Nicolai Hartmann

**Paul Nicolai Hartmann** (; ) adalah seorang filsuf Jerman. Ia dianggap sebagai perwakilan penting dari realisme kritis dan salah satu metafisikawan abad kedua puluh paling penting. Karya awalnya dalam filsafat biologi dikutip dalam diskusi modern genomik dan kloning.

## Referensi

## Bacaan tambahan
;Buku
* 1952, H. Heimsoeth and others, *N. Hartmann, der Denker und seine Werk*.
* 1957, Jitendra Nath Mohanty, *Nicolai Hartmann and Alfred North Whitehead: A Study in Recent Platonism*, Calcutta: Progressive Publishers.
* 1959, H. Hulsmann, *Die Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns*.
* 1962, K. Kanthack, *N. Hartmann und das Ende der Ontologie*.
* 1965, I. Wirth, *Realismus und Apriorismus in N. Hartmanns Erkenntnistheorie.*
* 1965, J. B. Forsche, *Zur Philosophie Nicolai Hartmann".*
* 1971, E. Hammer-Kraft, *Freiheit und Dependenz im Schichtdenken Nicolai Hartmanns*.
* 1973, R. Gamp, *Die interkategoriale Relation und die dialektische Methode in der Philosophie N. Hartmanns.*
* 1974, S. U. Kang, *Nächstenliebe und Fernstenliebe Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann*.
* 1974, Imre Szilágyi, *Az érték szférája és objektivitásának paradoxonja (N. Hartmann értéketikájának kritikájához)*, Budapest.
* 1982, Herbert Spiegelberg, *The Phenomenological Movement: A Historical Introduction*, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. (Chapter VI: Phenomenology in the Critical Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann).
* 1984, Eva Hauel Cadwallader, *Searchlight on Values: Nicolai Hartmann's Twentieth-Century Value Platonism*, Washington: University press of America.
* 1987, Dong-Hyun Son, *Die Seinsweise des objektivierten Geistes: Eine Untersuchung im Anschluss an Nicolai Hartmanns Problematik des "geistigen Seins",* Peter Lang
* 1989, Arnd. Grötz, *Nicolai Hartmanns Lehre vom Menschen*, Frankfurt am Main, Lang.
* 1990, William H. Werkmeister, *Nicolai Hartmann's New Ontology*, Tallahassee, Florida State University Press.
* 1992, Roland H. Feucht, *Die Neoontologie Nicolai Hartmanns im Licht der evolutionären Erkenntnistheorie*, Regensburg, Roderer.
* 1994, Abolghassem Sakersadeh, *Immanenz und Transzendenz als ungelöste Problematik in der Philosophie Nicolai Hartmanns*, Münster, Lit.
* 1996, João Maurício Adeodato, *Filosofia do direito: uma crítica à verdade na ética e na ciência (através de um exame da ontologia de Nicolai Hartmann)*, São Paulo, Saraiva.
* 1997, Martin Morgenstern,*Nicolai Hartmann zur Einführung*, Hamburg, Junius.
* 2000, Wolfgang, Harich, *Nicolai Hartmann – Größe und Grenzen*, edited by Martin Morgenstern, Wurzburg: Königshausen und Neumann.
* 2001, *Axiomathes* (Springer), 12:3–4, special issue on N. Hartmann (Includes papers by Albertazzi, Cicovacki, Da Re, Johansson, Peruzzi, Poli, Tegtmeier, van der Schaar, Wildgen)
* 2001, Nebil Reyhani, *Hermann Weins Auseinandersetzung mit Nicolai Hartmann als sein Weg von der Ontologie zu einer philosophischen Kosmologie*, PhD dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz.
* 2003, Gerhard Ehrl, *Nicolai Hartmanns philosophische Anthropologie in systematischer Perspektive*, Cuxhave, Junghans.
* 2004, Alessandro Gamba, *In principio era il fine. Ontologia e teleologia in Nicolai Hartmann*, Milano, Vita e Pensiero.
* 2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "Człowiek i historia u Nicolaia Hartmanna", Lublin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
* 2009 Giuseppe D'Anna "Nicolai Hartmann. Dal conoscere all'essere", Brescia, Morcelliana
* 2010, Leszek Kopciuch, "Wolnośc a wartości. Max Scheler – Nicolai Hartmann – Dietrich von Hildebrand – Hans Reiner", Lublin, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej.
