John Cale

**John Davies Cale** (Garnant, Galles, le 9 de martio 1942&nbsp;– ) es un autor-compositor-interprete, multiinstrumentista e productor gallese.

Ille esseva membro del gruppo Velvet Underground de 1965 a 1968 postea partiva in 1970 a un carriera solo. Si su obras le plus cognoscite es orientate verso le musica rock, ille approcha se in omne parte de su carriera de multe stilos musical differente.

Ille ha equalmente collaborate con multe artistas, per exemplo: The Modern Lovers, Patti Smith, The Stooges, Brian Eno, Terry Riley, Nick Drake, e Phil Manzanera. 

## Biographia
### Le debutes
John Cale nasceva le 9 de martio 1942 in Garnant, al sud del Galles, su lingua maternal es gallese. Su patre es minator e su matre inseniante. Multo primemente, ille monstra de bon dispositiones pro le musica, ille es inviate al Goldsmith College de London pro un formation classic, ille studia le alto, piano e guitarra. In 1963, ille attinge le bursa Leonard Bernstein que permitte a ille integrar le conservatorio Eastman in Tanglewood, in Massachusetts, pro apprender le composition moderne. Sex menses plus tarde, ille se installa a New York ubi ille incontra specialmente John Cage con qui ille participa (assi como altere pianistas) al creation de *Vexations* de Erik Satie, un performance musical que dura 18 horas. Altere incontros, Tony Conrad, Aaron Copland e La Monte Young que le introduce in le aventura de Dream syndicate (Theater of Eternal Music). A iste epocha ille discoperi le musica rock e face le cognoscentia de Lou Reed.

### The Velvet Underground
Le incontro inter Cale e Reed da nascentia al Velvet Underground in 1965. Le formation original, que prende le nomine de "Primitives", es un quatuor al qual Conrad (de Dream Syndicate) e Walter De Maria (un sculptor qui es anque percussionista) se junge. Iste duo membros non resta e lor reimplaciamento transforma le gruppo al qual le cantatrice Nico va punctualmente participar. Per su formation, Cale apporta multe elementos exterior al mundo del rock: musica repetitive, travalio, e experimenationes super le sono. Ille participa al conception, scriptura, e registro del duo prime albums del gruppo: *The Velvet Underground and Nico* e *White Light/White Heat*, que es insuccessos commercial. Ille canta super qualque cantos e se carga del alto, clavieros, e guitarra de basso. Su experientias non es del gusto de Lou Reed e isto es probabilemente un querela de ego que precipita le exito de Cale in 1968.

### Carriera solo

Su carriera solo comencia in 1970, con *Vintage Violence*. In parallel de un discographia personal, ille se impone como un productor de prime plano. In le anno sequente, ille collabora con le compositor american Terry Riley super *The Church of Anthrax*, un obra de musica repetitive, genere que ille perseque super *Academy in Peril*. In 1972, ille rejunge Nico e Reed a Paris pro un unic concerto al Bataclan. 1973 vide le production de *Paris 1919]]*, un album al numerose referentias e musicalmente multo elaborate, que es reguardate como un del summitates del carriera de John Cale, , e un del discos emblematic del annos 1970. De retorno a London, ille signa con le casa de discos Island Records un contracto que va permitter a ille de sortir del discos personal a un rhythmo sustenite. *June 1, 1974* es le registro de un concerto date a London (Rainbow) con Kevin Ayers, Brian Eno e Nico, ille se tracta de un version de *Heartbreak Hotel* de Elvis Presley. *Fear* es un album rock al qual collabora Phil Manzanera, le guitarrista de Roxy Music.

Parallelmente a su proprie discographia, ille interveni como productor con multe artistas, del quales on pote retener Squeeze, Patti Smith, Sham 69, The Stooges, The Modern Lovers, e Siouxsie and the Banshees. Ille es a vices reguardate como un del precursores del musica punk.

Al initio del decennio de 1990, Cale contribueva un interpretation del canto *Hallelujah* per Leonard Cohen, pro le album de tributo *I'm Your Fan*. Iste disco non esseva notate vastemente tunc, ma illo inspirava interpretationes ulterior del canto, inclusive le version per Jeff Buckley.

Depost del reunion in un concerto improvisate al Fundation Cartier al occasion de un exposition consecrate a Andy Warhol, in 1990, The Velvet Underground se reforma pro un tour in 1993. Iste nove formation comprende Cale, Reed, Maureen Tucker, e Sterling Morrison. Un album es tirate: *Live MCMXCIII*.

In 1998, ille es le programmator del festival "With A Little Help From My Friends" que sta al Paradiso de Amsterdam. Le concerto retransmittite al television nederlandese comprende un titulo specialmente componite pro le occasion e restate non publicate, *Murdering Mouth* cantate in duo con Siouxsie Sioux.

In 1999, ille da un concerto a Cardiff al occasion del festivitates date pro le creation del Assemblea National de Galles.

Un libro autobiographic ha essite publicate in collaboration con Victor Bockris, *What's Welsh for zen?* Bloomsbury, USA, .

Plus recentemente in 2010, ille ha facite un concerto al Salle Pleyel a Paris, ubi ille sonava su mythic album, *Paris 1919*, con le Orchestra National de Île-de-France.

In 2011, Cale es in tour francese a partir del mense de octobre. Un autobiographia titulate *What's Welsh for Zen?* es production del casa editorial *Au Diable Vauvert*.

## Discographia
### Con The Dream Syndicate
* 2000: *Day of Niagara (Table of the Elements)*

### Registros del annos 1960
* 2001: *Sun Blindness Music (Table of the Elements)*
* 2001: *Dream Interpretation: Inside The Dream Syndicate Vol. II (Table of the Elements)*
* 2001: *Stainless Gamelan: Inside The Dream Syndicate Vol. III (Table of the Elements)*

### Con The Velvet Underground
* 1967: *The Velvet Underground and Nico*
* 1968: *White Light/White Heat*
* 1985: *VU* (compilation)
* 1986: *Another View* (compilation)
* 1993: *Live MCMXCIII*
* 1995: *Peel Slowly and See* (compilation + multe non publicate)
* 2003: *The Very Best of the Velvet Underground* (compilation)

### Solo
* 1970: *Vintage Violence*
* 1972: *The Academy in Peril* (reprisa)
* 1973: *Paris 1919*
* 1974: *Fear*
* 1975: *Slow Dazzle*
* 1975: *Helen of Troy*
* 1977: *Guts* (compilation)
* 1979: *Sabotage / Live* (live)
* 1981: *Honi Soit*
* 1982: *Music for a New Society*
* 1983: *Caribbean Sunset* (nunquam publicate de novo in CD)
* 1984: *John Cale Comes Alive*  (live, nunquam publicate de novo in CD)
* 1985: *Artificial Intelligence*
* 1989: *Words for the Dying*
* 1991: *Even Cowgirls Get the Blues* (live)
* 1991: *Paris s'éveille, suivi d'autres compositions* (musica del film eponyme)
* 1992: *Fragments of a rainy season* (live)
* 1993: *23 Solo Pieces pour La Naissance de L'Amour* (musica del film eponyme)
* 1994: *N'oublie pas que tu vas mourir* (musica del film eponyme)
* 1994: *Seducing Down the Door* (compilation)
* 1995: *Antartida* (musica del film eponyme)
* 1996: *Walking on Locusts*
* 1997: *Eat / Kiss: Music for the Films of Andy Warhol* (live, e non musica de film, paradoxemente)
* 1998: *Somewhere in the City* (musica del film eponyme)
* 1999: *The Unknown* (musica de film del nove edition del film eponyme)
* 1999: *Le Vent de la nuit* (musica del film eponyme)
* 1999: *Close watch: An Introduction to John Cale* (compilation)
* 2003: *HoboSapiens*
* 2005: *Process*
* 2005: *BlackAcetate*
* 2007: *Circus Live* (Triple CD Live)
* 2011: *Extra playful* (maxi) 
* 2012: *Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood*
* 2016: *M:FANS*
* 2023: *Mercy*

### Musica de film
* 2000: *[[Love Me (film)|Love Me]]* de Laetitia Masson
* 2000: *[[Saint-Cyr (film)|Saint-Cyr]]* de Patricia Mazuy
* 2011: *[[Un été brûlant]]* de Philippe Garrel
* 2013: *[[La Jalousie (film, 2013)|La Jalousie]]* de Philippe Garrel

### Collaborationes
* 1967: *Chelsea Girl*, Nico: coproductor, compositor
* 1969: *The Marble Index*, Nico: productor, arrangiator, musico
* 1969: *The Stooges*, Iggy Pop & The Stooges: productor
* 1971: *The Church of Anthrax*, Terry Riley: productor, musico, coautor, cocompositor
* 1971: *Desertshore*, Nico: productor, arrangiator, musico
* 1974: *June 1, 1974* (live), Kevin Ayers, Brian Eno e Nico
* 1974: *The End*, Nico: productor, arrangiator, musico
* 1975: *Horses*, Patti Smith: productor
* 1976: *The Modern Lovers*, The Modern Lovers: productor
* 1978: *Re Bop*, Marie et les garçons: productor
* 1981: *Drama of Exile*, Nico: productor, arrangiator, musico
* 1987: *Squirrel and G-Man Twenty Four Hour Party People Plastic Face Carnt Smile (White Out)*, Happy Mondays: productor
* 1990: *Songs for Drella*, Lou Reed (tributo a Andy Warhol): cantator, musico, compositor, autor
* 1990: *Wrong Way Up*, Brian Eno: arrangiator, musico, compositor, e autor
* 1991: *Les Nouvelles Polyphonies corses*: pianista super le canto *Nanna*
* 1991: *Louise Féron*, Louise Féron: productor
* 1994: *Last Day on Earth*, Bob Neuwirth: productor, cantator, musico, compositor, autor
* 1995: *The Rapture*, Siouxsie and the Banshees: productor
* 1996: *In Paradisu*, Les nouvelles polyphonies Corses: productor
* 1996: *Nostalgia*, Ivan Kral: compositor
* 2002: *Positions*, Trash Palace: cantator, musico, compositor, autor

## Bibliographia
* 

## Complementos
### Referentia bibliographic
* *Dictionnaire du rock*, obra collective, casa editorial Robert Laffont, coll. « Bouquins », Paris, 2001, 

### Ligamines externe
*  Sito official de John Cale
*  Fear Is A Man's Best Friend

## Referentias