Titus Andronikus

***The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus***, sering disingkat menjadi ***Titus Andronicus***, adalah sebuah tragedi karya William Shakespeare, dipercaya telah ditulis antara tahun 1588 dan 1593. Drama ini dianggap sebagai tragedi pertama Shakespeare dan sering dilihat sebagai upayanya untuk meniru drama balas dendam yang penuh kekerasan dan berdarah dari para penulis sezamannya, yang sangat populer di kalangan penonton sepanjang abad ke-16. 

Titus, seorang jenderal di tentara Romawi, menampilkan Tamora, Ratu Goth, sebagai budak kaisar Romawi baru, Saturninus. Saturninus menikahi Tamora. Dari posisi ini, Tamora bersumpah untuk membalas dendam kepada Titus karena telah membunuh putranya. Titus dan keluarganya membalas, yang menyebabkan siklus kekerasan berulang.

*Titus Andronicus* awalnya sangat populer, tetapi pada akhir abad ke-17, popularitasnya menurun. Pada Era Victoria tidak mementaskannya, sebagian besar karena kekerasan grafisnya. Reputasinya mulai membaik sekitar pertengahan abad ke-20, namun, drama ini tetap menjadi salah satu karya Shakespeare yang paling kurang dihargai.

## Kisah Titus Andronikus
### Tokoh utama
* **Titus Andronikus**, jenderal Romawi melawan bangsa Goth
* **Lucius, Quintus, Martius, Mutius**, putra-putra Titus
* **Lucius Muda**, cucu Titus, anak Lucius
* **Lavinia**, putri Titus
* **Marcus Andronikus**, saudara Titus
* **Publius**, anak Marcus
* **Tamora**, ratu bangsa Goth
* **Alarbus, Demetrius, Chiron**, putra-putra Tamora

### Versi Film
* *[[Titus (film)|Titus]]* (1999), disutradarai oleh Julie Taymor. Dibintangi oleh Anthony Hopkins dan Jessica Lange sebagai Titus dan Tamora.

## Referensi

### Kutipan
All references to *Titus Andronicus*, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the *Oxford Shakespeare* (Waith), based on the Q1 text of 1594 (except 3.2, which is based on the folio text of 1623). Under its referencing system, 4.3.15 means act 4, scene 3, line 15.

### Editions of ''Titus Andronicus''
* Adams, Joseph Quincy (ed.). *Shakespeare's Titus Andronicus: The First Quarto, 1594* (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1936)
* Baildon, Henry Bellyse (ed.). *The Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus* (The Arden Shakespeare, 1st Series; London: Arden, 1912)
* Barnet, Sylvan (ed.). *The Tragedy of Titus Andronicus* (Signet Classic Shakespeare; New York: Signet, 1963; revised edition, 1989; 2nd revised edition 2005)
* Bate, Jonathan (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd Series; London: Arden, 1995)
* Bate, Jonathan and Rasmussen, Eric (eds.). *Titus Andronicus and Timon of Athens: Two Classical Plays* (The RSC Shakespeare; London: Macmillan, 2008)
* Cross, Gustav (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The Pelican Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1966; revised edition 1977)
* Dover Wilson, John (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The New Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948)
* Evans, G. Blakemore (ed.). *[[Riverside Shakespeare|The Riverside Shakespeare]]* (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974; 2nd ed., 1997)
* Greenblatt, Stephen; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.) *The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare* (London: Norton, 1997)
* Harrison, G. B. (ed.). *The Most Lamentable Tragedy of Titus Andronicus* (The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1958; revised edition, 1995)
* Hughes, Alan (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994; 2nd edition 2006)
* MacDonald, Russell (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2000)
* Massai, Sonia (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The New Penguin Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2001)
* Maxwell, J. C. (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1953)
* Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John; Terri Bourus, and Gabriel Egan (eds.). *The New Oxford Shakespeare* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016-17)
* Waith, Eugene M. (ed.). *Titus Andronicus* (The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984)
* Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.). *The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd ed., 2005)
* Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.). *Titus Andronicus* (Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 2005)

### Secondary sources

* Bloom, Harold. *Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human* (New York: New York Publishing Company, 1998)
* Boyd, Brian. "Common Words in *Titus Andronicus*: The Presence of Peele", *[[Notes and Queries]]*, 42:3 (September 1995), 300–307
* Brockbank, Philip. "Shakespeare: His Histories, English and Roman" in Christopher Ricks (editor), *The New History of Literature (Volume 3): English Drama to 1710* (New York: Peter Bedrick, 1971), 148–181
* Brucher, Richard. Tragedy Laugh On': Comic Violence in *Titus Andronicus*, *Renaissance Drama*, 10 (1979), 71–92
* Bryant Jr., Joseph Allen. "Aaron and the Pattern of Shakespeare's Villains" in Dale B. J. Randall and Joseph A. Porter (editors), *Renaissance Papers 1984: Southeastern Renaissance Conference* (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1985), 29–36
* Bullough, Geoffrey. *Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare (Volume 6): Other 'Classical' Plays* (New York: Columbia University Press, 1966)
* Carroll, James D., "*Gorboduc* and *Titus Andronicus*, *Notes and Queries*, 51:3 (Fall, 2004), 267–269
* Chernaik, Warren. "*Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays* (book review)", *[[Modern Language Review]]*, 99:4 (2004), 1030–1031
* Christensen, Ann. Playing the Cook": Nurturing Men in *Titus Andronicus*, in Holger Klein and Rowland Wymer (editors), *Shakespeare and History*. (Shakespeare Yearbook), (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1996), 327–54
* Cohen, Derek. *Shakespeare's Culture of Violence* (London: St. Martin's Press, 1993)
* Daniel, P. A. *A Time Analysis of the Plots of Shakespeare's Plays* (London: New Shakspere Society, 1879)
* Dessen, Alan C. *Shakespeare in Performance: Titus Andronicus* (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989)
* Dobson, Michael S. *The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660–1769* (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995)
* Duthie, G. I. *Shakespeare* (London: Hutchinson, 1951)
* Fawcett, Mary Laughlin. "Arms/Words/Tears: Language and the Body in *Titus Andronicus*, *[[ELH]]*, 50:2 (Summer, 1983), 261–277
* Foakes, R. A. and Rickert R. T. (eds.) *Henslowe's Diary* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961; 2nd ed. edited by Foakes alone, 2002)
* Freebury-Jones, Darren. *Shakespeare's Borrowed Feathers: How Early Modern Playwrights Shaped the World's Greatest Writer* (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2024)
* Goodwin, John. *Royal Shakespeare Theatre Company, 1960–1963* (London: Max Reinhardt, 1964)
* Greene, Darragh. Have We Done Aught Amiss?': Transgression, Indirection and Audience Reception in *Titus Andronicus*," in ''Staged Transgression in Shakespeare's England'' Ed. Rory Loughnane and Edel Semple. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), pp.&nbsp;63–75. 
* Haaker, Ann. "*Non Sine Causa*: The Use of Emblematic Method and Iconology in the Thematic Structure of *Titus Andronicus*, *Research Opportunities in Renaissance Drama*, 13 (1970), 143–168
* Halliday, F. E. *A Shakespeare Companion, 1564–1964* (Baltimore: Penguin, 1964)
* Hamilton, A. C. "*Titus Andronicus*: The Form of Shakespearean Tragedy", *[[Shakespeare Quarterly]]*, 14:2 (Summer, 1963), 203–207
* Hiles, Jane. "A Margin for Error: Rhetorical Context in *Titus Andronicus*, *Style*, 21:2 (Summer, 1987), 62–75
* Hill, R. F. "The Composition of *Titus Andronicus* *Shakespeare Survey*, 10 (1957), 60–70
* Huffman, Clifford. "*Titus Andronicus*: Metamorphosis and Renewal," *[[Modern Language Review]]*, 67:4 (1972), 730–741
* Hulse, S. Clark. "Wresting the Alphabet: Oratory and Action in *Titus Andronicus*, *Criticism*, 21:2 (Spring, 1979), 106–118
* Hunter, G. K. "Sources and Meanings in *Titus Andronicus*, in J. C. Gray (editor) *The Mirror up to Shakespeare Essays in Honour of G. R. Hibbard* (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1983a), 171–188
* . "The Sources of *Titus Andronicus* – once again", *Notes and Queries*, 30:2 (Summer, 1983b), 114–116
* Jackson, Macdonald P. "Stage Directions and Speech Headings in Act 1 of *Titus Andronicus* Q (1594): Shakespeare or Peele?", *[[Studies in Bibliography]]*, 49 (1996), 134–148
* . "Shakespeare's Brothers and Peele's Brethren *Titus Andronicus* again", *Notes and Queries*, 44:4 (November 1997), 494–495
* James, Heather. "Cultural Disintegration in *Titus Andronicus*: Mutilating Titus, Virgil, and Rome", in James Redmond (editor), *Themes in Drama* (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 123–140
* Jones, Emrys. *The Origins of Shakespeare* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977)
* Kahn, Coppélia. *[[Roman Shakespeare: Warriors, Wounds, and Women]]* (New York: Routledge, 1997)
* Kendall, Gillian Murray. Lend Me Thy Hand': Metaphor and Mayhem in *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Quarterly*, 40:3 (Autumn, 1989), 299–316
* Kochin, Michael S. and Katherine Philippakis. "Rape and Civilization in Shakespeare." *VoegelinView*, 28 September 2023.
* Kolin, Philip C. (ed.) *Titus Andronicus: Critical Essays* (New York: Garland, 1995)
* Kott, Jan. *Shakespeare Our Contemporary* (Garden City, New York: Doubleday Publishing, 1964)
* Kramer, Joseph E. "*Titus Andronicus*: The Fly-Killing Incident", *Shakespeare Studies*, 5 (1969), 9–19
* Law, Robert A. "The Roman Background of *Titus Andronicus*, *Studies in Philology*, 40:2 (April 1943), 145–153
* Marti, Marcus. "Language of Extremities/Extremities of Language: Body Language and Culture in ''Titus Andronicus''; *7th World Shakespeare Congress*, Valencia, April 2001
* Metz, G. Harold. "*The History of Titus Andronicus* and Shakespeare's Play", *Notes and Queries*, 22:4 (Winter, 1975), 163–166
* . "Stage History of *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Quarterly*, 28:2 (Summer, 1977), 154–169
* . "A Stylometric Comparison of Shakespeare's *Titus Andronicus*, *Pericles* and *Julius Caesar*, *Shakespeare Newsletter*, 29:1 (Spring, 1979), 42
* . *Shakespeare's Earliest Tragedy: Studies in Titus Andronicus* (Madison: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996)
* Mincoff, Marco. "The Source of *Titus Andronicus*, *Notes and Queries*, 216:2 (Summer, 1971), 131–134
* McCandless, David. "A Tale of Two Tituses: Julie Taymor's Vision on Stage and Screen", *Shakespeare Quarterly*, 53:4 (Winter, 2002), 487–511
* Miola, Robert S. "*Titus Andronicus* and the Mythos of Shakespeare's Rome", *Shakespeare Studies*, 14 (1981), 85–98
* Muir, Kenneth. *The Sources of Shakespeare's Plays* (London: Routledge, 1977; rpt 2005)
* Nevo, Ruth. "Tragic Form in *Titus Andronicus*, in A. A. Mendilow (editor), *Further Studies in English Language and Literature* (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1975), 1–18
* Onions, C. T. *A Shakespeare Glossary* (London: Oxford University Press, 1953; 2nd ed. edited by Robert D. Eagleson, 1986)
* Palmer, D. J. "The Unspeakable in Pursuit of the Uneatable: Language and Action in *Titus Andronicus*, *[[Critical Quarterly]]*, 14:4 (Winter, 1972), 320–339
* Parrott, T. M. "Shakespeare's Revision of *Titus Andronicus*, *Modern Language Review*, 14 (1919), 16–37
* Price, Hereward. "The Language of *Titus Andronicus*, *Papers of the Michigan Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters*, 21 (1935), 501–507
* . "The Authorship of *Titus Andronicus*, *[[Journal of English and Germanic Philology]]*, 42:1 (Spring 1943), 55–81
* Pruitt, Anna. "Refining the LION Collocation Test: A Comparative Study of Authorship Test Results for *Titus Andronicus* Scene 6 (= 4.1)", in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) *The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 92-106
* Reese, Jack E. "The Formalization of Horror in *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Quarterly*, 21:1 (Spring, 1970), 77–84
* Robertson, J.M. *Did Shakespeare Write Titus Andronicus?: A Study in Elizabethan Literature* (London: Watts, 1905)
* Rossiter, A. P. *Angel with Horns: Fifteen Lectures on Shakespeare* (London: Longmans, 1961; edited by Graham Storey)
* Speaight, Robert. *Shakespeare on the Stage: An Illustrated History of Shakespearean Performance* (London: Collins, 1973)
* Sacks, Peter. "Where Words Prevail Not: Grief, Revenge, and Language in Kyd and Shakespeare", *[[ELH]]*, 49:3 (Autumn, 1982), 576–601
* Sampley, Arthur M. "Plot Structure in Peele's Plays as a Test of Authorship", *[[Modern Language Association|PMLA]]*, 51:4 (Winter, 1936), 689–701
* Sargent, Ralph M. "The Sources of *Titus Andronicus*, *Studies in Philology*, 46:2 (April 1949), 167–183
* Schlueter, June. "Rereading the Peacham Drawing", *Shakespeare Quarterly*, 50:2 (Summer, 1999), 171–184
* Sommers, Alan. Wilderness of Tigers': Structure and Symbolism in *Titus Andronicus*, *Essays in Criticism*, 10 (1960), 275–289
* Spencer, T. J. B. "Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Romans", *Shakespeare Survey*, 10 (1957), 27–38
* Starks, Lisa S. "Cinema of Cruelty: Powers of Horror in Julie Taymor's *Titus*, in Lisa S. Starks and Courtney Lehmann (editors) *The Reel Shakespeare: Alternative Cinema and Theory* (London: Associated University Press, 2002), 121–142
* Taylor, Anthony Brian. "Lucius, the Severely Flawed Redeemer of ''Titus Andronicus'' , *[[Connotations: A Journal for Critical Debate|Connotations]]*, 6:2 (Summer, 1997), 138–157
* Taylor, Gary and Doug Douhaime "Who Wrote the Fly Scene (3.2) in *Titus Andronicus*?: Automated Searches and Deep Reading" in Gary Taylor and Gabriel Egan (eds) *The New Oxford Shakespeare Authorship Companion* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017): 67-91
* Tricomi, Albert H. "The Aesthetics of Mutilation in *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Survey*, 27 (1974), 11–19
* . "The Mutilated Garden in *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Studies*, 9 (1976), 89–105
* Ungerer, Gustav. "An Unrecorded Elizabethan Performance of *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Survey*, 14 (1961), 102–109
* Vickers, Brian. *Shakespeare, Co-Author: A Historical Study of Five Collaborative Plays* (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002)
* Waith, Eugene M. "The Metamorphosis of Violence in *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Survey*, 10 (1957), 26–35
* West, Grace Starry. "Going by the Book: Classical Allusions in Shakespeare's *Titus Andronicus*, *Studies in Philology*, 79:1 (Spring 1982), 62–77
* Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; with Jowett, John & Montgomery, William. *William Shakespeare: a Textual Companion* (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987)
* Willis, Deborah. The Gnawing Vulture': Revenge, Trauma Theory, and *Titus Andronicus*, *Shakespeare Quarterly*, 53:1 (Spring, 2002), 21–52
* Wilson, F. P. *Shakespearean and Other Studies* (London: Oxford University Press, 1969; edited by Helen Gardner)
* Wynne-Davies, Marion. The swallowing womb": Consumed and Consuming Women in *Titus Andronicus*, in Valerie Wayne (editor), *The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare* (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991), 129–151

## Pranala luar

* 
* 
* ''The History of Titus Andronicus, The Renowned Roman General'' – text of the prose history from .
* "Titus Andronicus' Complaint" – text of the ballad from 1620.
* 
* "Lucius, the Severely Flawed Redeemer of ''Titus Andronicus'', by Anthony Brian Taylor; ; *[http://www.connotations.de/ Connotations]*, 6:2 (Summer 1997), 138–157.
* "Roman or Revenger?: The Definition and Distortion of Masculine Identity in ''Titus Andronicus'', by Brecken Rose Hancock; *Early Modern Literary Studies*, 10:1 (May 2004), 1–25].
* "Rape and Civilization in Shakespeare", by Michael S. Kochin and Katherine Philippakis; *VoegelinView*, September 28, 2023.
*  (*BBC Television Shakespeare* Version).
*  (Julie Taymor Version).