Sejarah perbudakan

**Sejarah perbudakan** meliputi beberapa budaya, kebangsaan, dan agama dari zaman kuno sampai masa sekarang. Namun, posisi sosial, ekonomi, dan hukum para budak beragam dalam sistem perbudakan yang berbeda di waktu dan tempat yang berbeda.

Perbudakan bermula dari catatan-catatan kuno, seperti Mesopotamia *[[Kode Hammurabi]]* (s. 1860&nbsp;SM), yang merujuknya sebagai sebuah lembaga yang berdiri, dan merupakan hal umum pada bangsa-bangsa kuno seperti Sumeria, Mesir Kuno, Akkadia, Elamit, Asiria, Babilonia, Hattia, Hittit, Amorit, Yunani Kuno, Kanaan, Eblait, Hurria, Mitanni, Israel, Persia, Medes, Kassit, Luwia, Moabit, Edomit, Ammonit, Armenia, Khaldea, Filistin, Skitia, Nubia, Kushit, dan lain-lain.

Perbudakan merupakan hal jarang pada penduduk pemburu-peramu, karena hal tersebut berkembang sebagai sistem stratifikasi sosial. perbudakan dikenal dalam peradaban-perabadan paling tua seperti Sumeria di Mesopotamia dari 3500 SM, serta hampir setiap peradaban lainnya. Peperangan Bizantium-Utsmaniyah dan peperangan Utsmaniyah di Eropa mengakibatkan pengambilan sejumlah besar budak Kristen. Perbudakan menjadi hal umum di sebagian besar Eropa dan kepulauan Britania pada Zaman Kegelapan dan berlanjut sampai Abad Pertengahan. Belanda, Prancis, Spanyol, Portugis, Inggris, Arab, dan sejumlah kerajaan Afrika Barat memainkan peran penting dalam perdagangan budak Atlantik, khususnya setelah 1600. David P. Forsythe menyatakannya: "Kenyataannya menyatakan bahwa pada permulaan abad kesembilan belas, tiga per empat dari seluruh orang yang hidup terjebak dalam perjuangan melawan keterikatan mereka dalam beberapa perbudakan." Denmark-Norwegia adalah negara Eropa pertama yang melarang perdagangan budak pada 1802.

Meskipun perbudakan tak selamanya dianggap sah di bagian mana pun di dunia, perdagangan manusia masih menjadi masalah internasional dan sekitar 25–40 juta orang hidup dalam perbudakan ilegal pada masa sekarang. Pada Perang Saudara Sudan Kedua 1983–2005, orang-orang dimasukkan dalam perbudakan. Meskipun Perbudakan di Mauritania dikriminalisasi pada Agustus 2007, sekitar 600.000 pria, wanita, dan anak-anak, atau 20% dari populasi, sekarang diperbudak, beberapa di antaranya dijadikan sebagai buruh utang. Terdapat bukti perbudakan sistematis pada akhir 1990-an dalam penanaman kakao di Afrika Barat.

## Referensi

## Daftar pustaka
* Davis, David Brion. *Slavery and Human Progress* (1984).
* Davis, David Brion. *The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture* (1966)
* Davis, David Brion. *[[Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World]]* (2006)
* Drescher, Seymour. *Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery* (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
* Finkelman, Paul, ed. *Slavery and Historiography* (New York: Garland, 1989)
* Finkelman, Paul, and Joseph Miller, eds. *Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery* (2 vol 1998)
* Hinks, Peter, and John McKivigan, eds. *Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition* (2 vol. 2007) 795 pp; ISBN 978-0-313-33142-8
* Linden, Marcel van der, ed. *Humanitarian Intervention and Changing Labor Relations: The Long-Term Consequences of the Abolition of the Slave Trade* (Brill Academic Publishers, 2011) online review
* McGrath, Elizabeth and Massing, Jean Michel, *The Slave in European Art: From Renaissance Trophy to Abolitionist Emblem* (London: The Warburg Institute, 2012.)
* Miller, Joseph C. *The problem of slavery as history: a global approach* (Yale University Press, 2012.)
* Parish, Peter J. *Slavery: History and Historians* (1989)
* Phillips, William D. *Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Atlantic Slave Trade* (1984)
* Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. *The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery* (2 vol. 1997)
* Rodriguez, Junius P. ed. *Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion* (2 vol. 2007)

