Ibrahim El-Salahi

**Ibrahim El-Salahi** ( Arabic , amuru 5 Septemba 1930) bu onye Sudanese ihe osise, onye bubu onye oru oha na eze na onye nnọchi anya mba. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Khartoum,  a na-ewere dị ka akụkụ nke African Modernism  na pan-Arabic Hurufiyya art movement, jikọtara ụdị ọdịnala nke calligraphy islam na ihe osise nke oge a .  Na emume nke Tate Modern gallery nke mbụ retrospective ngosi nke onye omenkà nke si Africa na 2013, El-Salahi ọrụ e ji mara dị ka "a ọhụrụ Sudanese visual okwu, nke sitere na ya onwe ya ịsụ ụzọ mwekota nke Islam, African, Arab na Western nka. omenala." 

## Ndụ mbido
A mụrụ Ibrahim El-Salahi na 5 Septemba 1930 na El-Abbasyia, agbata obi Omduran, Sudan, sitere na ezinụlọ Muslim na a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a nke Africa.  Nna ya bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ Qur'an, ebe El-Salahi mụtara ịgụ na ide na ịme ihe odide Arabic, nke mechara bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na ihe osise ya. Ọ bụkwa nwanne nna dị anya nke onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ Sudan Amin Mekki Medani .

Site na 1949 ruo 1950, ọ gụrụ Fine Art na School of Design of the Gordon Memorial College, nke mechara bụrụ Mahadum Khartoum . N'ịkwado ya site na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ mechara gaa Slade School of Fine Art na London site na 1954 ruo 1957. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà a, El-Salahi kpugheere ụlọ akwụkwọ Europe, okirikiri ọgbara ọhụrụ, na ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ́ ndị ji nwayọọ nwayọọ metụta nkà ya.  Ịmụ akwụkwọ na London kwekwara ka ọ nweta akara ngosi iwu na echiche sitere na eserese modernist, nke nyeere ya aka iru nguzozi n'etiti nkwupụta dị ọcha na nnwere onwe gestural.  N'afọ 1962, ọ nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta UNESCO ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na United States, ebe ọ gara South America . Site na 1964 ruo 1965, ọ laghachiri na US site na nkwado nke Rockefeller Foundation, na 1966, o duuru ndị nnọchiteanya Sudan n'oge mbụ World Festival of Black Arts na Dakar, Senegal .   Na mgbakwunye na ịnọchite anya Sudan na World Festival of Black Arts, El-Salahi so na ndị nnọchi anya Sudan na mmemme omenala Pan-African nke mbụ na Algiers na 1969. Ihe omume abụọ a dị mkpa ma dị mkpa na mmegharị nka nke Africa ọgbara ọhụrụ. 

## Ọrụ
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ laghachiri Sudan. N'oge a, ọ na-eji Arabic calligraphy na ihe ndị ọzọ nke Islam omenala ndị na-ekere òkè na ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị. N'ịgbalị ijikọ ihe nketa ya, El-Salahi malitere iji akara na akara nke obere ihe odide Arabic mejupụta ọrụ ya. Ka ọ na-enwewanye ọganihu site n'itinye akwụkwọ akụkọ Arabic n'ime ọrụ ya, akara ndị ahụ malitere ịmepụta anụmanụ, ụmụ mmadụ, na ụdị osisi, na-enye nkọwa ọhụrụ maka ihe osise ya. El-Salahi mụtara ijikọ ụdị nka nka Europe na isiokwu ndị Sudan ọdịnala, nke butere ụdị nnwere onwe nke Africa nwere mmetụta.  Site na 1969 ruo 1972, El-Salahi bụ osote onye na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nnọchi anya Sudanese na London. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri na Sudan dị ka Director nke Culture na ọchịchị Jaafar Nimeiri, na mgbe ahụ bụ Undersecretary na Ministry of Culture na Ozi ruo September 1975.

### Mkpọrọ
N'afọ 1975, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa isii na ụbọchị asatọ n'ekpeghị ya ikpe n'ihi na e boro ya ebubo na o so na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ọchịchị . 

