Lancelot Hogben

**Lancelot Thomas Hogben** FRS FRSE (9 decembre 1895 – 22 augusto 1975) esseva un zoologo experimental e statistician medical britanno. Ille ha devenite cognoscite pro su uso del rana africane con unghias (*Xenopus laevis*) como organismo modello pro recerca biologic in le initio de su carriera, pro su opposition al movimento de eugenica in le medietate de su vita, e pro scriber libros popular super scientia, mathematica e lingua in su ultime annos.

## Vita initial e education
Hogben nasceva e cresceva in Southsea prope Portsmouth in Hampshire. Su parentes esseva methodistas. Ille frequentava le Tottenham County School in London, post que su familia se moveva a Stoke Newington, ubi su matre habeva crescite. In 1907, ille comenciava studiar physiologia como studente de medicina in Trinity College, Cambridge. Ante poter acceder a Cambridge, ille se matriculava in le Universitate de London como studente externe, e obteneva su diploma de Bachelor in Scientia (BSc) in 1914. Ille completava su studio in Cambridge in 1915 con un grado ordinari de BA.

Durante iste tempore, ille adoptava convictiones socialiste e cambiava le nomine del Fabian Society del universitate a Socialist Society, deveniente un membro active del Independent Labour Party. Plus tarde in su vita, ille prefereva describer se como “un humanista scientific”.

Durante le Prime Guerra Mundial, ille esseva pacifista e se univa al Quakers. Ille laborava durante sex menses con le Croce Rubie in Francia, sub le auspicio del Friends' War Victims Relief Service e le Friends' Ambulance Unit. Ille retornava al Anglaterra e esseva incarcerate in Wormwood Scrubs como objector de conscientia in 1916. Su sanitate collabava e ille esseva liberate in 1917. Su fratre George esseva etiam un objector de conscientia, serviente con le Friends' Ambulance Unit.

## Carriera
Post un anno de convalescentia, Hogben acceptava positiones como lector in universitates de London, e in 1921 obteneva le titulo de Doctor in Scientia (D.Sc.) in zoologia del Universitate de London. In 1922, ille se transferiva al Universitate de Edinburgh, in le Departmento de Recerca in Reproduction Animal.

In 1923, Hogben esseva un del fundatores del Societate pro Biologia Experimental e de su publication, le *British Journal of Experimental Biology* (plus tarde renominate *Journal of Experimental Biology* in 1930), insimul con Julian Huxley e le geneticista Francis Albert Eley Crew. Secundo Gary Werskey, Hogben esseva le sol fundador qui non manteneva ideas eugenic. In le mesme anno, ille esseva eligite *Fellow del Royal Society of Edinburgh*. Ille recipeva le Premio Keith del Societate pro le periodo 1933–1935. Postea ille acceptava un position in le Universitate McGill in Canada.

In 1927, ille deveniva professor de zoologia al Universitate de Cape Town in Africa del Sud. Illac, ille laborava in endocrinologia, studiando le proprietates del camaleon del rana Xenopus. Il constatava que le color del rana adulte dependeva de su ambiente initial: ranas silvestre deveniva brun-verde, ranas allevate in obscuritate deveniva nigre, e illas in lumine deveniva clar. Hogben theorisava que iste capacitate de cambiar color esseva ligate al glandula pituitari. Post remover le glandula, le ranas deveniva blanc, independentemente de su ambiente.

Hogben tamben constatava un effecto secundari post iste removal, que ille tentava compensar per injectiones de extracto pituitari ab bove. Ille observava que feminas de Xenopus ovulava intra pocas horas post le injection. Assi, Hogben per hasardia discoperiva un methodo pro testar le graviditate human. Ille comprendeva que le extracto bovin resembleva chimicamente le hormone chorionic human (HCG), producite per feminas gravide. Il confirmava que feminas de Xenopus, injectate con urina de feminas gravide, ovulava intra horas.

Malgrado le attrahentia del position in Africa del Sud, Hogben quitava le pais a causa de su opposition al politicas racial.

In 1930, ille retornava al Britannia, acceptante un catedra in Biologia Social al London School of Economics. Illac, ille continuava le disveloppamento del Test de graviditate de Hogben. Le testes anterior pro graviditate prendeva plure dies e requireva le morte de micios o cuniculos. Le methodo de Hogben prendeva solmente horas e non occideva le ranas, que poteva esser reusate. Su methodo deveniva le standard international pro testes de graviditate durante circa quindec annos, ab le medietate del annos 1930 usque al annos 1940.

Le position in Biologia Social esseva supportate per le Rockefeller Foundation. Quando le fondation cessava su supporto, Hogben se transferiva al Universitate de Aberdeen in 1937 como Professor Regius de Historia Natural. Durante que ille era in Aberdeen, Hogben developpava un interesse pro le linguas. In ultra a rediger *The Loom of Language* per su amico Frederick Bodmer, ille creava un lingua international, Interglossa, como 'un projecto de un auxiliar pro un ordine mundial democratic'.

Durante le Secunde Guerra Mundial, ille habeva responsabilitate pro le statistica medical del armea britannic. Ab 1941 usque 1947, ille esseva Professor Mason de Zoologia al Universitate de Birmingham, e postea Professor de Statistica Medical ibi usque 1961, quando ille se retirava. In 1963, ille deveniva le prime Vice-Chancellor del Universitate de Guyana, ma ille resignava in 1965.

## Obras
**A Short Life of [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] (1823-1913)*, p.&nbsp;64 (London, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1918)
**Exiles of the Snow, and Other Poems* (1918)
**An Introduction to Recent Advances in Comparative Physiology* (1924) with Frank R. Winton
** The Pigmentary Effector System. A review of the physiology of colour response* (1924)
**Comparative Physiology* (1926)
**Comparative Physiology of Internal Secretion* (1927)
**The Nature of Living Matter* (1930)
**Genetic Principles in Medical and Social Science* (1931)
**Nature or Nurture - The William Withering Lectures for 1933* (1933)
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.476145/page/n5 Mathematics for the Million: A Popular Self-Educator]* (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1936), illustrated by Frank Horrabin, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 1. Re-issued in the United States by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. (1937).
**The Retreat from Reason* (1936) Conway Memorial Lecture 20 May 1936, chaired by Julian Huxley.
**[https://archive.org/details/ScienceForTheCitizen-LanceoletHogben/page/n5 Science for the Citizen: A Self-Educator Based on the Social Background of Scientific Discovery]* (London, George Allen & Unwin, 1938), illustrated by Frank Horrabin, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 2.
**Political Arithmetic: A Symposium of Population Studies* (1938) editor
**Dangerous Thoughts* (1939)
**Author in Transit* (1940)
**Principles of Animal Biology* (1940)
**[[Interglossa]]: A Draft of an Auxiliary for a Democratic world order, Being an Attempt to Apply Semantic Principles to Language Design* (1943)
**The Loom of Language: A Guide To Foreign Languages For The Home Student* by Frederick Bodmer (1944), edited by Hogben, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 3.
**An Introduction to Mathematical Genetics* (1946)
**History of the Homeland: The Story of the British Background* by Henry Hamilton (1947), edited by Hogben, Primers for the Age of Plenty - No. 4.
**The New Authoritarianism* (1949) Conway Memorial Lecture 1949
**From Cave Painting To Comic Strip: A Kaleidoscope of Human Communication* (1949)
**Chance and Choice by Cardpack and Chessboard* (1950)
**Man Must Measure: The Wonderful World of Mathematics* (1955)
**Statistical theory. The relationship of probability, credibility and error. An examination of the contemporary crisis in statistical theory from a behaviorist viewpoint* (1957)
**The Wonderful World Of Energy* (1957)
**The Signs of Civilisation* (1959)
**The Wonderful World of Communication* (1959)
**Mathematics in the Making* (1960)
**Essential World English* (1963) with Jane Hogben and Maureen Cartwright
**Science in Authority: Essays* (1963)
**The Mother Tongue* (1964)
**Whales for the Welsh — A Tale of War and Peace with Notes for those who Teach or Preach* (1967)
**Beginnings and Blunders or Before Science Began* (1970)
**The Vocabulary Of Science* (1970) with Maureen Cartwright
**Astronomer Priest and Ancient Mariner* (1972)
** Maps, Mirrors and Mechanics* (1973)
**Columbus, the Cannon Ball and the Common Pump* (1974)
**How The World Was Explored*, editor, with Marie Neurath and Joseph Albert Lauwerys
*Hogben, Anne; Hogben, Lancelot Thomas; Hogben, Adrian. *Lancelot Hogben: scientific humanist: an unauthorised autobiography* (1998)

## Referentias