Magnolia

***Magnolia*** adalah salah satu marga tumbuhan berbunga yang dikenal luas karena bunganya yang indah atau menyebarkan aroma yang harum. Anggotanya cukup besar, dan saat ini tengah mengalami revisi. Petunjuk-petunjuk molekuler memperlihatkan bahwa marga-marga seperti *[[Talauma]]*, *[[Dugandiodendron]]*, *[[Manglietia]]*, *[[Michelia]]*, *[[Elmerrillia]]*, *[[Kmeria]]*, *[[Parakmeria]]*, *[[Pachylarnax]]*, dan beberapa marga spesies tunggal layak dimasukkan ke dalam *Magnolia* s.l. (s.l. = *sensu lato*: 'dalam arti luas'; sebagai lawan dari s.s. = *sensu stricto*: 'dalam arti sempit'). Marga *Magnolia* s.s. mencakup sekitar 120 jenis saja. Nama marga ini diambil dari botaniwan Prancis, Pierre Magnol.

Marga *Magnolia* menunjukkan ciri-ciri evolusi primitif. Perhiasan bunganya tidak tersusun dalam lingkaran berlapis, seperti kebanyakan bunga, tetapi tersusun secara spiral. Fosil-fosilnya berumur sampai 20 juta tahun, sehingga diketahui bahwa *Magnolia* berevolusi lebih awal daripada lebah. Bunganya tidak dirancang untuk diserbuki oleh lebah tetapi kumbang.

Persebaran jenis-jenis *Magnolia* tidak kontinu. Pusat keanekaragaman utamanya adalah di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Pusat persebaran sekunder adalah di benua Amerika. Beberapa jenis *Magnolia* dikenal sebagai tumbuhan penghias kebun dan pelengkap upacara tradisional Nusantara, seperti cempaka dan kantil.

## Daftar spesies

### Subgenus ''Magnolia''

;Bagian *Magnolia*
* *[[Magnolia faustinomirandae]]* A.Vázquez
* *[[Magnolia grandiflora]]* L.
* *[[Magnolia guatemalensis]]* Donn. Sm.
* *[[Magnolia guerrerensis]]* J.Jiménez Ram., K.Vega & Cruz Durán
* *[[Magnolia iltisiana]]* Vazquez
* *[[Magnolia krusei]]* J.Jiménez Ram. & Cruz Durán
* *[[Magnolia oaxacensis]]* A.Vázquez
* *[[Magnolia pacifica]]* Vazquez
* *[[Magnolia panamensis]]* Vazquez & Iltis
* *[[Magnolia pedrazae]]* A.Vázquez
* *[[Magnolia poasana]]* (Pittier) Dandy
**[[Magnolia poqomchi]]* 
* *[[Magnolia schiedeana]]* Schltdl.
* *[[Magnolia sharpii]]* Meranda
* *[[Magnolia sororum]]* Seibert
* *[[Magnolia tamaulipana]]* Vazquez
* *[[Magnolia tarahumara]]* (Vazquez) A.Vázquez
* *[[Magnolia vazquezii]]* Cruz Durán & K.Vega
* *[[Magnolia virginiana]]* L.
* *[[Magnolia yoroconte]]* Dandy
* *[[Magnolia zamudioi]]* A.Vázquez

; Bagian *Gwillimia*

;; Subbagian *Gwillimia*
* *[[Magnolia albosericea]]* Chun & Tsoong.
* *[[Magnolia bawangensis]]* Law, R.Z.Zhou & D.M.Liu
* *[[Magnolia championii]]* Benth
* *[[Magnolia clemensiorum]]* Dandy
* *[[Magnolia coco]]* (Lour.) DC.
* *[[Magnolia delavayi]]* Franchet
* *[[Magnolia fistulosa]]* (Finet & Gagnep.) Dandy
* *[[Magnolia henryi]]* Dunn
* *[[Magnolia nana]]* Dandy
* *[[Magnolia odoratissima]]* Law et Zhou
* *[[Magnolia pterocarpa]]* Roxb.
* *[[Magnolia xiana]]* Noot.

