Neokonservatisme

**Neokonservatisme** (biasa disingkat **neokon**) adalah aliran politik yang lahir di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1960-an di kalangan Demokrat yang tidak sepakat dengan kebijakan dalam dan luar negeri partainya. Sebagian besar pengikutnya mulai dikenal khalayak pada masa pemerintahan Republik tahun 1970-an, 1980-an, 1990-an, dan 2000-an. Jumlah neokonservatif meningkat pada masa pemerintahan George W. Bush dan George H.W. Bush karena mereka berperan besar dalam perencanaan invasi Irak 2003. Neokonservatif ternama pada masa pemerintahan George W. Bush adalah Paul Wolfowitz, John Bolton, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, dan Paul Bremer. Meski tidak mengaku neokonservatif, Wakil Presiden Dick Cheney dan Menteri Pertahanan Donald Rumsfeld mengikuti saran penasihat neokonservatif dalam hal kebijakan luar negeri, khususnya pertahanan Israel dan penyebaran demokrasi di Timur Tengah. Kaum neokonservatif masih memengaruhi pemerintahan Obama. Ideologi neokonservatif terus menjadi faktor penentu kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat.

Istilah "neokonservatif" mengacu pada orang-orang yang beralih dari Kiri anti-Stalinis ke konservatisme Amerika Serikat. Kaum neokonservatif biasanya mendukung penyebaran demokrasi dan kepentingan nasional Amerika Serikat dalam hubungan internasional, salah satunya lewat serangan militer. Mereka juga dikenal membenci komunisme dan radikalisme politik. Gagasan aliran ini pertama kali muncul di majalah bulanan Yahudi, *[[Commentary (majalah)|Commentary]]*, yang diterbitkan olehAmerican Jewish Committee. Mereka menolak aliran Kiri Baru dan merintis aliran neokonservatisme. C. Bradley Thompson, dosen Clemson University, mengklaim bahwa sebagian besar neokonservatif ternama bergantung pada pemikiran Leo Strauss (1899–1973),
meski Strauss sendiri tidak mendukung penafsiran kaum neokonservatif.

## Publikasi dan lembaga neokonservatif

### Lembaga
* Foundation for Defense of Democracies
* Henry Jackson Society
* Hudson Institute
* Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
* Project for the New American Century
* American Enterprise Institute

### Publikasi
* *[[Commentary (majalah)|Commentary]]*
* *[[FrontPage Magazine|Front Page Magazine]]*
* *[[The Public Interest]]*
* *[[The Weekly Standard]]*
* *[[The Washington Free Beacon]]*

## Lihat pula

* Faksi di Partai Republik (Amerika Serikat)
* Globalisasi
* Neokonservatisme dan paleokonservatisme
* Neokonservatisme Japan
* Kanan Baru
* Pemangsa liberal
* Internasionalisme liberal
* Paleokonservatisme
* Project for a New American Century
* Trotskyisme

