M. N. Roy

**Manabendra Nath Roy** (), bernama lahir **Narendra Nath Bhattacharya**, adalah seorang revolusioner komunis, aktivis radikal dan teoretikus politik, serta filsuf terkenal asal India pada abad ke-20. Roy adalah pendiri Partai Komunis Meksiko dan Partai Komunis India (kelompok Tashkent). Ia juga menjadi delegasi untuk kongres-kongres Komunis Internasional dan perwakilan Rusia untuk Tiongkok. Setelah kebangkitan Joseph Stalin, Roy meninggalkan gerakan komunis arus utama untuk menjalankan politik radikal independen. Pada 1940, Vinay Roy menjadi tokoh penting dalam pembentukan Partai Demokrat Radikal, sebuah organisasi dimana ia memainkan peran utama dalam sebagian besar dasawarsa 1940an.

## Catatan kaki

## Daftar pustaka
: **Note:** Adapted from "A Checklist of the Writings of M.N. Roy" in *M.N. Roy's Memoirs.* Delhi: Ajanta Publications, 1984; pp. 607–617.
 
* *La voz de la India* (The Voice of India). Mexico City: n.p., n.d. [c. 1917].
* *La India: Su Pasado, Su Presente y Su Porvenir* (India: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future). Mexico City: n.p., 1918.
* *Indien* (India).  Hamburg: Verlag der Kommunistischen Internationale, 1922.
* ''India in Transition.'' With Abani Mukherji. Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.
* *What Do We Want?* Geneva: J.B. Target, 1922.
* *One Year of Non-Cooperation from Ahmedabad to Gaya.* With Evelyn Roy. Calcutta: Communist Party of India, 1923. —Imprint probably fictitious.
* *India's Problem and Its Solution.* n.c.: n.p., n.d. [c. 1923].
* *Political Letters.* Zurich: Vanguard Bookshop, 1924. —Alternate title: *Letters to Indian Nationalists*.
* *Cawnpore Conspiracy Case: An Open Letter to the Rt. Hon. J.R. MacDonald.* London: Indian Defence Committee, 1924.
* *The Aftermath of Non-Cooperation: Indian Nationalism and Labour Politics.* London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1926.
* ''The Future of Indian Politics.'' London: R. Bishop [Communist Party of Great Britain], 1926.
* *Our Task in India.* n.c.: Bengal Committee of the Revolutionary Party of the Indian Working Class, n.d. [c. 1932].
* ''"I Accuse!" : From the Suppressed Statement of Manabendra Nath Roy on Trial for Treason before Sessions Court, Cawnpore, India.'' New York: Roy Defense Committee of India, 1932. —Title of unexpurgated Indian edition: *My Defence.*
* *Congress at Crossroads, by a Congressman (M.N. Roy).* Bombay: Independence of India League, [c. 1934].
* *On Stepping Out of Jail.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1936].
* *Letters by M.N. Roy to the Congress Socialist Party, Written in 1934.* Bombay: Renaissance Publishing Co., 1937.
* ''The Historical Role of Islam: An Essay on Islamic Culture.'' Bombay: Vora, 1937.
* *Presidential Address of M.N. Roy, United Provinces Youths' Conference, 29 and 30 May 1937, Sitapur.* Bombay: R.D. Nadkarni, n.d. [1937].
* *Materialism and Spiritualism: Presidential Address of M.N. Roy at the 3rd Session of the Madras Presidency Radical Youths' Conference, Held at Madras on 25 July 1937.* Bombay: R.D. Nadkarni, n.d. [1937].
* *My Crime.* Bombay: Ramesh D. Nadkarni, n.d. [c. 1937].
* *The Russian Revolution: A Review and the Perspective.* Calcutta: D.M. Library, n.d. [c. 1937].
* *Presidential Address of Com. M.N. Roy, First Rajputana-Central India Students' Conference, Benwar, 1 and 2 January 1938.* Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1938].
* *All-India Sugar Mill Workers' Conference, Gorakhpur, Held on 30 April and 1 May 1938: Presidential Address by Manabendra Nath Roy.* Gorakhpur: n.p., n.d. [1938].
* *Fascism: Its Philosophy, Professions and Practice.* Calcutta: D.M. Library, 1938.
* *On the Congress Constitution.* Calcutta: "Independent India" Office, 1938.
* *Our Differences.* With V.B. Karnik. Calcuta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.
* *Our Problems.* With V.B. Karnik. Calcutta; Barendra Library, 1938.
* *Gandhi vs. Roy: Containing Com. Roy's Letter to Gandhiji, the Latter's Reply and the Former's Rejoinder.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, 1939.
* *Heresies of the Twentieth Century: Philosophical Essays.* Bombay: Renaissance Publishers, 1939.
* *Presidential Address by M.N. Roy at the First All-India Conference of the League of Radical Congressmen, Poona, 27 and 28 June 1939*. Bombay: n.p., n.d. [1939].
