open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Commonwealth of Nations

**Commonwealth**, uu sab des ke naam hae jon ki pahile British Empire me rahaa. Pahile iske naam **British Commonwealth of Nations** rahaa, jiske 1926 me suruu karaa gais rahaa. Abhi isme 53 member des hae jisme se Mozambique ke chhorr ke aur sab British Empire me pahile rahaa. Tiin member Europe ke hae, ek hae South America me, 18 Africa me, 8 Asia me aur 11 Oceania me . Ek suspended member, Fiji hae aur che pahile waala member hae jisme se chaar abhi nai hae.

## Abhi ke member
Ii table ke sab jaankari Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat members list se aais hae aur jaada abaadi ke ginti 2007 estimates hae, unless otherwise noted.

### Suspended members

### Pahile ke members

## References
Mozambique

**Mozambique**, Africa ke ek des hae. Iske capital Maputo hae. Iske abaadi 19 million hae. Mozambique ke official bhasa Portuguese hae. 1975 me Mozambique, Portugal se ajaadi paais (National Day on 25 June 1975 hae)

## List
Namibia

**Republic of Namibia**, southern Africa ke Atlantic coast me ek des hae. Iske border pe north me Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, east me Botswana, aur south me South Africa hae. Iske South Africa se ajaadi 1990 me mila. Pahile iske **South West Africa** bola jaawat rahaa. Iske capital city Windhoek hae.

World War I se pahile Nambia German colony rahaa. Abhi hian pe German me bhi baat karaa jaawe hae lekin iske official bhasa English hae.
file:Puesta de sol, desierto de Namib, Namibia, 2018-08-05, DD 92.jpg
file:Iglesia de Cristo, Windhoek, Namibia, 2018-08-04, DD 06.jpg
file:Iglesia de Cristo, Windhoek, Namibia, 2018-08-04, DD 02.jpg
file:Mataratara, Namibia (2019).jpg


## Namibia ki Mudra
Namibia ki mudra Namibian Dollor hai. Namibia Dollor ko 100 cent me banta gaya hai. Namibia Dollor ki shuruaat 1993 se chalu hua hai. 1993 ke pahale namibia me south africa ki currency "Rand" prachalan me thi. Namibian Dollor 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 aur 500 ke rup me uplabadh hai.

## Duusra websites
* Republic of Namibia - Namibian Governmental Portal
* नामीबिया का परिचय और नामीबिया की राजधानी - Introduction to Namibia and Capital of Namibia

## Sandarbh
Trinidad and Tobago

**Republic of Trinidad and Tobago**, south Caribbean Sea me ek des hae.  Ii Venezuela se 11 kilometre (7 mile) duur hae. Ii des me dui barraa island, **Trinidad** aur **Tobago**, aur dher chhhotachhota island hae.  Iske capital Port of Spain hae.  Iske abaadi 1,262,366 log hae.

Trinidad and Tobago, United Kingdom se 31 August 1962 ke ajaad bhaes. Abhi ke  President, Anthony Carmona aur Prime Minister, Keith Rowley hae.

Ii des me dher jaat ke log rahe hae, jaise ki  Africans, Europeans, Arbii, Indians, aur Chinese. Des ke sab se barraa dharam Christianity aur Hinduism hae. Aur dharam me Islam aur African dharam hae.

## Duusra websites
* Official Government Website
*  National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago
* Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago
Jamaica

**Jamaica**, Caribbean Samundar me ek island hau. Iske capital Kingston hae.
Iske uppar pahile Spain raaj karis lekin lagbhag 1800 me ii British ke niche aais. Jamaica 1962 me ajaad bhaes.
Guadeloupe

**Guadeloupe**, Caribbean Sea me France ke ek teritory hae. Ismepaanch island hae. Iske capital Basse-Terre hae. Guadeloupe ke uppar France sab se apahile raaj karis. Iske baad iske England lae liis aur baad me Sweden ke de dewa gais aur aakhri me iske fir se France ke lautara gais. 

Guadeloupe ke jaada log Roman Catholic, aur African descent ke hae.

## Aur dekho
* Martinique, Caribbean me ek aur France ke territory.
Chennai

**Chennai**, jiske pahile **Madras** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, India ke Tamil Nadu sstate ke capital hae. Iske abaadi 7 million log hae. Tamil Nadu ke lagbhag 10% log Chennai me rahe hae. Ii city, India ke 4th sab se barraa city hae. Iske 1661 me British East India Company suruu karis rahaa. Ii city, Bay of Bengal ke Coromandel Coast me hae.

## Duusra websites
* Official government website of Chennai District 
* Official website of the Corporation of Chennai
* Official website of the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
1848

**1861**, ek leap saal rahaa jon ki mangar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna
* **West Indies** ke chini ke industry me bawaal ke kaaran, Hindustani majdur ke huan bheje ke band kar dewa gais.
* 26 July – Sri Lanka me **Matale Rebellion**, British Raj ke virod me, suruu bhais rahaa.

* 7 November - America ke **16th Presidential election** me Whig Party ke Zachary Taylor, Democratic Party ke Lewis Cass ke 163 electoral college votes to 127 se harais. Pahile ke president, Martin Van Buren ke ekko electoral votes nai mila. 

## Janam

* 29 April - **[[Raja Ravi Varma]]**, Indian painter aur artist, ke janam Kilimanoor, Travancore, Kerala me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

* 23 February - **[[John Quincy Adams]]**, America ke 6th President ke maut, Washington D.C. me bhais rahaa.

## References
1854

**1854** ke saal etwar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna
***[[Guadeloupe]]** (French West Indies) me Hindustani majdur ke bheje ke suruu karaa gais.

## Janam

## Maut

## References
1851

**1851** ke saal budh ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna
***[[Guyana|Demerara]]** me fir se Hindustani majdur ke bheja jaae laga.

## Janam

## Maut

* 19 December - **[[J. M. W. Turner]]**, Great Britain ke chitrkaar, ke maut London me bhais rahaa.