;; Subbagian *Blumiana*
* *[[Magnolia angatensis]]* Blanco
* *[[Magnolia betongensis]]* (Craib) H.Keng
* *[[Magnolia gigantifolia]]* (Miq.) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia hodgsonii]]* (Hook.f. & Thom.) H.Keng
* *[[Magnolia lasia]]* Noot.
* *[[Magnolia liliifera]]* (L.) Baillon
* *[[Magnolia mariusjacobsia]]* Noot.
* *[[Magnolia persuaveolens]]* Dandy
* *[[Magnolia rabaniana]]* Hook.f. & Thomson D.C.S.Raju & M.P.Nayer
* *[[Magnolia sarawakensis]]* (Agostini) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia singapurensis]]* (Ridl.) H.Keng
* *[[Magnolia villosa]]* (Miq.) H.Keng

; Bagian *Talauma*
;; Subbagian *Talauma*
* *[[Magnolia allenii]]* Standl.
* *[[Magnolia amazonica]]* (Ducke) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia arcabucoana]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia bankardiorum]]*  M.O.Dillon & Sánchez Vega
* *[[Magnolia boliviana]]* (M.Nee) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia caricifragrans]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia cespedesii]]* (Triana & Planch) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia chocoensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia coronata]]* M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo
* *[[Magnolia dixonii]]* (Little) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia dodecapetala]]* (Lam.) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia espinalii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia georgii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia gilbertoi]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia gloriensis]]* (Pittier) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia henaoi]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia hernandezii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia irwiniana]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia jardinensis]]* M.Serna, C.Velásquez & Cogollo
* *[[Magnolia katiorum]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia lacandonica]]* Vazquez-Garcia, Perez-Farrera, Martinez-Camilo, Muniz-Castro & Martinez-Melendez
* *[[Magnolia manguillo]]* Marcelo-Peña & F. Arroyo
* *[[Magnolia mexicana]]* DC.
* *[[Magnolia minor]]* (Urb.) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia morii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia narinensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia neillii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia ovata]]* (A.St.-Hil.) Spreng.
* *[[Magnolia polyhypsophylla]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia quetzal]]* Vazquez-Garcia, Veliz-Perez, Triboullier-Navas & Muniz-Castro
* *[[Magnolia rimachii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia sambuensis]]* (Pittier) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia santanderiana]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia sellowiana]]* (A.St.-Hil.) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia silvioi]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia venezuelensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia virolinensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia wolfii]]* (Lozano) Govaerts

;; Subbagian *Dugandiodendron*
* *[[Magnolia argyrothricha]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia calimaensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia calophylla]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia cararensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia chimantensis]]* Steyermark & Maguire
* *[[Magnolia colombiana]]* (Little) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia guatapensis]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia jaenensis]]* Marcelo-Peña
* *[[Magnolia lenticellata]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia magnifolia]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia mahechae]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia ptaritepuiana]]* Steyermark
* *[[Magnolia striatifolia]]* Little
* *[[Magnolia urraoense]]* (Lozano) Govaerts
* *[[Magnolia yarumalense]]* (Lozano) Govaerts

;; Subbagian *Cubenses*
* *[[Magnolia cristalensis]]* Bisse
* *[[Magnolia cubensis]]* Urb.
* *[[Magnolia domingensis]]* Urb.
* *[[Magnolia ekmannii]]* Urb.
* *[[Magnolia emarginata]]* Urb. & Ekman
* *[[Magnolia hamorii]]* Howard
* *[[Magnolia pallescens]]* Urb. & Ekman
* *[[Magnolia portoricensis]]* Bello
* *[[Magnolia splendens]]* Urban

; Bagian *Manglietia*
* *[[Magnolia aromatica]]* (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia blaoensis]]* (Gagnep.) Dandy
* *[[Magnolia blumei]]* Prantl
* *[[Magnolia calophylloides]]* Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia caveana]]* (Hook.f. & Thoms.) D.C.Raju & M.P.Nayer
* *[[Magnolia changhuntana]]* Noot.
* *[[Magnolia chevalieri]]* (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia conifera]]* (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia crassipes]]* (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia dandyi]]* (Gapnep.) Dandy
* *[[Magnolia decidua]]* (Q.Y.Zheng) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia duclouxii]]* Finet & Gagnep.
* *[[Magnolia figlarii]]* V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia fordiana]]* (Oliv.) Hu
* *[[Magnolia garrettii]]* (Craib) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia grandis]]* (Hu & W.C.Cheng) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia hongheensis]]* (Y.M.Shui & W.H.Chen) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia hookeri]]* Cubitt & W.W.Sm.
* *[[Magnolia insignis]]* (Wall.) Blume
* *[[Magnolia kwangtungensis]]* Merr.
* *[[Magnolia lanuginosoides]]* Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia longipedunculata]]* (Q.W.Zeng & Law) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia lucida]]* (B.L. Chen & S.C. Yang) V.S. Kumar
* *[[Magnolia obovalifolia]]* (C.Y.Yu & Law) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia ovoidea]]* (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia patungensis]]* (Hu) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia rufibarbata]]* (Dandy) V.S. Kumar
* *[[Magnolia sabahensis]]* (Dandy ex Noot.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia sapaensis]]* (N.H.Xia & Q.N.Vu) Grimshaw & Macer
* *[[Magnolia utilis]]* (Dandy) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia ventii]]* (N.V.Tiep) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia xinganensis]]* Noot.
* *[[Magnolia yuyuanensis]]* (Y.W.Law) V.S.Kumar
* *[[Magnolia zhengyiana]]* (N.H.Xia) Noot.

