Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou

**Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou** (Arabic; amụrụ n'April 3, 1968 wee nwụọ Septemba 17, 2024) bụ ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha. Onye nkuzi nke Mahadum Harvard, Mohamedou bụ Prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa na Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies na Geneva. nke ọ bụ osote onye nduzi. Ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu obodo, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmekọrịta mba ụwa.

Ọ bụ onye so na Center on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding na Albert Hirschman Center on Democracy na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye isi ọkachamara mba ụwa na ụdị ọhụrụ nke iyi ọha egwu transnational. Mohamedou bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Sciences Po Paris na Doctoral School. N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ osote onye nduzi na onye isi agụmakwụkwọ nke Geneva Center for Security Policy. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ nke Mauritania site na 2008 ruo 2009.

## Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na nke mmekọrịta mba na mba
áká_èkpè|thumb|Mohammad-Mahmoud Ould Mohamedou na 1997, Mahadum Harvard
A mụrụ Mohamedou na Atar, Mauritania na Eprel 3, 1968. O tolitere na Paris, Madrid, na New York ebe nna ya bụ onye nnọchianya na United Nations. Na Spain, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Lycée Français de Madrid ebe ọ nwetara Baccalaureate na Economic and Social Sciences na 1986. Na France, ọ natara Diploma d'Etudes Universitaires Generales (DEUG) na International Law na Pantheon-Sorbonne University Paris I. na 1988. Na United States, o nwetara nzere bachelọ na International Relations na Hunter College dị na New York n'afọ 1991. O nwetara nzere Master's in International Relations na 1993 na Ph.D. na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum City nke New York Graduate Center na 1996. N'ebe ahụ ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Arthur Schlesinger, Dankwart Rustow, Ralph Miliband, Irving Leonard Markowitz, Jacqueline Braveboy-Wagner, Stanley Renshon, Kenneth Sherrill, na Kenneth Erickson. Howard Lentner na-elekọta ya, akwụkwọ nyocha doctoral ya nọ na "Nchebe Ọchịchị na Ọchịchị: Ọmụmụ Ihe Mkpebi Iraq mere n'oge Agha Ọwara nke Abụọ nke 1991". Na 1997, ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta Post-doctoral na Center for Middle Eastern Studies nke Harvard University na-arụ ọrụ na Roger Owen, na 1998 a họpụtara Research Associate na Ralph Bunche Institute na United Nations na New York, mgbe ahụ Benjamin Rivlin duziri. .

Mohamedou bụ onye nduzi nyocha na International Council on Human Rights Policy, nke dị na Geneva, site na 1998 ruo 2004, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ,  na mgbasa ozi gbasara ihe ndị ru ruuru mmadụ.  O so dee akụkọ abụọ banyere nnọgidesi ike na mgbanwe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ  na nchụpụ agbụrụ na akụ na ụba.,  na na mwepu agbụrụ na akụ na ụba.,[9] nke ewepụtara na Nzukọ Ụwa maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Durban, South Africa na Septemba 2001.

Site na 2004 ruo 2008, Mohamedou bụ osote onye nduzi nke mmemme na Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research na Mahadum Harvard  ebe o guzobere Transnational and Non-State Armed Groups Project.

A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya na onye isi nke imekọ ihe ọnụ na Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation na Mauritania na 2008, ma mesịakwa minista nke mba ofesi na imekọ ihe ọnụ. Ọ laghachiri na agụmakwụkwọ na 2009.

Mohamedou na-akụzi na Ngalaba Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies na Geneva kemgbe afọ 2010,  ma bụrụkwa onyeisi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2021. bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke ngalaba ahụ site na 2017 ruo 2021. Ọ bụ osote onye isi na onye ntụzi nkuzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institute of International and Development Studies. Ọ bụ osote onye isi na onye nchịkwa agụmakwụkwọ nke Geneva Center for Security Policy si 2014 ruo 2017. Ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Doctoral School na Sciences Po Paris kemgbe 2013 ma na-akụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ okpomọkụ na London School of Economics and Political Science. Mohamedou bụ prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Milan na 2014-2017. Ọ na-anọdụ na kọmitii sayensị nke Middle East Programme nke European University Institute  na na kọmpat nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Relations Internationales,  Middle East Law and Governance,  Etudes Internationales.

Kemgbe afọ 2014, ọ bụ onye kọmishọna na West Africa Commission on Drugs (WACD) nke onye bụbu odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ Kofi Annan họpụtara,  na, kemgbe 2017, onye so na High-Level Panel on Migration nke United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) na African Union guzobere.

