Kaligrafi Dunia Barat

**Kaligrafi Dunia Barat** adalah seni rupa penulisan dan penebalan tulisan yang dipraktikkan di dunia Barat khususnya memakai abjad Latin (meskipun pemakaian kaligrafi juga meliputi abjad Kiril dan Yunani, berbeda dengan tradisi "Timur" seperti kaligrafi Turki-Persia-Arab, Tionghoa atau India).

Definisi kontemporer dari praktik kaligrafi adalah "seni yang memberi bentuk untuk tanda-tanda dalam sebuah hal ekspresif, berharmoni dan terampil."

## Daftar pustaka

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* Backhouse, J. (1981) *The Lindisfarne Gospels*. Phaidon Press
* Baines, P., & Dixon, C. (2003) *Signs: lettering in the environment*. Lawrence King Publishing
* Bickham, G. (1743) *The Universal Penman London*. 1954 ed. Dover, New York
* Bloem, M., & Browne, M. (2002) *Colin McCahon: A Question of Faith*. Craig Potton Publishing
* Bose, S., & Jalal, A. (2003) *Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy*. Routledge, p.&nbsp;36
* British Library (2007). Collect Britain . Retrieved 22 February 2007.
* Brown, M.P. & Lovett, P. (1999) *The Historical Source Book for Scribes*. British Library
* Calderhead, C. (2005) *Illuminating the Word: The Making of the Saint John's Bible*. Liturgical Press
* Cardozo Kindersley, L.L. (2007) The Cardozo Kindersley Workshop. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
* Child, H. (1988) *Calligraphy Today: Twentieth Century Tradition & Practice*. Studio Books
* Child, H. ed. (1986) *The Calligrapher's Handbook*. Taplinger Publishing Co.
* Child, H. (1976) *Calligraphy Today: A Survey of Tradition and Trends*. Cassell & Collier Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
* Child, H. (1963) *Calligraphy Today: A Survey of Tradition and Trends*. Watson-Guptill Publications
* Cinamon, G. (2000) *Rudolf Koch: Letterer, Type Designer, Teacher*. Oak Knoll Press
* Cockerell, S. (1945) from "Tributes to Edward Johnston" in Child, H. & Howes, J. ed.s (1986) *Lessons in Formal Writing*, pp.&nbsp;21–30.
* Daniels, P.T & Bright, W. (1996) *The World's Writing Systems*. Oxford University Press
* de Hamel, C. (2001a) *The Book: A History of the Bible*. Phaidon Press
* de Hamel, C (2001b) *The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination*. British Library
* de Hamel, C. (1994) *A History of Illuminated Manuscripts*. Phaidon Press
* de Hamel, C. (1992) *Scribes and Illuminators*. University of Toronto Press
* Diringer, D. (1968) *The Alphabet: A Key to the History of Mankind* 3rd Ed. Volume 1 Hutchinson & Co. London
* Fraser, M., & Kwiatowski, W. (2006) *Ink and Gold: Islamic Calligraphy*. Sam Fogg Ltd. London
* Gaur, A. (2000) *Literacy and the Politics of Writing*. Intellect Books, p.&nbsp;98
* Geddes, A., & Dion, C. (2004) *Miracle: a celebration of new life*. Photogenique Publishers Auckland.
* Gilderdale, P. (2006) "What's in a grip? A study of historical pen holds", *Letter Arts Review* 21(1): 10-27.
* Gilderdale, P. (1999) "The Great Copperplate Myth", *Letter Arts Review* 15(1): 38-47.
* Gray, N. (1986) *A History of Lettering: Creative Experiment and Letter Identity*. Godine
* Gray, N. (1971) *Lettering as Drawing*: Part I The Moving Line. 1982 Ed. Taplinger Publishing C. New York
* Green, R. (2003). Bulley Bible (1969–83). Retrieved 28 October 2006.
* Harris, D. (1991) *Calligraphy: Inspiration, Innovation, Communication*. Anaya, London.
* Henning, W.E. (2002) *An elegant hand: the golden age of American penmanship and calligraphy* ed. Melzer, P. Oak Knoll Press, New Castle, Delaware
* Herringham, C.J. (transl. 1899) *The Book of the Art of Cennino Cennini*, an English translation from the Italian
* Hewitt, W.G. (1944–1953). Letters of William Graily Hewitt to Sidney Feinberg. Retrieved 15 April 2007.
* Hewitt, G. (1930) *Lettering: For Students & Craftsmen*. Pentalic 1976 ed.
* International Typeface Corporation (1982) *International Calligraphy Today*. Watson-Guptill Publ. New York
* Jackson, D. (1981) *The Story of Writing*. The Calligraphy Centre
* Johnston, E. (1906) *Writing, Illuminating & Lettering*. Dover Publication 1995 ed.
* Johnston, E. (1909) *Manuscript & Inscription Letters: For schools and classes and for the use of craftsmen*, plate 6. San Vito Press & Double Elephant Press, 10th Impression
* Kapr, A. (1991) "Calligraphy 91" in *Schreibwerkstaat Klingspor Offenbach*
* Kerr, D.J. (2006) *Amassing Treasures for All Times: Sir George Grey, Colonial Bookman and Collector*. University of Otago Press/Oak Knoll Press
* Knight, S. (1998) *Historical Scripts: From Classical Times to the Renaissance*. Oak Knoll Press
* Knight, S. "The Roman Alphabet" in *The World's Writing Systems* (supra), pp.&nbsp;312–332.
* Lamb, C.M. ed. (1956) *Calligrapher's Handbook*. Pentalic 1976 ed.
* *Letter Arts Review*
* Luthra, H.L () *A Text Book of General Studies* Vol II., p.&nbsp;63
* Mediavilla, C. (1996) *Calligraphy*. Scirpus Publications
* Mitter, P. (2001) *Indian Art*. Oxford University Press, p.&nbsp;100
* Morris, W. (1882) From "Making the Best of It" in *Hopes and Fears for Art*. 2006 ed. Hard Press
* Neugebauer, F. (1979) *The Mystic Art of Written Forms*
* Pearce, C. (1981 and 2007) *The Little Manual of Calligraphy* - Paper and Ink Arts
* Pearce, C. (1984) *The Anatomy of Letters* - Taplinger Publishing
* Prestianni, J. (2001) *Calligraphic Type Design in the Digital Age*. Gingko Press
* Pott, G. (2006) *Kalligrafie: Intensiv Training* Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz
* Pott, G. (2005) *Kalligrafie:Erste Hilfe und Schrift-Training mit Muster-Alphabeten* Verlag Hermann Schmidt Mainz
* Propfe, J. (2005) *SchreibKunstRaume: Kalligraphie im Raum* Callwey Verlag Munich
* Reaves, M., & Schulte, E. (2006) *Brush Lettering: An Instructional Manual in Western Brush Calligraphy* Revised Edition, Design Books New York.
* Renard, J. (1999) *Responses to 101 Questions on Buddhism*. Paulist Press. Religion / World, pp 23–24
* Thomson, G. (2004) *Digital Calligraphy with Photoshop*. Thomson Learning
* Tresser, J. (2006) *The Technique of Raised Gilding* 2nd Ed. CD-ROM
* Trinity College Library Dublin (2006) *The Book of Kells* DVD-ROM.
* Ver Berkmoes, R. () *Bali e Lombok* p.&nbsp;45
* Walther, I.F., & Wolf, N. (2005) *Masterpieces of Illumination: The world's most beautiful illuminated manuscripts from 400 to 1600*. Taschen
* Whitley, K.P. (2000) *The History and Technique of Manuscript Gilding*. Oak Knoll Press
* Wieck, R.S. (1983) *Late Medieval and Renaissance Illuminated Manuscripts 1350-1525 in the Houghton Library*. Harvard College Library
* Williams, R.B. (2004) *Williams On South Asian Religions And Immigration: Collected Works By Raymond Brady Williams*. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p.&nbsp;61
* Zapf, H. (2007) *Alphabet Stories: A Chronicle of Technical Developments* Cary Graphic Arts Press Rochester New York
* Zapf, H. (2006) *The world of Alphabets: A kaleidoscope of drawings and letterforms*, CD-ROM

## Referensi

## Pranala luar

* Kaligrafos - The Dallas Calligraphy Society, Kaligrafos, a non-profit guild promoting the calligraphic arts
* Friends of Calligraphy, San Francisco, California
* New Zealand Calligraphers , a national network of affiliated calligraphy guilds
* The Edward Johnston Foundation - Research centre for calligraphy and lettering arts