Asụsụ Mande

The **Mande languages** (*Mandén, Manding*; ) bụ otu asụsụ ndị Mandé na-asụ n'ọtụtụ mba dị na West Africa. Ndị a gụnyere; Maninka, Mandinka, Soninke, Bambara, Kpelle, Jula, Bozo, Mende, Susu, na Vai. Enwere ihe dị ka asụsụ 60 ruo 75 nke nde mmadụ 30 ruo 40 na-asụ, ọkachasị na; Burkina Faso, Mali, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana nakwa na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Naijiria na ugwu Benin.

Asụsụ Mande na-egosi ihe ole na ole yiri ezinụlọ asụsụ Atlantic-Congo, ya mere a tụpụtara ha ọnụ dị ka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Niger-Congo buru ibu kemgbe afọ 1950. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ Mande enweghị ọdịdị aha nke bụ isi ihe na-akọwa asụsụ Atlantic-Congo. 'ihi ya, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ na-emeso Mande na Atlantic-Congo dị ka ezinụlọ asụsụ nwere onwe ha.

## Akụkọ ihe mere eme
E nwere echiche dị iche iche banyere afọ nke asụsụ Mande. 

Valentin Vydrin kwubiri na "ala nna Mande na ọkara nke abụọ nke puku afọ nke anọ BC dị na Southern Sahara, n'ebe dị n'ebe ugwu nke 16 ° ma ọ bụ ọbụna 18 ° nke latitude ugwu na n'etiti 3 ° na 12 ° nke longitude ọdịda anyanwụ". Nke ahụ bụ Mauritania ugbu a na ndịda Western Sahara.

Ọ bụrụ na njikọ asụsụ Mande doro anya nke ahụ ga-enyere aka ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Joseph Greenberg tụrụ aro na otu Niger-Congo, nke n'echiche ya gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ Mande, malitere ịpụ n'ihe dị ka Afọ 7,000 BP. Ndị -asụ ya ga-eme omenala Neolithic, dịka okwu Proto-Niger-Congo maka "ụmụ ehi", "nwa ewu" na "ịzụlite" gosipụtara.

## Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ
Sigismund Wilhelm Koelle matara ìgwè ahụ na 1854, na *Polyglotta Africana* ya. O kwuru asụsụ iri na atọ n'okpuru isiokwu North-Western High-Sudan Family, ma ọ bụ Mandéga Family of Languages. 'afọ 1901, Maurice Delafosse mere ọdịiche dị n'etiti ìgwè abụọ. Ọ na-ekwu maka otu mandé-tan nke ugwu na otu mandé'fu nke ndịda. A na-eme ọdịiche ahụ naanị n'ihi na asụsụ ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na-eji okwu *tan* maka iri, na asụsụ ndịda na-eji *fu*. N'afọ 1924, Louis Tauxier kwuru na ọdịiche ahụ abụghị nke a kwadoro nke ọma ma enwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nke atọ ọ kpọrọ *Mandé-bu*. Ọ bụghị ruo 1950 ka André Prost kwadoro echiche ahụ ma nye nkọwa ndị ọzọ.

'afọ 1958, Welmers bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "The Mande Languages," ebe o kewara asụsụ ndị ahụ n'ime obere ìgwè atọ: North-West, South na East. Mkpebi ya dabeere na nyocha lexicostatistic. Joseph Greenberg gbasoro ọdịiche ahụ na The Languages of Africa (1963). Long (1971) na Gérard Galtier (1980) gbasoro ọdịiche ahụ n'ime ìgwè atọ mana ha nwere ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama.

## Nchịkọta

### Mmekọrịta ya na Niger-Congo
Mande anaghị ekwekọ ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, dị ka Usoro aha. Enweghịkwa ọtụtụ ndị a ma ama na okwu dị n'etiti Mande na Niger-Congo. 'ihi ya, Dimmendaal (2008) na-ekwu na ihe akaebe maka itinye ya dị obere, nakwa na ugbu a, a na-ewere Mande dị ka ezinụlọ nwere onwe ya. Otu echiche ahụ  nke Güldemann (2018). [1]

Enweghị nkwubi okwu doro anya na Mande bụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị onye otu Niger-Congo, Vydrin (2016) na-ekwu na okwu ndị bụ isi nke proto-Mande dabara nke ọma na Niger-Cong, nakwa na a gaghị ewere ụkpụrụ ndị dị ka enweghị usoro aha dị ka ihe akaebe; ọ na-ekwu ete "Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ Mande n'ime Niger-Cango kwenyesiri ike... Mande ga-anọchite anya alaka kachasị ochie nke phylum".  Blench na-ele ya anya dị ka alaka mbụ nke kewara tupu ọdịdị aha-ụdị mepụta. Dwyer (1998) jiri ya tụnyere alaka ndị ọzọ nke Niger-Congo ma chọpụta na ha mejupụtara ezinụlọ dị n'otu, ebe Mande bụ nke kachasị dị iche na alaka ndị ọ tụlere.

