open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Lithium

**Lithium** (symbol **Li**) periodic table. ke tiisra chemical element hae. Iske matlab ii hae ki iske lage 3 protons aur 3 electron hae. Iske atomic number 3 hae aur mass number 6.94 hae. Iske dui isotpe, 6Li aur 7Li hae. 

Lithium ek silver rang ke naram metal hae jiske chhurri se kaata jaae sake hae. Ii ek bahut reactive metal hae aur ii kaaran se iske mineral oil me rakkha jaawe hae.

## Chhapa


Image:Lithium paraffin.jpg|lithium in paraffin oil
Image:LithiumPelletsUSGOV.jpg|Lithium pellets
Image:FlammenfärbungLi.png|Flame test
Image:Petalite.jpg|Petalite
Image:Atomo di litio.svg|Scheme of a lithium atom
Image:Dilithium-3D-vdW.png|Dilithium molecule
Image:Dilithium-2D-dimensions.svg|Dilithium-2D-dimensions
Image:Lithium chloride.jpg|Lithium chloride
Image:Lithium carbonate.jpg|Lithium carbonate
Image:Lithium battery 3.6V.jpg|Lithium battery
Image:NASA Lithium Ion Polymer Battery.jpg|NASA Lithium ion polymer battery
Image:Lithium.jpg|Lithium with nitride layer
Image:Stylised atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.svg|Stylised Lithium Atom
File:Lithium nitrate.jpg|Lithium nitrate
File:Lithium hydroxide.jpg|Lithium hydroxide


## See also
* Alkaline earth metal
* Beryllium
Beryllium

**Beryllium** ek alkaline earth metal hae. Iske rang gray hae. Iske atomic number of 4 aur chemical symbol **Be** hae. Ii ek toxic element hae. 

Beryllium me 4 electrons, 4 protons, aur 5 neutrons hae.

Ii Carbon ke rakam karia rang ke ek metalloid hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Beryllium OreUSGOV.jpg|Beryllium ore
Image:Be foils.jpg|Beryllium foils
Image:Be-140g.jpg|Beryllium big crystalline fragment
Image:Beryllium.jpg|Beryllium bead
Atomic number

Rasayan vigyan aur bhautik vigyan me ek parmaanu ke **atomic number** uske proton ke ginti hae. periodic table me chemical elementatomic number ke order me likha jaawe hae.
Chemical symbol

**chemical symbol** ek  element ke likhe ke chhota rakam hae. Ii jaada kar ke dui , lekin kabhi kabhi tiin letter se banaa rahe hae. Sab element ke chemical symbols ke  periodic table me dewa jaae hae.
Proton

Ek **proton**, parmaanu ke ek hissa hae, jiske parmaanu ke nucleus me neutron ke saathe pawa jaawe hae. Periodic table me parmaanu proton ke adhar pe list karaa jaawe hae.
Chhota taara

Ek **Chhota taaraa (asteroid) ** ek grah ke rakam ek chij hae lekin aur chhota hae. Ii suraj ke parkrmaa kare hae. Iske diameter 2 meter se 100 km talak rahe hae. Kuchh chhotaa taara ke aapan chaand rahe hae.
Neutron

**Neutron**, proton aur electron ke saathe, tiin chij hae jisse atom banaa rahe hae. Neutrons ke atom ke nucleus me pawa jaawe hae.
Boron

**Boron** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol **B**, aur atomic number 5 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Boron.jpg|Crystalline Boron
Image:FlammenfärbungB.png|Flame test
Image:Boratflamme.jpg|Flame test
Image:Kyselina trihydrogenboritá.PNG|Kyselina trihydrogenboritá - H3BO3


## References
{{reflist}]
Spirituality

**Spirituality** ek naam hae jiske spirit ke baare me baat kare ke time dewa jaae hae. Kuch kuch log ii sabd ke dharam ke jagha pe kaam me laae hae.
Gyan vidhya

**Philosophy** dunia, universe aur dharam ke baare me soche ke ek dhang hae. 

Philosopher logan aisan sawaal kare hae:

* Achchhai kon chij hae?
* Sundarta kon chij hae?
* Bhagwaan hae ki nai?
* Sachchhai kon chij hae? 
* Kharaabi kon chij hae?
Electron

**electron** ek bahu chhota matter aur energy ke hissa hae. Iske symbol **e<sup>−</sup>** hae. 

## References
Mass number

Atom ke wajan jaada kar ke proton aur neutron se banaa rahe hae. Ek atom ke **mass number** (symbol **A**) uske nucleus me jorrke ketna proton aur neutron hae ke baraabar rahe hae. Iske **atomic mass number** or **nucleon number** bhi bolaa jaae hae. Ii lagbhag atom ke atomic mass (jiske isotopic mass bhi bolaa jaae hae) ke baraabar hae. Ek atom ke har ek isotope ke mass number different rahe hae. Mass number aur atomic number ke antar ii dekhae hae ki atom me ketnee neutron hae. .
Nitrogen

**Nitrogen** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol **N** aur atomic number 7 hae. Iske nucleons me 7 protons aur 7 neutrons hae aur bahaar ke cell me 5 electrons hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

Nitrogen.Spectrum.Vis.jpg
Cycle azote fr.svg
N heterocykly.gif|Heterocykly dusíku
Dusičnan amonný.PNG|Dusičnan amonný - NH4NO3
Dusičnan sodný.PNG|Dusičnan sodný - NaNO3
Dusičnan manganatý.PNG|Dusičnan manganatý - Mn(NO3)2
Dusičnan draselný.PNG|Dusičnan draselný - KNO3
Dusičnan olovnatý.PNG|Dusičnan olovnatý - Pb(NO3)2
Dusičnan bismutitý.PNG|Dusičnan bismutitý - Bi(NO3)3
Dusičnan stříbrný.PNG|Dusičnan stříbrný - AgNO3
Liquid nitrogen dsc04496.jpg|liquid nitrogen
Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg|gas discharge tube with nitrogen
Nitrogen-glow.jpg|Glowing nitrogen
Nitrogen ice cream 0016.jpg
Nitrogen ice cream 0020.jpg
Nitrogen ice cream 0024.jpg
Sona

**Sona** ek naram piyar metal hae jon ki hajaaro saal se jewelry, aur paisa ke khatir kaam me lawa jaae hae. Sona ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 79, atomic weight 199.96 a.m.u. aur symbol **Au** hae, jon ki Latin sabd *aurum* se aais hae.

## Duusra websites

* Atomic Properties 
* Buy Spotify Plays Sampadan Sona
* Gold Institute
* VDS Sunucu
Tin

**Tin** ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 50 hae aur chemical symbol **Sn** hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

TinOreUSGOV.jpg|Tin ore
Jupiter symbol.svg|Alchemical symbol for tin
Cín.PNG|Cín - Sn
Tin-2.jpg|Tin blob
Rhof-zinngiesser.ogv | opening of a tin casting workshop (in German)
Cynowy Danzig ubt.jpeg|a tin cup with the Gdańsk main city hall motif
Neon

**Neon** ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 10 aur symbol **Ne** hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:NeTube.jpg
Image:Neon-glow.jpg|Glowing neon
Image:Edelgase_in_Entladungsroehren.jpg| spectrum tube: Neon ++
Image:Neon_discharge_tube.jpg| spectrum tube: Neon


## References
Oxygen

**Oxygen** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol **O**, atomik number 8 aur atomik mass 32 hae. Ii nature me bina rang aur mahak ke hae.Oxygen ke bina janvar ya manushya nahi ji sakta.zyatar oxygen vriksho se milta hai.aur prithivi me yeh 21% milta hai jo vrikhsa dete hai.aaur app chaapa ke gallery se samajh sakte hai

## Chhapa ke gallery

MOO2.png
Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg|oxgen wala gas discharge tube 
Paramagnetism of liquid oxygen.jpeg|Paramagnitism oxygen (liquid)
Oxid chromitý.PNG|Oxid chromitý/Chromium (III) Oxide - Cr2O3
Oxid měďnatý.PNG|Oxid měďnatý/Copper (II) Oxide - CuO
Oxid olovičitý.PNG|Oxid olovičitý/Lead (IV) Oxide - PbO2
Oxid titaničitý.PNG|Oxid titaničitý/Titanium (IV) Oxide - TiO2
Oxid zinečnatý.PNG|Oxid zinečnatý/Zinc Oxide - ZnO
Oxid železitý.PNG|Oxid železitý/Irone (III) Oxide - Fe2O3
Oxid bismutitý.PNG|Oxid bismutitý/Mismuth (III) Oxide - Bi2O3
Oxid hlinitý.PNG|Oxid hlinitý/Aluminium Oxide - Al2O3
Oxid cíničitý.PNG|Oxid cíničitý/Tin (IV) Oxide - SnO2
Oxid kobaltnato-kobaltičitý.PNG|Oxid kobaltnato-kobaltičitý/Cobalt (II,III) Oxide - Co3O4
Oxid křemičitý - hydratovaný.PNG|Oxid křemičitý - hydratovaný/Silicon Dioxide - SiO2.nH2O
Oxid manganičitý.PNG|Oxid manganičitý/Manganese (II) Oxide - MnO2
Oxid nikelnatý.PNG|Oxid nikelnatý/Nickel (II) Oxide - NiO
Oxid olovnatý.PNG|Oxid olovnatý/Lead (II) Oxide - PbO
Oxid stříbrný.PNG|Oxid stříbrný/Silver Oxide - Ag2O
Oxid uhličitý.PNG|Oxid uhličitý/Carbon Dioxide - CO2
Oxid vanadičný.PNG|Oxid vanadičný/Vanadium (V) Oxide - V2O5
Oxid vápenatý.PNG|Oxid vápenatý/Calcium Oxide - CaO
Liquid oxygen in a beaker 4.jpg|oxgen liquid
Water drop 001.jpg|oxgen aur hydrogen ka milavat paani yani water
Fluorine

**Fluorine** (symbol **F**) ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 9, aur atomic mass 19 hae. Ii periodic table ke Group 7 (halogens) me hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery

Image:Fluorid amonný.PNG|Fluorid amonný - NH4F
Image:Fluorid kobaltnatý.PNG|Fluorid kobaltnatý - CoF2
Image:Fluorid manganatý.PNG|Fluorid manganatý - MnF2
Image:Fluorid měďnatý.PNG|Fluorid měďnatý - CuF2
Image:Fluorid nikelnatý.PNG|Fluorid nikelnatý - NiF2
Image:Fluorid olovnatý.PNG|Fluorid olovnatý - PbF2
Image:Fluorid vápenatý.PNG|Fluorid vápenatý - CaF2
Image:Fluorid železitý.PNG|Fluorid železitý - FeF3
Koila

**Carbon** ek khaas chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **C** hae. Dunia ke sab jew ii element se banaa hae. Carbon ke atomic mass 12 aur atomic number 6 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

GraphiteUSGOV.jpg|**[[Graphite]]**
Diamond.jpg|**[[Diamond]]s**
Fullerene-C60.png|**[[Fullerene]]s**
Eight Allotropes of Carbon.png|Eight Allotropes of Carbon
Uhlík.PNG|Práškový uhlík
Uhličitan bismutitý.PNG|Uhličitan bismutitý - Bi2(CO3)3
Uhličitan hořečnatý.PNG|Uhličitan hořečnatý - MgCO3
Uhličitan chromitý.PNG|Uhličitan chromitý - Cr2(CO3)3
Uhličitan manganatý.PNG|Uhličitan manganatý - MnCO3
Uhličitan železitý.PNG| Uhličitan železitý - Fe2(CO3)3
Vápenec.PNG|Vápenec - CaCO3
Hydrogenuhličitan sodný.PNG|Hydrogenuhličitan sodný - NaHCO3
Uhličitan cínatý.PNG|Uhličitan cínatý - SnCO3
Uhličitan draselný.PNG|Uhličitan draselný - K2CO3
Uhličitan hlinitý.PNG|Uhličitan hlinitý - Al2(CO3)3
Uhličitan měďnatý.PNG|Uhličitan měďnatý - CuCO3
Uhličitan nikelnatý.PNG|Uhličitan nikelnatý - NiCO3
Uhličitan olovnatý.PNG|Uhličitan olovnatý - PbCO3
Uhličitan sodný.PNG|Uhličitan sodný - Na2CO3
Uhličitan stříbrný.PNG|Uhličitan stříbrný - Ag2CO3
Uhličitan vápenatý.PNG|Uhličitan vápenatý - CaCO3
Uhličitan zinečnatý.PNG|Uhličitan zinečnatý - ZnCO3
Uhličitan železnatý.PNG|Uhličitan železnatý - FeCO3


## Other websites

* Carbon at Webelements
Atomic mass

**Atomic mass** (jiske atomic weight bhi bola jaawe hae) ek term hae jon ki ek chemical element ke ek  atom ke wajan hae Isme tiin  subatomic particle hae: protons, electrons, and neutrons. Jab ki electrom ekam halka rahe hae, atomic mass proton aur neutron ke ke jorr hae.
Sodium

**Sodium** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol **Na** hae (jon ki Latin naam *natrium* se aais hae), jiske atomic number 11 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Natrium.jpg
Image:NatriumWasserstoff.png
Image:Geiger counter in use.jpg|Radioactive emissions from 22 Na being measured with a Geiger counter.
Image:Křemičitan sodný.PNG|Křemičitan sodný - Na2SiO3
Image:Large Sodium Explosion.jpg
Image:Sodium-1.jpg|Sodium under paraffin oil
Image:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|Flame test on sodium carbonate
Image:Flametest-Co-Na.swn.jpg|Flame test on sodium carbonate seen through cobalt glass
Image:FlammenfärbungNa.png


 
## References
Magnesium

**Magnesium** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol *Mg*, aur atomic number 12 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:MagnesiumMetalUSGOV.jpg|Magnesium metal bar
Image:Magnesium crystals.jpg|Vapor-deposited magnesium crystals from the Pidgeon process
Image:Metal-fire.ogg|Magnesium fire.
Image:Hořčík.PNG|Práškový hořčík - Mg
Image:Hořčík2.PNG|Práškový hořčík - Mg
Image:Hydroxid hořečnatý.PNG|Hydroxid hořečnatý - Mg(OH)2
Image:Uhličitan hořečnatý.PNG|Uhličitan hořečnatý - MgCO3
Image:Magnesium's Anisotropy.PNG
Image:Magnesium-2.jpg| Magnesium metal
Silicon

**Silicon** ek element hae jiske atomic number 14 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Silizium pulver.jpg
Image:Polycrystalline silicon rod.jpg|A polycrystalline silicon rod made by the Siemens process
Image:Silicon seed crystal puller rod.jpg|A puller rod with seed crystal for growing single-crystal silicon by the Czochralski process
Image:Monokristalines Silizium für die Waferherstellung.jpg
Image:Silicon wafer with mirror finish.jpg
Image:Silicon.jpg|Ultrapure chunk of silicon
Image:Quartz Brésil.jpg
Image:Polykristalines Silizium.jpg
Image:Křemen.PNG|Křemen - SiO2
Image:Křemen-ametyst.PNG|Křemen-ametyst - SiO2
Image:Křemen-růženín.PNG|Křemen-růženín - SiO2
Image:Křemičitan bismutitý.PNG|Křemičitan bismutitý - Bi2(SiO3)3
Image:Křemičitan kobaltnatý.PNG|Křemičitan kobaltnatý - CoSiO3
Image:Křemičitan manganatý.PNG|Křemičitan manganatý - MnSiO3
Image:Křemičitan stříbrný.PNG|Křemičitan stříbrný - Ag2SiO3
Image:Křemičitan zinečnatý.PNG|Křemičitan zinečnatý - ZnSiO3
Image:Křemík.PNG|Křemík - Si
Image:Křemičitan sodný.PNG|Křemičitan sodný - Na2SiO3
Image:Křemičitan cínatý.PNG|Křemičitan cínatý - SnSiO3
Image:Křemičitan chromitý.PNG|Křemičitan chromitý - Cr2(SiO3)3
Image:Křemičitan měďnatý.PNG|Křemičitan měďnatý - CuSiO3


## Other pages
* List of common elements
Phosphorus

**Phosphorus** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol **P**, atomic number  15 au  mass number  30.97 hae. 

## Other pages
* Periodic table
* List of common elements
Sulfur

**Sulfur** (nai to **sulphur**) ek chemical element hae jiske symbol **S** aur atomic number 16 hae. Iske rang piyar hae.

