Pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan

**Pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan** atau **pemerkosaan pasangan** adalah tindakan hubungan seksual dengan pasangan tanpa persetujuan pasangan. Kurangnya persetujuan adalah elemen penting dan tidak perlu melibatkan kekerasan fisik. Perkosaan dalam pernikahan dianggap sebagai bentuk kekerasan dalam rumah tangga dan pelecehan seksual. Meskipun, secara historis, hubungan seksual dalam pernikahan dianggap sebagai hak pasangan, melakukan tindakan tanpa persetujuan pasangan sekarang secara luas diklasifikasikan sebagai pemerkosaan oleh banyak masyarakat di seluruh dunia, ditolak oleh konvensi internasional, dan semakin dikriminalisasi.

Sebagian besar negara mengkriminalisasi pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan sejak akhir abad ke-20 dan seterusnya—sangat sedikit sistem hukum yang mengizinkan penuntutan pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan sebelum tahun 1970-an. Kriminalisasi telah terjadi melalui berbagai cara, termasuk penghapusan pengecualian undang-undang dari definisi pemerkosaan, keputusan pengadilan, referensi legislatif eksplisit dalam undang-undang undang-undang yang mencegah penggunaan pernikahan sebagai pembelaan, atau pembuatan pelanggaran khusus pemerkosaan dalam perkawinan. Di banyak negara, masih belum jelas apakah pemerkosaan dalam perkawinan tercakup dalam undang-undang perkosaan biasa, tetapi di beberapa negara hubungan seksual non-konsensual yang melibatkan pemaksaan dapat dituntut di bawah undang-undang umum yang melarang kekerasan, seperti undang-undang penganiayaan.

## Masalah dalam menuntut pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan
Kriminalisasi pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan tidak berarti bahwa hukum-hukum ini ditegakkan. Kurangnya kesadaran publik, serta keengganan atau penolakan langsung dari pihak berwenang untuk menuntut adalah hal biasa di seluruh dunia. Misalnya, di Irlandia, di mana pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan dibuat ilegal pada tahun 1990, pada tahun 2016 hanya ada dua orang yang dihukum karena pemerkosaan dalam pernikahan.

## Referensi

### Bibliografi

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## Pranala luar
* For a brief overview view of partner rape, see STAR Library - Marital Rape
* Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights, Marital and Intimate Partner Sexual Assault, *Stop Violence Against Women*.
* Aphrodite Wounded: Partner Rape Facts, Survivor Support and Educational Resources
* Real Rape, Real Pain: Help for Women Sexually Assaulted by Male Partners Patricia L. Easteal, Louise McOrmond-Plummer
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110223134522/http://www.whealth.com.au/work_raped_by_partner.html Raped by a Partner Research Report 2008 and https://web.archive.org/web/20110223134432/http://www.whealth.com.au/work_partner_rape.html Partner Rape Educational DVD 2009 produced by Women's Health Goulburn North East.
* Analytical study of the results of the Fourth Round of Monitoring the Implementation of Recommendation Rec(2002)5 on the Protection of Women against Violence in Council of Europe member states (results for 2013)