Fritz Machlup

**Fritz Machlup** (; 15 Desember 1902 – 30 Januari 1983) adalah ekonom Austria-Amerika. Ia dikenal sebagai salah satu ekonom pertama yang menganggap pengetahuan sebagai sumber daya ekonomi.

## Kehidupan awal dan karier
Lahir di Wiener-Neustadt, Austria, ia mendapatkan gelar doktoralnya di Universitas Wina. Ia mengungsi dari Jerman Nazi ke Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1933 dan menjadi warga negara A.S. pada tahun 1940.

Mahakarya Machlup adalah *The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States* (1962). Melalui karya ini, ia memopulerkan konsep masyarakat informasi.

Sesaat sebelum kematiannya, ia menyelesaikan buku ketiga dalam seri berjudul *Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution, and Economic Significance*. Seri tersebut rencananya terdiri dari sepuluh buku.

Machlup juga merupakan salah satu tokoh pendiri Bellagio Group pada awal 1960-an. Grup ini merupakan pendahulu badan penasihat keuangan asal Washington, Group of Thirty. Ia bergabung dengan grup ini pada tahun 1979.

## Karya utama
* *Die Goldkernwährung*, 1925. (disertasi di bawah bimbingan Ludwig von Mises)
* "Transfer and Price Effects", 1930, *ZfN*.
* *The Stock Market, Credit and Capital Formation*, 1931. (online e-book )
* "The Liquidity of Short-Term Capital", 1932, *[[Economica]]*.
* "A Note on Fixed Costs", 1934, *[[Quarterly Journal of Economics]]* (*QJE*).
* "Professor Knight and the Period of Production", 1935, *[[Journal of Political Economy]]* (*JPE*).
* "The Commonsense of the Elasticity of Substitution", 1935, *[[Review of Economic Studies]]* (*RES*).
* "The Rate of Interest as Cost Factor and as a Capitalization Factor", 1935, *[[American Economic Review]]* (*AER*).
* "Why Bother with Methodology?", 1936, *Economica*.
* "On the Meaning of Marginal Product", 1937, *Explorations in Economics*.
* "Monopoly and Competition: A clarification of market positions", 1937, *AER*.
* "Evaluation of Practical Significance of the Theory of Monopolistic Competition", 1939, *AER*.
* "Period Analysis and Multiplier Theory", 1939, *QJE*.
* "The Theory of Foreign Exchange", 1939–40, *Economica*.
* "Eight Questions on Gold", 1941, *AER*.
* "Forced or Induced Savings: An exploration into its synonyms and homonyms", 1943, *[[Review of Economics and Statistics]]* (*REStat*).
* *International Trade and the National Income Multiplier*, 1943. (online e-book )
* "Marginal Analysis and Empirical Research", 1946, *AER*.
* "A Rejoinder to an Anti-Marginalist", 1947, *AER*.
* "Monopolistic Wage Determination as a Part of the General Problem of Monopoly", 1947, in *Wage Determination and the Economics of Liberalism*.
* "Elasticity Pessimism in International Trade", 1950, *Economia Internazionale*.
* "Three Concepts of the Balance of Payments and the So-Called Dollar Shortage", 1950, *[[The Economic Journal]]* (*EJ*).
* "Schumpeter's Economic Methodology", 1951, *REStat*.
* *The Political Economy of Monopoly*, 1952 (online e-book ).
* "The Characteristics and Classification of Oligopoly", 1952, *[[Kyklos (journal)|Kyklos]]*.
* *The Economics of Sellers' Competition*, 1952 (online e-book ).
* "Dollar Shortage and Disparities in the Growth of Productivity", 1954, *Scottish JPE*.
* "The Problem of Verification in Economics", 1955, *Southern EJ*.
* "Characteristics and Types of Price Discrimination", 1955, in Stigler, editor, *Business Concentration and Price Policies*.
* "Relative Prices and Aggregate Spending in the Analysis of Devaluation", 1955, *AER*.
* "The Inferiority Complex of the Social Sciences", 1956, in Sennholz, editor, *On Freedom and Free Enterprise*.
* "The Terms-of-Trade Effects of Devaluation upon Real Income and the Balance of Trade", 1956, *Kyklos*.
* "Professor Hicks' Revision of Demand Theory", 1957, *AER*.
* "Disputes, Paradoxes and Dilemmas Concerning Economic Development", 1957, *RISE*.
* "Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: Misplaced concreteness and disguised politics", 1958, *EJ*.
* "Can There Be Too Much Research?", 1958, *[[Science (journal)|Science]]*.
* "Structure and Structural Change: Weaselwords and jargon", 1958, *ZfN*.
* "The Optimum Lag of Imitation Behind Innovation", 1958, *Festskrift til Frederik Zeuthen*.
* "Statics and Dynamics: Kaleidoscopic words", 1959, *Southern EJ*.
* *Micro and Macro-Economics: Contested boundaries and claims of superiority*, 1960.
* "Operational Concepts and Mental Constructs in Model and Theory Formation", 1960, *GdE*.
* "The Supply of Inventors and Inventions", 1960, *WWA*.
* "Another View of Cost-Push and Demand-Pull Inflation", 1960, *REStat*.
* "Are the Social Sciences Really Inferior?", 1961, *Southern EJ*.
* ''The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States'' , 1962.
* *Essays in Economic Semantics*, 1963.
* "Why Economists Disagree", 1964, *Proceedings of APS*.
* *International Payments, Debts and Gold*, 1964.
* "The Cloakroom Rule of International Reserve Creation and Resources Transfer", 1965, *QJE*.
* "Adjustment, Compensatory Correction and Financing of Imbalances in International Payments", 1965, in Baldwin et al., *Trade, Growth and the Balance of Payments*.
* "The Need for Monetary Reserves", 1966, *[[Banca Nazionale del Lavoro]]*, Quarterly Review (*BNLQR*).
* "Operationalism and Pure Theory in Economics", in Krupp, editor, *The Structure of Economics*.
* "Corporate Management, National Interest and Behavioral Theory", 1967, *JPE*.
* "Theories of the Firm: Marginalist, behavioral and managerial", 1967, *AER*.
* "If Matter Could Talk", 1969, in Morgenbesser et al., editors, *Philosophy, Science and Methodology*.
* "Liberalism and Choice of Freedoms", 1969, in Streissler et al., editors, *Roads to Freedom: Essays in honor of [[Friedrich A. von Hayek]]*.
* "Eurodollar Creation: A mystery story", 1970, *BNLQR*.
* "Homo Oeconomicus and His Class Mates", 1970, in Natanson, editor, *Phenomenology and Social Reality*.
* "The Universal Bogey", 1972, in Preston and Corry, editors, *Essays in Honor of Lord Robbins*.
* "Friedrich von Hayek's Contributions to Economics", 1974, *Swedish JE*.
* "A History of Thought on Economic Integration", 1977, *[[Columbia University Press]]*.

## Lihat pula
* Waktu paruh pengetahuan

## Referensi

## Pranala luar
* The Fritz Machlup papers  at the Hoover Institution Archives .
* The Mont Pelerin Society records  at the Hoover Institution Archives .