open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
The Holocaust

**The Holocaust** (), jiske Hebrew bhasa me ***' ( ; , ) nai to ***'  bola jaawe hae, World War II ke time Europe ke Yahudi log ke  genocide rahaa.  1941 se 1945 talak, Nazi Germany aur iske saathi des aur puppet state  systematically lagbhag chhe million Yhudi log ke , German-occupied Europe me, lagbhag Europe ke Yahudi abaadi ke two-thirds hissa, ke hatya kar de rahin. Ii hatya ke jaada kar ke  Eastern Europe me banduuk se daag ke, extermination camps me poison gas chambers me , khaas kar ke Auschwitz-Birkenau, Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor, aur Chełmno occupied Poland me karaa gais rahaa. Iske alaawa  Nazi persecutions aur kuchh million non-Yahudi civilians aur prisoners of war (POWs) ke bh  maare rahin, Kabhi-kabhi, *Holocaust* sabd ke non-Yahudi log ke hatya ke bhi bola jaawe hae.

Nazi log aapan ideology racism aur "living space" ke khoj me banae rahin, aur Adolf Hitler 1933 me power me aais rahaa. Des ke sab Yahudi log ke majbuur kar ke des chhorr ke bhaage ke khaatir, November 1938 me, Nazi sarkar  anti-Yahudi kaanun bane rahin, uulog ke tang kare ke prosaan de rahin, aur des bhar me ek  pogrom ke laabu kare rahin, jiske  *[[Kristallnacht]]* bola jaawat rahaa. September 1939 me , Germany ke  Poland ke invasion ke baad,  occupation authorities  ghettos   banae rahin Yahudi log ke alag kare ke khaatir. June 1941 me, Soviet Union ke invasion ke baad, 1.5 se 2&nbsp;million Yahudi log ke  German forces aur local collaborators banduuk se daag de rahin. 1942 ke suruwaat me,  Nazis ii nischay kare rahin ki Europe ke sab Yahudi ke maar dewa jaae.  Victims ke extermination camps  me deport karaa gais rahaa, jahaan pe jon ii trip me bach gais rahaa ke poisonous gas se maar dewa gais rahaa, aur duusra jan ke forced labour camp me bheja gais rahaa, jahaan pe dher bhukmari, atyachaar, thakaan, nai to experimentation ke kaaran mar gay rahin. Maara gais Yahudi log ke property ke   German occupiers aur non-Yahudi ke de dewa gais rahaa. Jab ki jaada jan  Holocaust me 1942 me mare rahin, ii hatya May 1945 me larrai ke ant talak chalte rahaa.
1420s

**1420s**, jiske "fourteen-twenties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1420 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1429 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 15th century ke 3rd dassak rahaa.
1410s

**1410s**, jiske "fourteen-tens" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1410 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1419 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 15th century ke 2nd dassak rahaa.
1400–1409

**1400-1409**, jiske "fourteen-noughta" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1400 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1409 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 15th century ke 1st dassak rahaa.
1390s

**1390s**, jiske "thirteen-nineties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1390 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1399 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 10th dassak rahaa.
13th century

**13th century**, 1 January 1201 (MCCI) ke suruu bhais aur 31 December 1300 (MCCC) ke khalaas bhais. Mongol Empire ke Genghis Khan suruu karis rahaa, jon Eastern Asia se Eastern Europe talak failaa rahaa
1380s

**1380s**, jiske "thirteen-eighties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1380 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1389 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 9th dassak rahaa.
1370s

**1370s**, jiske "thirteen-seventies" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1370 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1379 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 8th dassak rahaa.
1360s

**1360s**, jiske "thirteen-sixties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1360 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1369 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 7th dassak rahaa.
1350s

**1350s**, jiske "thirteen-fifties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1350 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1359 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 6th dassak rahaa.
1340s

**1340s**, jiske "thirteen-forties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1340 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1349 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 5th dassak rahaa.
1330s

**1330s**, jiske "thirteen-thirties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1330 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1339 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 4th dassak rahaa.
1320s

**1320s**, jiske "thirteen-twenties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1320 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1329 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 3rd dassak rahaa.
1310s

**1310s**, jiske "thirteen-tens" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1310 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1319 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 2nd dassak rahaa.
1300–1309

**1300-1309**, jiske "thirteen-noughts" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1300 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1390 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 14th century ke 1st dassak rahaa.
1290s

**1290s**, jiske "twelve-nineties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1290 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1299 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 10th dassak rahaa.
12th century

**12th century**, 1 January 1101 (MCI) ke suruu bhais aur 31 December 1200 (MCC) me khalaas bhais rahaa. Europe me ii century ke High Middle Ages ke hissa maana jaawe hae. ii time Golden Age of Islam me jaada pagati bhais rahaa, khaas kar ke Islamik Spain me hae.
1280s

**1280s**, jiske "twelve-eighties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1280 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1289 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 9th dassak rahaa.
1270s

**1270s**, jiske "twelve-seventies" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1270 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1279 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 8th dassak rahaa.
1260s

**1260s**, jiske "twelve-sixties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1260 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1269 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 7th dassak rahaa.
1250s

**1250s**, jiske "twelve-fifties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1250 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1259 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 6th dassak rahaa.
1240s

**1240s**, jiske "twelve-forties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1240 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1249 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 5th dassak rahaa.
1220s

**1220s**, jiske "twelve-twenties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1220 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1229 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 3th dassak rahaa.
1210s

**1210s**, jiske "twelve-tens" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1210 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1219 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 2nd dassak rahaa.
1200–1209

**1200-1209**, jiske "twelve-noughts" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1200 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1209 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 13th century ke 1st dassak rahaa.
1190s

**1190s**, jiske "eleven-nineties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1190 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1199 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 1th century2 ke 10th dassak rahaa.
1180s

**1180s**, jiske "eleven-eighties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1180 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1189 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 12th century ke 9th dassak rahaa.
1170s

**1170s**, jiske "eleven-seventies" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1170 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1179 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 12th century ke 8th dassak rahaa.
1160s

**1160s**, jiske "eleven-sixties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1160 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1169 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 12th century ke 7th dassak rahaa.
1150s

**1150s**, jiske "eleven-fifties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1150 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1159 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 12th century ke 6th dassak rahaa.
1140s

**1140s**, jiske "eleven-forties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1140 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1149 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 12th century ke 5th dassak rahaa.
1130s

**1130s**, jiske "eleven-thirties" bola jaawe hae, ke dassak 1 January 1130 me suruu bhais rahaa aur 31 December 1139 me khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii 12th century ke 4th dassak rahaa.
Paul Klee

**Paul Klee** (; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) ek Switzerland me paida bhais German chitrkaar rahaa. Uske ekdam aapan ke style expressionism, cubism, aur surrealism se influenced rahaa. 

