Tata bahasa Inggris

**Tata bahasa Inggris** adalah sebuah aturan yang menggambarkan struktur ungkapan dalam bahasa Inggris, termasuk di dalamnya memuat struktur kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat.

Ada beberapa variasi terkait sejarah, sosial, budaya dan daerah bahasa Inggris. Divergensi dari tata bahasa yang dijelaskan di sini terjadi di beberapa dialek dalam bahasa Inggris. Artikel ini menjelaskan secara umum tentang bahasa Inggris standar, seperti ucapan yang ada di wacana publik, seperti: siaran televisi, pendidikan, hiburan, pemerintahan, dan laporan berita, termasuk juga di sini: pidato baik formal maupun informal. Ada perbedaan tertentu dalam tata bahasa antara bentuk standar *[[Bahasa Inggris Britania|British English]], [[Bahasa Inggris Amerika|American English]]* dan *Australian English,* meskipun ini tidak mencolok dibandingkan dengan perbedaan leksikal dan pengucapan.

## Fungsi Dasar

### ''Noun''
Pengertian *noun* adalah kata benda, yang digunakan untuk memberi deskripsi mengenai orang, tempat, benda, serta beberapa hal yang dibendakan.

#### ''Determiner''
*Determiner* adalah kata, frasa, atau imbuhan yang muncul bersamaan dengan *noun* atau *noun phrase*, dan berfungsi sebagai rujukan atas *noun/noun phrase* tersebut sesuai konteksnya.

**Contoh**:
* **The** *girl* is **a** *student*.
* I've lost **my** *keys*.
* **Some** *folks* get all **the** *luck*.
* **Which** *book* is that?
* I only had **thirty-seven** *drinks*.
* I'll take **this** *one*.
* **Both** *windows* were open.
Kata yang dicetak **tebal** merupakan yang merupakan penjelas atas noun (dicetak miring) sesuai konteksnya.

### ''Tense''
*Tense* adalah masa atau waktu yang dalam bahasa Inggris terbagi menjadi tiga, yaitu

#### ''Present tense''
*Present tense* adalah jenis kalimat baik lisan maupun tulisan yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi dengan latar waktu saat ini.

#### ''Past tense''

#### ''Future tense''

### ''Verb''

#### ''Auxiliary''
*[[Auxiliary]] verb* adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk membantu kata kerja utama dan untuk menjelaskan aspek ataupun kala dari suatu kalimat.

**Contoh:**
* *I *'will** help you.''
* ''She **can** read the code well.''
* ''John **has** looked for Sarah's necklace.''
Kata yang dicetak tebal adalah ''auxiliary verb'' yang bertugas menjelaskan kata kerja utama yang jatuh setelahnya.

==== ''Irregular verb'' ====
Contoh-contohnya:

* ''a-'': for ''abide'', ''arise'', ''awake'', lihat ''bide'', ''rise'', ''wake''
* ''[[to be|be]]'' (''am'', ''is'', ''are'') – ''was'', ''were'' – ''been''
* ''be-'': for ''befall'', ''beset'', etc. see ''fall'', ''set'', etc.
* ''bear'' – ''bore'' – ''borne''
* ''beat'' – ''beat'' – ''beaten''
* ''become'' – ''became'' – ''become''
* ''beget'' – ''begot'' – ''begot(ten)''
* ''begin'' – ''began'' – ''begun''
* ''bend'' – ''bent'' – ''bent''
* ''bet'' – ''bet'' – ''bet'' [past tense dan participle kadang kala ''betted'']
* ''beware'' – ''beware''
* ''bid'' – ''bid'' – ''bid'' [as in an auction]
* ''bid'' – ''bade/bid'' – ''bidden/bid'' [meaning "request"]
* ''bide'' – ''bided/bode'' – ''bided/bidden'' [but ''abide'' mostly uses the regular forms only]
* ''bind'' – ''bound'' – ''bound''
* ''bite'' – ''bit'' – ''bitten''
* ''bleed'' – ''bled'' – ''bled''
* ''blow'' – ''blew'' – ''blown''
* ''break'' – ''broke'' – ''broken''
* ''breed'' – ''bred'' – ''bred''
* ''bring'' – ''brought'' – ''brought''
* ''build'' – ''built'' – ''built''
* ''burn'' – ''burnt/burned'' – ''burnt/burned''
* ''burst'' – ''burst'' – ''burst''
* ''buy'' – ''bought'' – ''bought''
* ''can'' – ''could'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''cast'' – ''cast'' – ''cast'' [prefixed forms ''broadcast'', ''forecast'', etc. sometimes take ''-ed'']
* ''catch'' – ''caught'' – ''caught''
* ''choose'' – ''chose'' – ''chosen''
* ''clad'' – ''clad/cladded'' – ''clad/cladded'' [''clad'' is also sometimes used as past form of ''clothe'']
* ''cleave'' – ''clove/cleft'' – ''cloven/cleft'' [but regular when meaning "adhere"]
* ''cling'' – ''clung'' – ''clung''
* ''come'' – ''came'' – ''come''
* ''cost'' – ''cost'' – ''cost'' [but regular when meaning "calculate the cost of"]
* ''creep'' – ''crept/creeped'' – ''crept/creeped''
* ''crow'' – ''crowed/crew'' – ''crowed'' [''crew'' normally used only of a cock's crowing]
* ''cut'' – ''cut'' – ''cut''
* ''dare'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''dare'' (see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above)
* ''deal'' – ''dealt'' – ''dealt''
* ''dig'' – ''dug'' – ''dug''
* ''dive'' – ''dived/dove'' – ''dived'' [the form ''dove'' is chiefly American]
* ''do'' (''does'' ) – ''did'' – ''done''
* ''drag'' – ''dragged/drug'' – ''dragged/drug'' [the form ''drug'' is chiefly dialectal]
* ''draw'' – ''drew'' – ''drawn''
* ''dream'' – ''dreamed/dreamt'' – ''dreamed/dreamt''
* ''drink'' – ''drank'' – ''drunk''
* ''drive'' – ''drove'' – ''driven''
* ''dwell'' – ''dwelt/dwelled'' – ''dwelt/dwelled''
* ''eat'' – ''ate'' – ''eaten''
* ''fall'' – ''fell'' – ''fallen''
* ''feed'' – ''fed'' – ''fed''
* ''feel'' – ''felt'' – ''felt''
* ''fight'' – ''fought'' – ''fought''
* ''find'' – ''found'' – ''found''
* ''fit'' – ''fit/fitted'' – ''fit/fitted''
* ''flee'' – ''fled'' – ''fled''
* ''fling'' – ''flung'' – ''flung''
* ''fly'' – ''flew'' – ''flown''
* ''for(e)-'': for ''forgo'', ''foresee'', etc. see ''go'', ''see'', etc.
* ''forbid'' – ''forbade/forbid'' – ''forbidden''
* ''forget'' – ''forgot'' – ''forgotten''
* ''forsake'' – ''forsook'' – ''forsaken''
* ''freeze'' – ''froze'' – ''frozen''
* ''get'' – ''got'' – ''gotten/got'' [past participle ''got'' in [[British English]], ''gotten'' in [[American English|American]], but see ''[[have got]]'']
* ''gild'' – ''gilded/gilt'' – ''gilded/gilt''
* ''give'' – ''gave'' – ''given''
* ''[[go (verb)|go]]'' – ''went'' – ''gone'' [see also ''[[have been]]'']
* ''grind'' – ''ground'' – ''ground''
* ''grow'' – ''grew'' – ''grown''
* ''hang'' – ''hung/hanged'' – ''hung/hanged'' [the form ''hanged'' is more common in the sense of [[execution by hanging|execution]] by hanging]
* ''have'' (''has'') – ''had'' – ''had''
* ''hear'' – ''heard'' – ''heard''
* ''hew'' – ''hewed'' – ''hewn/hewed''
* ''hide'' – ''hid'' – ''hidden''
* ''hit'' – ''hit'' – ''hit''
* ''hoist'' – ''hoist/hoisted'' – ''hoist/hoisted''
* ''hold'' – ''held'' – ''held''
* ''hurt'' – ''hurt'' – ''hurt''
* ''in-'': for ''inlay'', ''input'', etc. see ''lay'', ''put'', etc.
* ''inter-'': for ''interlay'', ''interweave'', etc. see ''lay'', ''weave'', etc.
* ''keep'' – ''kept'' – ''kept''
* ''kneel'' – ''knelt/kneeled'' – ''knelt/kneeled''
* ''knit'' – ''knit/knitted'' – ''knit/knitted''
* ''know'' – ''knew'' – ''known''
* ''lay'' – ''laid'' – ''laid''
* ''lead'' – ''led'' – ''led''
* ''lean'' – ''leaned/leant'' – ''leaned/leant''
* ''leap'' – ''leaped/leapt'' – ''leaped/leapt''
* ''learn'' – ''learned/learnt'' – ''learned/learnt''
* ''leave'' – ''left'' – ''left''
* ''lend'' – ''lent'' – ''lent''
* ''let'' – ''let'' – ''let''
* ''lie'' – ''lay'' – ''lain'' [but regular when meaning "tell an untruth"]
* ''light'' – ''lit/lighted'' – ''lit/lighted''
* ''lose'' – ''lost'' – ''lost''
* ''make'' – ''made'' – ''made''
* ''may'' – ''might'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''mean'' – ''meant'' – ''meant''
* ''meet'' – ''met'' – ''met''
* ''mis-'': for ''misspeak'', ''mistake'', etc. see ''speak'', ''take'', etc.