## Dị ka onye edemede
Mohamedou dere akwụkwọ nwere mmetụta na Al Qaeda nke isiokwu ya bụ Understanding Al Qaeda: The Transformation of War nke e bipụtara na 2006 (na United Kingdom) site na Pluto Press, na 2007 (na United States) nke University of Pennsylvania Press. Ụdị agbasawanye na nke edegharịrị aha ya bụ Understanding Al Qaeda: Changing War and Global Politics E wepụtara na 2011.

Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ọdịdị ọhụrụ ya,  "ụzọ na-enye ume ọhụrụ na nke ezi uche dị na ya", na asụsụ dị nkọ nke na-echetara onye nkatọ Slavoj Žižek.  Mahadum Columbia Mahmood Mamdani kwuru na "Mohamedou na-enye nghọta dị mkpa nke ụwa nke Al Qaeda. N'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị edemede, ọ na-ekwusi ike ịghọta mgbanwe mgbanwe nke okwu Al Qaeda megide akụkọ ihe mere eme ". ebe Abdullahi An-Naim nke Mahadim nke Emory gosipụtara "nnyocha dị ọcha" nke Mohamedou dị ka "agụ ihe dị mkpa". Otu onye nyocha kwuru na: "[Mohamedou] ewepụtala echiche ọhụrụ kpamkpam banyere isiokwu ahụ. Nke a na-eme ka akwụkwọ ahụ bụrụ ihe a ga-agụ, maka ndị ọkà mmụta yana ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa. "  N'ezie, nkwenye siri ike nke Mohamedou na-emeso Al Qaeda dị ka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa okpukpe emeela ka a mara ya dị ka "ma eleghị anya onye mbụ nwere nnwere onwe ịnwa ịghọta Al Qaeda kpamkpam. " 

Na 2017, Mohamedou gbasaa nyocha ya nke Al Qaeda site n'inyocha ihe gbasara Islamic State na A Theory of ISIS: Ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe nke usoro ụwa. Pluto Press bipụtara na United Kingdom na Mahadum Chicago Press dị na United States, akwụkwọ a nyere echiche izizi zuru oke nke agụmakwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ISIS. Prọfesọ Hamid Dabashi nke Mahadum Columbia kpọrọ ya "ọrụ mgbagha nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị."Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na "ọrụ Mohamedou jupụtara n'oghere...  echiche ya dị oke egwu banyere akwụkwọ ndị dị na IS na-enye echiche ọhụrụ banyere mmalite na ọdịda nke otu ahụ. Mohamedou na-enye ihe pụrụ iche, nke akụkọ ihe mere eme iji ghọta ihe kpatara ịrị elu nke IS... onyinye dị mkpa na nyocha iyi ọha egwu. " [and] Ndị ọzọ rụtụrụ aka n'akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ederede nuanced na-enye ume ọhụrụ ... [ihe] ọgụgụ dị mkpa nye onye ọ bụla chọrọ ịghọta ihe ngosi ISIS karịrị echiche agha na nchekwa mba kwa ụbọchị nke bịara na-achịkwa ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka banyere otu ahụ. ... Mmanye echiche na ntụgharị uche bụ ike kachasị ike Mohamedou". Mohamedou "na-enye echiche doro anya banyere mmalite, ọdịdị, na ụzọ nke ihe bụ otu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu kachasị ike n'ụwa. N'ime nke a, [ọ] na-eweta sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'ime echiche nke ihe a na-akpọ Islamic State, karịa ọdịdị ya kpọmkwem na nke Islamist. "[he]

Mohamedou bụkwa onye dere Iraq na Agha Gulf nke Abụọ: State-Building and Regime Security . N'ịbụ nke Austin & Winfeld bipụtara na 1998 na San Francisco ma bipụtaghachi na 2002, a na-ewere akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ihe nlereanya maka ọmụmụ ọzọ gbasara Gulf War".

Na French, Mohamedou dere Contre-Croisade: Origines et Conséquences du 11 Septembre, nyocha miri emi nke ihe ndị mere na mgbe mwakpo September 11 gasịrị, bụ nke l'Harmattan bipụtara na Paris na 2004 wee maliteghachi na 2011 n'okpuru. aha Contre-Croisade: Le 11 Septembre et le Retournement du Monde. E bipụtara nsụgharị Arabic n'afọ 2010.