N'oge El-Salahi nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, a tụrụ ọtụtụ ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi na ụfọdụ ndị otu Òtù Kọmunist Sudan mkpọrọ. A napụrụ El-Salahi nnwere onwe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Kober na Khartoum ; a naghị ekwe ka ndị mkpọrọ dee ma ọ bụ see ihe, ma ọ bụrụ na a ga-ejide onye mkpọrọ n’akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ pensụl, a ga-ata ya ahụhụ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ụbọchị iri na ise. N'agbanyeghị nke a, El-Salahi nwere ike ịchọta pensụl ma na-ejikarị akpa akwụkwọ na-acha aja aja na-ekesa nri na-ese ihe. El-Salahi ga-adọwa akpa ahụ n'ọtụtụ iberibe ma nwee ike iji nkeji mgbatị ahụ 25 ọ na-enweta kwa ụbọchị chepụta echiche maka nnukwu eserese. Ọ ga-esepụta na nzuzo wee lie obere eserese n'ime ájá iji kwado echiche ya. 

El-Salahi' chetara na onye isi nchekwa ahụ gwara ya na ha kpebiri ịhapụ ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị Bona Malwal, ha agaraghị ahapụ gị, n'ihi na ekwesịrị ka e gbuo ya.  A tọhapụrụ El-Salahi na 16 Maachị 1976, ma o doghị ihe osise ọ bụla o mere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ; ọ hapụrụ ha niile ka o liri. Ọzọ, ọ gbazitere ụlọ na mpaghara Banat nke Omdurman maka obere oge. Afọ abụọ ka a tọhapụsịrị ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ chụpụrụ onwe ya na Sudan ma rụọ ọrụ ruo afọ ụfọdụ ma biri na Doha, Qatar, tupu ya ebie na Oxford, United Kingdom . 

## Mmepụta nka
Ọrụ El-Salahi etoola site n'ọtụtụ usoro. Oge mbụ ya n'ime 1950s, 1960s na 1970s bụ ụdị nke elementrị na ahịrị. N'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, El-Salahi ji ụda na-adị aghụghọ karị mee ihe na palette agba ya. N'okwu Ibrahim El-Salahi n'onwe ya: "Ejidere m atụmatụ agba m na ụda sombre, na-eji oji, ọcha, sienna na-ere ọkụ, na ocher na-acha odo odo, nke yiri agba nke ụwa na agba akpụkpọ anụ nke ndị mmadụ n'akụkụ anyị nke Sudan. ọ gbakwụnyere omimi na foto a".  Nhọrọ agba nke El-Salahi họọrọ n'oge a na-emepụta ihe gosipụtara ọdịdị ala Sudan, na-agbalị ịnwa ijikọta nchegbu ọha na eze, ebe ọ na-emepụta ihe ịchọ mma Sudan pụrụ iche site n'ọrụ ya. N'ịde na *Financial Times*, onye nkatọ Jackie Wullschlager kwuru na ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ El-Salahi sitere n'oge a "na-etinye ya na ìhè Sudanese na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị, ụcha ụrọ na mmetụta palpable nke ala kpọrọ nkụ na ikuku ọkụ kpọrọ nkụ," na-achọpụta na ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka *Vision. nke Tomb* (1965) na-egosipụta ụdị nke a, na-eji "ụdị na agba aghọtara nkera[na]" site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.  Mgbe oge a gasịrị, ọrụ ya ghọrọ ntụgharị uche, nke na-adịghị ahụkebe na organic, na-eji agba ọhụrụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-egbuke egbuke na ọdịdị mmadụ na ndị na -abụghị nke mmadụ, nke a sụgharịrị site na ọdịdị geometric.  Ejiri ahịrị mara ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya, ebe ọ na-ejikarị agba ọcha na agba ojii. Dị ka El-Salahi si chịkọta, "Enweghị eserese na-enweghị eserese na ọ dịghị ọdịdị na-enweghị akara ... n'ikpeazụ ihe oyiyi niile nwere ike belata na ahịrị."  Ọzọkwa, ihe osise ya na-agụnyekarị ma calligraphy islam na ebumnuche ndị Africa, dị ka ihe mkpuchi elongated. Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya dị ka " *Allah na Wall of Confrontation* " (1968) na *"Ụda Ikpeazụ"* (1964) &#x5D; &#x5B; ** ihe ndị e ji mara nka nke Islam, dị ka ọdịdị nke ọnwa . N'ọgwụgwụ 1970s na mmalite 1980s, El-Salahi bi na mba ọzọ na Qatar, bụ ebe o lekwasịrị anya na ịbịaru oji na ọcha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ahụ ya n'anya amaghị ebe obibi ya na Qatar, El-Salahi chọpụtara na ebe a dị "na-ebelata", n'ihi na ọ nwere ike iji oge ahụ mee ka ọ dịkwuo nnwale. 

