Isotop raksa

Ada tujuh isotop stabil **[[raksa]]** (**<sub>80</sub>Hg**), dengan 202Hg menjadi yang paling melimpah (29,86%). Radioisotop yang berumur paling panjang adalah 194Hg dengan waktu paruh 444 tahun, dan 203Hg dengan waktu paruh 46,612 hari. Sebagian besar dari 40 radioisotop yang tersisa memiliki waktu paruh yang kurang dari satu hari. 199Hg dan 201Hg merupakan inti NMR aktif yang paling sering dipelajari, masing-masing memiliki bilangan kuantum spin 1/2 dan 3/2. Semua isotop raksa bersifat radioaktif atau stabil secara pengamatan, artinya mereka diprediksi bersifat radioaktif tetapi tidak ada peluruhan aktual yang teramati. Isotop-isotop ini diprediksi mengalami peluruhan alfa atau peluruhan beta ganda.

Pada tahun 2010, ditemukan bahwa 180Hg, yang dapat dihasilkan dari <sup>180</sup>Tl, mampu membentuk fisi spontan yang tidak biasa. Produk dari fisinya adalah <sup>80</sup>Kr dan <sup>100</sup>Ru.

## Daftar isotop

|-
| 170Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 90
|
| 80(+400-40)&nbsp;μdtk
| α
| 166Pt
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 171Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 91
| 171,00376(32)#
| 80(30)&nbsp;μdtk[59(+36−16)&nbsp;μdtk]
| α
| 167Pt
| 3/2−#
|
|
|-
| 172Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 92
| 171,99883(22)
| 420(240)&nbsp;μdtk[0,25(+35−9)&nbsp;mdtk]
| α
| 168Pt
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 173Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 93
| 172,99724(22)#
| 1,1(4)&nbsp;mdtk[0,6(+5−2)&nbsp;mdtk]
| α
| 169Pt
| 3/2−#
|
|
|-
| 174Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 94
| 173,992864(21)
| 2,0(4)&nbsp;mdtk[2,1(+18−7)&nbsp;mdtk]
| α
| 170Pt
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 175Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 95
| 174,99142(11)
| 10,8(4)&nbsp;mdtk
| α
| 171Pt
| 5/2−#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|176Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96
| rowspan=2|175,987355(15)
| rowspan=2|20,4(15)&nbsp;mdtk
| α (98,6%)
| 172Pt
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (1,4%)
| 176Au
|-
| rowspan=2|177Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97
| rowspan=2|176,98628(8)
| rowspan=2|127,3(18)&nbsp;mdtk
| α (85%)
| 173Pt
| rowspan=2|5/2−#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (15%)
| 177Au
|-
| rowspan=2|178Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 98
| rowspan=2|177,982483(14)
| rowspan=2|0,269(3)&nbsp;dtk
| α (70%)
| 174Pt
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (30%)
| 178Au
|-
| rowspan=3|179Hg
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 99
| rowspan=3|178,981834(29)
| rowspan=3|1,09(4)&nbsp;dtk
| α (53%)
| 175Pt
| rowspan=3|5/2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+ (47%)
| 179Au
|-
| β+, p (0,15%)
| 178Pt
|-
| rowspan=3|180Hg
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 100
| rowspan=3|179,978266(15)
| rowspan=3|2,58(1)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (52%)
| 180Au
| rowspan=3|0+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| α (48%)
| 176Pt
|-
| SF
| **<sup>100</sup>Ru**, **<sup>80</sup>Kr**
|-
| rowspan=4|181Hg
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=4 style="text-align:right" | 101
| rowspan=4|180,977819(17)
| rowspan=4|3,6(1)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (64%)
| 181Au
| rowspan=4|1/2(−)
| rowspan=4|
| rowspan=4|
|-
| α (36%)
| 177Pt
|-
| β+, p (0,014%)
| 180Pt
|-
| β+, α (9%)
| 177Ir
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 181mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 210(40)#&nbsp;keV
|
|
|
| 13/2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=3|182Hg
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 102
| rowspan=3|181,97469(1)
| rowspan=3|10,83(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (84,8%)
| 182Au
| rowspan=3|0+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| α (15,2%)
| 178Pt
|-
| β+, p (10−5%)
| 181Pt
|-
| rowspan=3|183Hg
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 103
| rowspan=3|182,974450(9)
| rowspan=3|9,4(7)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (74,5%)
| 183Au
| rowspan=3|1/2−
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| α (25,5%)
| 179Pt
|-
| β+, p (5,6%)
| 182Pt
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 183m1Hg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198(14)&nbsp;keV
|
|
|
| 13/2+#
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 183m2Hg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 240(40)#&nbsp;keV
| 5# dtk
| β+
| 183Au
| 13/2+#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|184Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104
| rowspan=2|183,971713(11)
| rowspan=2|30,6(3)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (98,89%)
| 184Au
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (1,11%)
| 180Pt
|-
| rowspan=2|185Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105
| rowspan=2|184,971899(17)
| rowspan=2|49,1(10)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (94%)
| 185Au
| rowspan=2|1/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (6%)
| 181Pt
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 185mHg
| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 99,3(5)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=3|21,6(15)&nbsp;dtk
| IT (54%)
| 185Hg
| rowspan=3|13/2+
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| β+ (46%)
| 185Au
|-
| α (0,03%)
| 181Pt
|-
| rowspan=2|186Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106
| rowspan=2|185,969362(12)
| rowspan=2|1,38(6)&nbsp;mnt
| β+ (99,92%)
| 186Au
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (0,016%)
| 182Pt
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 186mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2217,3(4)&nbsp;keV
| 82(5)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| (8−)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|187Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 107
| rowspan=2|186,969814(15)
| rowspan=2|1,9(3)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 187Au
| rowspan=2|3/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (1,2%)
| 183Pt
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 187mHg
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59(16)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|2,4(3)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 187Au
| rowspan=2|13/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (2,5%)
| 183Pt
|-
| rowspan=2|188Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 108
| rowspan=2|187,967577(12)
| rowspan=2|3,25(15)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 188Au
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (3,7%)
| 184Pt
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 188mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2724,3(4)&nbsp;keV
