open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Saint Lucia

**Saint Lucia** eastern Caribbean Sea aur Atlantic Ocean ke boundary pe ek island des hae. Ii Lesser Antilles ke ek hissa hae, aur Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ke north/northeast me, Barbados ke northwest me aur Martinique ke south me hae. Iske area 620&nbsp;km² aur population lagbhag 160,000 hae. Iske capital Castries hae. 

Saint Lucia Windward Islands me se ek hae aur iske naam Saint Lucy of Syracuse se aais hae. 

## Itihaas

Europe ke log ii island me pahila dafe 1492 nai to 1502 me  Spain's ke pahila Caribbean ke khoj ke time dekhin rahaa. British log pahila dafe 17th century mehian pe base ke kosis karin lekin uu logan ke safalta nai mila. 

Ii island me pahila dafe French log 1660 me aae ke basin aur huan ke Carib log se ek treaty pesign kare rahin.  British aur Dutch ke rakam, French log bhi hian pe ganna ke kheti suruu karin. Carib majuur ke try kare ke baad Africa se gulam logan ke hian pe lawa gais rahaa. Bahut jaada Carib logan smallpox aur measles se mar gae rahin.  

## Gallery

Image:GrosPiton.JPG|Gros Piton seen from the Ladera Hotel restaurant – September 2007
Image:PetitPiton.JPG|Petit Piton seen from the Ladera Hotel restaurant – December 2004
Image:Lucia_079.jpg|View from Pigeon Point (Fort Rodney) – 2006
Image:MarigoldBay.jpg|Soufrière Bay – February 2006
Image:saint lucia mountain resort.JPG| Hilltop view of resort – June 2006
Image:Day248bdrivem.JPG| Typical sight in Canaries: houses on hills, June 2006
Image:AtlanticBeach.jpg| St Lucia beach – February 2006
Image:St Lucia Tour-17-Marigot Bay.jpg| View of Marigot Bay - December 2007
Image:St lucia z.jpg| View from the Le Sport&nbsp; resort – March 2006
Image:saint lucia beach.JPG| Boy lying on sand pile, June 2006


## Notes

## References
* "The Saint Lucia Constitution" (1978-Dec-20 effective 1979-Feb-22), Government of St. Lucia, 2008, stlucia.gov.lc, webpage: The Saint Lucia Constitution Order 1978.

* "Members of the House of Assembly" (and Prime Minister), Government of St. Lucia, 2008, stlucia.gov.lc, webpage: stlucia.gov.lc/govfolks-members.

## Bahaari jorr

; Government
* Official website of the Government of Saint Lucia
* Chief of State and Cabinet Members 
; General information
* 
* Saint Lucia from *UCB Libraries GovPubs*
* 
* 
; Travel
* Portal of the Saint Lucia Tourist Board
* 
* Up To Date St. Lucia 
; Other
* Resortastic - Photos, Virtual Tours, Videos and Reviews of St. Lucia Resorts 
* 
* St. Lucia's search engine and web portal 
* #1 St.Lucian Online Community 
* Official Home of the Saint Lucia Solid Waste Management Authority
* 
* Official Website of Saint Lucia Met. Service
* St. Lucia Forums / Message Board 
* Saint Lucia - Fernreisen 
* Saint Lucia - Simply Beautiful 
* St. Lucia Pictures
* Pictures & Images of St. Lucia
* Teaching Resources on St Lucia 
* The Technical Analysis Society of St. Lucia  - the first and only one of its kind in the Caribbean, since Aug. 2006.
* Photos, videos, and travelogue from St. Lucia 
* A Cruisers Guide to St. Lucia 
* Saint Lucia Creole guide
Caribbean Community

**Caribbean Community**, nai to **CARICOM**, Caribbean Sea ke ek group of nations hae jon ki ek saaathe hoe ke trade kare hae. 

Iske sab member hae:

* Antigua and Barbuda 
* Bahamas 
* Barbados 
* Belize 
* Dominica 
* Grenada 
* Guyana 
* Haiti
* Jamaica 
* Montserrat (a territory of the United Kingdom) 
* Saint Kitts and Nevis 
* Saint Lucia 
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
Montserrat

**Montserrat** ek Caribbean island hae. Ii United Kingdom ke territory hae. Montserrat ke naam Christopher Columbus 1493 me diis rahaa. Iske capital Plymouth hae lekin sarkar ke Brades kar dewa gais rahaa jab 1995 me ek volcano, Plymouth ke destroy kar diis.
Saint Kitts and Nevis

**Saint Kitts and Nevis**, Caribbean Sea ke ek des hae jisme dui chhota island hae. Ii Western Hemisphere ke sab se chhota des hae. Iske capital city Basseterre hae jon ki main island pe hae. Ii des Puerto Rico aur Trinidad and Tobago ke biich me hae.

**Country Motto:** Country Above Self

## Duusra websites
* Official website of the Government of St. Kitts and Nevis http://www.gov.kn/default.asp?PageIdentifier=1
Jagha

**Geography**, Dunia ke, iske features aur loag ke baare me study hae. Iske "features" me continent, samundar, naddi aur pahaarr hae. Isme rahe waala sab log aur janwar hae. Isme juwaar, hawaa aur bhudhaul hae. 

Ek jan jon ki geography ke expert hae ke geographer bola jaawe hae. Geographer logan dunia me ke sab chij ke baare me jaane ke kosis kare hae, aur ii jaane ke kosis kare hae ki sab chij kaise suruu bhais aur kaise badlis.  Geographer logan map ke baare me bahut chij jaane hae. 

## References

## Duusra websites
* A geography trivia website 
* www.geoknow.net - Geography resources at your fingertips!
* PopulationData.net 
* PopulationMondiale.com 
* Using Literature To Teach Geography in High Schools. ERIC Digest. 
* Teaching Geography at School and Home. ERIC Digest. 
* The National Geography Content Standards. ERIC Digest.
Desert

**Desert** ek bahut jhuura jagah rahe hae. Hian pe chaahe average, nai to 250 mm (10 in) se kamti paani barrse hae., Ek definition ke niche, ek desert me jetna paani barse hae se jaada paani evaporate hoe hae. Ek desert ekdam thanda nai to ekdam garam jagah rahe hae. Desert ke jaada hissa baalu nai to snow, sand dunes nai to snowdrifts, aur cacti nai to bahut chhota plants rahe hae.

Desert dunia ke 25% area ke cover kare hae. Sab se barraa garam desert Sahara aur sab se barraa thanda desert Antarctica hae.

## References
UNIX

**UNIX** ek computer operating system hae, jiske 1960s me Bell Labs banais rahaa. Iske banae waala me rahin Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy. Ii ek multiuser aur multiprocessing system hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii ek saathe dher kaam kare sake hae aur iske ek time dher jane kaam me laae sake hae. Ii jaada kar ke Network ke khatir banawa gais rahaa. 

## Duusra websites
* Manual Pages for Linux and FreeBSD  - pages saying exactly what each command does

## References
Pramod Chand

**Pramod Chand**, Fiji ke ek Hindustani  politician hae jon ki Fiji ke duusra sab se barraa island, Vanua Levu, ke hae aur National Federation Party (NFP) ke member hae.

1994 ke general election me uu Macuata East Indian Communal Constituency ke NFP khatir jiitis rahaa. 1999 aur 2006 ke general election me uu Macuata East Open Constituency me se NFP ke bagal se kharraa bhais rahaa lekin duuno time kharaab se haar gais. 

January 2006 me, Pramod Chand, jon ki NFP ke Senior Vice-President rahaa,  military takeover ke support kare ke khatir, Fiji Labour Party ke ninda karis rahaa.  

## References
North Pole

**North Pole**, dunia ke sab se north waala jagah hae. Ii uu point hae jahan pe axis hae jispe Dunia turn hoe hae. Ii Arctic Ocean me hae aur hian pe bahut thanda hae kahe ki hian pe saal ke chhe mahina talak suraj nai dekhae hae.

## Duusra panna
* South Pole
South Pole

**South Pole**, dunia ke sab se south waala jagah hae. Ii Antartica me hae.

Antarctica bahut thandi jagha hae. Hian pe saal ke chhe mahine tak suraj nai nikalta hae.pappu

## Duusra panna
* North Pole
Hafez

**Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi** (jiske **Hafiz** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae) (janam 1310 aur 1337 ke biich me, biswas karaa jaawe hae ki 69 saal ke umar me maris) (Persian: خواجه شمس الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی) nai to **Hafez** ek Persian poet rahaa. Hafez ke janam Shiraz, Iran me bhaes rahaa. Hafez, Quran ke by heart, chhota umar me sikhis. Uske kavita ke Divan e Hafez ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. William Jones uske kavita ke 1771 me English me translate karis rahaa.
Girmit ke baare me quote

## Lord John Russel
15 February 1840
:*I should be unwilling to adopt any measure to favour the transfer of labourers from British India to Guiana... I am not prepared to encounter the responsibility of a measure which may lead to a dreadful loss of life on the one hand, or, on the other, to a new sustem of slavery.* 

## Hugh Tinker
*A New System of Slavery*, page xiii
:*...most of the coolies who crossed the sea a hundred years ago or more, died without issue. Only a tiny minority of these Indians had children to claim their share in the lands where the pioneers struggled and died.* 

## Mauritius ke quarantine station ke plaque

## Reunion ke quarantine station ke plaque
Plaque ke English translation:

## References
Secondary Schools Under-17 Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 2009

**2009 ke Secondary Schools Under-17 Inter-District Championship** ke Suva, Fiji ke DAV College Grounds (Pool games), Bidesi Park (Pool games aur semi-finals) aur TFL National Stadium (final as the curtain-raiser to the Suva-Nasinu NSl clash) me 23 - 26 July talak khela gis rahaa, jiske final me Labasa Sangam, Tavua College ke 1-0 se harais.

## Pool games
DAV Ba 2-1 Tilak High School, Ahamadiya College 0-2 Cuvu College, Labasa Sangam 1-0 Ahamadiya College, Suva Muslim 0-4 Tilak High, Saraswati College 3-0 DAV Ba, Tavua College 3-0 Korovuto College, Labasa Sangam 2 Cuvu College 1. 

## Semi-finals
Labasa Sangam, Saraswati College ke 2-0 se harais aur Tavua College, DAV, Ba ke harais.

## Final
Final me Labasa Sangam, Tavua College ke 1-0 se harais. 

## Aur dekho
* Fiji me football



## References
Li Bai

**Li Bai** nai to **Li Po** (李白 Lǐ Bái / Lǐ Bó) (701-762) ek Chinese kavi rahaa. 

Bai uu Chinese scholars me se ek rahaa jiske "Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Abhi uske 1,100 se jaada poem jaana jaawe hae. 

Iske Western language me pahila translation 1862 me Marquis d'Hervey de Saint-Denys aapan *Poésies de l'Époque des Thang* me publish karis rahaa. English bhasa waala des me Li Bai ke kaam ke Herbert Allen Gilesaapan  publication *History of Chinese Literature* (1901)me chaapis rahaa.  

## Biography

## References




## Bibliography
* Cooper, Arthur (1973). *Li Po and Tu Fu: Poems Selected and Translated with an Introduction and Notes* (Penguin Classics, 1973). ISBN 978-0-14-044272-4 .
* Hinton, David (1998). *The Selected Poems of Li Po* (Anvil Press Poetry, 1998). ISBN 978-0-85646-291-7 .
* Waley, Arthur (1950). *The poetry and career of Li Po* (MacMillan Co., New York, 1950). ASIN B0006ASTS4.
* Weinberger, Eliot. *The New Directions Anthology of Classical Chinese Poetry*. (New York: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2004). ISBN 0-8112-1605-5. Introduction, with translations by  William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Kenneth Rexroth, Gary Snyder, and David Hinton.

## Duusra websites

* www.chinese-poems.com 20 Li Bai poems, in Chinese using simplified and traditional characters and pinyin, with literal and literary English translations by Mark Alexander .
* etext.lib.virginia.edu 34 Li Bai poems, in Chinese with English translation by Witter Bynner, from the *Three Hundred Tang Poems* anthology.
* www.cscs.umich.edu 
* afpc.asso.fr 
* Complete text of '''''Cathay''''' , the Ezra Pound/Ernest Fenollosa translations of poems principally by Li Po (J., Rihaku) together with public domain recordings (MP3) of the same.
* "Li Bai drinking alone (with the moon, his shadow, & 32 translators)" is a comprehensive collection of translations of this poem by an anonymous blogger. Retrieved April 15, 2007.
* 27 Recordings of "Drinking Alone by Moonlight," from the LibriVox website. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
* Spanish Translations of the Poetry of Li Bai (Li Po) by Raúl Racedo, Argentina.
* ''Das Lied von der Erde'': The Literary Changes  – synopsis of original Chinese poems, Bethge's translations and Mahler's changes
* New English translations of Li Po with traditional characters in *Zone Magazine*.
Naguib Mahfouz

**Naguib Mahfouz** (Arbii bhasa: نجيب محفوظ, ) (11 December 1911 – 30 August 2006) ek Egyptian novelist rahaa jiske 1988 me Nobel Prize for Literature mila. Ii Arabic writers me se ek rahaa jon ki existentialism ke themeke exploit karis rahaa. 

## Biography
Mahfouz ke janam Cairo ke Gamaliya quarter me bhaes rahaa aur Professor Naguib Pasha Mahfouz ek Coptic physician ke naam se aais hae.

