Igbo-Ukwu bronzes

Nkà **mmụta ihe ochie nke Igbo-Ukwu** kpughere ihe ndị e ji ọla kọpa dị na narị afọ nke itoolu AD bụ ndị Isiah Anozie chọtara na mbụ n'afọ 1939 ka ọ na-egwu olulu mmiri n'ogige ya dị n'Igbo-Ukwu, obodo Igbo dị na steeti Anambra, Nigeria . N'ihi nchọpụta ndị a, e gwupụtara ebe ihe ochie atọ na 1959 na 1964 site na Charles Thurstan Shaw bụ nke kpughere ihe karịrị 700 ihe dị elu nke ọla kọpa, bronze na ígwè, yana ihe dị ka iko 165000, carnelian na nkume beads, ite, textiles. na ọdụm. Ha bụ ihe ọla kọpa kacha ochie mara na West Africa ma arụpụtara ya ọtụtụ narị afọ tupu ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ọla dị ka nke Ife na Benin pụta . Bronze ndị ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ arịa emume, pendants, okpueze, epekele obi, ihe ịchọ mma mkpara, mma agha, na aka ijiji . 

## Mmetụta na akụkọ nka mgbe ochie
Peter Garlake atụnyere bronze ukwu Igbo "na ọla kacha mma nke rococo Europe ma ọ bụ nke Carl Faberge," na William Buller Fagg na-ekwu na e kere ha na "rococo dị ịtụnanya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ Faberge ụdị omume ọma." Frank Willett na-ekwu na igbo ukwu bronze na-egosi ọkọlọtọ nke yiri nke Benvenuto Cellini guzobere narị afọ ise ka e mesịrị na Europe. Denis Williams kpọrọ ha "mgbawa mara mma na-enweghị ihe mbụ ma ọ bụ okwu. Otú ihe ha hụrụ bụ ite mmịrị a dosara na eriri e kere eke na usoro Hugh Honor na John Fleming kọwara dika

A omume ọma nke cire Perdue (waxii furu efu) nkanye. Ya mara imewe na nụchara anụcha nkowa Peter Garlake compares the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes "to the finest jewelry of rococo Europe or of Carl Faberge," and William Buller Fagg states they were created with "a strange rococo almost Faberge type virtuosity." Frank Willett says that the Igbo-Ukwu bronzes portray a standard that is comparable to that established by Benvenuto Cellini five hundred years later in Europe. Denis Williams calls  them "an exquisite explosion without antecedent or issue." One of the objects found, a water pot set in a mesh of simulated rope is described by Hugh Honour and John Fleming as Ọkachamara nka dị elu na enweghị ihe atụ ama ama nke bronze Igbo-Ukwu mere ka a na-eche na mbụ n'obodo agụmakwụkwọ na ọ ga-abụrịrị na e mebere ha ka ndị Europe kpakọrịtachara na ndị njem ụgbọ mmiri. Agbanyeghị nyocha na nyocha isotope egosila na isi mmalite ọla ndị ahụ sitere na mpaghara yana mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị redio ekwenyela na narị afọ nke 9, ogologo oge tupu mmekọrịta mbụ na Europe. Ihe ndị Igbo-Ukwu mere kagburu echiche ndị mgbe ochie na-eche na ọrụ nka na nka mara mma nwere ike ịmalite naanị na mpaghara Europe, ma ọ bụ na a pụghị imepụta ha n'ime obodo na- enweghị isi ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe n'otu n'otu. dika nke ndi Igbo.  Achọtala ụfọdụ n'ime ugegbe na bead carnelian na-emepụta na Old Cairo na ogbako nke Fustat wee gosi na usoro ahia ogologo oge sitere na Igbo Ukwu ruo n'oge Byzantine Egypt dị.     Egwupụtala ebe ihe mgbe ochie nwere igwe na-esi agbaze n'afọ 2000 BC na Lejja na 750 BC na Opi, ma na mpaghara Nsukka dị ihe dịka 100 Kilomita ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Igbo-Ukwu.  

