Hukuman mati tanpa pengadilan di Amerika Serikat

**Hukuman mati tanpa pengadilan** (bahasa Inggris: *Lynching*) adalah praktik pembunuhan yang merupakan tindakan di luar hukum. Tindakan ini, di Amerika Serikat muncul setelah Perang Saudara Amerika Serikat pada akhir dasawarsa 1800-an, menyusul adanya emansipasi perbudakan; mereka menolak setelah tahun 1930 tetapi terjadi sampai dasawarsa 1960-an. Hukuman mati tanpa pengadilan, ini kebanyakan ditargetkan kepada keturunan Afrika-Amerika Serikat di wilayah Selatan yang terjadi pada dasawarsa 1890 sampai 1920-an, dan paling sering pada tahun 1892. Dimulai dengan tindakan mafia besar-besaran yang dihadiri oleh ratusan atau ribuan penonton, hukuman mati tanpa pengadilan pada abad ke-20 diawali secara rahasia oleh kelompok-kelompok kecil. *Lynching* juga dikenal di Old West, di mana penduduk asli Amerika Serikat, Meksiko-Amerika Serikat, dan penduduk keturunan Tionghoa merupakan korban utama.

## Nama asli
Istilah "Lynch's Law" – kemudian berubah menjadi "lynch law" dan "lynching" – rupanya berasal dari masa Revolusi Amerika Serikat ketika Charles Lynch, seorang hakim Virginia, memerintahkan hukuman ekstralegal untuk para loyalis. Di daerah Selatan sebelum Perang Saudara, pengikut gerakan abolisionis dan beberapa orang penentang perbudakan menjadi target dari hukuman ini.

## Lihat pula
* Domestic terrorism
* East St. Louis Riot of 1917
* Hanging judge
* Hate crime laws in the United States
* Mass racial violence in the United States
* New York Draft Riots of 1863
* Omaha Race Riot of 1919
* Red Summer of 1919
* Rosewood massacre of 1923
* Tarring and feathering
* :Category:Racially motivated violence in the United States

## Catatan

## Buku dan referensi
* Allen, James, Hilton Als, John Lewis, and Leon F. Litwack, *Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America* (Twin Palms Publishers: 2000) ISBN 978-0-944092-69-9
* Beck, E.M., and S.E. Tolnay, "The killing fields of the deep south: the market for cotton and the lynching of blacks, 1882-1930", *American Sociological Review,* 1990 – via JSTOR
* Brundage, William Fitzhugh, *Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930*. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
* Budiansky, Steven (2008). *The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War*. New York: Plume. ISBN 978-0-452-29016-7
* Cameron, James. *A Time of Terror: A Survivor's Story.* Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1982. Print. ISBN 0-933121-44-X
* Curriden, Mark and Leroy Phillips, *Contempt of Court: The Turn-of-the-Century Lynching That Launched a Hundred Years of Federalism*, ISBN 978-0-385-72082-3
* Finegan, Terence. *A Deed So Accursed: Lynching in Mississippi and South Carolina, 1881–1940.* Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2013.
* Ginzburg, Ralph. *100 Years Of Lynching.* [1962] Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-933121-18-8
* Howard, Marilyn K.; with Rucker, Walter C., Upton, James N. (2007). *Encyclopedia of American Race Riots*. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-33301-7
* Hill, Karlos K. "Black Vigilantism: African American Lynch Mob Activity in the Mississippi and Arkansas Deltas, 1883-1923," *Journal of African American History 95* no. 1 (Winter 2010): 26-43, available on JSTOR.
* Jackson, Kenneth T. (1992). *The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930.* New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-929587-82-0
* Lemann, Nicholas (2005). *Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War*. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-24855-9
* McCaskill, Barbara; with Gebhard, Caroline, ed. (2006). *Post-Bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1877–1919*. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-3167-3
* Markovitz, Jonathan, ''Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory'', Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004 ISBN 0-8166-3994-9.
* Newton, Michael and Judy Ann Newton, *Racial and Religious Violence in America: A Chronology*. N.Y.: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1991
* Pfeifer, Michael J. *Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947.* Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.
* Pfeifer, Michael J. (ed.), *Lynching Beyond Dixie: American Mob Violence Outside the South.* Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
* Smith, Tom. The Crescent City Lynchings: The Murder of Chief Hennessy, the New Orleans "Mafia" Trials, and the Parish Prison Mob
* *Thirty Years of Lynching in the United States, 1889–1918* New York City: Arno Press, 1969.
* Thompson, E.P. *Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture*. New York: The New Press, 1993.
* Tolnay, Stewart E., and Beck, E.M. *A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930.* Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1992.
* Willis, John C. (2000). *Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War*. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-374-24855-9
* Wright, George C. *Racial Violence in Kentucky 1865–1940* by George C. Wright. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990 ISBN 0-8071-2073-1.
* Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. *Southern Honor: Ethics & Behavior in the Old South*. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
* Zinn, Howard. *Voices of a People's History of the United States; New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004 ISBN 1-58322-628-1.*
* 

## Bacaan lanjut
* History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names (February 2015), CAMPBELL ROBERTSON, *[[The New York Times]]*
* A Partial Listing of Negroes Lynched in the United States Since 1859. &nbsp; Sources: *100 Years of Lynching,* Ralph Ginzburg, Black Classic Press; and *Lynching in the New South,* W. Fitzhugh Brundage, University of Illinois Press.
* Origin of the word Lynch
* Lynchings in the State of Kansas
* Houghton Mifflin: The Reader's Companion to American History – Lynching (password protected)
* Lynching of John Heath 
* ''"Lynch Law"—An American Community Enigma'', Henry A. Rhodes
* Intimations of Citizenship: Reressions and expressions of Equal Citizenship in the era of Jim Crow, James W. Fox, Jr., Howard Law Journal, Volume 50, Issue 1, Fall 2006
* . See also 
* American Lynching  – web site for a documentary; links, bibliographical information, images
* The 1856 Committee of Vigilance – A treatment of the San Francisco vigilante movement, sympathetic to the vigilantes.
* "The Last Lynching in Athens."
* "A Civil War Lynching in Athens."
* "'Bloody Injuries:' Lynchings in Oconee County, 1905–1921." 
* Mark Auslander "Holding on to Those Who Can't be Held": Reenacting a Lynching at Moore's Ford, Georgia" *Southern Spaces*, November 8, 2010.
* Cameron, James. *A Time of Terror: A Survivor's Story*. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1982. Print.

## Pranala luar

* Young adult website
* Lynching in the United States (photos)
* ''Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America''
* Lynching, Orange, Texas, Texas History
* Lynching of WW I veteran Manuel Cabeza in 1921
* Lynching of Will Brown in Omaha Race Riot of 1919. (Graphic)
* Map of 73 years of lynching, 1900-1931