open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Asụsụ West Bomberai

**Asụsụ (Greater) West Bomberai** bụ ezinụlọ nke asụsụ Papuan a na-asụ na Bomberai Peninsula nke ọdịda anyanwụ New Guinea na n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Timor na àgwàetiti ndị agbata obi Indonesia.

## Asụsụ
N'ime asụsụ atọ dị na ala, Baham na Iha nwere njikọ chiri anya ebe nke atọ dị anya, na-etolite alaka nke atọ nke ezinụlọ yana asụsụ Timor–Alor–Pantar : 

* Mbahaam–Iha : Baham (Mbaham), Iha
* Kalamang ( a.k.a. Karas)
* Timor-Alor-Pantar

Nke a kewara, yana abụọ n'ime alaka atọ dị na ala, na-atụ aro na Timor-Alor-Pantar nwere ike ịbụ ihe si na njem na-adịbeghị anya sitere na New Guinea, ikekwe bịarute na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ Austronesian mere, dịka mmetụta Austronesia na-emetụta ụbọchị Proto &#x2013; West Bomberai na ọbụna Proto-Timor-Alor-Pantar.

## Akụkọ nke nhazi ọkwa
Wurm, Voorhoeve & McElhanon gụnyere Timor–Alor–Pantar na ala West Bomberai dị ka ebuka dị iche iche n'ime Trans–New Guinea .  Ross kpọkọtara ha ọnụ ka ha guzobe ngalaba nke ngwaahịa West Trans–New Guinea ọ chọrọ, n'agbanyeghị na ya na West Bomberai dị ka ngalaba ọzọ n'ime Timor–Alor–Pantar.  Holton & Robinson (2014) chọtara obere ihe akaebe iji kwado njikọ nke Timor-Alor-Pantar na Trans-New Guinea,  ma Holton & Robinson (2017) kwetara na mmekọrịta ya na Trans-New Guinea, na karịsịa na West Bomberai, bụ echiche kachasị dị irè.  Usher & Schapper (2022) kwuputara na ngalaba abụọ nke ezinaụlọ anaghị adị nso karịa ka ha nọ na asụsụ Timor–Alor–Pantar &#x2013; n'ezie na Kalamang nwere ike bụrụ ihe dị iche iche, Usher amalitela iwughachi usoro asụsụ West Bomberai.  

## Ntụaka
Guinea, ikekwe bịarute na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ Austronesian mere, dịka mmetụta

## Njikọ mpụga

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–West Bomberai
Amanayé asụsụ

**Amanayé** (Amanaje) bụ asụsụ Tupi nke nwere ike ikpochapụ n'ikpeazụ n'obodo São Domingos nke dị na Osimiri Capim na Pará State, Brazil.   Asụsụ nwere njikọ chiri anya mana enwere ike iche bụ Ararandewara, nke a na-asụ na isi mmiri nke Osimiri Moju (Lang 1914).

## Ntụaka
na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ
Asụsụ Onin

Onin ma ọ bụ Onim bụ olumba nke asụsụ Sekar Onim, [1] asụsụ Austronesian nke Onin Peninsula na Bomberai, West Papua.  N'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-ekwu okwu, ọ bụ ntọala nke pidgin mpaghara.

O nwere ụdaume iri na asatọ na ụdaume ise.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Mbahaam-Iha

**Asụsụ Mbahaam–Iha** bụ asụsụ Papuan ụzọ abụọ a na-asụ na Bomberai Peninsula nke ọdịda anyanwụ New Guinea. Asụsụ abụọ ahụ, Baham (Mbaham) na Iha, nwere njikọ chiri anya na ibe ha.

## Asụsụ proto

### Ekwentị
Usher (2020) wughachi consonant na ngwa ngwa ngwa dị ka: 

Plosives prenasalized anaghị eme na mbụ, ebe ha jikọtara ya na plosive ndị na-enweghị olu.

Udaume bu *i *u *ɛ *ɔ *a na diphthong *iɛ *ɛi.

### Nkpọaha
Usher (2020) na-ewughachi nnọchiaha n'efu dịka: 

### Okwu ndị bụ isi
Ụfọdụ mwugharị akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke Usher (2020) bụ: 

Usoro nke ihe iri abụọ kwụsiri ike  na ndepụta Swadesh gụnyere ndị a. 

## Ntụaka
Guinea, ikekwe bịarute na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ Austronesian mere, dịka obere oge tupu asụsụ Austronesian mere, dịka mmetụta

* Usher, Timothy na Antoinette Schapper, 2018. "Lexicons nke asụsụ Papuan nke Onin Peninsula na mmetụta ha". Na Antoinette Schapper, ed. *Kpọtụrụ na mkpụrụ n'asụsụ Wallacea* akụkụ 2. NUSA 64: – .

## Njikọ mpụga

* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Mbahaam–Iha
Asụsụ Sekar

Sekar (Seka) bụ olumba nke Asụsụ Sekar Onim, [1] ahia Austronesian nke Onin Peninsula na Bomberai, West Papua .

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Seluwasan

Seluwasan bụ asụsụ Austronesia nke Yamdena, na agwaetiti Maluku nke Indonesia.  Ọ dịghị nso Selaru.  Olumba olu Makatian dị iche.  [chọrọ nkọwapụta].   &#x5B;**&#x5D;

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Bolinao

**Asụsụ Bolinao** ma ọ bụ **Binubolinao** bụ asụsụ Central Luzon a na-asụ na obodo Bolinao na Anda, Pangasinan na Philippines . O nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-asụ 50,000,  na-eme ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ Sambalic nke abụọ a na-asụkarị . Ọtụtụ ndị na-ekwu okwu Bolinao nwere ike ịsụ Pangasinan na/ma ọ bụ Ilocano . Ethnologue na-akọ otu asụsụ 510 maka asụsụ a. 

## fonology
Bolinao nwere fọnịm 21: consonants 16 na ụdaume ise. Usoro mkpụrụedemede dịtụ mfe. Mkpụrụokwu ọ bụla nwere opekata mpe otu consonant na ụdaume.

### Udaume
Bolinao nwere ụdaume ise. Ha bụ:

*  an open front unrounded vowel similar to English *f*'a**ther''
*  (written as ⟨e⟩) a [[mid central vowel]] pronounced as in English ''tel**e**phone''
*  a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English ''mach**i**ne''
*  a [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] similar to English ''f**o**rty''
*  a [[close back rounded vowel]] similar to English ''fl**u*'te*

Enwere isi diphthong isii: , , , , , na  .

### Consonants
N'okpuru bụ eserese nke consonants Bolinao. Nkwụsị niile enweghị atụ. The velar imi na-apụta n'ọnọdụ niile gụnyere na mmalite nke okwu.

## ntụnyere asụsụ
Otu ilu  sitere na dike Filipino Jose Rizal n'asụsụ Bekee, "Onye na-ekwenyeghị mmalite ya agaghị eru ebe ọ na-aga," ka a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bolinao, na-esote asụsụ ógbè Pangasinan, asụsụ mpaghara Ilocano, na mbụ na Tagalog maka ntụnyere:

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Philippines

## Ntụaka
mmetụtaGuinea, ikekwe bịarute na mpaghara TimorSanglechi languna mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụageNdị mmadụ, Gary. (1978). *Bolinao: Nkwupụta ekwentị mbido* . Ụlọ ọrụ Summerlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Asụsụ.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Binubolinao.com, webụsaịtị a raara nye maka ichekwa asụsụ Bolinao.
* bolinao.webonary.org, Binubolinao dị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Bolinao.
Asụsụ Pará Arára

**Arára** bụ asụsụ Cariban nke Pará, Brazil . Ọ bụ ndị Arara na ikekwe otu ndị ọzọ metụtara ya na-asụ ya.

Arára form part of the *Kampot dialect cluster* along with Ikpeng, Apiaká do Tocantins, Parirí, and Yarumá . 

## fonology

### Consonants

## Mpaghara
Ndị mmadụ na-asụ asụsụ a nke gụnyere otu ndị na-enwebeghị kọntaktị. Ha na-ebikarị n'ime obodo atọ: Cachoeira Seca, Laranjal na Maia. Otú ọ dị, ndị obodo nke ikpeazụ ahụ agbanweela na Portuguese, ebe ndị ọkà okwu 85 ka na-anọgide na Cachoeira Seca na 250 na Laranjal.