* *Tripuri and After.* Nasik: Radical Congressmen's League, n.d. [1930s].
* *Which Way, Lucknow? By a Radical Congressman (M.N. Roy).* Bombay: M.R. Shetty, n.d. [1930s].
* *The Memoirs of a Cat.* n.c. [Dehra Dun]: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.
* *Whither Europe?* Bombay: Vora, 1940.
* *The Alternative.* Bombay: Vora, 1940.
* *From Savagery to Civilisation.* Calcutta: Digest Book House, 1940.
* *Gandhism, Nationalism, Socialism.* Calcutta: Bengal Radical Club, 1940.
* *Science and Superstition.* Dera Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1940.
* *Materialism: An Outline of the History of Scientific Thought.* Dera Dun: Renaissance Publishers, 1940.
* *World Crisis (International Situation).* (contributor) Ahmedabad: Gujarat Radical Democratic People's Party, 1940.
* *The Relation of Classes in the Struggle for Indian Freedom.* Patna: Bihar Radical Democratic People's Party, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *Science, Philosophy and Politics.* Moradabad: J.S. Agarwal, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *A New Path: Manifesto and Constitution of the Radical Democratic Party.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *Twentieth Century Jacobinism: Role of Marxism in Democratic Revolution.* Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *Some Fundamental Problems of Mass Mobilization.* Calcutta: D. Goonawardhana, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *My Differences with the Congress: Speech at Allahbad University, 27 November 1940.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, League of Radical Congressmen, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *On Communal Question.* With V.B. Karnik. Lucknow: A.P. Singh, n.d. [c. 1940].
* *Culture at the Crossroads: Cultural Requisites of Freedom.* Calcutta: Leftist Book Club, n.d. [1940s].
* *Radical Democratic Party's Message to the USSR.* Calcutta: D. Goonawardhan, n.d. [1940s].
* *Presidential Address by Com. M.N. Roy at the Maharashtra Provincial Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held at Poona on 22 and 23 March 1941.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [1941].
* *The Ideal of Indian Womanhood.* n.c. [Dehra Dun?]: Renaissance Publishers, 1941.
* *Problem of the Indian Revolution.* Bombay: Rajaram Panday, 1941.
* *All-India Anti-Fascist Trade Union Conference: Presidential Address by M.N. Roy: Lahore, 29–30 November 1941.* Lahore: M.A. Kahn, n.d. [1941].
* *Scientific Politics: Lectures in the All India Political Study Camp, Dehradun, May and June 1940: Held under Auspices of All-India League of Radical Congressmen.* Dehra Dun: Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.
* *Freedom or Fascism?* n.c. [Bombay?]: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
* *India and the War.* (contributor) Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
* *This War and Our Defence.* Karachi: Sind Provincial Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
* *War and Revolution: International Civil War.* Madras: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
* *Origin of Radicalism in the Congress.* Lucknow: S.S. Suri, 1942.
* *Library of a Revolutionary: Being a List of Books for Serious Political Study.* Lucknow: New Life Union, for the Indian Renaissance Association, 1942.
* *This Way to Freedom: Report of the All-India Conference of the Radical Democratic Party held in December 1942.* (contributor) Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1942.
* *Nationalism: An Antiquated Cult.* Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942].
* *Nationalism, Democracy, and Freedom.* Bombay: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1942].
* *Letters from Jail.* n.c. [Dehra Dun?]: Renaissance Publishing, 1943.
* *The Communist International.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1943.
* *What is Marxism?* Bombay: n.p., 1943.
* *The Future of Socialism: Talk to the Calcutta Students' Club, November 1943.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [1943].
* ''Poverty or Plenty?'' Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1943.
* *Indian Labour and Post-war Reconstruction.* Lucknow: A.P. Singh, 1943.
* *Indian Renaissance Movement: Three Lectures.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1944.
* *The Future of the Middle Class: Lecture Delivered in Poona on 29 May 1944, in the Annual Spring Lecture Series.* Patna: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1944].
* *Constitution of India, A Draft: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Central Secretariat of the Radical Democratic Party.* Delhi: V.B. Karnik, 1944.
* *Your Future: An Appeal to the Educated Middle Class. Issued by the Radical Democratic Party.* Lucknow: Radical Democratic Party, 1944.
* *Planning a New India.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944].
* *National Government or People's Government?* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, n.d. [c. 1944].
* *Constitution of Free India, A Draft by M.N. Roy: Endorsed and Released for Public Discussion by the Radical Democratic Party.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.
* *The Last Battles of Freedom: Being the Report of the Calcutta Conference of the Radical Democratic Party, 27 to 30 December 1944.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945].
* *Post-War Perspective: A Peep into the Future.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1945.
* *Future of Democracy in India: Being the Full Text of a Speech Delivered at a Public Meeting Held at the Town Hall, Lucknow, on 6 October 1945.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1945].
* *The Problem of Freedom.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.
* *My Experiences in China.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1945.
* *Sino-Soviet Treaty.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
* *Jawaharial Nehru.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [c. 1945].
* *INA and the August Revolution.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.
* *Revolution and Counter-Revolution in China.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946. —Published in German in 1931.
* *A New Orientation: Statement on the International Situation.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1946.
* *A New Orientation: Review and Perspective of the International Struggle for a New World Order of Democratic Freedom, Economic Prosperity, and Cultural Progress.* Dehra Dun: Radical Democratic Party, Bengal, 1946.
* *New Orientation: Lectures Delivered at the Political Study Camp Held at Dehra Dun, from 8 to 18 May 1946.* With Phillip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1946.
* *Radical Democratic Party Conference Inaugural Address: Bombay, 20th, 21st, 22 December 1946: Presidential Address and Resolutions.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [1947].
* *Principles of Radical Democracy: Adopted by the Third All-India Conference by the Radical Democratic Party of India held in Bombay, 26 to 29 December 1946.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947. —Attributed to Roy.
* *Leviathan and Octopus.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, n.d. [1947].
* *Asia and the World: A Manifesto.* Delhi: Radical Democratic Party, 1947.
* *Science and Philosophy.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
* *New Humanism: A Manifesto.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
* *Beyond Communism.* With Philip Spratt. Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1947.
* *A New Approach to the Communal Program: Lecture Delivered at the International Fellowship, Madras, 22 February 1941.* Bombay: V.B. Karnik, n.d. [c. 1947].
* *The Russian Revolution.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1949.
* ''India's Message.'' Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1950.
* *The Rhythm of Cosmos: Inaugural Address of the Second All-India Rationalist Conference at Tenali held on 9 and 10 February 1952.* Tenali: n.p., n.d. [1952].
* *Radical Humanism.* New Delhi: n.p., 1952.
* *Reason, Romanticism and Revolution.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1952.
* *The Way Ahead in Asia.* n.c.: British Information Service in Southeast Asia, n.d. [c. 1950s].
* *Crime and Karma, Cats and Women.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1957.
* *Memoirs.* Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1964. —Reissued 1984.

## Bacaan tambahan
 
* R.K. Awasthi, *Scientific Humanism: Socio-Political Ideas of M.N. Roy: A Critique.* Delhi: Research Publications in Social Sciences, 1973.
* Shiri Ram Bakshi, *M.N. Roy.* New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1994.
* N.R. Basannavar, 'The Indian in the Comintern'. University of Bristol Dissertation 2007
* G.P. Bhattacharjee, *Evolution of Political Philosophy of M.N. Roy.* Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1971.
** *M.N. Roy and Radical Humanism.* Bombay: A.J.B.H. Wadia Publication, 1961.
* Phanibhusan Chakravartti, *M.N. Roy.* Calcutta: M.N. Roy Death Anniversary Observance Committee, 1961.
* Prakash Chandra, *Political Philosophy of M.N. Roy.* Meerut: Sarup & Sons, 1985.
* Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri, *Leftism in India, 1917–1947.* Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave, 2007.
* Ramyansu Sekhar Das, *M.N. Roy the Humanist Philosopher.* Calcutta: W. Newman, 1956.
* B.N. Dasgupta, *M.N. Roy: Quest for Freedom.* Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay, 1970.
* Niranjan Dhar, *The Political Thought of M.N. Roy, 1936–1954.* Calcutta: Eureka Publishers, 1966.
* S.M. Ganguly, *Leftism in India: M.N. Roy and Indian Politics, 1920–1948.* Columbia, MO: South Asia Books, 1984.
* Dharmadasa Goonawardhana and Debassaran Das Gupta (eds.), *Royism Explained.* Calcutta: Saraswaty Library, 1938.
* Michael Goebel,  "Geopolitics, Transnational Solidarity, or Diaspora Nationalism? The Global Career of M.N. Roy, 1915–1930,"*European Review of History* 21, no. 4 (2014), pp.&nbsp;485–499.
* D.C. Grover, *M. N. Roy: a Study of Revolution and Reason in Indian Politics.* Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1973.
* John Patrick Haithcox, *Communism and Nationalism in India; M.N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939.* Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.
* V.B. Karnik, *M.N. Roy: Political Biography.* Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1978.
* Usha Krishna,  ''M.N Roy and the Radical Humanist Movement in India: A Sociological Study.'' Meerut: Chaudhary Charan Singh University, 2005.
* B. K. Mahakul, "Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy," *Indian Journal of Political Science,* vol. 66, no. 3 (July 2005), pp.&nbsp;607–618. In JSTOR
* Kris Manjapra, *M.N. Roy: Marxism and Colonial Cosmopolitanism.* Delhi: Routledge India, 2010.
* Giles Milton *Russian Roulette: How British Spies Thwarted Lenin's Global Plot*, Sceptre, 2013. 
* Innaiah Narisetti (ed.), *M.N. Roy: Radical Humanist: Selected Writings.* New York: Prometheus Books, 2004.
* R.L. Nigram, *Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy An Exposition of his 22 Theses.* n.c.: Indus Publishing Co., n.d.
* Robert C. North and Xenia J. Eudin, *M.N. Roy's Mission to China: The Communist-Kuomintang Split of 1927.* Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963.
* Vishnudeo Narain Ojha, *M.N. Roy and His Philosophical Ideas.* n.c. [Muzaffarpur]: Shankhnad Prakashan, 1969.
* Alok Pant, *Indian Radicalism and M.N. Roy.* Delhi: Adhyayan, 2005.
* Govardhan Dhanaraj Parikh (ed.), *Essence of Royism: Anthology of M.N. Roy's Writings.* Bombay: Nav Jagriti Samaj, 1987.
* Ramendra, *M. N. Roy's New Humanism and Materialism.* Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation, 2001.
* Sibnarayan Ray, *In Freedom's Quest: Life of M.N. Roy (Vol. 1: 1887–1922).* Calcutta: Minerva, 1998. —No other volumes issued.
** *M.N. Roy: Philosopher-Revolutionary: A Symposium.* Calcutta: Renaissance Publishers, 1959.
* Dipti Kumar Roy, *Leftist Politics in India: M.N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party.* Calcutta: Minerva, 1989.
** *Trade Union Movement in India: Role of M.N. Roy.* Calcutta: Minerva, 1990.
* Samaren Roy, *The Restless Brahmin: Early Life of M.N. Roy.* Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1970.
** *The Twice-Born Heretic: M.N. Roy and the Comintern.* Calcutta: KLM Private, 1986.
* B.S. Sharma, *The Political Philosophy of M.N. Roy.* Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965.
* Sita Ram Sharma, *Life and Works of M.N. Roy.* Jaipur: Sublime Publications, 2010.
* M. Shiviah, *New Humanism and Democratic Politics: A Study of M.N. Roy's Theory of the State.* Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1977.
* Reeta Sinha, *Political Ideas of M.N. Roy.* New Delh: National Book Organisation, 1991.
* Sada Nand Talwar, *Political Ideas of M.N. Roy.* Delhi: Khosla Publishing House, 1978.
* J.B.H. Wadia, *M.N. Roy, The Man: An Incomplete Royana.*  Bombay: Popular Prakashan, 1983.
* Syamales Das, *M. N. Roy, Biplabi, Rajnitik O Darshonik.* Calcutta: Sribhumi Publishing Co., 1999.

## Pranala luar

* Manbendra Nath Roy (1887—1954) at Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
* Manabendra Nath Roy Internet Archive, Marxists Internet Archive, www.marxists.org/
* Roy on the cover of Ogonëk, 5 April 1925.
* M. N. Roy materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
* https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Role-Islam-M-Roy/dp/1179769694
* Satish Kr. Jha, "Lecture on Radical Humanism of M.N. Roy," New Delhi: Consortium for Educational Communication-UGC, 2017. —Video.