Silvopasture

thumb|Silvopasture na-ejikọta anụ ụlọ, nri, na osisi. (Foto: USDA NAC)

Silvopasture (*silva* bụ ọhịa na Latin) bụ omume nke ijikọta osisi, nri, na ịta anụ ụlọ n'ụzọ bara uru. Ọ na-eji ụkpụrụ nke ịta ahịhịa na-achịkwa, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị agroforestry dị iche iche.

Silvopasture nke a na-achịkwa nke ọma nwere ike ịbawanye nrụpụta mkpokọta yana ego na-adịte aka n'ihi mmepụta nke osisi, nri nri, na anụ ụlọ n'otu oge, ma nwee ike inye uru gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ya n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụwa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ.  Silvopasture abụghị otu ka ịta nri a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa n'ime ọhịa.

## Uru
Usoro ịta ahịhịa na-emeghe bụ nsonaazụ nke mgbukpọ ọhịa, na-ebelata mmiri, na-abawanye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala ruo n'ókè nke na-emebi ma usoro okike ma ụmụ mmadụ.  Uru bụ isi nke silvopasture bụ mmụba nke iji ala ugbo eme ihe - silvopathure nwere ike itinye ọhịa ndị a na-ejighị eme ihe na mmepụta ma mepụta ọtụtụ ngwaahịa n'otu mpaghara. Nke a na-eme ka ihe ndị na-enweta ego n'ugbo dị iche iche ma na-eme gore ọrụ ugbo dịkwuo mma. Achọpụtara na ịkpa anụ ọhịa na-amụba ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche.

### Anụ ụlọ
Osisi ndị dị na sistemụ silvopasture na-enye anụ ụlọ nchebe pụọ na anyanwụ na ifufe, nke nwere ike ịbawanye nkasi obi anụmanụ ma melite mmepụta.  Osisi nwere ike inye ndò n'oge okpomọkụ na ikuku ikuku n'oge oyi, na-ekwe ka anụ ụlọ na-eme ka okpomọkụ nke onwe ha gbanwee.  Ejikọtala nrụgide okpomọkụ na anụ ụlọ na mbelata oriri nri, ịba ụba nke mmiri, na mmetụta ọjọọ na mmepụta, ahụike ọmụmụ, mkpụrụ mmiri ara ehi, ahụike na ogologo ndụ..

Ụdị osisi ụfọdụ nwekwara ike ịbụ nri anụ ụlọ. Osisi nwere ike ịmị mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi nke anụ ụlọ nwere ike iri mgbe ha ka nọ n'osisi ma ọ bụ mgbe ha dara. Akwụkwọ osisi nwere ike ịbụ ihe oriri, ndị na-ahụ maka ịta ahịhịa nwere ike iji osisi mee ihe dị ka ihe oriri site n'ịkpụ osisi ahụ ka anụ ụlọ wee rie ya, ma ọ bụ site na iji coppicing ma ọ bụ pollarding iji kwalite akwụkwọ ebe anụ ụlọ nwere ike ịnweta ya.

### Nchọgharị
Usoro silvopasture a na-achịkwa nke ọma nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ nri dị ka usoro ịta ahịhịa mepere emepe n'ọnọdụ dị mma. A hụwokwa usoro ịta ahịhịa iji mepụta nri na-edozi ahụ karịa nri na-abụghị ịta ahụhịa n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. A hụla mmụba nke nnweta nri na usoro silvopasture ma e jiri ya tụnyere usoro ịta ahịhịa mepere emepe n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ebe njikọta nke ndò sitere na osisi na mmiri sitere na mgbọrọgwụ osisi nwere ike belata mmetụta ụkọ mmiri.

### Osisi
Silvopasture dakọtara na mkpụrụ osisi, akị na mmepụta osisi.  Ịta nri nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ahịhịa na-eri ego na ụzọ iji chịkwaa ahihia.  Silvopasture nwekwara ike inye aka belata pests na ọrịa n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi - mgbe ewebatara ya n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi, anụ ụlọ na-enwe ike iri mkpụrụ osisi a na-egbuteghị, na-egbochi pests na ọrịa ịgbasa site na mkpụrụ osisi ndị a na-akụghị mkpụrụ na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-eri ụmụ ahụhụ n'onwe ha.

