Rudolf Vrba

**Rudolf Vrba** (lahir **Walter Rosenberg**; 11 September 1924&nbsp;– 27 Maret 2006) adalah seorang biokimia Slovakia-Yahudi yang, sebagai remaja pada tahun 1942, dibuang ke kamp konsentrasi Auschwitz di Polandia yang diduduki Jerman. Ia melarikan diri dari kamp tersebut pada April 1944, pada puncak Holokaus, dan bersama menyusun laporan Vrba-Wetzler, laporan rinci tentang pembunuhan massal yang terjadi di sana. Pendistribusian laporan tersebut oleh George Mantello di Swiss diakui berhasil menghentikan deportasi massal orang Yahudi Hongaria ke Auschwitz pada bulan Juli 1944, menyelamatkan lebih dari 200.000 nyawa. Setelah perang, Vrba melatih dirinya sebagai seorang biokimiawan, sebagian besar bekerja di Inggris dan Kanada.

Vrba dan rekannya yang melarikan diri, Alfréd Wetzler, melarikan diri dari Auschwitz tiga minggu setelah pasukan Jerman menyerbu Hongaria dan segera sebelum SS memulai deportasi massal penduduk Yahudi Hongaria ke kamp tersebut. Informasi yang mereka diktekan kepada pejabat Yahudi ketika mereka tiba di Slovakia pada 24 April 1944, yang mencakup bahwa kedatangan baru di Auschwitz sedang diracuni dan bukan "pemukiman kembali" seperti yang diakui oleh Jerman, dikenal sebagai laporan Vrba-Wetzler. Ketika War Refugee Board mempublikasikannya dengan keterlambatan yang cukup besar pada November 1944, *[[New York Herald Tribune]]* menggambarkannya sebagai "dokumen paling mengejutkan yang pernah dikeluarkan oleh lembaga pemerintah Amerika Serikat". Meskipun membenarkan materi dalam laporan-laporan sebelumnya dari pelarian Polandia dan lainnya, sejarawan Miroslav Kárný menulis bahwa laporan itu unik dalam "detailnya yang tegas".

Ada penundaan beberapa minggu sebelum laporan itu didistribusikan secara luas cukup untuk menarik perhatian pemerintah. Transportasi massal orang Yahudi Hongaria ke Auschwitz dimulai pada 15 Mei 1944 dengan tingkat 12.000 orang sehari. Sebagian besar langsung menuju ke kamar gas. Vrba bersikeras hingga akhir hidupnya bahwa para deportan mungkin telah menolak naik kereta, atau setidaknya kepanikannya akan mengganggu transportasi, jika laporan tersebut didistribusikan lebih awal dan lebih luas.

Mulai akhir Juni hingga Juli 1944, materi dari laporan Vrba-Wetzler muncul di surat kabar dan siaran radio di Amerika Serikat dan Eropa, terutama di Swiss, mendorong pemimpin dunia untuk memohon kepada Miklós Horthy, regent Hongaria, untuk menghentikan deportasi. Pada 2 Juli, pasukan Amerika dan Inggris membom Budapest, dan pada 6 Juli, dalam upaya untuk menegakkan kedaulatannya, Horthy memerintahkan agar deportasi dihentikan. Saat itu, lebih dari 434.000 orang Yahudi telah dideportasi dalam 147 kereta—hampir seluruh populasi Yahudi pedesaan Hongaria—tapi 200.000 lainnya di Budapest diselamatkan.

## Karya terpilih
### Holokaus

* (1998). "Science and the Holocaust", *Focus*, University of Haifa (edited version of Vrba's speech when he received his honorary doctorate).
** (1997). "The Preparations for the Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account", in Randolph L. Braham, Attila Pok (eds.). *The Holocaust in Hungary. Fifty years later*. New York: Columbia University Press, 227–285.
** (1998). "The Preparations for the Holocaust In Hungary: An Eyewitness Account", in Randolph L. Braham, Attila Pok (eds.). *The Holocaust in Hungary. Fifty years later*. New York: Columbia University Press, 227–285.
* (1996). "Die mißachtete Warnung. Betrachtungen über den Auschwitz-Bericht von 1944". *Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte*, 44(1), 1–24. 
* (1992). "Personal Memories of Actions of SS-Doctors of Medicine in Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II (Birkenau)", in Charles G. Roland et al. (eds.). *Medical Science without Compassion, Past and Present*. Hamburg: *Stiftung für Sozialgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts*. 
* (1989). "The Role of Holocaust in German Economy and Military Strategy During 1941–1945", Appendix VII in *I Escaped from Auschwitz*, 431–440.
* (1966). "Footnote to the Auschwitz Report", *Jewish Currents*, 20(3), 27.
* (1963) with Alan Bestic. *I Cannot Forgive*. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
** (1964) with Alan Bestic. *Factory of Death*. London: Transworld Publishers.
** (1989) with Alan Bestic. *44070: The Conspiracy of the Twentieth Century*. Bellingham, WA: Star & Cross Publishing House.
** (2002). *I Escaped from Auschwitz*. London: Robson Books.