## Notes

## References
* Alamgir Hashmi, *The Worlds of Muslim Imagination* (1986), ISBN 0-00-500407-1
* Rasheed El-Enany, *Naguib Mahfouz: The Pursuit of Meaning* (1993), ISBN 0-415-07395-2

## Duusra websites
* ''The Paris Review'' Interview With Naguib Mahfouz
* Naguib Mahfouz on his English publisher's website 
* Naguib Mahfouz article from Nobel Prize website
* Nobel Prize press release
* Naguib Mahfouz from Pegasos Author's Calendar
* Cornell biography
* BBC report of death 30 August 2006
* Article dated 31 August 2006 from The Independent: Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz dies aged 94 
* Associated Press report dated 31 August 2006 on Naguib Mahfouz's funeral
* Biography and bibliography in French 
* -"L'hypothèse naturaliste zolienne dans l'oeuvre de Naguib Mahfouz", by Salah NATIJ - in french, Website '''Maduba / Invitation àl'adab'''
* Obituary of Naguib Mahfouz published in ''Islamica Magazine'' 
* Fouad Ajami, "The Humanist in the Alleys," *The New Republic*, September 25, 2006, http://www.sais-jhu.edu/programs/mideast/documents/Recent%20Articles/Articles/The%20Humanist%20in%20the%20Alleys.pdf
Molière

**Molière** (1622 - 1673) ek French actor, director aur writer rahaa. Uske aslii naam **Jean-Baptiste Poquelin** rahaa. Molière uske stage naam rahaa. Uu kuch ekdam achchhaa comedies likish rahaa.  Uske janam Paris me bhas rahaa. Jab uu jawan rahaa tab Molière jindagi bhar khatir artist bane ke decide karis.  21 saal ke umar pe uu ek   theatre suruu karis jon ki bankrupt hoe gais.  1645 - 1658, uu puura Francebhar ghumis, aapan dost log ke saathe.  Baad me king Louis XIV Molière ke Paris ke nangich, Versailles  me, entertainment ke responsiblr banais. .

## Duusra websites

* 
* Molière's works online  at toutmoliere.net (in French)
* Molière's works online  at site-moliere.com
* Molière's works online at InLibroVeritas.net
* Molière's works online  at classicistranieri.com
* Biography, Bibliography, Analysis, Plot overview at biblioweb.org (in French)
* Moliere's Verses Plays Publication, Statistics, Words Research (in French)
* Professional quality parody - "The Life & Times of Moliere" at YouTube.com 

## References
Animalia

**Jaanwar**, el side jaati ka Naam hai, jisme Sabi jal me range waalen praani air Hamden par rahnewaale bhi sammilith hai.
Kirwa

**Insects** ek rakam ke jinda chij hae jiske backbone nai hae. Kirwa dunia ke sab se barraa jinda chij ke group hae. 800,000 se jaada rakam ke kirwa hae.
Chuunti

**Chuunti** ek chhota kirwa hae jon ki ground ke niche barraa jhund me rahe hae. Lagbhag 22,000 rakam ke chuunti hae. Chuunti social jiu hae Formicidae  palwaar ke, jon barre aur madhmakkhi ke saathe Hymenoptera order me hae. Chuunti vespoid wasp se Cretaceous jamaana me evolve bhae rahin. Chuunti ke uske elbowed antenna aur node like structure se identify karaa jaawe hae.

Chuunti colonies banae hae jon size me kuchh darjan ek chhotaa cavity me rahe hae se organised colonies jon barraa jagha occupy kare hae aur jisme ek barraa nest rahe hae jisme kkuchh million chuunti rahe hae, aur ii kabhi-kabhi hundreds of millions hoe jaae hae jiske super colony bola jaawe hae. Ek colony me dher cast rahe hae, jisme sterile bina pankhaa waala females, jisme se jaada majuur rahe hae, aur sipaahi aur duusra specialised group rahe hae. Lagbhagsab chuunti ke colony me kuchh fertile males, jiske "drones" bola jaawe hae, aur ek, nai to jaada female, jiske raani bola jaawe hae, rahe hae. Ii colony ke superorganism bola jaawe hae, kaaheki chuunti log ek unified entity ke rakam kaam kare hae.

Chuunti, dunia ke lagbhag sab cintinent aur island me paawa jaawe hae. Ek jagh jahaan pe chuunti nai hae, Antarctica hae, aur kuchh duur ujaarr jagha ke chhorr ke. Chuunti bhiijaa, garam jagha me achchhaa kare hae aur iske biomass chirriyaa aur jaanwar se jaada hae. Chuunti ke  dher mausam me achchhaa kare ke kaaran uske smajik organisation, uske kabliyat chij ke badle ke, nawaa resources ke kaam me laae ke aur apne ke defend kare  ke khaatir. Iske lambaa evolution, duusra species ke saathe,  ke kaaran ii mimetic, commensal, parasitic aur mutualistic relationship develop karis hae.

Chuunti ke samaj me kaam ke baata jaawe hae, ek duusre se communicate kare hae, aurkarraa problem ke solve kare hae. Ii insaan ke samaj ke rakam hae aur iske baare me dher adhyan karaa gais hae.Dher insaan  ke sanskriti me chuunti ke khaawa jaae hae, dawai ke khaatir kaam me laawa jae hae aur dharmik kaam me bhi laawa jaae hae. Kuch chuunti ke species ke biological pest control ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Chuunti ke koi resource ke aapan kaam me laawe ke kaaran uske insaan se conflict hoe hae, aur uu kheti ke naas kare hae aur ghar ke barbaad jkare hae. Chuunti ke kuchh species, jaise "fire ant" ke invasive species maana jaawe hae.

## Taxonomy aur evolution
Formicidae, Hymenoptera order ke hae. jisme sawflies, madhmakkhi aur barre hae. Chuunti stinging wasp se evolve bhae rahin aur ek 2013 ke adhyan ii dekhae hae ki ii Apoidea ke sister grouphae. However, since Apoidea is a superfamily, ants must be upgraded to the same rank.

## References

## Duusra websites
* Macro photos - images of ants
Vladimir Nabokov

**Vladimir Nabokov** (janam: 22 April 1899, maut: 2 July  1977) ek Russian author rahaa. Uu aapan pahila book Russian me likhis rahaa, aur United States jaawe ke baad English me likhe laga. Uu dher book likhis jisme *[[Lolita]]* aur *[[Pnin]]* bhi rahaa.

