Turanisme

**Turanisme**, juga dikenal sebagai **pan-Turanianisme** atau **pan-Turanisme**, adalah sebuah gerakan budaya dan politik nasionalis yang memproklamasikan kebutuhan untuk krjasama dekat atau penyatuan politik antara (terkait budaya, linguistik atau etnis) suku-suku bangsa asal Asia Dalam dan Asia Tengah seperti Finlandia, Jepang, Korea, Sami, Samoyed, Hungaria, Turk, Mongol, Manchu dan kelompok etnis kecil lainnya sebagai alat pengamanan dan kemudian berbagi kepentingan serta melawan ancaman-ancaman yang diberlakukan oleh kebijakan-kebijakan kekuatan besar Eropa. Gerakan tersebut lahir pada abad ke-19 untuk melawan dampak ideologi-ideologi pan-nasionalis seperti pan-Jermanisme dan pan-Slavisme. Gagasan "persaudaraan dan kolaborasi Turania" dipinjam dari konsep pan-Slavik "persaudaraan dan kolaborasi Slavik".

## Referensi dan catatan

## Bacaan tambahan
*
*Atabaki, Touraj (2000). Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran.
*Farrokh, Kaveh (2005) Pan-Turanianism takes aim at Azerbaijan: A geopolitical agenda.
*Landau, J.M. (1995). Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation. London: Hurst.
*Lewis, B. (1962). The Emergence of Modern Turkey. London: Oxford University Press.
*Lewis, B. (1998). The Multiple identities of the Middle East. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
*
*Paksoy, H.B. (1991). ‘Basmachi’: TurkestanNational Liberation Movement 1916-1930s. In Modern Encyclopedia of Religions in Russia and the Soviet Union (Vol 4). Florida: Academic International Press. ESSAYS ON CENTRAL ASIA by H.B. PAKSOY | CARRIE Books
* Pekesen, Berna (2019), ''Pan-Turkism'', EGO - European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: March 17, 2021 (pdf).
*Poulton, H. (1997). Top Hat, Grey Wolf, and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic.  London, England: Hurst.
*Richards, G. (1997). ‘Race’, Racism and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History. Routledge.
*Richards Martin, Macaulay Vincent,  Hickey Eileen, Vega Emilce, Sykes Bryan, Guida Valentina, Rengo Chiara, Sellitto Daniele, Cruciani Fulvio, Kivisild Toomas, Villerns Richard, Thomas Mark, Rychkov Serge, Rychkov Oksana, Rychkov Yuri, Golge Mukaddes, Dimitrov Dimitar, Hill Emmeline, Bradley Dan, Romano Valentino, Cail Francesco, Vona Giuseppe, Demaine Andrew, Papiha Surinder, Triantaphyllides Costas, Stefanescu Gheorghe, Hatina Jiri, Belledi Michele, Di Rienzo Anna, Novelletto Andrea, Oppenheim Ariella, Norby Soren, Al-Zaheri Nadia, Santachiara-Benerecetti Silvana, Scozzari Rosaria, Torroni Antonio, & Bandelt Hans Jurgen. (2000). Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, p.&nbsp;1251–1276.
*Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
*Searle-White, J. (2001). The Psychology of Nationalism. Palgrave Macmillan.
*Toynbee, A.J. (1917). Report on the Pan-Turanian Movement. London: Intelligence Bureau Department of Information, Admiralty, L/MIL/17/16/23.
*Stoddard, T. Lothrop. “Pan-Turanism”. The American Political Science Review. Vol. 11, No. 1. (1917): 12–23.
*Zenkovsky, Serge A. (1960). Pan-Turkism and Islam in Russia. Cambridge-Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
*Zeman, Zbynek & Scharlau, Winfried (1965), The merchant of revolution. The life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus). London: Oxford University Press. See especially pages 125–144.  

## Pranala luar
*Pan-Turanism – T. Lothrop Stoddard
*Pan-Turanianism