Klee eknatural draftsman rahaa jon color thoey se experiment karis rahaa, aur iske baare me dher chij lokhis rahaa. Uske lectures *Writings on Form and Design Theory* (*Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre*), jiske  English me e *[[Paul Klee Notebooks]]* ke naam se publish karaa gais rahaa, ke modern art ke ek khaas ruup maana jaawe hae, jaise Leonardo da Vinci ke *[[A Treatise on Painting]]*  Renaissance ke khaatir rahaa.

Uske dost, Russian ke chitrkaar, Wassily Kandinsky, aur uu duuno Bauhaus school of art, design and architecture Germany me parrhae rahin. Uske kaam uske dry humor aur kabhi-kabhi chhota larrkan ke rakam  perspective, uske aapan moods aur biswas aur uske   musicality.

## Jawani ke din aur training
Paul Klee ke janam Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland me bhais rahaa, aur uu  German music teacher, Hans Wilhelm Klee (1849–1940) aur Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921) ke duusra larrkan rahaa. Uske bahini, Mathilde (maut 6 December 1953)  28 January 1876 me Walzenhausen me paida bhais rahaa. Uulog ke pitaji Tann rahaa aur uu  singing, piano, organ aur violin ke Stuttgart Conservatory me study karis rahaa, jahaan pe uu aapan hoe waala aurat, Ida Frick ke mila rahaa. Hans Wilhelm Klee ek music teacher e Bern State Seminary Hofwil me,  Bern ke lage 1931 talak rahaa. Klee aapan music skills ke aage barrhais kaaheki uskemai/baap uske  encourage aur inspire kare rahin uske jindagi bhar.  

1880 me uske palwaar Bern me jaae ke rahe lagaa, jahaan pe uulog aapan ghar me   1897 me ,   rahe lagin. 1886 se 1890 talak, Klee  primary school gais aur saat saal ke umar me uske  violin classes  Municipal Music School me milaa. Uu ek  talented violin rahaa, jon   11 saal ke umar me , uske  invitation mila violin bajae ke ,  Bern Music Association ke ek extraordinary member ban ke. His other hobbies, drawing and writing poems, were not fostered in the same way as music was.

Bachpan ke saal me uu aapan bai/baap ke baat sun ke musician bane me focussed rahaa; lekin uu aapan teen  years me visual arts me jaada dhyaan diiis rahaa. Iske dui kaaran rahaa: ek rahaa rebellion aur duusra rahaa ki modern music use khaatir koi matlab ke nai rahaa.  Uu batais rahaa, "I didn't find the idea of going in for music creatively particularly attractive in view of the decline in the history of musical achievement." Musician ke ruup me, uu bajais aur apne ke  felt emotionally bound to traditional works of the eighteenth aur nineteenth centuries, lekin ek artist ke ruup me uu maangat rahaa   radical ideas aur styles ke explore kare. Solah saal ke umar me , Klee ke landscape chutrkaar dher skill dekhae hae.
Gustav Klimt

**Gustav Klimt** (14 July 1862 – 6 February 1918) el   Austrianchitrkaar aur  Vienna Secession movement ke founding member rahaa. Uske kaam Europe me  Art Nouveau style ke define kare hae. Klimt ke uske chitrkaari, murals, sketches, aur duusra objets d'art ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Klimt ke khaas subject aurat ke dehin rahaa, aur uske kaam ek frank eroticism se defined rahaa. Uske figurative kaam me allegories aur portraits hae, uu landscapes ke paint karis rahaa. Uske *[[The Kiss (Klimt)|The Kiss]]* aur *[[Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I]]* ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.   Vienna Secession ke chitrkaar me, Klimt  Japanese art aur uske method se influenced rahaa.

{BD|1862|1918|Klimt, Gustav}}
Edvard Munch

**Edvard Munch** ( ; ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) ek Norwegian chitrkaar rahaa. Uske 1893 ke kaam *[[The Scream]]*, Western art ke sab se jaada iconic aur acclaimed chhaapa hae.

Uske bachpan jaada kar ke bemaari , maut aur paagalpan ke dar jon uske palwarr me rahaa, me bitaa rahaa. Jab uu Royal School of Art and Design, Kristiania (Oslo) me parhat rahaa, tab uu ek bohemian jindagi,  nihilist Hans Jæger ke niche rahe lagaa, jon uske encourage karis ki uu aapan  emotional aur psychological state  ke chitr banae ('soul painting'); jisse uske  distinctive style niklaa rahaa.
Victor Vasarely

**Victor Vasarely** (; janam **Győző Vásárhelyi**, ; 9 April 1906 – 15 March 1997) ek Hungarian-French chitrkaar rahaa, jiske jaada kar ke  Op art movement ke "grandfather" aur leader maana jaawe hae.

Uske kaam titled *Zebra*, jiske uu 1937 mebanais rahaa, ke  Op art ke ek early example maana jaawe hae.
Paul Cézanne

**Paul Cézanne** ( ,  ,  ; ;  19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) ek French Post-Impressionist chitrkaar rahaa jiske kaam nawaa modes of representation introduce karis rahaa, avant-garde artistic movements of the early 20th century ke influence karis rahaa aur  ii late 19th-century Impressionism aur early 20th-century Cubism ke biich ke pul rahaa.
Edgar Degas

**Edgar Degas** (, ; janam **Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas**, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) ek French Impressionist chitrkaar rahaa jon aapan pastel drawings aur oil paintings ke khaatir famous rahaa.

Degas piital ke sculpture, prints, aur drawings ke bhi banais rahaa. Degas ke khaas kar ke naaj se identidy karaa jaawe hae; uske aadha se jaada kaam me nachaniyaa dekhae hae. Jab ki Degas Impressionism ke suruu kare waala maana jaawe hae, uu ii term ke nai like karat rahaa, aur ii maangat rahaa ki iske  realist bola jaae, aur bahaar ke chij ke nai paint karis rahaa, jause dher impressionist kare hae.
Paul Gauguin

**Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin** (; ; 7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) ek French chutrkaar, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, aur lekhak rahaa, jiske kaam ke khaas kar ke  Post-Impressionist aur Symbolist movements se associate karaa gais hae. Uu  wood engraving aur woodcut as art form ke ek influential practitioner rahaa. Jab uu aapan jindagi me  khaali thorraa safal rahaa, Gauguin ke abhi uske experimental rang ke kaam me laana aur Synthetist stylejon Impressionism ke rakam nai hae, ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.
Marcel Duchamp

**Henri-Robert-Marcel Duchamp** (, ; ; 28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) ek French American chitrkaar rahaa, Grandmaster, aur ek inventor rahaa jon ek key role development of the avant-garde in the United States me play karis rahaa aur  New York City me, jahaan pe uu aapan jindagi ke aakhri 25 saal bitais rahaa. Duchamp aapan jindagi me  ek dunia ke top-ranked chess player rahaa aur modern USCF rating scale me uu aabhi  2000-2100 player ke baraabar rahaa.
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

**Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres** ( ; ; 29 August 1780&nbsp;– 14 January 1867) ek French Neoclassical painter rahaa. Ingres dher jaada influence bhais rahaa pahile ke  artistic traditions se aur mmaangat rahaa ki uu   guardian of academic orthodoxy bane, ascendant Romantic style ke virod me. Jab uu apne ke painter of history  Nicolas Poussin aur Jacques-Louis David ke tradition me maanat rahaa, uske portraits, jiske duuno painted aur drawn hae, jiske uske sab se barraa  legacy maana jaawe hae. Uske form aur space ke expressive distortions use  modern art ke ek khaas precurser banais hae, jon Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, aur duusra modernists ke influence karis hae.
1780

**1780** (MDCCLXXX) ek leap saal rahaa, jon ki sanichar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 780th, 18th century ke 80th saal rahaa,  aur  1780s dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1836-1837, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1701-1702, Kali Yuga ke 4880-4881, Buddhist calendar ke 2324, Islamic calendar ke 1193-1195, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 312 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 29 August - **[[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]]**, France ke chitrkaar, ke janam Montauban, Languedoc me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
Édouard Manet

**Édouard Manet** (, ; ; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) ek French modernist chitrkaar rahaa. Uu 19th-century ke artist me se ek pahila rahaa jon aadhmik jindagi ke paint karis rahaa, aur uu Realism se Impressionism artists ke ek khaas jan rahaa. 

Manet ek upper-class ghar, jiske tagrraa political connections rahaa, me paida bhais rahaa. Manet  naval career ke inkaar kar diis, jiske uske khaatir pahile socha gais rahaa aur chitrkaari me aapan puura dyan lagae diis rahaa. Uske pahila kaam , ''The Luncheon on the Grass'' (''Le déjeuner sur l'herbe'') aur *[[Olympia (Manet)|Olympia]]*,  1863 aur'65, respectively me pahila dafe dekhaawa gais rahaa. Ii dher controversy ke kaaran rahaa aur duuno  critics aur the Academy of Fine Arts me, lekin baad me uske prasansa karaa gais ki  ii ek breakthrough acts to the new style, Impressionism rahaa. Ii sab kaam, aur duusra ke saathe, modern art ke suruuwaat ke  watershed paintings maana jaawe hae.  Manet ke jindagi ke aakhri 20 saal dekhis rahaa ki uu  aapan time ke duusra barraa chitrkaar ke saathe bond form karis rahaa; aur uu aapan own simple aur direct style ke develop karis rahaa jon ek nawaa chij rahaa  aur aage ke chitrkaar ke khaas influence rahaa.
Pierre-Auguste Renoir

**Pierre-Auguste Renoir** (; ; 25 February 1841 – 3 December 1919) ek French chitrkaar rahaa jon ek   leading chitrkaar  rahaa   development of the Impressionist style me. Ii bataawa gias hae ki, celebrator of beauty aur khaas kar ke  aurat ke sensuality, "Renoir is the final representative of a tradition which runs directly from Rubens to Watteau."

Uu actor Pierre Renoir (1885–1952) , filmmaker Jean Renoir (1894–1979) aur ceramic artist Claude Renoir (1901–1969) ke pitaji rahaa. Uu filmmaker Claude Renoir (1913–1993), son of Pierre ke aaja rahaa.
Henri Rousseau

**Henri Julien Félix Rousseau** (; 21 May 1844 – 2 September 1910) ek French post-Impressionist chitrkaar  Naïve nai to Primitive manner me rahaa.  Uske  **Le Douanier** (the customs officer) ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek humorous description uske kaam ke toll aur tax collector ke khaatir. Jab uu aapan forties me rahaa tab uu dil lagae ke chitrkaari suruu karis rahaa; 49 saal ke umar me uu aapan kaam se retire hoe ke , chitrkaari me full-time kaam kare lagaa.
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Count **Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec-Monfa** (24 November 1864&nbsp;– 9 September 1901), jiske **Toulouse-Lautrec** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa (), ek French chitrkaar, printmaker, draughtsman, caricaturist, aur illustrator rahaa jiske immersion rangila aur theatrical Paris jindagi, late 19th century me  uske allow karis to produce a collection of enticing, elegant, and provocative images of the sometimes decadent affairs of those times.
Saroj Nalini Dutt

**Saroj Nalini Dutt** (*née* De) MBE (9 October 1887 – 19 January 1925) ek Bharatiya feminist aur samaj sudharak thein.

## Peechhe
Unka janm unke pitaji, Brajendranath De ke kshetra ghare, Bandel, Hooghly mein hua. Unhone apne bhai-behno ke saath shiksha li thi jo ek guru aur ek governess ke dwara di gayi thi. Unke pita ke parivar ke log kai baar Brahmo Sammilan Samaj, Bhowanipore, Calcutta jate the.

1905 mein, unka vivaah Gurusaday Dutt se hua. Unka ek matra beta, Birendrasaday Dutt, 1909 mein paida hua.

## Kaam
Woh ek samaj sudharak aur Bengal mein mahilaon ke upliftment ke liye pratham pohanchne wali thi. Unhone Bengal mein Mahila Samitis (mahila sansthaon) ka gathan kiya. Unhone apni pehli Mahila Samiti 1913 mein Pabna jile mein shuru ki thi jiska uddeshya *purdahnashin* mahilaon mein dosti aur sahyog ko badhawa dena tha. Iske baad, unhone Birbhum (1916), Sultanpur (1917), aur Rampurhat (1918) jilon mein Mahila Samitis shuru ki thi.