A na-ewere El-Salahi dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ na nka ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Sudan ma bụrụ onye so na "Khartoum School of Modern Art", nke Osman Waqialla, Ahmad Mohammed Shibrain, Tag el-Sir Ahmed na Salah n'onwe ya hibere.   Ndị ọzọ so n'òtù nka nka na Sudan bụ ndị na-ede uri, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ndị na-akatọ agụmagụ nke "Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Desert", bụ ndị chọkwara iguzobe omenala ndị Sudan ọhụrụ.  Otu n'ime isi ebe a na-elekwasị anya maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Khartoum bụ imepụta ụdị mma Sudan ọgbara ọhụrụ na ọ bụghị ịdabere na naanị mmetụta ọdịda anyanwụ.  N'afọ ndị 1960, ya na ọgbakọ Mbari dị na Ibadan, Nigeria jikọtara ya na nkenke.   N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Sarah Dwider, onye nlekọta na Guggenheim Abu Dhabi, El-Salahi kwuru banyere oge ọ nọrọ na Nigeria na mmetụta o nwere na ọrụ ya: "Nleta m dị mkpirikpi na Nigeria na mmalite 1960 nyere m ohere iji jikọọ. n'ụzọ nka nwere akụkụ siri ike nke kọntinent Africa, na-emepe onwe m ka m nwee mmetụta na mmetụta. " 

Ọ malitere site n'ịchọgharị ihe odide ndị Coptic, nke dugara ya ịnwale n'ịgụ mkpụrụedemede Arabic.  N'ikpeazụ, ọ zụlitere ụdị nke ya wee so na otu ndị na-ese ihe iji kọwapụta mkpụrụedemede Arabic na eserese ọgbara ọhụrụ ya, n'ụdị a bịara mara dị ka mmegharị nka Hurufiyya . 

N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na *The Guardian* na 2013, El-Salahi kọwara etu o siri bịa jiri calligraphy n'ọrụ nka ya. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Sudan na 1957, o wutere ya na ndị bịara ihe ngosi ya dara ogbenye ma tụgharịa uche n'otú ọ ga-esi kpalite mmasị ọha:

: "M haziri ihe ngosi na Khartoum nke ndụ ndụ, ihe osise na ịgba ọtọ. Ndị mmadụ bịara na oghere nanị maka ihe ọṅụṅụ dị nro. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ dịghị onye bịara. [Ọ dị ka a ga-asị na o mebeghị. M rapaara kpamkpam. Anọgidere m na-ajụ onwe m ihe mere ndị mmadụ na-apụghị ịnakwere na ịnụ ụtọ ihe m mere [Mgbe m tụgharịrị uche n'ihe ga-eme ka ọrụ ya nwee mmasị n'ebe ndị mmadụ nọ], amalitere m ide obere ihe odide Arabic n'akụkụ ihe osise m. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ stampụ akwụkwọ ozi, ndị mmadụ wee malite ịbịakwute m, m na-agbasa okwu ahụ n'elu akwa akwa, wee bịaruo nso nso, m wee malite ịkụda akwụkwọ ozi ahụ ka m chọta ihe nyere ha nkọwa, igbe Pandora meghere Ụdị, ụdị mmadụ na ụdị osisi malitere ịpụta site na akara ngosi ndị a na-emebu. 