## Duusra websites
* Nabokov Library
Ovid

**Publius Ovidius Naso**, jiske English waala des me, jaada kar ke **Ovid** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, Ancient Roman ke ek poet rahaa. Uske janam 20 March 43 BC me Sulmona, Italy me bhaes rahaa. Aaj kal ke log soche hae ki uu 17 AD nai to 18 AD ke maraa. 
## Kaam

## Dusra websites

* University of Virginia, "Ovid Illustrated: The Renaissance Reception of Ovid in Image and Text"
* 
* **Latin and English translation**
** Perseus/Tufts: P. Ovidius Naso *Amores*, *Ars Amatoria*, *Heroides* (on this site called *Epistulae*), *Metamorphoses*, *Remedia Amoris*. Enhanced brower. Not downloadable.
** Sacred Texts Archive: Ovid  *Amores*, *Ars Amatoria*, *Medicamina Faciei Femineae*, *Metamorphoses*, *Remedia Amoris*. 
** The Metamorphoses of Publius Ovidius Naso ; elucidated by an analysis and explanation of the fables, together with English notes, historical, mythological and critical, and illustrated by pictorial embellishments: with a dictionary, giving the meaning of all the words with critical exactness. By Nathan Covington Brooks. Publisher: New York, A. S. Barnes & co.; Cincinnati, H. W. Derby & co., 1857 *(a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; [[DjVu]] & [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PA6519xM3xB8/1f/metamorphoses_of_ovid.pdf layered PDF]  format)*
* **Original Latin only**
** Latin Library: Ovid *Amores*, *Ars Amatoria*, *Epistulae ex Ponto*, *Fasti*, *Heroides*, *Ibis*, *Metamorphoses*, *Remedia Amoris*, *Tristia*.
** Gutenberg Project: Fasti  With introduction and extensive notes in English by Thomas Keightley. Plain text version.
** Works by Ovid
* **English translation only**
** New translations by A. S. Kline *Amores*, *Ars Amatoria*, *Epistulae ex Ponto*, *Fasti*, *Heroides*, *Ibis*, *Medicamina Faciei Femineae*, *Metamorphoses*, *Remedia Amoris*, *Tristia* with enhanced browsing facility, downloadable in HTML, PDF, or MS Word DOC formats. Site also includes wide selection of works by other authors.
** Two translations from Ovid's ''Amores'' by Jon Corelis. 
** English translations of Ovid's ''Amores'' with introductory essay and notes by Jon Corelis 
** Some English translations of Ovid by famous literary figures
* **Commentary**
** Perseus/Tufts: Commentary on the ''Heroides'' of Ovid

## References
Madhmakkhi

** Madhmakkhi** urre waala kirwaa hae jon monophyletic clade **Anthophila** ke bane hae superfamily Apoidea, order Hymenoptera ke, aur jisme 20,000 jaana gais species saath jaana jaawe waala families me hae. Kuchh speciesjisme honey bees, bumblebees, aur stingless bees hae  social insects hae jon ek  jaada hierarchical colonies me rahe hae, jab dher species (>90%)jisme mason bees, carpenter bees, leafcutter bees, aur sweat bees hae solitary hae. Sab se jaada jaane waala genus, *[[Apis (genus)|Apis]]* (i.e. honey bees), ke baare me ii jaana jaawe hae ki ii hexagonally celled waxy nests called hives ke banae hae.

Jab madhmakkhi ke nagiich ke palwaar barre aur chuunti, carnivorous/omnivorous hae, madhmakkhi herbivores hae jon khaali  nectar (nectarivory) aur pollen (palynivory) khaawe hae, nector se  carbohydrate jon metabolic energy ke source hae, aur pollen protein ke khaatir aur duusra nutrients aapan larvae ke khaatir. Madhmakkhi ke dunia ke sab continent me,  Antarctica ke chhorr ke paawa jaawe hae, aur ii dunia ke sab jagha hae jahaan pe paudha  jisme insect-pollinated flowering plants hae.  Northern Hemisphere ke sab se jaada bee  Halictidae, nai to sweat madmakkhi hae, lekin ii chhotaa hae aur iske barre aur makkhi se mistake karaa jaawe hae. Madmakki ke size chhotaa  stingless madmakkhi ke  species, jiske majuur   lambaa se kamti rahe hae, se lae ke  leafcutter madmakkhi *[[Megachile pluto]]* talak, jon sab se barraa madmakkhi ke  species hae, jiske females ke lambaai  talak rahe hae. Madmakkhi ke khaae waala jaanwar me  primates aur chirriya jaise bee-eaters ; insect predators jaise beewolves aur dragonflies hae.

Madmakkhi ke insaan uske ecological roles pollinator ke ruup me aur, sab se jaada jaane waala species ke case me , the western honey bee, madh banae ke khaatir, ek regurgitated aur dehydrated viscous mixture jon thorra digested monosaccharide ke madhmakkhi colony ke khaatir khaana ke godaam ke ruup me hae. Pollination management madhmakkhi ke kaam me laae ke important hae duuno  ecologically aur agriculturally, au janglee madhmakkhi ke abaadi kamti hoe ke kaaran domesticated pollination by commercially managed hives of madhmakkhi ke demand barr gais hae. 1980 se 2013 talak  353 janglii madhmakkhi ke analysis me paawa gais hae ki  ek chauthaai species extinct hoe gais hae.  Insaan se beekeeping nai to apiculture (meliponiculture for stingless bees) ke hajaaro saal se karaa jaawe hae , kamti se kamti Ancient Egypt aur Ancient Greece me. Madhmakkhi  mythology aur folklore me bhi aais hae.
Titli

**Titli** ek urre waala kirwa hae. Ii pattangi ke rakam hae. Titli ke lage chaar pakhna rahe hae. 

## Titli ke jindagi
 
Image:Monarch Butterfly Pink Zinnia 1800px.jpg|A Monarch butterfly, with closed wings, feeding on nectar from a garden flower
Image:Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus Mating Vertical 1800px.jpg|Butterflies mating 
Image:Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus Laying Egg 2600px.jpg|A female butterfly laying eggs on "Swan plant".
Image:Monarch Butterfly Eggs on Swan Plant.JPG|Monarch butterfly eggs on Swan plant

Image:Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus Vertical Caterpillar 2000px.jpg|The caterpillar of a Monarch butterfly 
Image:Monarch Butterfly Cocoon 3.jpg|The chysalis of a Monarch butterfly
Image:Monarch Butterfly Emerging.JPG|A butterfly hatching from its chrysalis with wet, folded wings
Image:Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus Male 2664px.jpg|A Monarch butterfly with open wings.
 

## Kuch rangila titli
 

Image:Yellow Jezebel ( UN ).jpg|Yellow Jezebel 
Image:Blue Pansy I IMG 6486.jpg|Blue Pansy 
Image:Callophrys Rubi Oulu 2007 05 27.JPG|Green Hairstreak 
Image:Gulf Fritillary Butterfly on a Lantana 18 crop 2.jpg|Gulf Fritillary 
Image:DirkvdM sara longwing-crop.jpg|Sara Longwing 
Image:Yamfly - Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|Yamfly 
Image:Nymphalis Antiopa Oulu 2007 06 10.JPG|Camberwell Beauty 
Image:Common Blue Bottle I IMG 8918.jpg|Common Bluebottle 
Image:Common Mime - Papilio clytia (dissimilis form) on Jatropha panduraefolia in Kolkata Iws IMG 0217.jpg|Common Mime 
Image:Pale Grass Blue I IMG 6722.jpg|Pale Grass Blue 
Image:Common Four-ring (Ypthima huebneri) in Kolkata Iws IMG 0303.jpg|Common Four-ring 
Image:Tit Butterfly I2 IMG 3272.jpg|Western Blue Sapphire 
Image:Female Black Swallowtail Megan McCarty08.jpg|Black Swallowtail 
Image:Diaethria eluina.jpg|Diaethria eluina  
Image:Common Grass Yellow.jpg|Common Grass Yellow 
Image:B cool - Malay Lacewing (by).jpg|Malay Lacewing
Image:Tagpfauenaugen1.jpg|*Inachis io*
Image:Parnassius phoebus.jpg|*Parnassius phoebus*
Image:Lycaena dispar02.jpg|*Lycaena dispar*
Image:Papilio constantinus on flower.jpg|*Papilio constantinus* 
 


