Oskar R. Lange

**Oskar Ryszard Lange** (27 Juli 1904 – 2 Oktober 1965) adalah ekonom dan diplomat Polandia. Dia paling dikenal atas anjurannya untuk penggunaan alat harga pasar dalam sistem sosialis menyediakan model sosialisme pasar. Selama dia menetap di Amerika Serikat, Lange adalah seorang guru akademis dan peneliti yang dicari dalam bidang ekonomi matematika. Setelah di Polandia komunis, dia adalah anggota Panitia Pusat Partai Pekerja Bersatu Polandia dan seorang yang percaya pada manajemen ekonomi tersentralisasi.

## Bibliografi

* 1934. "The Determinateness of the Utility Function," RES.
* 1935. "Marxian Economics and Modern Economic Theory," *Review of Economic Studies*, 2(3), pp. 189–201.
* 1936a. "The Place of Interest in the Theory of Production", RES
* 1936b. "On the Economic Theory of Socialism, Part One," *Review of Economic Studies*, 4(1), pp. 53–71.
* 1937. "On the Economic Theory of Socialism, Part Two," *Review of Economic Studies*, 4(2), pp. 123–142.
* 1938. *On the Economic Theory of Socialism,* (with Fred M. Taylor), Benjamin E. Lippincott, editor. University of Minnesota Press, 1938.
* 1938. "The Rate of Interest and the Optimum Propensity to Consume", *Economica*
* 1939. "Saving and Investment: Saving in Process Analysis", QJE
* 1939. "Is the American Economy Contracting?", AER
* 1940. "Complementarity and Interrelations of Shifts in Demand", RES
* 1942. "Theoretical Derivation of the Elasticities of Demand and Supply: the direct method", Econometrica
* 1942. "The Foundations of Welfare Economics", Econometrica
* 1942. "The Stability of Economic Equilibrium", Econometrica.
* 1942. "Say's Law: A Restatement and Criticism", in Lange et al., editors, Studies in Mathematical Economics.
* 1943. "A Note on Innovations", REStat
* "The Theory of the Multiplier", 1943, *Econometrica*
* "Strengthening the Economic Foundations of Democracy", with Abba Lerner, 1944, American Way of Business.
* 1944. *Price Flexibility and Employment*.
* 1944. "The Stability of Economic Equilibrium" (Appendix of Lange, 1944)
* 1944. "The Rate of Interest and the Optimal Propensity to Consume", in Haberler, editor, Readings in Business Cycle Theory.
* 1945a. "Marxian Economic in the Soviet Union," *American Economic Review*, 35( 1), pp. 127–133.
* 1945b. "The Scope and Method of Economics", RES.
* 1949. "The Practice of Economic Planning and the Optimum Allocation of Resources", *Econometrica*
* 1953. "The Economic Laws of Socialist Society in Light of Joseph Stalin's Last Work", Nauka Paulska, No. 1, Warsaw (trans ., 1954, *International Economic Papers*, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;145–ff. Macmillan.
* 1959. "The Political Economy of Socialism," *Science & Society*, 23(1) pp. 1–15.
* *Introduction to Econometrics*, 1958.
* 1960. "The Output-Investment Ratio and Input-Output Analysis", Econometrica
* 1961. *Theories of Reproduction and Accumulation*,
* 1961. *Economic and Social Essays, 1930–1960*.
* 1963. *Political economy*, Macmillan.
* 1963. *Economic Development, Planning and Economic Cooperation*.
* 1963. *Essays on Economic Planning*.
* 1964. *Optimal Decisions: principles of programming*.
* 1965. Problems of Political Economy of Socialism, Peoples Publishing House.
* 1965. ' 'Wholes and Parts: A General Theory of System Behavior*, Pergamon Press.
* 1965. "The Computer and the Market", 1967, in Feinstein, editor, Socialism, Capitalism and Economic Growth.
* 1970. *Introduction to Economic Cybernetics*, Pergamon Press. Review [http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2229893?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101937426277 extract.]

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Model Lange]], model neoklasik sosialisme pasar
* [[Michał Kalecki]]
* [[Ekonomi neo-Marxian#Posisi tentang teori nilai kerja|Ekonomi neo-Marxian dan teori nilai kerja]]

== Catatan ==


== Referensi ==
* Milton Friedman, 1946. "Lange on Price Flexibility and Employment: A Methodological Criticism", *American Economic Review*, 36(4), [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1801726 pp. 613–] 631. Reprinted in Friedman, 1953, [[Essays in Positive Economics]], pp.&nbsp;277–300.
* Charles Sadler, 1977. "Pro-Soviet Polish-Americans: Oskar Lange and Russia's Friends in the Polonia, 1941–1945", *Polish Review'', 22(4), pp. 25–39.

## Pranala luar

* 
* Oskar Lange in Encyclopædia Britannica.
* 
* Oskar Ryszard Lange, 1904-1965. In the History of Economic Thought by the Institute for New Economic Thinking.
* New Poland, a documentary.