Penculikan mempelai

**Penculikan mempelai**, yang juga dikenal sebagai **pernikahan melalui penculikan** atau **pernikahan melalui penangkapan**, adalah sebuah praktik di mana seorang pria menculik seorang wanita yang ia ingin dinikahi. Penculikan mempelai telah dipraktikkan di seluruh dunia dan sepanjang sejarah. Praktik tersebut masih terjadi di negara-negara di Asia Tengah, kawasan Kaukasus dan sebagian Afrika, dan sejumlah suku seperti suku Hmong di Asia Tenggara, suku Tzeltal di Meksiko, dan suku Romani di Eropa.

Di kebanyakan negara, penculikan mempelai dianggap sebagai kejahatan seks ketimbang bentuk pernikahan yang sah. Beberapa jenis dari praktik tersebut juga dipandang jatuh di antara pernikahan paksa dan pernikahan perjodohan. Istilah tersebut terkadang digunakan tak hanya meliputi penculikan, tetapi juga kawin lari, di mana sebuah pasangan melarikan diri bersama dan menghindari perhatian dari orang tua mereka; hal tersebut masing-masing dianggap sebagai penculikan yang tak dikehendaki dan dikehendaki. Namun, bahkan saat praktik tersebut bertentangan dengan hukum, penegakan yudisialnya masih lemah di beberapa wilayah, seperti Moldova, Kirgizstan dan Chechnya.

Penculikan mempelai berbeda dengan *[[raptio]]* karena penculikan mempelai merujuk kepada penculikan seorang wanita dengan seorang pria (dan teman-teman dan kerabat-kerabatnya), dan masih merupakan praktik yang merebak, sementara *raptio* merujuk kepada penculikan wanita berskala besar oleh sekelompok pria, diyakini pada masa perang (lihat pula pemerkosaan perang).

Beberapa budaya mada masa sekarang mengutamakan ritual penculikan mempelai simbolik sebagai bagian dari tradisi terkait pernikahan, di mana praktik penculikan mempelai ditampilkan dalam sejarah budaya tersebut. Menurut beberapa sumber, bulan madu adalah relik dari pernikahan melalui penangkapan, berdasarkan pada praktik suami menyembunyikan istrinya agar tidak diketahui para kerabatnya, dengan tujuan agar wanita tersebut mengandung pada akhir bulan.

## Daftar pustaka

### Buku
* Adekunle, Julius. *Culture and Customs of Rwanda*, Greenwood Publishing Group (2007).
* Kovalesky, Maxime. *Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia*, London: David, Nutt & Strand (1891).
* Pamporov, Alexey. *Romani everyday life in Bulgaria*, Sofia: IMIR (2006). (in Bulgarian)

### Artikel jurnal

* Ayres, Barbara "Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective", *Anthropological Quarterly*, Vol. 47, No. 3, Kidnapping and Elopement as Alternative Systems of Marriage (Special Issue) (July 1974), p.&nbsp;245
* Barnes, R. H. "Marriage by Capture." *The Journal of the [[Royal Anthropological Institute]]*, Vol. 5, No. 1. (March 1999), pp.&nbsp;57–73.
* Bates, Daniel G. "Normative and Alternative Systems of Marriage among the Yörük of Southeastern Turkey." *[[Anthropological Quarterly]]*, 47:3 (Jul. 1974), pp.&nbsp;270–287.
* Evans-Grubbs, Judith. "Abduction Marriage in Antiquity: A Law of Constantine (CTh IX. 24. I) and Its Social Context" *The Journal of Roman Studies*, Vol. 79, 1989, pp.&nbsp;59–83.
* Handrahan, Lori. 2004. "Hunting for Women: Bride-Kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan." *[[International Feminist Journal of Politics]]*, 6:2 (June), 207–233.
* Herzfeld, Michael "Gender Pragmatics: Agency, Speech, and Bride Theft in a Cretan Mountain Village." *Anthropology* 1985, Vol. IX: 25–44.
* Kleinbach, Russ and Salimjanova, Lilly (2007). "Kyz ala kachuu and adat: non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan", *Central Asian Survey*, 26:2, 217 — 233.
* Kleinbach, Russell. "Frequency of non-consensual bride kidnapping in the Kyrgyz Republic." *International Journal of Central Asian Studies*. Vol 8, No 1, 2003, pp.&nbsp;108–128.
* Kleinbach, Russell, Mehrigiul Ablezova and Medina Aitieva. "Kidnapping for marriage (ala kachuu) in a Kyrgyz village." *Central Asian Survey*. (June 2005) 24(2), 191–202. available in https://web.archive.org/web/20130131075450/http://faculty.philau.edu/kleinbachr/2004_study.htm.
* Kowalewsky, M. "Marriage among the Early Slavs", *Folklore*, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Dec. 1890), pp.&nbsp;463–480.
* Light, Nathan and Damira Imanalieva. "Performing Ala Kachuu: Marriage Strategies in the Kyrgyz Republic".
* McLaren, Anne E., "Marriage by Abduction in Twentieth Century China", *Modern Asian Studies* 35(4) (Oct. 2001), pp.&nbsp;953–984.
* Pamporov, Alexey "Sold like a donkey? Bride-price among the Bulgarian Roma" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 13, 471–476 (2007)
* Rimonte, Nilda "A Question of Culture: Cultural Approval of Violence against Women in the Pacific-Asian Community and the Cultural Defense'", *Stanford Law Review*, Vol. 43, No. 6 (Jul. 1991), pp.&nbsp;1311–1326.
* Stross, Brian. "Tzeltal Marriage by Capture." *Anthropological Quarterly*. 47:3 (July 1974), pp.&nbsp;328–346.
* Werner, Cynthia, "Women, marriage, and the nation-state: the rise of nonconsensual bride kidnapping in post-Soviet Kazakhstan ", in *The Transformation of Central Asia*. Pauline Jones Luong, ed. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004, pp.&nbsp;59–89.
* Yang, Jennifer Ann. "Marriage By Capture in the Hmong Culture: The Legal Issue of Cultural Rights Versus Women's Rights", *Law and Society Review* at UCSB, Vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;38–49 (2004).

