Bahasa hewan

**Bahasa hewan** adalah bentuk komunikasi hewan non-manusia yang menunjukkan kemiripan dengan bahasa manusia. Hewan berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan berbagai tanda seperti suara atau gerakan. Penggunaan tanda atau simbol semacam ini dapat dianggap cukup kompleks untuk disebut sebagai suatu bentuk bahasa jika memiliki banyak koleksi tanda, tanda-tandanya relatif arbitrer, dan dilakukan hewan diluar insting atau ekspresi. Dalam penelitian eksperimental, adanya komunikasi semacam ini antar hewan juga dapat dibuktikan melalui penggunaan leksigram (seperti yang digunakan oleh simpanse dan bonobo).

Banyak peneliti berpendapat bahwa komunikasi hewan tidak memiliki aspek kunci dari bahasa manusia, yaitu penciptaan pola-pola baru dari berbagai simbol dalam beberapa keadaan. Sebaliknya, manusia secara rutin menghasilkan kombinasi kata yang sama sekali baru. Beberapa peneliti, termasuk ahli bahasa Charles Hockett, berpendapat bahwa bahasa manusia dan komunikasi hewan sangat berbeda sehingga prinsip yang mendasarinya tidak berhubungan. Oleh karena itu, ahli bahasa Thomas A. Sebeok telah mengusulkan untuk tidak menggunakan istilah "bahasa" pada sistem tanda hewan. Sementara itu, Marc Hauser, Noam Chomsky, dan W. Tecumseh Fitch menegaskan adanya kontinum evolusi antara metode komunikasi bahasa hewan dan manusia.

## Referensi

## Bacaan lanjutan
* Bickerton, D. (2005). Language evolution: a brief guide for linguists. link
* Deacon, T. W. (1997) The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Human Brain. Allen Lane: The Penguin Press, 
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* Gardner R. Allen and Gardner Beatrice T. (1980) Comparative psychology and language acquisition. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok (eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two-Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp.&nbsp;287–329.
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* Hayes, C. (1951). The Ape in Our House. New York: Harper & Row.
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* Holder, M. D., Herman, L. M. & Kuczaj, S. III (1993). A bottlenosed dolphin's responses to anomalous gestural sequences expressed within an artificial gestural language. In H. R. Roitblat, L. M. Herman & P.E. Nachtigall (Eds): Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299–308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
* Hurford J.R., Studdert-Kennedy, M., & Knight, C. (Eds.) (1998) Approaches to the evolution of language: Social and cognitive bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Huxley, Julian & Ludwig Koch (photographs by Ylla) 1938. *Animal language*. Text by Julian Huxley, long-playing record of animal language by Ludwig Koch. London, *Country Life*. Reprinted and republished by Grosset & Dunlap, New York 1964. Record in the 1964 reissue is by Columbia Special Products, 33 1/3 rpm, small format, ZVT 88894. Side 1 contains Sounds at the Zoo (presumably Zoological Society of London) and African sounds; side 2 African sounds continued.
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* Kellogg, W.N., & Kellogg, L.A. (1933). The ape and the child.  New York: Whittlesey House (McGraw-Hill).
* Knight, C., Studdert-Kennedy, M., Hurford, J.R. (Eds.) (2000). The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Kohts. N. (1935). Infant ape and human child. Museum Darwinianum, Moscow.
* Ladygina-Kohts, N.N, & de Waal, F.B.M. (2002). Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence (Tr: B. Vekker).  New York: Oxford University Press.
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* Miles, H.L. (1990) "The cognitive foundations for reference in a signing orangutan" in S.T. Parker and K.R. Gibson (eds.) "Language" and intelligence in monkeys and apes: Comparative Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge Univ. Press.
* Pinker, S. (1984).  Language Learnability and Language Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  Reprinted in 1996 with additional commentary.
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* Plooij, F.X. (1978). "Some basic traits of language in wild chimpanzees?" in A. Lock (ed.) Action, Gesture and Symbol. New York: Academic Press.
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* Roitblat, H.R., Herman, L.M. & Nachtigall, P.E. (Eds.)(1993). Language and Communication: Comparative Perspectives, 299–308. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
* Rumbaugh Duane M. (1980) Language behavior of apes. In Thomas A. Sebok and Jean-Umiker-Sebok(eds.): Speaking of Apes: A Critical Anthology of Two- Way Communication with Man. New York: Plenum Press, pp.&nbsp;231–259.
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* Sayigh, L.S., Tyack, P.L., Wells, R.S. & Scott, M.D. (1990).  Signature whistles of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): stability and mother-offspring comparisons. *Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology*, 247–260.
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* Skinner, B.F. (1957). Verbal behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
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## Pranala luar
* Discussion: Starling Study: Recursion (Linguist List)
* International Bioacoustics Council research on animal language.
* The Animal Communication Project. More information on animal communication.
* Excellent compendium of links to the websites of all of the major animal language studies
* Listen to Nature  includes article "The Language of Birds"
* Jarvis Lab homepage Evolution of Brain Structure for Vocal Learning
* :de:Linguogenetik