open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Latin

**Latin**(Latin: Lingua Latina) ek purana Indo-European bhasa hae jisme Roman log baat karat rahin. Aaj kal bahut log ii bhasa me nai baat kare hae, lekin school me bahut students log iske sikhe hae. Latin, Roman Catholic Church aur Vatican ke official language hae. 

Science aur medicine ke dher sabd Latin se banawa gais hae, nai to Latin sabd hae.

Dui rakam ke Lain hae: Classical Latin aur Vulgar Latin. Classical Latin, Romans log ke khatir literary standard rahaa, Roman Catholic Church aur students logan use kare hae. Vulgar Latin, uu bhasa rahaa jisme Roman logan jaada kar ke baat karat rahin.

Latin, Middle Ages ke ek khaas bhasa rahaa. Iske sab European schools me parrhawa jawat rahaa, aur sab universities Latin me parrhat rahin. Reformation ke time se Latin aapan importance ke lose kar diis hae.

Dher bhasa jisme aaj kal baat karaa jaae hae Latin bhasa se aais hae. Ii bhasa ke Romance languages bola jaae hae. Paannch sab se barraa Romance languages hae French, Romanian, Italian, Portuguese, aur Spanish. Aur Indo-European languages bhi Latin se related hae.

## Basic structure and grammar
Latin ke structure Ancient Greek ke rakam hae lekin ii different alphabet use kare hae. Latin me noun cases hae jisme se khaali paanch unique hae: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, aur Ablative. Ek aur case, Vocative case, lag bhag Nominative case ke rakam hae. Latin nouns ke *decline*, nai to badlaa jaae hae, according to how they are used in the sentence. Ek noun ke paanch rakam se decline karaa jaae hae. 

### Hafta ke din
 

## References
Russi bhasa

**Russi** aur *Russian Bhasa*(Russian: русский язык, transliteration: *russkiy yaz'ik*) ek East Slavic bhasa hae. Ii bhasa, Indo-European bhasa family ke hae. Russian, Slavic bhasa me sab se jaada log baat kare hae.

Russian, Russia ke official language hae, Belarus, Kazakhstan aur Kyrgyzstan ke bhi official language hae. Russian, United Nations ke chhe official languages me se ek hae.

## Naam rakkhe ke style
Russian me baat kare waala des me larrkan log ke naam uu logan ke pitaji ke naam se aae hae. Russia ke sab se jaana maana naam Anastasia hae. Larrki log ke biich waala naam uske pitaji ke naam me ek feminine ending chaahe "evna" nai to "ovna." jorr ke banawa jaae hae. Larrka log ke naam bhi pitaji ke naam me ek masculine ending chaahe "evich" nai to "ovich."jorr ke banawa jaae hae. Larrki log ke uske pitaji ke last name me "a" jorr ke banawa jaae hae.Larka log aapan pitaji ke naam ke use kare hae.

EXAMPLE:
:::**Pitaji: Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov**
:::**Larrki: Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova**
:::**Larrka: Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov**

## Russian bhasa me ginti

### Akchar

Russian bhasa ke likhe ke khatir Cyrillic (кириллица) alphabet ke ek modified version ke kaam me lawa jaae hae. Russian alphabet me 33 akchhar hae. Niche ke table me ii alphabet ke upper case forms, ke saathe  sound ke bhi dewa gais hae:

Older letters of the Russian alphabet include , which merged to  ( or );  and , which both merged to  (); , which merged to  (); , which merged to  (); , which merged to  ( or ); and , which later were graphically reshaped into  and merged phonetically to  or . While these older letters have been abandoned at one time or another, they may be used in this and related articles. The yers  and  originally indicated the pronunciation of *ultra-short* or *reduced* , .

### Hafta ke din
 

## References
Turkish bhasa

**Turkish** (*Türkçe*) ek bhasa hae jisme Republic of Turkey, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Greece, aur pahile ke Ottoman Empire ke des, ke log baat kare hae. Europe me bhi kuchh million emigrants hae jon ki turkish me baat kare hae.

Turkish, Altaic language family ke ek Turkic bhasa hae. Turkish me vowel harmony hae, jaise ki Finnish aurHungarian me rahe hae. Turkish me word order hae: Subject Object Verb (SOV).

Turkish ke, 1000 AD se 1928 tak, Arabic Alphabet me lkha jawat rahaa .  Ottoman Empire me, Turkish language ke ek rich literature rahaa, aur isme dher book likha gais rahaa. Lekin, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk iske badal ke Latin Alphabet kar diis kahe ki uu mangat rahaa ki uske des western des ke rakam hoe ke huan ke technologic improvements se faaeds uthaae. Iske kaaran dher Turkish log ii change se pahile likha ais book ke nai parrhe sake hae. 

Ii bhasa duusra Turkic languages, jisme Uzbek, Turkmen, aur Kazakh hae, se ralated hae.  Kuchh ii biswas kare hae ki Turkish Altaic family of languages ke hae, jisme Japanese, Mongolian, aur Korean hae.

## Turkish bhasa me ginti

### Hafta ke din
 

## References
Awadhi

**Awadhi** ek Indo-Aryan bhasa hae. Ii bhasa ke pahile ek barraa jagha me bola jaawat rahaa, uu jagha pe jahan pe Lucknow aur Ayodhya (Awadh) hae. Goswami Tulasidas Ramcharitmanas, Geetavali, Kavitavali, aur sab Shri Ram kavita ke ii bhasa me likhis hae.

Hindi ek dher nawaa bhasa hae jon ki Awadhi aur Braj Bhasha se aais hae.

Awadhi Uttar Pradesh ki bahut se district me boli jathi

Ii bhasa Fiji Hindi se bahut mel khathi

## Bahaari jorr

* Learn Awadhi
Gujarati bhasa

**Gujarati** ek Indo-European bhasa hai jisme Gujarat, India aur bagal ke Pakistan ke kuchh hissa me baat karaa jaawe hae. Ii Gandhi aur Muhammad Ali Jinnah ke "Mother Tongue" rahaa.

## Gujarati bhasa me ginti

## References
Telugu

**Telugu** ek Dravidian bhasa hae jiske India ke south me baat karaa jaae hae aur ii Andhra Pradesh aur Telangana ke official bhasa bhi hae. Duusra sab se jaada log India me ii bhasa me baat kare aur dunia ke ii 15th sab se jaada baat kare waala bhasa hae. Ii dunia ke sab se purana bhasa me se ek hae. Telugu me 56 akchhar hae.

## Telugu me ginti

## Telugu filme
* Jyothi Lakshmi (film)

## References
Malayalam bhasa

**Malayalam** (/malayALam/) ek Dravidian bhasa hae jisme Kerala, India ke jaada log baat kare hae. Jon log Malayalam me baat kare hae ke*Malayali* bola jaae hae. 

Malayalam me Lakshadweep Islands (Laccadives) jon ki India ke west coast pe hae, me bhi baat kare hae. 

India ke 4% abaadi aur Kerala ke 96% abaadi Malayali me baat kare hae. 1991 ke census ke anusaar 29 million log is bhasa me baat kare hae. Malayalam, India ke 8th sab se jaada baat kare waala bhasa hae. 

Malyalam me Hindi ke rakam 52 alphabets hae.

