Perlawanan sipil

**Perlawanan sipil** adalah suatu bentuk aksi politik yang mengandalkan penggunaan perlawanan tanpa kekerasan oleh orang-orang biasa untuk menantang kekuasaan, kekuatan, kebijakan atau rezim tertentu. Perlawanan sipil beroperasi melalui seruan kepada musuh, tekanan dan paksaan: ini dapat melibatkan upaya sistematis untuk merusak atau mengungkap sumber kekuatan musuh (atau pilar pendukung, seperti polisi, militer, pendeta, elit bisnis, dll.). Bentuk aksinya termasuk demonstrasi, berjaga-jaga dan petisi; pemogokan, pelambatan, boikot dan gerakan emigrasi; dan aksi duduk, pendudukan, program konstruktif, dan pembentukan lembaga pemerintahan paralel.

Beberapa motivasi gerakan perlawanan sipil untuk menghindari kekerasan umumnya terkait dengan konteks, termasuk nilai-nilai masyarakat dan pengalaman perang dan kekerasannya, daripada prinsip etis absolut apa pun. Kasus perlawanan sipil dapat ditemukan sepanjang sejarah dan dalam banyak perjuangan modern, melawan penguasa tirani dan pemerintah yang dipilih secara demokratis. Mahatma Gandhi memimpin kampanye perlawanan sipil pertama yang didokumentasikan (menggunakan tiga taktik utama: pembangkangan sipil, pawai, dan pembentukan institusi paralel) untuk membebaskan India dari imperialisme Inggris. Fenomena perlawanan sipil sering dikaitkan dengan pemajuan hak asasi manusia dan demokrasi.

## Lihat pula
* Kebangkitan dunia Arab
* Boikot
* Pembangkangan sipil
* Pertahanan berbasis sipil
* Revolusi warna
* Gangguan kreatif
* Unjuk rasa
* Kekuatan rakyat
* Revolusi EDSA
* Pembubaran Uni Soviet
* Gerakan perlawanan
* Revolusi 1989
* Hak revolusi

## Referensi

## Bibliografi
*Bartkowski, Maciej J. (ed.), ''Recovering Nonviolent History: Civil Resistance in Liberation Struggles'', Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2013. .
*Carter, April, Howard Clark and Michael Randle (eds.), ''A Guide to Civil Resistance: A Bibliography of People Power and Nonviolent Protest'', vol. 1, Green Print/Merlin Press, London, 2013. . See also vol. 2, Merlin Press, 2015. .
*Chenoweth, Erica and Maria J. Stephan, ''Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict'', Columbia University Press, New York, 2011.  (hardback). *In August 2012 this book won the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Award, given annually by the American Political Science Association for the best book on government, politics, or international affairs published in the US during the previous calendar year.*
*Chenoweth, Erica. 2021. *[https://global.oup.com/academic/product/civil-resistance-9780190244408?lang=en&cc=us# Civil Resistance: What Everyone Needs to Know]*. Oxford University Press.
*Clark, Howard, ''Civil Resistance in Kosovo'', Pluto Press, London, 2000.  (hardback).
*Doudouet, Véronique, ''Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle'', Routledge, Abingdon, 2015.  (paperback).
*Mallat, Chibli, ''Philosophy of Nonviolence: Revolution, Constitutionalism, and Justice beyond the Middle East'', Oxford University Press, New York, 2015.  (hardback).
*Nepstad, Sharon Erickson, ''Nonviolent Revolution: Civil Resistance in the Late 20th Century'' , Oxford University Press, New York, 2011. .
*Randle, Michael, ''Civil Resistance'', Fontana, London, 1994. .
*Roberts, Adam, ''Civil Resistance in the East European and Soviet Revolutions''  (PDF available), Albert Einstein Institution, Cambridge, Mass., 1991. .
*Roberts, Adam and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), ''Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009.  (hardback);  (paperback, 2011).  ''US edition''. ''On Google''.  Reviews available at Oxford University Research Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics.
*Roberts, Adam, Michael J. Willis, Rory McCarthy and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), ''Civil Resistance in the Arab Spring: Triumphs and Disasters'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016. . ''US edition''. Arabic language edition published by All Prints Publishers, Beirut, 2017. .
*Sharp, Gene, ''Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts'' , Oxford University Press, New York, 2011.  (hardback);  (paperback).
*Zunes, Stephen, ''Civil Resistance Against Coups: A Comparative and Historical Perspective'', ICNC Monograph Series, Washington DC, 2017.

