Antarctica

**Antarctica** ek continent hae jon ki dunia ke south me hae. Huan ke mausam bahut thanda hae. Antartica ke lagbhag 98% ilaaka ice se dhakaa hae. Hian pe McMurdo and Palmer town ke chhorr ke bahut kamti log rahe hae. Hian pe kuch des ke science station bhi hae jhan pe mausam aur space ke baare me research karaa jaae hae. Ii jgah pe admii log aeroplane aur boat se jaae hae. Antartica, Europe se barraa hae.

Antarctica ekke continent hae jahan pe koi des nai hae. Ek international treaty ke niche, Antartica koi des ke nai hae.

Antartica me bahut kamti paudha hae aur hian pe janwar me khali penguin, seal aur whale hae.

Antarctica ke charo bagal Southern Ocean hae. Iske sab se nachdik continent South America hae.

Antarctica, me winter me khali andhera rahe hae aur summer me khali unjiara.

Antartica me ek jwala mukhi hae jiske naam Mount Erebus hae.

Antarctica, dunia ke mahaataapu me se sab se thandaa, jhuura, aur sab se jaada hawaa chale waala hae, aur average me ii sab se uunchaa bhi hae.  Ii jaada kar ke ek polar desert]] hae, jisme har saal  se jaada paani, iske coast me barrse  hae, lekin bhittar me kamti paani barse hae.  Dunia ke 70% mitthaa paani Antarctica me frozen hae, jon agar gal jaae tab dunia bhar ke samundar ke uunchai lagbhag  se aur uppar hoe jaai. Antarctica ke dunia me sab se kamtii temperature ke record hae , . Coastal jagha me temperatures  se jaada summer me rahe hae. Native jaanwar me hae   mites, nematodes, penguins, seals aur tardigrades. Antarctica ke vegetation jaada kar ke   lichen nai to moss hae.

Antarctica ke ice shelves ke saait pahila dafe  1820 me, ek Russian expedition jiske Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen aur Mikhail Lazarev lead karis rahaa, dekhis rahaa. Baad ke decade me  French, American, aur British expeditions Antrctica gay rahin. Pahila land kare waala ek Norwegian team, 1895 me rahaa. 20th century ke suruwaat me, kuchh expeditions mahaataapu ke  interior me gay rahin. British explorers, Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David, aur Alistair Mackay pahila jab rahin jon magnetic South Pole, 1909 me pahuche rahin, aure geographic South Pole ke pahila dafe was  1911 me Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen pahuchis rahaa.

Antarctica  ke  30 des govern kare hae, jon sab 1959 Antarctic Treaty System ke sign karin hae. Ii treaty ke anusaar, hian pe  military activity, mining, nuclear explosions, aur nuclear waste disposal ke ijaajat nai hae. Antractica ke chaaro bagal machhri maarana aur research, khaas insaan ke activity hae.  Summer ke mahina me, lagbhag 5,000 log research stations me rahe hae, lekin winter me khaali  1,000 hian pe rahe hae. Ii mahaataapu ke duuri ke bawaajuut insaan ke activity ke kaaran ispe dher asar  pollution, ozone depletion, aur climate change se hoe hae.  West Antarctic ice sheet  ke gale se  sea level rise me aur uncertainty aae gais hae, aur yahii melting   Southern Ocean overturning circulation pe asar kare hae, jiske kaaran Southern Hemisphere climate aur Southern Ocean productivity pe dher asar hoe sake hae.


File: 061212-nordkapp.jpg
File:GletscherMM.jpg
File:Fryxellsee Opt.jpg
File:Mount Erebus Aerial 2.jpg
File:Aurore australe - Aurora australis.jpg


## Duusra websites
* Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria 
* L.L. Ivanov et al, Topographic map of Livingston Island and Greenwich Island