O nyela isiakwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị The Handbook of Political Science: A Global Perspective (Sage, 2020) The Routledge Handbook of South-South Relations (Routledge, 2019), Orientalismes/Occidentalismes: A Propos de L'Oeuvre d'Edward Said (Hermann, 2018), The UN and the Global South, 1945 and the Global Perspectives, Raking the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change (CIGI, 2016), World)  Nkwurement, Contemporary Press, World (Cau Men), World (CIGCaule Men), World Reconnect Management, World (M), World (Mess, Contemporary, World) (Caule World) (M), 2013), World Reconceptional Press, La Guerre (Cau, Canada, Canada, World

O bipụtara akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Third World Quarterly, Harvard Human Rights Journal, Relations Internationales, La Revue Internationale et Strategique, Esprit, The Muslim World, Europe's World, na The Buffalo Human Rights Review.

Otu n'ime ọrụ ya kacha emetụta bụ ọmụmụ banyere mmụgharị nke ụdị agha ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịrị elu nke iyi ọha egwu transnational nke Mahadum Harvard bipụtara na 2005 nke isiokwu ya bụ "Non-Linearity of Engagement", nke sitere na op-ed si nweta ma bipụta ya na The New York Times[32] na The Boston Globe. 

N'imelite Martin Van Creveld's 1991 "The Transformation of War" na Herfried Munkler's 2005 "The New Wars", a na-eto ọrụ Mohamedou dị ka otu n'ime nyocha sayensị kachasị nghọta na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Al Qaeda, na-enyocha karịsịa usoro nke franchising ya,  site na ihe ọ kpọrọ 'nne Al Qaeda' (Al Qaeda al Oum), ma na-enyochaa mmetụta ogologo oge nke ụdị ọhụrụ nke iyi ọha egwu na eze,  nke ISIS.

Mohamedou edewokwa banyere okwu ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ gụnyere Le Monde   Le Monde Diplomatique; na Libération  pụtara na BBC World News, BBC2,  Al Jazeera, Al Jazeèra English, Voice of America, Radio France Internationale, France 2,  France3,  France 24   Deutsche Welle, VPRO46] Swiss telivishọn,    Swiss Radio   na ABC News    na-ede na "The post-blogger na American Onye na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ọha,   Mohamedou jere ozi na kansụl ndụmọdụ nke Dart Center for Journalism  na onye ndụmọdụ na Small Arms Survey.

## Onyinye na ihe nrite
N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2016, magazin New African kpọrọ Mohamedou aha n'etiti ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ n'Afrịka iri ise.

Na Nọvemba 2017, kọleji de France nyere Mohamedou ihe nrite nnabata ya na emume nkuzi o nyere na Amphithéâtre Marguerite de Navarre-Marcelin Berthelot na Paris, France.

Ọ bụ onye natara onyinye International Studies Association (ISA) Global South Caucus Distinguished Scholar Award na 2020-2021.

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2022, o kwuru okwu nke anọ na Max Planck Foundation for International Peace and the Rule of Law.

## Ihe nkiri
nke a na-egosi ọrụ Mohamedou. Onye na-eduzi Dan Davies nke Blackleaf Films, ihe nkiri nke nkeji 26 na Mohamedou na-eme njem gburugburu ụwa ka ọ na-ezute ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị ọkachamara, na ụmụ akwụkwọ iji kwurịta ajụjụ nke extremism ime ihe ike. N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, Mohamedou na-enye nkọwa dị oke egwu na mgbagha nchekwa na egwuregwu ụwa niile kemgbe 9/11, yana ọkachasị ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa steeti ndị uwe ojii na iwu nke iyi ọha egwu / ime ihe ike.

## Ọrụ ndị a ma ama

* Ihe owuwu steeti na Middle East na North Africa: Otu narị afọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya, okpukpe, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (IB Tauris Bloomsbury, 2021) 
* A Theory of ISIS: Political Violence and the Transformation of the Global Order (University of Chicago Press and Pluto Press, 2017) 
* *Ịghọta Al Qaeda: Mgbanwe Agha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụwa* (Pluto Press, London 2011)  
* *Iraq na Agha Gulf nke Abụọ: Iwu ala na Nchebe Ọchịchị* (Austin na Winfeld, San Francisco 2002) 
* *Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu* (Routledge, London 2016) 
* Agha Agha Ntụte: Septemba 11 na Nlaghachi nke Ụwa (L'Harmattan, Paris 2011)  
* *Uto na Ọdịda nke Al Qaeda* (2011) 
* Non-Linearity of Engagement (Harvard University 2005)  
* Ihe ịma aka nke Transnational Non-State Armed Groups (Harvard University 2007) 

## Isiokwu ndị ọzọ

* Harvard Human Rights Journal mbipụta pụrụ iche nke afọ 20 
* Harvard Human Rights Journal 
* Harvard Gazette
* Okwu ndị Alakụba
* Ụwa
* Nnwere Onwe
* Terrorism.net 

## Ihe odide

Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations