Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi

**Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi** mengacu pada berbagai inovasi, revolusi dan teori tentang hal-hal yang kelak menjadi ekonomi politik dan ekonomi dari zaman dahulu sampai saat ini. Studi ini mencakup banyak pemikiran ekonomi yang berbeda-beda.
Filsuf Yunani seperti Aristoteles membahas pemikiran tentang "seni" memperoleh kekayaan dan mempertanyakan apakah properti sebaiknya berada dalam kepemilikan swasta atau umum. Pada abad pertengahan, cendekiawan Thomas Aquinas menyatakan adalah suatu kewajiban moral bisnis untuk menjual barang-barang dengan harga wajar.

Filsuf Britania, Adam Smith, sering disebut-sebut sebagai bapak ekonomi modern karena treatise-nya *[[The Wealth of Nations]]* (1776). Pemikirannya dibuat berdasarkan berbagai karya dari pendahulunya pada abad ke-18, terutama pada fisiokrat. Bukunya muncul pada malam Revolusi Industri dengan perubahan-perubahan besar dalam dunia ekonomi. Penerus Smith meliputi para pakar ekonomi klasik seperti Rev. Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, dan John Stuart Mill. Mereka menguji cara kelas bawah, kapitalis dan buruh memproduksi dan mendistribusikan penghasilan negara dan menguji efek populasi dan perdagangan internasional. Di London, Karl Marx mengkritik sistem kapitalis yang ia anggap eksploitatif dan mengasingkan pihak lain. Sejak 1870, ekonomi neoklasik berusaha menciptakan bidang studi yang lebih positif, matematis dan ilmiah daripada politik normatif.

Setelah peperangan pada awal abad ke-20, John Maynard Keynes memimpin reaksi melawan abstensi pemerintahan dari urusan-urusan ekonomi dan menganjurkan kebijakan fiskal intervensionis untuk mendorong permintaan dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan dunia dibagi antara dunia pertama yang kapitalis, dunia kedua yang komunis, dan dunia ketiga yang miskin, konsensus pascaperang mulai hilang. Para ahli seperti Milton Friedman dan Friedrich von Hayek memperingatkan *[[The Road to Serfdom]]* dan sosialisme serta memfokuskan teori mereka terhadap hal-hal yang dapat diperoleh melalui kebijakan moneter dan deregulasi yang lebih baik. Karena kebijakan Keynesian gagal pada 1970-an, muncullah kelompok Klasik Baru, dengan pencetus teori utama seperti Robert Lucas dan Edward Prescott. Kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah sejak 1980-an ditantang dan pakar ekonomi pembangunan seperti Amartya Sen dan pakar ekonomi informasi seperti Joseph Stiglitz memperkenalkan ide-ide baru terhadap pemikiran ekonomi pada abad ke-21.

## Lihat pula
;Artikel

* Sejarah perdagangan internasional
* Marshall Plan
* Hukum kompetisi
* Hukum kontrak
* Hukum korporat
* Ekonomi energi
* Hukum buruh
* Sudut pandang terhadap kapitalisme
* Regulasi
* Torts
* World Trade Organisation

* Ekonomi konstitusional

;Daftar

* Daftar pakar ekonomi
* Daftar topik ekonomi
* Daftar sistem ekonomi
* Daftar topik perdagangan internasional
* Daftar karya tulis tentang ekonomi
* Daftar jurnal ilmiah tentang ekonomi

## Catatan kaki

## Bahan rujukan
;Sumber utama


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* Aristotle (c.a. 350BC) *[[Nicomachean Ethics]]*
* Aristotle (c.a. 350BC) *[[Politics (Aristotle)|Politics]]*
* Arrow, Kenneth J (1951) *[[Social Choice and Individual Values]]*, 2nd Ed. 1963, Wiley, New York, ISBN 0300013647
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* Bentham, Jeremy (1776) *[http://www.efm.bris.ac.uk/het/bentham/government.htm Fragment on Government] *
* Bentham, Jeremy (1789) *[http://www.econlib.org/library/Bentham/bnthPML.html An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation]*
* Burke, Edmund (1790) *Reflections on the Revolution in France*
* Burke, Edmund (1795) *[[Thoughts and Details on Scarcity]]*
* Cantillon, Richard (1732) *Essay on the Nature of Commerce in General*
* Coase, Ronald H. (1937) ''The Nature of the Firm'' Economica, Vol.4, Issue 16, pp.&nbsp;386–405
* Coase, Ronald H. (1960) ''The Problem of Social Cost'' (this online version excludes some parts) Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.3, pp.&nbsp;1–44
* Commons, John R. (1934) *Institutional Economics* New York: Macmillan
* Engels, Friedrich (1845) ''Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844''
* Friedman, Milton (1953) *[[Essays in Positive Economics]]: [http://members.shaw.ca/compilerpress1/Anno%20Friedman%20Positive.htm Part I - The Methodology of Positive Economics*], University of Chicago
* Galbraith, J.K. (1958) *[[The Affluent Society]]*, 3rd Ed. reprinted 1991, Penguin Books, ISBN 014013610
* Galbraith, J.K. (1967) *[[The New Industrial State]]*
* Galbraith, J.K. (1973) *[[Economics and the Public Purpose]]*
* Hobbes, Thomas (1651) *[[Leviathan (book)|Leviathan]]*
* Hume, David (1777) *[http://www.econlib.org/library/LFBooks/Hume/hmMPL.html Essays, Moral, Political, Literary]*
* Jevons, William (1871) *[http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Jevons/jvnPE.html The Theory of Political Economy]*
* Jevons, William (1878) *[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tara.tcd.ie%2Fbitstream%2F2262%2F8261%2F1%2FjssisiVolVIIPartLIV_334342.pdf&ei=DTjLRsymHZSgwwH8mMmjAQ&usg=AFQjCNFlZaonXD8XpXjrycLaFv4LiiO1qg&sig2=KPVwlD_okmid4oLi-J0xfw The Periodicity of Commercial Crises]*
* Keynes, John Maynard (1919) *The Economic Consequences of the Peace*
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* Markwell, Donald (2006) *[[John Maynard Keynes]] and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace*, Oxford.

* Marshall, Alfred (1890) *[http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP.html Principles of Economics]*
* Marx, Karl (1871) *[[Das Kapital]]*
* Mill, John Stuart (1871) *[[Principles of Political Economy]]*
* Mun, Thomas (1621) *A Discourse of Trade from England unto the East Indies*
* North, Dudley (1691) *Discourses upon trade*
* Petty, William (1690) *The Political Arithmetick*
* Quesnay, François (1758) ''Tableau économique''
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* Robinson, Joan (1962) *Economic Philosophy*
* Scotus, Duns (1295) *[[Sententiae]]*
* Sen, Amartya (1985) "The Moral Standing of the Market," in *Ethics and Economics*, ed. Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller, Jr and Jeffrey Paul, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, pp.&nbsp;1–19
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* Sen, Amartya (1987) *On Ethics and Economics* Oxford, Basil Blackwell
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* Smith, Adam (1759) *[[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]]*
* Smith, Adam (1776) *[[An Inquiry Into The Wealth of Nations]]*
* Sraffa, Piero (1960) *Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities*
* Stigler, George J (1965) "The Nature and Role of Originality in Scientific Progress", in *Essays in the History of Economics*, University of Chicago Press, pp.&nbsp;1–15
* Stiglitz, Joseph E. (1996) *[[Whither Socialism?]]*
* Thornton, Henry (1802) *The Paper Credit of Great Britain*
* Turgot, Jacques (1766) *Réflexions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses* in French and English 
* Veblen, Thorsten, ''The Theory of the Leisure Class: an economic study of institutions''  (1899)
* Veblen, Thorsten (1904) ''Theory of Business Enterprise'' 
* von Hörnigk, Philip (1684) *Österreich Über Alles, Wenn Sie Nur Will*



;Sumber sekunder

* Blaug, Mark (1997). *Economic Theory in Retrospect*, 5th ed.. Cambridge University Press. Description & chapter links, pp. vii -xvi.
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* Buchholz, Todd G. (1989). *New Ideas from Dead Economists*, New York Penguin Group. p.&nbsp;151
* Danbom, David B. (1997) ''Why Americans Value Rural Life'' , Rural Development Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 1, pp.&nbsp;15–18
* Ekelund, Robert B., Jr. and Robert F. Hébert (2007). *A History of Economic Theory and Method*. Waveland Press. 5th ed. ISBN `1-57766-486-8.Description. 
* Cossa, Luigi. (1893). *An Introduction to the Study of Political Economy*, London and New York: Macmillan http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924018907471
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* Macfie, Alec Lawrence (1955). "The Scottish Tradition in Economic Thought". *Econ Journal Watch* 6(3): 389-410. Reprinted from *Scottish Journal of Political Economy* 2(2): 81-103 http://econjwatch.org/articles/the-scottish-tradition-in-economic-thought
* Markwell, Donald (2006). *John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace*, Oxford University Press.
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* Pressman, Steven (2006). *Fifty Major Economists*, Routledge, ISBN 0415366496
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* Schumpeter, Joseph (1954) *History of Economic Analysis*, 1,260 pp. Description. Chapter-preview links for Parts I-V (arrow-page searchable). Routledge Ed. 1994, ISBN 0415108926
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* Spiegel, Henry William (1971) *The Growth of Economic Thought*, Duke University Press, 3rd Ed. 1991, ISBN 0822309653
* Stephen, Leslie (1898), 
* 
* Stigler, George J. (1965). *Essays in the History of Economics*. University of Chicago Press.


## Jurnal

* *[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/09672567.asp European Journal of the History of Economic Thought]* (U.K.)
* *[http://www.historyofeconomicideas.com/ History of Economic Ideas]* (Italy)
* *[http://www.hetsa.org.au/historyeconreview.html History of Economics Review] * (Australia)

* *[http://jshet.net/old///annals/annals.html History of Economic Thought]* (Japan)
* *[http://www.dukeupress.edu/Catalog/ViewProduct.php?viewby=journal&productid=45614 History of Political Economy] * (U.S.)
* ''Journal of the History of Economic Thought (U.K.)

## Pranala luar

* Pioneers of the social sciences London School of Economics and Political Science 
* The History of Economic Thought website 
* Archive for the History of Economic Thought 
* Biographies of economists 
* Library of Economics and Liberty
* The Prehistory of Modern Economic Thought by Justin Ptak
* Chapter One and Chapter Sixteen from An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought by Murray Rothbard.