## Duusra panna
* F. Nemos: *Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen.* Oestergaard Verlag, Berlin, ca. 1895, http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.28790.d001 (pdf, 77 MB).
http://www.gather.com/viewArticle.action?articleId=281474977712813
Huang Xianfan

**Huang Xianfan**(Chinese: **黄现璠**, Pinyin: Huáng Xiànfán)(13 November, 1899 – 18 January, 1982)Uu ek Chinese anthropologist, historian aur educationist rahaa. Huang uu Chinese scholars me se ek rahaa jiske" father of Zhuang history"ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske writings ke influence Zhuang's culture me 20th century me jaada rahaa. jon ki famous bhais uske books "Brief History of the Zhuang" aur "General History of the Zhuang" khatir.

## Biography

Huang ke janam Guangxi, China me bhais rahaa. Huang 1953-1982 se Guangxi Normal University ke Professor hai aur Huang 1980 se Chinese Ethnic Association ke counselor hai.

## Uske kaam
* Brief Introduction on Tang Dynasty ,(1936) 
* Save Nation Movement of Tai-Xue students in Song Dynasty,(1936) 
* Brief History of the Zhuang,(1957) 
* No Slave Society in Chinese History,( 1981) 
* Nong Zhi Gao ,(1983) ISBN 11113·41 
* General History of the Zhuang ,(1988 ) ISBN 7-5363-0422-6/K·13
* The Introduction on Chinese Ancient Books ,(2004 ) ISBN 7-5633-4743-7 

## Notes

## References

* Dictionary of Modern Chinese Names (1966) 

* ZHONG GUO REN MING DA CI DIAN (1992),ISBN 7-5326-0207-9/K·34 
 
* Chinese Dictionary of Contemporary Culture Celebrities (1992),ISBN 7-5043-1513-3/Z·72 

## Duusra websites
* (Chinese): Master
* (Chinese): Art scholars
* (English):  General History of the Zhuang
* (English): Huang group
* (English):Bagui School
Bahá'í Faith

**Bahá'í Faith** ek dharam hae jiske 1800s me Bahá'u'lláh suruu karis rahaa. Bahá'u'lláh ke janam Tehran, Iran me bhais rahaa. Ii dharam ke maane waale apne ke **Bahá'ís** bole hae. Arabic me Bahá'u'lláh ke matlab "The Glory of God" hae. Bahá'í log ii biswas kare hae ki Bahá'u'lláh bhagwan khatir baat kare hae.

## Websites
### Communities
* The Bahá’í Faith. The Web Site of the Bahá’í International Community.
* National Bahá’í Communities

### Bahá'u'lláh
* The Life of Bahá'u'lláh. A photographic narrative of the life of Bahá’u’lláh, Founder of the Bahá’í Faith.
* Bahá’u’lláh. Writings of Bahá’u’lláh and a history of His life, His teachings, His station.

### News
* Bahá'í World News Service

### Sources
* Bahá'í Reference Library
* Bahá'í Media Bank

## References
Johann Sebastian Bach

**Johann Sebastian Bach** (janam: 25 March 1685 Eisenach me; maut: 28 July 1750 Leipzig me), ek German composer aur organist rahaa jon ki aapan jamana ke sab se barraa composer rahaa. Uske jindagi ke time ke Baroque period bola jaawe hae. uu duusra des nai gais rahaa lekin duusra composers ke music study karis rahaa. Uske aapan music ii dekhae hae ki uu Italian, French aur German composers se music sikhis rahaa. Uu noblemen ke khatir kaam karis jiske khatir uu chamber music aur orchestra music bhi likhis rahaa lekin jaada time uu ek church me kam karis jahaan pe uu church music likhis rahaa. Bach, opera ke chhorr ke, sab rakam ke music likhis rahaa. Uske jindagi ke akhri din me jaada composer logan classical style me likhat rahin lekin uusab time Baroque style me likhis rahaa. uu time ke kuchh log iske purana jamana ke music maanat rahin lekin aaj kal iske sab se achchhaa Baroque music maana jaawe hae.

## Duusra websites
* The JS Bach Home Page-Part of joint Bach website project
* J.S. Bach Archive and Bibliography-Part of joint Bach website project 
* H-moll Messe  (Flash)
* Goldberg-Variationen  (Flash)
* Matthäus-Passion  (Flash)
Ludwig van Beethoven

**Ludwig van Beethoven** (Baptised: 17 December 1769 Bonn me (Janam ke tarik nai pataa), maut: 26 December 1827 Vienna me) ek German composer rahaa. Uu classical music likhat rahaa piano, orchestra aur duusra rakam ke Musical instrument khatir likis rahaa. Uske sab se jaada jaana jaawe waala kaam fifth aur ninth symphony aur piano piece *Für Elise* rahaa. Jab uu chhota rahaa tab uu ek achchhaa pianist rahaa. Beethoven dhani log ke saathe Vienna, Austria me bahut popular rahaa. 

1801 me uu bahira hoe lagaa aur dhire dhire ii aur kharaab hoe gais  aur 1817 talak uu puura bahira hoe gais. Jab ki uu concerts me nai bjae sakat rahaa, uu music likhte rahaa. 

### Uske palwaar aur jawani ke din

Beethoven, Flemish musician, Lodewijk van Beethoven (1712–1773) ke potaa rahaa . Beethoven ke naam uske aaja Lodewijk se aais hae jon ki Dutch me *Ludwig* hae. Beethoven ke aaja ek bass singer rahaa. Uske lage ek larrkaa rahaa, Johann van Beethoven (1739–1792), jon ki ek musical establishment me piano and violin ke sikchha dewat rahaa. Johann married Maria Magdalena Keverich in 1767; she was the daughter of Johann Heinrich Keverich, who had been the head chef at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier.

Beethoven ke janam Bonn me bhaes rahaa; uske ek Roman Catholic service me 17 December 1769, me baptise karaa gais rahaa. Children of that era were usually baptized the day after birth; and it is known that Beethoven's family and his teacher Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday on 16 December. While this evidence supports the case for 16 December 1769 as Beethoven's date of birth, it cannot be stated with certainty as there is no documentary evidence of it (only his baptismal record survives). Of the seven children born to Johann van Beethoven, only the second-born, Ludwig, and two younger brothers survived infancy. Caspar Anton Carl was born on 8&nbsp;April 1774, and Nikolaus Johann, the youngest, was born on 2 October 1776.

## References

## Aur parrho
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## Duusra websites
* English homepage of big Beethoven website
* Beethoven’s Personality and Music: The Introverted Romantic
* nhdbeethoven
Murgi

**Murgi** ek rakam ke chirriya hae jiske admii log paale hae.Murgi ko hen aur murga ko cock bole hai. Murga subhah jagta hai aur sobko "kukurku" awaj se jagate hai.
Murgi hum ando aur mangs ke lie palte hai.
Anton Bruckner

**Anton Bruckner** (janam **Ansfelden**, Austria me 4 September 1824 ke aur maut Vienna me 11 October 1896 ke, ek Austrian composer rahaa. Uu aapan symphony dher jaana maana rahaa. Ii sab bahut lamba rahaa aur Romantic style me barraa orchestra khatir likha gais rahaa. Uu ek organist aur teacher bhi rahaa.
Johannes Brahms

**Johannes Brahms** (Janam: Hamburg, 7 May 1833; maut: Vienna 3 April 1897) ek German composer rahaa. Uu aapan kaam ek piano ke bajaae waala se suruu karis rahaa. Uu self-critical rahaa aur koi nhi kharaab composition ke bhig dewat rahaa. Uu sochat rahaa ki aur log uske “next Beethoven” maanat rahin aur uu dher saal aapan pahila symphony me lagais uske perform kare se pahile. Uu chaar concerto, ek requiem, piano music, chamber music aur gaana likhis rahaa. Uske sab se jaada famous tune *Wiegenlied* ("cradle song") rahaa, jiske jaada kar ke "Brahms' Lullaby," bola jaawe hae jiske musical box me kaam me lawa jaawe hae.
Frédéric Chopin

**Frédéric Chopin** (22 February nai to 1 March 1810 - 17 October 1849) ek Polish virtuoso pianist rahaa jon ki kuchh bahut achchhaa piano music ke compose karis rahaa. Uu Poland ke sab se jaada famous composer rahaa.
Kurd Bhasa

(Kurd Bhasa:* 'Zimane Kurdî*'). Kurd bhasa be Indo - European palwaar ke ek bhasa hae. Ii bhasa ke Iraq ,Iran,Turkey aur Syria  me kaam me lawa jaawe hae.

## Kurd bhasa me ginti

## References
Antonín Dvořák

**Antonín Dvořák** (janam: 8 September 1841; maut: Prague 1 May 1904) ek Czech composer rahaa. Dvořák, Smetana aur Janáček tiin famous composer hae jon ki Czech nationalist music likhe rahin. Dvořák chamber music likis rahaa, jisme string quartet, piano music, gaana, opera aur nau symphony rahaa. Uske aakhri symphony jiske namm *New World* rahaa , kahe ki iske United States (the “New World”) me likha gais rahaa, bahut famous bhais rahaa.
The Beatles

**The Beatles**, 1960s ke ek famous rock aur pop band rahin. Uu logan Liverpool, England ke rahin. Ii band ke member rahin John Lennon (rhythm guitar, keyboards), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, keyboards), George Harrison (lead guitar, sitar) aur Ringo Starr (drums, percussion) rahaa.

The Beatles 1958 me ek saathe kaam kare ke suruu kain rahaa, lekin uu logan ke pahila hit 1962 me rahaa. Uu logan pahila dafe  United States 1964 me aae rahin. 

## Compilations
* *The Beatles 1962-1966* and *The Beatles 1967-1970* (1973)
* *Rock and Roll Music* (1976)
* *Love Songs* (1978)
* *Rarities* (1980)
* *Reel Music* (1982)
* *20 Greatest Hits* (1983)
* *Past Masters* (1987, two volumes)
* *The Beatles Anthology* (1995, three volumes)
* *The Beatles: 1* (2000)
* *Love* (2006)

## Gaana

* "From Me To You" 
* "She Loves You"
* "I Want To Hold Your Hand"
* "A Hard Day's Night"
* "Help!"
* "Yesterday"
* "In My Life"
* "Paperback Writer"
* "Yellow Submarine"
* "All You Need is Love"
* "Hey Jude"
* "Strawberry Fields Forever"
* "Back in the U.S.S.R."
* "Revolution"
* "Let It Be"
* "The Long and Winding Road"
* "Eleanor Rigby"
* "Norwegian Wood"
* "I Am The Walrus"
* "Something"
* "Here Comes The Sun"

## Duusra websites
The Beatles homepage
## References
Hector Berlioz

**Hector Berlioz** (janam: 11 December 1803; maut: 8 March 1869, Paris me ) ek French composer rahaa. Uu 19th century ke sab se barraa composer rahaa. Uske music Romantic period ke rahaa. Uu apne se music bajae me achchhaa nai rahaa lekin orchestra ke khatir music likhe me bahut achchhaa rahaa. Uske kuchh famous kaam rahaa *Symphonie Fantastique*, the opera *Les Troyens* (*The Trojans*), *Grande messe des morts* aur *Les nuits d’été* (Summer Nights). 

## References
* The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980. ISBN1-56159-174-2
* Berlioz Mémoires; edition Garnier-Flammarion, Paris 1969
George Frideric Handel

**George Frideric Handel** (German: **Georg Friedrich Händel**) (janam: Halle, Germany, 23 February 1685; maut: London, England, 14 April 1759) ek German composer rahaa, jon ki aapan jawaani ke time England me jaae ke rahaa  Baad me uu ek British citizen ban gais rahaa.  Johann Sebastian Bach aur Handel ekke saal me paida bhain rahaa. Ii logan appan jamanke sab se achchhaa composer rahin lekin ek dusre se kabhi nai milin rahaa.  Jab Handel British citizen banaa tab uu aapan naam ke badal ke **George Frideric Handel** kar diis. 

Jab ki duuno Baroque ke jamana me rahin, uu logan ke music developed differently.  Handel wrote many operas and oratorios and by them became very famous.  He took many trips, including to Italy where he learned a lot about composition.  Bach never left central Germany, and most of the time he was a church musician who was not well-known by the general public.

Handel wrote over 40 operas.  Later he wrote oratorios.  His most famous oratorio is the *[[Messiah (Handel)|Messiah]]* .  He wrote anthems, chamber music and orchestral music including *the [[Water Music]]* and *[[Music for the Royal Fireworks]]*.

## References
Sindhi bhasa

**Sindhi** ek Indo-European bhasa hae jiske Pakistan ke Sindh Province sindh me bola jaawe hae, aur ii bhasa Sindh ke official bhasa hae. Duniaa mein Sindhi bhasa bole wala log ke se zeyada hae, jin mein 41 million sindh mein hae. sindhi basha India mein bhe boli jate hae. india mein is ky bolni walon kee tadad 12 million sy zeyada hae. Urdu ky bade Pakistan ky wasy sahetya rakeny wale boli hae.