### Nchịkọta n'ime
Ụdị dị iche iche na omimi nke ezinụlọ Mande yiri nke Indo-European. Alaka iri na otu dị ala nke Mande fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na a nabatara ya n'ụwa niile: Southern Mande (Dan wdg), Eastern Mande (Bisa, Boko wdg), Samogo, Bobo, Soninke-Bozo, Southwestern Mande (Mende, Kpelle, Loma wdg), Soso-Jalonke, Jogo, Vai-Kono, Mokole na Manding (Bambara, Djula wdg).  nabatakwara ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ndị a mejupụtara alaka abụọ, abụọ mbụ dị ka Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Mande na ndị ọzọ dị ka Ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ Manda.

Ọtụtụ nhazi Mande  n'ime na-adabere na lexicostatistics, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke dabeere na Ndepụta Swadesh. Nchịkọta ọzọ sitere na Kastenholz (1996) dabere na ihe ọhụrụ nke okwu na asụsụ ntụnyere. Kastenholz -adọ aka ná ntị na nke a adabereghị na njirimara ebumnuche ma ya mere ọ bụghị nhazi usoro ọmụmụ n'echiche dị warara. Nkewa na-esonụ bụ nchịkọta nke abụọ ahụ.
 
Vydrin (2009) dịtụ iche na nke a: ọ na-etinye Soso-Jalonke na Southwestern (nlaghachi na André Prost 1953); Soninke-Bozo, Samogho na Bobo dị ka alaka ndị nweere onwe ha nke Western Mande, na Mokole na Vai-Kono. Ọtụtụ nhazi na-etinye Jo n'ime Samogo.

## Akụkụ nke okwu
Asụsụ Mande enweghị usoro aha ma ọ bụ mgbatị okwu nke Asụsụ Atlantic-Congo na nke Asụsụ Bantu bụ ndị a ma ama, mana Bobo nwere ụdị ngwaa na-akpata na nke na-adịghị agafe agafe. Asụsụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Mande na Soninke nwere mgbanwe ụdaume mbụ. A na-ejikarị clitic eme akara ọtụtụ; n'asụsụ ụfọdụ, na ụda, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Sembla. Ndị nnọchiaha na-enwekarị ọdịiche dị iche iche na-enweghị ike iwepụ na nke na-agụnye naanị. Usoro Okwu na ahịrịokwu na-agafe agafe bụ isiokwu-onye enyemaka-ihe-okwu-okwu-adverb. A na-ejikarị postpositions eme ihe. 'ime ahịrịokwu aha, ihe onwunwe na-abịa n'ihu aha, na adjectives na akara dị iche iche mgbe ngwaa gasịrị; a na-ahụ ihe ngosi na usoro abụọ ahụ.

## Okwu ntụnyere
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ihe atụ nke okwu ndị bụ isi nke ụdị proto-forms e wughachiri:

'okpuru ebe a bụ ụfọdụ cognates sitere na D. J. Dwyer (1988) ([k] ma ọ bụ ): 

Rịba ama na n'ime ihe ndị a:

* 'saleeva' = 'ọnụ'+' mmiri'
* 'mmiri ara' = 'obi'+'mmiri'
* 'buck (he-goat) ' = 'goat'+'nwoke'
* 'ram' = 'nwa atụrụ'+'nwoke'

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ==
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: 


== Hụkwa ==

*  (Wiktionary) 
*  (Wiktionary) 
* Asụsụ Manding
* Iwu
* Asụsụ Mende

== Edensibia ==
bụrụ na njikọ asụsụ Mande doro anya nke ahụ ga-enyere aka ịkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Joseph Greenberg tụrụ aro na otu Niger-Congo, nke n'echiche ya gụnyere ezinụlọ asụsụ Mande, malitere ịpụ n'ihe dị ka Afọ 7,000 BP. Ndị -asụ ya ga-eme omenala Neolithic, dịka okwu Proto-Niger-Congo maka "ụmụ ehi", "nwa ewu" na "ịzụlite" gosipụtara.

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

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== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160223161349/http://mandelang.kunstkamera.ru/index/langues_mande/ Asụsụ Ndị Mmadụ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022147/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Mande.aspx Peeji Mande nke Journal of West African Languages]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110104083238/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/fichiers/Mandenkan/index.html Akwụkwọ akụkọ Mandenkan] (okwu [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127075613/http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/pub_mandenkan_en.php mmeghe)] 
[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations