Orkes Gesek

**Orkestra gesek** adalah orkestra yang hanya terdiri dari bagian gesek yang terdiri dari senar busur yang digunakan dalam musik Klasik Barat. Instrumen orkestra semacam itu paling sering adalah sebagai berikut: biola, yang dibagi menjadi pemain biola pertama dan kedua (masing-masing biasanya memainkan bagian yang berbeda), viola, selo, dan umumnya, tetapi tidak selalu, kontrabas .

Orkestra gesek dapat berupa orkestra ruang dengan ukuran yang berkisar antara 12 (4 biola pertama, 3 biola kedua, 2 viola, 2 selo dan 1 bas = 12) dan 21 musisi (6 biola pertama, 5 biola kedua, 4 viola, 4 selo dan 2 kontrabas = 21) terkadang tampil tanpa konduktor . Bisa juga terdiri dari seluruh bagian gesek dari orkestra simfoni besar yang dapat memiliki 60 musisi (16 biola pertama, 14 biola kedua, 12 viola, 10 selo dan 8 kontrabas = 60; *Gurre-Lieder* menyerukan 84: 20.20.16.16 .12). 

## Repertoar

Repertoarnya mencakup beberapa karya Mozart (termasuk *[[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]]* ), William Boyce (delapan simfoninya hanya untuk string), dan Haydn yang membuang basso continuo barok . Beberapa dari karya ini bermasalah ketika memutuskan apakah karya tersebut untuk orkestra atau kuartet gesek . Khususnya dalam karya-karya awal Haydn, dikatakan bahwa inversi harmoni dari persilangan garis bass dan viola yang sesekali terjadi menyiratkan adanya double bass; tetapi pertanyaannya belum terselesaikan.

Karya-karya penting abad ke-20 telah ditulis untuk orkestra string oleh Bartók ( Divertimento for String Orchestra ), Stravinsky ( *Apollo* ), Witold Lutosławski ( *Musique funèbre* ), Benjamin Britten ( *Simple Symphony* and *Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge* ), Charles Wuorinen ( *Grand Bamboula* ), dan Malcolm Williamson ( Simfoni No.7 ). Sir Michael Tippett menulis *Konserto untuk Double String Orchestra* dan Ralph Vaughan Williams menulis *Partita untuk Double String Orchestra* . Komposer yang telah menulis Serenade untuk orkestra string termasuk Tchaikovsky, Dvořák, Suk dan Elgar . Mendelssohn, di masa mudanya, juga menulis tiga belas simfoni untuk orkestra gesek .

Kadang-kadang karya yang aslinya ditulis untuk kuartet gesek, kwintet, sextet, dll. diaransemen untuk orkestra gesek. *Adagio for Strings* karya Samuel Barber, 3 Pieces dari *Lyric Suite* karya Alban Berg, sextet string Arnold Schoenberg *Verklärte Nacht* dan String Quartet No. 2, sextet *Souvenir de Florence* karya Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, String Kedua karya John Corigliano *Andante Festivo* karya Quartet dan Jean Sibelius adalah contohnya. Bagian timpani opsional juga ditambahkan pada karya Sibelius. Karya *Shaker Loops* yang ditulis pada tahun 1978 untuk septet kemudian diaransemen pada tahun 1983 untuk orkestra gesek oleh komposer Amerika John Adams telah menjadi tambahan repertoar yang populer belakangan ini. Graham Waterhouse menyusun beberapa karya untuk orkestra gesek ( *Sinfonietta* ), juga dikombinasikan dengan suara kontras seperti Great Highland Bagpipe ( *Chieftain's Salute* ).