## Okwu anụmanụ
Ọkà mmụta asụsụ Isaac Costa de Souza mụrụ asụsụ ahụ wee kwubie na e gbanwere okwu ụfọdụ mgbe ha na anụmanụ dị iche iche kwurịta okwu.  Tebụl dị n'okpuru ebe a na-egosi ụfọdụ mkpụrụokwu emezigharịrị mgbe ọ na-agwa enwe capuchin okwu.

A na-eji mgbanwe dị iche iche dịka ụdị anụmanụ a na-ekwu okwu. Dị ka ihe atụ, okwu *ikpa* nwere ike gbanwee dị ka *tɔkpa* mgbe ọ na-agwa nkịta okwu, ma ọ bụ dị ka *ĩkpã* mgbe ọ na-agwa enwe na-eti mkpu . Enwere ike iji mgbanwe dị iche iche mgbe gị na ndị na-akụ osisi, mbe, na coatis na-ekwurịta okwu, n'etiti anụmanụ ndị ọzọ.

## Ntụaka
Guinea, ikekwe bịarute  Austronesian mere, dịka mmetụta na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Asụsụ Barawana

**Barawana** (Baré) bụ asụsụ Arawakan nke Venezuela na Brazil, ebe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ laa n'iyi. Ọ bụ ndị Baré na-asụ ya . Aikhenvald (1999)  na-akọ "naanị ndị ọkà okwu ochie ole na ole fọdụrụ" nke Baré kwesịrị ekwesị, yana na ụdị Guinau ekpochapụla. Kaufman (1994) weere Baré kwesịrị ekwesị, Guinau, na Marawá (na-apụ n'anya ugbu a) dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche; Aikhenvald, olumba nke otu asụsụ. (Marawá abụghị otu asụsụ ka Marawán .)

*Baré* bụ aha ọnụ ọgụgụ nke asụsụ Arawakan dị n'ógbè ahụ, gụnyere Mandahuaca, Guarequena, Baniwa, na Piapoco . Barawana bụ asụsụ e nyere aha a na Kaufman, Aikhenvald, na *Ethnologue* . A makwaara ya dị ka Ibini (a typo maka Ihini ~ Arihini?) na Mitua.

## fonology

### Udaume
Udaume nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị atọ; ọnụ, imi, na enweghị olu:

* A na-achọpụta ụda /t, n/ dị ka eze na palatal [ t̪ ] [ ɲ ] tupu na mgbe /i/.
* /d/ na-achọpụta dị ka ihe mmekọ [ d͡ʒ ] n'ihu ụdaume n'ihu.
* /ɾ/ nwere ike na-agbanwegharị gaa na velarized [ ɫ ] na mgbanwe efu. 

## Ntụaka
na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ
Asụsụ Mussau-Emira

A na-asụ asụsụ **Mussau-Emira** n'agwaetiti Mussau na Emirau dị na St Matthias Islands na Bismarck Archipelago .

#### Udaume

### Nchegbu
N'ọtụtụ okwu, isi mgbakasị ahụ na-adakwasị ụdaume penultimate na nrụgide nke abụọ na-adaba na nkeji okwu abụọ ọ bụla bu ya ụzọ. Nke a bụ eziokwu gbasara ụdị mgbụsị akwụkwọ, dị ka *n'ime* 'aka', *nimá-gi* 'aka m'; *níu* 'coconut', *niúna* 'its coconut'.

## Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ

### Nkpọrọ aha na akara mmadụ

#### Nnokwa n'efu

#### Prefixes isiokwu
Prefixes na-aka isiokwu nke ngwaa ọ bụla:

* *(agi) a-namanama* 'Ana m eri'
* *(io) u-namanama* 'ị na-eri nri'
* *(ia) e-namanama* 'ọ na-eri nri'

## Ihe atụ okwu

### Ọnụọgụ

# kateva
# galua
# kotolu
# gaata
# galima
# gaonomo
# gaitu
# gaoalu
# kasio
# kasaŋaulu

## Ntụaka
Guinea, ikekwe bịarute na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ Austronesian mere, dịka mmetụta

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Blust, Robert (1984). "Okwu okwu Mussau, nke nwere ndetu ụda olu." Na Malcolm Ross, Jeff Siegel, Robert Blust, Michael A. Colburn, W. Seiler, *Akwụkwọ na New Guinea Linguistics, Nke 23,* 159-208. Usoro A-69. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics .      
* Ross, Malcolm (1988). *Proto Oceanic na asụsụ Austronesia nke ọdịda anyanwụ Melanesia.* Canberra: Pacific Linguistics . doi :    
* Mussau Grammar Essentials nke John na Marjo Brownie (Akwụkwọ data na asụsụ Papua New Guinea, mpịakọta 52). 2007. Ukarumpa: SIL. https://pnglanguages.sil.org/resources/archives/23621

## Njikọ mpụga

* Kaipuleohone echekwala 
* Ihe ndị dị na Mussau-Emira gụnyere na oghere oghere Arthur Capell ( AC1 ) na Malcolm Ross ( MR1 ) nke Paradisec nwere.
Asụsụ Ashéninka

**Ashéninka** (Ashéninca, Ashéninga) bụ aha ụfọdụ ụdị ndị agụnyere n'asụsụ Ashéninka- Asháninka na-enweta na omenala. Ụdị ndị a bụ nke alaka Campan nke ezinụlọ Arawak .  *Ethnologue* na-akọwapụta asụsụ asaa n'okirikiri ahụ dum, ebe Pedrós  na-atụpụta nkewa n'asụsụ atọ (Ashéninka, Asháninka na Northern Ashé-Ashá) dabere n'ụkpụrụ nke nghọta . Ụdị ndị a gụnyere na Ashéninka na Northern Ashé-Ashá ka a na-akpọkarị *Ashéninka* . Glottolog na-egosipụta atụmatụ Pedrós, n'agbanyeghị na-atụle asụsụ ndị ọ tụpụtara dị ka nchịkọta nke asụsụ ndị *Ethnologue* na-akọwapụta.

Dị ka ndị amaala obodo nchekwa data nke Peruvian Ministry of Education,  e nwere 15,281 ndị bi na Ashéninka obodo, nke 8,774 (57%) na-azọrọ na ha nwere ike ịsụ asụsụ. *Ethnologue* na-enye ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu maka ụdị Ashéninka dị iche iche.

David Payne bu ụzọ guzobe nhazi nke ụdị dị iche iche n'asụsụ Apurucayali Axininca ya,  mana ọ kpọrọ ha dị ka olumba ọ bụghị dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche.  : 3–5 

## fonology

### Consonants
Pedrós (2023)  na-egosi ngwa ahịa consonant ndị a maka Ucayali-Pajonal (South Ucayali na Pajonal):

## Alphabet
 
Achọpụtara Ashéninka dị ka asụsụ dị iche na Asháninka na 2017, yana usoro idozi mkpụrụ akwụkwọ agwụla n'April 2019 site na nkwado nke Ministri Mmụta. 

## Ntụaka
Asháninka na Northern Ashé-Ashá) dabere n'ụkpụrụ nke nghọta . Ụdị ndị a gụnyere na Ashéninka
Asụsụ Sanglechi

**Sanglechi** bụ asụsụ Pamiri a na-asụ n'obodo nta dị na mpaghara Zebak nke Afghanistan : Dashte Rubat, Esketul, Faruq, Flaxmadek, Sar-Sanglech, na Takya.  A na-asụkwa ya na Tajikistan, ebe a na-akpọ ya **Sanglich** . Aha ahụ sitere na ndagwurugwu Sanglech nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ &#x5D; &#x5B; ** . Asụsụ a nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ Munjani na asụsụ Pashto nke Afghanistan.

## Ntụaka
na mpaghara Timor obere oge tupu asụsụ
Otú:All articles with unsourced statements
Asụsụ Teor-Kur

Teor na Kur bụ ụdị asụsụ Austronesia abụọ nke Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesia nke a na-asụ n'akụkụ Kei Island, Indonesia.  A kọrọ na ha nwere nghọta n'etiti onwe ha.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Uruangnirin

Uruangnirin bụ Asụsụ Austronesian a na-asụ n'asụsụetiti Tarak na Faor na Sebakor Bay, West Papua .  Ụfọdụ Kalamang si n'Ụdịetiti Karas dị nso na-asụ ya dị ka Asụsụ nke abụọ.[1]  Asụsụ ndị nwere njikọ chiri anya na Uruangnirin bụ Onin na Sekar nke Bomberai Peninsula.