| 134(15)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| (12+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|189Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 109
| rowspan=2|188,96819(4)
| rowspan=2|7,6(1)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 189Au
| rowspan=2|3/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (3%)
| 185Pt
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 189mHg
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 80(30)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|8,6(1)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 189Au
| rowspan=2|13/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (3%)
| 185Pt
|-
| rowspan=2|190Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110
| rowspan=2|189,966322(17)
| rowspan=2|20,0(5)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 190Au
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (5%)
| 186Pt
|-
| 191Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 111
| 190,967157(24)
| 49(10)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 191Au
| 3/2(−)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 191mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 128(22)&nbsp;keV
| 50,8(15)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 191Au
| 13/2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|192Hg
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 80
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112
| rowspan=2|191,965634(17)
| rowspan=2|4,85(20)&nbsp;jam
| EC
| 192Au
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (4%)
| 188Pt
|-
| 193Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 113
| 192,966665(17)
| 3,80(15)&nbsp;jam
| β+
| 193Au
| 3/2−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193mHg
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 140,76(5)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|11,8(2)&nbsp;jam
| β+ (92,9%)
| 193Au
| rowspan=2|13/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (7,1%)
| 193Hg
|-
| 194Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 114
| 193,965439(13)
| 444(77)&nbsp;thn
| EC
| 194Au
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 195Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 115
| 194,966720(25)
| 10,53(3)&nbsp;jam
| β+
| 195Au
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 195mHg
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 176,07(4)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|41,6(8)&nbsp;thn
| IT (54,2%)
| 195Hg
| rowspan=2|13/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (45,8%)
| 195Au
|-
| 196Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 116
| 195,965833(3)
| colspan=3 align=center|**[[Stabil Secara Pengamatan]]**
| 0+
| 0,0015(1)
|
|-
| 197Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 117
| 196,967213(3)
| 64,14(5)&nbsp;jam
| EC
| **<sup>197</sup>Au**
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 197mHg
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 298,93(8)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|23,8(1)&nbsp;jam
| IT (91,4%)
| 197Hg
| rowspan=2|13/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| EC (8,6%)
| **<sup>197</sup>Au**
|-
| 198Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 118
| 197,9667690(4)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil Secara Pengamatan**
| 0+
| 0,0997(20)
|
|-
| 199Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 119
| 198,9682799(4)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil Secara Pengamatan**
| 1/2−
| 0,1687(22)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 199mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 532,48(10)&nbsp;keV
| 42,66(8)&nbsp;mnt
| IT
| 199Hg
| 13/2+
|
|
|-
| 200Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 120
| 199,9683260(4)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil Secara Pengamatan**
| 0+
| 0,2310(19)
|
|-
| 201Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 121
| 200,9703023(6)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil Secara Pengamatan**
| 3/2−
| 0,1318(9)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 201mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 766,22(15)&nbsp;keV
| 94(3)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| 13/2+
|
|
|-
| 202Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 122
| 201,9706430(6)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil Secara Pengamatan**
| 0+
| 0,2986(26)
|
|-
| 203Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 123
| 202,9728725(18)
| 46,595(6)&nbsp;hri
| β−
| **<sup>203</sup>Tl**
| 5/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 203mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 933,14(23)&nbsp;keV
| 24(4)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| (13/2+)
|
|
|-
| 204Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 124
| 203,9734939(4)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil Secara Pengamatan**
| 0+
| 0,0687(15)
|
|-
| 205Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 125
| 204,976073(4)
| 5,14(9)&nbsp;mnt
| β−
| **<sup>205</sup>Tl**
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 205mHg
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1556,40(17)&nbsp;keV
| 1,09(4)&nbsp;mdtk
| IT
| 205Hg
| 13/2+
|
|
|-
| 206Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 126
| 205,977514(22)
| 8,15(10)&nbsp;mnt
| β−
| 206Tl
| 0+
| Renik
|
|-
| 207Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 127
| 206,98259(16)
| 2,9(2)&nbsp;mnt
| β−
| 207Tl
| (9/2+)
|
|
|-
| 208Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 128
| 207,98594(32)#
| 42(5)&nbsp;mnt[41(+5−4)&nbsp;mnt]
| β−
| 208Tl
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 209Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 129
| 208,99104(21)#
| 37(8)&nbsp;dtk
|
|
| 9/2+#
|
|
|-
| 210Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 130
| 209,99451(32)#
| 10#&nbsp;mnt[>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 211Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 131
| 210,99380(200)#
| 26(8)&nbsp;dtk
|
|
| 9/2+#
|
|
|-
| 212Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 132
| 212,02760(300)#
| 1#&nbsp;mnt[>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 213Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 133
| 213,07670(300)#
| 1#&nbsp;dtk[>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 5/2+#
|
|
|-
| 214Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 134
| 214,11180(400)#
| 1#&nbsp;dtk[>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 215Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 135
| 215,16210(400)#
| 1#&nbsp;dtk[>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 3/2+#
|
|
|-
| 216Hg
| style="text-align:right" | 80
| style="text-align:right" | 136
| 216,19860(400)#
| 100#&nbsp;mdtk[>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 0+
|
|

