Bebek hawaii

**Bebek Hawaii** (*Anas wyvilliana*) atau ***koloa*** adalah spesies unggas dalam famili Anatidae (itik dan bebek). Bebek ini merupakan hewan endemik di pulau-pulau besar Hawaii. Secara taksonomis, koloa berkerabat dekat dengan itik melewar (*A. platyrhynchos*). Namun bebek ini memiliki beberapa pembeda, bulu bebek Hawaii monokromatik (jantan dan betina berpola warna sama) serta tidak bermigrasi. Seperti banyak spesies bebek dalam genus Anas, bebek Hawaii dapat kawin silang dengan itik melewar serta menghasilkan keturunan, koloa sebelumnya dianggap sebagai subspesies  dari itik melewar. Namun, para ahli sekarang menganggap hewan ini sebagai spesies berbeda yang berkerabat dengan itik melewar. Analisis terbaru menunjukkan bahwa bebek ini adalah spesies berbeda yang muncul melalui persilangan purba antara itik melwar dengan bebek laysan (*Anas laysanensis*). Nama lokal Hawaii untuk bebek ini adalah *koloa maoli* (bermakna "bebek asli"), atau *koloa*. Spesies ini terdaftar sebagai terancam punah dalam Daftar Merah IUCN, dan populasinya terus menurun.

## Referensi
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds, Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. xx + 233 pp. http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/CH_Rules/Hawaiian%20Waterbirds%20RP%202nd%20Revision.pdf 
* J. Michael, Reed, et al. "Long-Term Persistence of Hawaii’s Endangered Avifauna through Conservation-Reliant Management." BioScience 2012: 881. JSTOR Journals. Web
* Uyehara, Kimberly J., Engilis, Andrew, Jr., and Reynolds, Michelle, 2007, Hawaiian Duck's future threatened by feral mallards: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2007-3047 http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3047/
* “Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands.” Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 20 Sep. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/fauna/HIduck.html
* BirdLife International (2014) Species factsheet: Anas wyvilliana. Retrieved from http://www.birdlife.org on 22/10/2014. http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=436 
* http://eol.org/pages/1048962/details#reproduction
* Uyehara, Kimberly J., Andrew Engilis Jr., and Bruce D. Dugger. "Wetland Features That Influence Occupancy By The Endangered Hawaiian Duck." Wilson Journal of Ornithology 120.2 (2008): 311–319. Academic Search Premier. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
* Endangered Hawaiian Duck | The Molokai Dispatch. (2008, January 13). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from themolokaidispatch
* Hawaiian Duck. (2011, November 9). Retrieved October 23, 2014, from http://www.planetofbirds.com/anseriformes-anatidae-hawaiian-duck-anas-wyvilliana
* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2005) Draft revised recovery plan for Hawaiian waterbirds, 2nd draft of the 2nd revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon. p 155
* 
* Todd, F. S. 1996. Natural history of the waterfowl. Ibis Publishing Company, Vista, CA, U.S.A.
* BROWNE, R. A., C. R. GRIM IN. P R. CHANC;. M. HUBLEY, AND A. E. MARTIN. 1993. Genetic divergence among populations of the Hawaiian Duck. Laysan Duck, and Mallard. Auk 110:49-^6.
* ENGILIS JR.. A. AND T. K. PRATT. 1993. Status and population trends of Hawaii's native waterbirds. 1977–1987. Wilson Bulleiin 105:142-158
* ENGILIS JR.. A.. K. J. UYI:HARA, AND J. G. GIFUN. 2002. Hawaiian Duck [Anas wyvitlianu). The birds of North America. Nuiiiber 694.
* RHYMER, J. M. 2001. Evolutionary relationships and conservation of the Hawaiian anatids. Studies in Avian Biology 22:61—67

*Griffin, C. R.; Shallenberger, F. J. & Fefer, S. I. (1989): Hawaii's endangered waterbirds: a resource management challenge. *In:* Sharitz, R. R. & Gibbons, I. W. (eds.): *Proceedings of Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife Symposium*: 155–169. Savannah River Ecology Lab, Aiken, South Carolina.
* Hawaii Audubon Society (2005): *Hawaii's Birds* (6th edition). 
*Rhymer, Judith M. & Simberloff, Daniel (1996): Extinction by hybridization and introgression. *[[Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.]]* **27**: 83-109.  (HTML abstract)
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* [3] "Recovery Plan For Hawaiian Waterbirds Second Revision" (Anas Laysanensis)." (2009): ArchiveGrid. Web. 23 Oct. 2014.
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*[6] Plan, Hawaiian Bird Conservation Action. Focal Species: Hawaiian Duck or Koloa Maoli (Anas Wyvilliana) (n.d.): n. pag. Web.
*[7] Draft Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Waterbirds. Portland, Or.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2005. Web.

## Catatan

## Pranala luar

*BirdLife Species Factsheet
*https://web.archive.org/web/20110615091949/http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/NAAT%20final%20CWCS/Chapters/Terrestrial%20Fact%20Sheets/Waterbirds/hawaiian%20duck%20NAAT%20final%20!.pdf
*http://www.birdinghawaii.co.uk/XKoloaArticle2.htm 
*http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/CH_Rules/Hawaiian%20Waterbirds%20RP%202nd%20Revision.pdf 
*http://eol.org/pages/1048962/details#reproduction
*http://beautyofbirds.com/hawaiianduck.html
*http://www.pacificrimconservation.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Koloa.pdf