 800,000+ gara aga. Nke ọ bụla na-abawanye ugbu a na ihe dịka 1% kwa afọ, ebe ọ bụ na ihe dị ka ọkara nke carbon agbakwunyere ka ahịhịa ala ụwa na imi mmiri na-abanye n'ime ya. Mmụba na-esi n'ọkụ kwa afọ adịla ngwa ngwa nke na mkpokọta carbon fossil ewepụtara n'ime afọ 30 gara aga karịrị mkpokọta ego ewepụtara n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ niile.

### Microplastics
 
thumb|Microplastics na Mljet National Park, Croatia
Mmanụ ala emeela ka plastik nwee ike iji mepụta ụdị dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe eji eme ihe na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta dị oke ala. Ọnụego uto kwa afọ na mmepụta adịla nso 10%, ma na-ebute ya nke ukwuu site na plastik ndị a na-eji otu eme ihe bụ nke mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-adịkarị.

A naghị emegharị ihe ka ukwuu n'ime plastik, ọ na-agbajikwa n'ime obere iberibe na obere ka oge na-aga. Microplastics bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-erughị 5 mm n'ogo. A na-ahụta microplastics n'ụdị ikuku, mmiri, na ala nke anakọtara site na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla dị n'elu ụwa, yana na-abawanye n'ime ihe nlele nke ndụ. Mmetụta na-adịte aka site n'ịkwalite gburugburu ebe mkpofu rọba nọ n'okpuru nyocha sayensị mana ka ọ dị ugbu a amabeghị ya. Microplastics na-enwe nchegbu n'ihi na ha nwere ọchịchọ nke na-eme ka ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ dị n'elu ha, yana ikike ịmepụta ihe.
thumb|Enwere ike ịchọta microplastics n'oké osimiri na ebe obibi mmiri.
Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-echikọta irighiri ihe, ha na-ejedebe na anụ ahụ dị ka gland digestive, sistem ọbara, gills na guts. Mgbe a na-eri ihe ndị a ma na-ebuli elu n'usoro nri, ha na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ dị n'ebe ihe ndị dị ndụ buru ibu na n'ikpeazụ mmadụ. Microplastics nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ nye ihe dị iche iche. A maara ha na-akpaghasị nri algal, na-abawanye ọnwụ na obere ọmụmụ na copepods. N'ime mọsel, a maara microplastics na-akwụsị nzacha ma kpalite nzaghachi mkpali. A ka enwekwaghị data na otú ihe ndị a si emetụta ụmụ mmadụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-agbapụta tupu erichapụ ha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-edepụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ha nke ọma na a ghọtara oke mmebi ha nke ọma.

## Mmetụta mpaghara na mpaghara
Ụfọdụ mmetụta mmanụ ala na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị na mpaghara ebe a na-emepụta ya, rie ya na/ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, enwere ike ibelata mmetụta ahụ gaa n'ọkwa dị mma mgbe ndị na-azụ ahịa na-eme ojiji na mkpofu. Ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche nwere ike ibelata mmetụta ya site na ntule usoro ndụ na omume nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi.

### Mmetọ ikuku
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|283x283px|Mmanụ diesel si n'ụgbọala

#### Mkpochapụ ikuku
Mgbapụta sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na-eme n'usoro ọ bụla nke usoro mmepụta mmanụ site na mmịpụta ruo oge oriri. N'ime oge mmịpụta, ikuku ikuku na ọkụ na-ahapụ ọ bụghị naanị methane na carbon dioxide, mana ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ dị ka nitrous oxides na aerosols. Ụfọdụ sitere na ngwaahịa gụnyere carbon monoxide na methanol. Mgbe mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ distillates na-agba ọkụ, ọ na-abụkarị combustion anaghị ezu ezu, mmeghachi omume kemịkal na-ahapụkwa ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị mmiri ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe, e nwere ọdịiche dị na ọnụọgụ na ntinye nke ụfọdụ mmetọ. Na nhazi nke mmanụ ala na-enyekwa aka na mmetọ dị ukwuu n'ime ime obodo. Mmụba nke mmetọ a nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ n'ihi nsị mmanụ. Ihe ọmụmụ na-enyocha mmetụta nke ụlọ ọrụ nnụcha mmanụ na Taiwan. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na mmụba nke ịmụ nwa na-amụbabeghị n'ime ndị nne bi na nso ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ karịa ndị nne na-ebighị ebe a na-eme mmanụ. E nwekwara ndịiche a hụrụ na oke mmekọahụ na nha ọmụmụ nke ụmụaka. Ọzọkwa, ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mma nke soot na-agbaji ngụgụ ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ma na-akpata nsogbu obi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Soot bụ ọrịa cancer na-akpata (carcinogenic)

