Revolusi Kebudayaan

**Revolusi Kebudayaan**, yang secara resmi disebut **Revolusi Besar Kebudayaan Proletar**, adalah sebuah gerakan sosiopolitik yang terjadi di Tiongkok dari 1966 sampai 1976. Digerakkan oleh Mao Zedong, Ketua Partai Komunis Tiongkok pada masa itu, tujuannya adalah menyajikan ideologi komunis yang 'benar' di negara tersebut dengan menyapu sisa-sisa unsur kapitalis dan tradisional dari masyarakat Tiongkok, dan mendirikan kembali pemikiran Maois sebagai ideologi dominan pada Partai tersebut. Revolusi tersebut menandai kembalinya Mao Zedong ke sebuah posisi berkuasa setelah Lompatan Jauh Kedepan. Gerakan tersebut bersifat politik dan berdampak negatif bagi ekonomi dan masyarakat negara tersebut pada tingkat signifikan.

Revolusi tersebut diluncurkan pada Mei 1966, setelah Mao menuduh bahwa unsur-unsur borjuis telah menginfiltrasi pemerintah dan masyarakat pada garis besar dengan bertujuan untuk memulihkan kapitalisme. Ia menyatakan bahwa "kaum revisionis" akan dihapuskan melalui kekerasan perjuangan kelas. Kaum muda Tiongkok menanggapi pernyataan Mao dengan membentuk kelompok-kelompok Pertahanan Merah di seluruh negara tersebut. Gerakan tersebut menyebar ke dalam militer, buruh perkotaan, dan kepemimpinan Partai Komunis itu sendiri. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan merebaknya perjuangan faksional di seluruh ranah kehidupan. Pada kepemimpinan teratas, hal tersebut berujung pada pembersihan massal terhadap para pejabat senior, termasuk Liu Shaoqi dan Deng Xiaoping. Pada masa yang sama, kultus personalitas Mao bertumbuh.

Mulai dari "Agustus Merah" di Beijing, pembantaian terjadi di seluruh daratan Cina. Jutaan orang dianiaya dalam perjuangan kekerasan yang terjadi di seluruh negara tersebut, dan mengakibatkan serangkaian besar pelecehan yang meliputi humiliasi publik, penahanan arbitrari, penyiksaan, penghinaan, dan perampasan properti. Sejumlah besar penduduk diusir paksa, kebanyakan ditransfer dari kawasan perkotaan muda ke kawasan pedesaan saat Gerakan Jatuhnya Sisi Negara. Situs budaya dan keagamaan dirusak.

Mao secara resmi mendeklarasikan Revolusi Kebudayaan berakhir pada 1969, tetapi fase aktifnya berlangsung sampai kematian pemimpin militer Lin Biao pada 1971. Setelah kematian Mao dan penangkapan Geng Empat pada 1976, para reformator yang dipimpin oleh Deng Xiaoping secara bertahap mulai melucuti kebijakan-kebijakan Maois yang berkaitan dengan Revolusi Kebudayaan. Deng memulai program "Boluan Fanzheng" untuk memperbaiki kesalahan Revolusi Kebudayaan dan pada tahun 1978 meluncurkan program "Reformasi dan Pembukaan", yang membawa Tiongkok ke era baru. Pada 1981, Partai tersebut mendeklarasikan bahwa Revolusi Kebudayaan "bertanggung jawab atas penggantian rugi paling besar dan kehilangan paling parah yang dialami oleh Partai, negara, dan rakyat sejak pembentukan Republik Rakyat".

## Korban tewas
Perkiraan korban tewas selama Revolusi Kebudayaan sangat bervariasi, dari ratusan ribu hingga 20 juta.
### Pembantaian dan kanibalisme
Selama Revolusi Kebudayaan, pembantaian terjadi di seluruh daratan China. Yang utama termasuk:

* Pembantaian Guangxi, di mana kanibalisme skala besar juga terjadi.
* Insiden Mongolia Dalam
* Kasus Mata-Mata Zhao Jianmin
* Agustus Merah (Beijing)
* Insiden Shadian
* Pembantaian Ruijin

