Salamander asia

**Salamander asia** (famili **Hynobiidae**) adalah kelompok salamander primitif yang ditemukan di seluruh Asia dan Rusia Eropa. Kelompok ini berkerabat dekat dengan salamander raksasa (famili Cryptobranchidae), dengannya kelompok ini membentuk subordo Cryptobranchoidea. Sekitar setengah dari salamander hynobiid yang kini dideskripsikan endemik ke Jepang, tetapi persebarannya juga meliput sebagian Tiongkok, Rusia, Afghanistan dan Iran.

Salamander jenis ini memiliki ciri fertilisasi eksternal, dimana sel jantan dan betina dilepas ke air. Tidak seperti famili-famili lainnya yang bereproduksi secara internal, salamander asia jantan berfokus pada kantung telur, alih-alih betina, saat kawin. Betina menelurkan dua kantung telur setiap kawin, masing-masing berisi hingga 70 telur. Perawatan oleh induk lumrah di kelompok ini.

Beberapa spesies memiliki paru-paru yang sangat mengecil atau tidak ada sama sekali. Larvanya terkadang memiliki insang eksternal kecil bila mereka hidup di perairan dingin dan kaya akan oksigen.

Fosil-fosil Hynobiidae diketahui dari Miosen hingga kini di Asia dan Eropa Timur, tetapi fosil cryptobranchoid yang lebih berkerabat dekat ke Hynobiidae dibandingkan dengan salamander raksasa berusia hingga ke Jura Tengah.