#### Ntinye Uzuoku
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) bụ gas ma ọ bụ vapors nke ihe siri ike na mmiri dị iche iche na-ebupụta. Mmiri hydrocarbons dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ụgbọ elu na-abanye n'ime oghere dị n'ime ụlọ site na tankị nchekwa ala ma ọ bụ ebe agba aja aja na-eyi nchekwa egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mgbawa) ma na-ebute mmetụta ahụike dị njọ site na iku ume.

### Mmiri ozuzo acid
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi ndị mmiri ozuzo acid gburu, mmetụta na-achọghị nke mmanụ ala na
Usoro mgba ọkụ nke mmanụ ala, coal na osisi na-akpata mmụba nke mmiri ozuzo acid. Mkpọ ọkụ na-ebute mmụba nke nitrous oxide, yana sọlfọ dioxide sitere na sọlfọ dị na mmanụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikọta na mmiri dị na ikuku iji mepụta mmiri ozuzo acid. Mmụba nke nitrates na ihe ndị ọzọ acidic nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọkwa pH nke mmiri ozuzo. Nyocha data sitere na United States na Europe site na 100 afọ gara aga wee gosi mmụba nke nitrous oxide na-esi na combustion. Ihe ndị a na-awụpụ buru ibu zuru oke iji mee ka mmiri ozuzo na-ezo. Mmiri acid na-enwe mmetụta dị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi buru ibu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike igbu osisi, ma nwee ike igbu azụ site na ọdọ mmiri na-eme acidity. Mmiri acid na-ebibikwa akuku coral. Mmiri mmiri acid na-edugakwa na nrụrụ igwe na ihe owuwu (ọtụtụ isi obodo) yana ibibi ngwa ngwa nke ihe owuwu ihe ochie dị ka mkpọmkpọ ebe marble nke Rome na Gris.

### Mmanụ na-awụfu
Mwụfu mmanụ bụ ntọhapụ nke mmiri mmiri hydrocarbon na gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa mpaghara mmiri, n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, na bụ ụdị mmetọ. A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ eme ihe maka mwụfu mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri, ebe a na-ahapụ mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mana mwụfu nwere ike ime na ala. Mwụfu mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ntọhapụ nke mmanụ cru na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri, ọkpọkọ, ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na olulu mmiri, yana mwụfu nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala a nụchara anụcha (dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel) na ihe ndị ha na-emepụta, mmanụ ọkụ dị arọ nke ejiri mee ihe. nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri dị ka mmanụ ọkụ boker, ma ọ bụ ntufu nke ihe mkpofu mmanu ma ọ bụ mmanụ na-emebi emebi.

Nnukwu mwụfu mmanụ gụnyere, Lakeview Gusher, mmanụ wụfuru agha Gulf, na mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon. Mwụfu mmanụ penetrates n'ime Ọdịdị nke plumage nke nnụnụ na ajị anụ mammals, mbenata ya insulating ike, na-eme ka ha ndị ọzọ ngwangwa okpomọkụ fluctuation na ukwuu na-erughị buoyant na mmiri. Nhicha na mgbake site na mwụfu mmanụ siri ike ma dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ụdị mmanụ a wụfuru, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke mmiri (na-emetụta evaporation na biodegradation), na ụdị ụsọ mmiri na osimiri ndị metụtara. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmetọ ogologo oge bụ ntinye aka na-aga n'ihu nke nsị mmanụ mmanụ na ọnụego nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịsacha onwe ya Ntufu nwere ike were izu, ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ iji kpochaa.

### Mmanụ a na-emebi emebi
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmanụ mkpofu n'ụdị mmanụ ụgbọala
Mmanụ na-ekpofu ihe bụ mmanụ nwere ọ bụghị naanị ngwaahịa mmebi kamakwa adịghị ọcha sitere na ojiji. A na-eji ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke mmanụ mkpofu mmanụ dị ka mmanụ hydraulic, mmanụ nnyefe, mmiri breeki, mmanụ moto, mmanụ crankcase, mmanụ igbe gia na mmanụ sịntetik. Ọtụtụ n'ime otu nsogbu ndị metụtara mmanụ ala na-adị na mmanụ mkpofu. Mgbe mmanụ na-efunahụ ụgbọ ala na-awụpụ injin n'okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ, mmanụ ahụ na-abanye na tebụl mmiri na-ebute nsị ndị dị ka benzene. Nke a na-emebi ma ala na mmiri ọñụñụ. Mgbọ mmiri nke oké ifufe na-ebuga mmanụ n'efu n'ime osimiri na oke osimiri, na-emerụkwa ha ahụ.

