open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Verónica Cruz Sánchez

**Verónica Cruz Sánchez** (janm 1971) maanavaadhikaar voch ke diphendar of hyooman raits avaard se sammaanit hone vaalee pahalee maiksikan maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta theen. 2006 mein, unhen kaanoonee aur chikitsa sevaon tak pahunchane ke mahilaon ke adhikaar ke saath unake kaam ke lie sammaan se sammaanit kiya gaya tha. vah mukhy roop se ashikshit, svadeshee aur gareeb mahilaon kee sthiti ke baare mein jan jaagarookata laatee hai jo meksiko mein garbhapaat aur garbhapaat ke lie kaid hain. krooz ne apane shareer aur prajanan adhikaaron par mahilaon ke nirnayon ko aparaadh se mukt karane aur unhen kalankit karane ke lie kaam kiya hai. vah laas libres kee sansthaapak hain, jo guaanaajuaato raajy aur poore meksiko mein mahilaon ke maanavaadhikaaron kee raksha, gaarantee aur sammaan ke lie samarpit ek sangathan hai. unaka janm 1971 mein liyon, guaanaajuaato mein hua tha aur haee skool mein rahate hue unhonne mahilaon ko padhana aur likhana sikhaane ke lie ghar-ghar jaakar shaamen bitaeen. is prakriya mein, unhonne un hinsaon kee kahaaniyaan seekheen jo unhonne jhelee theen aur jaanatee theen ki unhen apane jeevan ka kaam mil gaya hai. krooz ne liyon mein jos kaardijan skool oph soshal vark se saamaajik kaary mein digree haasil kee aur baad mein bee.e. instituto politaichnicho nachional se antarraashtreey vaanijy mein. unhonne guaanaajuaato vishvavidyaalay mein sangathanaatmak vikaas mein paraasnaatak ka adhyayan kiya. snaatak hone ke baad, unhonne ek poorvaskoolee mein ek saamaajik kaaryakarta ke roop mein aur guaanaajuaato ke graameen vikaas naamak ek sangathan mein kaam kiya, jo ab samaapt ho gaya hai. 1995 mein, krooz ne naareevaadee sangathan mileniyam kee chhatrachhaaya mein gair sarakaaree sangathanon ke ek netavark ke lie kshetreey (aur phir ek raashtreey) samanvayak ke roop mein kaam karana shuroo kiya. shareer aatmanirnay 2001 mein unhonne aur any kaaryakartaon ne mahilaon ke shareer, unake prajanan vikalpon aur unakee kaamukata ke baare mein nirnay lene ke adhikaaron kee vakaalat karane ke lie laas libres (da phree voomen) naamak ek sangathan kee sthaapana kee. vah balaatkaar aur anaachaar ke shikaar logon ko mupht aur surakshit garbhapaat ko badhaava dene mein sakriy rahee hai, haalaanki meksiko ke kaee raajyon mein, anaachaar ko ek aaparaadhik, rishte ke bajaay ek sahamati ke roop mein dekha jaata hai.

## Sandarbh
Alicia Cuarón

**Alicia Cuarón** (janm 1 maarch 1939) ek Amerikee shikshak, maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta, mahila adhikaar kaaryakarta, netrtv vikaas visheshagy aur phraansiskan nan hain. 1970 ke dashak ke baad se, usane koloraado mein kam aay vaale laitinas aur spenish bolane vaale apravaasee parivaaron ko laabhaanvit karane ke lie kaee pahal kee hain, jisamen raajy mein pahala dvibhaashee aur dvi-saanskrtik hed staart kaaryakram, raashtreey edelent mujer hispainik rojagaar aur prashikshan sammelan aur bienastaar parivaar shaamil hain. seva kendr, aaj denavar ke mahaadharmapraant ka mantraalay. 1992 mein, kuaaron sent phraansis oph penens aur krishchiyan chairitee kee sistars mein shaamil ho gaeen, jahaan unhonne spenish bhaashee parivaaron ke beech shiksha aur netrtv vikaas ko badhaava dene ke apane prayaason ko jaaree rakha. unhen 2008 mein koloraado mahila hol oph fem mein shaamil kiya gaya tha. elisiya valaadolid kvaaron ka janm 1 maarch 1939 ko oksanaard, kailiphorniya mein hua tha. usake maata-pita, rosendo alphaaro aur gvaadaaloop valaadolid (perez) kuaaron, 1910-1920 kee maiksikan kraanti ke dauraan maiksiko se sanyukt raajy amerika mein aakar bas gae the. unake pita "kristaros" (maseeh ke anuyaayee) mein se ek the, jinhonne 1920 ke dashak mein sanyukt raajy amerika mein maiksikan seema ke paar kaitholik paadariyon aur nanon kee taskaree mein madad kee thee. usakee chaar bahanen aur ek bhaee hai. 3 saal kee umr mein vah apane parivaar ke saath teksaas ke el paaso chalee gaee. vah el paaso mein teksaas vishvavidyaalay mein bhaag lene ke lie chalee gaee, apanee padhaee ka bhugataan karane ke lie vishvavidyaalay pustakaalay mein kaam kar rahee thee, aur beee ke saath snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. 1961 mein shiksha mein. vah angrejee aur spenish donon mein dhaaraapravaah hai. kvaaron ne el paaso ke navaaro eleementree skool mein pratham shrenee ke vishesh shiksha kaaryakram mein upachaaraatmak pathan aur angrejee ko doosaree bhaasha ke roop mein padhaana shuroo kiya. us samay, chhaatr nikaay 90 pratishat spenish bhaashee aur gareeb parivaaron se tha. unhonne hed staart kaaryakram aur vayask shiksha kakshaon mein bhee padhaaya. kuaaron 1970 ke dashak kee shuruaat mein koloraado chale gae. unhonne 1972 mein greele mein uttaree koloraado vishvavidyaalay mein shiksha mein em.e. aur ed.dee. 1975 mein usee sansthaan mein. apanee digree ke lie adhyayan karate hue, unhonne raajy ke lie pahalee baar denavar mein ek dvibhaashee aur dvi-saanskrtik hed staart kaaryakram kee sthaapana kee. baad mein unhonne metropolitan stet kolej of denavar mein ek dvibhaashee aur bahusaanskrtik baal vikaas esosiet hed staart prograam vikasit kiya, jahaan vah 1974 se 1980 tak shiksha kee sahaayak prophesar theen. 1970 aur 1980 ke dashak mein unhonne aixito (hispainik vyaavasaayik vikaas sansthaan) ke sansthaapak nideshak ke roop mein sanyukt raajy bhar mein laitinas ke lie netrtv prashikshan seminaar aayojit kie. 1980 mein unhonne raashtreey edelent mujer hispainik rojagaar aur prashikshan sammelan kee sah-sthaapana kee, jisane shiksha aur kariyar prashikshan par charcha ke lie 1,000 mahilaon ko aakarshit kiya.

