Mesin kepung puntiran

**[[Mesin kepung]] puntiran** adalah sebuah jenis artileri yang memakai puntiran untuk meluncurkan proyektil-proyektil. Alat tersebut awalnya dikembangkan oleh Yunani kuno, khususnya Philip II dari Makedonia dan Alexander Agung, dan dipakai pada Abad Pertengahan sampai pengembangan artileri bubuk meriam pada abad ke-14.

## Catatan

## Daftar pustaka

; Sumber primer

* Humphrey, J.W., J.P. Olson, and A.N. Sherwood. *Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook*. London: Routledge, 1998.
* Marsden, E.W. *Greek and Roman Artillery: Technical Treatises*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
* Philon of Byzantium. *Philons Belopoiika (viertes Buch der Mechanik)*. Berlin: Verlag der Aakademie der Wissenschaften, 1919.
* Vitruvius. *On Architecture*. Edited and translated by Bill Thayer. Accessed April 28, 2013. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html.

; Sumber sekunder
* Baatz, Dietwulf. “Recent Finds of Ancient Artillery.” *Britannia*, 9 (1978): 1-17.
* Bachrach, Bernard S. “Medieval Siege Warfare: A Reconnaissance.” *The Journal of Military History*, 58 #1 (January 1994): 119-133.
* Bradbury, Jim. *The Medieval Siege*. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1992.
* Chevedden, Paul E. “Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages,” in *The Medieval City under Siege*, edited by Ivy A. Corfis and Michael Wolfe, pp.&nbsp;131–176. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press, 1995.
* Cuomo, Serafina. “The Sinews of War: Ancient Catapults.” *Science*, New Series, 303 #5659 (February 6, 2004): 771-772.
* DeVries, Kelly. *Medieval Military Technology*. Ontario: Broadview Press, 1992.
* DeVries, Kelly & Robert D. Smith. *Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of their Impact*. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2007.
* Dufour, Guillaume. *Mémoire sur l’artillerie des anciens et sur celle de Moyen Âge*. Paris: Ab. Cherbuliez et Ce,1840).
* Gravett, Christophers. *Medieval Siege Warfare*. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, Ltd, 1990, 2003.
* Hacker, Barton C. “Greek Catapults and Catapult Technology: Science, Technology, and War in the Ancient World.” *Technology and Culture*, 9 #1 (January 1968): 34-50.
* Huuri, Kalervo. “Zur Geschicte de mitterlalterlichen Geschützwesens aus orientalischen Quellen,” in *Societas Orientalia Fennica, Studia Orientalia* 9.3 (1941): pp.&nbsp;50–220.
* Johnson, Stephen. *Late Roman Fortifications*. Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1983.
* Köhler, G. *Die Entwickelung des Kriegwesens und der Kriegfürung in der Ritterseit von Mitte des II. Jahrhundert bis du Hussitenkriegen*, Vol. 3. Breslau: Verlag von Wilhelm Koebner, 1890.
* Landels, J.G. *Engineering in the Ancient World*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
* Marsden, E.W. *Greek and Roman Artillery: Historical Development*. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
* Nicholson, Helen. *Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe, 300-1500*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
* Nossov, Konstantin. *Ancient and Medieval Siege Weapons: A Fully Illustrated Guide to Siege Weapons and Tactics*. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2005.
* Reinschmidt, Kenneth F. “Catapults of Yore.” *Science*, New Series, 304 #5675 (May 28, 2004): 1247.
* Rihill, Tracey. *The Catapult: A History*. Yardley, PA: Wesholme Publishing, LLC, 2007.
* Rihill, Tracey. “On Artillery Towers and Catapult Sizes.” *The Annual of the British School at Athens*, 101 (2006): 379-383.
* Rogers, Randall. *Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century*. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
* Roland, Alex. “Science, Technology, and War.” *Technology and Culture*, 36 #2, Supplement: Snapshots of a Discipline: Selected Proceedings from the Conference on Critical Problems and Research Frontiers in the History of Technology, Madison, Wisconsin, October 30-November 3, 1991 (April 1995): S83-100.
* Schneider, Rudolf. *Die Artillerie des Mittelalters*. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1910.
* Tarver, W.T.S. “The Traction Trebuchet: A Reconstruction of an Early Medieval Siege Engine.” 	*Technology and Culture*, 36 #1 (January 1995): 136-167.
* Thompson, E.A. “Early Germanic Warfare.” Past and Present, 14 (November 1958): 2-29.

## Pranala luar

; Ammianus Marcellinus
* http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ammianus.html On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin)
* http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/index.htm#Ammianus_Marcellinus On Military Matters (De Gestae, English)
* http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/ On Military Matters (De Gestae, Latin & English)

; Athenaeus Mechanicus
* https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/36144/UBC_1969_A8%20W47.pdf?sequence=1  On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & English)
* https://books.google.com/books?id=wYjnwRGh_acC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false On Machines (Περὶ μηχανημάτων, Greek & Latin, partial text)

; De rebus bellicis
* http://blasiussecundus.me/latin/de-rebus-bellicis#.UX126-B_1_l  De Rebus Bellicis (Latin)

; Heron dari Alexandria
* http://archimedes.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/cgi-bin/toc/toc.cgi?step=textonly&dir=heron_belop_093_el_1918  On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek)

; Filon dari Bizantium
* https://archive.org/details/philonsbelopoiik00philuoft On Artillery (Belopoiika/Belopoeica/βελοποιικά, Greek & German)

; Procopius
* http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a2008.01.0670 The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
* http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_0490-0575-_Procopius_Caesariensis.html The Wars of Justinian (Ὑπέρ τῶν πολέμων λόγοι, Greek)
* http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16764http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16765http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20298 The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
* https://archive.org/details/procopiuswitheng01procuoft The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)
* https://archive.org/details/procopiuswithen02proc The Wars of Justinian (De Bellis, English)

; Vegetius
* http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vegetius.html On Military Matters (De Re Militari, Latin)
* http://www.digitalattic.org/home/war/vegetius/ On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)
* http://www.midrealm.org/kith/kith/De-ReMilitari.pdf  On Military Matters (De Re Militari, English)

; Vitruvius
* http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/10*.html On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin & English)
* http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0073&redirect=true On Architecture (De Architectura, English)
* http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0072&redirect=true On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)
* http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vitruvius.html On Architecture (De Architectura, Latin)