James Baldwin

**James Arthur Baldwin** () adalah penyair, novelis, dramawan, eseis, kritikus sosial berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Esei-nya yang terhimpun dalam buku *[[Notes of a Native Son]]* (1955), menggali seluk beluk rasial, seksual, perbedaan kelas yang belum terungkap di masyarakat Barat, terutama di pertengahan abad ke-10 di Amerika Serikat. BBeberapa esei karya Baldwin merupakan buku-buku tebal, seperti *[[The Fire Next Time]]* (1963), *[[No Name in the Street]]* (1972), dan *[[The Devil Finds Work]]* (1976). Sebuah manuskrip yang belum terselesaikan, *[[Remember This House]]*, dikembangkan dan diadaptasi ke dalam film berjudul *[[I Am Not Your Negro]]* dan masuk nominasi dalam Academy Award untuk kategori film dokumenter.

Ibunya, Emma Berdis Jones, meninggalkan ayahnya sebab mengalami kekerasan akibat minuman keras dan pindah ke Harlem, New York. Di sana, dia menikah dengan seorang pengkotbah, David Baldwin. Keluarga ini sangat miskin.

Baldwin menghabiskan banyak waktu untuk menjaga adik-adiknya. Pada usia sepuluh tahun, dia mengalami kekerasan oleh dua orang perwira polisi New York, sebuah contoh gangguan rasis oleh NYPD yang menjadi pengalaman masa remaja dan didokumentasikan dalam eseinya. Ayah angkatnya, yang di dalam esei Baldwin disebut singkat sebagai "ayahnya", tampil menolongnya —dibandingkan dengan saudara-saudaranya—dengan kekerasan besar.

Baldwin menempuh pendidikan di P.S. 24 di 128th Street antara Fifth dan Madison Avenues Harlem, di mana dia menuliskan lagu sekolah yang digunakan sampai sekolah itu tutup. Sekolah menengahnya dijalani di Frederick Douglass Junior High di mana dia terpengaruh oleh puisi karya Countee Cullen, sosok penting di Harlem Renaissance, dan juga didorong oleh guru matematikanya untuk menjadi editor surat kabar sekolah, *The Douglass Pilot*. Kemudian dia melanjutkan ke DeWitt Clinton High School, di Bronx's Bedford Park. Di sama, bersama Richard Avedon, Baldwin bekerja di majalah sekolah sebagai editor sastra, tetapi tidak disukai selalu menghina ras.

## Bibliografi

* *[[Go Tell It on the Mountain (novel)|Go Tell It on the Mountain]]* (semi-autobiographical novel; 1953)
* *[[The Amen Corner]]* (play; 1954)
* *[[Notes of a Native Son]]* (essays; 1955)
* *[[Giovanni's Room]]* (novel; 1956)
* *[[Nobody Knows My Name|Nobody Knows My Name: More Notes of a Native Son]]* (essays; 1961)
* *[[Another Country (novel)|Another Country]]* (novel; 1962)
* *A Talk to Teachers* (essay; 1963)
* *[[The Fire Next Time]]* (essays; 1963)
* *[[Blues for Mister Charlie]]* (play; 1964)
* *[[Going to Meet the Man]]* (stories; 1965)
* *[[Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone]]* (novel; 1968)
* *[[No Name in the Street]]* (essays; 1972)
* *[[If Beale Street Could Talk]]* (novel; 1974)
* *[[The Devil Finds Work]]* (essays; 1976)
* *[[Just Above My Head]]* (novel; 1979)
* *Jimmy's Blues* (poems; 1983)
* *[[The Evidence of Things Not Seen]]* (essays; 1985)
* *[[The Price of the Ticket]]* (essays; 1985)
* *The Cross of Redemption: Uncollected Writings* (essays; 2010)
* *Jimmy's Blues and Other Poems* (poems; 2014)
**Bersama penulis lain**
* *Nothing Personal* (with Richard Avedon, photography) (1964)
* *[[A Rap on Race]]* (with Margaret Mead) (1971)
* *One Day When I Was Lost* (orig.: A. Haley; 1972)
* *[[A Dialogue]] (with [[Nikki Giovanni]])* (1973)
* *[[Little Man Little Man: A Story of Childhood]]* (with Yoran Cazac, 1976)
* *[[Native Sons (collection)|Native Sons]]* (with Sol Stein, 2004)

; Kumpulan
* *Early Novels & Stories: Go Tell It on the Mountain, Giovanni's Room, Another Country, Going to Meet the Man* (Toni Morrison, ed.) (Library of America, 1998), ISBN 978-1-883011-51-2.
* *Collected Essays: Notes of a Native Son, Nobody Knows My Name, The Fire Next Time, No Name in the Street, The Devil Finds Work, Other Essays* (Toni Morrison, ed.) (Library of America, 1998), ISBN 978-1-883011-52-9.
* *Later Novels: Tell Me How Long the Train's Been Gone, If Beale Street Could Talk, Just Above My Head* (Darryl Pinckney, ed.) (Library of America, 2015), ISBN 978-1-59853-454-2.

; Musik, rekaman suara
* *A Lover's Question* (CD, Les Disques Du Crépuscule – TWI 928-2, 1990)

## Lihat juga
* List of civil rights leaders

## Referensi

## Bacaan lanjut
* James Baldwin early manuscripts and papers, 1941–1945  (2.7 linear feet) are housed at Yale University Beinecke Library
* James Baldwin letters and manuscripts, ca. 1950–86 (0.2 linear feet) are housed at the New York Public Library

## Pranala luar

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* Altman, Elias, "Watered Whiskey: James Baldwin's Uncollected Writings", April 13, 2011. *The Nation*.
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* Gwin, Minrose. "Southernspaces.org" March 11, 2008. *Southern Spaces*
* James Baldwin talks about race, political struggle and the human condition  at the Wheeler Hall, Berkeley, CA, in 1974
* James Baldwin Photographs and Papers. Selected manuscripts, correspondence, and photographic portraits from the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
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* ''James Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket'', distributed by California Newsreel
* Baldwin's ''American Masters'' page
* "Writings of James Baldwin" from C-SPAN's *[[American Writers: A Journey Through History]]*
* Baldwin in the Literary Encyclopedia
* Audio files of speeches and interviews  at UC Berkeley
* See Baldwin's 1963 film *[[Take This Hammer (documentary)|Take This Hammer]]*, made with Richard O. Moore, about Blacks in San Francisco in the late 1950s.
* Video: Baldwin debate with William F. Buckley  (via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center)
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* Guardian Books "Author Page", with profile and links to further articles
* The James Baldwin Collective in Paris, France 
* Transcript of interview with Dr. Kenneth Clark 
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