## Speises
Saat ini, terdapat 100 spesies yang diketahui. Genus-genus ini membentuk famili Hynobiidae:

Subfamili **Hynobiinae**

* Genus *[[Afghanodon]]*
** *[[Afghanodon mustersi]]* (Smith, 1940)
* Genus *[[Batrachuperus]]* (salamander air tiongkok)
** *[[Batrachuperus karlschmidti]]* Liu, 1950
** *[[Batrachuperus londongensis]]* Liu and Tian, 1978
** *[[Batrachuperus pinchonii]]* (David, 1872)
** *[[Batrachuperus tibetanus]]* Schmidt, 1925
** *[[Batrachuperus yenyuanensis]]* Liu, 1950
* Genus *[[Hynobius]]* - (Salamander asia)
** *[[Hynobius abei]]* Sato, 1934
** *[[Hynobius abuensis]]* Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
** *[[Hynobius akiensis]]* Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius amabensis]]* Sugawara and Nagano, 2023
** *[[Hynobius amakusaensis]]* Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
** *[[Hynobius amjiensis]]* Gu, 1992
** *[[Hynobius arisanensis]]* Maki, 1922
** *[[Hynobius bakan]]* Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius bambusicolus]]* Wang, Othman, Qiu and Borzée, 2023
** *[[Hynobius boulengeri]]* (Thompson, 1912)
** *[[Hynobius chinensis]]* Günther, 1889
** *[[Hynobius dunni]]* Tago, 1931
** *[[Hynobius formosanus]]* Maki, 1922
** *[[Hynobius fossigenus]]* Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018
** *[[Hynobius fucus]]* Lai and Lue, 2008
** *[[Hynobius geiyoensis]]* Sugawara, Naito, Iwata, and Nagano, 2022
** *[[Hynobius geojeensis]]* Min and Borzée, 2021
** *[[Hynobius glacialis]]* Lai and Lue, 2008
** *[[Hynobius guabangshanensis]]* Shen, 2004
** *[[Hynobius guttatus]]* Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius hidamontanus]]* Matsui, 1987
** *[[Hynobius hirosei]]* Lantz, 1931
** *[[Hynobius ikioi]]* Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017
** *[[Hynobius iwami]]* Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
** *[[Hynobius katoi]]* Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004
** *[[Hynobius kimurae]]* Dunn, 1923
** *[[Hynobius kuishiensis]]* Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius kunibiki]]* Sugawara, Iwata, Yamashita, and Nagano, 2021
** *[[Hynobius leechii]]* Boulenger, 1887
** *[[Hynobius lichenatus]]* Boulenger, 1883
** *[[Hynobius maoershanensis]]* Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006
** *[[Hynobius mikawaensis]]* Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017
** *[[Hynobius miyazakiensis]]* Sugawara, Nagano, and Sueyoshi, 2023
** *[[Hynobius naevius]]* (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
** *[[Hynobius nagatoensis]]* Sugawara, Tahara, Matsukoji, and Nagano, 2022
** *[[Hynobius nebulosus]]* (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
** *[[Hynobius nigrescens]]* Stejneger, 1907
** *[[Hynobius nihoensis]]* Sugawara, Nagano, and Nakazono, 2022
** *[[Hynobius notialis]]* Min and Borzée, 2021
** *[[Hynobius okiensis]]* Sato, 1940
** *[[Hynobius oni]]* Kanamori, Nishikawa, Matsui, and Tanabe, 2022
** *[[Hynobius osumiensis]]* Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
** *[[Hynobius oyamai]]* Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius owariensis]]* Sugawara, Fujitani, Seguchi, Sawahata, and Nagano, 2022
** *[[Hynobius perplicatus]]* Min and Borzée, 2021
** *[[Hynobius quelpaertensis]]* Mori, 1928
** *[[Hynobius retardatus]]* Dunn, 1923
** *[[Hynobius sematonotos]]* Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius sengokui]]* Matsui, Misawa, Yoshikawa, and Nishikawa, 2022
** *[[Hynobius setoi]]* Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius setouchi]]* Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius shinichisatoi]]* Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
** *[[Hynobius sonani]]* (Maki, 1922)
** *[[Hynobius stejnegeri]]* Dunn, 1923
** *[[Hynobius sumidai]]* Sugawara, Naito, Iwata, and Nagano, 2022
** *[[Hynobius takedai]]* Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984
** *[[Hynobius tokyoensis]]* Tago, 1931
** *[[Hynobius tosashimizuensis]]* Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018
** *[[Hynobius tsuensis]]* Abé, 1922
** *[[Hynobius tsurugiensis]]* Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
** "*[[Hynobius_turkestanicus|Hynobius]]*" ''turkestanicus'' Nikolskii, 1910
** *[[Hynobius unisacculus]]* Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016
** *[[Hynobius utsunomiyaorum]]* Matsui and Okawa, 2019
** *[[Hynobius vandenburghi]]* Dunn, 1923
** *[[Hynobius yangi]]* Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003
** *[[Hynobius yiwuensis]]* Cai, 1985
* Genus *[[Liua]]* (Salamander wushan)
** *[[Liua shihi]]* (Liu, 1950)
** *[[Liua tsinpaensis]]* (Liu and Hu, 1966)
* Genus *[[Pachyhynobius]]* (salamander bayak)
** *[[Pachyhynobius shangchengensis]]* Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983
* Genus *[[Paradactylodon]]* (salamander air timur tengah)
** *[[Paradactylodon persicus]]* (Eiselt and Steiner, 1970)
* Genus *[[Pseudohynobius]]*
** *[[Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus]]* (Hu and Fei, 1978)
** *[[Pseudohynobius guizhouensis]]* Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
** *[[Pseudohynobius jinfo]]* Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
** *[[Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis]]* Xu and Zeng, 2007
** *[[Pseudohynobius puxiongensis]]* (Fei and Ye, 2000)
** *[[Pseudohynobius shuichengensis]]* Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
* Genus *[[Ranodon]]* (salamander semirichensk)
** *[[Ranodon sibiricus]]* Kessler, 1866
* Genus *[[Salamandrella]]* (salamander siberia)
** *[[Salamandrella keyserlingii]]* Dybowski, 1870
** *[[Salamandrella tridactyla]]* Nikolskii, 1905

Subfamili **Onychodactylinae**

* Genus *[[Onychodactylus]]* (salamander bercakar)
** *[[Onychodactylus fischeri]]* (Boulenger, 1886)
** *[[Onychodactylus fuscus]]* Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014
** *[[Onychodactylus intermedius]]* Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
** *[[Onychodactylus japonicus]]* (Houttuyn, 1782)
** *[[Onychodactylus kinneburi]]* Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013
** *[[Onychodactylus koreanus]]* Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
** *[[Onychodactylus nipponoborealis]]* Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
** *[[Onychodactylus tsukubaensis]]* Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013
** *[[Onychodactylus zhangyapingi]]* Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
** *[[Onychodactylus zhaoermii]]* Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
** *[[Onychodactylus sillanus]]* Min, Borzée, and Poyarkov, 2022
** *[[Onychodactylus pyrrhonotus]]* Yoshikawa et Matsui, 2022

## Referensi