Demosthenes

**Demosthenes** (;  *Dēmosthénēs* ; 384–322&nbsp;BC) adalah seorang orator dan negarawan Yunani berpengaruh dari Athena kuno. Orasi-orasinya memperlihatkan sebuah ekspresi yang signifikan dari kekuatan kecerdasan Athena pada zamannya dan berpengaruh pada politik dan budaya Yunani kuno pada abad ke-4&nbsp;SM. Demosthenes mengetahui retorik dengan mempelajari pidato para orator besar pada masa sebelumnya. Ia menyampaikan pidato yudisial pertamanya pada usia 20 tahun

## Tahun-tahun awal dan kehidupan pribadi

### Kehidupan pribadi dan keluarga

Demosthenes lahir pada 384&nbsp;SM, pada tahun terakhir Olympiad ke-98 atau tahun pertama Olympiad ke-99. Ayahnya—yang juga bernama Demosthenes—berasal dari sebuah suku lokal, Pandionis, dan tinggal di deme Paeania di wilayah Athena, adalah seorang pembuat senjata kelas menengah. Aeschines, lawan politik terbesar Demosthenes, menyatakan bahwa ibunya Kleoboule berdarah Scythia—sebuah pernyataan yang diragukan oleh beberapa sarjana modern. Demosthenes menjadi anak yatim pada usia tujuh tahun.

## Referensi

## Sumber

### Sumber utama (Yunani dan Romawi)

* Aeschines, *Against Ctesiphon.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Aeschines, *Against Timarchus.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Aeschines, *The Speech on the Embassy.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Athenaeus, *[[Deipnosophistae]]*. Translated in English by Charles Duke Yonge.
* Cicero, *Brutus*. See the original text in the Latin Library
*  Cicero, *[[s:On oratory|De Oratore]].* See original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Cicero, *Orator*. See the original text in the Latin Library.
* Demades, *On the Twelve Years*. See original text in Perseus program.
* Demosthenes, *Against Aphobus 1.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Demosthenes, *Against Aphobus 3.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Demosthenes, *Against Aristocrates.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Demosthenes, *Against Meidias.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Demosthenes, *Against Zenothemis.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/Olynthiac I|First Olynthiac]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/Philippic I|First Philippic]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/For the Freedom of the Rhodians|For the Freedom of the Rhodians]]*
* Demosthenes, *Fourth Philippic*. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Demosthenes (or Hegesippus), *On Halonnesus*. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/On the Crown|On the Crown]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/On the Embassy|On the False Embassy]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/On the Peace|On the Peace]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/Olynthiac II|Second Olynthiac]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/Philippic II|Second Philippic]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/Olynthiac III|Third Olynthiac]].*
*  Demosthenes, *[[s:The Public Orations of Demosthenes/Philippic III|Third Philippic]].*
* Dinarchus, *Against Demosthenes.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Diodorus Siculus, *Library.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Dionysius of Halicarnassus, *On the Admirable Style of Demosthenes.*
* Hypereides,*Against Demosthenes.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
* Juvenal, *Saturae.* See original text in the Latin Library. Translated in English by M. Madan
* Longinus, *On the Sublime.* Translated by W. Rhys Roberts 
* Lucian, *Demosthenes, An Encomium.* Translated in Sacred Texts
* Lucian, *The Illiterate Book-Fancier.* Translated in Sacred Texts
* Pausanias, *Description of Greece.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
*  Plutarch, *[[s:Lives (Dryden translation)/Cicero|Cicero]]*. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
*  Plutarch, *[[s:Lives (Dryden translation)/Demosthenes|Demosthenes]]*. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
*  Plutarch, *[[s:Lives (Dryden translation)/Phocion|Phocion]]*. See the original text in Perseus Digital Library.
* Polybius, *Histories.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library
* Pseudo-Plutarch, *Aeschines.* See Charles Barcroft's translation.
* Pseudo-Plutarch, *Demosthenes.* See Charles Barcroft's translation .
* Quintilian, *Institutiones.* See the original text in Perseus Digital Library and the Latin Library.

### Sumber sekunder

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 

## Bacaan tambahan

* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
*  Here and in her fiction, Renault portrays Demosthenes as corrupt, cowardly and cruel.

## Pranala luar

* Art of Speech 
* Britannica, 11th Edition 
* Britannica online
* Lendering, Jona 
* Pickard A.W. 
* 
* 
* 

;Masanya
* Beck, Sanderson: Philip, Demosthenes, and Alexander
* Blackwell, Christopher W.: The Assembly during Demosthenes' era 
* Britannica online: Macedonian supremacy in Greece
* Smith, William: A Smaller History of Ancient Greece-Philip of Macedon

;Serba-serbi
* SORGLL: Demosthenes, On the Crown 199-208; read by Stephen Daitz 
* Libanius, Hypotheses to the Orations of Demosthenes