## References
Moy

* Moy Naddi - Ireland ke ek naddi hai.
* Moy I (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj jon ki 3 May 1889 me 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji aais.
* Moy II (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj jon ki 14 April 1893 me 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji aais.
* Moy II (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj jon ki 1 June 1898 me 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji aais.
* Moy gaon, Northern Ireland ke ek gaon
Hereford

* Hereford - ek jaati ke gaiyaa hai.
* Hereford I (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj rahaa, jisme 24 April 1888 ke 539 girmitya logan Fiji aain rahaa.
* Hereford II (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj rahaa, jisme 15 June 1892 ke 479 girmitya logan Fiji aain rahaa.
* Hereford III (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj rahaa, jisme 28 June 1894 ke 511 girmitya logan Fiji aain rahaa.
Rhone

* Rhone (naddi) - Europe ke ek naddi jon ki France aur Switzerland me se bahe hae.
* Rhone I (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj rahaa, jisme 15 May 1890 ke 585 girmitya logan Fiji aain rahaa.
* Rhone II (jahaaj) - girmit waala jahaaj rahaa, jisme 11 May 1897 ke 653 girmitya logan Fiji aain rahaa.
Danube

* Danube (naddi) - Europe ke duusra sab se lambaa naddi hae.
* Danube (jahaaj) - Girmit waala jahaaj jisme jon ki 15 June 1891, ke 591 majduur ke lae ki Fiji aais rahaa.
* HMS ''Danube'', Royal Navy ke ek jahaaj ke naam
* Danbe class starship, *Star Trek* ke ek starship
* Danube - New York ke Herkimer County ke ek town
* Dubai mein ek company real estate ka.
Ems

* **[[w:River Ems (Hampshire)|Ems (naddi)]]** -  Emsworth, Hampshire, English ke ek naddi hai.
* **[[Ems I (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 20 April 1894 ke 570 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[Ems II (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 30 July 1904 ke 525 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
Virawa

* **[[S.S. Virawa I]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 26 April 1895  ke 677 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[S.S. Virawa II]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 26 April 1902  ke 618 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[S.S. Virawa III]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 17 July 1905  ke 615 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[S.S. Virawa IV]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 23 March 1907  ke 759 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
Elbe

* **[[Elbe Naddi]]** - Central Europe ke ek barraa naddi hai.
* **[[Elbe I (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 13 June 1896 ke 615 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[Elbe II (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 26 July 1900 ke 604 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[Elbe III (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 5 August 1903 ke 590 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
Le Corbusier

**Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris** (janam ke naam), (6 October 1887 – 27 August 1965), jiske jaada kar ke **Le Corbusier** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa ek architect aur writer rahaa, jiske janam Switzerland me bhaes rahaa. 1930s me uu ek French citizen ban gais rahaa. Uu Modern Architecture ke theory khatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske irada barraa barraa city me housing ke sudhare ke rahaa, kahe ki bahut log uu time pe garibi me rahat rahin. Uske design ke dunia bhar me use karaa gais hae.

Uu painting kare bhi like karat rahaa aur furniture ke bhi design karat rahaa.

## Bachpan ke din

Le Corbusier, La Chaux-de-Fonds, jon ki north Switzerland ke ek chhotaa town hae me paida bhaes rahaa. 1907 me, 19 saal ke umar me, uu Paris chalaa gais. Uu Europe bhar ghumis aur nawaa idea paais. Uu German me bhi baat kare ssakat rahaa aur kuchh famous architects ke ssathe kaam karis.

## The World War
World War I ke time, uu Switzerland laut ke ek teacher ban gais. Kuch din baad uu aapan ek cousin ke saathe ek architectural business kholis, jisme uu 1940 talak kaam karis. 1918 me uu painter, Amédée Ozenfant, ke milis rahaa, jon ki uske dost hoe gais. Uu duuno log aapan idea ke jorr ke ek nawaa rakam ke art, jiske Purism bolaa jaawe hae, ke suruu karin.

## World War ke baad
Larrai ke baad, Le Corbusier aapan art me  1922 talak dhyan diis. Iske baad uu apartments, jiske ek ke uppar ek kar ke banawa jae sakat rahaa, ke design kare lagaa. Ii rakam ke design se uu Paris ke housing ke kamii ke khalaas kare maangat rahaa. Uu ek ideal city, (Ville Contemporaine) ke design karis, lekin iske banawa nai jaawe sakaa. Uu Chandigargh, India me dher building ke design karis rahaa.

## 1930s
Le Corbusier capitalism ke nai like karat rahaa, aur ii biswas karat rahaa ki logan ke ghar ke size uske family ke size ke uppar depend hoe ke chaahi, uske paisa ke uppar nai.

## Baad ke jindagi
Le Corbusier, 1942 ke baad politics ke chhorr ke France khatir chotaa chhotaa unit banae lagaa. 

## Uske naam
Le Corbusier, naam French me uske  aaji ke surname, Lecorbésier se aais hae. Iske matlab English me  "the crow like one" hae. Uu ii naam ke 1920 me chunis rahaa.

## Le Corbusier ke banawa gais building ke suchi

## Chapa ke gallery


File:Open Hand Monument in Chandigarh.jpg|Chandigarh, India me Open Hand Monument
File:National museum of western art01 1920.jpg|Tokyo, Japan me National Museum of Western Art
File:Zürich - Seefeld - Corbusier - Heidi Weber Museum IMG 1552.JPG|Le Corbusier Museum, Zurich me
Image:Chaux-de-Fonds Umgebung.jpg|La Chaux-de-Fonds
Avon (disambiguation)

* Avon (naddi) - England ke ek naddi hai
* Avon I (jahaaj) - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 5 May 1892 me 520 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* Avon II (jahaaj) - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 25 July 1899 me 467 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
Jumna

* **[[Jamuna]]** - North India ke ek naddi hae.
* **[[Jumna I (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 27 June 1891 me 447 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
* **[[Jumna II (jahaaj)]]** - Ek jahaaj rahaa jisme 23 May 1893 me 310 girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa.
## Gallery

File:On the banks of New Yamuna bridge, Allahabad.jpg|New Yamuna bridge, Allahabad.
File:YamunaRiver.jpg|Yamuna as seen from the Taj Mahal, Agra.
File:Madan Mohan temple, on the Yamuna, Vrindavan, 1789.jpg|Madan Mohan temple, on the Yamuna, Vrindavan, 1789, it has shifted further away since then.
File:Keshighat Vrindavan.JPG|'Keshi Ghat' on the Yamuna, Vrindavan.
Donatello

**Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi**, jiske jaada kar ke  **Donatello** ke naam se jaana jaawe hai (1386 – 13 December 1466) Renaissance ke time ke ek Italian artist rahaa. Uu Florence me rahat rahaa aur famous bhais kahe ki uske aapan time ke  sab se achchhaa sculptor maana jaawat rahaa. Uu ek khaas rakam ke technique use karat rahaa, jiske 'shallow relief', bola jaawat rahaa.

## Gallery

Zuccone Donatello OPA Florence.jpg|Habacuc ke statue(jiske *Zuccone* ke naam se jaana jaawe hae) Giotto ke Bell Tower ke khatir. Ii abbhi Florence ke Museo dell'Opera del Duomo me hae.
St George Donatello Orsanmichele n1.jpg|St. George ke statue Orsanmichele, Florence me.
Image:Siena.Duomo.Donatello.JohnBaptist0.jpg|St. John the Baptist ke statue Duomo di Siena me.
Gattamelata.jpg|Donatello ke equestrian monument of Gattamelata Padua me.


## Notes

## References
* Donatello article in the 1911 Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica
* Adrian W. B. Randolph, Engaging symbols: gender, politics, and public art in fifteenth-century Florence. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002.
* Giorgio Vasari, *Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architettori*, Firenze 1568, edizione a cura di R. Bettarini e P. Barocchi, Firenze 1971.
* Rolf C. Wirtz, *Donatello*, Könemann, Colonia 1998. ISBN 3-8290-4546-8
* Charles Avery, *Donatello. Catalogo completo delle opere*, Firenze 1991
* Bonnie A. Bennett e David G. Wilkins, *Donatello*, Oxford 1984
* Michael Greenhalg, *Donatello and his sources*, Londra 1982
* Volker Herzner, *Die Judith del Medici*, in *Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte*, 43, 1980, pp. 139–180
* Horst W. Janson, *The sculpture of Donatello*, Princetown 1957
* Hans Kauffmann, *Donatello*, Berlino 1935
* Peter E. Leach, *Images of political Triumph. Donatello's iconography of Heroes*, Princetown 1984
* Pierluigi De Vecchi ed Elda Cerchiari, *I tempi dell'arte*, volume 2, Bompiani, Milano 1999. ISBN 88-451-7212-0
* *Donatello e il suo tempo*, atti dell'VIII convegno internazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Firenze e Padova, 1966, Firenze 1968

## External links

* Donatello: Photo Gallery
* Donatello, by David Lindsay, 27th Earl of Crawford, from Project Gutenberg]
*
Albrecht Dürer

**Albrecht Dürer** (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528)  ek Germany ke chitrkaar, engraver aur mathematician rahaa. Uske janam Nuremberg, Germany me bhais rahaa. 

Uu jab 20s me rahaa tab uske naam Europe bhar me fael gais rahaa aur uske Renaissance ke time me Northern Europe ke sab se achchhaa artist maana jaawat rahaa. Uske kaam me Apocalypse woodcuts, Knight, Death, aur Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) aur Melencolia I (1514) rahaa. Uske watercolours uske Europe ke pahila landscape artist banais, aur uske woodcuts, lakrri waala art ke jaana maana kar diis. 

## Chapa ke gallery


Albrecht_Dürer_-_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_House_of_Dürer_-_WGA07258.jpg|Dürer's ke aapan lakrri ke banaa coat of arms
Durer-self-portrait-at-the-age-of-thirteen.jpg|silverpoint drawing, jiske Dürer, 1484 me banais rahaa jab uu 13 saal ke rahaa
Albrecht-self.jpg|lbrecht Dürer ke *Self-Portrait* (1493) 
Durer Young Hare.jpg|*Young Hare*, 1502
Dürer Melancholia I.jpg|*Melencolia I*, 1514, Albrecht Dürer engraving
Albrecht Duerer- Lamentation for Christ.JPG|*Lamentation for Christ*, oil, 1500–1503
Duerer-Prayer.jpg|*The Praying Hands*
Albrecht Dürer - Adam and Eve (Prado) 2.jpg|*Adam and Eve*, (1507).
Dürer - Rhinoceros.jpg|*Dürer's Rhinoceros*, woodcut, 1515.
File:St. Cristopher-Dürer.jpg|St. Christopher, engraving]], 1521
File:DBPB 1961 202 Albrecht Dürer.jpg|Dürer 1961 German stamp me
Landscape with a Large Cannon MET MM7867.jpg|*The Cannon*, 1518



## References

## Books/sources
* Giulia Bartrum (2002), *Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy*, British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-2633-0
* Walter L. Strauss (Editor) (1973), *The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Drypoints of Albrecht Durer*, Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-22851-7 — still in print in paperback.
* Wilhelm Kurth (Editor) (2000), *The Complete Woodcuts of Albrecht Durer*, Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21097-9 — still in print in paperback.

## Duusra websites
* Links to online museum images of all of Dürer's prints — see section B (nb: Not all Public Domain) 
* Albrecht Durer in the "History of Art" 
* http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/
* Alternative Albrecht Durer
* Works by Albrecht Dürer at Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
* Albrecht Dürer: ''Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion''
* ''De Symmetria... and Underweysung der Messung''  1538, from Rare Book Room.
Vincent van Gogh

**Vincent Willem van Gogh** (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890), Netherlands ke ek *Post-Impressionist* chitrkaar rahaa, jiske kaam ke khaas asar 20th century kalaa pe bhaes rahaa. Uske kalaa ke uske rang aur gambhir asar ke khatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske dimag achchaa nai rahaa aur uu 37 saal ke umar me apne ke banduuk se daag ke maraa. 

Jab ki uske jindagi ke time uske bahut log nai jaanat rahin, uske naam uske maut ke baad mashuur bhaes rahaa. Aajkal uske itihaas ke ek sab se achchhaa chitrkaar maana jaawe hae. Van Gogh, uu time talak painting nai suruu karis jab talak ki uu aapan late 20s me rahaa aur uske sab se jaada mashuur painting uske jindagi ke aakhri dui saal me paint karaa gais rahaa.

Uu 2,000 se jaada artwork banais rahaa, jisme 900 painting aur 1,100 drawing aur sketches rahaa. Van Gogh aapan jawani ke din me ek firm of art dealers ke kaam karat rahaa aur jaada time  The Hague,London aur Paris ke biich me ghumat rahaa, jiske baad uu England me parrhaes rahaa. Suruu me uu ek padhrrii bane maangat rahaa aur 1879 ke baad uu Belgium ke ek miniing region me gospel preach karat rahaa. Ii time pe uu local community ke log ke sketch kare lagaa aur 1885 me aapan khaas kaam *[[The Potato Eaters]]* ke banais.  March 1886 me uu Parisgais aur huan pe  French Impressionists ke baare me sikhis. Baad me uu France ke South me gais. 

## Chapa ke gallery


File:Vincent van Gogh 1866.jpg|Terah saal ke umar me
File:Theo van Gogh 1878 (cropped).jpg|Solah saal ke umar me
File:VincentVanGoghFoto.jpg|Attharah saal ke umar me
File:Cuesmes JPG001.jpg|Jon ghar me Van Gogh 1880 me rahat rahaa aur jahan pe uu artist bane ke sochis
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh 016.jpg|1882 ke The Hague ke water colour
File:Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg|*The Potato Eaters* - 1885
File:Skull with a Burning Cigarette.jpg|Ek skull, baraa cigeratte ke saathe
File:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 056.jpg|Van Gogh ke portrait


## Dusra websites
* Van Gogh Gallery
* Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam
* The Complete Works of Vincent van Gogh
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/V/vangogh.html
Zimbabwe

**Republic of Zimbabwe** southern Africa ke ek des hae. Iske Its capital city Hararehae. Iske leader President Emmerson Mnangagwa hae.

Iske parosi des Zambia, Botswana, South Africa aur Mozambique hae.

Zimbabwe me Victoria Falls hae.