### Mmiri a na-emepụta na ihe mkpofu a ga-egwu
thumb|Ebe Mmanụ Ala nke North Sea
Mmiri emepụtara (PW) na-esi na mmịpụta mmanụ ala pụta na ikuku PAH (Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbon) na oke osimiri. A na-ewepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn 400 nke mkpofu PW kwa afọ site na mpaghara mmanụ dị na Oke Osimiri North, UK na Norwegian na-agbakọta. Mwepu PW bụ ihe omume kachasị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ọ bụ nsonaazụ mmanụ na gas dị n'ụsọ mmiri. Ngwakọta nke ihe dị na PW dabere na njirimara mpaghara. Agbanyeghị, PW na-enwekarị ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa ole na ole ahọpụtara dị ka mmiri nrụpụta, mmanụ, gas, mmiri brine na kemịkalụ agbakwunyere. Dị nnọọ ka PW, nhazi mmiri mejupụtara na-adaberekwa na gburugburu ya n'agbanyeghị, ọ bụ tumadi mejupụtara agbaze inorganic na organic ogige. PW na-ahụ maka ịhapụ 129 tọn PAH na 2017. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ na PW, ọ bụ ya na-ebute nzaghachi na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nyocha ndị e mere na Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) chọpụtara na PAH ndị PW wepụtara bụ maka mgbanwe ndụ na mussel na Atlantic cod. Nhazi nke ibu PAH kpatara mmebi DNA na digestive-gland histochemistry na mussel. PAH na-ebutekwa ahụike mmadụ egwu. Ejikọtala mkpughe ogologo oge na PAH na usoro nsogbu ahụike dị ka ngụgụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, eriri afo, kansa eriri afọ.

## Mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ

### Mgbanwe ihu igwe
Ihe na-esi na mmịpụta, nchacha, njem, na oriri mmanụ ala ebutela mgbanwe n'ọkwa ikuku ikuku griin ha na gburugburu anyị, nke kachasị mkpa anyị na-ewepụta carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide bụ ikuku griin haus nke na-adọta okpomọkụ iji mee ka okpomọkụ nke ụwa anyị ghara ịka oyi mana oke carbon dioxide dị n'ikuku anyị sitere na ihe ndị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala ebutela enweghị aha. Onye Sweden Nobel chemist Svante Arrhenius kere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nke gosipụtara mmụba nke nsonaazụ carbon dioxide na-abawanye na oke okpomọkụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị a na-esi n'ọkụ dị elu nke ukwuu na IPCC (2007) na-ekwu na usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa ga-ekpo ọkụ site na 3 degrees Celsius maka okpukpu abụọ nke carbon dioxide. Ọnụọgụ ndị a na-enye nsogbu n'ihi na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-ebute oke ifufe na oke mmiri ozuzo, ụbara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ebili mmiri okpomọkụ, idei mmiri na-emekarị, na ọkụ ọkụ ka ukwuu. Maka obodo ndị na-enweghị ego na-enweghị akụrụngwa na-ezughị ezu, ọ na-adịkarịghị ka ha ga-agbake site na mmebi akụrụngwa n'ihi ọdachi ihu igwe ngwa ngwa.

### Ocean acidification
Na-esochi okirikiri carbon, carbon dioxide na-abanye n'oké osimiri anyị ebe ọ na-emeghachi omume na ụmụ irighiri mmiri ma mepụta ihe a na-akpọ carbonic acid. Mmụba nke carbonic acid agbadala pH nke oke osimiri anyị, na-ebute ụbara acidity. Kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ, mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, pH nke oke osimiri anyị agbadala site na 8.21 ruo 8.10. O nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ka nke ukwuu mana mgbanwe a na-egosi mmụba 30% na acidity nke butere ọtụtụ nsogbu maka ndụ oké osimiri anyị. Ka oke osimiri anyị na-aga n'ihu na-agbaze acidify enwere obere ion carbonate dị maka ịgbakọ nke pụtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-esiri ike iwulite ma na-edobe shells na ọkpụkpụ ha. Dabere na ọkwa carbon dioxide anyị ugbu a, oke osimiri anyị nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa pH nke 7.8 na njedebe nke narị afọ a.