* 2011, Roberto Poli, Carlo Scognamiglio and Frederic Tremblay (eds.), *The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann*, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.
* 2011, Eugene Kelly, *Material Ethics of Value: Max Scheler and Nicolai Hartmann*, Dordrecht: Springer.
* 2012, Alicja Pietras, "W stronę ontologii. Nicolaia Hartmanna i Martina Heideggera postneokantowskie projekty filozofii", Kraków, Uniwersitas.
* 2016, Keith Peterson and Roberto Poli (eds.), *New Research on the Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann*, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter.

;Artikel
* 1935, Hilda Oakeley, "Professor Nicolai Hartmann's Concept of Objective Spirit," *Mind*, vol. 44, pp.&nbsp;39–57.
* 1942, Lewis White Beck, "Nicolai Hartmann's Criticism of Kant's Theory of Knowledge," *Philosophy and Phenomenological Research*, vol. 2, pp.&nbsp;472–500.
* 1943, Michael Landmann, "Nicolai Hartmann and Phenomenology," *Philosophy and Phenomenological Research*, vol. 3 pp.&nbsp;393–423.
* 1951, Helmut Kuhn, "Nicolai Hartmann's Ontology," *Philosophical Quarterly*, vol. 1, pp.&nbsp;289–318.
* 1953, Jacob Taubes, "The Development of the Ontological Question in Recent German Philosophy," *Review of Metaphysics*, vol. 6, pp.&nbsp;651–664.
* 1954, John E. Smith, "Hartmann's New Ontology," *Review of Metaphysics*, vol. 7, pp.&nbsp;583–601.
* 1956, Eva Schaper, "The Aesthetics of Hartmann and Bense," *Review of Metaphysics*, vol. 10, pp.&nbsp;289–307.
* 1960, Helen James, "Nicolai Hartmann's Study of Human Personality," *New Scholasticism*, vol. 34, pp.&nbsp;204–233.
* 1961, Robert Hein, "Nicolai Hartmann: A Personal Sketch," *Personalist*, vol 42, pp.&nbsp;469–486.
* 1963, Stanislas Breton, "Ontology and Ontologies: The Contemporary Situation," *International Philosophical Quarterly*, vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;339–369.
* 1963, Paul K. Feyerabend, "Professor Hartmann's Philosophy of Nature," *Ratio*, vol. 5, pp.&nbsp;91–106.
* 1963, Jitendra Nath Mohanty, "Remarks on Nicolai Hartmann's Modal Doctrine," *Kant Studien*, vol. 54, pp.&nbsp;181–187.
* 1966, Caroline Schuetzinger, "The Gnoseological Transcendence in Nicolai Hartmann's Metaphysics of Cognition (First Part)," *Thomist*, vol. 30, pp.&nbsp;1–37.
* 1966, Caroline Schuetzinger, "The Gnoseological Transcendence in Nicolai Hartmann's Metaphysics of Cognition (Second Part)," *Thomist*, vol. 30, pp.&nbsp;136–196.
* 1984, Richard Bodeus, "The Problem of Freedom According to Nicolai Hartmann," *International Philosophical Quarterly*, vol. 24, pp.&nbsp;55–60.
* 1984, Eva Hauel Cadwallader, "The Continuing Relevance of Nicolai Hartmann's Theory of Value", *Journal of Value Inquiry*, vol. 18, pp.&nbsp;113–121.
* 1984, Frederick Kraenzel, "Nicolai Hartmann's Doctrine of Ideal Values: An Examination," *Journal of Value Inquiry*, vol. 18, pp.&nbsp;299–306.
* 1986, Janina Makota, "Nicolai Hartmann's and Roman Ingarden's Philosophy of Man," *Reports on Philosophy*, vol. 10, pp.&nbsp;69–79.
* 1994, Wolfgang Drechsler and Rainer Kattel, "Nicolai Hartmann", *Akademia*, vol. 6, pp.&nbsp;1579–1592.
* 1997, Robert Welsh Jordan, "Nicolai Hartmann." *Encyclopedia of Phenomenology,* eds Lester Embree, Elizabeth A. Behnke, Thomas Seebohm, Jitendra Nath Mohanty, Joseph J. Kockelmans, et al. Contributions to Phenomenology, vol. 18, Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 288–292.
* 1998, Roberto Poli, "Levels," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 9, pp.&nbsp;197–211.
* 2001, Predrag Cicovacki, "New Ways of Ontology – The Ways of Interaction", *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;159–170.
* 2001, Gabor Csepregi, "The Relevance of Nicolai Hartmann's Musical Aesthetics," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;339–354.
* 2001, Antonio Da Re, "Objective Spirit and Personal Spirit in Hartmann's Philosophy," *Axiomathes*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;317–326.
* 2001, Ingvar Johansson, "Hartmann's Nondeductive Materialism, Superimposition, and Supervenience," *Axiomathes*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;195–215.
* 2001, Leszek Kopciuch, "Metafizyka historii u Nicolaia Hartmanna. Granice rozumu historycznego", in:  Z. J. Czarnecji (ed.), "Dylematy racjonalności. Między rozumem teoretycznym a praktycznym, Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowoskiej, pp. 133–152.
* 2001, Erwin Tegtmeier, "Hartmann's General Ontology," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;217–225.
* 2001, Maria Van der Schaar, "Hartmann's Rejection of the Notion of Evidence," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;285–297.
* 2001, Robert Welsh Jordan, "Hartmann, Schutz, and the Hermeneutics of Action," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;327–338.
* 2001, Roberto Poli, "The Basic Problem of the Theory of Levels of Reality," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;261–283.
* 2001, Alberto Peruzzi, "Hartmann's Stratified Reality," *Axiomathes: An International Journal in Ontology and Cognitive Systems*, vol. 12, pp.&nbsp;227–260.
*2002, Robert Welsh Jordan, "Nicolai Hartmann: Proper Ethics is Atheistic, *Phenomenological Approaches to Moral Philosophy. a Handbook,* edited by John J. Drummond and Lester Embree, Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 175–196. 
* 2005, Leszek Kopciuch, "Aprioryzm w czuciu wartości u N. Hartmanna", in: H. Jakuszko (ed.), "Racjonalność teoretyczna i praktyczna", „Annales UMCS”, vol. XXX, Sect. I, pp.&nbsp;153–173.
* 2006, Leszek Kopciuch, "Krytyka relatywizmu aksjologicznego u N. Hartmanna", „Edukacja Filozoficzna” vol. 41, pp.&nbsp;157–170.
* 2006, Alicja Pietras, "Pojęcie kategorii a problem granic poznania. Nicolai Hartmann a Immanuel Kant", „Czasopismo Filozoficzne” vol 1, pp. 22–40.
* 2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "O sile i bezsile wartości u Nicolaia Hartmanna", in: K. łojek (red.), "Człowiek w kulturze", Warszawa: Wydawnictwo  WSFiZ, pp.&nbsp;233–244.
* 2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "Przedmiot czucia wartości w etyce N. Hartmanna", „Etyka”, No.40, pp.&nbsp;49–61.
* 2007, Leszek Kopciuch, "O trudnościach w poznawaniu wartości etycznych u N. Hartmanna", in: M. Hetmański (ed.), "Epistemologia współcześnie", Kraków: Universitas, pp.&nbsp;445–453.
* 2008, Leszek Kopciuch, "O różnicy w budowie dzieła sztuki u R. Ingardena i N. Hartmanna (w sprawie zarzutów Ingardena względem N. Hartmanna)", „Kwartalnik Filozoficzny”, vol. XXXVI, issue 2, pp.&nbsp;101–114.
* 2008, Leszek Kopciuch, "Zum Problem der Geschichtsphilosophie bei N. Hartmann", in: D. Pater (ed.)"Eine Philosophie – eine Welt – ein Mensch", Hannover: Europäische Akademie der Naturwissenschaften, pp.&nbsp;13–28.
* 2008, Alicja Pietras, "Nicolaia Hartmanna krytyka logicyzmu". W: Z problemów współczesnej humanistyki III. Red. A. J. Noras. Katowice 2008, p. 95-111.
* 2009, Leszek Kopciuch, "Wolna wola – G. W. Leibniz i N. Hartmann", in: H. Jakuszko, L. Kopciuch (ed.), "W kręgu zagadnień filozofii XVII wieku", Lublin: Lubelskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, Wydawnictwo Olech, pp.&nbsp;213–222.
* 2009, Leszek Kopciuch, "Nicolaia Hartmanna prawa bytu realnego", „Acta Universitatis Lodziensis”, Folia Philosophica, vol. 22, pp.&nbsp;105–115
* 2010, Leszek Kopciuch, "Kilka uwag o stosunku Hartmanna do etyki Kanta, „Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia”, vol. V, fasc. 2, pp.&nbsp;167–170.
* 2010, Leszek Kopciuch, "O stosunku N. Hartmanna do A. Schopenhauera, „Idea. Studia nad strukturą i rozwojem pojęć filozoficznych”, vol. XXII, pp.&nbsp;51–61.
* 2011, Frederic Tremblay, "Nicolai Hartmann's Definition of Biological Species," in R. Poli, C. Scognamiglio, F. Tremblay (eds.), *The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann*, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 125–139.
* 2011, Leszek Kopciuch, "Nicolaia Hartmanna krytyka podmiotu transcendentalnego w etyce", in: P. Parszutowicz, M. Soin (ed.), "Idea transcendentalizmu. Od Kanta do Wittgensteina", Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IFiS PAN, pp.&nbsp;279–294.
*2011, Alicja Pietras, "Nicolai Hartmann as a Post-Neo-Kantian", in R. Poli, C. Scognamiglio, F. Tremblay (eds.), *The Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann*, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 237–251.
* 2011, Alicja Pietras, "Recepcja myśli Kanta w filozofii Hartmanna i Heideggera. Problem relacji między filozofią a naukami szczegółowymi", in: A. J. Noras, T. Kubalica (eds.), "Filozofia Kanta i jej recepcja",  Katowice 2011,  Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, pp. 217–228.
* 2012, Alicja Pietras, "O interpretacji z punktu widzenia ontologii bytu duchowego Nicolaia Hartmanna", in: M. Brodnicki, J. Jakubowska, K. Jaroń (eds.), "Historia interpretacji. Interpretacja historii", Gdańsk 2012, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, pp. 25–35.
* 2012, Alicja Pietras, "Pojęcie aprioryczności w filozofii Nicolaia Hartmanna", "Ruch Filozoficzny",Tom LXIX, nr 3-4, Toruń 2012, pp. 421–435. 
* 2013, Alicja Pietras, "Nicolaia Hartmanna projekt syntezy myślenia i intuicji", "Przegląd Filozoficzny – Nowa Seria", R 22: 2013, Nr 1 (85), pp. 335–350. 
* 2013, Alicja Pietras, "Problem principium individuationis w ontologii Nicolaia Hartmanna", “Filo-Sofija”, nr 23 (2013/14), pp. 175–184.
* 2013, Frederic Tremblay, "Nicolai Hartmann and the Metaphysical Foundation of Phylogenetic Systematics," *Biological Theory*, vol. 7, n. 1, pp. 56–68.
* 2016, Vélez León, Paulo. "An Intellectual Profile of Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950). Part I". Disputatio. Philosophical Research Bulletin, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 457–538. (In Spanish)
* 2017, Frederic Tremblay, "Vladimir Solovyov, Nicolai Hartmann, and Levels of Reality," *Axiomathes*, vol. 27, n. 2, pp. 133–146.
* 2017, Frederic Tremblay, "Historical Introduction to Nicolai Hartmann's Concept of Possibility," *Axiomathes*, vol. 27, n. 2, pp. 193–207.
* 2018, Alicja Pietras, "The Ontology of Processual Being: Nicolai Hartmann’s Interpretation of the Hegelian Dialectical Process," *Constructivist Foundations* 14 (1), pp. 62–65, 
* 2019, Frederic Tremblay, "Ontological Axiology in Nikolai Lossky, Max Scheler, and Nicolai Hartmann." In Moritz Kalckreuth, Gregor Schmieg, Friedrich Hausen (eds.), *Nicolai Hartmanns Neue Ontologie und die Philosophische Anthropologie: Menschliches Leben in Natur und Geist*, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 193–232.
* 2021, Alicja Pietras, "Nicolai Hartmann and the Transcendental Method, *Logic and Logical Philosophy* 30, n. 3, pp. 461–492.

## Pranala luar
* 
* Nicolai Hartmann Society
* Levels of Reality in the Ontology of Nicolai Hartmann
* Martin Morgenstern, , in: Philosophia: E-Journal of Philosophy and Culture, 5/2013.