## Ụzọ e si eme ya
Enwere ike ịmepụta ịta ahịhịa site n'ịkụ osisi n'ime ebe ịta ahụhịa dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ site n'iguzobe ebe ịta nri n'ọhịa dị adị. Ụzọ abụọ ahụ dị iche iche n'ihe ịma aka ha na-eweta.

### Ịtinye osisi n'ebe ịta nri
Ịkụ osisi n'ime ebe ịta nri dị ugbu a na-eweta ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka: a ghaghị ichebe osisi ndị na-eto eto pụọ n'anụ ụlọ, osisi nwere ike iwe ọtụtụ afọ iji mịpụta ihe (dabere na ụdị), na ịkụ osisi n'ebe ịta nri nwere ike igbochi ikike iji ala ahụ maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ n'ọdịnihu.

### Ịchịkọta ahịhịa n'ime ọhịa
Ijikọta ebe ịta nri n'ime ọhịa dị ugbu a na-ewetakwa ihe ịma aka: o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-adị mkpa ịkpụchasị osisi ahụ iji mee ka ọkụ na-abanye n'ime ya, nke na-ewe oge ma nwee ike ịchọ ígwè ọrụ dị arọ, yana atụmatụ maka imegide osisi ndị e gbuturu egbutu.  Ókèala osisi ndị kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nwekwara ike na-enwe mmụba nke ahịhịa na osisi ndị a na-aghaghị ịgwọta iji gbochie ịta nri ịtafebiga ókè.  Ọ pụkwara ịdị mkpa ka e guzobe ahịhịa ahịhịa n'okpuru osisi, usoro nke nwere ike isi ike ma ọ bụrụ na e gbutuola osisi.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[thumb|Ogige ịta ahịhịa n'oge oyi na [:de:Wisentgehege Springe|ogige egwuregwu Wisentge Springe dị nso na Springe, Hanover, Germany.]]
Dabere na echiche nke ịta ahịhịa, oghere, ala ịta ahụhịa nke ụdị ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ọzọ ga-abụ akụkụ nke osisi ọhịa mbụ nke Europe ọbụna tupu ụmụ mmadụ ejiri ha mee ihe. Usoro mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi na silvopasture kpuchiri akụkụ dị ukwuu nke etiti Europe ruo na narị afọ nke 20, ma ka na-agbasa n'ebe ụfọdụ. Ogige ịta ahịhịa, otu n'ime omume kachasị ochie nke iji ala eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, bụ usoro nchịkwa ala Europe nke ogige mepere emepe nyere ebe obibi na nri maka anụmanụ na-ata ahịhịhịa na ehi, yana ngwaahịa osisi dị ka osisi maka iwu na mmanụ, ogwe osisi maka imepụta mmiri na icheku ọkụ na ogwe pollarded. Kemgbe oge ndị Rom, a tọhapụrụ ezì n'ime ọhịa beech na oak ka ha rie nri n'elu osisi beech, na n'ime ubi mkpụrụ osisi iji rie mkpụrụ osisi dara ada.

## United Kingdom
thumb|Ogwe osisi oak ochie, ihe ịrịba ama nke ebe ịta ahịhịa oge ochie na Windsor.
A na-amụ ụdị osisi na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi n'ọtụtụ ebe na Silvopastoral National Network Experiment. Atụmatụ nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi nke Natural England na-akọwa Wood Pasture, na akwụkwọ nta Farm Environmental Plan, dị ka usoro nke mepere emepe ma ọ bụ oké ọhịa dị elu na matrik nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa, ala ahịhịrị, na / ma ọ bụ osisi.

