Isotop germanium

**[[Germanium]]** (**<sub>32</sub>Ge**) memiliki lima isotop alami, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, dan 76Ge. Dari jumlah tersebut, 76Ge sangat sedikit radioaktif, meluruh dengan peluruhan beta ganda dengan waktu paruh 1,78 tahun (130 miliar kali usia alam semesta).

74Ge yang stabil adalah isotop germanium yang paling umum, memiliki kelimpahan alami sekitar 36%. 76Ge adalah yang paling tidak umum dengan kelimpahan alami sekitar 7%. Ketika dibombardir dengan partikel alfa, isotop 72Ge dan 76Ge akan menghasilkan <sup>75</sup>As dan <sup>77</sup>Se yang stabil, dan melepaskan elektron berenergi tinggi dalam prosesnya.

Setidaknya 27 radioisotop juga telah disintesis dengan rentang massa atom dari 58 hingga 89. Yang paling stabil adalah 68Ge, meluruh melalui penangkapan elektron dengan waktu paruh 270,95 hari. Ia meluruh menjadi isotop pemancar positron <sup>68</sup>Ga yang berguna secara medis. (Lihat generator <sup>68</sup>Ga untuk catatan mengenai sumber isotop ini, dan penggunaan medisnya). Isotop germanium yang paling tidak stabil adalah 60Ge dengan waktu paruh 30 miidetik.

Walaupun sebagian besar radioisotop germanium meluruh melalui peluruhan beta, 61Ge dan 64Ge meluruh melalui emisi proton tertunda β<sup>+</sup>. 84Ge hingga 87Ge juga memiliki jalur peluruhan emisi neutron tertunda β<sup>−</sup> kecil.

76Ge digunakan dalam eksperimen tentang sifat neutrino, dengan mencari peluruhan beta ganda tanpa neutrino.