Ọbụna mgbe ọ dị ihe karịrị afọ 90, El-Salahi gara n'ihu na mmepụta nka ya: Dị ka ụdị okwu ọhụrụ, o kere ihe oyiyi osisi maka Regent's Park na London, bụ nke a na-ese na osisi haraz nke ala nna ya. Ihe ngosi akpọrọ "Ihe osise enyemaka mgbu", nke mepere na New York na Ọktoba 2022, gosipụtara eserese nnwale ya na mpempe akwụkwọ, envelopu, na nkwakọ ọgwụ, ọrụ ọ na-adọpụ uche onwe ya na mgbu azụ ya na-adịghị ala ala. 

## Nkwenye na nnukwu ihe ngosi
E gosipụtara ọrụ El-Salahi n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ma gosipụta ya na nchịkọta dị ka Tate Modern, Museum of Modern Art na Sharjah Art Foundation . Na 2001, a na-asọpụrụ ya na Prince Claus Award si Netherlands .   N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2013, a na-egosi nnukwu ihe ngosi na-atụgharị anya nke otu narị ọrụ na Tate Modern gallery, London, - Tate's first retrospective raara nye onye na-ese ihe n'Africa. 

Site na Nọvemba 2016 ruo Jenụwarị 2017, ọrụ El-Salahi gosipụtara nke ọma na ihe ngosi izizi zuru oke nke a raara nye mmegharị nka Modernist na Sudan, nke akpọrọ *Khartoum School: The Making of the Modern Art Movement in Sudan (1945 –present)* na Sharjah Art Foundation na United Arab Emirates *.*  

Na 2018, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Ashmolean n'ụlọ obibi ya na Oxford, United Kingdom, gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke ọrụ El-Salahi.  Ihe ngosi a mere ka ndị na-ekiri ya nwee ekele maka ọrụ ndị mbụ, yana ụfọdụ ọrụ ya na-adịbeghị anya. Ngosipụta a jikọtara ọrụ ya na ihe ndị Sudan oge ochie sitere na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka dị ka ihe atụ nke ihe osise ọdịnala. Otu n’ime isi ihe ngosi nke ihe ngosi a bụ ka El-Salahi ji osisi Haraz mee ihe. Osisi a bụ ụdị acacia nke a na-ahụkarị na ndagwurugwu Naịl nke na-egosipụta 'àgwà Sudan' maka onye na-ese ihe.  Dị ka ọkà mmụta Salah M. Hassan si kwuo: "Ụdị 'osisi' egosila na ọ bụghị naanị El-Salahi na-eguzosi ike na nrụpụta ọrụ, ọ na-egosipụtakwa ikike onye na-ese ihe na-emeghachi onwe ya ka ọ na-anọgide na-ebute ụzọ nke nchọpụta na ịmepụta ihe." 
 

## Ndụ onwe onye

## Ntụaka


## Ọgụgụ ọzọ

* Hassan, Salah M. (ed.) (2012). ''Ibrahim El-Salahi - Onye Ọhụụ Modernist'', Museum for African Art, New York   , ngosi katalọgụ online
*    
* Hassan, Salah M. (1999). The Modernist Experience in African Art: Visual Expression of the Self and Cross-Cultural Aesthetics,” in Olu Oguibe and Okwui Enwezor, eds. , *Ịgụ ihe dị ugbu a: Art African from Theory to the Marketplace.* London: INIVA, na Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, p. 214–35.

* Ibrahim El-Salahi na Google Art Project
* Ibrahim El-Salahi, akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi, ndepụta ihe ngosi na ihe osise 14 na artnet.com
* Ụlọ akwụkwọ Khartoum nke Tate Modern
* 
* 
* Hassan Musa, "Akụkọ sitere na ubi El-Salahi - Ibrahim El-Salahi na Tate Modern", 16 Julaị 2013 . *Tate wdg* mbipụta 28, Summer 2013
Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ
Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations