Guernica

***Guernica*** (, ) adalah lukisan minyak besar di atas kanvas karya seniman Spanyol Pablo Picasso yang selesai dibuat pada Juni 1937. Lukisan ini sekarang berada di Museo Reina Sofía di Madrid. Lukisan dengan warna abu-abu, hitam, dan putih ini dibuat di rumah Picasso di Paris. Lukisan ini dianggap oleh banyak kritikus seni sebagai salah satu lukisan anti-perang yang paling mengharukan dan paling kuat dalam sejarah, dan merupakan salah satu karya Picasso yang paling terkenal.

Dengan tinggi 3,49&nbsp;meter dan lebar 7,76&nbsp;meter, lukisan itu menunjukkan penderitaan manusia dan hewan yang direnggut oleh kekerasan dan kekacauan. Yang menonjol dalam komposisi adalah kuda yang ditanduk, kerbau, wanita berteriak, tubuh yang dipotong-potong, dan api.

Lukisan itu dibuat sebagai tanggapan atas pengeboman Guernica, sebuah kota di Negara Basque di Spanyol utara, oleh Jerman Nazi dan Italia Fasis atas permintaan Nasionalis Spanyol. Setelah selesai, *Guernica* dipamerkan di pameran Spanyol dalam Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne di Paris pada tahun 1937 dan kemudian di tempat-tempat lain di seluruh dunia. Pameran tur digunakan untuk mengumpulkan dana untuk bantuan perang Spanyol. Lukisan itu menjadi terkenal dan diakui secara luas, dan itu membantu menarik perhatian dunia pada Perang Saudara Spanyol.

## Referensi dan sumber
;Referensi

;Sumber

* Arnheim, Rudolf. (1973). *The Genesis of a Painting: Picasso's Guernica*. London: University of California Press. 
* Barton, Simon. (2004). *A History of Spain*. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
* Becht-Jördens, Gereon: Picassos *Guernica* als kunsttheoretisches Programm. In: Becht-Jördens, Gereon and Wehmeier, (In German) Peter M.: *Picasso und die christliche Ikonographie. Mutterbeziehung und künstlerische Position*. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin 2003, S. 209–237 
* Becraft, Melvin E. *Picasso's Guernica – Images within Images 3rd Edition* PDF download 
* Beevor, Antony. (2006) *The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939*. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 
* Blunt, Anthony. (1969) *Picasso's Guernica*. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
* Bonazzoli, Francesca, and Michele Robecchi. (2014) "Pablo Picasso: Guernica", in *Mona Lisa to Marge: How the World's Greatest Artworks Entered Popular Culture*. New York: Prestel. 
* Campbell, Peter (2009). "At the New Whitechapel" *London Review of Books* **31**(8), 30 April 2009.
* Cohen, David. (2003) Hidden Treasures: What's So Controversial About Picasso's ''Guernica''? , *Slate*, 6 February 2003. Accessed 16 July 2006.
* Fluegel, Jane. (1980) "Chronology" in Rubin (1980) *Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective*.
* Francesconi, Elizabeth. (2006) "A Look Inside Picasso's War Images", *discourse: An Online Journal by the students of Southern Methodist University*, Spring 2006.
* Granell, Eugenio Fernándes, ''Picasso's Guernica: the end of a Spanish era''  (Ann Arbor, Mich. : UMI Research Press, 1981) , 
* Greenberg, Clement (1993). *The Collected Essays and Criticism; Volume 4: Modernism with a Vengeance, 1957–1969*. University of Chicago Press. 
* Harris, Mark and Becraft, Melvin E. Picasso's Secret ''Guernica'' 
* Hensbergen, Gijs van. (2004) *Guernica: The Biography of a Twentieth-Century Icon*. London: Bloomsbury. 
* Hensbergen, Gijs van. (2009) "Piecing together ''Guernica''" . *BBC News Magazine*: 7 April 2009. Accessed: 14 August 2009.
* Hoberman, J. "Pop and Circumstance". *[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]*, 13 December 2004, 22–26.
* Kennedy, Maev. (2009) "Picasso tapestry of ''Guernica'' heads to UK" , London: *The Guardian*, 26 January 2009. Accessed: 14 August 2009.
* Mallen, Enrique On-Line Picasso Project – OPP.37:001.
* Martin, Russell. (2003). *Picasso's War*. London: Simon & Schuster UK. 
* Martin, Russell. (2002) *Picasso's War: The Destruction of Guernica and the Masterpiece that Changed the World* (2002). On-line excerpts link .
* Oppler, Ellen C. (ed). (1988). *Picasso's Guernica (Norton Critical Studies in art History)*. New York: W. W. Norton. 
* PBS On-line supplement to "Treasures of the World" series, "''Guernica'': Testimony to War"  with Guernica timeline .
* Pisik, Betsy. (2003) "The Picasso Cover-Up". The *Washington Times*, 3 February 2003. Re-published at CommonDreams.org. Accessed: 14 August 2009
* Preston, Paul. (2007) "George Steer and *Guernica*." *History Today* 57 (2007): 12–19.
* Ray, Beverly. (2006) "Analyzing Political Art to Get at Historical Fact: *Guernica* and the Spanish Civil War". The Social Studies 97 (2006): 168–171.
* Richardson, John (2016) "A Different Guernica". *The New York Review of Books*, 12 May 2016, **63** (8): 4–6.
* Rubin, William, ed. (1980) *Pablo Picasso: A Retrospective*. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. 
* Thomas, Gordon & Morgan-Witts, Max. (1975). *The Day Guernica Died*. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 
* Tóibín, Colm. (2006) "The art of war" , London: *The Guardian*, 29 April 2006. Accessed: 14 August 2009.
* Witham, Larry (2013). *Picasso and the chess player: Pablo Picasso, Marcel Duchamp, and the battle for the soul of modern art*. Hanover; London : University Press of New England. 

## Pranala luar

* ''Rethinking Guernica'' – "Museo Reina Sofía site with more than 2000 documents referenced and gigapixel image of the painting. 
* Art Opposes Injustice! – Picasso's ''Guernica'': For Life  by Dorothy Koppelman
* ''3-D Guernica'', YouTube 
* *Guardian*: Picasso's ''Guernica'' Battle Lives On  26 April 2007
* ''Guernica'' – Zoomable version. 
* Picasso's "Secret" ''Guernica'' 
* *Socialist Worker*: ''Guernica'': Shock and Awe in Paint  24 April 2007
* *The New Yorker*: Spanish Lessons, Picasso in Madrid  by Peter Schjeldahl, 19 June 2006
* X-ray Shows Picasso's ''Guernica'' Painting has Suffered a lot but is not in Danger  Associated Press, 23 July 2008
* ''Guernica'' Remakings  Website collating and analysing the activity of remaking versions the iconic painting.