La Tosca

***La Tosca*** adalah drama lima babak karya penulis drama Prancis abad ke-19 Victorien Sardou. Drama ini pertama kali dipentaskan pada 24 November 1887 di Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin di Paris, dengan Sarah Bernhardt sebagai pemeran utama. Meskipun mendapat ulasan negatif dari kritikus Paris pada malam pembukaannya, drama ini menjadi salah satu drama Sardou yang paling sukses dan dipentaskan oleh Bernhardt di seluruh dunia pada tahun-tahun setelah pemutaran perdananya. Drama itu sendiri telah menghilang dari repertoar teater standar pada pertengahan 1920-an, tetapi adaptasi operanya, *[[Tosca]]* karya Giacomo Puccini, telah mencapai popularitas yang bertahan lama. Ada beberapa adaptasi lain dari drama ini termasuk dua untuk teater Jepang dan sebuah olok-olok Inggris, *Tra-La-La Tosca* (yang semuanya ditayangkan perdana pada tahun 1890-an) serta beberapa versi film.

*La Tosca* berlatar di Roma pada tanggal 17 Juni 1800 setelah kemenangan Prancis dalam Pertempuran Marengo. Aksinya berlangsung selama periode delapan belas jam, berakhir saat fajar pada tanggal 18 Juni 1800. Plot melodramatisnya berpusat pada Floria Tosca, seorang penyanyi opera terkenal; kekasihnya, Mario Cavaradossi, seorang seniman dan simpatisan Napoleon; dan Baron Scarpia, Bupati Polisi Roma yang kejam. Pada akhir drama, ketiganya tewas. Scarpia menangkap Cavaradossi dan menjatuhkan hukuman mati di Castel Sant'Angelo. Ia kemudian menawarkan untuk mengampuni kekasihnya jika Tosca akan menyerah pada rayuan seksualnya. Ia tampaknya setuju, tetapi begitu Scarpia memberi perintah kepada regu tembak untuk menggunakan peluru hampa, ia menikamnya sampai mati. Saat mengetahui bahwa eksekusi Cavaradossi sebenarnya adalah yang sebenarnya, Tosca bunuh diri dengan melemparkan dirinya dari tembok pembatas kastil.

## Sumber

* Adams, William Davenport, ''A Book of Burlesque, Sketches of English Stage Travestie and Parody'', Henry & Co., 1891
*Amazonas, Lee "Guerilla Cinematheque Comes of Age: The Pacific Film Archive", *Chronicle of the University of California*, Spring 2004, pp.&nbsp;147–159
**(Les) Archives théâtrales*, December 1887, p.&nbsp;346
*Arthur, George, ''Sarah Bernhardt'' (originally published in 1923), Read Books, 2008. 
*Baker, Evan, "Sardou and Sardoodledom, Puccini and Tosca", Programme Notes, San Francisco Opera, 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**Berkeley Daily Gazette*, "Pauline Frederick in "La Tosca" Feature at the Strand Theater", 27 May 1918, p.&nbsp;3. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Berton, Thérèse Meilhan and Woon, Basil, ''Sarah Bernhardt as I knew her'', Hurst & Blackett, 1923
*Burton, Deborah, "The Real Scarpia: Historical Sources for ''Tosca''", *The Opera Quarterly*, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1993 pp.&nbsp;67–86
*Carner, Mosco, ''Giacomo Puccini, Tosca'', Cambridge University Press, 1985. 
*Clapp, John B. and Edgett, Edwin F., ''Plays of the Present'' (originally published in 1902), Ayer Publishing, 1980. 
**[[Corriere della Sera]]*, "La Tosca visionaria e disperata di Dalla arriva al Gran Teatro", 11 December 2009. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Crowther, Bosley, "Story of Tosca, Italian Film Dealing With Puccini Opera, Opens at Cinema Dante", *New York Times*, 19 December 1947. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Durgnat, Raymond ''Jean Renoir'', University of California Press, 1974. 
*Favre, Jules, "Causerie Théâtrale", Les Annales politiques et littéraires 4 December 1887
*Fisher, Burton, ''Puccini's Tosca'', Opera Journeys Publishing, 2005. 
**[[Il Giornale|(Il) Giornale]]*, "''Tosca amore disperato'' Stasera su Raiuno", 3 June 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Girardi, Michele (ed.), ''Tosca 1800 1900 2000'', Catalogue of the exhibition held at the Museo Nazionale di Villa Guinigi, Lucca, 2–27 February 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Hall, Arthur D., *La Tosca: A novel*, Rand, McNally & Company, 1888
*Hart, Jerome Alfred,  ''Sardou and the Sardou Plays'', J.B.Lippincott, 1913
*Horne, Alistair, ''Seven Ages of Paris'', Pan Macmillan, 2003. 
*Horowitz, Jason, "Roll Over, Puccini: 'Tosca' Has Been Pumped Up and Plugged In", *New York Times*, 31 May 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Howard, Cecil, "La Tosca", *The Theatre*, Vol. XIL, July–December 1888, pp.&nbsp;97–98
*Howard, Cecil, ''Dramatic Notes: A  Yearbook of the Stage'', Hutchinson & Co., 1891
*James, Kenneth, ''Escoffier: The King of Chefs'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006. 
*Joannis, Claudette, ''Sarah Bernhardt: Reine de l'attitude et princesse des gestes'', Payot, 2000. 
*Jones, Jan, ''Renegades, Showmen & Angels: A Theatrical History of Fort Worth from 1873–2001'', TCU Press, 2006. 
*Lemaître, Jules, "Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin: ''La Tosca'', drame en cinq actes de M. Victorien Sardou", 28 November 1887, collected in Jules Lemaître, *Impressions de théâtre* (2e série), Société française d'imprimerie
*Mason, Stuart, ''Bibliography of Oscar Wilde'' (originally published in 1906), Read Books, 2008. 
*Mastrangelo, Matilde, "The Meijin Kurabe of Sanyutei Encho: An Original Approach to Western Drama in Japan", *The Japan Foundation Newsletter*, XXIX/No. 2, January 2002, pp.&nbsp;14–16. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**[[Montreal Gazette]]*, "French Company Give Sardou Play", 28 February 1941, p.&nbsp;3. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**[[New York Times]]*, "Modjeska in a New Play", 13 February 1884, p.&nbsp;4. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**New York Times*, "Reflections on Sardou's Honesty as an Author", 18 September 1887, p.&nbsp;1. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**New York Times*, "Bernhardt as La Tosca Complete Success of Her Reappearance", 12 December 1887, p.&nbsp;2
**New York Times*, "The New Theatre Opened", 4 March 1888, p.&nbsp;5. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**New York Times*, "Miss Davenport Wins; Barrymore's claim to 'La Tosca' Decided Against Him", 28 April 1888, p.&nbsp;8. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**New York Times*, "La Tosca Makes a Record", 5 June 1891, p.&nbsp;3. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**New York Times*, "La Tosca Has Two Cubs", 15 October 1894, p.&nbsp;2. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Nicassio, Susan Vandiver, ''Tosca's Rome: The Play and the Opera in Historical Perspective'', University of Chicago Press, 1999. 
**Otago Witness*, "Notes by Pasquin", Issue 1880, 2 December 1887, p.&nbsp;28. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
**Otago Witness*, "Notes by Pasquin", Issue 1885, 6 January 1888, p.&nbsp;28. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Perusse, Lyle F., "Tosca and Piranesi", *[[The Musical Times]]*, Vol. 122, No. 1665, November 1981, pp.&nbsp;743–745
*Phillips-Matz, Mary Jane, *Puccini: A Biography*, Northeastern University Press, 2002. 
**[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]*, "Sarah La Tosca", Vol. XCIV, 21 July 1888, p.&nbsp;28.
**[[Reading Eagle]]*, "What the Ladies are Wearing for Fall and Winter", 11 November 1888
*Richards, Jeffrey, ''Sir Henry Irving: A Victorian Actor and His World'', Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007. 
*Sardou, Victorien, *La Tosca, drame en cinq actes*, 1887, in annotated English translation by Deborah Burton, 2004: Act I, Act II, Act III, Act IV, Act V. Retrieved 9 July 2010.
*Savran, David, *Highbrow/Lowdown: Theater, Jazz, and the Making of the New Middle Class*, University of Michigan Press, 2009. 
*Schickling, Dieter, "Fictional Reality: Musical and Literary Imagery in the *Tosca*s of Sardou and Puccini" in Deborah Burton, Susan Vandiver Nicassio, and Agostino Ziino (eds.), ''Tosca's Prism: Three Moments of Western Cultural History'', Northeastern University Press, 2004. 
*Severa, Joan L., ''Dressed for the Photographer: Ordinary Americans and Fashion, 1840–1900'', Kent State University Press, 1995. 
*Stape, John Henry and Simmons, Allan, "Tosca's Kiss: Sardou, Puccini, and ''The Secret Agent''" in Stape and Simmons (eds.), Rodopi, 2007, pp.&nbsp;106–116. 
*Walkley, Arthur Bingham, ''Play House Impressions'' (originally published in 1892), BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009. 
*Wynn, David, ''Merely Players: The Scripts'', iUniverse, 2003. 

## Pranala luar

* Victorien Sardou: ''La Tosca'' – Complete play in the original French on Project Gutenberg
*  – Complete libretto of the opera in the original Italian and in English translation by William Beatty-Kingston at the Internet Archive