Afrikan Spir

**Afrikan Aleksandrovich Spir** () adalah seorang filsuf neo-Kantian Rusia keturunan Jerman-Yunani yang gemar menulis dalam bahasa Jerman. Buku buatannya *Denken und Wirklichkeit* (*Pemikiran dan Kenyataan*) mendorong "dampak berkelanjutan" pada tulisan-tulisan Friedrich Nietzsche.

## Catatan

## Bacaan tambahan
;Karya pilihan tentang Spir
* Charles Baudouin, "Le philosophe African Spir (1837–1890). A l'occasion de son centenaire", in: *Action et Pensée*, 1938, juin, p.&nbsp;65–75.
* Léon Brunschvicg, "La philosophie religieuse de Spir" in:  *Comptes rendus du II <sup>ème</sup> Congrès international de philosophie*, Geneva, 1904, p.&nbsp;329–334.
* Jean-Louis Claparède, "Spir signifie-t-il pour la philosophie un nouveau départ?", *Travaux du IXe Congrès international de Philosophie, Congrès Descartes*, Paris, Hermann, 1937, tome XI, p.&nbsp;26.
* Hélène Claparède-Spir, *Evocation. Tolstoï – Nietziche – Rilke – Spir*. Georg et Cie. Libraires de l'Universitié, Genevé. 1944.
* Hélène Claparède-Spir, *Un précurseur: A. Spir*, Lausanne-Genève, Payot & Cie, 1920.
* Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Vie de A. Spir" in *African Spir, Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique*, Paris, Félix Alcan, 1899.
* Augusto Del Noce, *Filosofi dell'esistenza e della libertà, Spir, [[Chestov]], Lequier, [[Renouvier]], Benda, Weil, Vidari, Faggi, Martinetti, Rensi, Juvalta, Mazzantini, Castelli, Capograsssi*, a cura di Francesco Mercadante e Bernardino Casadei, Milano, Giuffrè, 1992.
* Fabrizio Frigerio, *Catalogue raisonné du fonds African Spir*, Genève, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève, 1990.
* Fabrizio Frigerio, "Un philosophe russe à Genève: African Spir (1837–1890)", in: *Musées de Genève*, 1990, 307, p.&nbsp;3–7.
* Fabrizio Frigerio, "Spir, Afrikan Alexandrowitsch", in: *Schweizer Lexikon*, Mengis & Ziehr Ed., Luzern, 1991–1993, t. VI, p.&nbsp;31.
* Adolphe Ferrière, "African Spir", in: *Bibliothèque universelle*, 1911, vol. 63, p.&nbsp;166–175.
* Alfred Haag, *Der Substanzbegriff und eine erkentniss-theoretischen Grundlagen in der Philosophie des Afrikan Spir, 1837–1890. Historisch-kritischer Beitrag zu neueren Philosophie*, Würzburg, 1923–224.  Haag's dissertation at Würzburg.
* Gabriel Huan, *Essai sur le dualisme de Spir*, Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, 1914. Huan's dissertation at Paris.
* *Humanus*, (pseud. of Ernst Eberhardt), *African Spir: ein Philosoph der Neuzeit*, Leipzig, J.G.Findel, 1892 (New ed. 2009).
* Theodor Lessing, *African Spirs Erkenntnislehre*, Gießen, Münchow, 1900.  Lessing's dissertation at Erlangen. (*African Spirs Erkenntnislehre* (1899), in: *Kantstudien*, Bd. 6, Berlin, 1901)
* Piero Martinetti, "Africano Spir", in: *Rassegna nazionale*, 1913, fasc. 16 gennaio-11 febbraio.
* Piero Martinetti, *La libertà*, Milan, Lombarda, 1928, Spir: pp.&nbsp;282–289 (new ed. Torino, Aragno 2004, Spir: p.&nbsp;248–254).
* Piero Martinetti, *Il pensiero di Africano Spir*, Torino, Albert Meynier, 1990. Published and with an introduction by Franco Alessio. Review by Fabrizio Figerio in: *Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie*, Lausanne, 1993, 125, p.&nbsp;400.
* Auguste Penjon, "Spir et sa doctrine", *Revue de métaphysique et de morale*, 1893, p.&nbsp;216–248.
* *Rivista di filosofia*, 1937, a. XXVIII, n. 3, *Africano Spir nel primo centenario della nascita*: *** "Africano Spir (1837–1890)"; E. Carando "La religione in Africano Spir", A. Del Noce " Osservazioni sul realismo e l'idealismo in A.Spir"; *** "Il dolore nel pesssimismo di A. Spir"; P. Martinetti "Il dualismo di A.Spir"; A. Poggi "Luci ed ombre nella morale di Africano Spir"; G. Solari "Diritto e metafisica nella morale di Africano Spir".
* Joseph Segond, "L'idéalisme des valeurs et la doctrine de Spir" in: *Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger*, 1912, 8, p.&nbsp;113–139.
* Samuel Spitzer, *Darstellung und Kritik der Moralphilosophie Spir's*, Raab, 1896.  Spitzer's dissertation at Würzburg.
* Andreas Zacharoff, *Spirs theoretische Philosophie dargestellt und erläutert*, Weida i. Th., Thomas & Hubert, 1910. Zacharoff's dissertation at Jena.
* Mary-Barbara Zedlin, "Afrikan Alexandrovich Spir", in: Paul Edwards ed., *Encyclopedia of Philosophy*, 544, New York, Macmillan, 1972.