## Daftar isotop

|-
| 58Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 26
| 57,99101(34)#
|
| 2p
| 56Zn
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 59Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 27
| 58,98175(30)#
|
| 2p
| 57Zn
| 7/2−#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|60Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28
| rowspan=2|59,97019(25)#
| rowspan=2|30#&nbsp;mdtk
| β<sup>+</sup>
| 60Ga
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| 2p
| 58Zn
|-
| rowspan=2|61Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29
| rowspan=2|60,96379(32)#
| rowspan=2|39(12)&nbsp;mdtk
| β+, p (80%)
| 60Zn
| rowspan=2|(3/2−)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (20%)
| 61Ga
|-
| 62Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 30
| 61,95465(15)#
| 129(35)&nbsp;mdtk
| β+
| 62Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 63Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 31
| 62,94964(21)#
| 142(8)&nbsp;mdtk
| β+
| 63Ga
| (3/2−)#
|
|
|-
| 64Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| 63,94165(3)
| 63,7(25)&nbsp;dtk
| β+
| 64Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|65Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33
| rowspan=2|64,93944(11)
| rowspan=2|30,9(5)&nbsp;dtk
| β+ (99,99%)
| 65Ga
| rowspan=2|(3/2)−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+, p (0,01%)
| **<sup>64</sup>Zn**
|-
| 66Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 34
| 65,93384(3)
| 2,26(5)&nbsp;jam
| β+
| 66Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 67Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 35
| 66,932734(5)
| 18,9(3)&nbsp;mnt
| β+
| 67Ga
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 67m1Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 18,20(5)&nbsp;keV
| 13,7(9)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| 5/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 67m2Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 751,70(6)&nbsp;keV
| 110,9(14)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| 68Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 36
| 67,928094(7)
| 271,05(8)&nbsp;hri
| EC
| 68Ga
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 69Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 37
| 68,9279645(14)
| 39,05(10)&nbsp;jam
| β+
| **<sup>69</sup>Ga**
| 5/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86,765(14)&nbsp;keV
| 5,1(2)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 397,944(18)&nbsp;keV
| 2,81(5)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| 70Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 38
| 69,9242474(11)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil**
| 0+
| 0,2038(18)
|
|-
| 71Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 39
| 70,9249510(11)
| 11,43(3)&nbsp;hri
| EC
| **<sup>71</sup>Ga**
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 71mGe
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198,367(10)&nbsp;keV
| 20,40(17)&nbsp;mdtk
| IT
| 71Ge
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| 72Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 40
| 71,9220758(18)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil**
| 0+
| 0,2731(26)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 72mGe
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 691,43(4)&nbsp;keV
| 444,2(8)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 73Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 72,9234589(18)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil**
| 9/2+
| 0,0776(8)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 73m1Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13,2845(15)&nbsp;keV
| 2,92(3)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| 5/2+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 73m2Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66,726(9)&nbsp;keV
| 499(11)&nbsp;mdtk
|
|
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| 74Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 73,9211778(18)
| colspan=3 align=center|**Stabil**
| 0+
| 0,3672(15)
|
|-
| 75Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 43
| 74,9228589(18)
| 82,78(4)&nbsp;mnt
| β−
| **<sup>75</sup>As**
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 75m1Ge
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139,69(3)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|47,7(5)&nbsp;dtk
| IT (99,97%)
| 75Ge
| rowspan=2|7/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−
| **<sup>75</sup>As**
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 75m2Ge
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 192,18(7)&nbsp;keV
| 216(5)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| 5/2+
|
|
|-
| 76Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 75,9214026(18)
| ** thn**
| β−β−
| **<sup>76</sup>Se**
| 0+
| 0,0783(7)
|
|-
| 77Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 76,9235486(18)
| 11,30(1)&nbsp;jam
| β−
| 77As
| 7/2+
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 77mGe
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 159,70(10)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|52,9(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β− (79%)
| 77As
| rowspan=2|1/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (21%)
| 77Ge
|-
| 78Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 77,922853(4)
| 88(1)&nbsp;mnt
| β−
| 78As
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 79Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 78,9254(1)
| 18,98(3)&nbsp;dtk
| β−
| 79As
| (1/2)−
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mGe
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185,95(4)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|39,0(10)&nbsp;dtk
| β− (96%)
| 79As
| rowspan=2|(7/2+)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (4%)
| 79Ge
|-
| 80Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 79,92537(3)
| 29,5(4)&nbsp;dtk
| β−
| 80As
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 81Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 49
| 80,92882(13)
| 7,6(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β−
| 81As
| 9/2+#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mGe
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 679,13(4)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|7,6(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β− (99%)
| 81As
| rowspan=2|(1/2+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (1%)
| 81Ge
|-
| 82Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 50
| 81,92955(26)
| 4,55(5)&nbsp;dtk
| β−
| 82As
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 83Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 51
| 82,93462(21)#
| 1,85(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β−
| 83As
| (5/2+)#
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|84Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52
| rowspan=2|83,93747(32)#
| rowspan=2|0,947(11)&nbsp;dtk
| β− (89,2%)
| 84As
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (10,8%)
| 83As
|-
| rowspan=2|85Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53
| rowspan=2|84,94303(43)#
| rowspan=2|535(47)&nbsp;mdtk
| β− (86%)
| 85As
| rowspan=2|5/2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−, n (14%)
| 84As
|-
| rowspan=2|86Ge
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54
| rowspan=2|85,94649(54)#
| rowspan=2|>150&nbsp;ndtk
| β−, n
| 85As
| rowspan=2|0+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β−
| 86As
|-
| 87Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 55
| 86,95251(54)#
| 0,14# dtk
|
|
| 5/2+#
|
|
|-
| 88Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 56
| 87,95691(75)#
| >=300&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| 0+
|
|
|-
| 89Ge
| style="text-align:right" | 32
| style="text-align:right" | 57
| 88,96383(97)#
| >150&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| 3/2+#
|
|

* Momentum sudut atau subpartikel orde 3 dihilangkan sebagai spin(2)=0,45,45.

## Referensi

* Massa isotop dari:
**
* Komposisi isotop dan massa atom standar dari:
**
**
* Data waktu paruh, spin, dan isomer dipilih dari sumber-sumber berikut.
**
**
**