Uruangnirin bụ Asụsụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ka ụgbọ ndị na-eto eto nke ndị na-asụ ya na agbanwe gaa na Papuan Malay, obodo, yana Indonesian, bụ mba mba..

## Ihe odide
Jean Haust

áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|'''Jean Haust''' (1868-1946)
**Jean Haust** ( Verviers, 10 Febrụwarị afọ 1868– Liège, 23 Nọvemba afọ 1946) bụ ọkà mmụta, ọkà mmụta asụsụ na onye Belgium . Ọ bụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Liège a bịara mara ya maka ibipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nwere olumba Walloon nke Liège.

## Nkwanye Ùgwù

* 1932: Ọchịagha na Order of Leopold.

## Ọrụ

* Étymologies wallonnes et françaises (Liège and Paris, H. Vaillant-Carmanne and Édouard Champion, 1923)
Emile Coulonvaux

**Emile Maurice Léon Coulonvaux** ( ; 26 Febrụwarị afọ 1892 – 10 Maachị afọ 1966) bụ onye ọka iwu yana onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Belgian . Coulonvaux bụ dọkịta na ọkàiwu. Ọ ghọrọ onye ama dika alderman (1927–1928) na Dinant ma bụrụkwa onye omebe iwu na-emesapụ aka (1939–1946 na 1949–1961) na Onye isi otu Liberal Party na 1937–1940. 

## Ebe e si nweta ya
Jean Defraigne

**Jean Pierre Marie Olivier Germain Defraigne** ; 19 Eprel afọ 1929 - 15 Maachị afọ 2016) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emesapụ aka nke obodo Belgium na onye ozi nke ndi Liberal Reformist Party (PRL). 

## Ọrụ
Defraigne gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka dọkịta nke iwu na mahadum nke Université de Liège ma bụrụ ọkàiwu na onye ọka iwu na Liège . Ọ bụ onye otu ọgbakọ ndị nnọchi anya Belgian (1965 – 1974 na 1977 – 1989) na senator na Belgian Senate (1974 – 1977) maka PRL ma bụrụ Onye isi ala (1981 – 1988) nke otu Belgian Chamber of Congress of Public Work (1974 – 1976). N' afọ 1983, a họpụtara Jean Defraigne ka ọ bụrụ minista steeti . Site n'afọ 1989 ruo 1994 Defraigne jere ozi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu nke obodo Europe, ebe ya na ndị otu Liberal, Democrat na Reformist nọ ọdụ.
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Slovak

Asụsụ Ogbi Slovak (Slovak: Slovenský posunkový波兰, **SPJ**) bụ asụsụ ogbi nke ndị nti chiri na Obodo Slovakia. Ọ bụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ ogbi nke French. Bickford (2005) chọpụtara na akara Slovak, Czech, na Hungarian hibere ụyọkọ na akara Romanian, Bulgarian, na Polish.

N'agbanyeghị myirịta nke ọnụ Slovak na Czech, SSL adịghị nso karịsịa n'Asụsụ Ogbi nke Czech. &#x5B;**&#x5B;

*[<nowiki/>*&#x5D;

## Ntụaka

# Bickford, 2005.  Asụsụ mbinye aka nke ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Somalia

**Asụsụ Ogbi nke [[Somalia]]** (**SSL**) bụ asụsụ ogbi nke ndị nti chiri na obodo Somalia na Djibouti na-asu.

N'afọ 1980 ka Annalena Tonelli hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị ntị chiri na Wajir nke Somalia Kenya. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ ebe ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-asụ Asụsụ Ogbi nke Kenya nke ọma. N'afọ 1997, ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ atọ na Wajir nyere aka guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ mbụ maka ndị ntị chiri na Somalia nke a na-akpọ Annalena School for the Deaf nke akpọrọ aha Annalena Tonelli nwụrụ anwụ, na Borama. N'oge na-adịghị anya, otu n'ime ndị nkụzi na Boroma tọrọ ntọala ụlọ akwụkwọ na Djibouti, ma, n'ime ntakịrị ihe siri ike karị, e guzobere ọzọ na Hargeisa.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ nke Somaliland

## Ntụaka

# Woodford, Doreen E. (2006).  "Mmalite na uto nke asụsụ ọhụrụ: asụsụ ogbi nke Somalia" Enabling Education Network. Ewetara site na nke izizi na 2013-10-29. Eweputara 30 Ogost 2013.
Albert Henry (onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme)

**Albert Henry** (Grand-Manil, 20 Machị afọ 1910 - Nancy, 22 Febụwarị afọ 2002) bu onye Belgian Ọkà mmụta ihe gbasara ịhụnanya na onye Onye na-akwado Walloon.

## Akụkọ ndụ
Ọ bu onye ọkà mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na mahadum nke  Université libre de Bruxelles na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na École pratique des haute études na Paris Sorbonne, Albert Henry gụrụ akwụkwọ na ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ.  Akara ọrụ ya site na ntinye aka na Wallonia na ọbụbụenyi ya na onye na-ede uri Saint-John Perse, onye ọrụ uri nke ọ haziri mbipụta dị egwu. Onye na-eme ochie, o deziri ọtụtụ akwụkwọ edemede Romance, gụnyere nke François Villon .

N'afọ 1938, e debara aha ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ nchekwa n'ọgbọ agha. Ọ sonyeere n'ọkwa Namur e wusiri ike wee were ya dị ka onye mkpọrọ nke agha n' ụbọchị 28 ọnwa Mee afọ 1940, n'oge nraranye nke Leopold III nyere iwu. Ọ nọgidere n'ogige German maka ndị mkpọrọ nke agha, nke a maara dị ka Oflag ma ọ bụ Stalag . N'oge a dọọrọ ya n'agha, o dere na nzuzo *Offrande wallonne* gbasara onyinye mpaghara Romance nke Belgium na mmepeanya French. N'isi nke ikpeazụ, Henry kọwara ohere nkewa nke obodo Belgium. Ọhụụ ya banyere Wallonia dị iche site na isi mmalite o nyere n'asụsụ nkịtị nke ndị bi na "Romance Belgium," ya bụ French, na Wallonia na na Brussels.

Ọ bụ onye so na otu ndi ama dika Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts nke Belgium, prọfesọ na Ghent University site n'afọ 1946 ruo afọ 1958, na mgbe ahụ prọfesọ na mahadum nke Université libre de Bruxelles site n' afọ 1958 ruo afọ 1976.

A họpụtara ya  dika onye mba ọzọ ("socio straniero") nke Accademia dei Lincei . 

N' afo 1976, o debere akwụkwọ ozi *Lettre au Roi pour un vrai fédéralisme (Akwụkwọ ozi e degaara Eze maka ezi ọchịchị etiti* ) na Marcel Thiry, Fernand Dehousse, na Jean Rey .

N'ime ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama bụ *Histoire des mots "Wallon" et "Wallonie"* (Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okwu Walloon na Wallonia), degharịrị ọtụtụ ugboro, karịsịa na nke ikpeazụ na Institut Destrée n' afọ 1990.

## Ọrụ

## Ntụaka
Peter Milne (onye ozi ala ọzọ)

Peter Milne (17 Mee 1834 - 24 Nọvemba 1924) bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ Scotland na New Hebrides (nke bụzi Vanuatu).

A akwụkwọ Milne na Aberdeen, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Aberdeen na Free Church College .  [1] A na-amụ ya na 1868 dị ka onye ozi ala ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Isi nke Otago na Southland, wee rute na Nguna na 1870. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1896, ahụ dum bụ (ọ akwụkwọ ala aha) Ndị ego.[2]  Milne jere ozi na New Hebrides ihe ụmụaka awụ iri ise.

Milne gbara ume ka e akwado arrowroot dị ka ụzọ isi akwụkwọ maka ibipụta akwụkwọ akwụkwọ n'asụsụ obodo.  [1] Ya na Daniel Macdonald na John W. Mackenzie, Milne obodo Agba Ochie n'asụsụ Efatese.[2]  Ya na Macdonald na-egosi aka na ndị nke were ihe ọmụmụ afọ iri na ise, nke ahụ na-egosi mmetụta otu esi a okwu "Chineke" n'asụsụ obodo.