## Sandarbh
Leila de Lima

**Leila de Lima** (janm 27 agast, 1959) ek Filipino raajaneetigy, vakeel, maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur kaanoon kee prophesar hain, jo 2016 se phileepeens ke seenetar ke roop mein kaaryarat hain. vah 2008 se maanavaadhikaar aayog kee adhyaksh theen. 2010, 2010 se 2015 talak nyaay sachiv ke roop mein raashtrapati benigno ekvino iii ke kaibinet mein seva karane se pahale. raashtrapati rodrigo duterte ke prashaasan ke mukhar aalochak ke roop mein jaanee jaane vaalee, unhen 2017 mein nyaay sachiv ke roop mein apane kaaryakaal ke dauraan nyoo bileebid jel drag taskaree ghotaale se jude aaropon ke tahat giraphtaar kiya gaya tha. us varsh baad mein, unhen libaral intaraneshanal dvaara svatantrata ke lie puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya. dee leema chunaav aayukt visent dee leema aur norma maijistraado par phileepeen ke poorv aayog kee sabase badee betee hain. vah iriga, kaimarin sur mein bikol mein paida huee aur palee-badhee. dee leema kee chaachee, joolee dee leema ne phileepeens kee kamyunist paartee ke sansthaapak jos maariya sisan se shaadee kee, jisase vah shaadee se leela dee leema ke chaacha ban gae. unakee ek any chaachee, liliya dee leema, ne phileepeen aarthik kshetr praadhikaran ke pramukh ke roop mein kaary kiya aur ek reman maigsese puraskaar vijeta hain. dee leema ne apanee buniyaadee shiksha pooree kee, klaas velediktoriyan ke roop mein snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. unhonne 1980 mein dee la saale vishvavidyaalay se ebee itihaas kee digree ke saath snaatak kiya. unhonne 1985 mein sain beda kolej oph lo mein kaanoon kee snaatak (sailyootoriyan) kee digree pooree kee. unhonne 1985 mein phileepeen baar pareekshaon mein 86.26% baar reting ke saath 8vaan sthaan haasil kiya.

## Sandarbh
Patricia M. Derian

**Patricia M. Derian** (nee marphee; 12 agast, 1929 - 20 maee, 2016) ek Amerikee naagarik adhikaar aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta the, jinhonne misisipee mein naslavaad se ladaee ladee aur maanavaadhikaar aur maanaveey maamalon ke sahaayak raajy sachiv ke roop mein kaam kiya. 1977 se 1981 tak. unhen da taims oph landan yaad kiya gaya, "naagarik adhikaaron kee ek saahasee chaimpiyan jinhonne ek varishth amerikee raajanayik ke roop mein apanee bhoomika mein duniya ke kuchh sabase kroor taanaashaahon ko liya." petreesiya marphee ka janm nyooyork shahar mein hua tha aur ve varjeeniya ke dainavil mein palee-badhee theen. 1952 mein unhonne yoonivarsitee oph varjeeniya skool oph narsing mein snaatak kee shiksha praapt kee. unhonne snaatak star kee padhaee ke baad pol deriyan se shaadee kee, aur ek nars ke roop mein kaam kiya. vah naagarik adhikaar aandolan kee samarthak theen. 1959 mein, vah jaiksan, misisippee chalee gaeen. vahaan, unhonne hed staart mein svechchha se kaam kiya aur pablik skool ke alagaav ka samarthan kiya. deriyan ne loyalist demokrets (misisipee phreedam demokretik paartee ke saath bhramit nahin hona) ko raajy ke sabhee shvet aadhikaarik pratinidhimandal ke lie ek chunautee ke roop mein vyavasthit karane mein madad kee aur 1968 ke demokretik neshanal kanvenshan mein misisipee ke pratinidhiyon mein se ek ke roop mein chune gae. vah 1970 ke dashak mein naagarik adhikaaron mein sakriy raheen, dakshinee kshetreey parishad ke adhyaksh ke roop mein seva kee aur amerikan sivil libarteej yooniyan kee kaaryakaaree samiti kee sadasy theen. 1976 ke amerikee raashtrapati chunaav ke dauraan, deriyan kaartar-mondel abhiyaan ke up nideshak the. us chunaav mein jimee kaartar ke jeetane ke baad, unhonne deriyan ko maanavaadhikaar aur maanaveey maamalon ke samanvayak ke roop mein naamit kiya. raashtrapati kaartar, haalaanki, 17 agast, 1977 se prabhaavee maanavaadhikaar aur maanaveey maamalon ke lie sahaayak raajy sachiv ke pad par padonnat hue the, aur deriyan ne kaartar prashaasan ke shesh ke lie us kshamata mein seva kee. is pad par aur sanyukt raajy amerika ke raajy vibhaag mein maanavaadhikaar aur maanaveey maamalon ke nae byooro ke pramukh ke roop mein, unhonne maanavaadhikaaron, sharanaarthiyon aur yuddh ke kaidiyon jaise maanaveey muddon par neeti samanvay mein sudhaar karane ke lie kaam kiya. 1978 mein, deriyan ne hoding kaartar iii se shaadee kee, jo us samay saarvajanik maamalon ke sahaayak raajy sachiv the.

## Sandarbh
Alison Des Forges

**Alison Des Forges** (20 agast, 1942 - 12 pharavaree, 2009) ek American itihaasakaar aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta the, jo aphreekee gret leks kshetr, vishesh roop se 1994 ke ravaanda narasanhaar mein vishisht the. apanee mrtyu ke samay, vah hyooman raits voch mein aphreekee mahaadveep kee varishth salaahakaar theen. 12 pharavaree 2009 ko ek vimaan durghatana mein unakee mrtyu ho gaee. des phorj ka janm 20 agast, 1942 ko sibil smol aur haraman e. leebhaaphskee ke ghar elisan bee. lebhaaphskee ke roop mein hua tha. unhonne 1964 mein bafelo mein stet yoonivarsitee of nyooyork ke itihaasakaar rojar des phorges se shaadee kee, jo cheen mein visheshagyata rakhate the. des phorges ne unhen bee.e. 1964 mein raidakliph kolej se itihaas mein, aur 1966 aur 1972 mein yel vishvavidyaalay se usee vishay mein eme aur peeechadee. unake maastar kee theesis aur doktaret shodh prabandh donon ne ravaanda par yooropeey upaniveshavaad ke prabhaav ko sambodhit kiya. haar hee ekamaatr buree khabar hai: musinga ke tahat ravaanda, 1896-1931, unaka shodh prabandh, 2011 mein maranoparaant prakaashit hua tha. yuhee musinga ke shaasanakaal ke dauraan adaalat kee raajaneeti ka varnan karate hue, yah darshaata hai ki ravaanda mein vibhinn samoohon ke beech vibhaajan ne kis prakaar apanee pratikriyaon ko aakaar diya aupaniveshik sarakaaren, mishanaree aur vyaapaaree. usane aphreekee gret leks kshetr mein visheshagyata haasil kee aur ravaanda narasanhaar ka adhyayan kiya. vah kaango lokataantrik ganaraajy aur burundee mein maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan par bhee ek adhikaar tha. maanav adhikaaron par poornakaalik kaam karane ke lie, ravaanda narasanhaar ke javaab mein des phorj ne 1994 mein shiksha chhod dee. 1999 mein, "maanavaadhikaar neta" ke roop mein unake kaam ko maanyata dene ke lie unhen maikaarthar phelo naamit kiya gaya tha. vah aphreekee mahaadveep ke lie hyooman raits voch kee varishth salaahakaar baneen. 12 pharavaree, 2009 ko nyoo jarsee ke nevaark se bafelo, nyooyork mein apane ghar ke raaste mein kontinental kanekshan flait 3407 kee havaee durghatana mein unakee mrtyu ho gaee.