* ''mow'' – ''mowed'' – ''mowed/mown''
* ''must'' – [[defective verb|defective]] [see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''need'' – regular except for possible third person singular present ''need'' (see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above)
* ''off-'': for ''offset'' see ''set'', etc.
* ''ought'' – [[defective verb|defective]] [see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''out-'': for ''outbid'', ''output'', etc. see ''bid'', ''put'', etc.
* ''over-'': for ''overbid'', ''overdo'', etc. see ''bid'', ''do'', etc.
* ''pay'' – ''paid'' – ''paid'' [but sometimes spelt regularly when meaning "let out" (rope etc.)]
* ''plead'' – ''pleaded/pled'' – ''pleaded/pled''
* ''pre-'': for ''prepay'', ''preset'', etc. see ''pay'', ''set'', etc.
* ''prove'' – ''proved'' – ''proved/proven''
* ''put'' – ''put'' – ''put''
* ''quit'' – ''quit'' – ''quit''
* ''re-'': for ''redo'', ''remake'', etc. see ''do'', ''make'', etc.
* ''read''  – ''read''  – ''read'' 
* ''rend'' – ''rent'' – ''rent''
* ''rid'' – ''rid/ridded'' – ''rid/ridded/ridden''
* ''ride'' – ''rode'' – ''ridden''
* ''ring'' – ''rang'' – ''rung''
* ''rise'' – ''rose'' – ''risen''
* ''run'' – ''ran'' – ''run''
* ''saw'' – ''sawed'' – ''sawn/sawed''
* ''say'' (''says'' ) – ''said'' – ''said''
* ''see'' – ''saw'' – ''seen''
* ''seek'' – ''sought'' – ''sought''
* ''sell'' – ''sold'' – ''sold''
* ''send'' – ''sent'' – ''sent''
* ''set'' – ''set'' – ''set''
* ''sew'' – ''sewed'' – ''sewn/sewed''
* ''shake'' – ''shook'' – ''shaken''
* ''shall'' – ''should'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''shear'' – ''sheared/shore'' – ''shorn/sheared''
* ''shed'' – ''shed'' – ''shed''
* ''shine'' – ''shone/shined'' – ''shone/shined''
* ''shit'' – ''shat/shit/shitted'' – ''shat/shit/shitted''
* ''shoe'' – ''shoed/shod'' – ''shoed/shod''
* ''shoot'' – ''shot'' – ''shot''
* ''show'' – ''showed'' – ''shown/showed''
* ''shrink'' – ''shrank/shrunk'' – ''shrunk''
* ''shut'' – ''shut'' – ''shut''
* ''sing'' – ''sang'' – ''sung''
* ''sink'' – ''sank'' – ''sunk''
* ''sit'' – ''sat'' – ''sat''
* ''slay'' – ''slew/slayed'' – ''slain/slayed''
* ''sleep'' – ''slept'' – ''slept''
* ''slide'' – ''slid'' – ''slid''
* ''sling'' – ''slung'' – ''slung''
* ''slink'' – ''slunk'' – ''slunk''
* ''slit'' – ''slit'' – ''slit''
* ''smell'' – ''smelled/smelt'' – ''smelled/smelt''
* ''smite'' – ''smote'' – ''smitten''
* ''sneak'' – ''sneaked/snuck'' – ''sneaked/snuck'' [''snuck'' is chiefly American, and it is regarded as informal]
* ''sow'' – ''sowed'' – ''sown/sowed''
* ''speak'' – ''spoke'' – ''spoken''
* ''speed'' – ''sped/speeded'' – ''sped/speeded''
* ''spell'' – ''spelled/spelt'' – ''spelled/spelt''
* ''spend'' – ''spent'' – ''spent''
* ''spill'' – ''spilled/spilt'' – ''spilled/spilt''
* ''spin'' – ''spun'' – ''spun''
* ''spit'' – ''spat/spit'' – ''spat/spit'' [the form ''spit'' rather than ''spat'' is common in America]
* ''split'' – ''split'' – ''split''
* ''spoil'' – ''spoiled/spoilt'' – ''spoiled/spoilt''
* ''spread'' – ''spread'' – ''spread''
* ''spring'' – ''sprang/sprung'' – ''sprung''
* ''stand'' – ''stood'' – ''stood''
* ''stave'' – ''staved/stove'' – ''staved/stove''
* ''steal'' – ''stole'' – ''stolen''
* ''stick'' – ''stuck'' – ''stuck''
* ''sting'' – ''stung'' – ''stung''
* ''stink'' – ''stank'' – ''stunk''
* ''strew'' – ''strewed'' – ''strewn/strewed''
* ''stride'' – ''strode'' – ''stridden/strode''
* ''strike'' – ''struck'' – ''struck''
* ''string'' – ''strung'' – ''strung''
* ''strive'' – ''strove/strived'' – ''striven/strived''
* ''swear'' – ''swore'' – ''sworn''
* ''sweat'' – ''sweated/sweat'' – ''sweated/sweat''
* ''sweep'' – ''swept'' – ''swept''
* ''swell'' – ''swelled'' – ''swollen/swelled''
* ''swim'' – ''swam'' – ''swum''
* ''swing'' – ''swung'' – ''swung''
* ''take'' – ''took'' – ''taken''
* ''teach'' – ''taught'' – ''taught''
* ''tear'' – ''tore'' – ''torn''
* ''tell'' – ''told'' – ''told''
* ''think'' – ''thought'' – ''thought''
* ''throw'' – ''threw'' – ''thrown''
* ''thrust'' – ''thrust/thrusted'' – ''thrust/thrusted''
* ''tread'' – ''trod'' – ''trodden/trod''
* ''un-'': for ''unbend'', ''unweave'', etc. see ''bend'', ''weave'', etc.
* ''under-'': for ''underlie'', ''undergo'', ''understand'', etc. see ''lie'', ''go'', ''stand'', etc.
* ''up-'': for ''upset'' see ''set'', etc.
* ''wake'' – ''woke'' – ''woken''
* ''wear'' – ''wore'' – ''worn''
* ''weave'' – ''wove'' – ''woven''
* ''wed'' – ''wed/wedded'' – ''wed/wedded''
* ''weep'' – ''wept'' – ''wept''
* ''wet'' – ''wet/wetted'' – ''wet/wetted''
* ''will'' – ''would'' [defective; see [[#Anomalous cases|anomalous cases]] above]
* ''win'' – ''won'' – ''won''
* ''wind'' – ''wound'' – ''wound'' [but regular in the meanings connected with air and breath]
* ''with-'': for ''withdraw'', ''withhold'', ''withstand'', see ''draw'',''old'', ''stand''
* ''wring'' – ''wrang/wrung'' – ''wrung''
* ''write'' – ''wrote'' – ''written''

