World's Columbian Exposition

**Pameran Dunia Kolumbia** (), yang juga dikenal sebagai **Pameran Dunia Chicago**, adalah sebuah pameran dunia yang diadakan di Chicago dari tanggal 5 Mei hingga 31 Oktober 1893, untuk merayakan ulang tahun ke-400 kedatangan Christopher Columbus di Dunia Baru pada tahun 1492. Inti dari Pameran, yang diadakan di Jackson Park, adalah kolam air besar yang menggambarkan pelayaran yang dilakukan Columbus ke Dunia Baru. Chicago memenangkan hak untuk menjadi tuan rumah pameran ini dengan mengalahkan beberapa kota pesaingnya, termasuk Kota New York, Washington, D.C., dan St. Louis. Pameran ini merupakan acara sosial dan budaya yang berpengaruh dan memiliki dampak yang mendalam pada arsitektur Amerika, seni, optimisme industri Amerika, dan citra Chicago.

Tata letak Pameran Chicago Kolumbia sebagian besar dirancang oleh John Wellborn Root, Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, dan Charles B. Atwood. Ini adalah prototipe dari apa yang dipikirkan Burnham dan rekan-rekannya tentang sebuah kota. Bangunan ini dirancang mengikuti prinsip desain Beaux-Arts, yaitu prinsip arsitektur neoklasik yang berdasarkan pada simetri, keseimbangan, dan kemegahan. Warna material yang umumnya digunakan untuk menutupi fasad bangunan, yaitu tongkat putih, membuat tempat pameran ini dijuluki Kota Putih. Banyak arsitek terkemuka merancang 14 "bangunan besar"-nya. Seniman dan musisi ditampilkan dalam pameran dan banyak juga yang membuat penggambaran dan karya seni yang terinspirasi oleh pameran ini.

Pameran ini meliputi lahan seluas , menampilkan hampir 200 bangunan baru tetapi sementara yang sebagian besar berarsitektur neoklasik, kanal dan laguna, serta orang-orang dan budaya dari 46 negara. Lebih dari 27 juta orang menghadiri pameran ini selama enam bulan penyelenggaraannya. Skala dan kemegahannya jauh melampaui pameran-pameran dunia lainnya, dan menjadi simbol keistimewaan Amerika yang sedang berkembang, sama seperti Great Exbihition yang menjadi simbol Kerajaan Britania Raya era Victoria.

Upacara peresmian pameran ini diadakan pada tanggal 21 Oktober 1892, tetapi area pameran ini baru dibuka untuk umum pada tanggal 1 Mei 1893. Pameran ini berlanjut hingga tanggal 30 Oktober 1893. Selain memperingati hari jadi ke-400 penemuan Dunia Baru, pameran ini juga bertujuan untuk menunjukkan kepada dunia bahwa Chicago telah bangkit dari abu Kebakaran Besar Chicago, yang telah menghancurkan sebagian besar kota tersebut pada tahun 1871.

Pada tanggal 9 Oktober 1893, hari yang ditetapkan sebagai Hari Chicago, pameran ini memecahkan rekor dunia untuk jumlah pengunjung acara luar ruangan, yang menarik 751.026 orang. Utang untuk pameran ini segera dilunasi dengan cek sebesar $1,5 juta (setara dengan $52,5 juta pada tahun 2024). Chicago telah memperingati pameran ini dengan salah satu bintang pada bendera kotanya.

## Lihat pula

* *[[Signal of Peace]]*
* *[[Kwanusila]]*
* Daftar pameran dunia
* Benjamin W. Kilburn, konsesi tampilan stereoskopik
* H. H. Holmes, pembunuh berantai yang terkait dengan Pameran Dunia 1893
* Gereja Santo Yohanes Kantius (Chicago), yang altar utamanya, serta dua altar sampingnya yang serasi, konon berasal dari Pameran Kolumbia 1893
* *[[Spectacle Reef Light]]*
* *World's Largest Stove*
* *[[World's Largest Cedar Bucket]]*
* Lampu peri, set lilin yang dipopulerkan pada Yubileum Emas Ratu Victoria digunakan untuk menerangi sebuah pulau di Expo
* St. Louis Autumnal Festival Association

