Mediumisme

**Mediumisme** adalah praktik yang diklaim sebagai perantara komunikasi antara roh atau arwah orang mati dengan manusia yang masih hidup. Pelakunya dikenal dengan istilah "medium" atau "medium roh". Terdapat berbagai metode dalam praktik ini, mulai dari pemanggilan arwah melalui meja (*[[:en:Table-turning|séance tables]]*), kondisi trans, hingga penggunaan papan Ouija. Praktik ini erat kaitannya dengan aliran spiritualisme dan spiritisme, serta memiliki kemiripan dengan konsep *[[Zaman Baru#Roh dan Hubungan|channeling]]* dalam gerakan Zaman Baru.

Keyakinan terhadap kemampuan psikis ini cukup tersebar luas di masyarakat, meskipun belum ada bukti empiris yang mendukung keberadaannya. Selama lebih dari seratus tahun, para peneliti ilmiah telah berupaya menguji keabsahan klaim-klaim mediumisme, namun secara konsisten gagal membuktikannya. Pada tahun 2005, eksperimen yang dilakukan oleh British Psychological Society kembali menegaskan bahwa subjek uji yang mengeklaim diri sebagai medium tidak menunjukkan adanya kemampuan mediumistik sama sekali.

## Referensi

## Bacaan lebih lanjut

* Edward Clodd. (1917). ''The Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism''. Grant Richards, London.
* Stuart Cumberland. (1919). *Spiritualism: The Inside Truth*. London: Odhams.
* Joseph Dunninger. (1935). ''Inside the Medium's Cabinet''. New York, D. Kemp and Company.
* Willis Dutcher. (1922). ''On the Other Side of the Footlights: An Expose of Routines, Apparatus and Deceptions Resorted to by Mediums, Clairvoyants, Fortune Tellers and Crystal Gazers in Deluding the Public''. Berlin, WI: Heaney Magic.
* Walter Mann. (1919). ''The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism''. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co.
* Joseph McCabe. (1920). *Scientific Men and Spiritualism: A Skeptic's Analysis*. The Living Age. June 12. pp.&nbsp;652–57. A skeptical look at SPR members who had supported Spiritualism, concludes they were duped by fraudulent mediums.
* Joseph McCabe. (1920). ''Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined''. London: Watts & Co.
* Georgess McHargue. (1972). *Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement*. Doubleday. 
* Alex Owen. (2004). *The Darkened Room: Women, Power, and Spiritualism in Late Victorian England*. University Of Chicago Press. 
* Frank Podmore. (1911). ''The Newer Spiritualism''. Henry Holt and Company.
* Massimo Polidoro. (2003). *Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims*. Prometheus Books. 
* Harry Price and Eric Dingwall. (1975). ''Revelations of a Spirit Medium''. Arno Press. Reprint of 1891 edition by Charles F. Pidgeon. This rare, overlooked, and forgotten, book gives the "insider's knowledge" of 19th century deceptions.
* Joseph Rinn. (1950). *Sixty Years Of Psychical Research: Houdini And I Among The Spiritualists*. Truth Seeker.
* Chung Ling Soo. (1898). ''Spirit Slate Writing and Kindred Phenomena''. Munn & Company.
* Richard Wiseman. (1997). *Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics*. Prometheus Books. 

## Pranala luar

* Houdini v. The Blond Witch of Lime Street: A Historical Lesson in Skepticism – Massimo Polidoro
* How to Have a Séance: Tricks of the Fraudulent Mediums 
* John Edward: Hustling the Bereaved – Joe Nickell
* Mediumship – Skeptic's Dictionary
* The 'Medium' Is Not the Messenger – James Randi
* Tricks of Fake Mediums – Harry Houdini
* Psychic Methods Exposed - Cold Reading Tricks
* Psychics: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver (HBO)