Woh Calcutta League of Women's Workers (baad mein Bengal Presidency Council of Women) ke Bharatiya hisse ki sakriya sachiv thi, Nari Siksha Samiti (Mahila Shiksha Sangh) ke parishad ki sadasya thi, aur Calcutta Municipal Corporation ke uss committee ki bhi sadasya thi jisko mahilaon ko councillor chune ki suvidha dene ka kaam diya gaya tha. Unhone Sylhet Union ke upadhyaksha ke roop mein bhi kaam kiya tha, jo ki Sylhet district mein mahila shiksha ko badhawa dene ke liye sthapit ek sangh tha.

## Maut
Woh achanak 19 January 1925 ko jaundice se mar gayi.

## Puraskar
*Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, 1918.

## Virasat
Unke naam par sthapit sansthan:

*Saroj Nalini Dutt Memorial Association (1925).
*Suri mein ek ladkiyon ka high school, jo pehle apne sansthapak Sir Rivers Thompson ke naam se jaana jata tha, jise unhone punah sangathit kiya tha, ab unke naam se jaana jata hai.

## Sandarbh

## External links
*
Georges Seurat

**Georges Pierre Seurat** ( ,  ;; 2 December 1859 – 29 March 1891) ek French post-Impressionist chitrkaar rahaa. Uu chitrkaari ke kuchh technique suruu karis rahaajiske naam chromoluminarism aur pointillism aur  conté crayon ke kaam me laae ke paper me  rough surface se bnaawa gais rahaa.
Francis Bacon (artist)

**Francis Bacon** (28 October 1909 – 28 April 1992) ek Ireland me paida hoe waala,  British figurative chitrkaar rahaa, jiske uske   raw, unsettling imagery khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Uu insaan ke form pe focus karis rahaa, aur uske subjects me rahaa crucifixions, of popes ke portraits , self-portraits, aur nachdiik ke mitr ke portraits, jisme abstracted figures rahaa , jon kabi-kabhi  geometrical structures me isolated rahaa.
William Hogarth

**William Hogarth** (; 10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) ek English ke chitrkaar, engraver, satirist, cartoonist aur lekhak rahaa. Uske kaam realistic portraiture se lae ke comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects" talak rahaa, aur uske saait sab se achchhaa  uske  series *[[A Harlot's Progress]]*, *[[A Rake's Progress]]* aur *[[Marriage A-la-Mode (Hogarth)|Marriage A-la-Mode]]* ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.  Log uske kaam ke baare me etna jaada jaane hae ki  satirical political illustrations ii rakam ke  "Hogarthian" bola jaawe hae.
M. C. Escher

**Maurits Cornelis Escher** (; ; 17 June 1898&nbsp;– 27 March 1972) ek Dutch graphic chitrkaar raha jon woodcuts, lithographs, aur mezzotints ke banais rahaa, jisme se dher inspired by mathematics rahaa.
Popular interest ke bawajuut,  Escher ke uske jaada jindagi me  art world neglect karis rahaa, uske janam-bhumi Netherlands me bhi. Jab uu 70  saal ke rahaa tab ek retrospective exhibition karaa gais rahaa. Late twentieth century me, uu aur jaada  appreciated rahaa, aur twenty-first century me uske exhibitions me dunia bhar me celebrate karaa gais hae.
Piet Mondrian

**Pieter Cornelis Mondriaan** (; 7 March 1872 – 1 February 1944), jiske 1911 ke baad **Piet Mondrian** ke naam se jaana jaawt rahaa(, ; ), ek Dutch painter aur art theoretician rahaa, jiske 20th century ke ek sab se barraa chitrkaar maana jaawe hae.  Uu 20th-century abstract art ke pioneer rahaa, kaaheki uu artistic direction ke figurative painting ke increasingly abstract style banais rahaa, jab talak uu reached a point where his artistic vocabulary was reduced to simple geometric elements.
1764

**1764** (MDCCLXIV) ek leap saal rahaa, jon etwaar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 764th aur 18th century 64th saal rahaa,  aur  1760s dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1820-1821, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1685-1686, Kali Yuga ke 4864-4865, Buddhist calendar ke 2308, Islamic calendar ke 1177-1178, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 296 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* 26 October - **[[William Hogarth]]**, Great Britain ke chitrkaar, ke maut London me bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
J. M. W. Turner

**Joseph Mallord William Turner**  (23 April 177519 December 1851), jiske uske time **William Turner** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek English Romantic chitrkaar, printmaker aur watercolourist rahaa. Turner ke uske  expressive colouring, imaginative landscapes aur turbulent, jaada kar ke violent marine chitrkaar ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske  artistic style, jiske uu jindagi bhar develop karis rahaa Romanticism se duur rahaa — Realism ke bypass karis—aur, iske jagha, uske baad ke kaam  significant precursor of and presaging the later Impressionist and Abstract Art movements that arose in the decades after his death, rahaa. Uu aapan pichhe 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper chhorr gais hae. Uske kaam ke  leading English art critic John Ruskin 1840 se promote karis rahaa, aur uske aaj-kal as having elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivaling history painting, ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.
Ava Dhar

Ava Dhar (nee Sen, maris 1 February 1967) MBE OBE ek Bharat ke insaan seva kare waali aurat rahaa. Uu Raphael Ryder Cheshire International Centre, Dehradun, India ke Honorary Secretary aur Administrator rahaa. Log uu ke yaad kare hai kyonki uu suruwaati samay me organization ke banaawa me bahut madat kais rahaa. Uu Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) ke Member banais rahaa, aur uu ICS CIE Satyendra Mohan Dhar ke lugai (patni) rahaa.

Ava Dhar, jiska naam pehla Ava Sen rahaa, ek Bengali bidhwaa rahaa. Jab uu ke bachua sab apna-apna ghar banaa leis, tab uu sochis ki uu ab apna zindagi ke kuchh accha kaam me lagaai. Uu Satyendra Mohan Dhar ICS ke lugai rahaa, aur Sir Krishna Govinda Gupta KCSI ke pota (granddaughter) rahaa.

Uu ke kahani suru bhais jab uu 1957 me Jamshedpur me Group Captain Lord Leonard Cheshire se mili. Leonard Cheshire ke insaaniyat ke soch se prerit hokar, uu 1959 me unke patra likhis aur kahis ki uu apna samay aur mehnat aisan kaam me lagaai jaahan uu kuchh arthwaan kare sake.

Ava Dhar Raphael ke suruwaati samay me bahut bada yogdaan dees. Uu 1 February 1967 ke ek lamba bimari ke baad maris. Uu ke maut se Raphael ke sab log bahut dukh me rahaa. Leonard Cheshire kahis rahaa — “Raphael aaj je baa, uu sab Mrs. Dhar ke wajah se baa.

Miss Barbara Coleman, jiska ghar Melbourne, Australia me rahaa, aur Raphael me madat kare waali rahaa, uu kahis ki uu biswas na kare sakis ki Ava Dhar mar gaile — uu kahis ki Ava Dhar to ab Raphael ke hissa ban gai rahaa.

## References
Wassily Kandinsky

**Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky**  (16 December 1866&nbsp;– 13 December 1944) ek Russian chitrkaar aur art theorist rahaa. Kandinsky ke abstraction in western art ke pioneer maana jaawe hae. Uu Moscow me paida bhais rahaa, aur uu 30 saal ke umar me painting studies (life-drawing, sketching and anatomy) suruu karis rahaa.
Nicholas Roerich

**Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh**, jiske jaada kar ke **Nicholas Roerich** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae (; 9 October, 1874 – 13 December, 1947), ek Russian chitrkaar, lekhak, archaeologist, theosophist, philosopher, aur public figure rahaa. Bachpan me uu  Russian Symbolism se influenced rahaa, Russian society ke ek movement jon  spiritual pe centred rahaa. Uu  hypnosis aur duusra spiritual practices me involved rahaa aur use chitr ke hypnotic expression rahaa.
Mary Cassatt

**Mary Stevenson Cassatt** (; 22 May, 184414 June, 1926) ek American chitrkaar aur printmaker rahaa. Uske janam Allegheny, Pennsylvania (jon abhi  Pittsburgh ke North Side me hae), lakin aapan adult jindagi ke jaada time France me bitae rahii, jahaan pe uu Edgar Degas ke dost bane rahii aur Impressionists ke saathe exhibit kre rahii. Cassatt jaada kar ke aurat ke  social aur private lives ke chhaapa banae rahii, khaas kar ke maiyaa aur larrkan ke intimate bond ke baare me.
Georgia O'Keeffe

**Georgia Totto O'Keeffe** ([15 November, [1887 [6 March, [1986) ek American modernist chitrkaar aur draftswoman rahii, jiske career saat decade lambaa rahaa aur jiske kaam jaada kar ke  major art movements se alag rahaa. Uske  "Mother of American modernism" bola jaawat raa, aur O'Keeffe ke international recognition milaa uske   paintings  natural forms ke, khaas kar ke fuul  aur registan se inspired landscapes.
Kazimir Malevich

**Kazimir Severinovich Malevich** 23 February 1879 – 15 May 1935) ek Russian avant-garde chitrkaar aur  art theorist rahaa, jiske pioneering kaam aur lekh  abstract art ke 20th century me influence karis rahaa. Uske janam Kiev me, abhi ke Ukraine me, ek ethnic Polish palwaar me bhais rahaa. Uske Suprematism ke concept sought to develop a form of expression that moved as far as possible from the world of natural forms (objectivity) and subject matter in order to access "the supremacy of pure feeling" and spirituality. Malevich jaada kar ke Russia me kaam karis rahaa aur   UNOVIS artist collective ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Uske kaam ke kabhi-kabhi Russian avant-garde ke rakam aur kabhi-kabhi Ukrainian avant-garde ke rakam bataawa gais rahaa, aur uu Central and Eastern Europe ke modern art ke khaas jan hae.
Ilya Repin

**Ilya Yefimovich Repin** jiske *Riepin* nai to *Rjepin* bhi spell karaa jaawe hae;  , pre-reform spelling: Илья Ефимовичъ Рѣпинъ;  5 August 1844  –  29 September 1930) ek Ukraine me paida bhais Russian chitrkaar rahaa. He became one of the most renowned artists in Russia in the 19th century. Uske khaas kaam me rahaa *Barge Haulers on the Volga* (1873), *Religious Procession in Kursk Province* (1880–1883), *Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan* (1885), aur *Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks* (1880–1891). Repin ke uske revealing portraits khaatir jaana jaawt rahaa aur uu  leading Russian literary and artistic figures, jisme Mikhail Glinka, Modest Mussorgsky, Pavel Tretyakov, aur khaas kar ke Leo Tolstoy rahaa, jiske saathe uske dher din ke dosti rahaa.
Australia Fires 2025

Bush fires jo 2025 October ke paas shuru kiya gya hai. Online trackin kiya gya hai google jaise maps par. 

## Li bhi dekho
2019 Australian Bushfire tracking Facebook par
Leena Dhar

**Leena Sabitri Dhar** of *Badurbagan* (born. Leena Nandy 24 October 1930 – 16 February 1996) ek Bharatiya mahila rahin, jinka janam ek pramukh Nandy parivar me Bhail. U Bethune College, University of Calcutta se Economics me graduate rahin. U Hatkhola royal family ke member rahin, aur unka naam baad me unka dada-sasura Mohini Mohan Dhar ke salah par **Sabitri Dhar** kar dewa gais rahaa.

## Biography
Leena Dhar ke janam 24 October 1930 me Bhail rahaa. U Professor Atindranath Nandy ke beti rahin, jo Banaras Hindu University ke Department of Metallurgy ke Head rahaa. Unka maa Eva Bose Nandy rahin. Unka dada Amulya Nandy rahaa, aur dadi Shaibalini Nandy rahin.

## Education
Leena Dhar Bethune College, University of Calcutta me padhai kais rahin, jahan se u Economics me graduate bhail rahin. U apna samay me ek pramukh mahila chhatra rahin, aur shiksha ke maamla me bahut prerit kais rahin.

## Family
Leena Dhar ke shaadi Chittajit Mohan Dhar se Bhail rahaa, jo ek purana Member of Parliament (M.P.) rahaa aur Hatkhola royal family ke vanshaj rahaa. Unka sasura Dhirendra Mohan Dhar rahaa.  Unka tin bachcha rahaa — Subha Dhar, Sumita Dhar, aur Uma Dhar.

Leena Dhar ke pita- Prof. Atindranath Nandy, ek mining engineer the, Glasgow University se aur B.Sc. in Naval Architecture aur Drawing mei bhi. Uu pita, Atindranath Nandy Metallurgy ke Head of the Department the, Banaras Hindu University mein.

