Frenologi

**Frenologi** (dari bahasa Yunani: φρήν, *phrēn*, "pikiran"; dan λόγος, *[[logos]]*, "pengetahuan") adalah ilmu semu yang berupaya mempelajari hubungan antara karakter seseorang dengan tengkorak manusia. Bidang ini didasarkan pada konsep bahwa otak adalah organ pikiran, dan beberapa wilayah otak terdiri dari fungsi-fungsi yang terlokalisasi. Frenologi dikembangkan oleh dokter Jerman Franz Joseph Gall pada tahun 1796, dan sangat populer pada abad ke-19, terutama dari tahun 1810 hingga 1840. Namun, kini frenologi sudah tidak akurat dan dianggap sebagai neuroanatomi primitif. Meskipun begitu, pemikiran frenologis telah memengaruhi psikiatri pada abad ke-19 dan neurosains modern. Asumsi Gall bahwa karakter, pemikiran, dan emosi terlokalisasi di beberapa bagian otak juga dianggap sebagai langkah menuju neuropsikologi.

## Catatan

## Pranala luar

* ''Manual of Phrenology''  Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, *Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall, on the faculties of man and the functions of the brain: translated from the 4th French ed*
* ''A System of Phrenology''  Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, George Combe's *A system of phrenology*
* ''New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology''  Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896)
* ''The History of Phrenology on the Web''  by John van Wyhe, PhD.
* ''Phrenology: an Overview''  includes The History of Phrenology by John van Wyhe, PhD.
* The Phrenology Pages , a Belgian site advocating phrenology.
* Phrenology Today!  Russian portal, advocating phrenology. Articles on so-called modern phrenology.
* Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in ''The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices'' in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.. 
* Joseph Vimont: ''Traité de phrénologie humaine et comparée. (Paris, 1832-1835) *. Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
* [http://www.criminocorpus.cnrs.fr/article491.html Jean-Claude Vimont: *Phrénologie à Rouen, les moulages du musée Flaubert d'histoire de la médecine*] 
* [http://www.theness.com/index.php/phrenology-history-of-a-pseudoscience/ *Phrenology: History of a Classic Pseudoscience*]  - by [[Steven Novella]] MD
* [http://deadwoodrichfamousnoteable.blogspot.com/#broadbent *Historical Deadwood Newspaper accounts of C. R. Broadbent* well known speaker on Phrenology and Physiology visit Deadwood SD 1878] 
* [http://skepdic.com/phren.html The Skeptic's Dictionary]  by Robert Todd Carroll
* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1018.html *Who Named It?* Franz Joseph Gall]  Biography of Franz Joseph Gall and his creation: Phrenology.
* [http://www.nathanville.org.uk/web-albums/burgess/phrenology1/contents.htm *Phrenology* by George Burgess (1829-1905)]  George Burgess, Phrenologist in Bristol, England 1861-1901.
* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Phrenology+Button/id=667883.htm *History of the Phrenology Bust as developed by Spurzheim*] 
* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Elements+of+Phrenology/id=809849 George Combe's *Elements of Phrenology*.] 
* [http://psychofizjonomika.pl Psychophysiognomy Today!]  Polish portal, advocating psychophy siognomy. Articles on modern psychophy siognomy and the current use of psychophy siognomy in the personal consultation
* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/edit/asin=B001DESZBS Phrenology Tools of the Trade.]
* [http://amapedia.amazon.com/view/Tales+of+Phrenology/id=929183/ref=dp_amapedia_5 *Early accounts of Phrenology practice*]
* [http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/frenolog/frenmod.htm *Brain and Mind* (electronic magazine on Neuroscience) *Modern Phrenology* Offshoots of Phrenology: *Craniology* and *Anthropometry''] 
* Florida State University College of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Course material.