### Yunani dan Romawi
* Bradley, Keith. *Slavery and Society at Rome* (1994)
* Cuffel, Victoria. "The Classical Greek Concept of Slavery," *Journal of the History of Ideas* Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep. 1966), pp.&nbsp;323–42 
* Finley, Moses, ed. *Slavery in Classical Antiquity* (1960)
* Westermann, William L. *The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity* (1955) 182 pp

### Afrika dan Timur Tengah
* Campbell, Gwyn. *The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia* (Frank Cass, 2004)
* Lovejoy, Paul. *Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa* (Cambridge UP, 1983)
* Toledano, Ehud R. *As If Silent and Absent: Bonds of Enslavement in the Islamic Middle East* (Yale University Press, 2007) ISBN 978-0-300-12618-1
* Davis, Robert C., *Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800* (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003) ISBN 0-333-71966-2

### Perdagangan Atlantik, Amerika Latin dan Kekaisaran Britania
* Blackburn, Robin. *The American Crucible: Slavery, Emancipation, and Human Rights* (Verso; 2011) 498 pp; on slavery and abolition in the Americas from the 16th to the late 19th centuries.
* Fradera, Josep M. and Christopher Schmidt-Nowara, eds. *Slavery and Antislavery in Spain's Atlantic Empire* (2013) online
* Klein, Herbert S. *African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean* (Oxford University Press, 1988)
* Klein, Herbert. *The Atlantic Slave Trade* (1970)
* Klein, Herbert S. *Slavery in Brazil* (Cambridge University Press, 2009)
* Morgan, Kenneth. *Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America* (2008)
* Stinchcombe, Arthur L. *Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment: The Political Economy of the Caribbean World* (Princeton University Press, 1995)
* Walvin, James. *Black Ivory: Slavery in the British Empire* (2nd ed. 2001)
* Ward, J. R. *British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834* (Oxford U.P. 1988)
* Zeuske, Michael. "Historiography and Research Problems of Slavery and the Slave Trade in a Global-Historical Perspective." *International Review of Social History* 57#1 (2012): 87–111.

### Amerika Serikat
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* 
* 
* Miller, Randall M., and John David Smith, eds. *Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery* (1988)
* 
* 
* Wilson, Thomas D. *The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture*. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.

## Pranala luar

* Mémoire St Barth: Saint-Barthelemy's history (slave trade, slavery, abolitions)
* UN.GIFT –Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking
* Parliament & The British Slave Trade 1600–1807
* ''Digital History–Slavery Facts & Myths''
* Muslim Slave System in Medieval India
* Arab Slave Trade
* ''Scotland and the Abolition of the Slave Trade–schools resource'' 
* The Forgotten Holocaust: The Eastern Slave Trade
* Teaching resources about Slavery and Abolition on blackhistory4schools.com
* "What really ended slavery?" Robin Blackburn, author of a two-volume history of the slave trade, interviewed by *[[International Socialism (magazine)|International Socialism]]*
* David Brion Davis, "American and British Slave Trade Abolition in Perspective", *Southern Spaces*, 4 February 2009.
* The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today–video report by *[[Democracy Now!]]*
* Slavery Museum. Great Britain. 
* Slavery and politics of marriage in Berbice 1819–1834–video by *Manioc*.
* They speak of the darkness in which we have kept Africa: The Public Discussions about the Slave Trade at the Congress of Vienna 1814/1815–video by *Manioc*.