Amarah

***Amarah*** adalah sebuah novel realisme karangan John Steinbeck dan diterbitkan pada tahun 1939. Amarah berhasil  memenangkan National Book Award dan Penghargaan Pulitzer untuk fiksi, dan dikutip dengan jelas ketika Steinbeck dianugerahi Penghargaan Nobel pada tahun 1962.

Berlatarkan masa Depresi Besar, novel ini berfokus pada Joads, keluarga miskin yang berprofesi sebagai petani penyewa lantas diusir dari rumahnya di Oklahoma karena kelaparan, kesulitan ekonomi, perubahan industri pertanian, dan penyitaan bank memaksa petani berhenti bekerja. Karena situasi mereka yang hampir tanpa harapan, dan sebagian karena mereka terjebak di Dust Bowl, Joad berangkat ke California bersama ribuan *Okie lainnya* mencari pekerjaan, tanah, martabat, dan sebuah masa depan.

*Amarah* sering dibaca di sekolah menengah Amerika dan kelas sastra perguruan tinggi karena konteks sejarah dan warisan abadi. Adapatasi filmnya dibintangi oleh Henry Fonda dan disutradarai John Ford, rilis pada tahun 1940.

## Referensi

## Daftar pustaka

* Garcia, Reloy. "The Rocky Road to Eldorado: The Journey Motif in John Steinbeck's *The Grapes of Wrath*." ''Steinbeck Quarterly'' 14.03-04 (Summer/Fall 1981): 83-93
* Gregory, James N. "Dust Bowl Legacies: the Okie Impact on California, 1939–1989". *California History* 1989 68(3): 74–85. 
* Henkel, Scott. "A Seditious Proposal." *The Grapes of Wrath: A Reconsideration' *Vol. 1. Ed. Michael J. Meyer. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2009. 219–42. 
*Saxton, Alexander. "In Dubious Battle: Looking Backward". *Pacific Historical Review* 2004 73(2): 249–262.  Fulltext: online at Swetswise, Ingenta, Ebsco
* Sobchack, Vivian C. "The Grapes of Wrath (1940): Thematic Emphasis through Visual Style". *American Quarterly* 1979 31(5): 596–615.  Fulltext: in Jstor. Discusses the visual style of John Ford's cinematic adaptation of the novel. Usually the movie is examined in terms of its literary roots or its social protest. But the imagery of the film reveals the important theme of the Joad family's coherence. The movie shows the family in closeups, cramped in small spaces on a cluttered screen, isolated from the land and their surroundings. Dim lighting helps abstract the Joad family from the reality of Dust Bowl migrants. The film's emotional and aesthetic power comes from its generalized quality attained through this visual style.
* Windschuttle, Keith. "Steinbeck's Myth of the Okies". *The New Criterion*, Vol. 20, No. 10, June 2002.
* Zirakzadeh, Cyrus Ernesto. "John Steinbeck on the Political Capacities of Everyday Folk: Moms, Reds, and Ma Joad's Revolt". *Polity* 2004 36(4): 595–618. 
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## Pranala luar

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* John Steinbeck in the Santa Cruz Mountains – A history of Steinbeck's life living in the Santa Cruz Mountains while writing *The Grapes of Wrath*
* 2 short radio episodes "Spring in California" and "Route 66" from *The Grapes of Wrath*, California Legacy Project.
* "''The Grapes of Wrath'' revisited," (videos) *The Guardian* [Chris McGreal journeys along Route 66 – following the path of the Joads, of John Steinbeck's *The Grapes of Wrath*, to compare that account of the Great Depression with today's United States under President Barack Obama.
* Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – ''Grapes of Wrath''
* National Public Radio: ''Grapes of Wrath'', Present at the Creation
* Oklahoma Digital Maps Collection at Oklahoma State University
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