Arnold Sommerfeld

**Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld**,  () adalah seorang fisikawan teoretikal Jerman yang mepelopori pengembangan fisika atom dan fisika kuantum, dan juga mendidik dan membimbing sejumlah besar murid dari era baru fisika teoterikal. Ia menjabat sebagai petinggi PhD untuk beberapa pemenang Nobel fisika dan kimia (rekor kementorannya hanya berbanding dengan J. J. Thomson).

Ia mengenalkan nomor kuantum ke-2 (nomor kuantum azimuthal) dan nomor kuantum ke-4 (nomor kuantum putaran). Ia juga memperkenalkan konstan struktur murni dan mempelopori teori arus sinar X.

## Referensi

## Bacaan tambahan
* Benz, Ulrich, *Arnold Sommerfeld. Lehrer und Forscher an der Schwelle zum Atomzeitalter 1868 – 1951* (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1975)
* Beyerchen, Alan D., *Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich* (Yale, 1977)
* Born, Max, *Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951*, *Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society* Volume 8, Number 21, 274–296 (1952)
* Cassidy, David C., *Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg * (W. H. Freeman and Company, 1992), ISBN 0-7167-2503-7 (Since Werner Heisenberg was one of Sommerfeld's Ph.D. students, this is an indirect source of information on Sommerfeld, but the information on him is rather extensive and well documented.)
* Eckert, Michael, *Arnold Sommerfeld: Atomphysiker und Kulturbote 1868-1951. Eine Biografie* (Deutsches Museum, Wallstein Verlag, 2013)
* Eckert, Michael, trans. Tom Artin, *Arnold Sommerfeld: Science, Life and Turbulent Times, 1868-1951* (Springer, 2013)
* Eckert, Michael, *Propaganda in science: Sommerfeld and the spread of the electron theory of metals*, *Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences* Volume 17, Number 2, 191–233 (1987)
* Eckert, Michael, *Mathematics, Experiments, and Theoretical Physics: The Early Days of the Sommerfeld School*, *Physics in Perspective* Volume 1, Number 3, 238–252 (1999)
* Hentschel, Klaus (Editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (Editorial Assistant and Translator), *Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources* (Birkhäuser, 1996)
* Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. *Intellectual Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 1: The Torch of Mathematics, 1800 to 1870.* University of Chicago Press, paper cover, 1990a. ISBN 0-226-41582-1
* Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. *Intellectual Mastery of Nature. Theoretical Physics from Ohm to Einstein, Volume 2: The Now Mighty Theoretical Physics, 1870 to 1925.* University of Chicago Press, Paper cover, 1990b. ISBN 0-226-41585-6
* Kant, Horst, *Arnold Sommerfeld – Kommunikation und Schulenbildung* in Fuchs-Kittowski, Klaus ; Laitko, Hubert ; Parthey, Heinrich ; Umstätter, Walther (editors) *Wissenschaft und Digitale Bibliothek: Wissenschaftsforschung Jahrbuch 1998* 135–152 (Verlag der Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftsforschung, 2000)
* Kirkpatrick, Paul, *Address of Recommendation by Professor Paul Kirkpatrick, Chairman of the Committee on Awards*, *American Journal of Physics* Volume 17, Number 5, 312–314 (1949). Address preceding award to Arnold Sommerfeld, recipient of the 1948 Oersted Medal for Notable Contributions to the Teaching of Physics, 28 January 1949.
* Kragh, Helge, *Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century * (Princeton University Press, fifth printing and first paperback printing, 2002), ISBN 0-691-01206-7
* Kuhn, Thomas S., John L. Heilbron, Paul Forman, and Lini Allen, *[http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/index.htm Sources for History of Quantum Physics] * (American Philosophical Society, 1967)
* Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg, *The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 1 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties.* (Springer, 1982), ISBN 0-387-95174-1
* Pauling, Linus, *Arnold Sommerfeld: 1868–1951*, *Science* Volume 114, Number 2963, 383–384 (1951)
* Singh, Rajinder, "Arnold Sommerfeld – The Supporter of Indian Physics in Germany"  *Current Science* **81** No. 11, 10 December 2001, pp.&nbsp;1489–1494
* Walker, Mark, *Nazi Science: Myth, Truth, and the German Atomic Bomb* (Persius, 1995), ISBN 0-306-44941-2

## Pranala luar
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* 
* Annotated bibliography for Arnold Sommerfeld from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 
* Arnold Sommerfeld Biography  – American Philosophical Society (includes information on his students.)
* Arnold Sommerfeld Biography  – Zurich ETH-Bibliothek
* Arnold Sommerfeld – die Vektorrechnung 
* Arnold Sommerfeld's Students – The Mathematics Genealogy Project
* ''Arnold Sommerfeld – the supporter of Indian physics in Germany''
* Michael Eckert (Video): ''Sommerfeld's Munich Quantum School''  - 3rd Conference on the History of Quantum Physics (June 2011)
** together with: Presentation, including many historical pictures
* ''Hans Bethe talking about his time as Sommerfeld's Student on Peoples Archive'' 
* 
* ''Relativitätstheorie''  — Sommerfeld's 1921 introduction to special and general relativity for general audiences (German)
* Sommerfeld-Project  – Leibniz-Rechenzentrum der Wissenschaften
* 
* 
* A collection of digitized materials related to Sommerfeld's and Linus Pauling's structural chemistry research.