=== ''Article'' ===
''[[Article]]'' adalah sebuah kata (baik awalan ataupun akhiran) yang digunakan bersama ''noun'' untuk menunjukkan jenis ''noun'' tersebut.

''Article'' dalam bahasa Inggris yaitu: ''the'' dan ''a/an. ''

**Contoh**:<blockquote>***The children*' know **the fastest way** hom*</blockquote><blockquote> *'Anak-anak itu** mengetahui **cara tercepat** pulang ke rumah.</blockquote>Kalimat di atas merujuk ke "Anak-anak" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: anak-anak itu) dan "Cara" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: cara tercepat):<blockquote>***Children*' know **the fastest way** home.*</blockquote><blockquote> *'Anak-anak** mengetahui **cara tercepat** pulang ke rumah.</blockquote>Kalimat di atas merujuk ke "Anak-anak" yang "umum"<blockquote>''Give me **the book**.''</blockquote>

 Berikan padaku **buku itu**
Kalimat di atas demikian juga, yaitu merujuk kepada "Buku" yang "Tertentu" (yaitu: buku itu)<blockquote>''Give me **a book**''</blockquote><blockquote> Berikan padaku **sebuah buku'''Kalimat di atas merujuk kepada "Buku" yang sifatnya "umum"..

## Fungsi Lainnya
### Tense

## Pranala luar

*  English Grammar (Tata Bahasa Inggris)
*  Daftar kata kerja tidak beraturan dalam bahasa Inggris