## Karya untuk orkestra gesek

* Yalil Guerra: "Old Havana," "A la antigua," "Terra Ignota" (Unknown Land), "Clave," for strings and percussion, "El Retrato de la Paloma" (The Portrait of the Dove)-Latin GRAMMY nominated composition (2015), Symphony No. 2 for strings "Los Dioses del Olimpo" (The Olympian Gods), "Al Partir" (On Leaving) dedicated to Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, "Negro Bembón, dedicated to Nicolás Guillén.
* Giovanni Albini: *Una teoria della prossimità* (2006)
* Louis Andriessen: *Symphony for Open Strings*
* Lera Auerbach:
** String Symphony "Memoria de la Luz" (2013)
** Serenade for a Melancholic Sea for violin, violoncello, piano and string orchestra (2002)
** Dialogues of Stabat Mater (after G.B. Pergolesi) for violin, viola, vibraphone and string orchestra (2005)
* Maciej Bałenkowski:
** Sinfonietta no. 1 "Time is ticking" for string orchestra (2013/2014)
** Sinfonietta no. 2 "Polonia" - hommage à Wojciech Kilar for string orchestra (2017/2018)
** "Farewell" for string orchestra (2016)
* Granville Bantock: *Celtic Symphony* for string orchestra and six harps
* Samuel Barber: *Adagio for Strings*
* Béla Bartók: Divertimento for String Orchestra
** Romanian Dances for String Orchestra
* Mason Bates: *Icarian Rhapsody* (1999)
* Jeremy Beck: *Sinfonietta* (2000)
* Alan Belkin: *Adagio Symphonique* (2002)
* Luciano Berio: *Notturno* (1995)
* Leonard Bernstein: *Serenade for Solo Violin, Strings, Harp and Percussion after Plato's "Symposium"*
* Judith Bingham: *The Hythe* (2012)
* Georges Bizet: *Adagietto,* L'Arlesienne Suite No. 1 (1872)
* Ernest Bloch: *Concerto Grosso* No. 2
* Nimrod Borenstein
** In the night opus 48 (2007)
** In the morning opus 51 (2008)
** Symphony for strings opus 68 (2014)
** Suspended opus 69 (2014)
** Yodit opus 82 (2018)
* Pierre Boulez: Livre pour cordes
* Frank Bridge: *Lament* (1915)
* Benjamin Britten: *Simple Symphony*
* Stephen Brown:
** *The Carol Suite* (1993)
** *Sunrise Serenade* (2001)
** *On the Idle Hill of Summer* (2002)
* John Cage: *Twenty-Three* (for violins, violas, and cellos) Additionally, many of Cage's indeterminate scores could be arranged for string orchestra.
* Carlos Chávez: Symphony No. 5
* Nigel Clarke: *The Miraculous Violin*
* Anna Clyne:
** *Within Her Arms* (2009)
** *Prince of Clouds* (2012)
* Paul Creston: *Gregorian Chant for String Orchestra* (1936)
* Tansy Davies: *Residuum*
* David Diamond: *Rounds for String Orchestra* (1944)
* Avner Dorman: Concerto Grosso (2002–2003)
* Antonín Dvořák: Serenade for String Orchestra in E major, Op.22
* Edward Elgar:
** *Introduction and Allegro for Strings* (1905)
** Serenade for Strings
* Zoran Erić: *Cartoon for Strings*
* Irving Fine: *Serious Song: A Lament for String Orchestra* (1955)
* Gerald Finzi: Romance, Op. 11 (1928)
* Arthur Foote: Suite in E major for String Orchestra, Op. 63 (1909)
* Alberto Ginastera: *Concerto per corde*, Op. 33 (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra)
* Philip Glass: film score for ''The Hours'' (large string orchestra plus piano soloist)
* Henryk Gorecki: Three Pieces in Old Style (1963)
* Edvard Grieg: *Holberg Suite* (originally written for piano then arranged for string orchestra)
* Stefans Grové: Elegy for Strings (1948)
* Mark Gustavson: *Hymn to the Vanished* (2001)
* Karl Amadeus Hartmann: Symphony No. 4
* Victor Herbert: Serenade for Strings
* Alfred Hill: String Symphonies
* Gustav Holst:
** *St Paul's Suite* (1912)
** *Brook Green Suite* (1933)
** *A Moorside Suite* (1928)
* Arthur Honegger: Symphony No. 2
* Alan Hovhaness: Symphony No. 31 (1976–77)
* Ketil Hvoslef: Serenata for Strings
* Charles Ives: *The Call of the Mountains* (arranged by Jonathan Dore from the String Quartet No. 2)
* Stephen Jablonsky: *String Thing* (2018) A serenade in six movements
** *The Old Man and the Sea* (2018)
** *Arirang* (2008)
* Karl Jenkins:  (1996)
* David Johnstone: more than 20 published works for string orchestra
* Paul Juon: Five Pieces for String Orchestra, op.16
* Vasily Kalinnikov: Serenade for Strings in G minor
* Mieczyslaw Karlowicz: Serenade for Strings Op. 2 (1897)
* Nigel Keay: Serenade for Strings
* Uuno Klami: Suite for String Orchestra (1937)
* Sophie Lacaze:
** *Y aparece el sol* (2017) for flute, didgeridoo and string orchestra
** *Immobilité sérieuse I* (2013) for piano and string orchestra
* Kenneth Leighton:
** Symphony for Strings, Op. 3 (1948-49)
** Concerto for String Orchestra, Op. 39 (1960-61)
* Elizabeth Maconchy: Symphony for Double String Orchestra (1952–53)
* Gustav Mahler: Adagietto from Symphony No. 5.
* Gian Francesco Malipiero: Symphony No. 6 "Degli Archi" (1947)
* Andrew March: Sanguis Venenatus (Tainted Blood) Elegy for Strings (2009)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4gy-7IlUqg
* Bohuslav Martinů: *Double Concerto for Two String Orchestras, Piano, and Timpani*
* Nicholas Maw: *Life Studies*
* Felix Mendelssohn:
** 13 String Symphonies
** Concerto for Violin and Strings
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:
** Three Concertos for Piano and Strings in D major, G major and E major, K. 107 (1771 or 1765)
** Divertimento No. 1 for Strings in D major, K. 136/125a (1772)
** Divertimento No. 2 for Strings in B major, K. 137/125b (1772)
** Divertimento No. 3 for Strings in F major, K. 138/125c (1772)
** *[[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]]* (1787)
* Lior Navok: *Between Two Coasts*
* Ștefan Niculescu: *Formants* (1967), for 17 solo strings
* Robert Paterson:
** *Suite for String Orchestra* (2011)
** *I See You* (for String Orchestra and Recording) (2015)
* Vincent Persichetti: Symphony No. 5
* Allan Pettersson:
** Concerto No. 1 (1949–50)
** Concerto No. 2 (1956)
** Concerto No. 3 (1956–57)
* Ottorino Respighi: *Ancient Airs and Dances, Suite No. 3* (1932)
* Carl Ruggles: *Portals*
* Aulis Sallinen: *Aspects of the Funeral March of Hintriki Peltoniemi* (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra)
* Esa-Pekka Salonen: *Stockholm Diary* (2004)
* Arnold Schoenberg: *Verklärte Nacht* or *Transfigured Night* (1899) (originally written for string sextet then arranged for string orchestra)
* Franz Schreker: Scherzo for String Orchestra (1900)
** Intermezzo for String Orchestra (Opus 8, 1900)
* William Schuman: Symphony No. 5
* Jean Sibelius: *Andante Festivo* for strings and timpani
* Richard St. Clair Symphony for String Orchestra
* Richard Strauss: *Metamorphosen* for 23 solo strings
* Igor Stravinsky:
** Concerto in D (1946)
** *Apollon Musagète* (1927–1928), ballet for string orchestra
* Josef Suk: Serenade for Strings, op. 6 (1892)
* William Susman:
** *Zydeco Madness*
** *Angels of Light*
* Tōru Takemitsu: *Requiem* (1957)
** "A Way a Lone II" (1981)
* Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky: Serenade for Strings in C major, Op. 48
* Dimitri Tchesnokov: *Réminiscence d'après la symphonie pour cordes*
* Michael Tippett:
** Concerto for Double String Orchestra
** *Corelli Fantasia*
** *Little Music for Strings*
* Robin Toan: *dans la nuit* (2006)
* Joan Trimble: "Suite for Strings" (1951)
* Peteris Vasks:
** *Cantabile* (1979)
** *Musica Dolorosa* (1984)
* Ralph Vaughan Williams:
** *Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis*
** *Five Variants of Dives and Lazarus*
** Concerto Grosso
* Heitor Villa-Lobos: 
* Carl Vine: *Smith's Alchemy*
* Claude Vivier: *Zipangu* (1980)
* Julian Wagstaff: *Treptow* for String Orchestra (2005)
* George Walker: *Lyric for Strings* (1946)
* William Walton: Sonata for Strings
* Robert Ward: *Concertino for String Orchestra* (originally written for string quartet then arranged for string orchestra)
* Graham Waterhouse:
** *Celtic Voices and Hale Bopp* (1995, 1997)
** Sinfonietta (2002)
* Anthony Watson: *Prelude and Allegro for Strings* (1960)
* Malcolm Williamson:
** *Epitaphs for Edith Sitwell* (1966/72)
** *Ode for Queen Elizabeth* (1980)
** *Lento for Strings* (1985)
* Dag Wirén: *Serenade for Strings*
* John Woolrich:
** *Blue Drowning* (2005)
** *It is Midnight Dr. Schweitzer*
** *To the Silver Bow*, double concerto for viola, double bass and strings (2014)
** *Ulysses Awakes*
* Charles Wuorinen: *Grand Bamboula*
* Iannis Xenakis: *Pithoprakta* for 46 strings, 2 trombones, wood block and xylophone.
* Takashi Yoshimatsu: *Threnody to Toki* for Piano and String Orchestra (1980)
* Đuro Živković:
** *Serenade* (2002)
** *PSALM XIII* (2014)
* Ellen Taaffe Zwilich:
** *Partita* (Violin Concerto No. 2) for Violin and String Orchestra (2000)
** *Commedia dell'arte* (Violin Concerto No. 3) for Violin and String Orchestra (2012)
** *Prologue and Variations* (1983)

## Peralatan

* Biola (1,2)
* Viola
* Selo
* Kontrabas

## Referensi