## Death
Leena Dhar ke nidhan 16 February 1996 me Bhail rahaa. Unka naam unka parivar me abhi tak samman ke sath yaad rakhal jaat hai.

## References
Zubeen Garg

**Zubeen Garg** (18 November 1972 – 19 September 2025) Assam, Bharat ke ek mashhur gaayak rahaa. U ek sangeet nideshak, geetkaar, composer, film actor, producer, director, writer, musician, poet, aur samaj sewak bhi rahaa. U Asamiya, Hindi, Bangla, Bodo, Koch Rajbongshi, Mising, Garo, Dimasa, Nepali, Bhojpuri, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, English, Sanskrit, aur Urdu jaise 40 se jyada bhasha me gana gaais.

San 1992 me Zubeen ke pehla album *Anamika* release bhail aur uske sath u professional music dunia me pravesh karis.

Bangla film *Shudhu Tumi* ke music director rahke u 2005 me Best Music Director award jitais. *Ya Ali* gana ke lae 2006 me u *Global Indian Film Award (GIFA)* aur *Stardust Award* me *Best Playback Singer (Male)* ka award jitais. *Echoes of Silence* (English–Khasi film) ke lae u National Film Award (Rajat Kamal) bhi paais.

Adhunik Asamiya sangeet me naya dhar le aais, jiske lae 2014 me uske "Renaissance Assam Award" milis. 27 May 2024 ke Meghalaya University of Science and Technology uske honorary Doctor of Literature (D.Litt) degree dees. 2025 me Beltola Bohagi Festival Committee uske lifetime sadhna ke samman me Bhupen Hazarika Puraskar dees.

Zubeen Garg ek bahu-badan musician rahaa. U Guitar, Keyboard, Tabla, Dhol, Harmonium, Mandolin jaisan kai instrument bajais. U Assam ke sabse mehenga aur famous singer me se ek rahaa.

Lagbhag 33 baras ke career me Zubeen 40 se jyada bhasha me kareeb 38,000 gana record karis.

## Reference
1405

**1405** (MCDV) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon bif ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 405th aur 15th century 5th saal rahaa,  aur  1400s dassak ke 6th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1461-1462, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1326-1327, Kali Yuga ke 4505-4506, Buddhist calendar ke 1949, Islamic calendar ke 807-808, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke -63 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* 18 February - **[[Timur]]**, jon Timurid Empire ke Emir rahaa, ke maut Farab me bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
1494

**1494** (MCDXCIV) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon  bif ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 494th aur 15th century 94th saal rahaa,  aur  1490s dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1550-1551, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1415-1416, Kali Yuga ke 4594-4595, Buddhist calendar ke 2038, Islamic calendar ke 899-900, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 26 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 6 November - **[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]**, Ottoman Empire ke 10th Sultan ke janam Trabzon me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
1566

**1566** (MDLXVI) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki mangar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 566th aur 16th century 66th saal rahaa,  aur  1560s dassak ke 7th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1622-1623, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1487-1488, Kali Yuga ke 4666-4667, Buddhist calendar ke 2110, Islamic calendar ke 973-974, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 98 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* 6 September - **[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]**, Ottoman Empire ke 10th Sultan ke maut Hungary me bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
1336

**1336** (MCCCXXXVI) ek leap saal rahaa, jon ki sombaar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 336th aur 14th century ke 36th saal rahaa,  aur  1330s dassak ke 7th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1392-1393, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1257-1258, Kali Yuga ke 4436-4437, Buddhist calendar ke 1880, Islamic calendar ke 736-737, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke -132 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

*  **[[Timur]]**, jon Timurid Empire ke Emir rahaa, ke janam Kesh me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Mark Rothko

**Mark Rothko** (; **Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz** 1940 talak; 25 September, 190325 February, 1970) ek American abstract painter rahaa. Uske jaada kar ke uske color field chhaapa, jon irregular aur painterly rectangular regions rang ke dekhae hae, jon uu 1949 se 1970 me banais rahaa, ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Jab Rothko apne koi  school ke nai rahaa, uu American abstract expressionism movement of modern art se associate karat rahaa.

Uu ek Yahudi palwaar me, Daugavpils, Latvia me paida bhais rahaa, jab uu  Russian Empire ke ek hissa rahaa. 1913 me,  Rothko  United States emigrate bhais rahaa , aur Portland, Oregon me jaae ke basaa rahaa. 1923 me uu  New York City gais rahaa jahaan uske youthful period of artistic production khaas kar ke urban scenery se rahaa.  World War II ke time, Rothko's ke art 1940s me ek transitional phase me gais rahaa, jahaan pe uu  mythological themes anurSurrealism to express tragedy se experiment karis rahaa. Decade ke ant talak, Rothko canvases ke paint karis rahaa jisme pure color which he further abstracted into rectangular color forms, the idiom he would use for the rest of his life.
Grant Wood

**Grant DeVolson Wood** (13 February, 189112 February, 1942) ek American chitrkaar rahaa aur Regionalism ke represent karat rahaa, ke khaas kar ke jaana jaawe hae uske painting jon  rural American Midwest ke dekhae hae. Uske aur jaada *[[American Gothic]]* (1930) khaatir jaana jaawe hae, jon 20th century ke suruuwaat ke American art ke ek iconic example maana jaawe hae.

## Jawaani ke din

Wood ke janam rural Iowa, 4&nbsp;mi (6.43&nbsp;km) Anamosa ke east me , on February 13, 1891 me bhais rahaa. Uu Hattie DeEtte Wood (*[[née]]* Weaver) aur Francis Maryville Wood ke larrka rahaa. Hattie aapan palwaar ke Cedar Rapids lae gais jab 1901 me  Francis mar gais rahaa. Iske thorraa din baad, Wood ek local metal shop me apprentiship suruu karis rahaa. Washington High School se graduate hoe ke baad, uu The Handicraft Guild, ek art school jiske Minneapolis  me puura aurat log chalaawat rahin, me enrol bhais rahaa. 

1913 me, Wood , School of the Art Institute of Chicago me bbharti bhais rahaa, jahaan pe uu   1913 se 1916 talak parrhis rahaa. Wood, kuchh silversmith ke kaam bhi karis rahaa.  

## Career
World War I ke khalaas hoe talak, Wood, United States army ke join kar liis rahaa, jisme uu chitrkaar ke ke kaam karat rahaa aur  camouflage scenes aur duusra art ke design karat rahaa.