Zimbabwe ke pahile **Rhodesia** ke naamse jaana jaawat rahaa. Ii pahile Great Britain ke colony rahaa.
file:Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe (Unsplash).jpg
file:ZW-Victoria-falls-stadt-1.jpg
file:Harare movers and shakers.jpg


## bhaari jhor
country
Zambia

**Republic of Zambia** southern Africa ke ek des hae. Iske parrosi des, north me Democratic Republic of the Congo, north-east me Tanzania, east me Malawi, south me Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, aur Namibia aur west me Angola hae. Iske pahile **Northern Rhodesia** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa aur iske naam Zambezi Naddi se aais hae.

Iske capital Lusaka hae, jon ki ii des ke sab se barraa city hae. Iske President abhi Levy Mwanawasa hae aur ii 24 October 1964 ke United Kingdom se ajaad bhaes rahaa . Iske motto *One Zambia, One Nation* aur national anthem *Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free* hae. Iske official bhasa English hae.
Yemen

**The Republic of Yemen** nai to **Yemen** Middle East ke ek des hae jon ki North Yemen aur South Yemen ke jorr ke banaa hae aur ii south Arabian Peninsula me hae. Iske border north aur east me Saudi Arabia aur Oman,south me Arabian Sea aur west me Red Sea hae.
Uganda

**Uganda**, Africake ek des hae. Iske capital aur sab se barraa city, Kampala hae. Iske currency Ugandan Shilling hae. Iske official bhasa English aurSwahili hae aur sab se bhaari dharam Christianity hae.

## Duusra websites
* Royaltee-Free images of Uganda
Henri Matisse

**Henri Matisse** (31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) France ke ek artist rahaa. Uu jaada rang kaam me laawat rahaa aur drawings, sculptures, aur paintings banais rahaa. 

## Bajpan ke din aur parhai
**Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse** ke janam Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, France me bhais rahaa, lekin Bohain-en-Vermandois, Picardie, France me aapan bajpan ke din kaatis, jahan pe usle palwaar ke ek  business rahaa. Henri sab se barra larrka rahaa. 1887 me uu Paris jaae ke wakiili parrhis aur pass kare ke baad Le Cateau-Cambrésis me ek court administrator ke kaam karis. 1889 me uu pahila dafe paint kare ke suruu karis, jab uske maiya use khatir art supplies kharidis, jab uu appendicitis se recover karat rahaa. Uu ek rakam ke  "swarag" dekhis, jaise uu baad me batais, aur ii decide karis ki uu ek artist bani, jisse uske pitaji khush nai rahaa. 1891 me uu Paris laut ke Académie Julian me parhe lagaa aur William-Adolphe Bouguereau aur Gustave Moreau ke student banaa. Suruu me uu still-lifes aur landscapes traditional Flemish style me paint karis, jisme uu kaafi aage hoe gais. Chardin, Matisse ke taarif kare waala ek khaas painter rahaa. Jab uu ek art ke student rahaa tab uu chaar Chardin paintings ke Louvre me copy banais. 1896 me uu paanch paintings ke Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts ke salon me dekhais,  aur sarkar isme se dui ke khariid liis. 1897 aur 1898 me uu, John Peter Russell ke lage Belle Île me gais, jon ki uske Impressionism  ke paint kare ke sikhais. Matisse ke  style puura badal gais aur uu baad me batais ki  "Russell uske guru raha aur Russell uske colour theory samjhais."

## Matisse ke kaam ke suchi
## Paintings

## Sculptures
Many of Matisse's sculptures were modeled in clay and later cast in bronze, a process which allows for multiple copies to be made. Because of that, many of these works exist in multiple copies and are in the collections of multiple museums.

## Works on paper

## Duusra websites
* Matisse gallery

## References
Jackson Pollock

**Jackson Pollock** (28 January 1912 – 11 August 1956) ek American painter rahaa. Uu famous bhais jab uu abstract expressionist style me paint karis. Pollock ke kuchh khaas painting ke paint ke drip aur splash kare se banawa gais rahaa. Uske nickname **Jack the Dripper** rahaa.
Johannes Vermeer

**Johannes Vermeer** nai to **Jan Vermeer** (31 October 1632 - 15 December 1675) ek Dutch Baroque painter rahaa. uu aapan jindagi Delft town me bitais. Vermeer ek Protestant palwaar ke rahaa, lekin uu ek Catholic aurat, Catherina Bolnes, ke saathe saadi karis rahaa. Uske lage gyarah larrkan rahaa.

Uu dher logan ke paint karis rahaa.
Peter Paul Rubens

**Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens** (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) ek Flemish painter rahaa. Uu Baroque style me paint karat rahaa.

Rubens ke uske Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, aur history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects khatir jaana jaawe hae.

Iske saathe uu Antwerp me ek barraa studio chlawat rahaa jon ki Europe bhar ke nobility aur art collectors me mashuur rahaa.  Rubens ek classically-educated humanist scholar, art collector, aur diplomat rahaa jiske duuno Philip IV, Spain ke raja aur Charles I, England ke raja knithood diis rahaa.

### Early life
Rubens ke janam Siegen, Westphalia, Germany me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jan Rubens aur maiya Maria Pypelincks rahis.  Jan Rubens ek Calvinist rahis, aur uu aapan aurat ke saathe hissa ke Antwerp se Cologne 1568 me gais, kaahe ki Netherlands me Spain ke raaj me  Protestant log ke bahut satawa jaawat rahaa. Jan Rubens, 1570 me Siegen ke raja ke aurat ke leagal advisor ban gais aur wanhii pe rahe lagaa.  Jan Rubens ke rani ke saathe affair kare ke khatir jahrl bhej aais rahaa aur yahii time 1577 me Peter Paul Rubens paida bhais rahaa. 1588 me puura palwaar  Cologne chal diin, lekin dui saal baad, Rubens ke pitaji ke maut ke baad Rubens aapan maiya ke saathe Antwerp laut gais, jahaan pe uske  Catholic ke upbringing mila. Dharam uske jiwan me khaas sthan rakhis rahaa aur uu baad me Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting ke .

Antwerp me Rubens ke  humanist sikchha milaa, jisme uu Latin aur classical literature parrhis. Chaudah saal ke umar me uu aapan artistic apprenticeship  Tobias Verhaeght ke saathe suruu karis. Baad me uu city ke dui sab se achchhaa painter logan Adam van Noort aur Otto van Veen ke niche parhis. Uske pahile ke training me jaada training me uu pahile ke artist ke kaam ke paint karat rahaa. Rubens aapan parrhai ke 1598 me khalaas karis, jab uu  Guild of St. Luke me ek independent master ke ruup me join karis.

## References
Diego Velázquez

**Diego Velázquez** (June 1599 - 6 August 1660) ek Spanish painter rahaa, jon ki Spain ke raja  Philip IV ke khaas artist rahaa.

