William Swainson

**William Swainson** FLS, FRS (8 Oktober 1789 – 6 Desember 1855), adalah seorang ahli burung, malakologi, konkologi, entomologi, dan seniman Inggris.

## Kehidupan awal
Swainson lahir di Dover Place, St Mary Newington, London, putra tertua John Timothy Swainson yang Kedua (1756–1824), anggota asli dari Linnean Society. Dia adalah sepupu ahli botani amatir Isaac Swainson. Keluarga ayahnya berasal dari Lancashire, dan kakek serta ayahnya memegang jabatan tinggi di Bea Cukai Yang Mulia, sang ayah menjadi Kolektor di Liverpool.

William, yang pendidikan formalnya dibatasi karena hambatan dalam pidatonya, bergabung dengan Bea Cukai Liverpool sebagai pegawai junior pada usia 14 tahun. Ia bergabung dengan Komisariat Angkatan Darat dan melakukan tur ke Malta dan Sisilia. Ia mempelajari ilmu pengetahuan tentang ikan di Sisilia barat dan pada tahun 1815, terpaksa karena kesehatan yang buruk untuk kembali ke Inggris di mana ia kemudian pensiun dengan setengah gaji. William mengikuti jejak ayahnya dengan menjadi anggota Linnean Society pada tahun 1815.

## Karya
Banyak dari karya-karya ini dicetak ulang, atau disajikan dalam publikasi berseri.

*Swainson, W. 1820. Zoological illustrations, Baldwin, Cradock, & Joy, London.
*Swainson, W. 1824. An inquiry into the natural affinities of the Lanidae or shrikes; preceded by some observations on the present state of ornithology in this country. Zool. J. 1(Art. 42): 289- 307.
*Swainson, W. 1825. The characters and descriptions of several birds belonging to the genus Thamnophilus. Zool. J. 2(Art. 11): 84–93. 1826.
*Swainson, W. 1827. A synopsis of the birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, F. L. S., and H. S., Mr. William Bullock. Philos. Mag. (New Series) 1: 364–369, 433–442
*Swainson, W. 1827. On the tyrant shrikes of America. Q. J. Sci. Lit. Arts. Inst. 20 (Art. 40): 267–285.
*Swainson, W. 1831–1832 on several groups and forms in ornithology, not hitherto defined. Zool. J. 3(Art. 15): 158–175; 343–363.
*Swainson, W., & J. Richardson: 1831. Fauna boreali-Americana: part second, the birds, John Murray, London.
*Swainson W. 1832–1833. Zoological illustrations, Second Ser., Vol. 2. London, Baldwin, Cradrock, and R. Havell.
*Swainson, W. 1832. Zoological illustrations. Second Ser., Vol. 3. London, Baldwin, Cradrock, and R. Havell.
*Swainson, W.: 1834. A preliminary discourse on the study of natural history, Longmans, London.
*Swainson, W., 1835. The elements of modern conchology briefly and plainly stated, for the use of students and travelers. Baldwin and Cracock. London.
*Swainson, W. 1835. A Treatise on the Geography and Classification of Animals. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Greene and Longman, and John Taylor, London.
*Swainson, W. 1835. On the Natural History and Classification of Quadrupeds.
*Swainson, W. 1836. On the natural history and classification of birds. Vol 1. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, London.
*Swainson, W. 1836. On the natural history and classification of birds. Vol 2. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman, London.
*Swainson W. 1837. The natural history of the birds of Western Africa. Vol. VII of Jardine's Naturalist's Library.
*Swainson W. 1837. The natural history of the birds of Western Africa. Vol. VIII of Jardine's Naturalist's Library.
*Swainson, W. 1838. The natural history and classification of fishes, amphibians, & reptiles, or monocardian animals. A. Spottiswoode, London. Nat. Hist. & Class. i–vi + 1–368
*Swainson, W. 1838. Animals in menageries. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia. London, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, Longman, and J. Taylor.
*Swainson, W. 1839. *The Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians, & Reptiles, or Monocardian Animals. Vol. II.* Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopædia. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans; and John Taylor. (A. Spottiswoode, printer). 452 pp.
*Swainson, W. 1840. A treatise on malacology; or the natural classification of shells and shellfish. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia. London.
*Swainson, W., Shuckard, W.E. 1840 On the History and Natural Arrangement of Insects. Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopedia. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, & Longmans, London.
*Swainson, W. 1840. Taxidermy with the Biography of Zoologists Longman, London.
*Swainson, W. 1841. Exotic Conchology, Second Edition, Henry G Bohn, London.. 1st edition, 1832.
*Swainson, W. Ornithological Drawings, first edition, 62 hand-coloured lithograph plates, no title or text as issued. 8vo, [1834–36]. Second edition 1841. *A Selection of the Birds of Brazil and Mexico with 78 plates* Bohn, London
*Wallace H, Jameson W., Hooker, R W.J., Swainson, W. 1841. An Encyclopaedia of Geography. Thomas G. Bradford (ed). Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.
*Swainson, W. 1843. Flycatchers. Ornithology. Volume XIII, Jardine's Naturalist's Library [xvi], t.e.g. Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars.
*Swainson W. Ornithology Birds of Western Africa- Part 1 1862. The Naturalists Library, W Jardine (ed) Vol XI. (A reprint of 1837)

## Referensi