## Catatan

## Referensi
* "Li Peng, the 'Butcher of Tiananmen,' was 'Ready to Die' to Stop the Student Turmoil". *AsiaNews.it*. 2003. Retrieved August 21, 2011.
* Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life''. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. ISBN 962-996-280-2. Retrieved on March 12, 2011.
* Ewing, Kent. (2011, June 4). "Mao's Army on the Attack". *Asia Times Online*. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at  on June 16, 2011.
* Fong Tak-ho. (2006, May 19). "Cultural Revolution? What Revolution?" *Asia Times Online*. Asia Times Online (Holdings). Retrieved at  on June 15, 2011.
*  Retrieved at  on September 2, 2012.
* 
* 
* Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). *The Search for Modern China*, New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-97351-4.
* 
* Teiwes, Frederick C. & Sun, Warren. (2004). "The First Tiananmen Incident Revisited: Elite Politics and Crisis Management at the End of the Maoist Era". *Pacific Affairs*. Vol. 77, No. 2, Summer. 211–235. Retrieved from  on March 11, 2011.
* Zhao Ziyang. *[[Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier Zhao Ziyang]]*. Trans & Ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2009. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0

## Bacaan tambahan

### Umum
* Michael Schoenhals, ed., *China's Cultural Revolution, 1966–1969: Not a Dinner Party* (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996. An East Gate Reader). xix, 400p. ISBN 1-56324-736-4.
* Richard Curt Kraus. *The Cultural Revolution: A Very Short Introduction*. New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series, 2012. xiv, 138p. ISBN 978-0-19-974055-0.
* MacFarquhar, Roderick and Schoenhals, Michael. *Mao's Last Revolution*. Harvard University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-674-02332-3
* 
* Morning Sun, "Bibliography," Morningsun.org Books and articles of General Readings and Selected Personal Narratives on the Cultural Revolution.

### Specific topics
* Andreas, Joel (2009). *Rise of the Red Engineers: The Cultural Revolution and the Origins of China's New Class*. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Chan, Anita. 1985. *Children of Mao: Personality Development and Political Activism in the Red Guard Generation*. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
* Leese, Daniel (2011). *Mao Cult: Rhetoric and Ritual in the Cultural Revolution*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Li, Jie and Enhua Zhang, eds. *Red Legacies in China: Cultural Afterlives of the Communist Revolution (Harvard University Asia Center, 2016) 409 pages; Scholarly studies on cultural legacies and continuities from the Maoist era in art, architecture, literature, performance, film, etc.
* [[Fox Butterfield]], *China: Alive in the Bitter Sea*, (1982, revised 2000), ISBN 0-553-34219-3, an oral history of some Chinese people's experience during the Cultural Revolution.
* 
* 
* [[Ross Terrill]], *The White-Boned Demon: A Biography of Madame Mao Zedong* Stanford University Press, 1984 ISBN 0-8047-2922-0; rpr. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992 ISBN 0-671-74484-4.
* Wu, Yiching (2014). *The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis*. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

=== Komentar ===
* [[Simon Leys]] (penname of [[Pierre Ryckmans (writer)|Pierre Ryckmans]]) *Broken Images: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics* (1979). ISBN 0-8052-8069-3
* [[Simon Leys]]. *Chinese Shadows* (1978). ISBN 0-670-21918-5; ISBN 0-14-004787-5.
* [[Simon Leys]]. *The Burning Forest: Essays on Chinese Culture and Politics* (1986). ISBN 0-03-005063-4; ISBN 0-586-08630-7; ISBN 0-8050-0350-9; ISBN 0-8050-0242-1.
* [[Simon Leys]]. *The Chairman's New Clothes: Mao and the Cultural Revolution* (1977; revised 1981). ISBN 0-85031-208-6; ISBN 0-8052-8080-4; ISBN 0-312-12791-X; ISBN 0-85031-209-4; ISBN 0-85031-435-6 (revised ed.).
* Liu, Guokai. 1987. *A Brief Analysis of the Cultural Revolution*. edited by Anita Chan. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.

=== Pernyataan fiksi ===
* Sijie Dai, translated by Ina Rilke, *Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress* (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 2001). 197p. ISBN 0-375-41309-X
* Xingjian Gao, translated by Mabel Lee, *One Man's Bible: A Novel* (New York: HarperCollins, 2002). 450p.
* Hua Gu, *A Small Town Called Hibiscus* (Beijing, China: Chinese Literature: distributed by China Publications Centre, 1st, 1983. Panda Books). Translated by Gladys Yang. 260p. Reprinted: San Francisco: China Books.
* Hua Yu, *To Live: A Novel* (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). Translated by Michael Berry. 250p.
* Ying Chang Compestine, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/revolution-is-not-a-dinner-party-a-novel/oclc/77333486/viewport *Revolution Is Not a Dinner Party: A Novel.*] (New York: Holt, 2007). ISBN 0-8050-8207-7. Young adult novel.

=== Memoir oleh partisipan Tiongkok ===
* Liu Ping, *My Chinese Dream - From Red Guard to CEO* (San Francisco, June 2012). 556 pages ISBN 978-0-8351-0040-3
* [[Nien Cheng]], *Life and Death in Shanghai* (Grove, May 1987). 547 pages ISBN 0-394-55548-1
* [[Jung Chang]], *Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China* (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991). 524 p.&nbsp;
* Heng Liang Judith Shapiro, *Son of the Revolution* (New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1983).
* Yuan Gao, with Judith Polumbaum, *Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution* (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987).
* Jiang Yang Chu translated and annotated by Djang Chu, *Six Chapters of Life in a Cadre School: Memoirs from China's Cultural Revolution* [Translation of Ganxiao Liu Ji] (Boulder: Westview Press, 1986).
* [[Bo Ma]], *Blood Red Sunset: A Memoir of the Chinese Cultural Revolution* (New York: Viking, 1995). Translated by Howard Goldblatt.
* Guanlong Cao, *The Attic: Memoir of a Chinese Landlord's Son* (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
* [[Ji-li Jiang]], *Red Scarf Girl: A Memoir of the Cultural Revolution* (New York: HarperCollins, 1997).
* [[Anchee Min]], *Red Azalea* (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994). ISBN 1-4000-9698-7.
* Rae Yang, *Spider Eaters: A Memoir* (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
* Weili Ye, Xiaodong Ma, *Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution* (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
* Lijia Zhang, "Socialism Is Great": A Worker's Memoir of the New China (New York: Atlas & Co, Distributed by Norton, 2007).
* [[Emily Wu]], *Feather in the Storm* (Pantheon, 2006). ISBN 978-0-375-42428-1.
* Xinran Xue, *The Good Women of China: Hidden Voices * (Chatto & Windus, 2002). Translated by Esther Tyldesley. ISBN 0-7011-7345-9
* [[Ting-Xing Ye]], [[Leaf In A Bitter Wind]] (England, Bantam Books, 2000)
* Zhang Xianliang, Grass Soup, ISBN 0-7493-9774-8

=== Film berlatar belakang Revolusi Kebudayaan ===

* [[Xie Jin]], *Hibiscus Town* (1984))
* [[Zhang Yimou]], *Red Sorghum* (1987)
* [[Chen Kaige]], *Farewll My Concubine* (1992)
* Zhang Yimou, *Story of Qiu Ju* (1992)
* [[Tian Zhuangzhuang]] *Blue Kite* (1993)
* [[Zhang Yimou]], *To Live* (1993)
* [[Jiang Wen]], *In the Heat of the Sun* (1994)

== Pranala luar ==

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028164/Cultural-Revolution *Encyclopædia Britannica*. The Cultural Revolution]
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/cultural-revolution/history.html History of The Cultural Revolution] 
* [http://www.sinohits.net/posters/index.htm Chinese propaganda posters gallery (Cultural Revolution, Mao, and others)]
* [http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64168/64563/65449/4526439.html Hua Guofeng's speech to the 11th Party Congress, 1977]
* [http://www.morningsun.org/ Morning Sun – A Film and Website about Cultural Revolution] and the [http://www.morningsun.org/images/index.html# photographs] of the subject available from the film's site.
* [http://www.chinese-memorial.org/ Memorial for Victims of the Chinese Cultural Revolution]
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/0305pugh.htm "William Hinton on the Cultural Revolution"] by Dave Pugh
* [http://www.cnd.org/CR/english/articles/violence.htm "Student Attacks Against Teachers: The Revolution of 1966"] by [[Youqin Wang]]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/06/world/a-tale-of-red-guards-and-cannibals.html A Tale of Red Guards and Cannibals] by [[Nicholas D. Kristof]]. *The New York Times'', January 6, 1993.