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Yamdena

Yamdena bụ Asụsụ Austronesian nke Yamdena na mgbasa ndị gbara gburugburu na Maluku Islands na Indonesia.  N'afọ 1991, e nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 25,000 na-asụrụ ahụ.  Ihe mmasị BPS dị ugbu a nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọkà okwu dị ugbu a na 69,000.

## Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

### Mkpụrụ okwu

* A naghị ahụkarị nkwụsị  dị ka ụda  site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka ụda na-enweghị olu na nnwere onwe mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-enweghị ụda, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụda na-adịghị.
* A na-anụ  dị ka egbugbere ọnụ [ŋw] mgbe ọ na-apụta n'ihu mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ okwu ikpeazụ.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka [[ n'efu n'etiti ụdaume, na dị ka  mgbe ọ na-esote ụdaume na-enweghị olu.
* /d, nd/ mgbe ọ na-apụta tupu  nwekwara ike ịnụ ya dị ka nkwụsị ọnụ [ɟ, ɲɟ].

### Mkpụrụedemede

* Enwere ike ịnụ ụdaume  dị ka  n'ime nkeji okwu ndị a na-emetụbeghị.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  okwu-n'ikpeazụ, mgbe ụdaume gasịrị.
*  nwere ike ịnụ dị ka  mgbe tupu  .

## Ihe odide
Asụsụ Nukuria

**Nuguria**, ma ọ bụ **Nukuria**, bụ asụsụ Polynesia Outlier nke ihe dị ka mmadụ 550 na-asụ na Nuguria, n'àgwàetiti ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Papua New Guinea . 

## Nhazi
Nukuria bụ asụsụ Polynesia, akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austronesia . 

Asụsụ Nukuria nwere njikọ chiri anya na asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị nso dị ka Nukumanu, Takuu, Nukuoro, na Luangiua .  

## Ọnọdụ
A kuziri asụsụ a n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na Nuguria ma jiri ya na-ekwurịta okwu n'etiti ndị okenye na ụmụaka kwa ụbọchị. 

Nnyocha gbasara asụsụ (yana ebe a na-asụ ya) dị ụkọ. Nnyocha gara aga kwuru na Nuguria nọ n'ihe ize ndụ; n'oge ahụ ka a ka na-enyefe ụmụaka. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha e mere n'oge &#x5B; **' &#x5D;</sup> anya na-egosi na Nukuria nwere ike ịbụ asụsụ ekpochapụwo ugbu a. 

== fonology ==
Mkpụrụedemede asụsụ Nukuria nwere ụdaume ise: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/, na consonants iri na ise: /p/, /b/, /m/, /f/, /v/, /m/, /f/, /v/, /t/, /s/, /k/, /l/, /r/, /k/, /g/, /,h. 


== Ụtọ asụsụ ==
Enwere ụkọ nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Austronesia, Nukuria nwere nhazi ahịrịokwu-okwu ngwaa . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; **' &#x5D;

## Ntụaka
nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ
Asụsụ Garadjari

**Garadjari** (Karajari, ọtụtụ mkpoputa ndị ọzọ; lee n'okpuru) bụ asụsụ Aboriginal Australia nke ndị Karajarri na-asụ. Asụsụ a bụ otu n'ime obere otu Marrngu nke ezinụlọ Pama-Nyungan . A na-asụ ya n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Australia.

## Aha
Aha ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị mkpoputa, gụnyere:

* *Garadjari* (nke *A Grammar nke Garadjari* ji mee ihe)
* *Garadjiri*
* *Garadyari*
* *Garadyaria*
* *Gard'are*
* *Karadjeri* ( Ethnologue ji ya)
* *Karajarri* (nke *akwụkwọ Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal* na-eji ma bụrụ mkpoputa nke ndị Karajarri họpụtara maka nzọrọ aha ala nna ha   )
* *Karatjarri* ( *Asụsụ Ọstrelia* ji ya)
* *Karatyarri*
* *Karrajara*
* *Karrajarri*

Kurajarra / Guradjara na-enwe mgbagwoju anya mgbe ụfọdụ na Garadjari, mana ọ dị ka ọ bụ asụsụ dị iche. 

## Ndepụta ekwentị
Ndepụta ekwentị nke Garadjari bụ ụdị asụsụ Australia, ma yitere n'ichepụta nke asụsụ Marrngu ndị ọzọ. Enwere ekwentị consonant iri na asaa.

## Ntụaka

* 
* 
* 
* 

## Ihe ndetu
mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ
Asụsụ Tsilhqotʼin

**** ( lit. "Ụzọ ala nna"), nakwa **Chilcotin**, **Tŝilhqot'in**, **Tsilhqot'in**, **Tsilhqút'in**, bụ asụsụ Northern Athabaska nke ndị Tsilhqot'in na-asụ na British Columbia .

Aha *Chilcotin* sitere na aha Chilcotin maka onwe ha:  n'ụzọ nkịtị "ndị nke red ocher osimiri".

## fonology

### Consonants
Chilcotin nwere consonants 47:

* Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Athabaskan ndị ọzọ, Chilcotin enweghị ọdịiche dị n'etiti esemokwu na ihe dị nso .
* Usoro alveolar bụ pharyngealized .
* Dentals na alveolars:
** Ma Krauss (1975) na Cook (1993) na-akọwa eze na alveolar dị ka ihe bụ isi ihe dị na articulation, *postdental*, na nanị ihe dị iche iche bụ àgwà ha dị iche iche na usoro nkwụsịtụ ụdaume (akọwara n'okpuru).
** Gafos (1999, nkwurịta okwu onwe onye na Cook) na-akọwa usoro eze dị ka *apico-laminal denti-alveolar* na usoro alveolar dị ka *lamino-postalveolar* .

### Udaume
Chilcotin nwere ụdaume 6:

* Chilcotin nwere ma ụda ụda olu adịghị ike na nke lax. Na mgbakwunye, ụdaume na-adịghị ahụkebe nwere ike ịla azụ n'ihi ụdaume laxing.

Udaume Chilcotin ọ bụla enyerela nwere ọtụtụ nghọta ụda olu dị iche iche sitere na usoro ụda olu dị mgbagwoju anya (dị ka imi imi, ịla n'iyi, ịgbasa). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụdaume  enwere ike ịkpọ ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche  .

### Ụda
Chilcotin bụ asụsụ ụda nwere ụda abụọ: ụda dị elu na ụda dị ala.

### Usoro ụda olu
Chilcotin nwere ndakọrịta ụdaume na ndakọrịta. Consonant nkwekọ ( sibilant harmony) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ezinụlọ asụsụ Athabaskan. Udaume ebelata bụ ihe pụrụ iche na Chilcotin mana ọ yiri usoro ụda olu na asụsụ Salishan ime ime ndị ọzọ na-enweghị njikọ, ndị a na-asụ n'otu mpaghara, dị ka Shuswap, Stʼátʼimcets, na Thompson River Salish (nke mere na ọ ga-abụ na a gbaziri ya na Chilcotin). Ụdị nkwekọ ahụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na mpaghara North America a. Otú ọ dị, usoro chilcotin dị mgbagwoju anya karị.

#### Udaume nasalization na laxing
Udaume nasalization bụ usoro phonological site na fọnịm  bụ nasalizes udaume bu ụzọ. Ọ na-apụta mgbe ụdaume +  usoro na-esochi ya (tautosyllabic) consonant na-aga n'ihu (dị ka  ).

## Ntụaka
nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ

## Njikọ mpụga

* Asụsụ Chilcotin (YDLI)
* Akwụkwọ edemede nke Akụrụngwa na Asụsụ Chilcotin (YDLI)
* Weebụsaịtị Asụsụ Tsilhqotʼin

## Akwụkwọ akụkọ

*  
* 
*  (unpublished manuscript).
*  (unpublished manuscript).
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  (revised version of the author's Doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University).
*  
*  (unpublished manuscript).
* 
*  
*
Asụsụ Tahltan

**Tahltan**, **Tāłtān**, nke a na-akpọkwa **Tałtan ẕāke** ("Asụsụ ndị Tahltan"), **dah dẕāhge** ("asụsụ anyị") ma ọ bụ **didene keh** ("ụzọ ndị a") bụ asụsụ Northern Athabaskan edeghị nke ọma nke ndị Tahltan na-asụ (nakwa "Nahanni") bụ ndị bi na Northern Lake, British Columbia, na Telegraph , British Columbia . Tahltan bụ asụsụ nwere nnukwu nsogbu.  Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-ekewa Tahltan dị ka olumba nke otu asụsụ dị ka Tagish na Kaska (Krauss na Golla 1981, Mithun 1999).