Uu Baroque period ke artist rahaa aur portrait artist ke khatir mashuur rahaa.  Uu dher painting me itihaas aur saskriti ke dekhais rahaa aur Spanish royality aur duusra European log ke bhi paint karis rahaa jiske lae ke uu aapan materpiece, *[[Las Meninas]]* (1656) ke banais rahaa.

Nineteenth century ke pahila quarter se Velázquez ke artwork realist aur impressionist painters, khaas kar ke Édouard Manet ke khatir ek model rahaa. Uu time se aadhmic artist, jisme  Spain ke Pablo Picasso aur Salvador Dalí bhi hae, aur Anglo-Irish painter Francis Bacon, uske painting ke taarif karin hae. 

Diego Velázquez ke bahut karraa jindagi rahaa. Uske saadi bhaes jab ki uu khaali atharah saal ke rahaa. Uske lage dui larrki rahaa. Uu 61 saal ke umar me maraa dher painting kare ke baad. 

## Jawani ke din
Velázquez ke janam Seville, Andalusia, Spain me bhais rahaa, au uu Juan Rodríguez de Silva aur Jerónima Velázquez ke pahila larka rahaa. Uske June 6, 1599 ke church of St Peter, Seville me, baptise karaa gais rahaa. Ii christening baby ke paidea hoe ke kuchh din baad me bhais rahaa. Velázquez ke paternal grandparents, Diego da Silva aur Maria Rodrigues, Seville me Porto, Portugal se dher din pahile aain rahaa. Duuno Juan Rodríguez de Silva aur uske aurat ke janam Seville me bhais rahaa, aur uu logan ke saadi church of St Peter me, 28 December 1597 me bhais rahaa. 

Velázquez ke ii parhawa gais rahaa ki uu [bhagwaan]] se dare , aur uske office waala kaam kare ke khatir uske bhasa aur philosophy me parrhai karawa gais rahaa. Uu chhote me art ke khatir talent dekhais aur yahii kaaran se Francisco de Herrera, jon ki ek paijnter rahaa, ke nich parhai suruu karis.  Velázquez uske saathe ek saal talak rahaa , jahan pe uu lamba brush se paint kare ke sikhis. 

Jab uu 12 saal ke rahaa tab uu Herrera ke studio ke chhor ke Francisco Pacheco, Seville ke ek artist aur teacher, ke niche apprentice ban gais. Velázquez, Pacheco ke school me paanch saal talak rahaa, jahan pe uu proportion aur perspective sikhis aur  Seville ke literary aur artistic circles me pariwartan dekhis.
Frank Lloyd Wright

**Frank Lloyd Wright** (8 June 1867 – 9 April 1959) early 1900's ke ek jaana maana architect rahaa. Uu dher rakam ke buildings, jisme banks, holiday resorts, office buildings, churches, ek synagogue, ek gas station, ek beer garden aur ek art museum rahaa. Uu American style ke building design ke suruu karis rahaa aur 20th century ke sab se barraa architect maana jaawe hae.  

## Bachpan ke din
Frank Lloyd Wright ke janam ek kheti waala town, Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States me, 1867 me, bhais rahaa. Suruu me uske naam Frank Lincoln Wright rahaa, lekin uu aapan mai-baap ke divorce ke baad me, aapan maiya ke palwaar ke honour kare ke khai, ii naam ke badal liis.  Uske pitaji, William Carey Wright (1825–1904) ek locally admired orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer aur itinerant minister rahaa. William Wright, Anna Lloyd Jones (1838/39 – 1923), jon ki ek a county school teacher rahii, ke uu time milis jab uu Richland County me superitendent of school rahaa. William Wright, originally Massachusetts se aais rahaa,  jahan pe uu ek Baptist minister rahaa lekin baad me uu aapan aurat ke palwaar ke Unitarian ke join kar liis. Anna ek barraa aur dhani Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians ke member rahii, jon ki Wales se Spring Green, Wisconsin immigrate bhae rahin. Anna ke ek bhaiyaa, Jenkin Lloyd Jones, Unitarian faith in me Western United States me ek khaas admii rahaa. 

Wright family ke paisa ke tangais rahaa aur uu logan Spring Green, Wisconsin laur gain, jahan pe Lloyd Jones, William ke kaam paae ke khatir madat karis. Uu logan Madison me settle hoe gain, jahan pe William  music parhaat rahaa aur Unitarian society ke matri rahaa.

Jab Wright 14 saal ke rahaa, tab uske mai-baap separate hoe gain, kaahe ki Anna aapan admi ke paisa kamae ke dikkat se khusi nai rahii.  Ii divorce 1885 me finalise bhais jab William , Anna ke uppar lack of physical affection ke khatir mukadma kais. Iske baad William  Wisconsin chorr ke chal diis aur Wright uske fir nai dekhis. Ii time Wright ke middle name  ke badal ke Lloyd se  Lincoln kar dewa gais.

## Kaam ke suchi

## References
Christmas Island

**Territory of Christmas Island** ek chhota island hae jon ki Australia ke niche hae. Ii Indian Ocean me, Perth se 2600&nbsp;kms northwest aur Jakarta se 500kms south me hae.

Lag bhag 1,600 log Christmas Island me rahe hae, jaada kar ke "settlement areas", island ke north me:

* Flying Fish Cove (jiske Kampong ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae)
* Settlement
* Silver City
* Poon Saan
* Drumsite.

## Bibliography
* CIA World Factbook 2002
* Charles. W. Andrews, A Description of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). *Geographical Journal*, **13(1)**, 17-35 (1899).
* Charles W. Andrews, A Monograph of Christmas Island, London,1900.
* National Library of Australia, The Indian Ocean: a select bibliography. 1979 ISBN 0-642-99150-2
* W. J. L. Wharton, Account of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. *Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography*, **10 (10)**, 613-624 (1888).

## Duusra websites
* Christmas Island Shire official website
* ''Christmas Island Act 1958'' 
* 
* Christmas Island  in the CIA World Factbook
* Christmas Island Travel Guide from Unearth Travel a creative commons travel wiki

## References
Cocos (Keeling) Islands

**Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands**, jiske **Cocos Islands** aur **Keeling Islands** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hai, Australiake ek territory hae. Isme dui atoll aur biis aur saat coral island hae. Ii island Indian Ocean me, Australia aur Sri Lanka ke biich me hae.

## Duusra websites
Atoll Research Bulletin vol. 403
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands Tourism website 
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands  entry from the CIA World Factbook
* Shire of Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* Noel Crusz, ''The Cocos Islands mutiny'', Reviewed by: PETER STANLEY, Principal Historian, Australian War Memorial
* History of Cocos (Keeling) Islands  
* Areas of individual islets
* The man who lost a 'coral kingdom'

## References
Cyprus

**Cyprus**, Asia ke ek des hae jiske culture aur itihaas Europe se milaa hae. Ii Mediterranean Sea me ek island hae. Iske capital Nicosia hae aur hian ke jaada log Greek me baat kare hae. Hian pe dher log Turkish me bhi baat kare hae. July 1974 me Turkey, Cyprus ke invade kar ke island ke north hissa ke Turkish Northern Cyprus banais.
file:Apostle Andreas Orthodox Church, Polis, Cyprus 02.jpg
file:Fountain of Lysos, Cyprus 02.jpg
file:Coast with Dome Hotel, Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus 03.jpg
file:Markideio Theatre, Paphos, Cyprus - cropped.jpg
file:Map of Cyprus Showing the Famagusta-Karavostosi Railway.png


## Duusra websites

* Cyprus Videos 
* Cyprus Pictures 
* Cyprus Map 
* CyprusLinks.com
* Cyprus Tourist Guide
Macau

**[[People's Republic of China]]** ke **Macao Special Administrative Region**  (**Macau** nai to **Macao**, Pinyin: Aomen, Cantonese: Ou Mun), China ke ek Special Administrative Region hae. (Duusra waala Hong Kong hae).  Macau, China ke southern coast me ek chhota city hae. Isme Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island, Coloane Island and Cotai, aur dui nawaa island Taipa aur Coloane hae.

Pahile Macao, Portugal ke colony rahaa.
Abkhazia

**Abkhazia** (Abkhaz bhasa:Аҧсны *Apsny,* აფხაზეთი *Apkhazeti* nai to *Abkhazeti, *Russian bhasa: Абха́зия *Abkhazia*), Black Sea ke eastern coast me ek disputed region hai. Ii 1991 me Georgia se alag hoe gais aur abhi Russia ke protection ke niche **Republic of Abkhazia** ke naam se hai.

## Chapa ke gallery


File:Abkhazia02.png
Image: Novoafonsky monastyr.jpg| New Athos (*Novyy Afon*) orthodox monastery
Image: GagraColonnade.jpg| Gagra
Image: Gegsky1.jpg| Geg waterfall
Image: Sukhum1.jpg| View of Sukhumi 1
Image: Aloisi_villa_Sukhumi.jpg| View of Sukhumi 2
Image:On_quay._Sukhum.jpg|Sukhumi quay
Image:Botanical garden.Sukhum.jpg|Sukhumi botanical garden front entrance
|Chanba Dramatic theatre in Sukhumi


## Duusra websites

* President of the Republic of Abkhazia. Official site (en, ru, ab, tr) 

## References
British Indian Ocean Territory

**British Indian Ocean Territory**, Indian Ocean me United Kingdom ke ek dependency hae. Isme dher chhota chhota island hae, jisme se sab se baraa Diego Garcia hae.

Ii island ke natives log ke 1967 me forcefully deport kar dewa gais rahaa, jiise ki iske United States ke lease karaa gais rahaa ek military base banae ke khatir.
Madagascar

**Madagascar**, Indian Ocean me , Africa se thorra dur pe, ek barraa island des hae. Iske population satrah million haer aur capital city hae Antananarivo.
Canary Islands

**Canary Islands**, Atlantic Ocean me, Morocco se kuchh duur pe, ek island ke group hae. Ii Spain ke ek autonomous territory hae. Isme saat khaas island hae. Hian ke log Spanish me baat kare hae, Iske dui capital, Santa Cruz de Tenerife aur Las Palmas de Gran Canaria hae. Sab island jwala mukhi se banaa hae.
Ceuta

**Ceuta**, North Africa, ke Strait of Gibraltar ke lage ek city hai. Ii city ke size 28 square kilometers hai, aur iske population 71,000 log hai.
Slovakia

**Slovakia** (Slovak: *Slovensko*) ke official naam **Slovak Republic** (Slovak: *Slovenská republika*), central Europe ke ek des hae. Iske border southwest me Austria, south me Hungary, east me Ukraine, north me Poland, aur norhwest me  Czechia hae. Iske capital city Bratislava hae.  Slovakia, 200 se European Union ke member hae
file:National Council of the Slovak Republic, view from Bratislava castle in Bratislava, Bratislava I District.jpg
file:Estatua Hombre Trabajando, Bratislava, Eslovaquia, 2020-02-01, DD 45.jpg
file:Grasalkovicov palac bratislava Slovakia.jpg
file:National Council of the Slovak Republic, view from Nový most viewpoint in Bratislava, Bratislava I District.jpg


## Dusra websites
* The Slovak Republic Government Office
Slovenia

**Slovenia**, central Europe ke ek des hae. Iske rajdhani aur sab se barraa shahar Ljubljana/Laibach hae. Hian ke log Slovenian bhasa me baat kare hae. Iske abaadi 2.0 million. hae.

Bahut din pahile, Illyria aur Celtic tribes Slovenia me rahat rahin. First century BC me Slovenia ke uppar Romans log raj karat rahin. Sixth century AD, me Slavs lod aae ke hian pe rahe lagin. 1335 se 1918 talak ispe Austria raj karat rahaa. 1918 me ii  Yugoslavia ke ek hissa banaa. World War II me  Italy, Hungary aur Germany iske aapan me baat liin rahaa.

June 1991, 10 din ke larrai ke baad i ajaad bhaes.
file:Cappuchin Bridge (30706076020).jpg
file:View to Piran from St. George's Parish Church, Piran, Slovenia 10.jpg
file:Ridge of Veliki Vrh, Karawanks, Slovenia 11.jpg


## Duursa websites
* Slovenia.si. Your gateway to information on Slovenia.
* Government of the Republic of Slovenia
* Slovenia Official Tourist Guide
* Slovenian Mountains
Tanni

**Tanni**, turup ke rakam ek patta ke game hai, lekin  isme khaali A, J, 10, 9, 6, 5 se khela jaawe hai. Ii game ke Fiji ke Hindustani logan khele hai. Ii game ke jorra me nai to tiin log ke team me khela jaawe hai.

## Patta ke kimat
Isme patta ke kimat ii rakam se hai:

Iske matlab ii hai ki patta ke puura kimat 18 &times; 4 = 72 hai.

## Patta baate dhang

### Chhe jan waala game
Ek, ek kar sab player ke chaar patta baata jaawe hai.

### Chaar jan waala game
Ek, ek kar sab player ke chaar patta baata jaawe hai, aur bol ke baad dui aur patta ke baata jaawe hai.

## Boli (betting)
Player log right ke bagal se ii batae hai ki uu log ketna point banai. Iske 45 se suruukar ke paanch se jaada karaa jaawe sake hai. Sab se jaada bet 72 hai. Iske alawa jorri aur tanni ke bhi bet karaa jaawe sake hai. Antar ii hai ki, sab se jaada boli waala agar ji ek number (45 - 72) banae ke batais tab jiite pe uke 1 point milii aur haare pe 2 point haari. Jorri bet ke jiite pe 2 point mili aur haare pe 4 point haari. Tanni jiite pe 3 point mile aur haare pe 6 point haara jaawe hai. 6 point ke jhandi (flag) bhi bola jaawe hai.

Ii baat yaad rakhe ke chaahi ki jorrii aur tanni ke banae ke khatir sab haanth jiite ke parrii. 

## Turup
Player jon ki sab se jaada bet kare hai, ek patta ke niche rakhe hai jon ki turup rahe hai. Aur koi nai jaane hai ki kon chij turup hai. Jab ek player ke lage chaal waala paata nai hai aur  uu turup jaane maange hai tab, iske kholawe sake hai. Iske baad uu suit turup ke rakam kaam me lawa jaawe hai. Turup khole se pahile agar ii suit ke khela gais hoi tab uu turup  nai rahaa.

## Jiit
Sab haanth khele ke baad patta ke value ginaa jaawe hai. 

## Chaal jorri
Ek player jis ke chaal hai, agar sure hai ki uu last hanth khele se pahile sab haanth ke jiit li, "chaal jorri" bol ke aapan bet ke uppar kare sake hai.
Matsuo Bashō

**Matsuo Munefusa**, jiske **Matsuo Bashō** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae (Japanese: 松尾芭蕉, 1644 - 28 November 1694) ek Japanese poet rahaa. Uske sab se barraa haeku, ek rakam ke kavita jisme 5-7-5 syllables rahe hae, banae waala poet maana jaawe hae. 

Japanese custom me uske *Basho* bolaa jaawe hae , uske siganture me uske ghar ke naam nai rahe hae. 

Uske janam Iga, jon ki abhi Mie prefecture me hae, ek samurai (Japanese warrior) palwaar me bhaes rahaa.
French Guiana

**French Guiana**, South America me ek French province hae. Iske capital Cayenne (pronounced: kay-yen) hae.

Hian pe dher sona, mine aur jangle hae. Hian ke currency euro hae. Hian pe ek famous island jahan pe where criminals log ke bheja jaawat rahaa aur ii jagha ke Devil Island, nai to Ile du Diable bola jaawe hae.

66% log black aur mulatto, 12% gora, 12% East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian 12%, aur 10% duusra jaat ke hae.

European Space Agency, French Guyana ke Kourou me ek astroport chalawe hae.

Ii sab se barara territory Europe ke bahaar hae jon ki European Union ke member hae.
Chile

**Chile** is a long, thin country which is on the western side of South America. The people there speak Spanish.

Chile, jon ki Antarctic continent ke claim kare hae, dunia ke sab se lamba des hae. Atacama Desert, jon ki des ke north me hae, dunia ke sab se jhura jagah hae. Hian ke average rainfall ek saal me 0.05&nbsp;mm hae. Chile ke biich me, dui city Santiago aur Valparaíso me Mediterranean mausam hae jaan pe average temperatures January me 28&nbsp;°C aur July me 11&nbsp;°C hae. Chie ke biich me jamin kaafi fertile hae.

Chile me 16,8 million log rahe hae, jisme se 8 million log Chile ke biich me Valparaíso aur Santiago ke lage, nai to 20% territory me rahe hae. Chile ke khaali 2.7% log likhe aur parrhe nai sake hae. Chile ke school system ke South America me sab se achchhaa maana jaawe hae.

Chile ke currency Chilean peso hae.

## People

Chile ke lagbhag 95% log Caucasian, jaada kar ke Spanish hae. Lagbhag 3% log Native American hae, aur lagbhag 2% log pura gora hae. Jaada log Roman Catholic (62,8% http://teonomia.blogspot.com/2005/10/catlicos-en-rebelda.html) hae. Lagbhag 10% log Protestant hae, aur kuch log Judaism me bhi biswas kare hae. Deske official bhasa Spanish hae.
 
## Chapa ke gallery

 
File:Pueblo de San Pedro de Atacama 2013-09-21 11-52-31.jpg|Atacama, Chile
File:Puerto Varas, Chile (10986508514).jpg|Puerto Varas, Chile
File:Santiago en invierno.jpg|Santiago, Chile
Samuel Beckett

**Samuel Beckett** (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989) ke janam Dublin, Ireland me bhaes rahaa. Uu books, plays, aur poetry likhat rahaa. Uu duusra famous works of literature ke bhi translate karis rahaa. 1969 me uske Literature ke khatir Nobel Prize dewa gais rahaa.

Uske sab se jaada famous play *Waiting For Godot* rahaa, jiske dher dafe stage pe act karaa gais hae aur ii TV pe bhi rahaa. 

]
Oedema

**Oedema** ek bemari hae jisme dehin ke capillaries me se fluid nikal ke tissue me chal de hae. Isse dehin ke uu hissa, jahan pe leak bhais hae, fuul jaae hae aur iske bahaar se bhi dekha jaae sake hae
Jorge Luis Borges

**Jorge Luis Borges** ( audio) (24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) ek Argentine writer rahaa. Uske English bhasa waala des me jaada kar ke  uske chhota kahani aur fictive essays khatir jaana jaawe hae. Borges ek kavi, critic, translator aur man of wisdom bhi rahaa.

## Duusra websites
* Borges Center, University of Iowa: important internet resources including bibliographies, chronologies, full text articles and books, and information on the journal Variaciones Borges
* BBC Radio 4: ''In Our Time'' Archive page for edition about Borges in a series on the 'History of Ideas'. Includes link to streaming audio.
* The Modern Word: The Garden of Forking Paths . A comprehensive Web site dedicated to exploring Borges and his work, including pages that discuss writers that Borges influenced.
* Internetaleph. Fully bilingual (English/Spanish) portal dedicated to Jorge Luis Borges. Links, recent news, reading suggestions and an introduction for beginners.
* The Borgesian Cyclopaedia . "Being a Virtual Reference to the World of Jorge Luis Borges".
* Hallucinating Spaces, or the Aleph  An essay from *Borgesland* by Susana Medina
* The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates  A non-Governmental and not for profit organization with four distinctive entities that aim to promote artistic and intellectual talents along with civic virtues in new generations of mankind. Borges' works ("a writer of writers" for his extensive and insightful readings) are celebrated as a thread of Ariadne to walk the labyrinths of Philosophy and Literature and all fields of knowledge in quest of wisdom.
* Fundación San Telmo's Jorge Luis Borges Collection 
* The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Jorge Luis Borges 
* Borges' Bad Politics Slate.com presents an essay by Clive James arguing that Borges could have done more to engage with Argentina's political situation
* ''"El Tango"''  on audio MP3 (in Spanish)
* Rend(er)ing L.C.: Susan Daitch Meets Borges & Borges, Delacroix, Marx, Derrida, Daumier, and Other Textualized Bodies  William A. Nericcio (1993); pdf full-text 
* Poem of Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 'Fundación mítica de Buenos Aires'
Fiji ke Legislative Council ke Hindustani Member ke suchi

Fiji ke jaane maane Hindustani politician me hai me hai:
* Badri Maharaj: 1917 - 1923, 1926 - 199
* Vishnu Deo: 1929, 1937 - 1959
* James Ramchandar Rao: 1929
* Parmanand Singh: 1929
* Muniswamy Mudaliar: 1932 - 1937
* K. B. Singh - 1932 - 1947
* Chattur Singh: 1937 - 1940
* J. B. Tularam: 1937 - 1944 
* Said Hasan: 1937 - 1944
* B. D. Lakshman: 1940 - 1944, 1959 - 1963
* B. M. Gyaneshwar: 1944 - 1947
* A. R. Sahu Khan: 1944 - 1947
* Pandit Ami Chandra: 1947 - 1950
* M. S. Buksh: 1947 -1950
* James Madhavan: 1947 - 1959, 1961 - 1970
* A. D. Patel: 1944 - 1950, 1963 - 1969
* B. M. Jannif: 1950 - 1953
*Sadanand Maharaj 1950 - 1953
* Ayodhya Prasad: 1953 - 1959
* Abdul Samad: 1953 - 1956
* K. S. Reddy: 1953 - 1956, 1966 - 1970
* A. I. N. Deoki: 1956 - 1966
* A. R. Manu: 1956 - 1957
* A. H. Sahu Khan: 1957 - 1963
* Sathi Narayan: 1959 - 1963
* S. M. Koya: 1963 - 1970
* C. A. Shah: 1963 - 1970
* C. P. Singh: 1963 - 1966
* Ram Jati Singh: 1966 - 1970
* Vijay R. Singh: 1959 - 1960, 1966 - 1970
* M. T. Khan: 1966 - 1968
* R. D. Patel: 1966 - 1970
* K. C. Ramrakha: 1966 - 1970
* Irene Jai Narayan: 1966 - 1960
* Ujagar Singh: 1968 - 1970
* C. S. Pillay 1969 - 1970

## February 1970
* Vijay R. Singh - Minister for Commerce Industry and Co-oporatives
* K. S. Reddy - Assistant Minister for Social Sevices
* A. Lateef - Indian Member Central
* R. D. Patel - Deputy Speaker
* K. C. Ramrakha - Opposition Whip
J. B. Tularam

**J. B. Tularam** (1900 - 1981), 1937 ke Legislative Council ke election me, Eastern Indian Division me Channa Bhai Patel ke 14 votes se harais. Tularam 1937 se lae ke 1944 talak Legislative Council ke member rahaa.

## Elections
Uu paanch dafe, Legislative Council ke khatir, Eastern Indian Constituency ke khjatir election me kharraa bhais rahaa.

* 1937 ke election me uu Channa Bhai Patel ke harais
* 1940 ke election me uu Jafar Khan aur Sadhu Lal ke harais
* 1944 ke election me uu B. M. Gyaneshwar se haaris
* 1947 ke election me uu James Madhavan se haaris
* 1950 ke election me uu you fir se James Madhavan se haaris.

## References
James Madhavan

**James Madhavan** (1915 - 1973), Fiji ke Legislative Council me dher din talak rahe waala member me se ek rahaa. Suruu me uu ek primary school teacher rahaa, lekin jab Maha Sangh ke ek branch Labasa me khola gais tab uu iske pahila member me se ek rahaa. Madhavan ke support ke kaaran Labasa me sab Hindustani (North aur South Indian) Maha Sangh ke member banin (jab ki Viti Levu me Maha Sangh ke lagbhag sab member South Indian rahin.)  Madhavan ke kisan ke support se Legislative Council me chuna gais rahaa.

Madhavan ke janam Suva, Fiji me bhais rahaa. Uu aapan Primary school ke parrhai Marist Brothers schoo, Suva aur Methodist Mission, Levuka me karis rahaa. Uu Intermediate ke parrhai Suva me 1931 me khalaas karis. 1934 me uu aapan Teacher training Davuilevu, Nausori me khalaas karis. aur 1935 se teacher banaa. 1937 se lae ke 1946 talak uu dher school ke headmaster rahaa. 1959 me jab you NW seat ke election haar gais tab uu fir se parrhae lagaa aur Ba Sangam High School ke Principal rahaa, jahaan se uu 1961 me resign karis jab uu for se Eastern Constituency se by-election me chuna gais.
Uu Legislative Council me pahila dafe 1947 me chuna gais. aur 18 mahina chhorr ke, 1973 talak, jab uske maut bhais rahaa, member rahaa. Uu A. D. Patel ke saathe, aur Vishnu Deo ke virod me kaam jaada kar ke rahaa, lekin jab A.D. Patel, 1950 me, aapan seat haar gais tab bhi uu Eastern Indian Division se jitate rahaa. seat. 1953 me Madhavan ke Executive Council ke khatir Hindustani logan ke representative banawa gais.

Madhavan, Vanua Levu me  Maha Sangh ke leader rahaa, aur jab Maha Sangh dui gut me split hoe gais tab uu ek nawaa union,  Vanua Levu Farmers Union, ke register karis.  

1963 ke election, uu Citizens Federation ke banner ke niche, A. D. Patel aur S. M. Koya ke saathe larris. Tiino election jiit gais aur baad me jaae ke Federation Party ke 1964 me banain.

Uu  Fiji Teachers Union ke ek active member rahaa aur 1950s se lae ke  1967 talak,  uske President bhi rahaa. 

1964 se 1966 talak uske, A.D. Patel ke saathe, Executive Council ke member banawa gais.

## References
*  surjeet Singh's Fiji Elections Archive
Luís de Camões

**Luís Vaz de Camões** (c. 1524 – 10 June 1580) Portugal ke sab se barra kavi rahaa. Uske Homer, Virgil, aur Dante se compare karaa gais hai. Uu lyrical poetry ke (Portuguese aur Spanish bhasa me) aur dramalikhis hai lekin uske *Os Lusíadas* khatir jaana jaawe hai.

## Works
* *Os Lusíadas*
* *The Parnasum of Luís Vaz* (lost)

## Biography
The definitive biography is *Life of Camões*, by John Adamson, published by Longman in 1820.

## Bibliography
### English

* *Luis de Camões: Epic and Lyric*, ed. Keith Bosley (1990)
* *Camoens: His Life and his Lusiads*, 1881
* The Place of Camoens in Literature / Nabuco, Joaquim., 1908
* Luis de Camões / Bell, Aubrey F. G., 1923
* Camoens, Central Figure of Portuguese Lit. / Goldberg, Isaac., 1924
* From Virgil to Milton / Bowra, C. M., 1945
* Camoens and the Epic of the Lusiads / Hart, Henry Hersch., 1962
* The Lusiads of Luiz de Camões / Bacon, Leonard., 1966
* The Presence of Camões / Monteiro, George., 1996
* The Lusiads / White, Landeg., 2002

## Notes

## Other websites

* Luis Vaz de Camões - Catholic Encyclopedia article