Banksia ser. Salicinae

***Banksia'' ser. ''Salicinae*** adalah nama botani valid untuk seri dari *[[Banksia]]*. Pertama kali dipublikasikan oleh Carl Meissner pada tahun 1856, nama ini telah memiliki tiga sirkumskripsi.

## Sistematika
### Berdasarkan Meissner
*B.* ser. *Salicinae* dipublikasikan pertama kali pada tahun 1856, dalam bab Carl Meissner tentang Proteaceae dalam *[[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]]* oleh A. P. de Candolle. Itu adalah satu dari empat seri ke dalamnya upagenus *[[Eubanksia]]* dibagi. Keempat seri didefinisikan dengan karakter daun, dengan seri *Salicinae* mencakup spesies dengan daun linear, atau mendekati linear, dengan bagian bawah abu-abu. Karena mereka didefinisikan hanya dengan karakter daun, semua seri Meissner sangat heterogen.

Penempatan dan sirkumskripsi dari *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Salicinae* dalam pengaturan Meissner dapat diringkas sebagai berikut:
:***[[Banksia]]***
::**[[Banksia sect. Eubanksia|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Eubanksia'']]**
:::''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Abietinae'' (8 spesies, 1 varietas)
:::***B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Salicinae***
::::*B.&nbsp;cunninghamii* (sekarang ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'')
::::*B.&nbsp;collina* (sekarang ''B.&nbsp;spinulosa'' var. ''collina'')
::::*[[Banksia occidentalis|B.&nbsp;occidentalis]]*
::::*[[Banksia littoralis|B.&nbsp;littoralis]]*
::::*B.&nbsp;cylindrostachya* (sekarang *[[Banksia attenuata|B.&nbsp;attenuata]]*)
::::*[[Banksia lindleyana|B.&nbsp;lindleyana]]*
::::*[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*
:::::*B.&nbsp;marginata*&nbsp;var. *Cavanillesii* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
:::::*B.&nbsp;marginata*&nbsp;var. *microstachya* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
:::::*B.&nbsp;marginata*&nbsp;var. *humilis* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
::::*B.&nbsp;depressa* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
:::::*B.&nbsp;depressa* var. *subintegra* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
::::*B.&nbsp;patula* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
::::*B.&nbsp;australis* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
::::*B.&nbsp;Gunnii* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
::::*B.&nbsp;insularis* (sekarang *[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*)
::::*[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]*
:::::*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* var. *minor* (sekarang ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'')
:::::*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* var. *major* (sekarang ''B.&nbsp;integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'')
:::::*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* var. *dentata* (sekarang *[[Banksia robur|*B.&nbsp;robur*]])
::::*B.&nbsp;compar* (sekarang [[Banksia integrifolia subsp.compar|*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* subsp. *compar*]])
::::*B.&nbsp;paludosa*
::::*B.&nbsp;verticillata*
::::*B.&nbsp;media*
::::*B.&nbsp;attenuata*
::::*B.&nbsp;elatior* (sekarang *B.&nbsp;aemula*)
::::*B.&nbsp;lævigata*
::::*B.&nbsp;Hookeriana*
::::*B.&nbsp;prionotes*
::::*B.&nbsp;Menziesii*
:::[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Quercinae*]] (18 spesies, 2 varietas)
:::[[Banksia ser. Dryandroideae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Dryandroideae*]] (8 spesies)
::[[Banksia sect. Isostylis|*B.*&nbsp;sect.Isostylis]]* (1 spesies)

Pengaturan Meissner berlaku sampai tahun 1870, ketika George Bentham menerbitkan pengaturannya, membuang keempat seri dari Meissner.

### Berdasarkan George
Pada tahun 1981, Alex George menerbitkan revisi yang terperinci dari *Banksia* dalam monograf klasiknya *[[The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)]]*. Dia mengembalikan *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Salicinae*, menempatkannya dalam ''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Banksia'', dan mendefinisikannya sebagai hanya berisi spesies yang memiliki daun keseluruhan, *serrate* or *dentate*; *[[pollen-presenter]]* kecil; dan folikel unbeaked.

Penempatan dan sirkumskripsi dari *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Abietinae* dalam George's taxonomic arrangement of ''Banksia'' may be summarised as follows:
:***[[Banksia]]***
::**[[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']]**
:::**[[Banksia sect. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;sect. ''Banksia'']]**
::::***B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Salicinae***
:::::*[[Banksia dentata|B.&nbsp;dentata]]*
:::::*[[Banksia aquilonia|B.&nbsp;aquilonia]]*
:::::*[[Banksia integrifolia|B.&nbsp;integrifolia]]*
::::::''B.&nbsp;integrifolia''&nbsp;subsp. ''integrifolia''
::::::''B.&nbsp;integrifolia''&nbsp;subsp. ''compar''
::::::''B.&nbsp;integrifolia''&nbsp;subsp. ''monticola''
:::::*[[Banksia plagiocarpa|B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa]]*
:::::*[[Banksia oblongifolia|B.&nbsp;oblongifolia]]*
:::::*[[Banksia robur|B.&nbsp;robur]]*
:::::*[[Banksia conferta|B.&nbsp;conferta]]*
::::::''B.&nbsp;conferta''&nbsp;subsp. ''conferta''
::::::''B.&nbsp;conferta''&nbsp;subsp. ''penicillata''
:::::*[[Banksia paludosa|B.&nbsp;paludosa]]*
::::::''B.&nbsp;paludosa''&nbsp;subsp. ''astrolux''
::::::''B.&nbsp;paludosa''&nbsp;subsp. ''paludosa''
:::::*[[Banksia marginata|B.&nbsp;marginata]]*
:::::*[[Banksia canei|B.&nbsp;canei]]*
:::::*[[Banksia saxicola|B.&nbsp;saxicola]]
::::[[Banksia ser. Grandes|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Grandes*]] (2 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Banksia|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Banksia*]] (8 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Crocinae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Crocinae*]] (4 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Prostratae*]] (6 species, 3 varieties)
::::[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Cyrtostylis*]] (13 species, 2 subspecies)
::::[[Banksia ser. Tetragonae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Tetragonae*]] (3 species)
::::[[Banksia ser. Bauerinae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Bauerinae*]] (1 species)
::::***B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Quercinae***
:::::*B.&nbsp;quercifolia*
:::::*B.&nbsp;oreophila*
:::[[Banksia sect. Coccinea|*B.*&nbsp;sect. *Coccinea*]] (1 species)
:::[[Banksia sect. Oncostylis|*B.*&nbsp;sect. *Oncostylis*]] (3 series, 22 species, 4 subspecies, 11 varieties)
::[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|*B.*&nbsp;subg. *Isostylis*]] (3 species)

In a later publication, George would refer to this series by the name *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Banksiae*, but this is probably a typographical error, as the name has not been validly published.

In 1991, the [[Tasmania]]n fossil taxon *B.&nbsp;kingii* was placed in this series.

=== Berdasarkan Thiele dan Ladiges ===
In 1996, [[Kevin Thiele]] and Pauline Ladiges undertook a [[cladistics|cladistic]] analysis of [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] characters of *Banksia*, which yielded a [[phylogeny]] somewhat at odds with George's taxonomic arrangement. They found George's *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Salicinae* to be [[monophyly|monophyletic]], their [[cladogram]] placing it in a [[clade]] whose sister clade consisted of the members of George's [[Banksia ser. Quercinae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Quercinae*]] and [[Banksia ser. Spicigerae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Spicigerae*]]:


Thiele and Ladiges therefore retained George's *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Salicinae*, further dividing it into two subseries, [[Banksia subser. Acclives|*B.*&nbsp;subser. *Acclives*]] and [[Banksia subser. Integrifoliae|*B.*&nbsp;subser. *Integrifoliae*]], in accordance with the resolution of [[clades]] in their analysis. The placement and circumscription of *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Abietinae* in [[Thiele and Ladiges' taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement]] may be summarised as follows:
:***[[Banksia]]***
::[[Banksia subg. Isostylis|*B.*&nbsp;subg. *Isostylis*]] (3 species)
::*B.&nbsp;elegans* ([[incertae sedis]])*
::**[[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'']]**
:::''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Tetragonae'' (4 species)
:::''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Lindleyanae'' (1 species)
:::''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'' (2 subseries, 12 species)
:::*[[Banksia baueri|B.&nbsp;baueri]]* (incertae sedis)*
:::*B.&nbsp;lullfitzii* (incertae sedis)*
:::*[[Banksia attenuata|B.&nbsp;attenuata]]* (incertae sedis)*
:::*B.&nbsp;ashbyi* (incertae sedis)*
:::*[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]* (incertae sedis)*
:::[[Banksia ser. Prostratae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Prostratae*]] (8 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Cyrtostylis|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Cyrtostylis*]] (4 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Ochraceae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Ochraceae*]] (3 species, 2 subspecies)
:::[[Banksia ser. Grandes|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Grandes*]] (2 species)
:::***B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Salicinae***
::::[[Banksia subser. Acclives|*B.*&nbsp;subser. *Acclives*]]
:::::*B.&nbsp;oblongifolia*
:::::*B.&nbsp;plagiocarpa*
:::::*B.&nbsp;robur*
:::::*B.&nbsp;dentata*
::::[[Banksia subser. Integrifoliae|*B.*&nbsp;subser. *Integrifoliae*]]
:::::*B.&nbsp;marginata*
:::::*B.&nbsp;conferta*
:::::*B.&nbsp;penicillata* (now [[Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata|*B.&nbsp;conferta* subsp. *penicillata*]])
:::::*B.&nbsp;paludosa*
:::::*B.&nbsp;canei*
:::::*B.&nbsp;saxicola*
:::::*B.&nbsp;integrifolia*
::::::[[Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia|*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* subsp. *integrifolia*]]
::::::[[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* subsp. *monticola*]]
::::::[[Banksia integrifolia subsp.compar|*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* subsp. *compar*]]
::::::*B.&nbsp;integrifolia* subsp. *aquilonia* (now *B.&nbsp;aquilonia*)
:::[[Banksia ser. Spicigerae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Spicigerae*]] (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties)
:::[[Banksia ser. Quercinae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Quercinae*]] (2 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Dryandroideae|*B.*&nbsp;ser. *Dryandroideae*]] (1 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Abietinae|*Banksia* ser. *Abietinae*]] (4 subseries, 15 species, 8 varieties)

Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the *Flora of Australia* series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement, which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement. With respect to *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Abietinae*, George's 1999 arrangement was fundamentally the same as his 1981, but differed in the ranking of some taxa, the inclusion of some newly published taxa, and changes to the [[phyletic order]].

=== Perkembangan terbaru ===
Sejak 1998, [[Austin Mast]] telah mempublikasikan hasil dari analisis kladistik yang sedang berlangsung dari data [[sekuens DNA]] untuk subtribus [[Banksiinae]]. Analisisnya menunjukkan [[filogeni]] yang sandat berbeda dari pengaturan taksonomi George, termasuk menemukan bahwa *Banksia* [[parafili|parafiletik]] terhadap *Dryandra*. Analisis Mast tidak mencakup kedua upaspesies dari *B.&nbsp;conferta* (Glasshouse Banksia), tetapi menemukan bahwa *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Salicinae* monofiletik. Kladnya tidak terlalu terselesaikan, dengan beberapa [[politomi]]:

Pada awal 2007 Mast dan Thiele memulai pengaturan ulang *Banksia* dengan memasukkan *Dryandra* ke dalamnya, dan mempublikasikan [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|*B.*&nbsp;subg. *Spathulatae*]] untuk spesies yang memiliki [[kotiledon]] berbentuk sendok; dengan cara ini mereka juga mendefinisikan ulang [[autonim (botani)|autonim]] [[Banksia subg. Banksia|*B.*&nbsp;subg. *Banksia*]] sebagai berisi taksa yang tidak memiliki kotiledon berbentuk sendok. Anggota dari *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Quercinae* termasuk *B.*&nbsp;subg. *Spathulatae*, tetapi tidak ada detail lebih lanjut yang diberikan. Mast dan Thiele akan mempublikasikan pengaturan taksonomi penuh ketika pengambilan sampel DNA dari *Dryandra* telah lengkap.

== Distribusi ==
Semua kecuali satu spesies dari *B.*&nbsp;ser. *Salicinae* endemik di pantai timur [[Australia]]. Pengecualian, *B.&nbsp;dentata* (Banksia Tropis) menyebar ke utara Australia ke Kimberley, dan juga hidup di
[[Pulau Papua]] dan [[Kepulauan Aru]].

== Hibridisasi ==
Persilangan di alam liar telah dilaporkan antara banyak anggota mencakup:
* *B.&nbsp;paludosa* × *B.&nbsp;integrifolia*
* *B.&nbsp;marginata* × *B.&nbsp;integrifolia*
* *B.&nbsp;robur* × *B. oblongifolia*
* *B.&nbsp;marginata* × *B.&nbsp;conferta* subsp. *penicillata*
* *B.&nbsp;conferta* subsp. *conferta* × *B.&nbsp;integrifolia''

## Referensi

## Pranala luar

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