Lysander Spooner

**Lysander Spooner** (19 Januari 1808 – 14 Mei 1887) adalah anarkis individualis Amerika Serikat. Dia juga seorang abolisionis, pengusaha, esais, teoretikus hukum, pamfeltis, filsuf politik, unitarian, penulis dan anggota Internasional Pertama.

Spooner adalah pendukung kuat gerakan buruh, antiotoritarian, dan anarkis individualis dalam pandangan politiknya. Ideologi ekonomi dan politiknya sering kali diidentifikasi sebagai sosialisme libertarian dan mutualisme. Tulisan-tulisannya berkontribusi pada perkembangan teori politik baik libertarian kiri dan libertarian kanan dalam libertarianisme di Amerika Serikat.

Tulisan Spooner termasuk buku abolisionis, *[[The Unconstitutionality of Slavery]]* dan *[[No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority]]* yang menentang tuduhan makar terhadap separatis. Spooner juga dikenal karena berkompetisi dengan Layanan Pos Amerika Serikat dengan perusahaannya, American Letter Mail Company. Namun, kompetisi ini berakhir setelah masalah hukum dengan pemerintah federal.

## Publikasi
Hampir semua tulisan Spooner terdapat di kompilasi enam volume, *The Collected Works of Lysander Spooner* (1971). Pengecualian paling menonjol yaitu *Vices Are Not Crimes*, yang tidak dikenal luas sampai penerbitan ulangnya pada 1977.
* "The Deist's Immortality, and An Essay on Man's Accountability for His Belief" (1834)
* "The Deist's Reply to the Alleged Supernatural Evidences of Christianity" (1836)
* "Constitutional Law, Relative to Credit, Currency, and Banking" (1843)
* "The Unconstitutionality of the Laws of Congress, Prohibiting Private Mails" (1844)
* Unconstitutionality of Slavery]*] (1845)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a51faee4b0994cd90672a9/1436884910079/POVERTY.pdf "Poverty: Its Illegal Causes, and Legal Cure"] (1846)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a5258ce4b0bf42f2b03399/1436886412260/Illegality+of+the+Trial+of+John+W.+Webster.pdf "Illegality of the Trial of John W. Webster"] (1850)
* [http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2181/Spooner1474_Bk.pdf "An Essay on Trial by Jury"] (1852)
* [http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2243/Spooner_1518_Bk.pdf "The Law of Intellectual Property"] (1855)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a525cce4b08dcc060be064/1436886476392/Plan+for+the+Abolition+of+Slavery.pdf "A Plan for the Abolition of Slavery, and To the Non-Slaveholders of the South"] (1858)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a5260ce4b09a8bb0481dd5/1436886540509/Address+of+the+Free+Constitutionalists.pdf "Address of the Free Constitutionalists to the People of the United States"] (1860)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a520b7e4b06382a024b64a/1436885175093/New+System+of+Paper+Currency.pdf "A New System of Paper Currency"] (1861)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a5263fe4b0c83122fb55c4/1436886591736/Letter+to+Charles+Sumner.pdf "A Letter to Charles Sumner"] (1864)
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55a3c833e4b07c31913e6eae/t/55a5215fe4b0994cd9067c7b/1436885343863/Considerations+for+Bankers.pdf "Considerations for Bankers, and Holders of United States Bonds"] (1864)
* [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/bright/Spooner/Spooner_1483_Bk.pdf No Treason No. I] (1870)
* [http://lf-oll.s3.amazonaws.com/titles/2213/Spooner_1484_Bk.pdf No Treason No. II: The Constitution] (1870)
* [http://files.libertyfund.org/files/2194/Spooner_1485_Bk.pdf *No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority]'' (1870)
* "Forced Consent" (1873)
* "Vices Are Not Crimes: A Vindication of Moral Liberty" (1875)
* "Our Financiers: Their Ignorance, Usurpations and Frauds" (1877)
* "Gold and Silver as Standards of Value: The Flagrant Cheat in Regard to Them" (1878)
* "Natural Law, or the Science of Justice" (1882)
* "A Letter to Thomas F. Bayard" (1882)
* "A Letter to Scientists and Inventors, on the Science of Justice" (1884)
* "A Letter to Grover Cleveland, on His False Inaugural Address, the Usurpations and Crimes of Lawmakers and Judges, and the Consequent Poverty, Ignorance, and Servitude of the People" (1886)
* "Two Treatises on Competitive Currency and Banking"  (2018)

### Materi arsip
Terdapat koleksi surat yang ditulis Spooner di Perpustakaan Umum Boston dan Masyarakat Sejarah New York.

## Lihat pula

* Abolisionisme di Amerika Serikat
* Filsafat Amerika
* Anarkisme individualis
* Anarkisme pasar bebas
* Libertarianisme kiri
* Anarkisme pasar sayap kiri
* Sosialisme libertarian
* Daftar filsuf Amerika
* Sosialisme pasar
* Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)
* Mutualisme (gerakan)
* Hak kodrati dan hak ikhtiyari
* Hukum alam

## Referensi

## Bacaan lebih lanjut
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## Pranala luar

* LysanderSpooner.org, website khusus
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* Reason Magazine