## Nchọpụta
Nnyocha e mere na-esote bụ iji gosi na ọ mehiere. Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1959 na ọzọ na 1964 Thurstan Shaw na ndị otu ya gwupụtara saịtị atọ n'akụkụ ihe mbụ chọtara maka ngalaba oge ochie nke Naijiria na emesịa maka Mahadum Ibadan . Ihe ndị mgbe ochie e gwupụtara n’ala gosiri ọtụtụ narị arịa ọla kọpa na ọla ọla nakwa mma agha ígwè, isi ube ígwè, agụba ígwè na ihe ndị ọzọ e depụtara na narị afọ iri gara aga.  

## Metallurgy
[thumb| Onye isi mkpara ọla ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria ( [Lagos )]]
N'ụzọ doro anya, ndị na-arụ ọrụ ígwè n'oge ochie Igbo-Ukwu amachaghị maka usoro a na-ejikarị eme waya, ịgbanye waya ma ọ bụ ịwa mmiri nke na-egosi mmepe onwe ya na ikewapụ omenala ọrụ ha ogologo oge.  Ya mere, ọ na-agbagwoju anya na ha nwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị nwere nkọwa dị mma nke na ha na-egosi, dịka ọmụmaatụ ụmụ ahụhụ ndị dị ka ha dara n'elu. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị a yiri ka a kpụrụ akpụ ma ọ bụ resịrị ya na ihe ndị ahụ, a tụbara ha n'otu akụkụ.  *The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art na* -akọwa ha dị ka "otu n'ime bronze ndị a rụpụtara nke ọma na nke a rụpụtara nke ọma."  Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji usoro nkedo wax furu efu mepụta ọla, ma eleghị anya, a na-eji latex eme ihe n'Igbo-Ukwu kama iji beeswax kọwaa otú ndị na-ese ihe si nwee ike ịmepụta nkọwa dị mma na nke dị n'elu. Ụfọdụ usoro ndị a na-eji oge ochie na-eji ya eme ihe amabeghị ka e jiri ya mee ihe n'èzí Igbo-Ukwu dị ka imepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na nkebi nke akụkụ dị iche iche emesịa na-ejikọta ọnụ site na brazing ma ọ bụ site na nkedo njikọ njikọ iji sonyere ha.   Otú ọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụfọdụ ihe ndị Igbo-Ukwu ebutela nnukwu esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọkachamara n'ịgba ígwè dị iche iche na arụmụka gbasara usoro mmepụta ihe n'ezie nke bụ ihe akaebe maka ọrụ dị egwu nke tolitere ma dị mgbagwoju anya nke ndị omenkà oge ochie. 

Ngwakọta nke ọla ndị a na-eji na-emepụta bronze bụ ihe pụrụ iche, nke nwere ọlaọcha dị elu na-enweghị atụ ma dị iche na alloys eji na Europe, Mediterranean ma ọ bụ ebe ọla ọla ndị ọzọ nke Africa.  Ebe sitere na ọla ndị e ji amịpụta ọla kọpa dị ka ogbunigwe ochie dị n’Abakiliki dị ihe dị ka otu narị kilomita site n’Igbo-Ukwu.  

## Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka

9th century bronze ceremonial pot, Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria.JPG|ite emume ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria ( Lagos )
Bronze ceremonial vessel in form of a snail shell, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria.JPG|Ihe emume ọla n'ụdị shei eju; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
Bronze pot, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria.jpg|Ite ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
Bronze pot, Igbo-Ukwu, 9th century.JPG|Ite ọla; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
Cresentric bowl, bronze, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria.JPG|Cresentric efere; ọla kọpa; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
Intricate ornamental staff head, 9th century, bronze, Igbo-Ukwu.JPG|Bronze mgbagwoju anya ịchọ mma isi mkpara; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria
Intricate bronze ceremonial pot, 9th century, Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria.jpg|ite emume ọla dị mgbagwoju anya; narị afọ nke 9; Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Naijiria


## Ebendesibia

Òtù:Nka Igbo