## Sandarbh
Gaura Devi

**Gaura Devi** (1925 - 1991) ek Bharatiya jameenee kaaryakarta aur graameen mahila samudaay kee neta theen, jinhonne chipako aandolan mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee thee. gaura devee ka janm 1925 mein uttaraakhand raajy ke lata naamak gaanv mein hua tha. vah alakananda nadee ke kinaare renee naamak ek paas ke gaanv mein chalee gaee. 22 saal kee umr tak vah ek bachche ke saath ek vidhava thee. usaka naya gaanv tibbat kee seema ke nikat tha. chipako aandolan ke maddenajar gaura devee ko mahila mangal dal (mahila kalyaan sangh) ka netrtv karane ke lie chuna gaya tha. sangathan ne saamudaayik vanon ke sanrakshan par kaam kiya. gaura devee 1974 mein chipako aandolan mein sabase aage aaeen. 25 maarch 1974 ko unhen ek yuva ladakee ne bataaya ki sthaaneey lakadahaare unake gaanv ke paas ped kaat rahe hain. renee gaanv ke logon ko is khabar se bahakaaya gaya tha ki sarakaar sena dvaara istemaal kee jaane vaalee jameen ka muaavaja dene ja rahee hai. gaura devee aur 27 any mahilaon ne lakadahaare se nipatane ka phaisala kiya. usane pedon ko kaatane ke bajaay use golee maarane ke lie purushon ka saamana kiya aur chunautee dee aur usane jangal ko "vanadevata" (jangal ke devata) aur usakee maayaka (maan ka ghar) ke roop mein varnit kiya. ant mein, any mahilaon kee madad se vah sashastr lakadahaaron ke durvyavahaar aur dhamakiyon ke baavajood pedon ko gale lagaakar lakadahaare ke kaam ko rokane mein kaamayaab rahee. gaanv kee mahilaen aur gaura devee ne us raat pedon kee rakhavaalee kee aur agale teen ya chaar dinon mein any gaanv aur graameen kaarravaee mein shaamil ho gae. lakadahaare pedon ko chhodakar chale gae. is ghatana ke baad, uttar pradesh sarakaar ne pedon kee kataee ke mudde kee jaanch ke lie visheshagyon kee ek samiti kee sthaapana kee, aur lakadee kampanee ne renee se apane aadamiyon ko vaapas le liya. samiti ne kaha ki renee van paaristhitik roop se sanvedanasheel kshetr hai aur vahaan koee ped nahin kaata jaana chaahie. isake baad uttar pradesh sarakaar ne 1150 varg kimee se adhik ke kshetr mein sabhee pedon kee kataee par 10 saal ka pratibandh laga diya. gaura devee ka julaee 1991 mein 66 varsh kee aayu mein nidhan ho gaya.

## Sandarbh
Delphine Djiraibe

**Delphine Djiraibe** (janm 1 disambar 1960) ek Chadiyan vakeel aur chaadiyan esosieshan phor da pramoshan end diphens of hyooman raits kee sah-sansthaapak hain. 2006 mein unhonne pablik intarest lo sentar kee bhee sthaapana kee. beebeesee nyooz ne unhen "chaad ke sabase pramukh maanavaadhikaar vakeelon mein se ek" ke roop mein varnit kiya hae. 2004 mein, unhen unake kaam ke lie robart eph kainedee hyooman raits avaard se sammaanit kiya gaya. Delphine Djiraibe ka janm 1 disambar 1960 ko chaad ke kaumara mein hua tha. unhonne maundau mein snaatak kee digree aur 1989 mein mairien nagaubee vishvavidyaalay mein kaanoon kee digree pooree kee. hisen haabre kee taanaashaahee ke antim varshon mein, jiraibe kaango brezaavil mein kaanoon ka adhyayan kar rahe the. 1 99 0 mein idarees debee dvaara vidroh mein haabre ko ukhaad phenkane ke baad, jiraibe chaad laut aaya aur logon ke beech vyaapak bhukhamaree aur gareebee dekhee. is ghatana ne unhen maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta banane ke lie prerit kiya aur chaadiyan esosieshan phor da pramoshan end diphens oph hyooman raits kee sthaapana kee. jiraibe ka kaam vishesh roop se vishv baink dvaara vitt poshit chaad-kaimaroon petroliyam vikaas aur paipalain pariyojana se raajasv par kendrit hae. jiraibe ka tark hae ki paipalain se raajasv ka upayog chaadiyan sena ke bajaay sthaaneey vikaas ka samarthan karane ke lie kiya jaana chaahie, aur paipalain pariyojana ne isake kshetr ke gaanvon ko aur adhik gareeb bana diya: "unakee bhoomi tel pariyojana ke lie lee gaee hai. unhen muaavaja milata hai lekin taiyaaree ke bina . unhen jo paisa mila hai, use aise hee kharch kar diya gaya hai aur ab unake paas kuchh bhee nahin hai." jiraibe ne yah bhee tark diya hae ki tel raajasv desh ke 2005-2010 ke grhayuddh mein ek kaarak tha, unhen "abhishaap" kaha. robart eph kainedee sentar phor jastis end hyooman raits ke anusaar, Delphine Djiraibe kee sakriyata ke kaaran chaadiyan sarakaar ne unake khilaaph janasampark abhiyaan shuroo kiya. chaadiyan sarakaar dvaara tel raajasv kharch karane par pratibandh pradaan karane ke lie jiraibe ne nirnaayak roop se vishv baink kee pairavee kee. 2008 mein, debee dvaara apane raajaneetik virodhiyon par vyaapak kaarravaee ke dauraan, ek abhiyaan ne jiraeebe ko chaad se surakshit baahar nikalane kee gaarantee dena shuroo kiya. antatah use peris kee yaatra karane kee anumati dee gaee. Delphine Djiraibe aphreekee ekata sangathan ke aalochak the, ise "apraasangik" aur "mitron ke lie ek nijee klab" kahate the. unhonne poorv raashtrapati haabe ke 2005 ke mukadame ka samarthan karate hue kaha ki is maamale se pata chalata hae ki "aphreeka maanavaadhikaaron kee ladaee mein bhee bhoomika nibha sakata hai aur apanee dharatee par lad sakata hai."

## Sandarbh
Victoria Donda

**Victoria Donda** (byoonas aayars, Argentina mein 1977 mein janm) ek Argentina maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur vidhaayak hain. vah ek "gaayab" vyakti kee pahalee betee hai, jo kaid mein paida huee, arjenteena kee raashtreey kaangres kee sadasy banee. vah us pad ko sambhaalane vaalee sabase kam umr kee mahila theen. 2019 se, vah arjenteena sarakaar ke pramukh maanavaadhikaar sansthaanon mein se ek, neshanal insteetyoot agenst diskrimineshan, zenofobiya end resizm (inadi) kee adhyaksh rahee hain. unaka janm 1977 mein byoonas aayars mein esma naamak kukhyaat gupt hiraasat kendr mein hua tha, jabaki unakee maan, maariya hilda perez vaamapanthee samoohon ke saath unakee bhaageedaaree ke lie "gaayab" theen. usake pita, jos maariya loreno donda ko bhee usee samay kaid mein rakha gaya tha. donon gaayab rahate hain aur maana jaata hai ki us avadhi ke dauraan maare gae the. vah arjenteena ke dartee vor (1976-1983) ke dauraan gaayab hue raajaneetik kaidiyon ke lie paida hue lagabhag 500 bachchon mein se ek hai, jinhen apaharan kar liya gaya tha aur jhoothee pahachaan ke tahat panjeekrt kiya gaya tha. ek bachche ke roop mein, viktoriya ko doosare parivaar ko saump diya gaya, jisane use paala, lekin use apane jaivik maata-pita ke baare mein kabhee nahin bataaya. usaka maamala vishesh roop se asaamaany hai kyonki usake chaacha, edolpho miguel donda tigel (usake pita ke bhaee), ek nausena adhikaaree the jo eeeseme ke lie jimmedaar praathamik vyaktiyon mein se ek the, aur unhonne apane maata-pita kee kaaraavaas, yaatana aur hatya mein bhaag liya tha.

## Sandarbh

## External links
* https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN27511149
* http://women.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/women/families/article2955564.ece 
* http://www.causapopular.com.ar/article158.html 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100109130039/http://www.victoriadondaperez.org.ar/
Rachel Davis DuBois

**Rachel Davis DuBois** (25 janavaree, 1892 - 30 maarch, 1993) ek Amerikee shikshak, maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur antarasaanskrtik shiksha ke agranee the. raahel devis dubois ka janm 25 janavaree, 1892 ko klaarksaboro, nyoo jarsee mein hua tha. vah ek khet mein palee-badhee aur ek kvekar ke roop mein palee-badhee. 19 joon 1915 ko unakee shaadee naathan steevart dubois se huee thee. shaadee se pahale, naathan ne bachche hone ke baare mein sandeh vyakt kiya. apanee niraasha ke baad, raahel is samajh ke saath ek nihsantaan vivaah ke lie sahamat ho gaee ki vah apana kariyar banaane ke lie svatantr hogee. 1924 mein, dubois ko nyoo jarsee ke vudabaree haee skool mein ek shikshak ke roop mein niyukt kiya gaya tha. is pad ko sambhaalane ke turant baad, aur kaee sahayogiyon ke samarthan se, dubois ne "amerikeekaran" ke vishay par kendrit ek varishth sabha ka gathan kiya. samooh ne vibhinn jaateey aur apravaasee samoohon dvaara amerikee samaaj mein saanskrtik yogadaan ko ujaagar karane vaalee prastutiyon ke manchan ke lie maheene mein do baar mulaakaat kee. jabaki unaka praarambhik jor un logon ke lie sahishnuta paida karane par tha jo svayan se alag hain, jald hee dhyaan "sahaanubhooti" drshtikon ko badhaava dene ke lie sthaanaantarit kar diya gaya. satr chhaatron aur saathee shikshakon ke saath bahut lokapriy the, lekin samudaay ke sadasyon ne nasleey samaanata, mahilaon ke adhikaaron aur shaantivaad par dubois ke vichaaron ko sveekaar nahin kiya. sthaaneey amerikee sena ke aagrah par, unhen isteepha dene ke lie kaha gaya. haalaanki, dubois ek kaaryarat shikshak the; is prakaar, vah apanee sthiti banae rakhane aur vidhaanasabhaon ke saath jaaree rakhane mein saksham thee. 1930 mein apane isteephe tak dubois ne is kshamata ko jaaree rakha, jab vah kolambiya vishvavidyaalay mein teechars kolej mein bhaag lene ke lie chalee gaeen. vah "adhyayan karana chaahatee thee ki drshtikon kaise banate hain aur unhen badala ja sakata hai."

## Sandarbh
Juliana Dogbadzi

**Juliana Dogbadzi** Ghana kee maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain, jinhen reebok hyooman raits avaard mila hai. dogabadazee trokosee ka ek poorv shikaar hai jo ab is dharmanirapeksh pratha ke khilaaph abhiyaan chalaata hai jo yuva mahilaon ko jabaran shram mein bhejatee hai, unake rishtedaaron ke paapon ko bhunaatee hai. juliyaana dogabaadazee ko ghaana ke trokosee mein 17 saal tak rakha gaya tha aur 23 saal kee umr mein shivir se bhaag nikalane tak usaka shaareerik, maanasik aur yaun shoshan kiya gaya tha. usane ek gair-laabhakaaree sangathan, intaraneshanal needs ghaana kee sthaapana kee, jo trokosee peediton kee rihaee ke lie kaam karata hai. jab dogabadazee saat saal kee thee, usake maata-pita ne use usake daada dvaara kee gaee choree ka bhugataan karane ke lie trokosee mandir mein chhod diya. trokosee ke anuyaayiyon ne use bataaya ki usakee anaichchhik daasata usake parivaar par aane vaale durbhaagy ko rok degee. dogabadazee ne lagabhag 17 varshon tak gulaamee kee sharton ke tahat seva kee. is samay ke dauraan, use bhookha rakha gaya, adhik kaam kiya gaya, peeta gaya aur skool jaane se roka gaya. lagabhag 12 saal kee umr mein, 90 varsheey but pujaaree ne usake saath balaatkaar kiya, jo usake pahale bachche ka pita tha. 25 saal kee umr mein, dogabaadazee trokosee se bhaag nikale aur ghaana mein ek raashtreey bahas ko chhedate hue, unake khilaaph ladane ke lie ek abhiyaan shuroo kiya. dogabadazee ne intaraneshanal needs ghaana kee sthaapana kee, jisane 15 teerthasthalon par 1,000 se adhik mahilaon ko trokosee hiraasat se mukt kiya hai. 1999 mein, unhen reebok hyooman raits avaard mila.

## Sandarbh
Phyllis Duguid

**Phyllis Duguid** (16 aktoobar 1904 - 9 maarch 1993) ek Australian shikshak aur aadivaasee adhikaar aur mahila kaaryakarta theen, jinhen samaaj mein ek andaraklaas ke sadasyon ke roop mein unakee deerghakaalik pratibaddhata ke lie atyadhik sammaanit kiya gaya tha. unakee shaadee huee thee, aur aksar chaarls dugid, chikitsa vyavasaayee aur aadivaasee adhikaar prachaarak ke saath kaam karate the, jo yugal beesaveen shataabdee ke madhy mein dakshin ostreliya mein aadivaasiyon ke jeevan ko behatar banaane ke lie bahut kaam karate the. unhonne aadivaasee aur ardh-jaati mahilaon ke sanrakshan aur unnati ke lie leeg kee sthaapana kee, jo baad mein dakshin ostreliya kee aadivaasiyon kee unnati leeg ban gaee. dagyoods kee viraasaton mein da ostreliyan neshanal yoonivarsitee mein duguid svadeshee bandobastee nidhi aur dvivaarshik duguid memoriyal lekchar shrrnkhala (dakshin ostreliya vishvavidyaalay aur phlindars vishvavidyaalay mein vaikalpik varshon mein aayojit) shaamil hain. chhah bachchon kee teesaree santaan, duguid ka janm 16 aktoobar 1904 ko hothorn, melabarn, ostreliya mein hua tha. unake pita, phraink led (1868-1948), ek methodist paadaree the, jinhonne sanyam aandolan ke sadasyon ko vyaakhyaan dene ke lie bade paimaane par yaatra kee. parivaar 1911 mein ediled chala gaya, aur pheelis ne ladakiyon ke lie mis hendarasan skool mein bhaag liya, aur phir methodist ledeej kolej (baad mein enesle kolej). duguid kee maan liliyan phraanses (nee milaard) ne ediled vishvavidyaalay (beee onars, 1925) mein apanee betee ke klaasiks aur angrejee bhaasha aur saahity ke adhyayan ka purajor samarthan karate hue kaha ki "vah hamamen se kisee ko bhee ghar par rahane aur kya hone kee anumati nahin degee. homagarl kahalaatee thee, jab tak ki ham kuchh aur nahin kar lete." duguid ne vishvavidyaalay mein ek angrejee tyootar ke roop mein sankshep mein kaam kiya, baad mein ediled (ab seemor kolej) mein presbiteriyan garls kolej mein ek varishth angrejee shikshak ban gae, aur 18 disambar 1930 ko methodist charch, kent taun mein medikal doktar chaarls dugid se shaadee kar lee.

## Sandarbh
Anna Easteden

**Anna Easteden** (janm 29 navambar 1976) ek Finish Amerikee abhinetree hain, jinakee philm mein da haus oph braanching lav (2009) aur saidavej (2009) shaamil hain. vah hoo vonts too bee e suparaheero mein "bee sting" ke roop mein apane pradarshan ke lie jaanee jaatee hain? sains phaee chainal par seejan 2 (2007). unhonne sop opera mein sah-abhinay kiya: enabeesee par junoon aur hamaare jeevan ke din, phoks par teleevijan shrrnkhala bons aur seebeees par dhaee purush. eestaden ka janm phinalaind ke tohamaajaravee mein deyaree kisaanon kee betee anna kataarina shemeekka ke roop mein hua tha. usaka ek chhota bhaee enttee hai. eestaden kee paravarish finalaind mein unakee kishoraavastha tak huee, pablik skoolon mein utkrsht pradarshan kiya, aur apanee kaksha mein sabase kam umr kee snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. eestaden ne 12 saal kee umr mein ek phinish modaling skool se snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee aur jald hee phinalaind mein apanee pahalee modaling naukaree buk kar lee. lokapriy kishor patrika sinaamina (anna shemeekka ke roop mein) dvaara aayojit ek raashtreey pratiyogita jeetane ke baad vah apane pahale patrika kavar mein dikhaee deen. abhee bhee ek kishoree, anna eestaden ne ek jaapaanee modaling ejensee ke saath apana pahala antararaashtreey modaling anubandh praapt kiya aur tokyo chale gae. tokyo mein vah kenebo, sonee, nisaan, vaakol, orikom, eneesee aur laks jaisee kampaniyon ke vigyaapanon mein dikhaee deen. vah dijainar akeera kimijima kee haus modal theen aur unaka ek jaapaanee saundary prasaadhan kampanee ke saath ek vishesh anubandh tha. eestaden ne haangakaang, taivaan, koriya, singaapur, maleshiya, indoneshiya, nyoojeelaind, slovaakiya, guaam aur ant mein sanyukt raajy amerika mein ek modal ke roop mein bhee kaam kiya. amerika mein, anna eestaden ne kampaniyon ke lie modaling kee hai jinamen shaamil hain: evan, salvaator pheraagaamo, kelvin klen, eksoekso, harmes, deejal, ponee, tee-mobail, toyo taayars, maikal entoniyo, jokee, eshavarth, kohals, nisaan, viktoriya braidal, gotsachok , anna ke linen, paayajaamaagraam, riyo hotal, mairee kleyar, chevee, soo vong aur kophee been aur chaay pattee. eestedan ne apane abhinay kariyar kee shuruaat jaapaan, taivaan aur sanyukt raajy amerika mein teevee vigyaapanon mein kee. apane pahale naatak mein vah sleeping byootee naatak mein sleeping byootee theen, jisaka preemiyar shikaago mein daunars grov tivolee thietar mein hua tha. eestedan ko hoo vonts too bee e suparaheero? se suparavilen "beesting" ke roop mein unake pradarshan ke lie jaana jaata hai. eestaden finalaind mein vaipaut ka mejabaan hai, jisane maarch 2013 mein fox par Finland mein prasaaran shuroo kiya.

## Sandarbh
Pat Eatock

**Pat Eatock** (14 disambar 1937 - 17 maarch 2015) ek Australian svadeshee kaaryakarta aur akaadamik the. vah redakliph mein aadivaasee aur angrejee mool ke rodarik eetok aur skotish pravaasee elijaabeth steephensan endarasan ke ghar paida huee thee. chaudah saal kee umr mein skool chhodane ke baad, vah athaarah saal kee umr mein sidanee chalee gaeen aur apane chachere bhaee ron eetok se shaadee kar lee, jinase unake chhah bachche the. 1972 mein unhonne ailis springs mein ek bhoomi adhikaar sammelan mein bhaag liya, jisake baad vah apane pati ko chhodakar kainabara chalee gaeen. apane bachche ke saath, eetok kainabara mein eborijinal tent dootaavaas mein shaamil ho gaee aur ise hataane ke virodh mein virodh pradarshan mein bhaag liya. 1972 mein vah sangheey sansad ke lie khade hone vaalee pahalee svadeshee mahila theen, jo ostreliyaee raajadhaanee kshetr ke lie ek svatantr ummeedavaar ke roop mein asaphal roop se chal rahee theen. vah 1973 mein ostreliyan neshanal yoonivarsitee mein adhyayan karane vaalee pahalee gair-maitrik utteern paripakv-aayu vaalee chhaatra theen, aur 1977 mein kala snaatak ke saath snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. 1975 mein eetok ne meksiko sitee mein antarraashtreey mahila varsh vishv sammelan ke vaikalpik tribyoon mein bhaag liya. 1978 se 1981 tak vah saamaajik suraksha vibhaag kee aadivaasee ikaee mein ek pariyojana adhikaaree theen, aur vah kartin vishvavidyaalay (1991-92, saamudaayik vikaas) aur jems kuk vishvavidyaalay (1997, aadivaasee adhyayan) mein vyaakhyaata bhee theen. 1992 se 1996 tak unhonne peraleeka aadivaasee teleevijan kee sthaapana aur prabandhan kiya. 2011 mein, roodhivaadee stambhakaar endrayoo bolt ke khilaaph ek maamale mein eetok pramukh vaadee the, jisamen unhonne aur any logon ne nasleey bhedabhaav adhiniyam ke tahat bolt par mukadama daayar kiya tha, jisamen aarop lagaaya gaya tha ki nishpaksh-chamadee vaale svadeshee ostreliyaee logon ko maudrik laabh ke lie aadivaasee ke roop mein pahachaana jaata hai. adaalat ne bolt ke khilaaph eetok ke lie paaya, jisase vyaapak vivaad hua aur aaradeee mein sanshodhan ke lie ek abhiyaan chala. 2012 mein ek ghatana ke baad eetok ko "joote ke dhaarak" ke roop mein jaana jaane laga, jab tatkaaleen pradhaan mantree jooliya gilaard ne kainabara mein aadivaasee tamboo dootaavaas kee 40 veen varshagaanth par ek virodh pradarshan ke dauraan apana joota kho diya.