## Ntughari asụsụ
Dị ka nke May 2013, onye nyocha asụsụ Dr. Judy Thompson mere atụmatụ na e nwere 30 ndị na-asụ Tahltan. Ọfịs Asụsụ na Ọdịbendị ọhụrụ na-enyocha klaasị “imimi asụsụ” mgbede, mmemme Master-apprentice, na imepụta “akwu asụsụ” maka ịkụziri ụmụaka asụsụ a. A na-ahazi scholarships maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ nwa oge. 

N'ịbụ ndị enweghị akwụkwọ ederede, ọ doghị onye nhazi ntụgharị asụsụ anya ka esi akụzi asụsụ ahụ, yana otu esi akọwa ụtọ ụtọ. "Mgbe otu afọ nke ọmụmụ ihe gasịrị, Oscar Dennis na-ekwu na ya na Reginald na Ryan Dennis, emesịa gbawaa koodu na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Tahltan."  Dị ka asụsụ Dene, dị ka Navajo, Tahltan nwere usoro "edobere" nke a na-agbakwunye obere iberibe na okwu iji mepụta ihe ọ pụtara. "Dr. Gregory Anderson si na Living Tongues Institute gara n'ókèala anyị, ọrụ otu ahụ masịrị ya nke ukwuu nke na o kwuru na ya 'enweghị ike imeziwanye ya.'" 

Enwere ike iji ebe nchekwa dijitalụ nke Tahltan ndekọ, nke dị "n'ụlọ ọrụ ntụgharị asụsụ Tahltan na Dease Lake, Iskut na Telegraph Creek " na iPods . 

## fonology

### Consonants

## Ntụaka
na-ekwu na ya na Reginald na Ryan Dennis, emesịa gbawaa koodu na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Tahltan."

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* 
* . (Revised version of the author's doctoral dissertation, Johns Hopkins University).
*  
* 
* 
* 
*  
* 

## Njikọ mpụga

* ibe asụsụ Tahltan Central Council
* Ngwa OLAC na gbasara asụsụ Tahltan
* Alderete, John, Tanya Bob na Thomas McIlwraith. Akwụkwọ edemede edeputara nke ngwa asụsụ Tahltan
Borôroan

**Asụsụ Borôroan** nke Brazil bụ Borôro na Umotína na Otuke dị n'iyi. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ewere ha dị ka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Macro-Jê,   : 547 ọ bụ ezie na nke a arụrụala ụka.  : 64–8 

A na-akpọ ha **asụsụ Borotuke** site n'aka Mason (1950), onye portmanteau nke Bororo na Otuke . 

## Asụsụ
Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti asụsụ bụ, 

* Umotina *(†)*
* Otuke–Bororo
** Bororo
** ? Bororo nke Cabacal *(†)*
** Otuke *(†)*, Gorgotoqui *(†)* ?

Gorgotoqui nwekwara ike bụrụkwa asụsụ Bororoan.  

Lee Otuke maka ụdị ọzọ dị iche iche nke Chiquito Plains na Bolivia nke nwere ike ịbụ olumba ya, dị ka Kovare na Kurumina.

E nwere otu ndị ọzọ edekọtara nwere ike na-asụ asụsụ ma ọ bụ olumba dị nso na Borôro, dị ka Aravirá, ma ọ dịghị ihe a maara kpọmkwem banyere asụsụ ndị a: 

Nyocha mgbakọ na mwepụ akpaghị aka ( ASJP 4) nke Müller et al. (2013)  chọpụtakwara myirịta okwu n'etiti Bororoan na Cariban.

## Mmekọrịta asụsụ
Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na enwere myirịta mgbookwu na ezinụlọ asụsụ Guato, Karib, Kayuvava, Nambikwara, na Tupi n'ihi kọntaktị. 

Mmetụta Cariban n'asụsụ Bororoan bụ n'ihi mgbasawanye na ndịda ndị na-asụ Cariban n'ime mpaghara Bororoan. A nakwekwara teknụzụ seramiiki n'aka ndị ọkà okwu Cariban.  : 415 N'otu aka ahụ, mbinye ego Cariban dịkwa n'asụsụ Karajá . Ndị ọkà okwu Karajá nakweerekwa teknụzụ seramiiki n'aka ndị ọkà okwu Cariban.  

Myiri ya na Cayuvava bụ n'ihi mgbasawanye nke ndị na-asụ Bororoan na mpaghara Chiquitania .  : 416 

## Ntụaka
nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ nanchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na mkpụrụedemede nke asụsụ Nukuria, mana, dịka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
Asụsụ Malalí

**Malalí** bụ asụsụ Maxakalian nke Brazil . 

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Malali n'akụkọ ihe mere eme n'ebe dị n'agbata Osimiri Jequitinhonha, Osimiri Araçuaí, na Osimiri Suaçuí Grande nke dịdebere Minas Novas, Minas Gerais . 

## fonology
Igwe fọnịm Malali arụgharịrị dị ka ndị a. 

### Consonants

## Ntụaka
na-ekwu na ya na Reginald na Ryan Dennis,
Asụsụ Jaikó

**Jaikó** (Jeicó, Jeikó, Yeico, Geico, Eyco) bụ asụsụ ekpochapụworo na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Piauí, Brazil.

## Nhazi
Dabere na ndepụta okwu 67 sitere na narị afọ nke 19 na von Martius (1867, v. 2, p. 143),  ọ dị ka asụsụ Jê .

Otú ọ dị, Ramirez et al. (2015: 260–261) na-enwe obi abụọ izi ezi nke ndepụta von Martius, wee kwuo na ndepụta okwu ahụ nwere ike n'ezie nwere ngwakọta nke asụsụ a na-asụ na Piauí, gụnyere site na Pimenteira ( Cariban ) na Masakará ( Kamakã ).  Ka o sina dị, Nikulin (2020) ka na-achọta ihe akaebe doro anya na Jaikó bụ asụsụ Macro-Jê, mana ọ naghị ele ya anya dị ka ọ dị n'ime alaka Jê . 

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Jaikó gburugburu *aldeia* (obodo) nke Cajueiro, nke dị na steeti Piauí ugbu a na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ. Aha a sitere na obodo Jaicós, nke dị na mpaghara ndị Jaikó n'akụkụ Osimiri Canindé na Osimiri Gurgueia . 

## Ndepụta okwu
Ndepụta okwu Geicó zuru ezu sitere na von Martius (1867),  nwere ma glosses Latin mbụ na glosses Bekee a sụgharịrị, ka edegharịrị n'okpuru.

## Ntụaka
ndepụta okwu ahụ nwere ike n'ezie nwere ngwakọta nke asụsụ a na-asụ na Piauí, gụnyere site na Piment
Asụsụ Mamasa

**Mamasa** bụ asụsụ Austronesia a na-asụ na West Sulawesi, Indonesia . Asụsụ a bụ asụsụ ndị Mamasa nke metụtara ndị Toraja .

## Olumba
Enwere ike ịmata olumba atọ: 

* Northern Mamasa
* Central Mamasa
* Pattae'

Ndị na-ekwu okwu nke Pattae' bụ agbụrụ dị iche iche na omenala ọdịnala karịa ndị Mandar karịa ndị na-asụ asụsụ Northern na Central Mamasa n'ime ime, n'ihi ya, Pattae' bụ asụsụ ndị na-asụ ya na-ewere dị ka asụsụ dị iche na Mamasa kwesịrị ekwesị (ya bụ Northern na Central Mamasa).

## fonology
Mamasa nwere consonants na ụdaume ndị a: 

## Ntụaka
nchọpụta dị iche iche gbasara ụtọ asụsụ na

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

*
Asụsụ Aroã

**Aroã**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Aruán**, bụ asụsụ Arawakan nke Brazil . Aikhenvald (1999) na-ekewa ya dị ka ezigbo onye ikwu Palikur .

## Ntụaka
ndepụta na Masakará
Asụsụ Arutani-Sape

**Arutani–Sape**, nke a makwaara dị ka **Teta–Kaliana** ma ọ bụ **Kalianan**, bụ ezinụlọ asụsụ a tụrụ aro  nke gụnyere asụsụ abụọ edekọghị nke ọma na South America, nke abụọ a na-anwụ ugbu a ma ọ bụ kpochapụ. Ha na kacha mma naanị anya. Kaufman (1990) chọtara njikọ doro anya, ma Migliazza & Campbell (1988) kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị ihe akaebe maka ijikọ ha.  Asụsụ abụọ ahụ bụ,

## Okwu okwu

### Migliazza (1978)
Migliazza (1978) na-enye tebụl ndepụta Swadesh ndị a maka Uruak, Sape, na Máku ("Maku"): 

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Macro-Puinavean

## Ihe ndetu
okwu ahụ nwere ike n'ezie nwere na Pimenteira ( Cariban )

## Ntụaka

* Hammarström, Harald. 2010. 'Okwa nke ezinaụlọ ndị edekọchaghị akwụkwọ n'ụwa'. N'ime *akwụkwọ ndekọ na nchekwa asụsụ*, v 4, p 183 http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4478/hammarstrom.pdf

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Armellada, Cesareo de & Baltasar de Matallana. 1942. Exploración del Paragua. *Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales* 8, 61-110.
* Coppens, Walter. 2008 [1983]. Los Uruak (Arutani). Na Miguel Ángel Perera (ed.) *Los aborígenes de Venezuela*, mbipụta nke abụọ, Mpịakọta 2, 705-737. Caracas: Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales/Instituto Caribe de Antropología na Sociología.
* Rosés Labrada, Jorge Emilio, Thiago Chacon & Francia Medina. 2020. Arutani (Venezuela na Brazil) – onyonyo asụsụ . Na Peter K. Austin (ed.) *Ndekọ asụsụ na nkọwa* 17, 170-177. London: Ebipụtala EL.
* Jorge Emilio Rosés Labrada & Francia Medina (2019). Sapé (Venezuela) - Foto nke asụsụ . Na Peter K. Austin (ed.) *Akwụkwọ na nkọwa asụsụ*, vol 16. London: Ebipụtala EL. 169-175.
Asụsụ Araweté

**Araweté** bụ asụsụ Tupi–Guaraní nke steeti Amazonas, na mpaghara Amazon nke Brazil . Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị niile na-asụ otu asụsụ na 1986.

## fonology

### Udaume

### Consonants

## Ntụaka
okwu ahụ nwere ike n'ezie nwere na Pimenteira ( Cariban )

## Njikọ mpụga

*
Asụsụ Lipo

**Asụsụ Lipo** (aha obodo: **' ; Chinese ), nke a makwaara dị ka **ọwụwa anyanwụ Lisu*', bụ asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị nghọta na asụsụ Lisu kwesịrị ekwesị . Ndị gọọmentị na-ekewa ụfọdụ Lipo dị ka Lisu, ndị ọzọ dị ka Yi . N'ebe ụfọdụ, ndị mmadụ na-ahọrọ aha *Lolopo* (ma ọ bụ *Lolongo* ).

Ụfọdụ ndị na-asụ Lipo ( *Lipa*利帕) na mpaghara Bingchuan na Yongsheng ka a na-akpọkwa *Tujia'' (土家) (Yunnan 1956:19-20). 

## Ntụaka
asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị

## Njikọ mpụga

*  na Kaipuleohone
Asụsụ Limi

**Limi** ( aha njirimara : ** )  bụ asụsụ Loloish a na-asụ na mpaghara Yongde, Fengqing, na Yun nke mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Yunnan, China.

## Nkesa
A na-asụ Limi n'ebe ndị a. 

* Ógbè Yongde (Wumulong 乌木龙彝族乡 na Yalian 亚练乡 Obodo ukwu)
* Obodo Guodazhai Southern 郭大寨彝族白族乡, Fengqing County (pop. 4,000)
* Ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Yingpan Township 营盘镇, Fengqing County
* Obodo Yun (pop. 1,000)

Yang (2017)  na-akọ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 na-asụ Limi na mpaghara Yongde, Fengqing, na Yun. Ndị na-ekwu okwu Limi bụ 70% nke mmadụ 26,000 bi na Wumulong Township (乌木龙乡), Yongde County, Yunnan. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 2,600 sitere n'otu agbụrụ dị nso a na-akpọ "Luo" (倮族) (ikekwe Lolopo ) bikwa na Wumulong na gburugburu. 

## Nhazi
O yikarịrị ka Limi nwere njikọ chiri anya na Lolopo, mana nwekwara ọtụtụ okwu mbinye Lalo . 

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
O yikarịrị ka ndị na-ekwu okwu Limi si na Jingdong County kwaga na mmalite 1300s, buru ụzọ rute na Bangmai Village (邦卖/班卖), Fengqing County, wee mesịa kwaga Wumulong Township, Yongde County. 

## Ntụaka
asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị
Asụsụ Meuma

**Meuma** (  : **' ) bụ asụsụ Loloish a na-asụ na Xinzhai 新寨,  Mada Village 马达村, Daping Township 大坪镇, Malipo County, Yunnan. Enwere ọtụtụ ndị ọkà okwu agadi na-asụ asụsụ nke ọma, na-enweghị ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ọma. 

A na-akpọkwa Meuma **Mengwu 孟武*'nke ndị Han Chinese ( *Malipo County Gazetteer*麻栗坡县志 (2000)).

== Nhazi ==
Meuma nwere njikọ chiri anya na Samu, [[Asụsụ Sanie|Sanie]] na Katso nke etiti Yunnan, yabụ bụrụ nke ngalaba Kazhuoish Lama (Hsiu 2013, 2017). 

== Ntụaka ==
asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị

== Isi mmalite ==

* Hụ, Andrew. 2013. *Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, na ndị ọzọ'' . Enyere ya na ICSTLL 47, Dartmouth College.
Asụsụ Jino

**Asụsụ Jino** ( **Jinuo**基諾語;  autonyms: **', **' ) mebere ụzọ abụọ nke asụsụ Loloish nke ndị Jino bi na Yunnan, China na-asụ.

## Ụdị dị iche iche
Na mkpokọta, enwere ihe dị ka ndị Jinuo 28,320 bi na China.  Ngụkọta 70-80% nke ndị Jinuo nwere ike ikwu nke ọ bụla n'ime ụdị Jino nke ọma.  Asụsụ Jino bụ olumba abụọ nke Youle Jino na Buyuan Jinuo,  na ha anaghị aghọta n'otu n'otu .

Buyuan Jino bụ mmadụ 21,000 na-asụ;  Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu bụ otu asụsụ, nke pụtara na ha na-asụ naanị Buyuan Jino.  Enweghị akwụkwọ edere ede. Ọtụtụ ndị Jino na-asụkwa otu n'ime asụsụ Tai ma ọ bụ Chinese. Koodu ISO 639-3 maka ụdị Jino bụ “jiu” maka Youle Jino yana “jiy” maka Buyuan Jino.  Koodu Glottocode maka ụdị Jino bụ "youl1235" maka Youle Jino  na "buyu1238" maka Buyuan Jino. 

## Usoro edemede
Jino enweghị usoro ederede gọọmentị, mana o mepụtara ọtụtụ usoro akara iji kpuchie nkwukọrịta n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche.  Jino ji bọọdụ osisi ma ọ bụ achara a kanyere edekọ ụgwọ n'etiti obodo.

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
 asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị
Yuli, Hualien

thumb|Obodo Ukwu Yuli
thumb|Ọfịs Obodo Yuli
**Obodo Yuli** (Chinese: Japanese Tamazato [ Kanji:  [] ]), , Bunun:  (Hanzi sụgharịa ya n'afo 1917: ), bu Obodo urban township di na etiti Huadong Valley, na ndịda nchịkwa center nke Hualien County, Taiwan.O nwere onu ogugu ndi mmadu 22,305 n'ime obodo iri na ise. 

## Ọdịdị ala
áká_èkpè|thumb|Map nke Yuli (nke a na-akpọ TAMAZATO) na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu (1944)
áká_èkpè|thumb|Map gụnyere Yuli (nke a na-akpọ Yü-li (Tamazato) ) (1951)
Obodo a dị na Ndagwurugwu Huadong.

## Nkewa ọchịchị
Obodo a nwere ime obodo iri na ise: Chunri, Dayu, Dewu, Guanyin, Guowu, Lege, Qimo, Sanmin, Songpu, Taichang, Tungfeng, Yongchang, Yuancheng, Zhangliang, na Zhongcheng.

