Palaeodictyoptera

**Palaeodictyoptera** adalah sebuah ordo serangga paleoptera Paleozoikum berukuran sedang hingga sangat besar. Penemuan mereka berperan dalam mengetahui evolusi sayap dalam serangga.

## Gambaran umum

Mereka dicirikan denagn bagian mulut mirip paruh, yang digunakan untuk menusuk jaringan tumbuhan saat makan. Terdapat kemiripan antara sayap depan dan belakang, serta terdapat sepasang sayap kecil di protoraksnya, di depan pasangan sayap pertama. Hal ini menyebabkan mereka dikenal sebagai "**serangga bersayap enam**". Sayap kecil ini memberi petunjuk dalam mempelajari kemunculan awal sayap pada serangga.

Beberapa jenis tumbuh hingga sangat besar. Contohnya, *Mazothairos* diperkirakan memiliki rentang sayap sekitar . Ciri khas lainnya adalah hadirnya serkus yang sangat panjang, sekitar dua kali lipat panjang tubuhnya.

## Taksonomi

* Suborder †Dictyoneurina Handlirsch 1906
** Superfamili †Calvertielloidea Martynov 1932
*** Famili †Calvertiellidae Martynov 1931
**** Genus †*[[Calvertiella]]* Tillyard 1925
**** Genus †*[[Carrizopteryx]]* Kukalová-Peck 1976
**** Genus †*[[Lodetiella]]* Béthoux et al. 2007
**** Genus †*[[Moravia (insect)|Moravia]]* Kukalová 1964
**** Genus †*[[Moraviptera]]* Kukalová 1955
**** Genus †*[[Sharovia]]* Sinitshenkova 1977
**** Genus †*[[Xiaheyanella]]* Fu et al. 2015
** Superfamili †Dictyoneuroidea Handlirsch 1906
*** Famili †Dictyoneuridae Handlirsch 1906
**** Genus †*[[Arltia]]* Guthörl 1934
**** Genus †*[[Cleffia]]* Guthörl 1931
**** Genus †*[[Dictyoneura (insect)|Dictyoneura]]* Goldenberg 1854
**** Genus †*[[Dictyoneurula]]* Handlirsch 1906
**** Genus †*[[Goldenbergia]]* Scudder 1885
**** Genus †*[[Hongius]]* Özdikmen 2008
**** Genus †*[[Kallenbergia]]* Guthörl 1930
**** Genus †*[[Macrodictya]]* Guthörl 1940
**** Genus †*[[Microdictya]]* Brongniart 1894
**** Genus †*[[Polioptenus]]* Scudder 1885
**** Genus †*[[Rotundopteris]]* Guthörl 1940
**** Genus †*[[Saarodictyum]]* Guthörl 1939
**** Genus †*[[Sagenoptera]]* Handlirsch 1906
**** Genus †*[[Schmidtopteron]]* Brauckmann and Hahn 1978
**** Genus †*[[Siberiodictya]]* Sharov and Sinitshenkova 1977
**** Genus †*[[Stenodictya]]* Brongniart 1894
**** Genus †*[[Stenodictyoneura]]* Leriche 1911
**** Genus †*[[Stilbocrocis]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Titanodictya]]* Handlirsch 1906

* Suborder †Frankenholziina Guthörl 1962
** Famili †Hanidae Kukalová-Peck 1975
*** Genus †*[[Forcynthia]]* Sinitshenkova 2004
*** Genus †*[[Hana (insect)|Hana]]* Kukalová-Peck 1975

**Superfamili [[incertae sedis]]**
* Superfamili †Breyerioidea Handlirsch 1906
** Famili †Breyeriidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Aviobreyeria]]* Prokop et al. 2013
*** Genus †*[[Breyeria]]* de Borre 1875
*** Genus †*[[Hasala]]* Brauckmann 1995
*** Genus †*[[Jugobreyeria]]* Brauckmann et al. 1985
*** Genus †*[[Megaptiloides]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Stobbsia]]* Handlirsch 1908
*** Genus †*[[Vernooijia]]* Prokop et al. 2018
** Famili †Cryptoveniidae Bolton 1912
*** Genus †*[[Cryptovenia]]* Bolton 1912

* Superfamili †Eugereonoidea Sinitshenkova 2002
** Famili †Archaemegaptilidae Handlirsch 1919
*** Genus †*[[Archaemegaptilus]]* Meunier 1908
*** Genus †*[[Haseneura]]* Rosová et al. 2024
*** Genus †*[[Osnabrugapteron]]* Rosová et al. 2022
** Famili †Eugereonidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Dictyoptilus]]* Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Eugereon]]* Dohrn 1866
*** Genus †*[[Peromaptera]]* Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Sandiella]]* Carpenter 1970
*** Genus †*[[Valdeania]]* Teixeira 1941
** Famili †Graphiptilidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Graphiptilus]]* Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Patteiskya]]* Laurentiaux 1958
*** Genus †*[[Rhabdoptilus]]* Brongniart 1894
** Famili †Jongmansiidae Laurentiaux 1950
*** Genus †*[[Jongmansia]]* Laurentiaux 1950
*** Genus †*[[Katosaxoniapteron]]* Prokop et al. 2023
** Famili †Lithomanteidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Archaeophasma]]* Matthew 1910
*** Genus †*[[Catadyesthus]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Dyscritus]]* Scudder 1868
*** Genus †*[[Lithomantis]]* Woodward 1876
*** Genus †*[[Lusiella]]* Laurentiaux and Teixeira 1958
** Famili †Lycocercidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Apopappus]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Lycocercus]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Lycodemas]]* Carpenter and Richardson 1971
*** Genus †*[[Lycodus]]* Carpenter 1992
*** Genus †*[[Madera (insect)|Madera]]* Carpenter 1970
*** Genus †*[[Notorachis]]* Carpenter and Richardson 1971
** Famili †Namuroningxiidae Prokop and Ren 2007
*** Genus †*[[Namuroningxia]]* Prokop and Ren 2007
** Famili †Polycreagridae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Polycreagra]]* Handlirsch 1906
** Famili †Protagriidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Protagrion]]* Brongniart 1894
** Famili †Synarmogidae Handlirsch 1910
*** Genus †*[[Synarmoge]]* Handlirsch 1910
** Famili †Tchirkovaeidae Sinitshenkova 1979
*** Genus †*[[Paimbia]]* Sinitshenkova 1979
*** Genus †*[[Tchirkovaea]]* Zalessky 1931

* Superfamili †Spilapteroidea Brongniart 1894
** Famili †Fouqueidae Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Fouquea]]* Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Neofouquea]]* Carpenter 1967
** Famili †Mecynostomatidae Kukalová 1969
*** Genus †*[[Mecynostomata]]* Metcalf 1952
** Famili †Spilapteridae Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Abaptilon]]* Zalessky 1946
*** Genus †*[[Baeoneura]]* Sinitshenkova 1977
*** Genus †*[[Becquerelia (insect)|Becquerelia]]* Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Bizarrea]]* Prokop et al. 2015
*** Genus †*[[Delitzschala]]* Brauckmann and Schneider 1996
*** Genus †*[[Dunbaria (insect)|Dunbaria]]* Tillyard 1924
*** Genus †*[[Epitethe]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Epithele (insect)|Epithele]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Homaloneura]]* Brongniart 1885
*** Genus †*[[Lamproptilia]]* Brongniart 1885
*** Genus †*[[Mcluckiepteron]]* Richardson 1956
*** Genus †*[[Neuburgia (insect)|Neuburgia]]* Martynov 1930
*** Genus †*[[Palaeoptilus]]* Brongniart 1894
*** Genus †*[[Paradunbaria]]* Sharov and Sinitshenkova 1977
*** Genus †*[[Permiakovia]]* Martynov 1940
*** Genus †*[[Saxonyptilus]]* Rosová et al. 2022
*** Genus †*[[Sinodunbaria]]* Li et al. 2013
*** Genus †*[[Spilaptera]]* Brongniart 1885
*** Genus †*[[Spiloptilus]]* Handlirsch 1906
*** Genus †*[[Tectoptilus]]* Kukalová 1969
*** Genus †*[[Tytthospilaptera]]* Liu et al. 2015
*** Genus †*[[Vorkutoneura]]* Sinitshenkova 1977

**Famili [[incertae sedis]]**
* Famili †Elmoboriidae Carpenter 1976
** Genus †*[[Elmoboria]]* Carpenter 1976
** Genus †*[[Oboria]]* Kukalová 1960
* Famili †Eubleptidae Handlirsch 1906
** Genus †*[[Eubleptus]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Famili †Homoiopteridae Handlirsch 1906
** Genus †*[[Adolarryia]]* Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
** Genus †*[[Ametretus]]* Handlirsch 1911
** Genus †*[[Amousus]]* Handlirsch 1911
** Genus †*[[Anglopterum]]* Prokop et al. 2006
** Genus †*[[Boltonia (insect)|Boltonia]]* Pruvost 1919
** Genus †*[[Homoioptera]]* Brongniart 1894
** Genus †*[[Larryia]]* Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
** Genus †*[[Mazonopterum]]* Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
** Genus †*[[Mazothairos]]* Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
** Genus †*[[Ostrava (insect)|Ostrava]]* Kukalová 1960
** Genus †*[[Paraostrava]]* Prokop and Nel 2004
** Genus †*[[Parathesoneura]]* Sinitshenkova 1977
** Genus †*[[Pharciphyzelus]]* Beckemeyer and Engel 2011
** Genus †*[[Scepasma (insect)|Scepasma]]* Handlirsch 1911
** Genus †*[[Thesoneura]]* Carpenter 1943
** Genus †*[[Turneropterum]]* Kukalová-Peck and Richardson 1983
* Famili †Homothetidae Scudder 1885
** Genus †*[[Homothetus]]* Scudder 1867
* Famili †Megaptilidae Handlirsch 1906
** Genus †*[[Lithoptilus]]* Lameere 1917
** Genus †*[[Megaptilus]]* Brongniart 1885
* Famili †Psychroptilidae Riek 1976
** Genus †*[[Psychroptilus]]* Riek 1976
* Famili †Straeleniellidae Laurentiaux-Vieira and Laurentiaux 1986
** Genus †*[[Straeleniella]]* Laurentiaux-Vieira and Laurentiaux 1986

**Genera [[incertae sedis]]**
* Genus †*[[Achaeoptilus]]* Scudder 1881
* Genus †*[[Aenigmatopsis]]* Handlirsch 1937
* Genus †*[[Althansia]]* Guthörl 1934
* Genus †*[[Anagesthes]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Anthracosta]]* Pruvost 1930
* Genus †*[[Asiodictya]]* Rohdendorf 1961
* Genus †*[[Bathytaptus]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Bojoptera]]* Kukalová 1958
* Genus †*[[Brongniartites]]* Handlirsch 1919
* Genus †*[[Brongniartula]]* Handlirsch 1919
* Genus †*[[Commentryites]]* Handlirsch 1922
* Genus †*[[Compsoneura (insect)|Compsoneura]]* Brongniart 1894
* Genus †*[[Delafondia]]* Langiaux and Parriat 1975
* Genus †*[[Diexodus]]* Handlirsch 1911
* Genus †*[[Eumecoptera]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Eurydictyella]]* Carpenter 1986
* Genus †*[[Eurythmopteryx]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Gegenemene]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Haplophlebium]]* Scudder 1867
* Genus †*[[Heolus]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Idoptilus]]* Wootton 1972
* Genus †*[[Kansasia]]* Tillyard 1937
* Genus †*[[Mammia]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Mecynoptera (insect)|Mecynoptera ]]* Handlirsch 1904
* Genus †*[[Mecynostomites]]* Handlirsch 1919
* Genus †*[[Monsteropterum]]* Kukalová-Peck 1972
* Genus †*[[Palaiotaptus]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Palapteris]]* Guthörl 1940
* Genus †*[[Paraboltonia]]* Handlirsch 1922
* Genus †*[[Paramecynostoma]]* Handlirsch 1919
* Genus †*[[Paramegaptilus]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Platephemera]]* Scudder 1867
* Genus †*[[Propalingenia]]* Handlirsch 1906
* Genus †*[[Pseudomecynostoma]]* Handlirsch 1919
* Genus †*[[Pteronidia]]* Bolton 1912
* Genus †*[[Pyebrodia]]* Brauckmann and Herd 2002
* Genus †*[[Rochdalia]]* Woodward 1913
* Genus †*[[Saarlandia]]* Guthörl 1930
* Genus †*[[Sabitaptus]]* Pruvost 1930
* Genus †*[[Schedoneura]]* Carpenter 1963
* Genus †*[[Severinopsis]]* Kukalová 1958
* Genus †*[[Synaptoneura]]* Pruvost 1919
* Genus †*[[Titanophasma]]* Brongniart 1882
* Genus †*[[Turnbullia]]* Richardson 1956

## Referensi