Immanuel Velikovsky

**Immanuel Velikovsky** () (17 November 1979) adalah seorang psikiater dan sarjana berkebangsaan Yahudi-Rusia, terkenal sebagai pengarang sejumlah buku kontroversial yang memberikan tafsiran berbeda tentang sejarah purba, khususnya *[[Worlds in Collision]]* (Dunia dalam Tabrakan), terbit tahun 1950. Ia berperan penting dalam pendirian Hebrew University of Jerusalem di Israel, dan dihormati sebagai seorang psikiater dan psikoanalis.

Buku-bukunya menggunakan mitologi komparatif dan sumber-sumber sastra kuno (termasuk Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen) untuk berargumen bahwa Bumi mengalami sejumlah bencana katastropik karena pernah berdekatan dengan planet-planet lain (terutama Venus dan Mars) pada zaman purba. Astronom Britania Victor Clube dan Bill Napier menggolongkan Velikovsky di antara katastrofis termasuk Hans Bellamy, Ignatius Donnelly, dan Johann Gottlieb Radlof, dengan catatan "... Velikovsky bukanlah katastrofis baru yang pertama ...; ia merupakan yang terakhir dari rangkaian katastrofis tradisional yang bermula dari zaman pertengahan dan mungkin lebih awal lagi." Velikovsky berargumen bahwa efek electromagnetik berperan penting dalam mekanik semesta (selestial). Ia juga mengusulkan revisi kronologi Mesir kuno, Yunani kuno, Tanah Israel dan kebudayaan lain di kawasan Timur Dekat. Kronologi baru itu dimaksudkan untuk menjelaskan apa yang disebut sebagai "Zaman kegelapan Yunani" di wilayah timur Laut Tengah (~ 1100&nbsp;– 750 SM) dan mencocokkan sejarah Alkitab dengan arkeologi dan kronologi Mesir kuno.

## Buku karya Velikovsky
Diterbitkan oleh The Macmillan Company:
* *[[Worlds in Collision]]* (1950) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-11-4)

Diterbitkan oleh Doubleday:
* *[[Worlds in Collision]]* (1950) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-11-4)
* *[[Ages in Chaos]]* (1952) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-13-8)
* *Earth In Upheaval* (1955) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-12-1)
* *Oedipus and Akhnaton* (1960)
* *Peoples of the Sea* (1977) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-15-2)
* *Ramses II and His Time* (1978) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-14-5)
* *Mankind in Amnesia* (1982) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-16-9)

Diterbitkan oleh William Morrow:
* *Stargazers and Gravediggers* (1983) (edisi baru: ISBN 978-1-906833-17-6)