Ahụmahụ ha na-egosi na atụrụ na-eji osisi ahụ eme ihe maka ebe mgbaba pụọ n'ikuku. Nke a nwere ike inye uru dị ukwuu maka ọdịmma anụmanụ. Otú ọ dị, 'oge atụrụ' dị nso n'osisi na-eme ka ala sie ike na nnukwu mkpakọ mgbe a kụrụ osisi na obere mkpakọ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na-atụ aro ka a kụọ osisi na ihe na-erughị 400 kwa hekta iji hụ na ọ dị mma.

A na-achọpụta ihe akaebe nke nlekọta osisi ochie n'ọtụtụ ọhịa oge ochie nke Scotland, dị ka Rassal Ashwood na Ross-shire, na Glen Finglas na Trossachs. A na-ahọpụta Dalkeith Old Wood, nke Duke nke Buccleuch, ehi na-ata nri n'okpuru osisi oak oge ochie, dị ka Ebe Mmasị Sayensị Pụrụ Iche (SSSI) (ma ọ bụ 'ASSI').

Epping Forest bụ otu n'ime isi ihe fọdụrụ n'ebe ịta ahịhịa n'England. N'ebe a, a na-ejikọta ịta ehi na pollarding nke osisi maka mmanụ, ma maka oriri ụlọ ma maka ire ere. Usoro a gara n'ihu na parish nke Loughton ruo mgbe a machibidoro ya iwu na 1879. A na-akpọ *ụlọ nzukọ* ọha na eze nke obodo ahụ, nke e ji ego ịkwụ ụgwọ maka njedebe nke omenala ahụ, Lopping Hall iji cheta omume ahụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa ka na-eme ịta ahịhịa na pollarding dị nta.

## United States
Silvopastures bụ ọrụ agroforestry kachasị mma na nke a ma ama na United States. [citation needed] Na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ USA, ọrụ mweghachi nke osisi pine / wiregrass anwalewo mmetụta na akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịta ehi n'etiti osisi. Ụdị osisi a na-eguzogide ọkụ na mbụ toro na obere mkpakọ ka osisi ndị dị n'okpuru dị maka ụmụ anụmanụ na-achọgharị. Ndị Spanish bi na mpaghara ahụ jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ebe a na-azụ anụ site na narị afọ nke iri na isii ma ojiji a gara n'ihu ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke abụọ, yana ịkpụ osisi maka osisi. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1920, ọtụtụ n'ime osisi pine longleaf nke na-achịkwa ihe dị ka nde hekta 92 (ihe dị ka nde hectare 37) nke ala dị n'etiti steeti Texas na Virginia ka ndị bi na Europe gburu. Iwepụ osisi, na mfu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ha, dugara na nnukwu mbuze ala yana iji osisi azụmahịa na ubi ugbo mepere emepe dochie ya. Enwere mmasị na-aga n'ihu na silvopastures na oké ọhịa pine fọdụrụ na ọrụ mweghachi ala, na ihe akaebe na ọtụtụ mmiri na-enweta ego nke osisi na ehi bara uru n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, yana uru mweghachi anụ ọhịa. Nchebe iwu nke ụdị ụfọdụ (dịka red-cockaded woodpecker) nke enwere ike ịchọta na ebe obibi a pụtara na ndị nwe ala nwere ike ịgbakwunye ụgwọ ego dị ka isi iyi ọzọ nke ego.
áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|420x420px|Silvopasture kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.

## Hụkwa

* Ịchụgharị (nri ahịhịa)
* Dehesa
* Ubi
* Ubi ahịhịa
* Ịgafe Ụmụ Mmadụ
* Ịkpa anụ n'ọhịa

## Edensibia

## Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

* Venator, Charles R., Jurgen Glaeser na Reynaldo Soto. 1992. "A Silvopastoral Strategy" na Development or Destruction: The Conversion of Tropical Forest to Pasture in Latin America. pp. 281-292. Westview Press/Boulder

## Njikọ mpụga

* National Agroforestry Center (USDA)
* Farm Woodland Forum - Silvopastoral Agroforestry
* The short film Agroforestry Practices - Silvopasture (2004) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
* Silvopasture site na Project Regeneration.
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations