Eksepsionalisme Amerika Serikat

**Eksepsionalisme Amerika Serikat** adalah gagasan bahwa Amerika Serikat secara inheren berbeda dari negara lain. Para pendukungnya berpendapat bahwa nilai-nilai, sistem politik, dan perkembangan sejarah AS adalah unik dalam sejarah manusia, sering kali dengan implikasi bahwa negara tersebut ditakdirkan dan berhak memainkan peran yang berbeda dan positif di panggung dunia.

Ilmuwan politik Seymour Martin Lipset menelusuri asal mula eksepsionalisme Amerika hingga Revolusi Amerika Serikat, dimana Amerika Serikat muncul sebagai "negara baru pertama" dengan gagasan yang berbeda. Ideologi ini didasarkan pada kebebasan, persamaan di depan hukum, tanggung jawab individu, republikanisme, demokrasi perwakilan, dan ekonomi laissez-faire; prinsip-prinsip ini kadang-kadang secara kolektif disebut sebagai " Eksepsionalisme Amerika", dan mengharuskan Amerika Serikat dianggap baik secara domestik maupun internasional sebagai lebih unggul dari negara lain atau memiliki misi unik untuk mengubah dunia.

Teori eksepsionalisme di Amerika Serikat berkembang dari waktu ke waktu dan dapat ditelusuri ke banyak sumber. Ilmuwan dan sejarawan politik Prancis Alexis de Tocqueville adalah penulis pertama yang menggambarkan negara itu sebagai "luar biasa" setelah perjalanannya ke sana pada tahun 1831. Penggunaan terdokumentasi paling awal dari istilah khusus "Eksepsionalisme Amerika" adalah komunis Amerika di intra-komunis perselisihan pada akhir tahun 1920-an.

## Referensi

### Bibliograpi

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* Churchwell, Sarah. *Behold, America: The Entangled History of 'America First' and 'the American Dream' *(2018). 368 pp. online review
* Dollinger, Marc. "American Jewish Liberalism Revisited: Two Perspectives Exceptionalism and Jewish Liberalism". *American Jewish History* (2002) 90#2 pp.&nbsp;161+. online at Questia 
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* Hughes, David. "Unmaking an exception: A critical genealogy of US exceptionalism." *Review of International Studies* (2015) 41#3 pp.&nbsp;527–51
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* Glickstein, Jonathan A. *American Exceptionalism, American Anxiety: Wages, Competition, and Degraded Labor In The Antebellum United States* (2002)
* Ferrie, Joseph P. *The End of American Exceptionalism: Mobility in the US Since 1850,* Journal of Economic Perspectives (Summer, 2005)
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* Kammen, Michael. "The problem of American exceptionalism: A reconsideration." *American Quarterly* (1993) 45#1 pp.&nbsp;1–43. online
* Koh, Harold Hongju. "On American Exceptionalism" 55 Stan. L. Rev. 1479 (2003) online
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* LeBlanc, Paul and Tim Davenport (eds.), *The "American Exceptionalism" of Jay Lovestone and His Comrades, 1929–1940: Dissident Marxism in the United States, Volume 1.* Leiden, NL: Brill, 2015.
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* Lipset, Seymour Martin. *The First New Nation*. Basic Books, 1955.
* Lipset, Seymour Martin. "Still the Exceptional Nation?" *The Wilson Quarterly.* 24#1 (2000) pp.&nbsp;31+ online version 
* Lloyd, Brian. *Left Out: Pragmatism, Exceptionalism, and the Poverty of American Marxism, 1890–1922.* Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
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* Restad, Hilde Eliassen, "Old Paradigms in History Die Hard in Political Science: U.S. Foreign Policy and American Exceptionalism", *American Political Thought* (Notre Dame), (Spring 2012), 1#1 pp.&nbsp;53–76.
* Ross, Dorothy. *Origins of American Social Science.* Cambridge University Press, 1991.
* Ross, Dorothy. "American Exceptionalism" in *A Companion to American Thought.* Richard W. Fox and James T. Kloppenberg, eds. London: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 1995: 22–23.
* Schuck, Peter H., Wilson, James Q., Eds. *Understanding America: The Anatomy of an Exceptional Nation*, 704 pp, 2008, 
* Shafer, Byron E., ed. *Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism* (1991) endorses exceptionalism
* Soderlind, Sylvia, and James Taylor Carson, eds. *American Exceptionalisms: From Winthrop to Winfrey* (State University of New York Press; 2012) 268 pp; essays on the rhetoric of exceptionalism in American history, from John Winthrop's "city upon a hill" to the "war on terror".
* Swirski, Peter. *American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History.* New York, Routledge (2011)
* Tilman, Rick. "Thorstein Veblen's Views on American 'Exceptionalism': An Interpretation". *Journal of Economic Issues.* 39#1 2005. pp.&nbsp;177+. online version 
* Tomes, Robert. "American Exceptionalism in the Twenty-First Century" . "Survival." 56#1. pp.&nbsp;26–50.
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* Tyrrell, Ian. "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History", *American Historical Review* Vol. 96, No. 4 (Oct., 1991), pp.&nbsp;1031–55 in JSTOR
* Voss, Kim. *The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century* (1993) online version 
* Wilentz, Sean. *Against Exceptionalism: Class Consciousness and the American Labor Movement, 1790–1820*, 26 Int'l Lab. & Working Class History 1 (1984)
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### Sumber utama

* Roberts, Timothy, and Lindsay DiCuirci. (Eds). *American Exceptionalism*. Volumes 1–4. London: Pickering & Chatto Publishers, 2012, 1552 pp. A compilation of the primary sources on the subject of American exceptionalism, including pamphlets, sermons, newspaper and magazine articles from colonial period to 1900.

## Bacaan lanjutan

* Newt Gingrich (2011). *[[A Nation Like No Other]]: Why American Exceptionalism Matters*. Regnery Publishing. 
* Greg Grandin, "The Strange Career of American Exceptionalism", *[[The Nation]]*, January 2/9, 2017, pp.&nbsp;22–27.
* Noam Chomsky,  Included video discusses subject.

## Pranala luar

* How the World Sees America – Washington Post Feature
* "The American Creed: Does It Matter? Should It Change?"
* Obama and American exceptionalism – Glenn Greenwald, *[[Salon.com]]*
* Obama and the Burden of Exceptionalism – Shelby Steele, *[[WSJ.com]]*
* The right to be different Debate between Grover Norquist and Will Hutton
* ''Booknotes'' interview with Seymour Martin Lipset on ''American Exceptionalism: A Double-Edged Sword'', June 23, 1996.
* *[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/American-Exceptionalism-American-Freedom.php American Exceptionalism, American Freedom]*, by Eric Foner (*The Montreal Review*, January, 2013)
* American Exceptionalism