Diterbitkan di Israel:
* *The Dark Age of Greece*

## Referensi

## Sumber pustaka

* Abell, George O. (1981). Scientists and Velikovsky, in *Paranormal Borderlands of Science*, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
* Allan, D.S. and J.B. Delair (1995). *When The Earth Nearly Died*. Gateway Books, UK. published in US as *Cataclysm* by Bear & Co, 1997. A précis is here. (When the Earth Nearly Died  Knowledge.co.uk)
* Bauer, Henry H. (1980). Passions and Purposes: A Perspective, *Skeptical Inquirer*, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 28-31. Reprinted in *Paranormal Borderlands of Science*, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
* Bauer, Henry H. (1984, paperback ed. 1999). ''Beyond Velikovsky. The History of a Public Controversy''. University of Illinois, Urbana.
* Bauer, Henry H. (1995). Velikovsky's place in the history of science: A lesson on the strengths and limitations of science. *Skeptic* **3** (4), 52-56. Homestead.com
* Robert Todd Carroll (2003). *The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions*, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-27242-6. Pages 396-401.
* Alfred de Grazia, Ralph E. Juergens, Stecchini L.C. (Eds.) (1978). *The Velikovsky Affair&nbsp;— Scientism versus Science*. 2ed., Metron Publications, Princeton, New Jersey. Also online.
* Dolby, R. G. A. (1975). What Can We Usefully Learn from the Velikovsky Affair. *Social Studies of Science* **5**, 165-75; revised as On Schools of Thought, *S.I.S. Review* 1976; **I**(3), 26-30.
* Forrest, Bob (1981). *Velikovsky's Sources*. In six volumes, with Notes and Index Volume. Privately published by the author, Manchester.
* Forrest, Robert (1983). Venus and Velikovsky: The Original Sources, *Skeptical Inquirer*, Vol 8, #2, Winter 1983-1984, 154-164.
* Forrest, Bob (1987). *Guide to Velikovsky's Sources*. Stonehenge Viewpoint, Santa Barbara.
* Frazier, Kendrick (1980). The Distortions Continue, *Skeptical Inquirer*, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 32-38. Reprinted in *Paranormal Borderlands of Science*, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
* Gardner, Martin (1957). *[[Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science]]*, chapter 3, Dover ISBN 0-486-20394-8
* Ginenthal, Charles (1990). ''Carl Sagan and Immanuel Velikovsky'' . Ivy Press, New York (ISBN 0-9639759-0-0)
* Ginenthal, Charles (1996). *[http://www.velikovskian.com/gould.htm Stephen Jay Gould and Immanuel Velikovsky]*, Ivy Press Books.
* Goldsmith, Donald, (Ed.) (1977) *Scientists Confront Velikovsky*. Norton. Proceedings of a symposium at the 1974 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
* 
* . This book is with a different cover. (see also ''Scientists Confront Scientists Who Confront Velikovsky'')
* Marriott, David (2004) *The Velikovsky Inheritance*, Vanguard Press, 2006, ISBN 1-84386-121-6, ISBN 978-1-84386-121-8.
* Miller, Alice (1977). *Index to the Works of Immanuel Velikovsky*. Glassboro State College, Glassboro. ISBN 0-917994-07-8
* Oberg, James (1980). Ideas in Collision, *Skeptical Inquirer*, Vol 5, #1, Fall 1980, 20-27. Reprinted in *Paranormal Borderlands of Science*, edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books.
* Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia (1952). *[[Worlds in Collision]]*, in *Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society*, vol 96, Oct. 15, 1952.
* Pensée. 1972-1975. *Immanuel Velikovsky Reconsidered. I&nbsp;– X*. Student Academic Freedon Forum, Portland.
* Ransom, C.J. (1976) *The Age of Velikovsky*. Delta, New York. ISBN 0-440-50323-X
* Philip Plait (2002). *Bad Astronomy: Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed, from Astrology to the Moon Landing "Hoax"*, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-40976-6. Chapter 18.
* Rohl, David (1996) *A Test of Time*. Arrow Books. ISBN 0-09-941656-5, ISBN 978-0-09-941656-2
* Sagan, Carl, (1979) *[[Broca's Brain: Reflections on the Romance of Science|Broca's Brain]]*. Random House. Reissued 1986 by Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-33689-5. Reprinted as chapter 15 of *Science and the Paranormal: Probing the Existence of the Supernatural*, edited by George O. Abell and Barry Singer, Scribners, 1981. Chapter 7 in *Broca's Brain*, "Venus and Dr. Velikovsky", is a corrected and slightly revised version of "An Analysis of *Worlds in Collision*," which originally appeared in *Scientists Confront Velikovsky*.
* Schadewald, Robert (2008). *Worlds of Their Own&nbsp;— A Brief History of Misguided Ideas: Creationism, Flat-Earthism, Energy Scams, and the Velikovsky Affair*, *[[Xlibris]]*, ISBN 978-1-4363-0435-1, Part I.
* Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): *ABA - The Glory and the Torment: The Life of Dr. Immanuel Velikovsky*, Paradigma (new revised edition). ISBN 978-1-906833-20-6
* Sharon, Ruth Velikovsky (2010): *Immanuel Velikovsky - The Truth Behind the Torment*, Paradigma (new revised edition). ISBN 978-1-906833-21-3
* Editors of Pensée. (1976) *Velikovsky Reconsidered*. Doubleday, New York. ISBN 0-385-03118-1

## Pranala luar

### Karya Velikovsky yang tersedia online

* The Velikovsky Archive&nbsp;— an online collection of works, including unpublished manuscripts, audio recordings of lectures, and a video of the 1972 CBC documentary

### Situs mengenai Velikovsky

* The Velikovsky Encyclopedia
* www.velikovsky.org
* Shade Tree Physics - Velikovsky Pages 
* 

### Organisasi yang mendukung karya Velikovsky

* Aeon: The Journal of Myth and Science
* Kronia
* Kronos Press
* Society for Interdisciplinary Studies
* The Velikovskian, A Journal of Myth, History and Science

### Kritikan terhadap Velikovsky

* Jerry Pournelle's commentaries on Sagan's arguments at the AAAS meeting.
* ''Velikovsky in Collision'' &nbsp;— Stephen Jay Gould
*  (Linked on-line copy has some additions by Ellenberger to the article as originally published.)
* ''A lesson from Velikovsky''&nbsp;— Leroy Ellenberger
* "Top Ten Reasons Why Velikovsky is Wrong About Worlds in Collision"&nbsp;— Leroy Ellenberger
* 
* Abraham Sachs' address at Brown University 1965 on cuneiform sources
* Answer to Sachs Explaining Velikovsky's attitude.