; Bagian *Kmeria*
* *[[Magnolia duperreana]]* Pierre
* *[[Magnolia kwangsiensis]]* Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia thailandica]]* Noot. & Chalermglin

; Bagian *Rhytidospermum*

;; Subbagian *Rhytidospermum*
* *[[Magnolia obovata]]* Thunb.
* *[[Magnolia officinalis]]* Rehd. & Wilson
* *[[Magnolia rostrata]]* W.W.Smith
* *[[Magnolia tripetala]]* (L.) L.

;; Subbagian *Oyama*
* *[[Magnolia globosa]]* Hook. f. & Thoms.
* *[[Magnolia sieboldii]]* K. Koch
* *[[Magnolia wilsonii]]* (Finet. & Gagnep.) Rehd.

; Bagian *Auriculata*
* *[[Magnolia fraseri]]* Walt.

; Bagian *Macrophylla*
* *[[Magnolia dealbata]]* Zuccarini
* *[[Magnolia macrophylla]]* Michx.
* *[[Magnolia rzedowskiana]]* A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas & R.Pedraza
* *[[Magnolia nuevoleonensis]]* A.Vázquez & Domínguez-Yescas
* *[[Magnolia vovidesii]]* A.Vázquez, Domínguez-Yescas & L.Carvajal

### Subgenus ''Yulania''

; Bagian *Yulania*

;; Subbagian *Yulania*
* *[[Magnolia amoena]]* W.C. Cheng
* *[[Magnolia biondii]]* Pampan
* *[[Magnolia campbellii]]* Hook. f. & Thomson
* *[[Magnolia cylindrica]]* Wilson
* *[[Magnolia dawsoniana]]* Rehd. & Wilson
* *[[Magnolia denudata]]* Desr.
* *[[Magnolia kobus]]* DC.
* *[[Magnolia liliiflora]]* Desr.
* *[[Magnolia × loebneri]]* Paul Kache
* *[[Magnolia salicifolia]]* (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.
* *[[Magnolia sargentiana]]* Rehd. & Wilson
* *[[Magnolia × soulangeana]]* Thiéb.-Bern.
* *[[Magnolia sprengeri]]* Pampan
* *[[Magnolia stellata]]* (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim.
* *[[Magnolia zenii]]* Cheng

;; Subbagian *Tulipastrum*
* *[[Magnolia acuminata]]* (L.) L.