1919 se 1925 talak, Wood junior high school students ke,  Cedar Rapids public school system, me art parrhais rahaa. Ii kaam se uske financial stability milaa, aur ii seasonal kaam ke kaaran uu summer me Europe jaawat rahaa, art ke study kare ke khaatir.   1923–1924 school year me, Wood chhutti lae ke puura saal Europe me rahaa.   Jab uu parrhaat rahaa, tab  Wood  woodworking aur metalworking se experiment karis rahaa. Jaise, uu ek bench banais rahaa jisme larrkan bauth ke Principal se punishment ke wait karat rahin, jiske Woos *Mourner's Bench* naam diis rahaa, ek humorous reference mourner's bench ke jiske   Methodist churches me kaam me laawa jaae hae. 

1924 se 1935 talak, Wood aapan maiyaa ke saathe rahat rahaa ek carriage house in Cedar Rapids me ke hayloft me, jiske uu badal ke uske  personal studio at "5 Turner Alley" (ii sudio ke koi address nai rahaa, jab tak Wood ek ke banais nai rahaa) banais rahaa.
Gian Lorenzo Bernini

**Gian Lorenzo** (nai to **Gianlorenzo**) **Bernini** (, ; ; Italian **Giovanni Lorenzo**; 7 December 1598 – 28 November 1680) ek Italian sculptor, architect, chitrkaar aur city planner rahaa. Bernini ke creative abilities aur mastery ek rabge of artistic arenas me rahaa, jon uske  ek *uomo universale* nai to Renaissance man define kare hae. Jab ki uu world of architecture me ek khaas jan rahaa, uu aapan jamaana ke  leading sculptor rahaa, aur uske Baroque style of sculpture ke banae, khaatir jaana jaawe hae.

Ek gyaani jan bolis hae, "Jon chij Shakespeare drama ke khaatir rahaa, Bernini wahii chij sculpture ke rahaa: pahila pan-European sculptor jiske naam ke turant identifiable hae ek particular manner and vision se, aur jiske  influence  powerful&nbsp;...rahaa" Iske saathe, uu ek chitrkaar  (jaada kar ke chhotaa canvases tel me) and a man of the theatre: he wrote, directed and acted in plays (mostly Carnival satires), jiske khaatir uu  stage sets aur theatrical machinery ke design karis rahaa. Uu designs banais hae, aur iske alaawa, dher decorative art objects jisme lamps, tables, mirrors, aur coaches rahaa.
Phidias

**Phidias** nai to **Pheidias** (; , *Pheidias*; ) ek puraana [Greek sculptor, chitrkaar, aur architect rahaa, jon 5th century BC me aapan kaam karis rahaa. Uske "Statue of Zeus at Olympia"  Seven Wonders of the Ancient World me se ek rahaa. Phidias statues of the goddess Athena on the Athenian Acropolis ke design karis rahaa, jaise *[[Athena Parthenos]]*  Parthenon ke bbhittar, aur *[[Athena Promachos]]*, ek barraa bronze jon iske aur  Propylaea ke biich me rahaa, ek monumental gateway jon   Acropolis in Athens ke darwaaza rahaa. Phidias, Charmides of Athens ke larrka rahaa . Puraana jan ii biswas karat rahin ki uske master log The ancients believed that his masters were Hegias and Ageladas.
Auguste Rodin

**François Auguste René Rodin** (; ; 12 November 184017 November 1917) ek French sculptor rahaa jiske founder of modern sculpture maana jaawe hae. uske traditionally parrhai bhais rahaa aur uu aapan kaam ke craftsman-like approach liis rahaa. Rodin ke ek khaas kaabliyat rahaa ki uu complex, turbulent, aur deeply pocketed surface in clay ke banae sake. Uske dher sculptor jaise *The Thinker*, *Monument to Balzac*, *The Kiss*, *The Burghers of Calais]', aur *The Gates of Hell'' ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa.
Marie-Antoine Carême

**Marie-Antoine Carême** (; 8 June 1783 nai to 178412 January 1833), jiske **Antonin Carême** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ek 19th century ke leading French chef rahaa . 

Carême ke janam Paris me, el garib palwaar me bhais rahaa, aur jaab uu chootaa rahaa tab uu  ek restaurant  me kaam karis rahaa. Baad me uu ek leading Parisian ''pâtissier'' ke  apprentice banaa aur kuchh din me uske  aapan   patisserie skills ke khaatir jaana jaawe lagaa rahaa. Uske dher  interest architecture me rahaa aur uu famous rahaa barraa *pièces montées*table decorations sculpted in sugar, depicting classical buildings ke khaatir. 

Uu time ke leading chefs ke saathe kaam kar ke, Carême aapan jaankari ke barrhae ke cooking ke sab aspects sikhis rahaa, aur uu head chef banaa dher prominent log ke khaatir jisme hae Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Tsar Alexander I of Russia aur Prince Regent rahaa. Britain me. Uu codify karis rahaa aur kuchh extent talak  classical French cookery ke simplify karis rahaa, uu sab se achchhaa aur mahngaa ingredients ke kaam me laais rahaa, aur aapan time ke sab se achchhaa chef maana jaawat rahaa.

Carême dher book likhis rahaa, jon lavishly illustrated rahaa, kaaheki ki uu maangat rahaa ki uske hunnar ke duusra chefs ke pass karaa jaawe, jisse*[[haute cuisine|grande cuisine]]*  French ke elite ke mile. uske maut ke baat uske influence chalte rahaa; uske approach ke Jules Gouffé, Urbain Dubois aur Émile Bernard continue karie rahaa,   Auguste Escoffier reinvigorate karis rahaa aur aage barrte rahaa jab 20th century ke duusra hissa me *[[nouvelle cuisine]]* overtake karis rahaa.
Francesco Borromini

**Francesco Borromini** (, ), byname of **Francesco Castelli** (; 25 September 1599 – 2 August 1667), ek Italian architect rahaa jon   Swiss canton Ticino me paida bhais rahaa, aur jon aapan  Gian Lorenzo Bernini aur Pietro da Cortona ke saathe, ek leading figure in the emergence of Roman Baroque architecture.
Donato Bramante