;Karya pilihan tentang hubungan Nietzsche dengan Spir
* Peter Bornedal, *The Surface and the Abyss, Nietzsche as Philosopher of Mind and Knowledge*, Berlin – New-York, 2010.
* Hélène Claparède-Spir, *Evocation: Tolstoi, Nietzsche, [[Rilke]], Spir*, Genève, Georg, 1944.
* Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Friedrich Nietzsche und Afrikan Spir", *Philosophie und Leben*, 1930, 6, p.&nbsp;242–250.
* Maudemarie Clark & David Dudrick, "Nietzsche's Post-Positivism", *European Journal of Philosophy*, 2004, 12, p.&nbsp;369–385.
* Karl-Heinz Dickopp, "Zum Wandel von Nietzsches Seinsverständnis: Afrikan Spir und Gustav Teichmüller", *Zeitschrift für philosophische Forschung*, 1970, 24, p.&nbsp;50–71.
* Paolo D'Iorio, "La superstition des philosophes critiques: Nietzsche et Afrikan Spir", *Nietzsche-Studien*, 1993, 22, p.&nbsp;257–294.
:::::"La superstizione dei filosofi critici: Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir". *Hyper Nietzsche*.
* Domenico M. Fazio, "Il Pensiero del Giovane Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir", in: *Bollettino di Storia della Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Lecce*, 1986/9, 9, p.&nbsp;243–262.
* Domenico M. Fazio, *Nietzsche e il criticismo, Elementi kantiani e neokantiani e critica della dialettica hegeliana nella formazione filosofica del giovane Nietzsche*, Urbino, QuattroVenti, 1991.
* Michael Steven Green, *Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition*, Urbana & Chicago, University of Illinois Press – International Nietzsche Studies Series, 2002.
* Michael Steven Green, "Nietzsche’s Place in Nineteenth Century German Philosophy", *Inquiry*, 2004, 47, p.&nbsp;168–188. Review of Will Dudley, "Hegel, Nietzsche, and Philosophy: Thinking Freedom", Cambridge U. Press 2002.
* Michael Steven Green, "Was Afrikan Spir a Phenomenalist?: And What Difference Does It Make for Understanding Nietzsche?", *The Journal of Nietzsche Studies*, v46, n2, 2015, p.&nbsp;152–176.
* Nadeem J. Z. Hussain, "Nietzsche's Positivism", *European Journal of Philosophy*, 2004,12, p.&nbsp;326–368.
* Sergio Sánchez, "Logica, verità e credenza: alcune considerazioni in merito alla relazione Nietzsche–Spir" in: Maria Cristina Fornari (ed.), *La trama del testo: Su alcune letture di Nietzsche*, Lecce, Millela, 2000, p.&nbsp;249–282.
* Sergio Sánchez, "Linguaggio, conoscenza e verità nella filosofía del giovane Nietzsche: I frammenti postumi del 1873 e le loro fonti", *Annuario Filosofico*, 2000, 16, p.&nbsp;213–240.
*Sergio Sánchez, *El problema del conocimiento en la filosofía del joven Nietzsche*, Córdoba (Argentina), 2001
* Karl Schlechta & Anni Anders, *Friedrich Nietzsche: Von den verborgenen Anfängen seines Philosophierens*, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, F. Frommann, 1962, p.&nbsp;119–122, 159–166.
* Robin Small, "Nietzsche, Spir, and Time",*Journal of the History of Philosophy*, 1994, 32, p.&nbsp;82–102. Reprinted in Chapter One of Robin Small, *Nietzsche in Context*, Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2001.

## Pranala luar

* Claparède-Spir Family Papers at Harvard University Library
* Online version of Spir's ''Thought and Reality'', 2d ed., 1877 
* ''Pensée et Réalité'', 1896 (transl. of ''Thought and Reality'') at Bibliothèque nationale de France 
* ''Esquisses de Philosophie critique'', 1887, at Bibliothèque nationale de France 
* ''Paroles d'un sage'', Paris-Genève, 1937 
* American website on Spir
* Article on African Spir 
* Article on African Spir in a biographic dictionary 
* Kirovohrad Regional Universal Research Library's Website on Spir (mostly in Ukrainian)
* Letters of Leo Tolstoy 
* Book of Michael Steven Green, ''Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition'' (on African Spir-Nietzsche relationship)
* Fazio's article on African Spir-Nietzsche relationship