Pemenjaraan di Amerika Serikat

**Pemenjaraan di Amerika Serikat** adalah salah satu bentuk hukuman dan rehabilitasi utama untuk penindakan kejahatan besar dan gugatan lainnya. Amerika Serikat memiliki populasi penjara terbesar di dunia, dan tingkat pemenjaraan per-kapita tertinggi. Pada 2016, terdapat 655 orang yang ditahan per 100.000 populasi di AS. Ini adalah tingkat pemenjaraan AS untuk orang dewasa atau orang menjelang dewasa. Pada 2016, 2.2 juta orang Amerika dipenjara, yang artinya setiap 100.000 orang, terdapat 655 orang yang sekarang menjadi tahanan. Pemenjaraan tersebut membuat pemerintah Amerika Serikat menghabiskan $80 miliar dolar setahun.

## Referensi

## Bacaan tambahan

### Buku
* Alexander, Michelle (2012). *[[The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness]].* The New Press. 
* Davis, Angela (2003). *[http://catalog.sevenstories.com/products/are-prisons-obsolete Are Prisons Obsolete?].* Seven Stories Press. 
* Enns, Peter K. (2016). *[http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/sociology/criminology/incarceration-nation-how-united-states-became-most-punitive-democracy-world?format=PB Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World].* Cambridge University Press. 
* Gottschalk, Marie (2014). *[http://press.princeton.edu/titles/10731.html Caught: The Prison State and the Lockdown of American Politics].* Princeton University Press. Book Hardcover , eBook .
* Harcourt, Bernard (2012). *[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674066168 The Illusion of Free Markets: Punishment and the Myth of Natural Order].* Harvard University Press. 
* Hinton, Elizabeth (2016). *[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674737235 From the War on Poverty to the War on Crime: The Making of Mass Incarceration in America].* Harvard University Press. 
* Selman, Donna and Paul Leighton (2010). *[https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781442201729/Punishment-for-Sale-Private-Prisons-Big-Business-and-the-Incarceration-Binge# Punishment for Sale: Private Prisons, Big Business, and the Incarceration Binge].* Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 
* Taibbi, Matt (2014). *[[The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap]].* Spiegel & Grau. 
* Wacquant, Loïc (2009). *[https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/prisons-of-poverty Prisons of Poverty].* University of Minnesota Press. 
* ——— (2009). ''Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity .* [[Duke University Press]]. 
* Wang, Jackie. (2018). *Carceral Capitalism.* [[Semiotext(e)]]. 
* Western, Bruce (2007). *Punishment and Inequality in America .* [[Russell Sage Foundation]]. 
* DeConde, A. (2001). Gun Violence in America. 1st ed. Boston: [[Northeastern University Press]].
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=== Artikel dan wawancara ===
* [http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/the_prison_state_of_america_20141228 The Prison State of America] (2014-12-28), [[Chris Hedges]], *Truthdig*
* [http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12928 How Prisons Rip Off and Exploit the Incarcerated, Part I]  (2015-01-04) and [http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12929 Part II]  (2015-01-07), [[Marshall "Eddie" Conway]] and [[Chris Hedges]], *The Real News*
* [http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12885 Do Prisons and Mass Incarceration Keep Us Safe? Part I]  (2015-01-11) and [http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=12925 Part II]  (2015-01-13), [[Marshall "Eddie" Conway]] and Maya Schenwar, author of *Locked Down and Locked Out.* *The Real News.* &nbsp; &nbsp; See also [http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/175944/tomgram%3A_maya_schenwar%2C_prison_by_any_other_name/ Tomgram: Maya Schenwar, Prison by Any Other Name] (2015-01-18), *TomDispatch*
* [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/29095-carceral-conglomerate-makes-millions-from-incarcerated-their-friends-and-families# "Carceral Conglomerate" Makes Millions From Incarcerated, Their Friends and Families] (February 2015), [[Symbionese Liberation Army|James Kilgore]] and Brian Dolinar, *Truthout*
* [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/8731 Prison Industries: "Don't Let Society Improve or We Lose Business" ]  (April 2012), [[Dina Rasor]], *Truthout*
* [http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/6/10/report-immigrantinmatesmistreatedinprivateprisonsintexas.html Immigrants mistreated in 'inhumane' private prisons, finds report]. *Al Jazeera America.* June 10, 2014.
* [https://www.motherjones.com/mixed-media/2014/07/john-oliver-prison-system-sesame-street-puppets Watch John Oliver Explain the Insanity of Our Prison System With Puppets]. *Mother Jones.* July 21, 2014.
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2015/02/locked-up-for-being-poor/386069/ Locked Up for Being Poor: How private debt collectors contribute to a cycle of jail, unemployment, and poverty]. *The Atlantic.* February 25, 2015.
* [http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/14/why-does-the-us-jail-so-many-people.html Why does the US imprison so many people?] *Al Jazeera America.* May 14, 2015.
* [https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-isnt-more-happening-to-reduce-americas-bloated-prison-population-20150624 Why Isn't More Happening to Reduce America's Bloated Prison Population?]  *Rolling Stone.* June 24, 2015.
* [http://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/cruel-and-all-too-usual/ Cruel and All-Too-Usual]. *The Huffington Post.* July 1, 2015.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/17/prison-industrial-complex-big-business-koch-brothers Big business built the prison state. Why should we trust them to tear it down?] *The Guardian.* July 17, 2015.
* SpearIt, Economic Interest Convergence in Downsizing Imprisonment (2014). University of Pittsburgh Law Review, Vol. 25, 2014. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2608698
* [http://www.democracynow.org/2016/6/27/my_four_months_as_a_private "My Four Months as a Private Prison Guard": Shane Bauer Goes Undercover to Expose Conditions]. *Democracy Now!* June 27, 2016.
* [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/22/inside-us-prison-strike-labor-protest Inside America's biggest prison strike: 'The 13th amendment didn't end slavery']. *The Guardian.'' October 22, 2016.
* https://www.cnn.com/2018/06/28/us/mass-incarceration-five-key-facts/index.html "CNN"'Drew Kann' July 10,2018