## Nkwado enyemaka
Obodo ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a na-eji ike dị ọnụ ala na nnukwu ume iji kwalite uto akụ na ụba na ịkwado nkwụsi ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba gburugburu ụwa na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ma na-ebuli mmanụ ọkụ maka ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-emepụta ihe site n'inye ụdị nkwado ego dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere ụdị enyemaka ọdịnala dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ ozugbo, mmasị ụtụ isi, ohere mbelata, onyinye nyocha na mmepe, na iwepụ ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị. N'ịtụle ụdị nkwado niile, enyemaka kachasị ukwuu maka mmanụ ọkụ sitere na ọdịda nke gọọmentị ịfefe ọtụtụ ego sitere na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ nke ihe mkpofu.

Akaụntụ nke International Energy Agency na OECD na-egosi na enyemaka ọdịnala n'ụwa niile ruru ihe dịka $400–600 Ijeri kwa afọ n'ime afọ 2010–2015, wee nọrọ nso $400 Ijeri n'afọ 2018 na 40% na-aga mmanụ. N'ịtụnyere, otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na International Monetary Fund na-eme atụmatụ na nkwado niile na-enye ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ ruru ihe dị ka ijeri $5.2 Trillion (6.4% nke mkpokọta ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ) n'ime afọ 2017. Ndị enyemaka kacha ukwuu bụ China, United States, Russia, European Union, na India bụ ndị jikọtara ọnụ ruru 60% nke ngụkọta.

Dị ka echiche nke asọmpi ahịa dị mma si dị, ọnụ ahịa ziri ezi nwere ike ime ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na nhọrọ ndị ahịa na-ebelata ihe mkpofu na ụkọ ogologo oge. Ịwepụ ego enyemaka na itinye ego carbon iji ghọta ọnụ ahịa ziri ezi ga-enwe mmetụta ya kpọmkwem site n'akụkụ ndị na-enye ụlọ ọrụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, ebumnobi nke ụfọdụ ụtụ isi carbon na usoro ịzụ ahịa carbon bụ iji mejupụta izi ezi ọnụahịa sitere n'akụkụ oriri.

## Mitigation

### Nchekwa na iwepụ ya
Ọtụtụ mba n'ofe ụwa nwere enyemaka na amụma e mere iji belata ojiji mmanụ ala na mmanụ ọkụ. Ọmụmatụ gụnyere China nke gbanwere site n'inye enyemaka maka mmanụ ọkụ na-enye nkwado maka ume ọhụrụ. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Sweden bụ onye mepụtara iwu nke emebere ka emechaa kwụsị iji mmanụ ala, nke a maara dị ka atụmatụ afọ 15. Atumatu ndị a nwere uru ha na ihe ịma aka ha na mba ọ bụla enweela ahụmịhe dị iche iche. Na China, a hụrụ uru dị mma na sistemu ike n'ihi oke enyemaka ume ọhụrụ n'ụzọ atọ. O mere ka oriri ike dị ọcha n'ihi ịkwaga maka isi mmalite dị ọcha. Nke abuo, o nyere aka n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ na nke atọ o dozie okwu nke nkesa na oriri na-ezighị ezi. Agbanyeghị, site n'ahụmahụ ndị China, enwere nsogbu ndị a hụrụ. Ihe ịma aka ndị a gụnyere ihe ịma aka akụ na ụba dịka uru akụ na ụba na mbụ dị ala maka enyemaka sitere na ume ọhụrụ karịa mmanụ. Ihe ịma aka ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọnụ ahịa nyocha na mmepe dị elu, ejighị n'aka nke ọnụ ahịa yana itinye ego nwere ike ịdị oke egwu. Ihe ndị a na-eme ka mmepe nke ume ọhụrụ dabere na nkwado gọọmentị. Agbanyeghị, ebumnuche nke iwepụ mmanụ ọkụ na iji mmanụ mmanụ nwekwara ike weta uru akụ na ụba dị ka itinyekwu ego. Atụmatụ a nwere ike inye aka nweta ebumnuche ọha dịka ọmụmaatụ mbelata mmetọ nke nwere ike ịtụgharị gaa na nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ka mma.

Nhọrọ ọzọ maka ichekwa ume na ịkwụsị iji mmanụ mmanụ bụ ịnakwere teknụzụ ọhụrụ iji bulie arụmọrụ. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye mgbanwe usoro mmepụta na ụdị njem.

