Saksofon alto

**Saksofon alto** merupakan anggota keluarga saksofon dari alat musik tiup kayu . Saksofon ditemukan oleh perancang instrumen asal Belgia Adolphe Sax pada tahun 1840-an dan dipatenkan pada tahun 1846. Saksofon alto memiliki nada dasar E , lebih kecil dari tenor B  , tetapi lebih besar dari soprano B  . Ini adalah saksofon yang paling umum dan digunakan dalam musik populer, band konser, musik kamar, repertoar solo, band militer, kirab irama, pep band, musik karnatik, dan jazz (seperti big band, jaz kombo, musik ayun ).

Saksofon alto memiliki peran penting dalam pengembangan jaz. Musisi jaz berpengaruh yang memberikan kontribusi signifikan termasuk Don Redman, Jimmy Dorsey, Johnny Hodges, Benny Carter, Charlie Parker, Sonny Stitt, Lee Konitz, Jackie McLean, Phil Woods, Art Pepper, Paul Desmond, dan Cannonball Adderley.

Walaupun peran saksofon alto dalam musik orkestra terbatas, pemain yang berpengaruh termasuk Marcel Mule, Sigurd Raschèr, Jean-Marie Londeix, Eugene Rousseau, dan Frederick L. Hemke.

## Rentang
 
Seperti kebanyakan saksofon, rentang nada alto adalah B  3 hingga F 6 (atau F  6 ), dengan laras altisimo yang lebih tinggi dimulai pada F  6 (atau G 6 ). Laras altisimo saksofon lebih sulit dikendalikan daripada alat musik tiup kayu lainnya dan biasanya hanya diharapkan oleh pemain lanjutan. Tidak ada batasan atas yang ditetapkan dengan jelas untuk laras altisimo, tetapi sebagian besar bagan posisi jari ditulis hingga D 8 (berbunyi F 7 ).

Saksofon alto adalah instrumen transposisi, dengan nada yang terdengar satu perenam mayor lebih rendah daripada yang tertulis. Dalam hal nada konser, jangkauan saksofon alto berkisar dari konser D  3 (D  di bawah C tengah —lihat Notasi tala ilmiah ) hingga konser A  5 (atau A 5 pada alto dengan kunci F  tinggi).

Sedikit saksofon alto langka, beberapa model Selmer Mark VI, memiliki kunci untuk mencapai nada A rendah, setengah nada lebih rendah, mirip dengan saksofon bariton.

## Pemain

Pemain saksofon alto jaz ternama termasuk Charlie Parker, Cannonball Adderley, Johnny Hodges, Sonny Stitt, Paul Desmond, Benny Carter, Ornette Coleman, Lee Konitz, Bobby Watson, Eric Dolphy, Marshall Allen, Art Pepper, Julius Hemphill, Oliver Lake, Anthony Braxton, Henry Threadgill, Carlos Ward, David Sanborn, Dave Koz, Tom Scott, Paquito D'Rivera, John Zorn, Tim Berne, Steve Wilson, Steve Coleman, Greg Osby, Vincent Herring, Mark Gross, Kenny Garrett, dan Jeff Coffin .

Pemain saksofon alto klasik terkenal termasuk Tim McAllister, Jean-Yves Fourmeau, Lawrence Gwozdz, Donald Sinta, Harvey Pittel, Larry Teal, Kenneth Tse, Arno Bornkamp, Harry White, Otis Murphy, Claude Delangle .

## Pembuat
Perusahaan yang saat ini memproduksi saksofon termasuk Buffet Crampon, KHS / Jupiter, Conn-Selmer, Selmer Paris, Yamaha, Leblanc / Vito, Keilwerth, Cannonball, dan Yanagisawa .

## Repertoar musik klasik
Saksofon alto memiliki repertoar solo klasik yang besar yang mencakup solo dengan orkestra, piano, dan simfoni tiup . Dua komposisi solo yang penting adalah " *Concertino da Camera* " karya Jacques Ibert dan " *Concerto in E Flat major* " karya Alexander Glazunov .

Saksofon alto terkadang digunakan dalam musik orkestra. Beberapa komposisi tempat kemunculannya tercantum di bawah ini.

* Georges Bizet menampilkannya dalam "Intermezzo" dan "Minuet" dari suit kedua *L'Arlésienne.*
* Ia dipanggil untuk Richard Strauss dalam *Sinfonia Domestica nya*, yang mencangkup 4 saksofon, termasuk alto dalam F.
* Dmitri Shostakovich uses the alto in his *Suite for Variety Orchestra* and it has a prominent solo in the "Waltz No. 2" section. He also includes it in his *Suite No. 1* and *Suite No. 2.*
* Maurice Ravel uses the saxophone prominently in his orchestration of Modest Moussorgsky's *Pictures at an Exhibition*, most notably as the soloist in "Il vecchio castello".
* Alban Berg uses the saxophone in his late orchestral works, most notably "Der Wein", *Lulu*, and the *Violin Concerto.*
* Sergei Rachmaninoff uses the saxophone in his *Symphonic Dances* as a soloist in the first movement.
* George Gershwin includes it in a few pieces; such as *Rhapsody in Blue* and *An American in Paris.*
* Pierre Boulez wrote for 2 alto saxes in his composition *Pli selon pli* ("Fold by Fold").
* Benjamin Britten calls for an alto in his *Sinfonia da Requiem* and *The Prince of the Pagodas.*
* Leonard Bernstein includes an alto sax in his *Symphonic Dances from West Side Story.*
* Vincent d'Indy enlists two altos in his opera *Fervaal.*
* Darius Milhaud writes for an alto in *La Creation du Monde*, and places it in the score where one would expect to see a viola.
* Allan Pettersson makes use of an alto in his *16th Symphony.*
* Krzysztof Penderecki scores for two altos in his opera *The Devils of Loudon* ("Die Teufel von Loudon").
* Aram Khatchaturian includes an alto in his ballet *Gayane.*
* Poul Ruders includes a significant solo for the alto saxophone in his orchestral suite *Concerto in Pieces.*
* Eric Coates wrote for an alto in his 1936 *Saxo-Rhapsody*.
* Claude Debussy features an alto in his *Rhapsody for Saxophone and Orchestra*.
* Paul Creston wrote a concerto for the alto, a sonata with piano, and a rapsodie with organ. He also included it in a suite for saxophone quartet.
* Ronald Binge wrote a concerto for the alto saxophone in E-flat major (1956)
* Alan Hovhaness includes an alto in his ballet Is There Survival (also known as King Vahaken) and as part of incidental music he wrote to accompany the play *The Flowering Peach*.
* Béla Bartók calls for an alto in his ballet The Wooden Prince (as well as tenor and baritones saxes).
* Michael Tippett employs an alto in his 1989 opera New Year (as well as soprano, tenor and baritone saxes).
* Tony Banks wrote an alto feature for the first track of his 2012 album *Six Pieces for Orchestra*.
* Igor Stravinsky calls for two altos in his Ebony Concerto (as well as two tenors and a baritone).

## Rujukan