; Bagian *Michelia*

;; Subbagian *Michelia*
* *[[Magnolia × alba]]* (DC.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia angustioblonga]]* (Law & Wu) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia baillonii]]* Pierre
* *[[Magnolia balansae]]* A.DC.
* *[[Magnolia banghamii]]* (Noot.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia braianensis]]* (Gagnep.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia cavaleriei]]* (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia champaca]]* (L.) Baillon ex Pierre
* *[[Magnolia chapensis]]* (Dandy) Sima
* *[[Magnolia citrata]]* Noot. & Chalermglin
* *[[Magnolia compressa]]* Maxim.
* *[[Magnolia coriacea]]* (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia doltsopa]]* (Buch.-Ham. Ex DC.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia elegantifolia]]* Noot.
* *[[Magnolia ernestii]]* Figlar.
* *[[Magnolia figo]]* (Lour.) DC.
* *[[Magnolia flaviflora]]* (Law & Wu) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia floribunda]]* (Finet & Gagnep.) Figlar.
* *[[Magnolia foveolata]]* (Merr. Ex Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia fujianensis]]* (Q.F.Zheng) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia fulva]]* (H.T. Chang & B.L. Chen) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia gioi]]* (A.Chevalier) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia guangdongensis]]* (Y.H.Yan, Q.W.Zeng & F.W.Xing) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia guangxiensis]]* (Law & R.Z.Zhou) Sima
* *[[Magnolia hypolampra]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia iteophylla]]* (C.Y.Wu ex Y.W.Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia kingii]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia kisopa]]* (Bush.-Ham. ex DC.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia koordersiana]]* (Noot.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia lacei]]* (W.W.Smith) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia laevifolia]]* (Law & Y.F.Wu) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia lanuginosa]]* (Wall.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia leveilleana]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia macclurei]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia mannii]]* (King) King
* *[[Magnolia martinii]]* H.Lev.
* *[[Magnolia masticata]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia maudiae]]* (Dunn) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia mediocris]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia microcarpa]]* (B.L.Chen & S.C.Yang) Sima
* *[[Magnolia microtricha]]* (Hand.-Mazz.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia montana]]* (Blume) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia nilagirica]]* (Zenker) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia oblonga]]* (Wall. Ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Figlar.
* *[[Magnolia odora]]* (Chun) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia opipara]]* (H.T.Chang & B.L.Chen) Sima
* *[[Magnolia philippinensis]]* P.Pharm
* *[[Magnolia punduana]]* (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia rajaniana]]* (Craib.) Figlar.
* *[[Magnolia scortechinii]]* (King) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia shiluensis]]* (Chun & Y.F.Wu) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia sirindhorniae]]* Noot. & Chalermglin
* *[[Magnolia sphaerantha]]* (C.Y.Wu ex Z.S.Yue) Sima
* *[[Magnolia subulifera]]* (Dandy) Figlar
* *[[Magnolia sumatrae]]* (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia xanthantha]]* (C.Y.Wu ex Law & Y.F.Wu) Figlar

;; Subbagian *Elmerrillia*
* *[[Magnolia platyphylla]]* (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia pubescens]]* (Merr.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia sulawesiana]]* Brambach, Noot. & Culmsee
* *[[Magnolia tsiampacca]]* (L.) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia vrieseana]]* (Miq.) Baill. ex Pierre

;; Subbagian *Maingola*
* *[[Magnolia annamensis]]* Dandy
* *[[Magnolia carsonii]]* Dandy ex Noot.
* *[[Magnolia cathcartii]]* (Hook.f. & Thoms.) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia griffithii]]* King
* *[[Magnolia gustavii]]* King
* *[[Magnolia macklottii]]* (Korth.) Dandy
* *[[Magnolia pealiana]]* King

;; Subbagian *Aromadendron*
* *[[Magnolia ashtonii]]* Dandy ex. Noot.
* *[[Magnolia bintuluensis]]* (Agostini) Noot.
* *[[Magnolia borneensis]]* Noot.
* *[[Magnolia elegans]]* (Blume) Keng
* *[[Magnolia pahangensis]]* Noot.

### Subgenus ''Gynopodium''

; Bagian *Gynopodium*
* *[[Magnolia kachirachirai]]* (Kanehira & Yamamoto) Dandy
* *[[Magnolia lotungensis]]* Chun & Tsoon
* *[[Magnolia nitida]]* W.W.Smith
* *[[Magnolia omeiensis]]* (Hu & Cheng) Dandy
* *[[Magnolia yunnanensis]]* (Hu) Noot.

; Bagian *Manglietiastrum*
* *[[Magnolia pleiocarpa]]* (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia praecalva]]* (Dandy) Figlar & Noot.
* *[[Magnolia sinica]]* (Law) Noot.

## Galeri

Berkas:Magnolia stellata fleurs.jpg|*[[Magnolia stellata]]*
Berkas:Magnolia grandiflora 3964.jpg|*Magnolia grandiflora*
Berkas:20200529 MagnoliaObovata DSC02513 PtrQs.jpg|*Magnolia obovata*
Berkas:Magnolia champaca flowers from Villupuram dt IMG 3897.JPG|*Magnolia champaca*
Berkas:2015 Kwiaty magnolii pośredniej.jpg|*Magnolia × soulangeana*
Berkas:Magnolia liliiflora 2021 G1.jpg|*[[Magnolia liliiflora]]*


## Referensi