## Sandarbh
Mollie Dyer

**Mollie Dyer** (1927-1998) ek Yorta Yorta mahila theen, jo ek aadivaasee baal kalyaan kaaryakarta aur aadivaasee samudaay kee kaaryakarta theen, jinhen 1977 mein viktoriyan eborijinal chaild keyar ejensee ke sah-sansthaapak ke lie jaana jaata tha. aantee molee, jaisa ki vah jaanee jaatee theen, ostreliyaee aadivaasee leeg kee sthaapana mein shaamil ek aadivaasee kaaryakarta maargaret takar aur ek aayarish vyakti philip takar kee betee theen. daayar hothorn aur hestings mein palee-badhee, aur ebotsaford ke ek konvent skool mein shiksha praapt kee, jahaan vah ekamaatr aadivaasee chhaatr thee. kamaraagunja mishan mein apanee maan ke parivaar ke saath rahane ke lie vah aksar nyoo sauth vels kee yaatra karatee theen. jab daayar ke pita dviteey vishv yuddh ke dauraan videshon mein seva kar rahe the, to 15 varsh kee aayu mein daayar ne kaaryabal mein pravesh karane ke lie skool chhod diya, jahaan unhonne mahatvapoorn naslavaad ka anubhav kiya. 1947 mein elan barns se daayar kee pahalee shaadee se chhah bachche paida hue, jinamen se sabhee ko aadivaasee samudaay ke kaam aur sakriyata mein shaamil hona tha, aur phir chaarlee daayar se shaadee kar lee. apane chhah jaivik bachchon ke alaava, daayar 19 bachchon ka paalan-poshan karegee aur jeevan bhar kaee aur bachchon ke lie alpakaalik aavaas pradaan karegee. 1960 aur 1970 ke dashak mein, daayar ne dhan kee kamee ke baavajood aadivaasee samudaay ko sevaen sthaapit karane aur vitarit karane ke lie saathee aadivaasee mahilaon ke ek samooh ke saath kaam kiya. 1966 mein, daayar ne eborijins edavaansament leeg ke saath ek poornakaalik pad sveekaar kiya, apane kalyaan kaary ko jaaree rakha aur aupachaarik roop diya. jab 1973 mein viktoriyan eborijinal leegal sarvis kee sthaapana huee, to daayar vahaan ek pad par aaseen ho gae. 1976 mein, daayar ne ek raashtreey dattak sammelan mein ek bhaashan diya aur isane aadivaasee bachchon aur parivaaron ka samarthan karane ke lie ek aadivaasee dvaara sanchaalit ejensee kee charcha ko ukasaaya. viktoriyan eborijinal chaild keyar ejensee kee sthaapana kee gaee aur daayar ne kaaryakram nideshak ke roop mein kaary kiya, aur jald hee ostreliya ke any hisson mein bhee isee tarah ke sangathan sthaapit kie gae. daayar ne 1981 mein neshanal eborijinal end aailaindar chaild keyar (snaichch) sachivaalay kee sthaapana ke lie kaam kiya. daayar us samooh ka hissa tha jisane hol gaip mein brambuk living kalcharal sentar kee sthaapana kee. daayar ko 1979 mein aadivaasee samudaay kee seva ke sammaan mein ordar oph ostreliya medal ka sadasy mila. unhen intaraneshanal eeyar oph da chaild avaard aur edavaans ostreliya medal bhee mila. viktoriyan eborijinal chaild keyar ejensee mukhyaalay ka naam unake sammaan mein rakha gaya tha. bonar ke eseetee upanagar mein ek sadak ka naam usake naam par rakha gaya hai.

## Sandarbh
Alice Domon

**Alice Domon** (23 sitambar 1937 - 17 ya 18 disambar 1977) ek French nun theen, jo raashtreey punargathan prakriya kee sainy taanaashaahee dvaara disambar 1977 mein arjenteena mein "gaayab" hone vaale do phraanseesee naagarikon mein se ek theen. vah ek maanavaadhikaar samooh, plaaja de meyo kee maataon se jude ek darjan logon mein se theen, jinaka apaharan kar liya gaya aur unhen esma ke gupt nirodh kendr mein le jaaya gaya. gavaahon ke anusaar, jinhonne use vahaan dekha tha, lagabhag 10 dinon kee avadhi mein usase poochhataachh kee gaee aur use prataadit kiya gaya, sarakaar ka virodh karane vaale gurilla samooh mein bhaageedaaree ka daava karane ke lie ek patr likhane ke lie majaboor kiya gaya, aur ek montonaros bainar ke saamane ek manchit seting mein photo khinchavaaya gaya. sistar liyonee dukvet sahit bandiyon ke us samooh ko "sthaanaantarit" kiya gaya tha, jise baahar nikaalane aur maarane ke lie ek vyanjana thee. disambar 1977 mein byoonas aayars ke dakshin mein samudr taton par shavon ko dhoya gaya aur jaldee se saamoohik kabron mein daphan kar diya gaya, lekin maarch 1978 mein ejens phraans-prese ke ek lekh mein bataaya gaya ki laapata do phraanseesee nanon aur maataon se jude any logon ke shavon ke baare mein maana jaata tha. unamen se. 2000 mein, byoonas aayars mein ek chhote se plaaja ko bahanon ke sammaan mein "haramaana elis doman vaee haramaana liyonee dukvet" naam diya gaya tha. unake jeevan ko sain kristobal ke saantaakrooj charch mein ek vaarshik smaranotsav mein manaaya jaata hai, jahaan unhonne kaam kiya tha aur jahaan dukvet ke avashesh aur plaaja de meyo kee kaee maataon ko daphanaaya gaya tha. 2011 mein, alphredo estiz, jinhonne plaaja kee maataon mein ghusapaith kee thee aur disambar 1977 mein baarah ke apaharan ka aayojan kiya tha, ko doshee thaharaaya gaya tha aur maanavata ke khilaaph any aparaadhon ke lie aajeevan kaaraavaas kee saja sunaee gaee thee. esma mein unakee yaatana ke lie, unhen "da blond enjal oph deth" upanaam diya gaya tha.

## Sandarbh
Hanaa Edwar

**Hanaa Edwar** (janm 1946) ek Iraqi mahila adhikaar kaaryakarta hain. Vah Iraqi al-amal esosieshan kee sansthaapak aur mahaasachiv hain, aur Iraqi mahila netavark kee sah-sansthaapak hain. Hanaa Edwar edavaar ka janm iraak ke dakshinee shahar basara mein ek eesaee parivaar mein hua tha. unhonne 1967 mein bagadaad vishvavidyaalay se kaanoon kee digree haasil kee. ek vakeel ke roop mein apane 50 varshon ke dauraan, unhonne laingik samaanata ke lie anaginat abhiyaanon ka netrtv kiya hai, jisamen 2005 mein desh ke nae sanvidhaan ka masauda taiyaar karane mein mahilaon kee bhoomika ko aage badhaane ke prayaas shaamil hain. sahayogiyon ke saath, unhonne sansad aur sthaaneey star par mahilaon ka nyoonatam 25 pratishat kota haasil kiya. sarakaaren. vah iraak mein ghareloo hinsa ko sambodhit karane vaale kaanoon ka masauda taiyaar karane vaalee visheshagy teem kee sadasy bhee theen. joon 2011 mein usane pradhaan mantree nooree al-malikee ko chunautee dene ke lie ek sarakaaree teleevijan sammelan mein baadha daalee ki sena ne chaar pradarshanakaariyon ko giraphtaar kar liya hae. pradhaanamantree ko saarvajanik roop se chunautee dene ke baad, "unake kaaryaalay ke baahar ek liphaaphe mein ek golee chhodee gaee thee." sushree edavar ne 1992 mein al-amal esosieshan kee sthaapana kee. al-amal iraak mein shaanti ke nirmaan, maanavaadhikaaron ko badhaava dene aur satat vikaas par kendrit hae. unhonne mahilaon ke khilaaph hinsa ka mukaabala karane ke uddeshy se 1996 mein beroot mein gathit arab mahila nyaayaalay sahit kaee any pramukh sangathan banae hain; arab enajeeo netavark phor devalapament, jo lokatantr, maanavaadhikaaron aur satat vikaas kee talaash mein arab naagarik samaajon ko samarthan, saksham aur sashakt banaata hai; 2001 se sulemaaniya mein sthit mahilaon ke khilaaph hinsa ka mukaabala karane ke lie asuda; aur bet khaanajaad, 2002 mein mahilaon aur bachchon ke lie ek erabil sthit aashray.

## Sandarbh
Lola Edwards

**Lola Edwards** (nee maikanotan) (1946–2011) aur link-ap (nsw) ke sansthaapak sadasy the. Lola Edwards aboriginal aur tores stret islander logon ke lie ek majaboot vakeel the, jinhen jabaran unake parivaaron se hata diya gaya tha, jise baad mein stolan jenareshan karaar diya gaya. lola maikanotan ka janm 1946 mein hua tha, vah stolan jenareshan ka sadasy tha aur enesadablyoo ke tinga mein palee-badhee thee. unakee maan ek naagarabal mahila theen aur pita ek kamilaaroee purush the. usake pita vahee the jise aadivaasee log "boodhe bush vakeel" kahate the aur niyamit roop se adaalat mein aadivaasee logon ke lie vakeel bane rahate the. edavards aur unaka parivaar hamesha maanata tha ki yahee kaaran hai ki unhen liya gaya tha. jab vah chaar saal kee thee, 1951 mein, lola ko usakee badee aur chhotee bahanon aur usake bhaee gordan ke saath usake parivaar se aadivaasee kalyaan bord dvaara le jaaya gaya tha. unhen uthaaya gaya aur inaverel se sidanee jaane vaalee tren mein le jaaya gaya, unake bhaee gordan ko sentral relave steshan par alag kiya gaya, phir lola aur unakee bahanon ko tren mein kootamundra le jaaya gaya. edavards ne kaee saalon baad tak apanee maan ko nahin dekha aur apane pita se kabhee nahin mile kyonki unakee rihaee se pahale unakee mrtyu ho gaee thee. kootamundra garls hom edavards ne enesadablyoo mein aadivaasee ladakiyon ke lie kootamundra ghareloo prashikshan grh mein 11 saal bitae, jahaan use usake parivaar se nikaale jaane ke baad le jaaya gaya. yah sanstha 1912 se khulee aur 1969 mein band ho gaee. vahaan kee ladakiyon ko ghareloo naukar banane ke lie prashikshit kiya jaata tha; edavards ko teleephonist banane ke lie prashikshit kiya gaya aur phir ghar par kaam kiya, jabaki any ne taiping kors kiya. edavards vahaan rakhe jaane ke 31 saal baad, 1980 tak ghar jaane ke lie vaapas nahin gaeen. 2008 mein ek saakshaatkaar mein, edavards ne yaad kiya ki ghar par ek aur ladakee raat mein bistar par khud se baat karatee thee aur edavards se kaha ki vah kambal ke neeche apanee bhaasha yaad rakhane kee koshish kar rahee thee. edavards ne yah bhee kaha ki unhen vishvaas hai ki vah aur ghar kee any ladakiyon ko "saphed sochane aur saphed kaam karane aur khud ko saaph rakhane, usakee tvacha ko saaf karane, usakee tvacha se kaale rang ko hataane" ke lie uthaaya ja raha hai.

## Sandarbh
Riane Eisler

**Riane Eisler** (janm 22 julaee 1931) ek Australian mool ke Amerikee sistam vaigyaanik aur lekhak hain jo samaaj par aitihaasik roop se ling raajaneeti ke prabhaav ke baare mein likhate hae. vah apanee 1987 kee pustak da chaalis end da bled ke lie sabase adhik jaanee jaatee hain, jisamen unhonne "saajhedaaree" aur "prabhutv" sabd gadhe the. aaislar ka janm 1931 mein viyana mein hua tha, usake baad unaka parivaar 1939 mein naajiyon se kyooba hissa gaya tha. vah aur usake maata-pita saat saal talak havaana mein ek jhopadapattee mein rahe, jisake baad ve los enjils mein basane se pahale sanyukt raajy amerika, miyaamee, nyooyork aur shikaago chale gae. aaislar ke paas kailiphorniya vishvavidyaalay se samaajashaastr aur kaanoon mein digree hae. vah ek vakeel, kaanoonee vidvaan aur lekhak hae. unhonne 2000 mein prakaashit ek sansmaran, da get sahit terah pustaken prakaashit kee hae. unakee pahalee pustak, 1977 mein prakaashit huee thee, vighatan: no-pholt talaak, vivaah aur mahilaon ka bhavishy. 1979 mein prakaashit unakee doosaree pustak samaan adhikaar sanshodhan par thee. 1987 mein prakaashit apanee teesaree pustak da chaalis end da bled mein, unhonne samaaj ke do antarnihit roopon ka varnan karane ke lie "saajhedaaree" aur "prabhutv" sabd gadha. saajhedaaree samaajon kee visheshata laingik samaanata, shaanti, sthirata, dekhabhaal hae, jabaki prabhutvashaalee samaajon ko lingavaad, puraane yuddh, paaristhitik vinaash aur asthirata kee visheshata hae. unake shodh ke anusaar, jo puraatatvavidon maarija gimbutaas aur jems melaart ke kaam ka sandarbh deta hae, sahasraabdiyon ke lie maanav samaaj saajhedaaree par banae gae the, jisamen jeevan dene, poshan karane aur banae rakhane kee maanaveey kshamata ko sarvochch sammaan mein rakha gaya tha, aur saajha jimmedaaree thee svarn maanak tha. varchasv mein giraavat lagabhag 6,500 saal pahale huee thee. chaalis end da bled kee 500,000 se adhik pratiyaan bik chukee hain aur lagabhag 25 bhaashaon mein isaka anuvaad kiya gaya hae.

