Ruđer Bošković

**Ruđer Josip Bošković** () adalah seorang teolog, fisikawan, astronom, matematikawan, filsuf, diplomat, penyair, pastor Gereja Katolik asal Ordo Yesuit, dan polymath dari kota Dubrovnik di Republik Ragusa (Kroasia modern).

Dia terkenal dengan teori atomnya dan menyumbangkan kontribusi penting termasuk prosedur penentuan geometri ekuator dari suatu planet yang berotasi dari 3 observasi dari permukaan dan perhitungan orbit suatu planet dari 3 observasi posisinya. Pada tahun 1773 dia pun menemukan bahwa bulan tidak memiliki atmosfer.

## Biografi
Boskovic dilahirkan di Dubrovnik yang sekarang Kroasia. Ayahnya adalah pedagang di masa kekaisaran Utsmaniyah. Dia dibesarkan di kalangan gereja Katolik. Pada umur 8-9 tahun setelah pandai menulis dan membaca, Ruder dikriim ke sekolah Yesuit. Selama studinya dia telah menunjukkan bakat dan talenta intelektualnya yaitu dengan cepat mencerna pelajaran dan mengingatnya. Pada tahun 1725 Ruder meninggalkan Dubrovnik menuju Roma dan ditempatkan di Society of Jesus yang saat itu terkenal dengan pendidikan bagi kawula muda. Pada tahun 1731 dia sempat belajar di Sant Andrea delle Fratte; di sana ia belajar matematika dan fisika. Oleh karena kecemerlangannya pada tahun 1740 dia ditunjuk sebagai Profesor Matematika di universitas tersebut.

Ruder sangat memadai dalam menduduki jabatan Profesor dengan terlibatnya dalam ilmu-ilmu terkemuka pada saat itu dan kemampuannya dalam mempelajari hasil-hasil karya ahli-ahli geometri Yunani. Bahkan sebelum menduduki jabatan keprofesorannya dia dapat menghasilkan solusi unik untuk mencari diameter matahari dari penentuan perioda rotasinya berdasarkan observasi titik-titik tertentu di permukaannya.

## Nama dalam bahasa lain

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## Karya

Boscovich memublikasikan delapan disertasi ilmiah sebelum pengangkatannya pada tahun 1744 dan 14 lagi setelah itu. Berikut ini adalah sebagian dari publikasinya.

* *The Sunspots* (1736)
* *De maculis solaribus exercitatio astronomica* (1736)
* *De Mercurii novissimo infra Solem transitu* (1737)
* *Trigonometriae sphaericae constructio* (1737)
* *The Aurora Borealis* (1738)
* *De novo telescopii usu ad objecta coelestia determinanda* (1739)
* *De veterum argumentis pro telluris sphaericitate* (1739)
* *Dissertatio de telluris figura* (1739)
* *De Circulis osculatoribus, Dissertatio* (1740)
* *De motu corporum projectorum in spatio non resistente* (1741)
* *De inaequalitate gravitatis in diversis terrae locis* (1741)
* *De natura et usu infinitorum et infinite parvorum* (1741)
* *De annusi fixarum aberrationibus* (1942)
* *De observationibus astronomicis et quo pertingat earundem certitudo* (1742)
* *Disquisitio in universam astronomiam* (1742)
* *Parere di tre Matematici sopra i danni che si sono trovati nella Cupola di S. Pietro* (1942)
* *De motu corporis attracti in centrum immobile viribus decrescentibus in ratione distantiarum reciproca duplicata in spatiis non resistentibus* (1743)
* ''Riflessioni de' Padri Tommaso Le Seur, Francesco Jacquier de el' Ordine de' Minimi, e Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich della Compagnia di Gesù Sopra alcune difficoltà spettanti i danni, e Risarcimenti della Cupola Di S. Pietro'' (1743) - link to full text
* *Nova methodus adhibendi phasium observationes in eclipsibus lunaribus ad exercendam geometriam et promovendam astronomiam* (1744)
* *De cycloide et logistica* (1745)
* *De Viribus Vivis* (1745)
* *Trigonometria sphaerica* (1745)
* *De cometis* (1746)
* *Dissertatio de maris aestu* (1747)
* *Dissertatio de lumine, 1-2* (1748/1749)
* *De determinanda orbita planetae ope catoptricae ex datis vi celeritate & directione motus in dato puncto* (1749)
* *Sopra il Turbine che la notte tra gli XI e XII giugno del MDCCXLIX danneggio una gran parte di Roma* (1749; Latin translation 1766)
* *De centrogravitatis* (1751)
* *Elementorum matheseos ad usum studiosae juventutis* (1752)
* *De lunae atmosphaera* (1753)
* *De continuitatis lege et eius consectariis pertinentibus ad prima materiae elementa eorumque vires dissertatio* (1754)
* *Elementorium universae matheseos, 1-3* (1757)
* *De lege virium in natura existentium* (1755)
* *De lentibus et telescopiis dioptricis disertatio* (1755)
* *De inaequalitatibus quas Saturnus et Jupiter sibi mutuo videntur inducere praesertim circa tempus conjunctionis* (1756)
* "The Theory of Natural Philosophy'' (1758) - link to full text
* *De Solis ac Lunae defectibus libri* (1960)
* *Scrittura sulli danni osservati nell' edificio della Biblioteca Cesarea di Vienna, e loro riparazione* (1763)
* *Memorie sopra il Porti di Rimini* (1765)
* *Sentimento sulla solidità della nuova Guglia del Duomo di Milano* (1765)
* *dissertationes quinque ad dioptricam pertinentes* (1767)
* *Voyage astronomique et geographique* (1770)
* *Memorie sulli cannocchiali diottrici* (1771)
* *Journal d'un voyage de Constantinopole en Pologne* (1772)
* *Sullo sbocco dell'Adige in Mare* (1779)
* *Riflessioni sulla relazione del Sig. Abate Ximenes appartenente al Progetto di un nuovo Ozzeri nello Stato Lucchese* (1782)
* *Giornale di un viaggio da Constantinopoli in Polonia dell'abate Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich, con una sua relazione delle rovine di Troia* (1784)
* *Opera pertinentia ad opticam et astronomiam, 1-5* (1785)
* *Sui danni del Porto di Savona, loro cagioni e rimedi* (1892)
* *Lettere a Giovan Stefano Conti* (1980)

## Referensi

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## Bacaan lebih lanjut

* Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe. *A Theory of Natural Philosophy. Translated by J. M. Child*. English ed. Cambridge, Mass.,: M. I. T. Press, 1966.
* Brush, Stephen G. *The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century*. Vol. 6 Studies in Statistical Mechanics. New York: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1976.
* Brush, Stephen G. *Statistical Physics and the Atomic Theory of Matter: From Boyle and Newton to Landau and Onsager* Princeton Series in Physics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983.
* Bursill-Hall, Piers, ed. *R.J. Boscovich; Vita E Attivita Scientifica; His Life and Scientific Work.* Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1993.
* Dadić, Žarko. *Ruđer Bošković* (Parallel text in Croatian and English). Zagreb: Školska Knjiga, 1987
* Dimitric, Radoslav. *Ruđer Bošković* (Serbian, with English summary, Bošković works in original, and translations into English and Serbian). Pittsburgh: Helios Publishing Company, 2006, ISBN 978-0-9788256-2-1
* Feingold, Mordechai. "A Jesuit among Protestants: Boscovich in England C. 1745-1820." In R.J. Boscovich; *Vita E Attivita Scientifica; His Life and Scientific Work*, ed. Piers Bursill-Hall, 511-526. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1993.
* Franolić, Branko. *Bošković in Britain*, Journal of Croatian Studies Vol. 43, 2002 Croatian Academy of America, New York US ISSN 0075-4218
* Hrvatski biografski leksikon [The Croatian Biographical Lexicon]. Zagreb 1989. Vol 2, pp 194–199. ISBN 978-86-7053-015-7
* Justin, Rodriguez. "Scientific Revolution Atomic Projects." Stevens Journal of Oral Traditions, no. 1 (200?): xlv-xc.
* Kargon, Robert. "William Rowan Hamilton, Michael Faraday, and the Revival of Boscovichean Atomism." American Journal of Physics 32, no. 10 (1964): 792-795.
* Kargon, Robert. "William Rowan Hamilton and Boscovichean Atomism." Journal of the History of Ideas 26, no. 1 (1965): 137-140.
* Katritsky, Linde. "Coleridge's Links with Leading Men of Science." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 49, no. 2 (1995): 261-276.
* Priestley, Joseph, and Robert E. Schofield. *A Scientific Autobiography of Joseph Priestley, 1733-1804*; Selected Scientific Correspondence. Cambridge,: M.I.T. Press, 1966.
* Scott, Wilson L. "The Significance Of "Hard Bodies" In the History of Scientific Thought." Isis 50, no. 3 (1959): 199-210.
* Whyte, Lancelot Law, ed. *Roger Joseph Boscovich, S.J., F.R.S., 1711-1787: Studies of His Life and Work on the 250th Anniversary of His Birth.* London,: G. Allen & Unwin, 1961.
* Williams, L. Pearce. *Michael Faraday, a Biography.* New York,: Basic Books, 1965.
* Williams, L. Pearce. "Boscovich, Mako, Davy and Faraday." In R.J. Boscovich; Vita E Attivita Scientifica; His Life and Scientific Work, ed. Piers Bursill-Hall, 587-600. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1993.

## Pranala luar

* ROGER JOSEPH BOSCOVICH S.J., F.R.S., 1711-1787 Studies in His Life and Work on the 250th Anniversary of His Birth Edited by LANCELOT LAW WHYTE London 1961
* Roger Boscovich on Britannica 1911
* Information on Boscovich's scientific legacy and ethnic affiliation
* Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich, by University of St. Andrews 
* Roger Joseph Boscovich, by Joseph MacDonnell 
* Rudjer Boscovich, by Norway's Physical Society  (in PDF)
* Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich, by Antonio Fares
* Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich in the Catholic Encyclopedia
* Online guide to the Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich Papers, 1711-1787, The Bancroft Library
* Latin as a literary language among the Croats by Branko Franolić - contains information on Ruđer Bošković 
* Ruggiero Boscovich on various Croatian Dinar banknotes.
* Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di Ruggiero Giuseppe Boscovich (Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze - Hrvatska Akademija Znanosti i Umjetnosti - INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera - Pontificia Università Gregoriana)
* Stamp of Joseph Boscovich 
* Roger Joseph Boscovich at Wikiquote