## Catatan


## Referensi

* The project documenting The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 – Website main page, About the project
* 
* 
* 
* 
* Neuberger, Mary. 2006. "To Chicago and Back: Alecko Konstantinov, Rose Oil, and the Smell of Modernity" in *Slavic Review*, Fall 2006.
* Larson, Erik. The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America. New York: Vintage Books a Division of Random House, Inc., 2003.
* Ramsland, Katherine. “H. H. Holmes: Master of Illusion”. crime library. 2014. October 1, 2014. 
* Redman, Samuel J. *Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 2016.
* Placko, Dane. “Chilling Tour inside Serial Killer H. H. Holmes’ ‘Murder Castle’”. My Fox Chicago. Apr. 28, 2014. Oct 2, 2014.
* French, Leanne; Grimm, Laura; Pak, Eudie. “H. H. Holmes Biography”. Biography. 2014. October 1, 2014.
* French, Leanne; Grimm, Laura; Pak, Eudie. H. H. Holmes – The World Fair. Television clip. Biography. 2014. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 2014. Video from biography.com.
* French, Leanne; Grimm, Laura; Pak, Eudie. H. H. Holmes – Chicago Expansion. Television clip. Biography. 2014. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 2014. Video from biography.com.
* French, Leanne; Grimm, Laura; Pak, Eudie. H. H. Holmes – Finding the Victims. Television Clip. Biography. 2014. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 2014. Video from biography.com.
* French, Leanne; Grimm, Laura; Pak, Eudie. H. H. Holmes – Full Biography. Television clip. Biography. 2014. A&E Television Networks, LLC, 2014. Video from biography.com.

## Bacaan lebih lanjut

* Appelbaum, Stanley (1980). *The Chicago World's Fair of 1893.* New York: Dover Publications, Inc. 
* Arnold, C.D. *Portfolio of Views: The World's Columbian Exposition*. National Chemigraph Company, Chicago & St. Louis, 1893.
* Bancroft, Hubert Howe. *The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation of the World's Science, Art and Industry, As Viewed through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893*. New York: Bounty, 1894.
* Barrett, John Patrick, *[https://archive.org/details/electricityatco00barrgoog Electricity at the Columbian Exposition]*. R.R. Donnelley, 1894.
*
* Bertuca, David, ed. *World's Columbian Exposition: A Centennial Bibliographic Guide*. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996. 
* Buel, James William. *The Magic City.*  New York: Arno Press, 1974. 
* Burg, David F. *Chicago's White City of 1893.* Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1976. 
* Corn, Wanda M. *Women Building History: Public Art at the 1893 Columbian Exposition.* Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011.
* Dybwad, G. L., and Joy V. Bliss, *Annotated Bibliography: World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893*. Book Stops Here, 1992. 
* Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham, d. 1903, ed. ''The Congress of Women: Held in the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U. S. A., 1893, With Portraits, Biographies and Addresses''. Chicago: Monarch Book Company, 1894.
* Elliott, Maud Howe, 1854–1948, ed. ''Art and Handicraft in the Woman's Building of the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893''. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally and Co., 1894.
* Gonzalez, Robert Alexander. Designing Pan-America: U.S. Architectural Visions for the Western Hemisphere*. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 2011.
*Green, Christopher T. [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694225 "A Stage Set for Assimilation: The Model Indian School at the World’s Columbian Exposition"]. *Winterthur Portfolio*. Vol. 51, No. 2/3 (Summer/Autumn 2017).
* *Glimpses of the World's Fair: A Selection of Gems of the White City Seen Through A Camera*, [[Laird & Lee]] Publishers, Chicago: 1893, accessed February 13, 2009.
* [[International Congress of Mathematicians]], [https://archive.org/details/mathematicalpap00socigoog Mathematical papers read at the International Mathematical Congress] : held in connection with the World's Columbian exposition, Chicago, 1893 (1st : 1893 : Chicago).
* Jaegerová, Anna. *Ideals of Authenticity: Euro-American Sculptural Representations of Native Americans at the World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893*. Diploma thesis. July 8, 2021. [[Masaryk University]], Faculty of Arts.
* [[Erik Larson (author)|Larson, Erik]]. *Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America.* New York: Crown, 2003. .
* Ormos, István: *Cairo in Chicago : Cairo street at the world's Columbian exposition of 1893*, Le Caire : Institut Francais d'Archéologie Orientale (IFAO), 2021; 
* *Photographs of the World's Fair: an elaborate collection of photographs of the buildings, grounds and exhibits of the World's Columbian Exposition with a special description of The Famous Midway Plaisance*. Chicago: Werner, 1894.
* Peck, Richard, *Fair Weather*, an adventure novel about a 13-year-old being away from home for the first time and visiting the fair.
* Reed, Christopher Robert. *"All the World Is Here!" The Black Presence at White City*.  Bloomington: [[Indiana University Press]], 2000.  
* Rydell, Robert, and Carolyn Kinder Carr, eds. *Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair*.  Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1993.  
* Silkenat, David. "Workers in the White City: Working Class Culture at the World's Columbian Exposition," Illinois State Historical Journal 2011 (104): 266-300.
* [[Ida B. Wells|Wells, Ida B.]]  [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/wells/exposition/exposition.html *The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World's Columbian Exposition: The Afro-American's Contribution to Columbian Literature.*]  Originally published 1893.  Reprint ed., edited by Robert W. Rydell.  Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999.  
* World's Columbian Exposition (1893 : Chicago, Ill.). Board of Lady Managers. [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/clarke/library/library.html *List of Books Sent by Home and Foreign Committees to the Library of the Woman's Building, World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893*] by World's Columbian Exposition (1893 : Chicago). Board of Lady Managers; edited by Edith E. Clarke. Chicago: n. pub., ca. 1894. A bibliography.
* Yandell, Enid. [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/hayes/flat/flat.html *Three Girls in a Flat*] by Enid Yandell, Jean Loughborough and Laura Hayes. Chicago: Bright, Leonard and Co., 1892. Biographical account of women at the fair.


== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1893-chicago Expo 1893 Chicago] at Bureau International des Expositions
* [http://www.worldsfairchicago1893.com/ The 1893 World's Fair in Chicago] (worldsfairchicago1893.com). A standalone website that covers all aspects of the Exposition
* [http://chicago1893.com/ Chicago 1893] is a media project about the Exposition which includes a book, film, and augmented reality
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970411230109/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA96/WCE/title.html The Columbian Exposition in American culture.]
* [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/1893fair.html Photographs of the 1893 Columbian Exposition] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160314111208/http://www.chicagohs.org/history/expo/map.html Interactive map of Columbian Exposition]
* [http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago-strange-haunted-history/2013/12/ring-in-the-new-year-at-navy-pier-with-a-bell-from-the-white-city/ The Story of the Columbian Expo Battleship *Illinois Bell'']
* President Benjamin Harrison: Celebrating the 400th Anniversary of the Discovery of America Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* The 1893 World's Columbian Exposition Reading Room.
* Robert N. Dennis Collection of Stereoscopic Views: Exhibitions 1893. Search results, at New York Public Library Digital Collections
* The Winterthur Library Overview of an archival collection on the World's Columbian Exposition.
* Columbian Theatre History and information about artwork from the U.S. Government Building.
* Photographs and interactive map from the 1893 Columbian Exposition from the University of Chicago
* Video simulations from the 1893 Columbian Exposition from UCLA's Urban Simulation Team 
* 1893 Columbian Exposition Concerts
* Edgar Rice Burroughs' Amazing Summer of '93 – Columbian Exposition
* International Eisteddfod chair, Chicago, 1893
* Photographs of the Exposition from the Hagley Digital Archives
* Map of Chicago Columbian Exposition from the American Geographical Society Library
* Interactive Map of the Chicago Columbian Exposition, created in the Harvard Worldmap Platform
* President Harrison: Worlds Columbian Exposition Shapell Manuscript Foundation
* Guide to the World's Columbian Exposition Ticket Collection, 1893, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University 
* Guide to World's Columbian Exposition resources at Field Museum Library
* Guide to the World's Columbian Exposition Records 1891–1930 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center