## References

## Bahaari jorr
* Sindhi Tutorial 
* SindhiLanguage.com
* Sindhi Script History and Script
* Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language 
* Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad
Jimi Hendrix

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## References

## Duusra websites

* The Jimi Hendrix Foundation - Started by Al and Leon Hendrix
* Official Jimi Hendrix website
* Photos of Jimi Hendrix
* Videos of Jimi Hendrix Live
* Official lyrics and drawings done by Jimi Hendrix 
* ''Classic Hendrix: The Ultimate Hendrix Experience'' The memoirs of Jimi Hendrix
Gustav Mahler

**Gustav Mahler** (janam ke naam: Kalischt (abhi ke naam: Kalište), Bohemia, 7 July 1860; maut Vienna, 18 May 1911) ek Czech-Austrian composer aur conductor rahaa. Uu Romantic period ke time ke sab se barraa composer rahaa. Uu nau [symphony likhis rahaa (daswa ke khalaa nai karaa gais rahaa. Uu German ke folk song ke bahut like karat rahaa. Uske work *Das Lied von der Erde* (English:*The Song of the Earth*) uske sab se achchhaa kaam hae. Uu ek bahut achchhaa conductor rahaa aur Vienna Opera ke banais rahaa.
Elvis Presley

**Elvis Aaron Presley** (8 January 1935 - 16 August 1977) American ke rock and roll ke pahila aur sab se jaada jaana maana star rahaa. Uske gaana uske maut ke baad bhi famous rahaa. Uu ek actor bhi rahaa jon ke dher movie me kaam karis hae.

Uske khaali "Elvis" ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa aur  "The King of Rock and Roll", nai to khaali "The king" bhi bola jaawat rahaa.

## References


## Duusra websites

* Elvis Presley Enterprises - Official site of the Elvis Presley brand.
* Elvis Resources - Interviews and articles about Elvis Presley By Elvis Australia
* Elvis Presley's Graceland  - A detailed history of Elvis' Graceland, with photos.
* Elvis Presley Directory 
* Elvis Presley Tributes
Franz Schubert

**Franz "Peter" Schubert** (janam: Vienna, 31 January 1797; maut: Vienna 19 November 1828), ek Austrian composer rahaa. Jab ki uu 31 saal ke umar me mar gais rahaa, uu lagbhag 1000 music ke compose karis rahaa. Isme se kuchh abhi talak compose karaa gais music me se sab se achchhaa hae. Vienna ke aur jaana maana composer, jaise ki Haydn, Mozart aur Beethoven rahin, lekin Schubert khaali ek rahaa jon ki Vienna me paida bhais rahaa. Schubert Classical music period ke aakhri aur Romantic period ke pahila composer rahaa.

## References
* New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians; ed Stanley Sadie; 1980; ISBN1-56159-174-2
Bedřich Smetana

**Bedřich Smetana** (janam: Litomyšl, Bohemia, 2 March 1824; maut: Prague 12 May 1884) ek Czech composer rahaa. Uu ek Romantic composer rahaa. Smetana, Dvořák aur Leoš Janáčektiin famous composer hae jon ki Czech nationalist music likhe rahin. Uske music, typical Czech music rahaa. Uske aath opera nationalistic kahani ke baare me hae. Uu chhe tone poems orchestra khatir likis rahaa jiske *Ma Vlast* bola jaawe hae aur iske matlab “My Home Country” hae.
Robert Schumann

**Robert Schumann** (janam: Zwickau, Saxony, 8 June 1810; maut: 29 July 1856) ek famous German composer rahaa. Uu Romantic period ke rahaa. Uske aapan concert pianist bane ke sapna ke badle ke parraa jab uu aapan hanth me chot lagae diis. Uu ek music magazine ke chapis aur dher article likhis music ke aare me likhis. Uske music uu chij se bharaa rahaa jon ki Romantic music ke typical rahaa: ii emotion sr bharaa rahat rahaa, ek ek hissa ke title rahat rahaa jon ki koi chij ke describe karat rahaa aur ii literature se inspired rahaa. Uu dher piano music likhis rahaa. 

## References
* New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (1980)

## Recording
* Allegro op 8 of Schumann
Igor Stravinsky

**Igor Stravinsky** (janam: Oranienbaum (abhi Lomonosov), 17 June 1882; maut: New York, 6 April 1971) 20thcentury ke ek important composer rahaa. Uu Russia me baraa bhais rahaa, lekin jab Russian Revolution suruu bhais tab uu Switzerland aut huan se Paris chalaa gais rahaa, aur 1939 me jab World War II suruu bhais tab United States chal diis..

Stravinsky suruu me music aapan teacher Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov ke rakam likhis. Baad me uu aapan style ke badal ke “neo-classical”.
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

**Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky** (Russian: Пётр Ильич Чайковский, *Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij*; (janam: Kamsko-Votkinsk, 7 May 1840; maut: St Petersburg, 6 November 1893) ek Russian composer rahaa jon ki Romantic period ke rahaa. Uu sabse popular Russian composer rahaa. Uu Western Europe ke music se bahut chij sikhis rahaa. Uske compositions me 11 operas, 3 ballets, orchestral music, chamber music aur 100 se jaada gaana rahaa. Uske ballets (*Swan Lake*, *The Nutcracker * aur *Sleeping Beauty*) ke classical music ke khaas music maana jaawe hae.

## Duusra websites
New Caledonia

**New Caledonia** (French: *Nouvelle-Calédonie*; popular naam: *Kanaky*, *Le caillou*) "*sui generis* collectivity" (in practice an overseas territory) France ke overseas territory hae, jiske main island (*Grande Terre*) aur dher chhota chhota island hae. Ii Melanesia me southwest Pacific me hae. Ii lagbhag Taiwan ke aadha size ke hae aur iske area 18,575.5 square kilometres (7,172&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) hae. 2004 ke census me iske population 230,789 rahaa. Iske capital Nouméa hae. T
Arabian Samundar

**Arabian Sea** Arabian Peninsula aur Indian peninsula ke biich me ek samundar hae. Iske area 4,600,000, aq km hae. Arabian Sea dunia ke sab se garam samundar me se ek hae. Pakistan ke Indus River ii samundar me aae ke nikle hae. Pakistan ke 1,064 kilometers (650 miles long) ke coastline ii samundar se hae.
Giuseppe Verdi

**Giuseppe Verdi** (janam: Roncole, Busseto ke lage, 9 nai to 10 October 1813; maut: Milan 27 January 1901) ek Italian opera ke composer rahaa. Verdi aur Richard Wagner 19th century ke sab se achchhaa composer rahin. 

## Giuseppe Verdi ke kaam ke suchi
Antonio Vivaldi

**Antonio Vivaldi** (janam: Venice, 4 March 1678; maut Vienna, 28 July 1741) ek Italian composer rahaa. Uu Baroque music period ke khalaas hoe waala time me Italy ke sab se jaana maana composer rahaa. Uu 400 se jaada concerto likhis jaada kar ke violin khatir. Uu ek orphaned larrki logan waala school me parrhaes. uu school ke music parrhae bahut achchhaa rahaa aur Vivaldi aapan students ke bajae ke khatir dher music likhis rahaa. Uske sab se jaada jaana maana kaam ek chaar ke group ke violin concertos rahaa, jiske naam rahaa “The Four Seasons”. Ii chaaro concerto chaar mausam: Spring, Summer, Autumn, aur Winter ke baare me rahaa.

