Sejarah universal

**Sejarah universal** adalah karya yang bertujuan untuk presentasi sejarah umat manusia secara keseluruhan, suatu unit yang koheren.

**[[Kronik (sejarah)|Kronik]] universal** atau **[[Kronik (sejarah)|Kronik]] dunia** menelusuri sejarah dari awal informasi tertulis tentang kejadian di masa lalu hingga saat ini. Sejarah universal mencakup peristiwa yang terjadi di sepanjang masa dan negara sejauh tindakan perawatan ilmiah mungkin dilakukan.

Sejarah universal dalam tradisi Barat umumnya dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu: kuno, abad pertengahan, dan modern waktu. Pembagian pada periode kuno dan abad pertengahan kurang tajam atau tidak ada dalam historiografi Arab dan Asia. Pandangan sinoptik tentang sejarah universal membuat beberapa sarjana, mulai dengan Karl Jaspers, untuk membedakan Zaman Aksial sinkron dengan "zaman klasik" dari tradisi Barat. Jaspers juga mengusulkan periodisasi yang lebih universal — prasejarah, sejarah, dan sejarah planet. Semua periode sebelumnya yang terkenal sebenarnya adalah bagian dari periode kedua (sejarah) yang merupakan fase sementara yang relatif singkat antara dua periode yang jauh lebih lama.

## Referensi

## Bacaan lebih lanjut
;Pre-1920s books
* History, Its Theory and Practice - Benedetto Croce, Douglas Ainslie.
* Compendium of Chronicles. Rashīd al-Dīn Ṭabīb
* George Crabb. Universal Historical Dictionary. Baldwin and Cradock, 1833
* An universal history: in twenty-four books, Volume 1 By Johannes von Müller, James Cowles Prichard
* Bonnaud, Robert, *The System of History*, Fayard 1989, 334 pages (not yet translated).
* Guha, Ranajit, "History at the Limit of World-History" (Italian Academy Lectures), Columbia University Press 2002.
* Sale, George, Archibald Bower, and George Psalmanazar, "An Universal History, from the Earliest Account of Time". Millar, 1747.
* Wilson, Horace Hayman, "A manual of universal history and chronology". 1835.
* Jones, Lynds Eugene, George Palmer Putnam, and Simeon Strunsky, "Tabular Views of Universal History". G. P. Putnam's sons, 1907. 313 pages.
* Fisher, George Park, "Outlines of Universal History". Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor, and company, 1885. 674 pages.
* Georg Weber, "Outlines of Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Present Time". Hickling, Swan and Brewer, 1859. 559 pages. (ed. Translated by M. Behr).
* Ollier, Edmund, "Cassell's illustrated universal history" Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., 1885.
* Clare, Israel Smith, "Library of Universal History". R. S. Peale, J. A. Hill, 1897.
* Recent foreign history. R. S. Peale, J. A. Hill, 1897.
* Egypt's Place in Universal History: An Historical Investigation in Five Books - Christian Karl Josias Freiherr von Bunsen, Samuel Birch, Philo (of Byblos.).
* A chronological table of universal history extending from the earliest times to the year 1892. Louis Heilprin.
* World history in a concise representation. Georg Weber - German
* An Introduction to the Study of Universal History. John Stoddart
* Hegel, GWF. *Philosophy of Right.* TM Knox, tr. Oxford UP: New York, 1967. para. 341-360 (pp.&nbsp;216–223). As a point of clarification, Hegel writes of World History, although this is somewhat identical to Universal History.
* Kant, Immanuel. “Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View.” In *Philosophical Writings.* Ernest Behler, ed. Lewis W Beck, tr. Continuum: New York, 1986. pp.&nbsp;249–262.

;Post-1920s books
* *[[A Study of History]]* by Arnold Toynbee.
* *[[The Outline of History]]* by Herbert Wells.
* *The Philosophy of History* by Karl Jaspers.
* Mink, Louis O. “Narrative Form as a Cognitive Instrument.” In *Historical Understanding.* Brian Fay, et al., eds. Cornell UP: Ithaca, 1987. pp.&nbsp;182–203.
* White, Hayden. *Metahistory: The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe.* Johns Hopkins UP, 1975.
* D Christian. "The return of universal history." History and Theory 49.4 (2010): 6-27. DOI 10.1111/j.1468-2303.2010.00557.x
* George Park Fisher. Outlines of Universal History Designed as a Text Book and for Private Reading. Kessinger Publishing, Jun 1, 2004.
* The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community. By William H. McNeill.
* *[[The End of History and the Last Man]]* by Francis Fukuyama.
* ''Teaching & Researching Big History: Exploring a New Scholarly Field'', International Big History Association, 2014.
;Patents
* , Chart for Teaching Universal History, Nov 1, 1920.

;Websites
* "List of Historical Works of Universal History". (Visual tour)
* "World History Atlas & Timelines since 3000 BC". (Geacron)