## Isotop khusus
### Raksa-196
Meskipun ia merupakan isotop stabil raksa yang paling langka, pada proporsi yang lebih rendah daripada <sup>235</sup>U dalam uranium alam, **raksa-196** (196Hg) memiliki beberapa kepentingan teoretis dalam penyintesisan logam berharga melalui transmutasi nuklir karena ia dapat - secara teoretis - ditransmutasikan menjadi satu-satunya isotop emas yang stabil, <sup>197</sup>Au, melalui penyerapan neutron dan peluruhan selanjutnya melalui penangkapan elektron. Namun, mengingat bahwa langkah pemisahan isotop yang mahal harus didahului dengan proses transmutasi yang sudah mahal, hal ini (pada 2022) sebagian besar hanya tetap menjadi keingintahuan teoretis daripada bidang penelitian yang sebenarnya.
### Raksa-198
Dengan kelimpahannya yang sekitar 10% dari raksa alami, **raksa-198** (198Hg) tidak terlalu melimpah ataupun sangat jarang. Ia memiliki penampang sinar gama yang tidak dapat diabaikan untuk reaksi (γ, n) dengan 10 MeV sinar gama. Reaksi ini, selain berfungsi sebagai sumber neutron yang potensial, juga dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan 197Hg dan, melalui penangkapan elektron, menghasilkan <sup>197</sup>Au - isotop emas yang stabil. Mengingat bahwa ia kira-kira dua kali lipat lebih melimpah daripada 196Hg, pemisahan isotop diperlukan, bahkan diperlukan langkah lebih lanjut untuk memisahkan 196Hg yang lebih ringan dari 198Hg yang lebih berat dapat dicapai dengan hasil yang lebih baik untuk setiap usaha daripada untuk 196Hg.

## Referensi

* Massa isotop dari:
**
* Komposisi isotop dan massa atom standar dari:
**
**
* Data waktu paruh, spin, dan isomer dipilih dari sumber-sumber berikut.
**
**
**