Northrop P-61 Black Widow

**Northrop P-61 Black Widow**, dinamai Laba-laba Amerika, adalah pesawat bersayap tinggi militer pertama Amerika Serikat yang dirancang khusus untuk pesawat tempur malam untuk menghadang pesawat pengintai, dan pesawat pertama yang dirancang khusus untuk menggunakan radar.

Keseluruhan badan pesawat ini terbuat dari logam, bermesin ganda, desain *twin-booming* dikembangkan pada Perang Dunia II. Uji terbang pertama dilakukan pada tanggal 26 Mei 1942 dengan produksi pesawat pertama bergulir dari jalur perakitan pada akhir Oktober 1943. Pesawat terakhir ini dipensiunkan dari pelayanan pemerintah tahun 1954.

## Referensi
### Catatan kaki

### Daftar pustaka

* Balous, Miroslav. *Northrop P-61 Black Widow & F-15 Reporter*(bilingual Czech and English). Prague, Czech Republic: MBI Publications, 2nd edition 2003. ISBN 80-86524-04-3.
* Bridgeman, Leonard. “The Northrop Black Widow.” *Jane’s Fighting Aircraft of World War II*. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
* Ciampaglia, Giuseppe. *Destroyers, i distruttori nella Seconda Guerra mondiale* (in Italian). Rome: IBN editore, 1996. ISBN 88-86815-47-6.
* Davis, Larry and Dave Menard. *P-61 Black Widow in Action (Aircraft number 106)*. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-89747-248-9.
* Jackson, Robert. *The Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft*. Bath, UK: Parragon Publishing, 2006. ISBN 1-4054-2465-6.
* Johnsen, Frederick A. *Darkly Dangerous: The Northrop P-61 Black Widow Night Fighter*. Washington, D.C.: Bomber Books, 1981. ISBN 0-284-34247-6 .
* Johnson, Bob. "Seeing Eye Widow." *Scale Modeler*, Volume 11, Issue 2, February 1976.
* Kolln, Jeff. *Northrop's Night Hunter: P-61 Black Widow*. North Branch, MN: Specialty Press, 2008. ISBN 1-58007-122-8.
* Kolln, Jeff. *The 421st Night Fighter Squadron in World War II*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military Books, 2001. ISBN 0-7643-1306-1.
* Mason, Tim. *The Secret Years: Flight Testing at Boscombe Down, 1939-1945.* Aldershot, UK: Hikoki Publications, 1998. ISBN 978-1-90210-914-5.
* Pape, Garry R., John M. and Donna Campbell. *Northrop P-61 Black Widow: The Complete History and Combat Record*. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1991. ISBN 0-87938-509-X.
* Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison. "Dark Lady, Pt. II - The Further Adventures of Northrop's Flying Spider Ship... From P-61B Through P-61E." *Airpower*, Volume 6, Number 6, November 1976.
* Pape, Garry R. and Ronald C. Harrison. *Queen of the Midnight Skies: The Story of America's Air Force Night Fighters*. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0-88740-415-4.
* Sharp, C.M. and M.J.F. Bowyer. *Mosquito*. London: Crecy Publishing, 1997. ISBN 978-0-947554-41-5.
* Shulenberger, Eric. *Deny Them the Night Sky - A History of the 548th Night Fighter Squadron*. Seattle, Washington: Shulenberger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 978-0-9767355-0-2.
* Tedeschi, Diane. "High Flyer." *Air & Space*, Volume 21, Issue 2, July 2006.
* Thompson, Warren. *P-61 Black Widow Units of World War 2*. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-85532-725-2.
* Thompson, Warren. *Northrop P-61 Black Widow: WarbirdTech Volume 15*. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1998. ISBN 0-933424-80-9.
* Thompson, Warren. "Northrop P-61 Black Widow". *Wings of Fame*. Volume 15, 1999, pp.&nbsp;36–101. London: Aerospace. ISBN 1-86184-033-0.
* Thompson, Warren. "The Widow from Hawthorne". *Air Enthusiast* Volume 1, Issue 1, June 1971.
* Wilson, Stewart. *Aircraft of WWII*. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty. Ltd., 1998. ISBN 1-875671-35-8.
* Zbiegniewski, Andre R. *421 NFS 1943-1947* (Bilingual Polish and English). Lublin, Poland: Kagero, 2004. ISBN 83-89088-47-9.

## Pranala luar

* Flying The P-61 "Black Widow" Series Airplane 1944 Instructional Film
: Catatan: Video ini adalah film pelatihan instruksional Angkatan Udara Amerika berdurasi 30 menit yang sangat detail dibuat di Hammer Field, California tentang cara menerbangkan P-61. Film ini memberikan detail pengecekan sebelum terbang, kontrol kokpit, operasi mesin, dan menerbangkan dan mendaratkan pesawat.
* My Sweetheart is a Black Widow ''Popular Science'' July 1945 by Major Carroll C. Smith USAAF. First public article on P-61 
* [P-61 Restoration Project at the [Mid-Atlantic Air Museum] in Reading, Pennsylvania]
* Night Fighter by J R Smith - a first-hand account of a P-61 radar observer in World War II China.
* pictures of the p-61 in China .
* P-61 Pilots manual
* P-61 Training film
* Baugher P-61 index page
* P-61 at Airliners Photo collection
* Night Fighting lecture at NASM 
* Warbirds Resource Group
* 43-39224 Pacific Wrecks 
* Skylighters P-61 Page 
* 422nd Night Fighter Squadron history 
* 425th Night Fighter Squadron history - including aircraft list 
* Warbird Registry: P-61 Black Widow
* Pictures Compilation