### Mgbanwe nke isi iyi ike ndị ọzọ
Nhọrọ na mmanụ ala nwere ike ịgụnye iji isi mmalite ike “dị ọcha” ndị ọzọ dị ka ume ọhụrụ, gas sitere n'okike ma ọ bụ biodiesel. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike na adịghị ike ha nwere ike imetụta ohere nke ịnabata ha n'ọdịnihu.

Iji ethanol dabere na ọka nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ maka iji mmanụ ala. Otú ọ dị, ọmụmụ ndị kwubiri na ethanol dabeere ọka na-eji obere ike net adịghị etinye aka na ngwaahịa mmepụta. Teknụzụ ọka-ethanol dị ugbu a dị obere mmanụ ala karịa mmanụ ụgbọala mana nwere ọkwa ikuku GHG yiri mmanụ ụgbọala. Amụma amabeghị nke ọma ihe mgbanwe ikuku GHG ga-abụ site na ịnakwere ethanol dabere na ọka maka biodiesel. Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-akọ na mmụba 20% na ikuku GHG na ụfọdụ na-akọ mbelata 32%. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ mbelata 13% nke ikuku GHG nke na-abụghị mbelata dị ukwuu. Ọdịnihu nke biodiesel nwere ike ịbụ teknụzụ cellulose ethanol iji mepụta biodiesel n'ihi na teknụzụ ahụ ga-enye aka na mbelata nke ikuku.

Uzo ozo nke ume ohuru dikwa. Ndị a gụnyere ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, geothermal na hydroelectricity yana isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwu na isi mmalite ndị a nwere ihe ọkụkụ dị ntakịrị, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke abụọ site na ngwaahịa. A na-atụ anya na mmepụta nke ume ọhụrụ ga-eto n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ọ bụla n'ụwa. A na-ahụkwa gas sitere n'okike dị ka ihe nwere ike dochie mmanụ. Igwe ikuku dị ọcha dị ọcha karịa mmanụ n'ihe gbasara ikuku. Otú ọ dị gas nkịtị nwere oke ya n'ihe gbasara mmepụta oke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji gbanwee site na mmanụ crude gaa na gas, e nwere mgbanwe teknụzụ na netwọk nke kwesịrị ime tupu mmejuputa ya zuru oke. Atụmatụ abụọ nwere ike ime bụ nke mbụ ịzụlite teknụzụ njedebe njedebe nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ bụ ịgbanwe akụrụngwa mmanụ kpamkpam.

### Ojiji nke biomass kama mmanụ ala
Biomass na-aghọ nhọrọ nwere ike dochie mmanụ ala. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmanụ ala na ọchịchọ ibelata iji mmanụ ala. Ihe ndị nwere ike dochie ya gụnyere cellulose sitere na ihe ọkụkụ fibrous dị ka ihe nnọchi maka ngwaahịa ndị sitere na mmanụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta plastik site na cellulose kama mmanụ na abụba osisi nwere ike dochie mmanụ maka mmanụ ụgbọala. Ka biomass wee nwee ihe ịga nke ọma ọ ga-enwerịrị njikọ teknụzụ dị iche iche na nri nri biomass dị iche iche iji mepụta ngwaahịa bioproduct dị iche iche. Ihe mkpali maka biomass bụ mbelata nke carbon dioxide, mkpa maka inye ume ọhụrụ na mkpa ime ka mpaghara ime obodo nwee ume.

### Usoro nchekwa
Enwekwara ike ịme ọtụtụ teknụzụ dị ka usoro nchekwa iji belata nchekwa na ihe egwu ahụike nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala. Ndị a gụnyere usoro iji belata mwụfu mmanụ, ala ụgha iji gbochie ntapu mmanụ ụgbọala na tebụl mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ. A na-akpọ teknụzụ ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ibelata mmetọ ikuku bụ bio-filtration. Nzacha bio bụ ebe a na-esi na ihe na-arụ ọrụ ndụ pụta nke nwere VOC nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ ikuku inorganic. A na-eji teknụzụ a eme ihe nke ọma na Germany na Netherlands tumadi maka njikwa isi. Enwere ọnụ ala dị ala yana uru gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere obere ume chọrọ

## Hụkwa

* Arụmụka maka igwu ala Arctic
* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ shale
* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na Naịjirịa
* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke hydraulic fracturing
* Ike na gburugburu ebe obibi
* Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ájá mmanụ
* Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mmanụ a kacha na-enweta

## Ihe odide