**Karya lainnya yang terkait dengan topik**
*Ackerman, Peter and Jack DuVall, *A Force More Powerful: A Century of Nonviolent Conflict*, Palgrave, New York, 2000.  (paperback).
*Ackerman, Peter and Christopher Kruegler, *Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century*, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1994.  (paperback).
* Michael Beer, "Civil Resistance Tactics in the 21st Century". ICNC Press. 
*Carter, April, *People Power and Political Change: Key Issues and Concepts*, Routledge, London, 2012. .
*Chakrabarty, Bidyut, ed., *Nonviolence: Challenges and Prospects*, Oxford University Press India, New Delhi, 2014. .
*Davies, Thomas Richard, "The failure of strategic nonviolent action in Bahrain, Egypt, Libya and Syria: ‘political ju-jitsu’ in reverse", *Global Change, Peace and Security*, vol. 26, no. 3 (2014), pp.&nbsp;299–313. .
*Gee, Tim, ''Counterpower: Making Change Happen'', New Internationalist, Oxford, 2011. . 
*Howes, Dustin Ells, *Freedom Without Violence: Resisting the Western Political Tradition*, Oxford University Press, New York, 2016. .
*King, Mary E., *A Quiet Revolution: The First Palestinian Intifada and Nonviolent Resistance*, Nation Books, New York, 2007. .
*Nepstad, Sharon, *Nonviolent Struggle: Theories, Strategies, and Dynamics*, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015. .
*Pearlman, Wendy, *Violence, Nonviolence and the Palestinian National Movement*, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011. .
*Roberts, Adam, ed., *The Strategy of Civilian Defence: Non-violent Resistance to Aggression*, Faber, London, 1967. (Also published as *Civilian Resistance as a National Defense*, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, USA, 1968; and, with a new Introduction on "Czechoslovakia and Civilian Defence", as *Civilian Resistance as a National Defence*, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, UK, and Baltimore, US, 1969. .)
*Schock, Kurt, ''Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies'', University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2005.  .
*Semelin, Jacques, *Unarmed Against Hitler: Civilian Resistance in Europe, 1939–1943*, Praeger, Westport, Connecticut, 1993. .
*Semelin, Jacques, *La Liberté au Bout des Ondes: Du Coup de Prague à la Chute du Mur de Berlin*, Nouveau Monde, Paris, 2009. .
*Semelin, Jacques, ''Face au Totalitarisme: La Résistance Civile'', André Versaille, Brussels, 2011. .
*Sharp, Gene, *[[The Politics of Nonviolent Action]]*, Porter Sargent, Boston, 1973. . Also in a 3-volume edition. .
*Sharp, Gene and others, *Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential*, Porter Sargent, Boston, 2005. .
*Stephan, Maria J. (ed.), ''Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East'', Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.  (paperback).
*Vinthagen, Stellan, ''A Theory of Nonviolent Action: How Civil Resistance Works'' , Zed Books, London, 2015.  (paperback).

## Pranala luar
*Albert Einstein Institution, East Boston, Massachusetts
* *[https://www.howtostartarevolution.org/ How to Start a Revolution]*, documentary directed by Ruaridh Arrow
*CivilResistance.info, founded by the late Howard Clark, and run by a team of volunteers
*International Center for Nonviolent Conflict (ICNC), Washington DC
*Jack DuVall, "Civil resistance and the language of power" , 19 November 2010 at openDemocracy.net
*Hardy Merriman, The trifecta of civil resistance: unity, planning, discipline , 19 November 2010 at openDemocracy.net
*Oxford University Research Project on Civil Resistance and Power Politics 
*Stellan Vinthagen, People power and the new global ferment , 15 November 2010 at openDemocracy.net
*Waging Nonviolence, an independent non-profit media platform.