## Sandarbh
Ilwad Elman

**Ilwad Elman** ek Somaalee-Canadian saamaajik kaaryakarta hai. Vah mogaadishu mein elman pees end hyooman raits sentar mein apanee maan faartun adan ke saath kaam karatee hain, jo enajeeo kee sansthaapak hain. 2016 ke aphreeka yooth avaards ke dauraan unhen African young personality of the year chuna gaya tha. Ilwad Elman ka janm 1989 aur 1990 ke beech somaaliya ke mogaadishu mein hua tha. chaar betiyon mein se ek, vah divangat udyamee aur shaanti kaaryakarta elaman alee ahamad aur saamaajik kaaryakarta faartun adan kee santaan hain. unake pita 1990 ke dashak mein ek utsaahee shaanti kaaryakarta the, jinhonne somaaliya mein prasiddh mantr "drop da gan, pik ap da pen" gadha tha; unake maanavaadhikaar kaaryon ke lie 1996 mein unakee hatya kar dee gaee thee aur aaj bhee unhen somaalee shaanti ke pita ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. ilvaad 2010 mein kanaada se somaaliya laut aaya, jabaki sangharsh abhee bhee bhaaree tha aur mogaadishu aur somaaliya ke dakshin madhy kshetron ke adhikaansh al-kaayada se jude aatankavaadee samooh al-shabaab ke niyantran mein kho gae the. vah tab se somaaliya mein hee rahee, apanee maan faartun adan ke saath, yaun aur ling aadhaarit hinsa se bache logon ke lie pahala balaatkaar sankat kendr kee sah-sthaapana kee, shaanti nirmaan mein mahilaon ke lie ek samaaveshee sthaan banaane aur kaaryakramon ke vikaas ke lie suraksha kshetr mein sudhaar ke uddeshy se hastakshep taiyaar kiya. baal sainikon aur vayaskon ke nirastreekaran aur punarvaas ke lie jo sashastr samoohon se unake saamaajik-aarthik sashaktikaran, punarvaas aur pun: ekeekaran ke lie hata die gae hain. 20 navambar, 2019 ko, sthaaneey adhikaariyon ne usakee bahan almaas elamain kee pushti kee, jo ek sahaayata kaaryakarta ke roop mein somaaliya lautee thee, mogaadishoo havaee adde ke paas ek kaar mein golee maarakar hatya kar dee gaee thee.

## Sandarbh
Gladys Elphick

**Gladys Elphick** (27 agast 1904 - 19 janavaree 1988) Australian kaurana aur nagadajuree vansh kee aadivaasee mahila theen, jinhen dakshin ostreliya kee aadivaasee mahila parishad kee sansthaapak adhyaksh ke roop mein jaana jaata hai, jo 1973 mein dakshin ostreliya kee aadivaasee parishad ban gaee. vah samudaay mein aantee glaid ke naam se jaanee jaatee thee. gledis elphik ka janm dakshin ostreliya ke ediled mein gledis vaaltars ke roop mein hua tha, lekin york praayadveep par pvaint peeyars mishan mein unaka paalan-poshan hua. baarah saal kee umr mein skool chhodane ke baad, usane pvaint piyars kee deyaree mein kaam kiya. elfik ne 1922 mein ek kataranee vaaltar hyoojes se shaadee kee. 1937 mein apane pati kee mrtyu ke baad, elfik ediled chalee gaee, apane chachere bhaee gledis obraayan ke saath rahatee thee, aur ek ghareloo ke roop mein kaam karatee thee. elphik ne dviteey vishv yuddh ke dauraan ediled ke uttaree upanagaron mein islingatan relave kaaryashaalaon mein gole aur any yuddh saamagree banaane ka kaam kiya. unhonne 1940 mein phredarik elphik se shaadee kee. elphik 1940 ke dashak mein dakshin ostreliya kee eborijins edavaansament leeg mein shaamil hue aur 1960 ke dashak mein leeg ke saath samiti ke kaam mein sakriy ho gae. 1964 mein, ailphichk dakshin ostreliya kee aadivaasee mahilaon kee parishad ke sansthaapak adhyaksh bane, ek bhoomika jo unhonne 1973 tak nibhaee. parishad 1967 ke janamat sangrah ke prachaar mein sakriy thee. parishad 1973 mein dakshin ostreliya kee aadivaasee parishad ban gaee, aur tab se purushon ko isake preshan aur shaasan mein shaamil kiya gaya. isake alaava 1973 mein, ailphichk aadivaasee samudaay kendr kee sthaapana mein shaamil tha, aur isake koshaadhyaksh ke roop mein kaary kiya, aur 1973 mein aadivaasee shiksha kolej kee sthaapana mein madad kee. unhonne 1977 mein dakshin ostreliya kee aadivaasee chikitsa seva kee sah-sthaapana kee.

## Sandarbh
Julia Esquivel

**Julia Esquivel** (3 maee, 1930 - 19 julaee, 2019) Guatemala kee ek kavi, dharmashaastree aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta theen. Julia Esquivel sain kaarlos vishvavidyaalay, Guatemala, Costa Rica mein seminaariyo bibliko laitinoamerikaano aur svitazaralaind mein bosee ikyoomenikal insteetyoot mein ek akaadamik tha. unakee kavita thiyolojee of libareshan se kaaphee prabhaavit thee, jo 1950 aur 1960 ke dashak mein laitin amerikee kaitholik samudaayon mein vyaapak thee. usane shuroo mein gvaatemaala mein ek presbiteriyan madarasa mein dharmashaastr ka adhyayan karane ka anurodh kiya tha, lekin usake ling ke aadhaar par use asveekaar kar diya gaya tha. isake bajaay vah sain jos, kosta rika mein laitin amerika baibil seminaree mein adhyayan karane ke lie 1953 mein kosta rika chalee gaeen. apane jeevanakaal ke dauraan unhen svadeshee maaya logon ke maanavaadhikaaron ke baare mein chinta jataane ke kaaran kaee maut kee dhamakiyaan mileen aur 1980 mein svitjaralaind mein nirvaasan mein chalee gaeen. nirvaasan kee is avadhi ke dauraan eskvivel ne gvaatemaala narasanhaar mein maaya, kvich aur any svadeshee logon kee durdasha ke baare mein poore yoorop aur uttaree amerika mein vyaapak roop se baat kee. vah saat pustakon kee lekhika theen, jinamen do kavita sangrah thretend vid risarekshan (1982) aur da sartenitee oph spring (1993) shaamil hain. 1994 mein, unhonne apanee kavita ke lie barn vishvavidyaalay se doktaret kee maanad upaadhi praapt kee, jise vishvavidyaalay ne "apanee aadhyaatmik kavita mein gvaatemaala ke logon kee peeda ko aavaaj dee." eskvivel ka 19 julaee, 2019 ko gvaatemaala sitee mein nidhan ho gaya.

## Sandarbh