Pers bawah tanah

Istilah **pers bawah tanah** merujuk kepada catatan periodik dan publikasi yang diproduksi tanpa persetujuan resmi, ilegal atau bertentangan dengan keinginan sebuah kelompok dominan (pemerintah / keagamaan / institusional)
Dalam konteks Eropa Barat, Amerika dan Asia (pasca-Perang Dunia II) spesifik terkini, istrilah "pers bawah tanah" kebanyakan ditujukan kepada **makalah-makalah bawa tanah** yang dipublikasikan dan didistribusikan secara independen yang berkaitan dengan kontra-budaya pada akhir 1960an dan awal 1970an di India dan Bangladesh di Asia, di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada di Amerika Utara, dan Britania Raya dan negara-negara barat lainnya. Pers tersebut juga dapat merujuk kepada surat-surat kabar yang diproduksi secara independen dalam rezim-rezim represif. Contohnya, di Eropa pada masa pendudukan Jerman, sebuah pers bawah tanah dioperasikan, biasanya berkaitan dengan Pemberontakan. Contoh-contoh terkenal lainnya meliputi *[[samizdat]]* dan *[[pers bawah tanah Polandia|bibuła]]*, yang masing-masing dioperasikan di Uni Soviet dan Polandia, pada masa Perang Dingin.

## Referensi
* Funtopia  Retrieved August 8, 2004
* ''Voices from the Underground (Vol. 1): Insider Histories of the Vietnam Era Underground Press''
* ''Voices from the Underground (Vol. 2): A Directory of Resources and Sources on the Vietnam Era Underground Press''
* Abe Peck. *Uncovering the Sixties:The Life and Times of the Underground Press* (New York: Citadel) 1991.
* Dreyer, Thorne and Victoria Smith (1969), "The Movement and the New Media," Liberation News Service.
* "The Underground GI Press: Pens Against the Pentagon" 

## Bacaan tambahan
* Leamer, Lawrence. *The Paper Revolutionaries*. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 1972.
* Lewes, James. *Protest and Survive: Underground GI Newspapers during the Vietnam War*. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-275-97861-3.
* Mackenzie, Angus, "Sabotaging the Dissident Press," *Columbia Journalism Review*, March–April 1981, pp.&nbsp;57–63, Center for Investigative Reporting, 1983.
* Mungo, Raymond. *Famous Long Ago: My Life and Hard Times With the Liberation News Service*. Boston: Beacon Press, 1970.
* Peck, Abe. *Uncovering the Sixties*. New York, NY: Pantheon Books, 1985.
* Rips, Geoffrey, *The Campaign Against the Underground Press*, San Francisco, City Lights Books, 1981.
* Wachsberger, Ken, editor. *Voices From the Underground*. Tempe, AZ: Mica Press, 1993.

## Pranala luar
* You can see more 70's Italian underground magazines here: http://stampamusicale.altervista.org/Riviste_underground_70/index.htm
* ''International Times''
* ''Nexus'' magazine (Australia)
* Archive of ozit.org, scans of *OZ Magazine* (archived site)
* "Voices from the Underground," an exhibition of the North American underground press of the 1960s; includes a substantial gallery of color images. 
* A digitally scanned archive of the first twelve issues (1966-67) of ''The Rag'', from Austin, Texas
* Articles about the underground press at ''The Rag Blog''
* Examples of the Boston underground newspaper ''Avatar'' (While *The Avatar* shared its design approach and many social concerns with other underground papers of the time, in one important respect it was completely atypical: it served as a platform for self-proclaimed "world saviour" Mel Lyman, leader of a communal cult.)
* A number of libraries have extensive microfilm collections of underground newspapers. For example, the University of Oregon library has a collection that consists of mostly, but not exclusively North American) underground papers.http://libweb.uoregon.edu/govdocs/micro/uginv.htm
* Counter Cultures: Cultural Politics and the Underground Press 
* Pow wow in the 1940s
* The website for the film ''Sir! No Sir!'' has an extensive collection of primary source materials from the GI underground press
* A collection of covers of ''Space City News'' (Space City!)  by underground artist Bill Narum.
* Dugald Baird, "How ''International Times'' sparked a publishing revolution", ''The Guardian'', 17 July 2009
* ''The Truth''  a specimen high school underground paper from 1969
* Underground press historian Sean Stewart on Rag Radio Interviewed by Thorne Dreyer, August 31, 2010 (57:17)
* Historian John McMillian, author of ''Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America'' on Rag Radio Interviewed by Thorne Dreyer, March 4, 2011 (42:18)
* Thorne Dreyer's 24 hour-long Rag Radio interviews with veterans of the Sixties underground press