## Catatan kaki

## Referensi

* Albanese, Matteo. "The Concept of War in Neoconservative Thinking", IPOC, Milan, 2012.Translated by Nicolas Lewkowicz. ISBN 978-8867720002
* Auster, Lawrence. "Buchanan's White Whale ", FrontPageMag, 19 March 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Buchanan, Patrick J.. "Whose War ", *The American Conservative*, 24 March 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Bush, George W., Gerhard Schroeder, et al., "Transcript: Bush, Schroeder Roundtable With German Professionals", *[[The Washington Post]]*, 23 February 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Critchlow, Donald T. *The conservative ascendancy: how the GOP right made political history* (2nd ed. 2011)
* Dean, John. *[[Worse Than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush]]*, Little, Brown, 2004. ISBN 0-316-00023-X (hardback). Critical account of neo-conservatism in the administration of George W. Bush.
* Frum, David. "Unpatriotic Conservatives", *[[National Review]]*, 7 April 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Gerson, Mark, ed. *The Essential Neo-Conservative Reader*, Perseus, 1997. ISBN 0-201-15488-9 (paperback), ISBN 0-201-47968-0 (hardback).
* Gerson, Mark. "Norman's Conquest: A Commentary on the Podhoretz Legacy", *Policy Review*, Fall 1995, Number 74. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Gray, John. *Black Mass*, Allen Lane, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7139-9915-0.
* Hanson, Jim *The Decline of the American Empire*, Praeger, 1993. ISBN 0-275-94480-8.
* Halper, Stefan and Jonathan Clarke. *America Alone: The Neo-Conservatives and the Global Order*, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-521-83834-7.
* Kagan, Robert, et al., *Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in American Foreign and Defense Policy*. Encounter Books, 2000. ISBN 1-893554-16-3.
* Kristol, Irving. *Neo-Conservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea: Selected Essays 1949-1995*, New York: The Free Press, 1995. ISBN 0-02-874021-1 (10). ISBN 978-0-02-874021-8 (13). (Hardcover ed.) Reprinted as *Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea*, New York: Ivan R. Dee, 1999. ISBN 1-56663-228-5 (10). (Paperback ed.)
* – . "What Is a Neoconservative?", *[[Newsweek]]*, 19 January 1976.
* Lara Amat y León, Joan y Antón Mellón, Joan, "Las persuasiones neoconservadoras: F. Fukuyama, S. P. Huntington, W. Kristol y R. Kagan", en Máiz, Ramón (comp.), *Teorías políticas contemporáneas*, (2ªed.rev. y ampl.) Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 2009. ISBN 978-84-9876-463-5. Ficha del libro
* Lara Amat y León, Joan, "Cosmopolitismo y anticosmoplitismo en el neoconservadurismo: Fukuyama y Huntington", en Nuñez, Paloma y Espinosa, Javier (eds.), *Filosofía y política en el siglo XXI. Europa y el nuevo orden cosmopolita*, Akal, Madrid, 2009. ISBN 978-84-460-2875-8. Ficha del libro
* Lasn, Kalle. "Why won't anyone say they are Jewish? ", *Adbusters*, March/April 2004. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Lewkowicz, Nicolas. "Neoconservatism and the Propagation of Democracy ", *Democracy Chronicles*, 11 February 2013.
* 
* Mann, James. *Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet*, Viking, 2004. ISBN 0-670-03299-9 (cloth).
* 
* Mascolo, Georg. ""A Leaderless, Directionless Superpower: interview with Ex-Powell aide Wilkerson", Spiegel Online, 6 December 2005. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Muravchik, Joshua. "Renegades", *Commentary*, 1 October 2002. Bibliographical information  is available online, the article itself is not.
* Muravchik, Joshua. "The Neoconservative Cabal", *Commentary*, September 2003. Bibliographical information  is available online, the article itself is not.
* Prueher, Joseph. U.S. apology to China over spy plane incident, 11 April 2001. Reproduced on sinomania.com. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Podoretz, Norman. *The Norman Podhoretz Reader*. New York: Free Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-3661-0.
* Roucaute Yves. *Le Neoconservatisme est un humanisme*. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2005.ISBN 2-13-055016-9.
* Roucaute Yves. *La Puissance de la Liberté*. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2004.ISBN 2-13-054293-X.
* Ruppert, Michael C.. *Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil*, New Society, 2004. ISBN 0-86571-540-8.
* Ryn, Claes G., *America the Virtuous: The Crisis of Democracy and the Quest for Empire*, Transaction, 2003. ISBN 0-7658-0219-8 (cloth).
* Stelzer, Irwin, ed. *Neoconservatism*, Atlantic Books, 2004.
* Smith, Grant F. *Deadly Dogma: How Neoconservatives Broke the Law to Deceive America*. ISBN 0-9764437-4-0.
* Solarz, Stephen, et al. "Open Letter to the President ", 19 February 1998, online at IraqWatch.org. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* 
* Strauss, Leo. *Natural Right and History*, University of Chicago Press, 1999. ISBN 0-226-77694-8.
* Strauss, Leo. *The Rebirth of Classical Political Rationalism*, University of Chicago Press, 1989. ISBN 0-226-77715-4.
* Tolson, Jay. "The New American Empire?", *[[U.S. News and World Report]]*, 13 January 2003. Retrieved 16 September 2006.
* Wilson, Joseph. *The Politics of Truth*. Carroll & Graf, 2004. ISBN 0-7867-1378-X.
* Woodward, Bob. *Plan of Attack*, Simon and Schuster, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5547-X.

## Bacaan lanjutan
* Arin, Kubilay Yado: *Think Tanks, the Brain Trusts of US Foreign Policy*. Wiesbaden: VS Springer 2013.
* Balint, Benjamin V. *Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine that Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right* (2010)
* Dorrien, Gary. *The Neoconservative Mind*. ISBN 1-56639-019-2, n attack from the Left
* Ehrman, John. *The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectual and Foreign Affairs 1945 – 1994*, Yale University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-300-06870-0, friendly analysis
* Eisendrath, Craig R. and Melvin A. Goodman. *Bush League Diplomacy: How the Neoconservatives are Putting The World at Risk* (Prometheus Books, 2004), ISBN 1-59102-176-6.
* Friedman, Murray. *The Neoconservative Revolution: Jewish Intellectuals and the Shaping of Public Policy*. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-54501-3.
* Grandin, Greg."Empire's Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism." Metropolitan Books Henry Holt & Company, 2006.ISBN 978-0-8050-8323-1
* Heilbrunn, Jacob. *They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons*, Doubleday (2008) ISBN 0-385-51181-7
** Heilbrunn, Jacob. "5 Myths About Those Nefarious Neocons," ''Washington Post'', 10 Feb. 2008
* Kristol, Irving. "The Neoconservative Persuasion".
* Lind, Michael. "How Neoconservatives Conquered Washington", *[[Salon.com|Salon]]*, 9 April 2003.
* Vaïsse, Justin. *Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement* (Harvard U.P. 2010), translated from the French

### Identitas
* "Neoconservatism: Key Figures ",*[[The Christian Science Monitor]]*.
* Steigerwald, Bill. "So, what is a 'neocon'? "
* Stelzer, Irwin. "Nailing the neocon myth". The Times (London)
* Selden, Zachary, "Neoconservatives and the American Mainstream". Selden is director of the Defence and Security Committee of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.

### Kritik
* Fukuyama, Francis. "After Neoconservatism ". Archived copy of original New York Times article. Also available in .pdf 
* Thompson, Bradley C. (with Yaron Brook). *Neoconservatism. An Obituary for an Idea*. Boulder/London: Paradigm Publishers, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59451-831-7.
* Kristol Confesses: Neoconservatism Is Not Conservative, by Samuel Francis
* Paul Gottfried and Claes Ryn on Leo Strauss, by Kevin MacDonald

## Pranala luar
* Adam Curtis. *[[The Power of Nightmares]]*, BBC. Archive.
* ''Booknotes'' interview with Irving Kristol on ''Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea'', 24 September 1995.