Viola (planta)

***Viola***, le **violettas**, es un genere de plantas floral del familia Violaceae. Es le plus grande genere del familia, con plus de 680 species. Si multe species vive in temperate Nord Hemispherio, le genere origina de Sud America e se trova in divergente areas como Andes, Australasia o Oceania.

Alcun *Viola* species son perenne, alteres annual, o plus rarment parve arbustos. In horticultura, pensatas son cultivares con grande floras multicolor, generalmente annual o biennal.

## Systematica
Le revision del classification de 2022 identifica 2 subgeneres, 31 sectionnes (cuje 8 de un sol specie) e 20 subsectiones:
* subgen. *[[Neoandinium]]* Marcussen
** sect. *[[Viola nassauvioides|Confertae]]*
** sect. *[[Viola fluehmannii|Ericoidium]]*
** sect. *[[Grandiflos]]*
** sect. *[[Inconspicuiflos]]*
** sect. *[[Relictium]]*
** sect. *[[Rhizomandinium]]*
** sect. *[[Rosulatae]]*
** sect. *[[Sempervivum]]*
** sect. *[[Subandinium]]*
** sect. *[[Triflabellium]]*
** sect. *[[Viola beati|Xylobasis]]*
* subgen. *Viola* Marcussen
** sect. *[[Abyssinium]]* Marcussen Africa: equatorial high mountains 
** sect. *[[Chamaemelanium]]* Ging. *[[s.lat.]]* N America, northeast Asia (include *Dischidium*, *Orbiculares*)
** sect. *[[Chilenium]]* W.Becker southern S America
** sect. *[[Viola hybanthoides|Danxiaviola]]* W. B. Liao et Q. Fan (1) China
** sect. *[[Delphiniopsis]]* W.Becker west Eurasia: sud de Espania; Balkanes
** sect. *[[Erpetion]]* (Banks) W.Becker eastern Australia; Tasmania 
** sect. *[[Viola kunawurensis|Himalayum]]* Marcussen
** sect. *[[Leptidium]]* Ging. Sud America
** sect. *[[Melanium]]* Ging. West Eurasia (pensatas)
***subsect. *Bracteolatae *
***subsect. *Cleistogamae *
***subsect. *Dispares *
***subsect. *Ebracteatae *
***subsect. *Pseudorupestres*
** sect. *[[Viola decumbens|Melvio]]* Marcussen Sudafrica
** sect. *[[Viola filicaulis|Nematocaulon]]* Marcussen Nove Zelanda
** sect. *[[Nosphinium]]* W.Becker N, C e nord de Sud America; Beringia; Hawaii 
***subsect. *Borealiamericanae*
***subsect. *Clausenianae*
***subsect. *Langsdorffianae*
***subsect. *Mexicanae*
***subsect. *Nosphinium*
***subsect. *Pedatae*
** sect. *[[Plagiostigma]]* Godr. nord hemispherio (include *Diffusae*)
***subsect. *Australasiaticae *
***subsect. *Bilobatae*
***subsect. *Bulbosae*
***subsect. *Diffusae*
***subsect. *Formosanae*
***subsect. *Patellares*
***subsect. *Stolonosae*
** sect. *[[Rubellium]]* W.Becker Sud America: Chile
** sect. *Sclerosium* W.Becker Nord Africa ad Sudwest Asia
** sect. *[[Spathulidium]]** <small>Marcussen</small> west e central Asia: del nord de Iraq ad Mongolia 
** sect. *Tridens* <small>W.Becker</small> sud de S America 
** sect. *Viola*  nord hemispherio (violettas) (include *Repentes*)
***subsect. *Rostratae* <small>Kupffer (W.Becker)</small> (dog violets)
***subsect. *Viola*
** sect. *Xanthidium* <small>Marcussen</small> [[Andes]]
** sect. *Xylinosium* <small>W.Becker</small> region mediterranee 

==Phylogenia==
Le cladogramma (non exhaustive) del differente [[Section (rango taxonomic)|sectiones]] es le sequente:




==Bibliographia==
===Articulos===
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===Websitos===
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