/malayALam/ ke matlab pahaarr waala jagha hae (/mala/- pahaarr + /aLam/-jagha).

## Malayalam me ginti

## References
Urdu

**Urdu** (Urdu:)(aur jis kay bolnay walay logue osko **Lashkari** bhi naam say kehtay hein; likhawa **لشکری**) ek Zuban hae jisme Indian subcontinent ke log baat karte hain. Is Xi'an se zyaada tar Pakistan aur India me istimal ki  jati hae. Ye Pakistan aur Indian Kashmir ki official zuban hae aur Pakistan ki National bhasa bhi he. Ise India ke state Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, aur Uttar Pradesh me istimal ki jati hae. Duniya bhar mein 104 million log Urdu zuban me baat karte hain.
Urdu lafz ek Turkish lafz hae jiska matlab meaning Lashkar hae or Army hae. Mughal ke time se iska naam Urdu rakha gaya aur India bhar me Phail gaya. Isme kafi sare alfazArbii, Farsi and Sanskrit bhasha se liye gaye hain.
Urdu bhasha adiktar Pakistan main boli jati hae magar yeh Bharat ki 22ween sarkari bhasha bhi hae or Bharat main ek bhasha ki tarha bhi padhi jati hae Lakin Asal Mein Urdu Aur Hindi Ek Hi Bhasha Hae.Urdu zaban Bihar ke Patna me bhi boli jati hae

## Urdu me ginti

## References
Tamil bhasa

**Tamil** ek Dravidian bhasa hae jisme India ke state, Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka, Singapore aur Malaysia me baat karaa jaae hae. Ii Dravidian bhasa parivar ke bhasa hae. Ii ek classical bhasa hae, aur dunia ke likha gais bhasa me se ek sab se purana bhasa hae. Sab se purana sahitya Tamil me hae Tolkāppiyam. 

## Tamil bhasa me ginti

### Hafta ke din
 

## References
Spanish bhasa

**Spanish language**, ek Romance bhasa hae, jon ki Latin se aais hae, me se sab se common bhasa hae. Spanish bhasa ke dunia ke dher des me bola jaae hae. Iske khaas kaaran hae ke Spanish log bahut pahile dher colony establsh karin rahha. Uu des jisme Spanish official language hae ke Hispanic country bola jaae hae

Kuchh Hispanic des hae: 

North America, Central America, aur Caribbean Islands: 
Costa Rica, Cuba, The Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, aur El Salvador. United States aur Belize, me jaada log English bhasa me baat kare hae, lekin Spanish duusra bhasa hae. 

South America: 
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela. 

Duniake aur jagha:
Philippines, aaur Equatorial Guinea.

Spain me aur bhasa hae jon ki Spanish se closely related hae, jaise ki Catalan aur Galician. Spanish bhasa ke kabhi kabhi **Castilian** bola jaae hae, Castile ke baad me, jon ki Spain ke ek region hae.

Spanish me Spanish sabd hae "Español", aur Spanish sabd for Castilian hae "Castellano".

## Spanish bhasa me ginti

## Geographic distribution
Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Latin Union, and the Caricom and has legal status in the North American Free Trade Agreement.

### Hafta ke din
 

## References


## Duusra websites
* Ethnologue report for Spanish
* Spanish evolution from Latin
*  Dictionary of the RAE Real Academia Española's official Spanish language dictionary
*  on Wikivoyage
* Köpek pansiyonu Gutenberg EBook
* Spanish verb conjugations
* Random Spanish Audio Examples 
* The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader by Erwin W. Roessler and Alfred Remy.
Kaiviti bhasa

**Fijian bhasa** ek Austronesian bhasa hae. Ii Fiji ke ek official bhasa hae. Isme lag bhag 350 000 log baat kare hae.

## Kaiviti bhasa me ginti
Rotuman bhasa

**Rotuman**, jiske Fäeag Rotuma bhi bolaa jaae hai, ek Austronesian bhasa hai jiske Fiji ke ek island, Rotuma ke log baat kare hai. Ii island me bahut Polynesia ke influence hai aur ii bhasa me dher Samoan aur Tongan sabd hai.

## Rotuman bhasa me ginti
Bhasa

__NOTOC__
**Bhasa** se insaan log ek duusre se baat chit kare hae.

Bahut log bhasa ke bahut rakam se samjhe ke kosis karin hae. Jaise ki:

# ek rakam hae jisse ki chij, kaam or soch ke baare me batawa jaaawe sake hae
# dher chij jon ki alag alag log ke khatir ekke matlab hoe hae
# ek rakam ke soche waala chij
# chinh jon ki action aur inaction ke imply kare hae
# koi rakam ke baat chit
# Bhasa, admii log ke biich me ek samjhauta hae ki rakam rakam ke awaaj ke konchij matlab rahe hae.

## Kuchh bhasa ke khaas sabd

English, Spanish, German, French and Russian ke kuchh khaas sabd.

Chirasmita Bhasa ke suchi

## Jisme 60 million se jaada log baat kare hae/Top 20

## 20 to 60 million native speakers

## 10 to 20 million native speakers

## 2 to 10 million native speakers

## 1 to 2 million native speakers

## 100,000 to 1 million speakers

## 10,000 to 100,000 speakers

## Below 10,000

## Duusra websites
* Ethnologue language name index
* Articles and Information on the Languages of the world 

## References
South Asia

**Dakshin Asia** Asia ke dakshin bhaag hai. Ii jagah me 13 des hai. 

Dakshin Asia me ii des hai:
* Afghanistan 
* Bangladesh  
* Bhutan 
* Bharat 
* Maldives 
* Nepal
* Pakistan 
* Sri Lanka

Injod jagah (Dependency):
* British Indian Ocean Territory
*Bay of Bengal 
*Dakshin Poorva Asia
Bhojpuri

**Bhojpuri** ek regional bhasa hae jisme north-central aur eastern India ke kuchh hissa ke log baat kare hae. Iske Bihar ke western hissa, Jharkhand ke northwestern hissa me , aur Uttar Pradesh ke east me Purvanchal me, aur Nepal ke uu hissa jon ki India se border kare hae, me baat karaa jaae hae. Bhojpuri me Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago aur Mauritius me bhi baat karaa jaae hae. Lekin Surinamese Hindustani ke bhasa ke *Sarnami Hindi* nai to khali *Sarnami* aur Fiji ke Hindustani ke bhasa ke Fiji Hindi bola jaae hae.

## Common words
### Haftaa ke din

### Fruits and Vegetables

### Colors

### Family Relations

### Ginti

## References
Tanoli

**Tanoli (Taniwal या Tanawalis), जो मुख्य रूप से Hazara श्रेणी के सीमांत उत्तर के पाकिस्तान के पश्चिम के साथ रहता है एक Pashtun जनजाति, का नाम है.** 

उन्होंने कहा कि वे एक जगह बुलाया के लिए स्थानांतरित किया है दावा "Tanubal नदी अफगानिस्तान" में. कुछ जनजातियों अभी भी Gardaiz और Ghazni में अफगानिस्तान के (दोनों शहरों) रहते हैं. 