### Laporan hak asasi manusia

* Amnesty International, ''Georgia—Thousands Suffering in Silence: Violence Against Women in the Family'' , AI Index: EUR 56/009/2006, September 2006 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).
* Georgian Young Lawyers' Association & OMCT, ''Violence Against Women in Georgia: Report submitted on the occasion of the 36th session of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women'' , August 2006 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).
* Human Rights Watch, ''Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan'' , Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2006 (last accessed 28 Jan 2009).
* Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, "Georgia: Bride-kidnapping in Georgia", 8 June 2009 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).
* Pusurmankulova, Burulai, "Bride Kidnapping. Benign Custom Or Savage Tradition?", Freedom House, 14 June 2004 (last accessed 18 Aug 2011).
* U.S. Department of State, ''Rwanda: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2007'', 11 March 2008 (last accessed 28 Jan 2009).
* OSCE, Building the Capacity of Roma Communities to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings, 12 June 2007, (last accessed 9 Mar 2012).

### Artikel berita dan laporan radio

* Aminova, Alena, "Uzbekistan: No Love Lost in Karakalpak Bride Thefts" , Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 14 June 2004
* Armstrong, Jane, "Rage or Romance?", *Globe and Mail* (Canada), 26 April 2008
* BBC, "Ethiopia: Revenge of the Abducted Bride", 18 June 1999
* Brooks, Courtney & Amina Umarova, "Despite Official Measures, Bride Kidnapping Endemic in Chechnya", Radio Free Europe, 21 October 2010
* Kokhodze, Gulo & Tamuna Uchidze, "Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 15 June 2006
* Najibullah, Farangis, "Bride Kidnapping: A Tradition or a Crime?", Radio Free Europe, 21 May 2011
* Isayev, Ruslan, "In Chechnya, Attempts to Eradicate Bride Abduction", *Prague Watchdog*, 16 Nov 2007
* Kiryashova, Sabina, "Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 17 November 2005
* McDonald, Henry, "Gardai Hunt Gang Accused of Seizing Roma Child Bride", *The Guardian*, UK, 3 September 2007
* NPR Weekend Edition Sunday, "Kidnapping Custom Makes a Comeback in Georgia", 14 May 2006
* Rakhimdinova, Aijan, "Kyrgyz Bride Price Controversy", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 22 Dec 2005
* Rodriguez, Alex, "Kidnapping a Bride Practice Embraced in Kyrgyzstan", *Augusta Chronicle*, 24 July 2005
* Ruremesha, Jean, "RIGHTS-RWANDA: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups" , Inter Press Service, 7 Oct 2003
* Smith, Craig S., "Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite", *NY Times*, 30 April 2005

### Disertasi dan makalah akademik

* Moua, Teng, "The Hmong Culture: Kinship, Marriage & Family Systems", University of Wisconsin–Stout (May 2003)
* Pamporov, Alexey, Roma/Gypsy Population in Bulgaria as a Challenge to Policy Relevance  (2006)

## Referensi

## Pranala luar

* The Kidnapped Bride: A documentary by Petr Lom
* Dedicated to Understanding Ala Kachuu (bride-kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan) and Preventing Non-Consensual Marriage 
* Spotlight on: Violence Against Girls in Ethiopia – Marriage by Abduction and Rape
* Rights-Rwanda: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups 
* Article on the kidnap of a young girl for marriage in Kyrgyzstan 
* BBC documentary about stolen brides in Chechnya Aired August 2010.