## Ebe ndị njem nleta na-adọrọ mmasị
 

* Mmiri iyi Antong
* Ugbo Ntụrụndụ Dongfeng
* Ugwu Chihke
* Nsụda Mmiri Teifen
* Ụlọ Nsọ Xietian
* Ụlọ Nsọ Yucyuan
* Yuli Jinja
* Okporo ụzọ Walami
* Ogige Ntụrụndụ Yushan

## Njem
thumb|Ebe ụgbọ okporo ígwè Yuli

### Ụgbọ okporo ígwè
TRA (Ụzọ Taitung) 

* Ebe Ọdụ Ụgbọ Yuli
* Ebe Ọdụ Ụgbọ Sanmin

### Okporo ụzọ

* Okporo ụzọ Provincial iteoolu (Hualien-Taitung Highway) 
* Okporo ụzọ iri ato nke mpaghara (Yuli-Chengbin Highway) 
* Okporo ụzọ obodo No.193

### Ụgbọ ala

* Ụlọ ọrụ  Hualien

## Ndị ama ama

* Evonne Hsieh, onye na-eme ihe nkiri
* Umin Boya, onye edemede, onye nduzi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri
* Wu Maw-kuen, Minista nke Mmụta (2018) 

## Edensibia

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ọfịs nke Yu Li Township (Chinese)
Asụsụ Longjia

**Longjia** (autonym: ** ) bụ asụsụ Sino-Tibet nke Guizhou, China metụtara Caijia na Luren .  Longjia nwere ike ịpụọlarị (Zhao 2011).

Ndị Longjia na-asụ ugbu a Southwwest Mandarin, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-asụbu asụsụ nke ha, ma nwee ogologo oge na ọdịda anyanwụ Guizhou . Dị ka *akwụkwọ akụkọ Guizhou Ethnic Gazetteer* (2002) si kwuo,  a na-asụ asụsụ Longjia na Dafang County, Mpaghara Qianxi (Distrikti Zhongping 中坪区; Xinfacun 新发村 nke Pojiao District 坡脚区), na Puding County (Jiangyizhayan County)白岩乡). A kọrọ na ọ dị ka Caijia,  ma nwee ọtụtụ okwu mbinye ego Chinese ochie . 

## Nhazi
Guizhou (1984)  gosiri na Longjia nwere njikọ chiri anya na Caijia na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime Sino-Tibet ejighị n'aka. Zhengzhang (2010)  na-atụ aro na Caijia na Bai bụ asụsụ nwanne nwanyị, ebe Sagart na-arụ ụka na Caijia bụ Sinitic na ezigbo onye ikwu nke Waxiang . 

## Olumba
A kọwawo olumba ndị a nke Longjia.

## Nanjinghua
Ndị Nanjing (南京人) na ndị Longjia na-ekewakarị ndị Nanjing, ma na-ekwu na ha bụ ụmụ ndị agha si mpaghara Nanjing bụ ndị ha na Longjia dị na Guizhou lụrụ.  A maara asụsụ ha dị ka *Nanjinghua* (南京话; "Nanjing okwu"), nke eleghị anya na-apụ n'anya ugbu a. 

N'ime obodo Jianxinhe 建新河村, Kunzhai Township 昆寨乡, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, okwu *suo55 mu33* 'rie osikapa' sitere n'aka onye agadi na-echeta Nanjinghua.  Dị ka *suo55* si na Proto-Tibeto-Burman *dzya 'iri', nke a na-arụtụ aka na Nanjinghua nwere usoro okwu SVO dị ka Caijia, Longjia, Bai, na asụsụ Sinitic . 

## Hụkwa

*  (Wiktionary)

## Ntụaka
asụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime

* Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou, ngalaba asụsụ [贵州省民族识别工作队语言组]. 1982. *Asụsụ nke Caijia* [ *Caijia de yuyan*蔡家的语言]. ms
* Kọmishọna nhazi ọkwa agbụrụ Guizhou Provincial [贵州省民族识别工作队]. 1984. *Akuko banyere okwu gbasara nhazi nke agbụrụ nke ndị Nanlong (Nanjing-Longjia)* [南龙人（南京-龙家）族别问题调查报告]. ms
* Hụ, Andrew. 2013. " Asụsụ Tibeto-Burman ọhụrụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, na ndị ọzọ ". Ihe ngosi enyere na ICSTLL 46, Dartmouth College.
* Zhao Weifeng [赵卫峰]. 2011. *Akụkọ banyere ndị Bai nke Guizhou* [贵州白族史略]. Yinchuan, China: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社]. ISBN&nbsp;
* Hölzl, Andreas. 2021. Longjia (China) - Okwu Okwu . *Akwụkwọ edemede na nkọwa asụsụ*, vol 20: 13-34.
* Hölzl, Andreas. 2021b. *[https://www.academia.edu/49584800/Prenasalization_in_Longjia Prenasalization na Longjia]* . Nzukọ Paris nke iri atọ na anọ na asụsụ East Asian (JLAO 34), 7-9 Julaị 2021, Paris.
* Hölzl, Andreas. 2022 a. *[https://www.academia.edu/93113627/A_typological_profile_of_Longjia_an_archaic_Sinitic_language Profaịlụ ụdị nke Longjia, asụsụ Sinitic ochie]* . Nzukọ 14th nke Association maka ụdị asụsụ (ALT), Austin, 15-17 Disemba 2022 (online).
* Hölzl, Andreas. 2022b. *[https://afec.hypotheses.org/7459 Longjia: Asụsụ Sinitic ochie]* . Center de recherches linguistiques sur l'Asie orientale, CRLAO Paris, 25 Ọktoba 2022.

## Njikọ mpụga

* Ndetu mpaghara Longjia (2013)
Asụsụ Arutani

**Arutani** ( *Orotani, Urutani,* makwaara dị ka *Teta, Auake, Auaqué, Aoaqui, Oewaku,* ethnonym *Uruak* ) bụ asụsụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ a na-asụ na Roraima, Brazil na mpaghara Osimiri Karum nke Bolivar State, Venezuela . Ọ dị naanị ihe dị ka ndị ọkà okwu isii fọdụrụ.  

## Akwụkwọ
Arutani bụ otu n'ime asụsụ akwadoro nke ọma na South America, ọ nwekwara ike bụrụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ .  

Ihe data dị adị na-ejedebe na ndepụta okwu 1911 site na Koch-Grünberg (1928: 308-313),  ndepụta okwu 1940 nke Armellada & Matallana (1942: 101-110),  na 100-ihe Swadesh ndepụta nke Migliazza ).  Enwekwara ndepụta Swadesh nke Fèlix Cardona i Puig na-ebipụtaghị site na 1930s-1940, yana ndepụta Swadesh 200 nke Walter Coppens na-ebipụtaghị site na 1970. 

## Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya
Na omenala, a na-asụ Arutani n'akụkụ Osimiri Paragua na Uraricaá nke dị n'ebe ndịda Venezuela na ọnụ ọnụ ugwu Roraima, Brazil. 

Arutani agbụrụ na-asụkwa Ninam (Shirián), ebe ọ bụ na ha bi ugbu a n’obodo nta Ninam. A na-ahụ ndị na-asụ Arutani ndị fọdụrụ n'ime obodo Ninam ndị a. 

* *Saúba* (na Brazil): 1 ọkà okwu a mụrụ na Venezuela onye nwere ezinụlọ na Kavaimakén
* *Kosoiba* (na Ndagwurugwu Ugwu Paragua nke Venezuela): Ndị na-ekwu okwu 3
* *Kavaimakén* (na Ndagwurugwu Ugwu Paragua nke Venezuela): 1 ọkà okwu
* *Colibri* (na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Paragua dị elu nke Venezuela): 1 ọkà okwu kọrọ

Dị ka Loukotka (1968) si kwuo, a na-ekwubu ya n'akụkụ ndịda nke Maracá Island na mpaghara Rio Branco . 

## Mmekọrịta asụsụ
Jolkesky (2016) na-ekwu na e nwere myirịta lexical na Máku, Sape, Warao, Tikuna-Yuri, na Tukano asụsụ ezinụlọ n'ihi na kọntaktị. 

## Okwu okwu
Loukotka (1968) depụtara ihe ndị a bụ isi okwu maka Auaké. 

## Ntụaka
na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'imeasụsụ nke ndị Lisu nke China, yiri ma ọ bụghị

## Njikọ mpụga

* Alain Fabre, 2005. *Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos* : Teta
* Portal Japiim (akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu dị n'ịntanetị)
Asụsụ Lolopo

**Lolopo** (autonyms: **', **' ; Chinese ; Central Yi) bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ndị China na-asụ ọkara nde Yi . Ndị na-asụ Chinese na-akpọ ya **Central Yi**, n'ihi na aha Lolopo adịghị na Chinese. Ọ bụ otu n'ime asụsụ Yi isii nke gọọmentị China ghọtara.

## Nkesa
A na-asụkarị asụsụ Lolo na etiti Yunnan . A na-asụkwa ya n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ókèala China- Myanmar - Laos .

Na Laos, a na-asụ Lolo n'ime obodo atọ dị na Phongsaly Province, bụ ebe a na-akpọkarị asụsụ **Lolopho** .

Na Myanmar, a na-asụ Lolo na steeti Shan . A na-akpọkarị asụsụ ahụ dị ka Eastern Gaisu, a na-ekewakwa ha dị ka obere ìgwè Gaisu nke ndị Lisu .

## Aha
A na-akpọ ndị na-ekwu okwu Lolo site na exonyms dị iche iche. N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta exonyms ndị na-esote aha onwe ha na ọnụọgụ igwe mmadụ. 

* **[[Asụsụ Mili|Mili]]** : **' (ihe dị ka mmadụ 12,000 kwuru na Jingdong County ). A na-akpọkwa ''Alie'' .
* **Enipu 厄尼蒲**( **' 'ndị mmiri buffalo', okwu mkparị nke ndị na-asụ Lalo ji eme ihe: **' (nke a na-ekwu na Nanjian County ). Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 20,000 na-ekwu okwu na Weishan County (obodo Qinghua) na Nanjian County (na Wuliang, Xiaowandong, na Langcang obodo)
* **Tu 土**(Tuzu 土族): **' (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 10,000 kwuru na ndịda Xiangyun County )
* **Qiangyi 羌夷**: **' (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 15,000 kwuru na ugwu na etiti Xiangyun County )
* **Eastern Lalu** : **' (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị mmadụ 20,000 kwuru na Xinping County na Zhenyuan County ). Edere olumba Xinping na Wang (2020). Na Xinping County, e nwere ihe dị ka 3,000 agbụrụ "Lalu" (腊鲁; ya bụ, Lolopo) na Malutang 马鹿塘 na Mowei 磨味 obodo, nke dị na Jianxing Township 建兴乡. 
* **Lolo** (nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Binchuan County ): **'
* **Xiangtang 香堂**(nke a na-ekwu na mpaghara Zhenkang ). Nkesa zuru ebe niile na Jinggu, Zhenyuan, Pu'er, Jiangcheng, Mengla, Jinghong, na mpaghara Zhenkang, yana ikekwe n'okpuru 80,000 na-ekwu okwu.
* **Lolo** (nke Nanhua County ): **'
* **Lolo** (nke Yao'an County ): **'
* **Wotizo** : **' (Yang 2010:7) 

* Ụda  na-akpọ dị ka syllabic consonants  mgbe ị na-eso alveolar sibilants, na dị ka  mgbe na-eso  na obere  ụda syllable.
* Ụda  a na-anụ dị ka syllabic consonants  mgbe ị na-eso alveolar sibilants.
* Ụda  a na-anụ dị ka ụda etiti  mgbe ị na-eso consonants alveolar.
*  a na-anụ ka oghe-mid  na-eso alveolar plosives , ihe mgbakasị ahụ nke palatal , na n'ime palatalized diphthongs  . 

### Ụda

## Ntụaka
na Luren . Agbanyeghị, nhazi nke Caijia n'ime okwu Lolo site na exonyms dị iche iche. N'okpuru

## Njikọ mpụga

* Kaịpuleohone dekọba
Asụsụ Muzi

**Muzi**, ma ọ bụ **Muji**, bụ asụsụ Loloish nke ndị Phula bi na China na-asụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ asụsụ a na-akpọ aha *Muji* .

## Ntụaka
Asụsụ obodo
Asụsụ Laze

**Laze**, sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Chinese dị ka **Lare** (拉热)  na **Shuitianhua** (水田话), bụ asụsụ nke ngalaba Naish nke otu asụsụ Naic, nke a na-asụ na Muli County, ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan, China .

Laze na-asụ ihe na-erughị 300 na-ekwu okwu nke ọma na Xiangjiao Township项脚乡 n'ime Muli County (Michaud & Jacques 2012). 

## Aha
Aha *Laze* (IPA:  ) nwere ike ịbụ aha ebe. 

## Ọgụgụ ọzọ
Mbipụta dị na:

* ndepụta okwu nke Laze phonology, lexicon na ụtọ asụsụ 
* Ụda olu daa: ụdaume, consonants, usoro mkpụrụokwu 
* phonology nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Laze, Na na Naxi 
* Sistemụ ụda laze 

Edekọ na Laze dị site na mkpokọta Pangloss (ebe nchekwa asụsụ dị n'ịntanetị). 

## Ntụaka
nke otu asụsụ Naic, nke a na-asụ na Muli County,
Asụsụ Bakairi

**Bakairí** (Bacairí) bụ asụsụ Cariban, ndị Bakairi na-asụ na steeti Mato Grosso na Brazil .

## fonology
Egosiri ngwa ngwa na ụdaume maka Eastern Bakairí n'okpuru. [ 2 ]

## Syntax
Usoro usoro okwu Baikarí bụ isiokwu–ihe–ngwaa ma ọ bụ ihe – ngwaa – isiokwu . 

## Ihe ndetu

## Ntụaka
 nke otu asụsụ Naic, China .
Asụsụ Central Jê

The **Akuwẽ**  : 12–4 ma ọ bụ **Central Jê**  : 547 asụsụ bụ ngalaba nke asụsụ Jê nke ejiri asụsụ abụọ dị adị ( Xavánte na Akwẽ-Xerénte ) na asụsụ abụọ na-apụ n'anya ma ọ bụ na-ehi ụra, nke a na-edochaghị anya ( Xakriabá na Acroá ).  Ha na asụsụ Goyaz Jê bụ alaka Cerrado nke ezinụlọ Jê .

## fonology

Asụsụ Akuwẽ na-ekekọrịta ọtụtụ ihe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ, dị ka *Akuwẽ/Central Jê vowel shift*,  : 61  : 164 ụda na-agbanwe **ka-> *wa-*,  : 161 :  70–1 na *ihe jikọrọ ọnụ*,  : 159–161 bụ́ ndị na-ekewa ha nke ọma n’asụsụ Jê ndị ọzọ niile.

Ihe e ji mara asụsụ Akuwẽ bụ ịdị adị nke usoro allomorphy dị mgbagwoju anya nke na-eme ka nhọrọ nke allomorph bụrụ ọnọdụ nke okwu n'ime syntagm (ya bụ ma okwu ahụ dị n'etiti ma ọ bụ na njedebe nke syntagm).  : 139–43 A na-atụ aro na ọ ga-ekwe omume ị nweta ma allomorphs (ndị na-eme syntagm-n'ime na ndị na-eme syntagm-n'ikpeazụ) site na ihe nnọchianya ndị dị n'otu, nke gụnyere codeas dị n'okpuru. : 155–168 

## Mmepe akụkọ ihe mere eme
Bere a Proto-Cerrado rekɔ so no, woyii Proto-Akuwẽ no.

## Ntụaka
nke otu asụsụ Naic, nke a na-asụ na Muli County, ọdịda anyanwụ Sichuan, China .
Asụsụ Carari

**Cararí** (Kararí) bụ asụsụ Arawakan ekpochapụla na Brazil nke a na-asụ n'osimiri Mucuim, nke dị na Osimiri Purus .   Ramirez (2019) na-ekewa Cararí ka otu n'ime asụsụ Purus . 

Johann Natterer chịkọtara ndepụta okwu 72 na 1833. 

## Ntụaka
okwu Lolo site na exonyms
Asụsụ Ogbi nke Terena

Asụsụ Ogbi Terena bụ asụsụ ogbi nke Ndị Terena ntị chiri na-eji na ndịda Brazil. Terena ntị chiri nke na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eji LIBRAS ebe ahụ, mana gbanwee gaa na Terena Sign mgbe ha laghachiri n'ụlọ.

## Hụkwa

* Asụsụ Terena

## Ntụaka