मूल और इतिहास 
सबसे प्रमुख सिद्धांत है कि कौन आया है कि लोगों को "Tanoli" जिसमें वे खुद (है कि, Tanawal की स्थिति है ढूँढ एक विशेष भौगोलिक संदर्भ के लिए अपनी कड़ी ऐसे कारण के रूप में पहचान कर रहे हैं के रूप में जाना जा सकता है ). 

Tanoli को Hazara जनजाति की भूमि के स्वामित्व के मामले में सबसे धनी हैं. वे जनसंख्या के सबसे बड़े हैं. Tanawal उच्च और निम्न Tanawal Hazara के सबसे को कवर Tanoli द्वारा सदियों से इंकार कर दिया गया है. वे Hazara के साथ 18 वीं सदी की शुरुआत के बाद से राज्य पर शासन किया है. देर से 17 वीं सदी के दौरान, तुर्क सीस्वाटि द्वारा उच्च Hazara के क्षेत्रों में परास्त किया गया. Tanoli वैसे, तुर्कों के लिए हाल ही में Hazara में मानक के अंत तक वफादार बना हुआ है. Tanoli बाद में सिख के खिलाफ विद्रोह में 19 वीं सदी में भी शामिल थे. साथ ही, साथ में अहमद शाह Abdali के साथ भारत का विजय अभियान में. खान की है और इस वंश के अपने प्रधानों कई नायकों के रूप में व्यापक लोकप्रियता अर्जित किया है, चार्ल्स एलन ने उन से अपनी किताब में किया है जो पुरुषों संदर्भित उत्तर पश्चिम सीमांत अत्यंत प्रतिकूल और शक्तिशाली Pashtun Tanoli के रूप में और Tanawal Mountains बहादुर प्रतिरोधी और Hazara के सबसे अच्छे espadachines का प्रतिनिधित्व किया.
Coat of arms

**Coat of arms** ek design hai jon ki ek group ke identify kare hai. Ii Europe se suruu bhais hai lekin aaj kal lag bhag sab des ke lage Coat of arms hae.

## Kuchh Coat of Arms
## Examples

File:Coat of arms of Benedictus XVI.svg|Pope Benedict XVI ke Coat of Arms
File:Coat of Arms of Brocēni.svg|Broceni ke Coat of Arms
File:Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg|United Kingdom ke Royal Coat of Arms
File:Coat of arms of Pichilemu .svg|Pichilemu ke Coat of Arms
File:Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg|alt=The Great Seal|The United States ke Coat of Arms
File:National emblem of Bangladesh.svg|alt=National emblem of Bangladesh|Bangladesh ke Coat of Arms
File:Coat of arms of Mexico.svg|Mexico ke Coat of Arms
File:Fiji coat of arms.png | Fiji ke Coat of Arms
File:SUVA City Council Logo.jpg| Suva ke Coat of Arms
File:Emblem_of_India.svg| India ke Coat of Arms
Democratic Republic of the Congo

**Democratic Republic of the Congo** (French:République démocratique du Congo), central Africa ke ek des hae jiske Atlantic ocean me chhota coast hae. Ii Africa ke tiisra sab se barraa des hae. 

Bagal ke ek des Republic of the Congo se differentiate kare ke khatir, Democratic Republic of the Congo ke bahut dafe **DR Congo**, **DRC**, nai to **RDC**, nai to **Congo-Kinshasa** bola jaae hae uske capital city, Kinshasa ke baad me (Contrast me iske neighbour ke Congo-Brazzaville bola jaae hae).

"Congo" naam Congo naddii se aais hae, aur iske river Zaire bhi bola jaae hae. (Congo naam Bakongo jaat ke naam se aais hae.

Democratic Republic of the Congo ke naam pahile Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo-Léopoldville, Congo-Kinshasa, aur Zaire (nai to*Zaïre* French me) rahaa. Jab ki ii des Central Africa me hae,economically aur regionally ii Southern Africa se affiliated hae aur ii Southern African Development Community (SADC) ke member hae.

DR Congo ke border north me Central African Republic aur Sudan se; east me Uganda, Rwanda, aur Burundi; south me Zambia aur Angola; west me Republic of the Congo aur east me Lake Tanganyika ke uu paar Tanzania hae. Ii des ke samundar se access, Atlantic Ocean se ek 40-kilometre (25 mile) coastline aur nine-kilometre wide mouth of the Congo river jon ki Gulf of Guinea me khule hae, se hae. 

Second Congo War, jon ki 1998 me suruu bhaes rahaa, des ke barnaad kar diis, jisme saat des ke army involved rahaa aur jiske kabhi kabhi "African World War" ke naam dewa jaae haai. Ek 2003 me ek peace accord ke sign kare ke baad bhi abhi talak des ke east me larrai hoe hae, jahan pe rape aur duusra sexual violence ke dunia ke sab se kharaab batawa jaae hae. Ii World War II ke baad sab se deadlist hae kahe ki isme 5.4 million log ke maut bhaes hae.

## President ke suchi

## Chapa ke gallery


File:Congo maluku.jpg|Congo Naddi
File:Nyiragongo2004.jpg|Mount Nyiragongo
File:Kinshasa 2003.jpg|Kinshasa



## References
Kundru

***Kundru*** (scientific naam: *Coccinia grandis*), jiske **tindora** (tindori, tindoori),**कुनुरु**, **ghiloda**, **kundri**, **kowai**, **kovai**, *kovakkai*,*kovakka*'(കോവയ്ക്ക), **dondakaya**(దొండకాయ), **manoli**, **tindla**, **gentleman's toes**, **tendli**, **thendli**, **thaenli** , **ivy gourd** nai to **little gourd** naam se jaana jata hae. Iski upaj jyadatar garam des me hoti hae, Iski latayen hoti haen jo faile hue hote haen. kundru ko jise khaya jata hae. **''Kundru** ko kacha ya pakka dono tarah se khaya jata hae. Iske patiyon ko bhi khane ke upyog me laya jata hae.*

Iska purana botanical naam *C. grandis* hae.

Kundru ko [[India]]  me khaya jate hae. [[Thaeland]], [[Indonesia]], aur duusre southeast [[Asia]] ke des ke log iske fal ke saath iske patti ko bhi khate hae. Thaeland ke log aapne garden me iske bote hae. Unka udeshya iski upaj ko badhawa dena hae kyunki isme dher micronutrients paye jate hae, jisme vitamins A aur C  bhi hae.

kannada me "*'Tondekayi**" , [[Telugu]] me **dondakaya** , [[Tamil bhasa|Tamil]] me **kovakkai,**  [[Kerala|malyalam]] me  **kovakka**(കോവയ്ക്ക) aur Assami me  **kunduli*' bolta jata hae. . Iski tarkari banayi jati hae aur isko deep-fry kar ke isme masala bhar ke bhi khaya jata hae. 

[[India]] me iske bahumulya *glycemic index* ke karan iske diabetes control karne ke liye kaya jata hae.

Hawai'i aur southern [[United States]] me iske ek weed maana jaae hae.
Isko  buddhi nashak bhi mana jata hae.

Kundru me bahut matra me *beta-carotene'' paya jata hae.

## Bahaari jorr
* Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (ivy gourd) - USDA plants 
* Information at the University of Hawai'i 
* Image at FoodWeb, University of Birmingham, UK 
* Coccinia grandis 

## References
Tavua district, Fiji

**Tavua**, Fiji ke Pachchhim vibhaag ke ek district hai. Ii Fiji ke sab se barraa island, Viti Levu, ke north west coast me hai. Ii district Ba province me hai. Ii Ba town se 20 kilometers duur pe hai. Ii jagah ke khaas economy ganna hai, lekin Tavua township uu time banawa gais rahaa jab ki Vatukoula, jon ki Viti levu ki bhittar ek jagah hai jisme Tavua se jawa jaae sake hai, me sonaa ke mininig suruu karaa gais rahaa. Ek ghaat, jiske ii mine kaam me laae hai, Vatia me hai jon ki Tavua se kuch duur pe hai. ii ghaat itihaas me khaas jagah rakhe hai kahe ki rasta bane se pahile western districts ke log iske kam me laae ke Suva jawat rahin.

## Tavua ke jaane maane log
* Anand Babla

## Aur dekho
* Local government of Fiji

## Bahaari jorr
* Jagha aur dekhe laaek ke chij
Ba

**BA**, **B.A.**, nai to **Ba** hoe sake hae:

## BA
*Bachelor of Arts
*British Airways

## Ba

*Barium - Ba element ke chemical symbol hae.
*Ba Football Association - Fiji ke Ba ilaka ke ii ek football team hae.
*Ba (town), Fiji - Fiji ke Viti Levu island ke west me ii ek town hae.
*Ba district, Fiji - Fiji ke Viti Levu island ke west me ii ek district hae.
*Ba province - Fiji ke Viti Levu island ke west me ii ek province hae, jisme Tavua, Ba, Lautoka, Nadi aur Yasawa ke district hae.
Greece

**Greece** (Greek:Ελλάδα) (IPA:Ελλάς) (IPA:eˈlas), jiske official naam **Hellenic Republic** (Greek:Ελληνική Δημοκρατία IPA:eliniˈkʲi ðimokraˈtia), Southeastern Europe ke ek des hae. Iske capital city Athens hae.

Iske border north me Albania, Former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia aur Bulgaria se hae aur east me Turkey hae. Greece ke east aur south me Aegean Sea aur west Ionian Sea hae. Mediterranean Sea me Greece ke dher island hae. 

Purana time pe Greece ek bahut dhani des raha. Greece me terah districts hae, aur 51 sections jiske prefectures bola jaae hae. Kuch Greek prefectures hae Achaea, Samos, Pella aur Xanthi.

1981 me Greece, European Union ke member banaa. Greece duuno World War I aur World War II me larris. Greece me Greek bhasa me baat karaa jaae hae

## Chapa ke gallery



File:Parthenon.JPG|Athens ke Parthenon
File:Map Greece expansion 1832-1947-en.svg|Greece expansion 1832-1947
File:Βρυζάκης, Θεόδωρος - Ο Παλαιών Πατρών Γερμανός ευλογεί τη σημαία της Επανάστασης, 1865.jpg|Greeks, ajaadi celebrate kare hae
File:Hellenic Parliament from high above.jpg|Greek Parliament
File:Pontikonisi.jpg|Corfu
File:Olympus National Park 30.jpg|Mount Olympus
File:Loutraki.jpg| Loutraki beach



## References
Republic of Ireland

**Ireland**, Europe ke ek des hae jon ki European Union ke member hae. Iske official naam **Republic of Ireland** hae. Ii des Ireland ke island ke five-sixths area me hae. Baaki jagah me Northern Ireland hae jon ki abhi talak United Kingdom ke bhaag hae. Iske capital Dublin hae aur duusra sab se barraa city, Cork hae. Ireland ke abaadi 5.3 million hae. Hian ke khaas bhasa English hae lekin The Irish bhasa ke school me parrhawa jaae hae aur kuch rural area me ii bhasa me baat karaa jaae hae. Irish aur English, duuno ii des ke official bhasa hae.

## Itihaas
British log Ireland me 1100s se hae Normans aur native Gaelic ke saathe. Ireland, kanuni taur pe ek alag des rahaa, aapan parliament rakh ke (jiske member log jaada kar ke English rahin) aur iske aapan raja raha. (jon ki England ke bhi raja rahaaa). 1801 se 1922 tak Britain aur Ireland ke jorr ke ek des banae dewa gais rahaa aur iske *United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland* (UK) bola jawat rahaa.

Irish bhasa ke officially nai kaam me lawa jawat rahaa aur ii kaaran se Irish sankriti kamjor hoe gais. Jaada Irish log ajaaadi mmangat rahin lekin British Government sab taagat London me rakhis rahaa.

1916 me Easter Monday ke din ek chhota rebel army jiske Irish patriot, Pádraig Pearse lead karis rahaa, sarkar ke palte ke kosis karis. Ii logan ke lage bahut kamtii banduuk aur goli rahaa aur British army ii logan ke capture kar ke faansi pe charrhae diis. 1919 se Irish Republican Armu, jiske General Michael Collins lead karat rahaa, ek gorrila war Ireland me British army ke virod me larris. British Government veteran soldiers, jiske "Black and Tans" bola jawat rahaa, ke Ireland bhejis. Ii log dher atrocities karin. British Government ek peace treaty offer karis jisme Northern Ireland, United Kingdom ke bhaag rahtaa aur ii island ke bachaa bhaag ajaad hoe jaata. Michael Collins iske for rahaa lekin duusra leader, jaise ki Éamon de Valera, iske virod karis aur Ireland me civil war suruu hoe gais.

1937 me Irish Free State ("Éire" ajaad bhaes. World War II me ii des neutral rahaa. 1955 me Ireland United Nations ke join karis aur 1973 me ii European Union ke member banaa.

## Politics

Ireland ek parliamentary democracy hae . Iske head of State President hae, jiske har saat saal pe chuna jaae hae. Ek President khali dui term talak rahe sake hae. President ke lage bahut kamti taagat hae.

Prime minister ke parliament chune hae aur ii sab se barraa party se aawe hae. Parliamt me dui houses hae.

Ii des ke khaas political parties hae Fianna Fail, Fine Gael, Labour, Sinn Féin, Green Party aur Progressive Democrats.

## Chapa ke gallery



File:Leinsterhouseirl.jpg|Parliament House
File:Ireland Numbered.png|Ireland ke County
File:U2 Live8 Hyde Park.jpg|U2, Irish band
File:NunsTurgesius Castle isles Lough Lene.JPG|Lough Lene, County Westmeath.
File:Killybegs.jpg|Trawlers sit in Killybegs harbour, in County Donega

File:Spikehenry.jpg| Spire of Dublin
File:Citadis dublin.jpg|Dublin ke tram
Tonga

**Tonga**, Pacific Ocean ke ek des hae . Isme 177 island hae lekin khaali 39 islands me admi log rahe hae. Tonga ke khaas island Tongatapu hae. George Tupou V, Tonga ke raja hae aur Dr. Feleti Sevele Prime Minister hae . Iske capital Nuku'alofa hae. Tonga 1970 me ajaad bhaes rahaa.

