Mangora

***Mangora*** O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 adalah suatu genus laba-laba dari ordo Araneae, famili Araneidae.

## Distribusi
Ada 186 spesies yang ditemukan sampai sekarang, sebagian besar di benua Amerika; hanya beberapa ditemukan di wilayah palearctica dan timur. Spesies yang hidup di daerah luas adalah *[[Mangora acalypha|M. acalypha]]* yang ditemukan di berbagai lokasi. Di benua Amerika didapati banyak habitat, antara lain Brasil (67 spesies), Peru (39 spesies) dan Kolombia (35 spesies).

## Taksonomi

Sejak 2013 spesimen semacam itu tidak lagi diteliti.

Sampai Maret 2014, tercatat ada 186 spesies:

# *[[Mangora acalypha]]* (Walckenaer, 1802) - daerah palearctica
# *[[Mangora acaponeta]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora acoripa]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora acre]]* Levi, 2007 - Kolombia, Peru, Brasil
# *[[Mangora alinahui]]* Levi, 2007 - Ekuador, Bolivia, Brasil
# *[[Mangora amacayacu]]* Levi, 2007 - Kolombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brasil
# *[[Mangora amchickeringi]]* Levi, 2005 - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad
# *[[Mangora angulopicta]]* Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora anilensis]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora antillana]]* Dierkens, 2012 - Martinica
# *[[Mangora antonio]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora apaporis]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Peru
# *[[Mangora apobama]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
# *[[Mangora argenteostriata]]* Simon, 1897 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora aripeba]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora aripuana]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora asis]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora ayo]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora balbina]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora bambusa]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora barba]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora bemberg]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora bimaculata]]* (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) - dal Messico al Costarica
# *[[Mangora blumenau]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora bocaina]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora bonaldoi]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora botelho]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora bovis]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana
# *[[Mangora boyaca]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora brokopondo]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana, Suriname, Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora browns]]* Levi, 2007 - Suriname
# *[[Mangora caballero]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora cajuta]]* Levi, 2007 - Bolivia
# *[[Mangora calcarifera]]* F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 - dagli USA al Costarica
# *[[Mangora campeche]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora candida]]* Chickering, 1954 - Panama
# *[[Mangora caparu]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora castelo]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora caxias]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora cercado]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora chacobo]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
# *[[Mangora chanchamayo]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora chao]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Paraguay
# *[[Mangora chavantina]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora chicanna]]* Levi, 2005 - dal Messico all'Honduras
# *[[Mangora chiguaza]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador, Peru
# *[[Mangora chispa]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora chuquisaca]]* Levi, 2007 - Bolivia, Argentina
# *[[Mangora cochuna]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru, Argentina
# *[[Mangora colonche]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru, Ecuador
# *[[Mangora comaina]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora corcovado]]* Levi, 2005 - Costarica
# *[[Mangora corocito]]* Levi, 2007 - Venezuela, Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora craigae]]* Levi, 2005 - Costarica
# *[[Mangora crescopicta]]* Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora cutucu]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
# *[[Mangora dagua]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora dianasilvae]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
# *[[Mangora distincta]]* Chickering, 1963 - dall'Honduras al Costarica
# *[[Mangora divisor]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora eberhardi]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora engleri]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
# *[[Mangora enseada]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora explorama]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora falconae]]* Schenkel, 1953 - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
# *[[Mangora fascialata]]* Franganillo, 1936 - dagli USA all'Honduras, Cuba, Hispaniola, Trinidad
# *[[Mangora florestal]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora foliosa]]* Zhu & Yin, 1998 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora fornicata]]* (Keyserling, 1864) - Colombia
# *[[Mangora fortuna]]* Levi, 2005 - Costarica, Panama
# *[[Mangora fundo]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora gibberosa]]* (Hentz, 1847) - America settentrionale
# *[[Mangora goodnightorum]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora grande]]* Levi, 2007 - Venezuela
# *[[Mangora hemicraera]]* (Thorell, 1890) - Malesia
# *[[Mangora herbeoides]]* (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) - Tiongkok, Corea, Giappone
# *[[Mangora hirtipes]]* (Taczanowski, 1878) - Peru, Brasil, Guyana, Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora huallaga]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru, Bolivia
# *[[Mangora huancabamba]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora ikuruwa]]* Levi, 2007 - Venezuela, Guyana, Guyana Prancis, Peru
# *[[Mangora inconspicua]]* Schenkel, 1936 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora insperata]]* Soares & Camargo, 1948 - Colombia, Peru, Brasil
# *[[Mangora isabel]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora itabapuana]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora itatiaia]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora itza]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora ixtapan]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora jumboe]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
# *[[Mangora keduc]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora kochalkai]]* Levi, 2007 - Kolombia
# *[[Mangora kuntur]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora lactea]]* Mello-Leitão, 1944 - Bolivia, Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora laga]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora latica]]* Levi, 2007 - Kolombia
# *[[Mangora lechugal]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru, Ekuador
# *[[Mangora leticia]]* Levi, 2007 - Kolombia
# *[[Mangora leucogasteroides]]*Roewer, 1955 - Birmania
# *[[Mangora leverger]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Paraguay
# *[[Mangora logrono]]* Levi, 2007 - Ekuador
# *[[Mangora maculata]]* (Keyserling, 1865) - USA
# *[[Mangora mamiraua]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora manglar]]* Levi, 2007 - Ekuador
# *[[Mangora manicore]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora mapia]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora matamata]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora mathani]]* Simon, 1895 - Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Brasil
# *[[Mangora maximiano]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora melanocephala]]* (Taczanowski, 1874) - dal Messico all'Argentina
# *[[Mangora melanoleuca]]* Mello-Leitão, 1941 - Argentina
# *[[Mangora melloleitaoi]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora minacu]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora missa]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora mitu]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora mobilis]]* (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) - dal Messico all'Honduras
# *[[Mangora montana]]* Chickering, 1954 - Costarica, Panama
# *[[Mangora morona]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador, Brasil
# *[[Mangora moyobamba]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora nahuatl]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora nonoai]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora novempupillata]]* Mello-Leitão, 1940 - Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brasil
# *[[Mangora nuco]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora oaxaca]]* Levi, 2005 - Messico
# *[[Mangora ordaz]]* Levi, 2007 - Venezuela
# *[[Mangora ouropreto]]* Santos & Santos, 2011 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora oxapampa]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora pagoreni]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora palenque]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador
# *[[Mangora paranaiba]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora passiva]]* (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) - dagli USA al Nicaragua
# *[[Mangora paula]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora peichiuta]]* Levi, 2007 - Paraguay
# *[[Mangora pepino]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora pia]]* Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 - Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Brasil
# *[[Mangora picta]]* O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 - dal Messico all'Honduras
# *[[Mangora pira]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora piratini]]* Rodrigues & Mendonça, 2011 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora piroca]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora placida]]* (Hentz, 1847) - America settentrionale
# *[[Mangora polypicula]]* Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora porcullo]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora puerto]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora punctipes]]* (Taczanowski, 1878) - Peru
# *[[Mangora purulha]]* Levi, 2005 - Guatemala
# *[[Mangora ramirezi]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora rhombopicta]]* Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora rondonia]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora rupununi]]* Levi, 2007 - Guyana
# *[[Mangora saut]]* Levi, 2007 - Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora schneirlai]]* Chickering, 1954 - Costarica, Panama
# *[[Mangora sciosciae]]* Levi, 2007 - Argentina
# *[[Mangora semiargentea]]* Simon, 1895 - Sri Lanka
# *[[Mangora semiatra]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru
# *[[Mangora shudikar]]* Levi, 2007 - Guyana
# *[[Mangora sobradinho]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora socorpa]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora songyangensis]]* Yin et al., 1990 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora spiculata]]* (Hentz, 1847) - USA, Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora strenua]]* (Keyserling, 1893) - Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora sturmi]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora sufflava]]* Chickering, 1963 - Panama
# *[[Mangora sumauma]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora taboquinha]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora taczanowskii]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora tambo]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora taraira]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora tarapuy]]* Levi, 2007 - Ecuador, Brasil
# *[[Mangora tarma]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora tefe]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Ecuador, Brasil
# *[[Mangora theridioides]]* Mello-Leitão, 1948 - Guyana
# *[[Mangora tschekiangensis]]* Schenkel, 1963 - Tiongkok
# *[[Mangora umbrata]]* Simon, 1897 - Peru
# *[[Mangora unam]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Peru, Brasil
# *[[Mangora uraricoera]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Brasil, Guyana, Suriname, Guyana Prancis
# *[[Mangora uru]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru
# *[[Mangora uziga]]* Levi, 2007 - Paraguay, Argentina
# *[[Mangora vaupes]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora velha]]* Levi, 2007 - Brasil
# *[[Mangora vianai]]* Levi, 2007 - Argentina
# *[[Mangora villeta]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora vito]]* Levi, 2005 - Costarica
# *[[Mangora volcan]]* Levi, 2005 - Panama
# *[[Mangora v-signata]]* Mello-Leitão, 1943 - Bolivia, Brasil, Argentina
# *[[Mangora yacupoi]]* Levi, 2007 - Argentina
# *[[Mangora yungas]]* Levi, 2007 - Argentina
# *[[Mangora zepol]]* Levi, 2007 - Colombia
# *[[Mangora zona]]* Levi, 2007 - Peru

### Spesies yang dipindahkan
* *Mangora bituberculata* Mello-Leitão, 1939; dipindah ke genus Mecynogea Simon, 1903.
* *Mangora insolens* Simon, 1909; dipindah ke genus Prasonica Simon, 1895.
* *Mangora lintearia* (Keyserling, 1893); dipindah ke genus Larinia Simon, 1874.
* *Mangora minuscula* (Keyserling, 1892); dipindah ke genus Eustala Simon, 1895.
* *Mangora nigrotaeniata* Simon, 1909; dipindah ke genus Prasonica Simon, 1895.
* *Mangora octolineata* Caporiacco, 1947; dipindah ke genus Manogea Levi, 1997.
* *Mangora spillmanni* Lessert, 1933; dipindah ke genus Prasonica Simon, 1895.
* *Mangora spinosissima* Tullgren, 1910; dipindah ke genus Umbonata Grasshoff, 1971.
* *Mangora triangularis* Franganillo, 1930; dipindah ke genus Metepeira F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1903.

## Referensi

## Pustaka tambahan
* Cambridge, O.P.-, 1889d - *Arachnida. Araneida*. In *Biologia Centrali-Americana*, Zoology. London, vol.**1**, pp.&nbsp;1–56.Articolo in PDF
* Mello-Leitão, C.F. de, 1943a- *Catálogo das aranhas do Rio Grande do Sul*. Archos Mus. nac. Rio de J. vol.**37**, pp.&nbsp;147–245.
* Chickering, A.M., 1963a- *Three new species of Mangora (Araneae, Argiopidae) from Central America*. Breviora vol.**191**, pp.&nbsp;1–11.
* Grasshoff, M., 1971b - *Die Tribus Mangorini, IV. Die Mangora-Gruppe (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneidae-Araneinae)*. Senckenberg. biol. vol.**52**, pp.&nbsp;293–311.
* Levi, H.W., 1975b - *The American orb-weaver genera Larinia, Cercidia and Mangora north of Mexico (Araneae, Araneidae)*. Bull. Mus.comp. Zool. Harv. vol.**147**, pp.&nbsp;101–135.
*  Diakses 5 April 2014
*  Diakses 5 April 2014

## Pranala luar

* The world spider catalog, Araneidae <small>Diakses 3 April 2014</small>
* Biology Catalog <small>Diakses 3 April 2014</small>