Kalender Romawi Timur

**Kalender Romawi Timur** (sering disebut hanya sebagai **Kalender Romawi**), juga disebut **Kalender Bizantium**, **Era Penciptaan Konstantinopel**, atau **Era Dunia** (, juga  atau , disingkat sebagai ε.Κ.; terjemahan harfiah: **Tahun Romawi sejak penciptaan alam semesta**), adalah kalender dan penanggalan yang pernah digunakan oleh Gereja Ortodoks Timur pada tahun 691 hingga 1728 dalam Patriarkat Oikumenis. Itu juga merupakan kalender resmi Kekaisaran Romawi Timur dari tahun 988 hingga 1453, serta Rus Kiev dan Kekaisaran Rusia pada tahun 988 hingga 1700. Kalender ini juga pernah digunakan di wilayah "Persemakmuran Romawi Timur" seperti Serbia, di mana kalender ini ditemukan dalam catatan-catatan hukum yaitu Undang-undang Dušan, sehingga disebut juga sebagai Kalender Serbia. Karena "Bizantium" hanyalah istilah neologisme untuk membedakan dengan Romawi bersatu (dan Romawi Barat) yang berpusat di Roma, nama aslinya menggunakan "Romawi" karena itulah yang terus disebut oleh pemerintahan dan masyarakat Romawi Timur.

Kalender ini berdasarkan Kalender Yulius, kecuali bahwa tahun dimulai pada 1 September dan nomor tahun menggunakan zaman Anno Mundi ang berasal dari Alkitab versi Septuaginta. Kalender ini menempatkan tanggal penciptaan pada 5509 tahun sebelum inkarnasi Yesus Kristus, dan dicirikan oleh kecenderungan tertentu yang telah menjadi tradisi di kalangan orang Yahudi dan Kristen awal untuk menghitung tahun-tahun sejak dasar perhitungan dunia (Latin: *[[Anno Mundi|Annus Mundi]]* atau *Ab Origine Mundi*— "AM"). Tahun Pertamanya, yang menandai kepercayaan tentang tanggal penciptaan, adalah 1 September 5509 SM hingga 31 Agustus 5508 SM. Sehingga sekarang tanggal (AD )  ( sebelum 1 September; dan  setelah 1 September).

## Lihat pula
* Kalender sebelumnya:
** Kalender Yunani Kuno
** Era Seleukia
** Kalender Romawi
** Kalender Julius
** Kalender Romawi Timur
* Artikel berhubungan:
** Kitab Kejadian
** Kronologi Alkitab
** Waktu Romawi Timur
** Tarikh Penciptaan
** *[[Creatio ex nihilo]]*
** Heksameron

## Catatan

## Referensi
### Catatan kaki

### Daftar pustaka

;Sumber primer: 
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* George Synkellos. *The Chronography of George Synkellos: a Byzantine Chronicle of Universal History from the Creation*. Transl. Prof. Dr. William Adler & Paul Tuffin. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Ibn Ezra, Abraham ben Meïr, (1092–1167). *Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit)*. (Vol.1 – Genesis). Transl. and annotated by H. Norman Strickman & Arthur M. Silver. Menorah Pub. Co., New York, N.Y., 1988.
* Julius Africanus. *Extant Writings III. The Extant Fragments of the Five Books of the Chronography of Julius Africanus.*
* Niketas Choniates. *O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates.* Transl. by Harry J. Magoulias. Wayne State University Press, Detroit, 1984.
* Pliny the Elder. *[[Natural History (Pliny)|Historia Naturalis]]*, XVIII, 210.
* St. Basil the Great. *[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.viii.i.html Hexæmeron]*. Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, 2nd Series (NPNF2). Transl. Philip Schaff, D.D., LL.D. (1819–1893): **Volume VIII – Basil: Letters and Select Works**. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., Grand Rapids, Michigan.
* St. Hilary of Poitiers. *On the Trinity*. Book IV.
* *The Rudder (Pedalion)*: Comp. Hieromonk Agapius and monk Nicodemus. First printed and published 1800. Trans. D. Cummings, [from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908], Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957. Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983.
* Theophanes. *The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor: Byzantine and Near Eastern History, AD 284–813*. Cyril Mango, Roger Scott, Geoffrey Greatrex (Eds.). Oxford University Press, 1997.
* Theophilus of Antioch. *Theophilus of Antioch to Autolycus.* Book III. Chap XXIV (Chronology from Adam) – Chap. XXVIII (Leading Chronological Epochs).

;Sumber sekunder:
Abad ke-21:
* Anthony Bryer. "Chronology and Dating". In: Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack . *[https://books.google.com/books?id=Pnkxofhi4mQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0 The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies].* Oxford University Press, 2008. pp.&nbsp;31–37.
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* Pavel Kuzenkov. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715093926/http://www.wra1th.plus.com/byzcong/comms/Kuzenkov_paper.pdf How old is the World? The Byzantine era κατα Ρωμαίους and its rivals]*. **21st International Congress of Byzantine Studies**, London 2006.
* Prof. Charles Ellis (University of Bristol). "Russian Calendar (988–1917)". *The Literary Encyclopedia*. 25 September 2008.
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* Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090213164409/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/gueze-ethiopian-the-counterfeit-millennium.html Gueze – ‘Ethiopian’: the Counterfeit Millennium]". September 8, 2007.
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* *The Orthodox Study Bible*. St. Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology. Elk Grove, California, 2008.

Abad ke-20:
* Barry Setterfield. *Ancient Chronology in Scripture*. September 1999.
* 
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* Roger S. Bagnall, K. A. Worp. *The Chronological Systems of Byzantine Egypt*. Zutphen, 1978.
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* Rev. Philip Schaff (1819–1893), Ed. "Era." *Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge* New Edition, 13 Vols., 1908–14. [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc04/Page_163.html Vol. 4, pp.&nbsp;163].
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* Yiannis E. Meimaris. *Chronological Systems in Roman-Byzantine Palestine and Arabia*. Athens, 1992.

Abad ke-19 dan sebelumnya:
* John McClintock, James Strong. *Cyclopedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature: Supplement*. V.2. Harper, 1887.
* Prof. Fr. Arsenius John Baptist Vuibert ([[Society of Saint-Sulpice|S.S.]]). *An Ancient History: From the Creation to the Fall of the Western Empire in A.D. 476.* Baltimore: Foley, 1886.
* [[Samuel Abraham Poznański|Samuel Poznański]]. "Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar". in *The Jewish Quarterly Review*, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Oct., 1897), pp.&nbsp;152–161.
* Sir [[Thomas Browne]]. *Pseudodoxia Epidemica: Book VI. Ch. 1 – Of sundry common opinions Cosmographical and Historical*. 1646; 6th ed., 1672. pp.&nbsp;321–330.
* *The Popular Encyclopedia: being a general dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, biography, history, and political economy.* (Vol. 3, Part 1). Glasgow: Blackie and Son, 1841.
* Thomas Spencer Baynes. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_navlinks_s Chronology: Era of the Creation of the World.”] *The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature''. 9th Ed., Vol. 5. A. & C. Black, 1833. pp.&nbsp;709–754.