### Penelitian akademis

* (1975) with E. Alpert; K. J. Isselbacher. "Carcinoembryonic antigen: evidence for multiple antigenic determinants and isoantigens". *[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]]*, 72(11), November 1975, 4602–4606.  
* (1974) with A. Winter; L. N. Epps. "Assimilation of glucose carbon in vivo by salivary gland and tumor". *American Journal of Physiology*, 226(6), June 1974, 1424–1427.
* (1972) with A. Winter. "Movement of (U- 14 C)glucose carbon into and subsequent release from lipids and high-molecular-weight constituents of rat brain, liver, and heart in vivo". *[[Canadian Journal of Biochemistry]]*, 50(1), January 1972, 91–105. 
* (1970) with Wendy Cannon. "Molecular weights and metabolism of rat brain proteins". *[[Biochemical Journal]]*, 116(4), February 1970, 745–753.  
* (1968) with Wendy Cannon. "Gel filtration of [U-14C]glucose-labelled high-speed supernatants of rat brains". *[[Journal of Biochemistry]]*, 109(3), September 1968, 30P.  
* (1967). "Assimilation of glucose carbon in subcellular rat brain particles in vivo and the problems of axoplasmic flow". *Journal of Biochemistry*, 105(3), December 1967, 927–936.  
* (1966). "Effects of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the fate of glucose carbon atoms in the mouse". *Journal of Biochemistry*, 99(2), May 1966, 367–380.  
* (1964). "Utilization of glucose carbon in vivo in the mouse". *Nature*, 202, 18 April 1964, 247–249. 
* (1963) with H. S. Bachelard; J. Krawcynski. "Interrelationship between glucose utilization of brain and heart". *Nature*, 197, 2 March 1963, 869–870. 
* (1962) with H. S. Bachelard, et al. "Effect of reserpine on the heart". *The Lancet*, 2(7269), 22 December 1962, 1330–1331. 
* (1962) with M. K. Gaitonde; D. Richter. "The conversion of the glucose carbon into protein in the brain and other organs of the rat". *[[Journal of Neurochemistry]]*, 9(5), September 1962, 465–475.  
* (1962). "Glucose metabolism in rat brain in vivo". *Nature*, 195 (4842), August 1962, 663–665.  
* (1961) with Kunjlata Kothary. "The release of ammonia from rat brain proteins during acid hydrolysis". *Journal of Neurochemistry*, 8(1), October 1961, 65–71. 
* (1959) with Jaroslava Folbergrova. "Observations on endogenous metabolism in brain in vitro and in vivo". *Journal of Neurochemistry* 4(4), October 1959, 338–349. 
* (1958) with Jaroslava Folbergrova. "Endogenous Metabolism in Brain Cortex Slices". *Nature*, 182, 26 July 1958, 237–238. 
* (1957) with Jaroslava Folbergrova; V. Kanturek. "Ammonia Formation in Brain Cortex Slices". *Nature*, 179(4557), March 1957, 470–471.  
* (1956). "On the participation of ammonia in cerebral metabolism and function". *Review of Czechoslovak Medicine*, 3(2), 81–106. 
* (1955). "Significance of glutamic acid in metabolic processes in the rat brain during physical exercise". *Nature*, 176(4496), 31 December 1955, 1258–1261. 
* (1955). "A source of ammonia and changes of protein structure in the rat brain during physical exertion". *Nature*, 176(4472), 16 July 1955, 117–118. 
* (1955). "Effect of physical stress on metabolic function of the brain. III. Formation of ammonia and structure of proteins in the brain". *Chekhoslovatskaia Fiziologila.*, 4(4), 397–408 (in German). 
* (1954) with Arnošt Kleinzeller; Jiři Málek. *Manometrické metody a jejich použití v biologii a biochemii*. Prague: *Státní Zdravotnické Nakladatelství* ("State Health Publishing").

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*  First published as *Dealing with Satan: Rezso Kasztner's Daring Rescue Mission*. London: Jonathan Cape, 2008.
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* . First published as Lánik, Jozef (1964). *Čo Dante nevidel*. Bratislava: Osveta. 
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## Bacaan lanjutan
* Vrba–Wetzler memorial site.
* "Rudolf Vrba Papers, 1934–2008. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum.
* The most extensive and authoritative website about Rudolf Vrba is www.rudolfvrba.com https://www.rudolfvrba.com/ This mammoth undertaking contains exclusive interviews with people who knew him and has been created as a public service by Canadian journalist Alan Twigg.

**Laporan Vrba–Wetzler**

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** "Report of Alfred Wetzler: I. Auschwitz and Birkenau", pp.&nbsp;169–196; "Report of Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler", pp.&nbsp;196–255; "Report of Rudolf Vrba: II. Majdanek",&nbsp;256–274.
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* As sent to George Mantello: 

**Audio/video**

* "Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Rudolf Vrba", Washington, D.C.: Steven Spielberg Film and Video Archive, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (transcript); Rudolf Vrba in *[[Shoah (film)|Shoah]]*, part 1, part 2, courtesy of YouTube.
* Audio interview with Rudolf Vrba, *World at War*. Thames Television, 1972 (transcript).
* "Escape from Auschwitz" (video), *Secrets of the Dead*. PBS, 29 April 2008.

**Buku dan artikel**

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* Kasztner, Rezső (1946). *Der Bericht des jüdischen Rettungskomitees aus Budapest, 1942–1945*. Basel: Va'a'dat Ezra Vo-Hazalah. In English: *The Kasztner Report: The Report of the Budapest Jewish Rescue Committee, 1942–1945*. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. 
* Linn, Ruth (13 April 2006). "Rudolf Vrba". *The Guardian*.
* Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven (25 April 2006). "Letter: Rudolf Vrba", *The Guardian*.
* Vrba, Rudolf (14 April 2006). "The one that got away". *The Guardian* (extract from *I Escaped from Auschwitz*).
* Wetzler, Alfred (as Jožko Lánik) (1945). *Oswiecim, hrobka štyroch miliónov l'udí* (*Auschwitz, the Graveyard of Four Million People*). Košice: Vyd.  and 
* Wetzler, Alfréd (as Jozef Lánik) (1964). *Čo Dante nevidel* (*What Dante did not see*). Bratislava: Osveta. 
* Wetzler, Alfréd (as Jozef Lánik); Mehnert, Erich (1964). *Was Dante nicht sah. Roman.* Berlin: Verlag der Nation.