Tongake official bhasa Tongan bhasa aur English bhasa hae. Tonga me 102 321 inhabitants (2000)log rahe hae. Ii bahut garam des hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery

File:Old Prime Minister's Office, Nuku'alofa.jpg|Nukualofa ke Parliament House
File:Faikava.jpg|Tonga me Nangona ceremony

File:Tonga Royal Palace.jpg|Tonga ke Royal Palace
File:Pōpao.jpg|Tonga me outrigger canoe
File:Vaipūua bridge.jpg|Tonga me ek pul
File:Neiafu-market.jpg|Tonga me market
Samoa

**Samoa**, Pacific Ocean me ek des hae. Isme nau island hae. Hian pe Samoan bhasa aur English bhasa me baat karaa jaae hae. Samoa ke capita Apia hae jon ki Upolu islanfd me hae. Des ke leader Malietoa Tanumafili II hae. Samoa ke sab se popular sport Rugby hae.

Samoa ke east me American Samoa hae jon ki United States ke hissa hae lekin hian ke log bhi Samoan hae. Samoa ke log Maori aur duusra Pacific ke Polynesian log se related hae.
Cook Islands

**Cook Islands**, southern Pacific me ek group of islands hae. Ii ek ajaad des hae lekin iske New Zealand ke gahira sambhand hae. Isme 15 chhota islands island hae aur iske area 240 square kilometers hae. Isme 18,000 log rahe hae aur jaada kar ke hian ke log tourism me kaam kare hae. Iske capital Rarotonga hae.

Image:Rarotonga Cook Islands.jpg|Rarotonga me ek beach
Image:Aitutaki from top 2006.jpg|Aituaki se lewa gais photo
Image:rarotonga.jpg|Rarotonga Island space me se, September 1994
Image:rarotonga beach.jpg|Rarotongan beach
Image:rarotonga 01.jpg|thumb|200px|Typical scene along the Ara Tapu (main road) on Rarotonga.
Kiribati

**Kiribati** (pronounced "KiriBASS"), Pacific Ocean me ek des hae. Isme 33 atolls, aur chhhota chhhota  islands hae. Ii des equator ke nangich hae. Iske  capital  South Tarawa hae jiske Tarawa atoll me pawa jaae hae.

Kiribati ke pahile **Gilbert Islands** bola jawat rahaa. 1892 me  Gilbert Islands  British protectorate banaa Ellice Islands ke saathe (jiske aajkal Tuvalu bola jaae hae), aur iske saathe me Gilbert and Ellice Islandsbola jawat rahaa. Kiribati 1979 me ajaad bhaes.

Kiribati dunia ke des me se ek sab se garib hae. Hian pe bahut kamti natural resource]]s hae lekin tourism ek khaas industry hae.

Kiribati, 1979 me United States se ek "Treaty of Friendship and Territorial Sovereignty" (also called the "Treaty of Tarawa") sign karis jisse iske Canton, Enderbury, Hull, Birnie, Gardner, Phoenix, Sydney, McKean, Christmas, Caroline, Starbuck, Malden, Flint, aurVostok ialnad mila. http://www.trussel.com/kir/treaty.htm

Kiribati ke official bhasa English bhasa aur Gilbertese hae.
Tuvalu

**Tuvalu**, Pacific Ocean ke ek chhota island des hae. Iske pahile **Ellice Islands** bola jawat rahaa aur ii Gilbert and Ellice Islands ke ek hissa rahaa. ii ek monarchy hae.

Tuvalu, samundar ke samundar level ke uppar jaae ke kaaran paani ke niche jaae lagaa hae aur anuman lagawa jaae hae ki 50 saal me ii pura paani ke niche hoe jaai.

Tuvalu ke khaas bhasa Tuvaluan bhasa hae.

United States aur Tuvalu 1979 me ek samjgauta pe sign karin rahaa jisse USA, Funafuti, Nukefetau, Nukulaelae, aur Nurakita island ke Tuvalu ke lautar diis.

Tuvalu me nau island hae.
Vanuatu

**Vanuatu**, Pacific Ocean me ek des hae. Is me 83 islands hae. Vauatu ke The official bhasa, Bislama, English bhasa aur French bhasa hae. Vanuatu me chhe province hae jon ki Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea aur Torba hae. Vanuatu ke abaadi 202 609 (2004) hae. Vanuatu ke capital Port Vila hae. ii des dumo England aur France rule karat rahaa jab ki 1980 me ajaadi mila. Ajaadi se pahile iske naam "New Hebrides" nai to "Nouvelles Hebrides" rahaa.

## Gallery


Image:Vanuatu Tanna Yasur.JPG|Cinder plain of Yasur volcano on Tanna island.
Image:National Cultural Centre, Vanuatu.jpg|National Cultural Centre, Port Vila.
Image:National Council of Chiefs, Vanuatu.jpg|National Council of Chiefs, Port Vila.
Image:A stream on Efate, Vanuatu.jpg|Stream on Efate island.
Image:Street_band,_Port_Vila,_Vanuatu_-_Flickr_-_PhillipC.jpg|Port Villa street band.
Image:Port Vila aerial.jpg|Aerial view of Port Vila.
Image:Feuerreiben.gif|Early fire-making technique in Vanuatu.
Image:Commercial agriculture, North Efate.jpg|North Efate.
Kazakhstan

**Kazakhstan** (), Eurasia ke biich me ek des hae. Iske official naam **Republic of Kazakhstan** hae. Kazakhstan, dunia ke 9th sab se barraa des hae. Soviet Union ke khalaas hoe se pahile iske naam, "Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic" rahaa. 2019 se iske President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev hae. Iske capital Nursultan hae lekin 2019 se pahile Almaty capital rahaa.

Russia ke ek lamba border Kazakhstan se hae. Aur des jon isse border kare hae me China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan aur Turkmenistan hae.

## Duusra websites
 
* Official Website of Kazakh Parliament, in Қазақша, Русский, and English
* kajaakistaan kauntee
* Divorce in Turkey - Boşanma Protokolü

## References
Turkmenistan

**Turkmenistan** () nai to **Turkmenia** Central Asia ke ek des hae. Iske border Afghanistan, Iran (Persia), Kazakhstan aur Uzbekistan se hae. Iske bagal me koi ocean nai hai lekin ek samundar, Caspian Sea hai . Iske Ashghabad hai .
Poland

**Poland** (Polish bhasa: *Polska*) ke  official naam **Republic of Poland** (Polish bhasa: *Rzeczpospolita Polska*) hae.  Iske parrosi des west me Germany, south me Czechia aur Slovakia,  east me Ukraine aur Belarus, aur north me Baltic Sea, Lithuania, aur Russia (Kaliningrad exclave).  Iske paani ke border Denmark aur Sweden se Baltic Sea me hae. Poland ke puura land area 312,679&nbsp;km2 (120,728&nbsp;mi2) hae. Iske matlab hae ki Poland dunia ke 77th sab se barraa des hae  38.5 million ke abaadi se. TPoland ke log jaada kar ke kuch barraa city me rahe hae jaise ki capital, Warsaw (Polish bhasa: *Warszawa*), Łódź, Kraków, Katowice, Gdańsk aur Poznań.

Poland des ke naam pahila dafe 966 me sunaa gais rahaa. 1569 me, Poland, Lithuania ke saathe jorr ke Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth banaa. Ii Commonwealth 1795 me tuut gais aur iske baad 123 talak poalnd ke log ke koi des nai rahaa.  World War I ke baad Poland fir se independent bhaes lekin 1939 me iske Germany ayr Russia ke biich me baat dewa gais rahaa. World War II ke baad me ii ek communist des hoi ke Russia ke influence ke niche aais. 

1989 me Poland communism ke chhorr diis aur ek liberal democracy ban gais. 2004 me Poland, European Union ke member an gais. Poland NATO, United Nations, aur World Trade Organization ke member bhi hae.

## Itihaas
### Puraana itihaas

Uu jagha jahaan pe abhi Poland hae, pahila insaan ke species, Homo erectus, lagbhag 500,000 saal phile base rahin, lekin kharaab mausam ke kaaran huan pe pakka settlement nai bane paais. Jab picchhlaa ice age, lagbhag 10,000 BC me khalaas bhais, tab Homo sapiens log huan pe aae ke rahe lagin. Hian pe 5,500BC me cheese banae ke sabuut milaa hae aur pahiyaa waala gaarri ke 3,400BC ke chaapa bhi milaa hae.

1300BC se 500BC talak ii ilaaka ke abaadi barrhe lagaa, permanent settlement banaa aur ii jagha ke sanskriti barrha.

400BC se 500AD talak abhi ke Poland ke jagha me dher jaati ke log rahae lagin rahaa, khaas kar ke Celts, Scythian, germanic, Sarmatian, Baltic aur Slavic log. Iske bhi sabuut mila hae ki Roman log ii time aapan siphaahi ke ii ilaaka me "amber trade" ke bachae ke khaatir bhejaa gais rahaa. 6
th century me ek migration wave ke baad Slavic Polish tribes ke ii jgha pe rahe ke sabuut hae. Isme bahaar ke log aur puraana log ke biich ke "inter-mixing" bhi hae. 10th century ke baa Polish log aur sab tribe ke dominate kare lagin. 

### Kingdom of Poland

Poland, Piast dynasty ke niche, 10th century me ek des ke rakam rahaa. 966 me Poland ke raja Isaahi hoe gais. 

## References

## Duusra websites
* Tourist information portal
* Poland.gov.pl - Polish national portal 
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* Poland at the World Factbook 
* Background Note: Poland
* WorldFlicks in Poland: photos and interesting places on Google Maps
Albania

**Albania**, Southeastern Europe ke ek des hae. Iske capital city Tirana hae aur lag bhag 3.6 million log Albania me rahe hae. 

Albania ke bagal me Kosovo, Montenegro, Greece aur Macedonia hae. Iske coast It has a coast Adriatic Sea se west me aur Ionian Sea southwest me hae.

Albania ke official bhasa Albanian bhasa aur national anthem *Hymni i Flamurit* hae.

## Chapa ke gallery


File:Apollonia odeon.jpg|Purana Apollonia ke jagah.
File:Butrint, Albania.jpg|Butrint - World heritage site
File:Himarë-Albania6.JPG|Albania ke coatline
File:Cemi i Nikçit.jpg|North Albanis ke ek valley
File:07Tirana Sheshi Skenderbej01.jpg|Capital, Tirana
File:Terminal jashte.jpg|Tirana Airport
File:Ksrbay.jpg|Sarandë City
File:ABA Business Center, Tr.jpg|Tirana ke business center



## Duusra websites
* National Tourism Organization Albania's official website for travel & tourism information.
* Alabania Info

kk
South Africa

**Republic of South Africa**, Africa ke south me ek des hae. Iske abaadi forty-five million hae. 

South Africa ke parrosi des Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique aur Swaziland hae. 

Sab se barraa city Johannesburg hae, capital city Cape Town, Pretoria, aur Bloemfontein. Iske kaaran hae ki government Pretoria se raaj kare hae, parliament, Cape Town me baithe hae aur Supreme Court Bloemfontein me hae.

11 national bhasa hae: Afrikaans, English bhasa, Ndebele, Xhosa, Zulu, Swati, Setswana, Sesotho, Sesotho sa Leboa, Venda aur Tsonga. 

South Africa ke ek jaane maane jan Nelson Mandela hae, jon ki 1994 se 1999 talak president rahaa. 
file:South African Coast.jpg
file:Building of the National Herbarium in South Africa.jpg
file:Stuttafords store Durban South Africa.jpg
file:Bo-Kaap, Cape Town, South Africa.jpg
file:Port elizabeth South Africa.jpg
file:South African Cricket team 2008.jpg


## Duusra websites
* Official government site (not simple)
* South Africa in the news (not simple)
Saudi Arabia

**Kingdom of Saudi Arabia** (Arbii: **المملكة العربية السعودية**,*al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Saʻūdiyya*), Middle East ke ek Muslim des hae. Iides me Saudi royal family, jiske House of Saud bolaa jaae hae, raaj kare hae. Dunia ke kaafi tel Saudi Arabia se aae hae, aur ii kaaran se Saudi royal family bahut dhani hae. 

Saudi Arabia ke city Muslim dharam khatir important hae. Dunia bhar ke Muslim log Mecca, hajj kare khatir aawe hae. Aur barraa city hae Riyadh, Jedda aur Dammam. 

Jaada log Arbii bhasa bhasa me baat kae hae. 

Yemen aur Oman, Saudi Arabia ke south me hae. Saudi Arabia,Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Iraq, aur Jordan ke west me hae aur iske north me Persuan Gulf aur Bahrain hae. Saudi Arabia, Arabian Peninsula ke jaada hissa me hae aur iske area  hae, jiske matlab hae ki ii Asia ke paanchwa sab se barraa des, Middle East ke sab se barraa des aur dunia ke 12th sab se barraa des hae.
Sudan

**Sudan**, Africa ke ek des hae. Iske official naam **The Republic of Sudan** hae.

## Geography
Sudan ke border Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, aur Libya se hae. Iske coast Red Sea se hae.

Sudan ke area 2.5 million km² hae aur ii Africa se sab se barraa des hae.

Nile naddii Sudan se hoe ke Mediterranean Sea me nikle hae.

Sudan ke capital Khartoum hae.

Sudan ke log ke **Sudanese** bola jaae hae. Iske abaadit 38 million hae, jisme se 4 million Khartoum me rahe hae.

Sudan ke officila bhasa Arabic bhasa hae lekin kuchh log *Nubian*, *Nilotic* aur English bhasa me bhi baat kare hae. 

Jaada Sudanese log Islam dharamke maane hae. Kuchh log Christian bhi hae. 

Sudan ke currency Sudanese dinar hae.

Sudan ke President Omar Hassan al-Bashir hae.
Turkey

**Turkey** ( *jiske Anatolia bhi bila jaae hai*), jiske sarkari naam, **Republic of Turkiye** hae, Anatolia West Asia me aur southeast Europe ke ek chhotaa hissa, jiske East Thrace bola jaae hae, ke au ek des hai. Iske north me Black Sea hae, east me Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan aur Iran, Irag, Syria aur Mediterranean Sea south me aur Aegean Sea, Greece aur Bulgaria west me hae. Turkey ke puura ilaka 780,000 square kilometres hae aur iske population 85 million hae. Iske jaada log Turks hae aur ethnic minority me sab se jaada Kurds hae.  Turkey ke official bhasa  Turkish hai. Turkey ke jaada log Muslim hae , lekin ii officially ek secular des hae. Ankara Turkey ke capital aur duusra sab se barraa city hae, jab Istanbul sab se barraa city aur des ke economic aur financial center hae. Aur barraa city hae Izmir, Bursa aur Antalya

Turkey, ek republic hai. Turkey me 81 cities hai. Turkish ke paisa Turkish Lira bola jaawe hai.

Iske capital Ankara hai jon ki Anatolia ke biich me hai lekin iske cultural aur economic center Istanbul.

Turkey me 50,000BC se 15,000BC talak insaan aae ke rahe lage rahin. Ii jagha me dher jaat ke log rahat rahin. Alexander the Great ke conquest ke baad, hian pe Greek sanskriti jarr pakarr liis. 11th century me ii jagha me Seljuk Turks aain  aur Turkish saskriti hian pe bhi sael gais. 1243 me Mongol log invade karin aur des chgota-chhota raj me vibhajit hoe gais. 1299 me Ottomans des ke unite kar diin aur iske aur barraa karin. 1453 me Istanbul, Ottoman Empire ke niche hoe gais.  Baad me ii dunia ke ek sab se taagatwar des ban gais rahaa. 1789 ke baad Ottoman Empire gire ke suruu karis.

19th aur 20th century me Russia me base Muslim log ke virod me bhed bhaao ke kaaran dher Muslim log Balkans, Caucasus aur Crimea se aae ke abhi ke Turkey me rahe lagin. Ottoman Empire, Germany aur Austrua-Hungary ke saathe World War I me larris. Ii samay Turkey me base dher Armenian, Greek aur Assyrian ke maar dewa gias, nai to uu logan ke ghar se nikaal dewa gais rahaa. World War I ke baad Turkey me sultanate khalaas hoe gais aur 29 October 1923 me iske ek Republic banaawa gais.

Modern Turkey ke  1923 me Atatürk suruu karis rahaa. Ise pahile ii Ottoman Empire ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. 

Purana jamana me ii jagah pe dher civilizations rahaa, jaise ki Hittites aur Byzantine Roman Empire.

## Geography
Turkey ke area 783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles) hae. Turkey Asia aur Southeartern Europe ke jorre hae. Turkey ke 97% hissa aur 90% abaadi Asia ke side, jiske Anatolia bola jaae hae, me rahe hae. Dunia ke 36 "Biodiversity hotspots" me se 3 Turkey me hae. Ii hae Mediterranean Basin, Irano-Anatolian aur Causasus. 21st century me development aur "climate change" ke kaaran ii biodiversity pe khatraa hae. 

## Gallery

| Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Aya sofya.jpg|  
Kocatepe Mosque Ankara.jpg|  
067 Etnografya.05.2006 resize.JPG| 
DolmabahceMainGate.JPG| 
İzmir clock tower.jpg| 
Pamukkale00.JPG|  
Eskişehir-Aycan.jpg|  
Antalya falezler.jpg| 
Alanya.jpg|  
Bluemosquefront.jpg| 
Diyarbakir P1050751 20080427135832.JPG| 


## President ke suchi

## Bahaari jorr
* CIA World Factbook - Turkey 

## References
United Arab Emirates

**United Arab Emirates** (**UAE**; Arabic: اَلْإِمَارَات الْعَرَبِيَة الْمُتَحِدَة Al-Imarat Al-Arabiyah Al-Muttahida) Middle East ke ek des hae. Iske rajdhani(Capital), Abu Dhabi hae. Ii saat emirates ke jorr ke banaa hae aur pahile jamana me ii Trucial States bola jawat rahaa. Border ke desh hae Saudi Arabia aur Oman. UAE mein Arabic iska official bhasha hae. UAE ke cabinet ke ministers maujud hae. Middle East aur North Africa region(MENA) aur GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) ke hissa hae. Inke ethiasik sambandh United Kingdom se jude hae. Sheikh Zayed bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan UAE ke crown prince hae sann 2022 se. Inke national day hae 2nd December aur founder hae Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan aur 7 Emirates ke pradhan ne iss desh ko banaya hae. Inke sambandh hae United Kingdom aur United States of America. UAE GDP per capita hae 74,315.55 USD.

## Biography

Inka development san 1971 se shuru kiya gaya tha. UAE ke sare states mein attractions aur hotels hote hae, Abu Dhabi, Dubai aur Sharjah sabse densely populated jagha mein se hae. Dubai inke world record structures ke liye Jane jate hae jaise Burj Khalifa (Duniya ke sabse uncha building), Dubai Frame, Sabse deep pool, duniya ka only 7-star hotel (Burj Al Arab), duniya ka pehla unmanned police station, duniye ke pehle man made islands, duniye ke sabse bade mall aur aquarium Dubai mein hae. Dubai inke Ferris wheel aur indoor skiing ke liye bhi jana jata hae. Abu Dhabi inke sabse fastest roller coaster ke liye jana jata hae jo Ferrari World mein maujud hae. official website

## Rulers 7 Emirates ke

## 7 Trucial State(emirates)

## References
Ukraine

**Ukraine** (*Україна*, [ukrajina]) Europe ke ek des hae . Iske east me Russia, north me Belarus, west me Poland aur Slovakia, south-west me Hungary, Romania, Moldova aur Transnistria aur south me Black Sea hae.

Ukraine ek republic hae jiske capital Kiev (*Київ* — Kyiv [Kyjif] Ukrainian me; *Киев* [Kijef] Russian me) hae.

Iske official bhasa Ukrainian (українська мова, [ukrajin’s’ka mova] by Ukrainian) hae, blekin 30 se 50 % log Russian ke kaam me laawe hae.

## Ukraine ke administrative divisions
Ukraine ke 27 hissa me baata gais hae. Jisme se 24 oblast (province) hae, ek autonomous republic (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) aur dui city jeke special status hae; Kyiv aur Sevastopol. 24 province ke 136 district me baata gais hae.

## Ukraine ke itihaas

Western Ukraine me 1.4 milliom saal puraana paththar ke aujaar dekhae hae ki hian pe homonin log rahat rahin. Aadhmik insaan Ukraine me 32,000 BC se rahe hae jiske saabuut Crimea ke pahaarr me hae. 4,500 BC talak ek Neolithic culture aaj ke Ukraine waala jagha me achchhaa se prgati karat rahin. Log ii soche hae ki Ukraine me pahila dafe ghorra ke domesticate karaa gais rahaa. Lagbhag 3000BC me se Indo-European migration steppes se bhais rahaa. Iron Age ke samay, ii jagha me Iranian bhasa me baat kare waala log base rahin.   700&nbsp;BC se 200&nbsp;BC talak ii Scythian kingdom ke ek hissa rahaa.

Sixth century BC se Greek, Roman aur Byzantine colny Black Sea ke coast pe banaa rahaa. Ii 6th century AD talak rahaa. Fir hian pe Goths aaian aur uske baad Huns aain.7th century me ii ilaaka OLd Great Bulgaria ke niche rahaa, lekin ii century ke khalaa hoe talak ii jagha Khazar ke niche aais.

5th aur 6th century me hian pe pahila Slav log rahe lagin aur hian se uu log Balkans me fael gain

## Ukraine ke geography

Ukraine, Russia ke baad, Europe ke sab se barraa des hae, aur sab se barra des jon puura Europe me hae. Ukraine latitude 44 degrees north aur 53 degrees north ke biich me aur logitude 22 degrees east aur 41 degrees east ke biich me hae. Ii jagha me jaada kar ke samthar jamiin hae. Iske area 603,550 square kilometres hae aur 2,782 kilometres ke coastline hae. South west me Danube delta Romania se border bane hae. Ukraine me khaali dui khaas pahaar hae. West me Carpathisn Mounntains aur south me Crimean Mountains hae.

Ukraine ke kuchh khaas naddi hae Dnieper Naddi, Seversky Donets, Bniester aur Southern Bug aur ii sab chaahe Black Sea, nai to Sea of Azov me bahe hae.

Ukraine ke natural resources me lithium, natural gas, kaolin, timber aur dher kheti kare laayak jamiin hae. Ukraine me dher environmental issues hae. Kuchh jagha me paani ke kami hae. Hawaa aur paani ke pollution, deforestation aur  Chernobyl Nuclear Power Planr se radiation.

## Chhaapa ke gallery

file:Maidan Nezalezhnosti view.jpg
file:Kaplica grobowa rodziny Potockich P1680784 Peczera.jpg
file:Kasyno Szlacheckie we Lwowie (1).jpg
file:Slovyansk Voskresenska church.jpg


## References
United Kingdom

**United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland**, jiske chota kar ke **United Kingdom** nai to **UK**, nai to khaali **Britain**, bolaa jaawe hae, Europe ke northwest me ek des hae. Isme chaar des hae: England, Scotland, Wales aur Northern Ireland. UK Great Britain island, Ireland island ke north-eastern hissa aur dher chota chota islands. Iske area 94,354 square miles ( 244,376 square kilometres) hae. Northern Ireland ke jamiin ke border Republic of Ireland se hae aur iske alaawa iske sab taraf samundar hae; Atlantic Ocean, North Sea, ENglish Channel, Celtic Sea aur Irish Sea. Iske abaadi, 2022 me  60 million rahaa. Iske, aur England ke capital, aur sab se barraa city, London hae, jiske mtropolitan area, Europe me sab se barra hae aur iske abaadi 14.9 million hae. Scotland ke capital hae Edinburgh, Wales ke capital hae Cardiff aur Northern Ireland ke capital hae Belfast

UK me Neolithic samay se log rahe hae. Roman log 43 AD UK ke aapan niche kare lagin aur 400 saal talak raj karin. Roman army ke laute ke kuchh saal baad Anglo-Saxon log aae ke UK me base lagin. 1066 me Normans log UK me raj kare ke suruu karin. 16th century talak Wales aur Scotland, England ke niche aae gais aurBritish Empire suruu bhais. 17th century me English raja ke taagat ke aur kamti kar dewa gais. 1707 me Kingdom aur Kindom of Scotland jurr ke Kingdom of Great Britain ban gais. 1800 me Kingdom of Ireland ke jorr ke Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland banaawa gais. 1992 me Ireland ke jaada hissa UK se alag hoe gais aur 1927 me abhi ke UK banaa.

UK dunia ke pahila des rahaa jon industrialise bhais rahaa. 1815 se 1914 talak ii dunia ke sab se taagatwar des rahaa. 1920s me British Empire dunia ke 25% jamiin me faela rahaa aur 25% log pe raj karat rahaa, Dui World War ke baad iske taagat kamtii hoe lagaa aur dhire dhire colonies ajaad hoe gain.

United Kingdom ek constitutional monarchy aur parliamentary democracy hae. UK me tiin alag sarkar hae; England aur Wales, Scotland aur Northern Ireland. 1999 se Scotland, Wales aur Northern Ireland ke aapan sarkar aur parliament hae. 

Jaada log English me baat kare hae lekin kuchh log native bhasaa me bhi baat kare hae, jaise ki Wales me Welsh, Cornwall me Cornish , Scotland me Scottish (Gaelic) aur Scots in , Northern Ireland me Irish aur Channel Islands me French. Hian pe immigrants logan ke aawe ke kaaran 270 aur bhasa bola jaawe hae, jaise ki Panjabi, Bengali, Urdu, Cantonese, Greek bhasa, Southwestern Caribbean Creole. UK ke national anthem God Save the King hae. Inke raja aur pradhan mantri hote hai aur cabinet aur political parties bhi hota hai. 
 
Maharaja: King, Charles ||| (Raja Charles |||) 
 
Maharani: Camilla (Queen Camilla)
 
Pradhan Mantri: Keir Starmer

### Ethnicity
 

 
### Desh ke dharam
 


 
## References
Venezuela

**Venezuela**, northern South America ke ek des hae. Iske official naam **República Bolivariana de Venezuela** (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) hae . Iske official bhasa, Spanish hae, aur iske capital Caracas hae. Venezuela dher oil produce kare hae.

## Chapa ke gallery


Image:PicoBolivar.jpg|Pico Bolívar
File:MedanosdeCoro.jpg|Dunes near Coro, in Falcón State
Image:IMG 2908.JPG|Puerto Cruz beach in Isla Margarita
Image:Salto Angel Dry Season.jpg|Angel Falls, the tallest waterfall in the world
File:Río y laguna Mucubaji.JPG| Mucubají Lagoon, in Mérida (state)
Image:La_orchila.JPG|La Orchila Island 
File:Deltaorinoco.jpg|Orinoco Delta
Image:Monoclonal colony.jpg|Canaima National Park.
File:Laguna_verde_OSilva.jpg|Laguna Verde in Mérida

File:2007 02 Capybaras 05.jpg|Landscape of venezuelan Llanos
File:Chinak-Meru (Aponguao).jpg|Waterfall in Aponguao River
Uzbekistan

**Uzbekistan** (Uzbek:  ), Asia ke biich me ek des hae. Iske capital city Tashkent hae.

26,593,000 log Uzbekistan me rahe hae. Iske parrosi des hae Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan aur Turkmenistan. Ii des se samundar jaae ke khati kamti se kamti dui des paar kare ke parre hae.

Hian ke jaada log Uzbek bhasa me baat kare hae, jon ki ek Turkic bhasa hae, jaise ki Uyghur aur Turkish bhasa. In the Uzbek language, 

Uzbekistan ke purana itihaas hae aur hian pe log 2000 BC se rahe hae.

Abhi ke president Shavkat Mirziyayev hae.
## Administrative divisions

## References
Tajikistan

**Tajikistan** (), Asia ke biich me ek des hae.

## Geography
Iske east me China, south me Afghanistan, west me Uzbekistan aur north me Kyrgyzstan hae. 

Tajikistan samundar ke nachdik nai hae.

Iske puura area 143,100&nbsp;km² hae. Tajikistan ke border 3,651&nbsp;km lambaa hae.

Hian ke mausam garam summer aur mild winter rahe hae. Ii bahut jhuura des hae.

Lagbhag puura des (85 percent) me pahaarr hai jiske biich me valley hae.

## History
The land that is now Tajikistan has been lived in since 4,000 BC. It has been under the rule of various empires throughout history, mostly the Persian Empires.

800 ke saal me, Islam dharam ii des aais.

1868 me, Tajikistan, Russia ke ek bhaag banae dewa gais rahaa.

9 September 1991 ke, Tajikistan, Russua se ajaad bhais.