**Donato Bramante** (1444&nbsp;– 11 April 1514), janam ke naam **Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio** aur jiske **Bramante Lazzari** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, ek Italian architect aur chitrkaar rahaa. Uu Renaissance architecture ke Milan me aur High Renaissance style ke Rome me introduce karis rahaa, jahaan uske  St. Peter's Basilica ke plan   design executed by Michelangelo ke plan rahaa. UskeTempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) Rome me  High Renaissance ke (1502) suruu karis rahaa jan Pope Julius II uske appoint karis rahaa ek  sanctuary banae ke uu jagha pe , jahan pe  Peter shiid bhais rahaa.
Imhotep

**Imhotep** (;  "jon santi se aawe hae"; ) ek Egyptian chancellor rahaa, King Djoser ke niche, jon saait  Djoser's step pyramid ke architect rahaa, aur high priest  sun god Ra ke Heliopolis me rahaa. Imhotep ke baare me bahut kamtii jaana jaawe hae, lekin3,000&nbsp;years uske maut ke baad, uske dhire-dhire uske glorify aur deified karaa gais hae.
Nita Ambani

**Nita Ambani** (janam **Nita Dalal**; 1 November 1963) ek Bharatiya businesswoman aur philanthropist hae. U Oh Mukesh Ambani ke patni hae, je Reliance Industries ke chairman hae. Nita Ambani Reliance Foundation ke sthapna karein aur Mumbai Indians cricket team ke malik bhi hae.

## Jeewan ke suruaat aur siksha
Nita Dalal ke janam 1 November 1963 ke Mumbai, Maharashtra me bhayis rahaa. U ek middle-class Gujarati pariwaar se hae. Uke pita Ravindrabhai Dalal Bharat ke Birla group me engineer rahin. Nita Narsee Monjee College se commerce me graduate bhayis rahaa.

## Vyaktigat jeewan
1985 me Nita Dalal ke shaadi Mukesh Ambani ke saath bhayis rahaa. Dono ke tin bachcha hae – Akash, Isha, aur Anant Ambani. Nita Ambani dance aur art me bahut dilchaspi rakhe hae aur Bharatnatyam dancer bhi hae.

## Career
Nita Ambani Reliance Foundation ke founder aur chairperson hae, je Bharat ke sabse bada private charitable foundation me se ek hae. U education, health, rural development, aur sports me kaam kare hae. U Dhirubhai Ambani International School ke founder aur chairperson bhi hae.

## Sports me yogdaan
Nita Ambani Mumbai Indians ke owner hae, je Indian Premier League (IPL) ke ek safal team hae. U International Olympic Committee (IOC) ke member bhi hae aur pehli Bharatiya mahila hae je IOC me chunaa gayi.

## Puraskar aur samman
* 2016 – IOC membership
* 2017 – Rashtriya award for philanthropy
* 2023 – Forbes ke "Most Powerful Women in Asia" list me naam aais rahaa.

## Dekho bhi
* Mukesh Ambani
* Reliance Foundation
* Mumbai Indians

## Sandarbh

## Bahari jor
* Reliance Foundation ke adhikarik website
* International Olympic Committee profile
François Mansart

**François Mansart** (; 23 January 1598 – 23 September 1666) ek French architect rahaa, jiske   classicism ke Baroque architecture of France me introduce kare ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.  *Encyclopædia Britannica* uske identify karis hae as the most accomplished of 17th-century French architects jiske kaam " high degree of refinement, subtlety, and elegance ke khaatir mashuur hae".
Palladio

**Andrea Palladio** ( ; ;  30 November 1508&nbsp;– 19 August 1580) ek Italian Renaissance architect rahaa, jon Venetian Republic me active rahaa. Palladio,  Roman architecture aur Greek architecture se influenced rahaa, khaas kar ke Vitruvius, ke jaada kar ke sab se jaada influential individuals  history of architecture me maana jaawe hae.  Jab ki uu churches aur palaces ke design karis rahaa, uske jaada kar ke country houses aur villas ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske teachings,  ke architectural treatise, *[[The Four Books of Architecture]]* me summarise karis rahaa, jiske kaaran uske wide recognition milaa rahaa.
Victor Horta

**Victor Pierre Horta** (; **Victor, Baron Horta** 1932 ke baad; 6 January 1861 – 8 September 1947) ek Belgian architect aur designer rahaa, jon  Art Nouveau movement ke ek founder rahaa. Uu French architectural theorist Eugène Viollet-le-Duc aur uske Hôtel Tassel, Brussels me (1892–93) ke kattar samarthak rahaa, jiske jaada kar ke pahila Art Nouveau ghar maana jaawe hae, jon Viollet-le-Duc ke kaam pe based hae. Curving stylized vegetal forms jiske Horta kaam me laais rahaa,dher duusra jan se influenced rahaa, jisme rahaa French architect Hector Guimard, jon pahila Art Nouveau apartment building ke Paris me design karis rahaa entrances me jiske uu  Paris Metro ke khaatir design karis rahaa. Uske  modern architecture ke precursor maana jaawe hae uske  open floor plans auriron, steel aur glass ke innovative use ke khaatir.
Karl Friedrich Schinkel

**Karl Friedrich Schinkel** (13 March 1781 – 9 October 1841)  German architect, city planner aur chitrkaar rahaa jon furniture aur stage sets ke design karis rahaa. Schinkel ek sab se mashuur  German architect rahaa, jion nineteenth century ke design genius rahaa, aur International Neoclassical aur Gothic Revival movements ke leader rahaa. Uske sab se  famous buildings  Berlin me paawa jaawe hae, jahaan pe uu  city ke design aur landscape ke jaada influence karis rahaa. Schinkel ke Bauakademie ke  modern architecture ke forerunner maana jaawe hae. Uske Altes Museum Eusope ke ek khaas classical building hae aur dunia bhar ke aage ke national museum ke model hae.
Louis Sullivan

**Louis Henry Sullivan** (3 September, 1856&nbsp;– 14 April, 1924) ek American architect rahaa, jiske "father of skyscrapers" bola jaawe hae aur "father of modernism" bhi. Uu ek influential architect  Chicago School ke rahaa,  Frank Lloyd Wright ke mentor rahaa, aur Chicago group of architects ke inspiration rahaa, jiske baad me   Prairie School ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.  Wright aur Henry Hobson Richardson ke saathe, Sullivan ek "the recognized trinity of American architecture." hae The phrase "form follows function" uske attribure karaa jaawe hae; isme pahile ke  theories of architecture hae aur uu  iske modern age of the skyscraper me apply karis rahaa. 1944 me, Sullivan duusra architect rahaa jiske mare ke baad AIA Gold Medal mila rahaa.