Eropa modern awal

**Eropa Modern Awal** merupakan sebuah masa dalam sejarah Eropa antara akhir Abad Pertengahan dan awal Revolusi Industri, sekitar akhir abad ke-15 hingga akhir abad ke-18. Para sejarawan dengan berbagai cara menandai Periode modern awal dengan penemuan mesin cetak huruf lepas pada 1450-an, kejatuhan Konstantinopel dan akhir Perang Seratus Tahun pada 1453, akhir Perang Mawar pada 1487, permulaan Renaisans Tertinggi di Italia pada 1490-an, akhir Reconquista dan selanjutnya Pelayaran Kristoforus Kolumbus ke Amerika pada 1492, atau awal Reformasi Protestan pada 1517. Tanggal pasti dari titik akhirnya juga bervariasi dan biasanya dihubungkan dengan permulaan Revolusi Prancis pada 1789 atau dengan awal Revolusi Industri yang lebih ditentukan di Inggris akhir abad ke-18.

## Kekuatan politik lainnya
* Kesultanan Utsmaniyah
* Italia Modern Awal
** Negara Gereja
** Republik Firenze, Kadipaten Firenze, Keharyapatihan Toscana
** Republik Venesia
** Kadipaten Milan
** Republik Genova
** Kerajaan Napoli
* Kerajaan Portugal
* Republik Belanda
* Kekaisaran Romawi Suci
** Kerajaan Bohemia (Ceko)
** Monarki Habsburg (Austria)
* Jerman Modern Awal
** Kadipaten Prusia, Kerajaan Prusia
** Kadipaten Bayern, Elektorat Bayern
** Elektorat Pfalz
* Ketsaran Rusia, Kekaisaran Rusia
* Swedia Modern Awal
* Denmark–Norwegia
* Rumania Modern Awal
* Persemakmuran Polandia-Lituania
* Kerajaan Hungaria

## Lihat pula
* Renaisans
* Hubungan internasional 1648-1814
* Peperangan Modern Awal
* Revolusi ilmiah
* Zaman Penjelajahan Bangsa Eropa
* Reformasi Protestan
* Reformasi Katolik 
* Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun
* Abad Pencerahan

## Referensi

## Rujukan sastra
*
*John Coffey (2000), *Persecution and Toleration in Protestant England 1558-1689*, Studies in Modern History, Pearson Education
*Benjamin J. Kaplan (2007), *Divided by Faith. Religious Conflict and the Practice of Toleration in Early Modern Europe.* Cambridge University Press
*Joseph S. Freedman (1999), *Philosophy and the Arts in Central Europe, 1500–1700: Teaching and Texts at Schools and Universities Aldershot: Ashgate

==Bacaan selanjutnya==
* Black, Jeremy. * European International Relations, 1648–1815* (2002) 
* Blanning, T. C. W. *The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789* (2003)
* Cameron, Euan. *Early Modern Europe: An Oxford History* (2001)
* de Vries, Jan. *The Economy of Europe in an Age of Crisis, 1600-1750* (1976)
* de Vries, Jan. *European Urbanization, 1500-1800* (1984)
* Dewald, Jonathan. "The Early Modern Period." in *Encyclopedia of European Social History*, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1: 2001), pp. 165-177. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3460500030/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=c0c7f990 online]
* Dorn, Walter L. *Competition For Empire 1740-1763* (1940) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505410 online]
* DuPlessis, Robert S. *Transitions to capitalism in early modern Europe* (2019).
* Flinn, Michael W. *The European Demographic System, 1500-1820* (1981)
* Gatti, Hilary. *Ideas of Liberty in Early Modern Europe* (2015).
* Gershoy, Leo. *From Despotism To Revolution: 1763-1789* (1944) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499216 online]
* Grafton, Anthony. *Inky Fingers: The Making of Books in Early Modern Europe* (2020).
* Gribben, Crawford, and Graeme Murdock, eds. *Cultures of Calvinism in Early Modern Europe* (Oxford UP, 2019).
* Gutmann, Myron P. *Toward the Modern Economy: Early Industry in Europe, 1500-1800* (1988)
* Hesmyr, Atle: *Scandinavia in the Early Modern Era*(2017).
* Hill, David Jayne. *A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe* (3 vol. 1914) [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Jayne%20diplomacy%20Europe online]
* Jacob, Margaret C. *Strangers nowhere in the world: the rise of cosmopolitanism in early modern Europe* (2017).
* Kennedy, Paul. *The rise and fall of the great powers* (2010).
* Klein, Alexander, and Jelle Van Lottum. "The Determinants of International Migration in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from the Maritime Sector, c. 1700–1800." *Social Science History* 44.1 (2020): 143-167 [https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/175521/1/1710.pdf online].
* Langer, William. *An Encyclopedia of World History* (5th ed. 1973), very detailed outline
* Levine, David. "The Population of Europe: Early Modern Demographic Patterns." in *Encyclopedia of European Social History,* edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 2, 2001), pp. 145-157. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3460500079/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=e9e450e5 online]
* Lindsay, J. O. ed. *New Cambridge Modern History: The Old Regime, 1713-1763 (1957) online
* Merriman, John. *A History of Modern Europe: From the Renaissance to the Present* (3rd ed. 2009, 2 vol), 1412 pp
* Mowat, R. B. *History of European Diplomacy, 1451–1789* (1928) 324 pp online free
* Nussbaum, Frederick L. *The triumph of science and reason, 1660-1685* (1953), Despite the narrow title is a general survey of European history.
* Parker, Geoffrey. *The Military Revolution: Military Innovation and the Rise of the West, 1500-1800* (1996)
* Petrie, Charles. *Earlier diplomatic history, 1492–1713* (1949), covers all of Europe; online
** Petrie, Charles. *Diplomatic History, 1713–1933* (1946), broad summary online
* Pollmann, Judith. *Memory in early modern Europe, 1500-1800* (Oxford UP, 2017).
* Rice, Eugene F. *The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559* (2nd ed. 1994) 240pp
* Schroeder, Paul. *The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848* (1994) online; advanced diplomatic history 
* Scott, Hamish, ed. *The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History, 1350-1750: Volume I: Peoples and Place* (2015); Volume II: Cultures and Power* (2015).
* "The State Church in Early-Modern Europe." in *Arts and Humanities Through the Eras*, edited by Edward I. Bleiberg, et al., (vol. 5: The Age of the Baroque and Enlightenment 1600-1800, Gale, 2005), pp. 336-341. [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3427400915/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=d5fa9bdf online]
* Stearns, Peter N., ed. *Encyclopedia of European Social History* (6 vol 2000), 3000 pp; overview vol 1 pp 165-77, plus hundreds of articles
* Tallett, Frank. *War and Society in Early Modern Europe: 1495-1715* (2016).
* Wiesner, Merry E. *Early Modern Europe, 1450–1789* (Cambridge History of Europe)  (2006)
* Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. *Women and gender in early modern Europe* (Cambridge UP, 2019).
* Wolf, John B. *The Emergence of the Great Powers, 1685-1715* (1951) [https://archive.org/details/emergenceofgreat0000wolf online]

==Pranala luar==
* [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmhint.html Discussion of the medieval/modern transition], from the introduction to the pioneering *Cambridge Modern History'' (1903)
* Society for Renaissance Studies