## Vivaldi ke opera ke suchi

He name is deez nuts
## References

* Vivaldi - The Four Seasons (Complete)
Giacomo Puccini

**Giacomo Puccini** (janam Lucca me, 23 December 1858; maut Brussels me, 29 November 1924) Verdi ke baad me sab se jaada famous Italian opera composer rahaa. Uu 16 opera likhis rahaa, jisme se jaada abhi talak karaa jaawe hae. Uske dher operatic gaana ke dher logan, jaada kar ke the aria *Nessun dorma* *[[Turandot]]* se jiske Luciano Pavarotti gaais rahaa BBC ke Football World Cup ke television coverage ke khatir, jon ki Italy me bhaes rahaa. 

Puccini ke janam ek sangeet waala palwaar me bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar ii maangat rahaa ki uu church e organ bajae. Uu Lucca ke lage ek church me organ bajae ke suruu karis. Uu ii organ me aur oular tune jaise ki Verdi ke opera bhi bajawat rahaa. Ii time uu ii realise karis ke uu ek opera composer bane maangat rahaa. AAkhri me uu aapan palwaar ke fuslae ke Milan Conservatory me parrhai suruu kar diis. Uske pahile ke compositions dekhais ki uske lage achchhaa dimaag rahaa, ochestra khatis sangeet likhe me.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

**Saint Vincent and the Grenadines**, Caribbean Sea ke ek island des hae. Ii Trinidad and Tobago ke north me hae. Saint Vincent sab se barraa island hae aur Grenadines ek chhota chhota island ke group hae. ii island me dher pahaarr hae. Saint Vincent me ek uuncha volcano, Soufrière, hae jon ki ii des ke sab se uuncha jagah hae. 

Ii des ke official bhasa English hae. iske capital city Kingstown hae, jon ki Saint Vincent Island me hae. Ii des Commonwealth of Nations ke member hae.

Abhi ke Prime Minister, Ralph Gonsalves hae.
Richard Wagner

**Richard Wagner** (22 May 1813 Leipzig me – 13 February 1883 Venice me) ek German opera composer rahaa. Uu Romantic period me Germany ke sab se achchhaa composer rahaa. Uu music ke chorr ke jiske uu aapan school ke time likhis rahaa, uu das opera likis rahaa jiske aaj kal bhi perform karaa jaawe hae. Uske jaada opera me German mythology ke baare me khissa rahaa. Uu sab time aapan word me likhat rahaa aur logan ke idea ki opera kon chij hae ke idea ke badal diis rahaa. festival.

## Richard Wagner ke kaam ke suchi
1528

**1528** ek leap saal rahaa jiske pahila din,  budh rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* **[[Paolo Veronese]]**, Italy ke chitrkaar, ke janam Verona me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

* 6 April - **[[Albrecht Dürer]]**, German painter, engraver aur mathematician ke maut Nuremberg, Germany me bhais rahaa. (janam: 21 May 1471)

## References
Roald Amundsen

**Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen** (1872 - 1928) ek Norwegian admii rahaa jon ki Arctic aur South Pole ke baare me pataa lagais rahaa. Amundsen ke janam 16 July 1872 me bhais rahaa. Uu June 1928 me ek rescue mission kare ke time herae gais. Ii socha jaawe hae ki uu 18 June 1928 me maris rahaa.

Amundsen, 14 December 1911 ke South Pole pahunche waala pahila admii rahaa. 

Uu Northwest Passage me jaawe walaa pahila admii bhi rahaa.

## Bachpan ke din

Amundsen, Norway ke ek jahaaj chalae waala palwaar se aais rahaa. Uske janam  Borge me, jon ki Fredrikstad aur Sarpsborg ke biich me hae, me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jens Amundsen ke uu chautha larrka rahaa. Uske pitaji uske jahaaj waala business se duur rakhis aur uske uppar ek doctor bane ke dabao daalis. Lekin jab uu 21 saal ke rahaa tab uske maiya mar gais aur uu University ke chhorr ke jahaaj waala business me jut gais. Amundsen ke Fridtjof Nansen ke 1888 me  Greenland ke crossing aur Franklin's lost expedition inspire karis.  Ii kaaran se uu jindagi bhar exploration me lagais.

## Pole ke yatra
### Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897&ndash;99)
Amundsen  Belgian Antarctic Expedition (1897&ndash;99) ke first mate rahaa. Ii expedition, jiske Adrien de Gerlache aguwai kais rahaa *Belgica* jahaaj ke kaam me laae ke, Antarctica ke khatir winter me pahila expedition rahaa. *Belgica*, sea ice me  70°30'S off Alexander Island me, Antarctic Peninsula ke west me fas gais rahaa. Jahaaj ke crew winter wahiin pe bitae rahin. Amundsen ke anusaar's expedition ke docor, American Frederick Cook jahaaj ke cew ke jaan bachais, janwar ke maar ke khaae ke aur crew ke fresh paani piae ke. Ii expedition se Amundsen, aage ke expeditions ke khatir achchha chij sikhis rahaa.

### Northwest Passage (1903–1906)

1903 me, Amundsen, pahila expedition lai ke Canada ke Northwest Passage jon ki Atlantic Ocean aur Pacific Ocean (jiske Christopher Columbus, John Cabot, Jacques Cartier, aur Henry Hudson khoje ke kosis kare rahin),  ke biich waala jgaha rahaa, chhe aur logan ke saathe, ek 47-ton loha ke seal maare waala jahaaj, *Gjøa* me paar karis. Amundsen, ii jahaaj ke ek chhota ingin lagais rahaa. Uu logan Baffin Bay, Lancaster Sound aur Peel Sound, aur James Ross Strait,Simpson Strait aur Rae Strait hoe ke , dui winter kKing William Island jon ki abhi iGjoa Haven, Nunavut, Nunavut, Canada me bitae rahin.

Ii time me, Amundsen huan ke Netsilik Inuit log se  Arctic me jinda rahe ke skill sikhis jon ki baad me kaam me aais rahaa.  Jaise ki, kutta kaam me laae ke ghasita ghicho, jaanwar se banaa kaprraa pahino. Ice me tiisra winter ke baad, Amundsen, Beaufort Sea jaawe sakaa, jahaan se uu Bering Strait gais, aur ii rakam ke se  Northwest Passage paae liis. Hian se uu south me Victoria Island (Canada), aur 17 August 1905 ke Canada ke Archipelego se nikla, lekin use winter ke khatir Nome, Alaska me ruke ke parraa, jon ki Pacific ke coast me hae.  Hian se uu 500 mile duur Eagle City, Alaska, jahaan pe ek telegraph station rahaa gais

## References
1471

**1471** ke saal mangar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 21 May - **[[Albrecht Dürer]]**, German painter, engraver aur mathematician ke janam Nuremberg, Germany me bhais rahaa. (maut:6 April 1528)

## Maut

## References