## Duusra websites
* WebElements.com – Sulfur
* Füme Rengi  Sulfur
* EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Sulfur
Chlorine

**Chlorine** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Cl**, atomic number  17, aur atomic mass is 35.45. Ii periodic table  ke 7th column (halogens) me haw. 

## Itihaas
Iske 1774 me Carl Wilhelm Scheele paais rahaa, jon ki ii sochis ki ii Oxygen hae. Chlorine ke naam 1810 me Humphry Davy diis rahaa, jon ki ii jid karis ki ii ek element hae. United States me 1918 se sab piye waala paani me Chlorine choraa jaawe hae.
Calcium

**Calcium** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol **Ca**, atomic number 20 aur  mass number  40.08 hae.

be-x-old:Вапень
Chromium

**Chromium** ek chemical element hae, jiske symbol **Cr**, atomic number 24 aur mass number 54 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

Chrom(VI)-oxid.jpg|Chrom(VI)-oxide
Dichroman amonný.PNG|Dichroman amonný - (NH4)2Cr2O7
Chrom.PNG|Chrom - Cr
Uhličitan chromitý.PNG|Uhličitan chromitý - Cr2(CO3)3
Oxid chromitý.PNG|Oxid chromitý - Cr2O3
Chromium.jpg|Pure Chromium
Chromium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg| Chromium crystals
Argon

**Argon** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol **Ar** aur atomic number 18 hae. 

## Other pages
* List of common elements
* Periodic table
Potassium

**Potassium** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol **K**, atomic number 19 aur atomic mass 39.098 hae. 

Potassium ke Sir Humphrey Davy, 1807 me, England me discover karis rahaa. Iske naam, English sabd  "potash" (pot ashes) aur Arbii sabd  "qali" meaning alkali  se ais hae. Iske symbol, Latin sabs  "kalium" se aais hae.
Manganese

**Manganese** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol **Mn**, atomic number 25 aur mass number 54.94 hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Manganese.jpg|Manganese chip
Image:ManganiteUSGOV.jpg|Manganite (Manganese oxide)
Image:ManganeseOreUSGOV.jpg|Manganese ore
Image:Mangan.PNG|Mangan
Image:Křemičitan manganatý.PNG|Křemičitan manganatý - MnSiO3
Image:Manganistan draselný.PNG|Manganistan draselný - KMnO4
Image:Uhličitan manganatý.PNG|Uhličitan manganatý - MnCO3



Image:Georgia Tschiatura Mangan 01.jpg|Verladestation für Manganerz in Tschiatura
Image:Georgia Tschiatura Mangan 02.jpg|Verladestation für Manganerz
Image:Georgia Tschiatura Mangan 03.jpg|Einfahrt in den Manganerzstollen
Image:Georgia Tschiatura Mangan 04.jpg|Ausfahrt der elektrischen Manganerzbahn
Image:Georgia Tschiatura Wendeanlage fuer Grubenloren.jpg|Wendeanlage zur Entleerung der Grubenloren
Image:Georgia Tschiatura Bewetterungsanlage.jpg|Bewetterungsanlage
Image:Georgia Tschiatura Manganerz.jpg|Manganerz


## Other websites
* National Pollutant Inventory - Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet
* International Manganese Institute
Chaandi

**Silver** (symbol **Ag**) ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 47, aur atomic weight 107.86 a.m.u. hae. Iske symbol Ag, Latin me silver ke sabd , *argentum* se aais hae. Ii ek transition metal hae. 

## Properties
### Physical properties
Silver ek naram metal hae. Jab iske paisa nai to gahana me kaam me lawa jaae hae ab iske sona nai to aur koi metal ke saathe milawa jaawe hae jisse ki aur karraa hoe jaawe. Iske rang bluish-white hae, ii light ke achchhaa se reflect kare hae aur electricity ke achchhaa se conduct kare hae. Iske ek precious metal maana jaawe hae. Iske wire me banawa jaae sake hae aur ek sheet me hammer karaa jaawe sake hae. Dunis bhar me Silver ke paisa ke kharida aur beja jaae sake hae.

### Chemical properties

Silver bahut eactive nai hae. Ii Nitric Acid ke chhorr ke aur acid me dissolve nai hoe hae. Lekin ii tagrraa oxidizing agent, jaise ki potassium dichromate nai to potassium permanganate se ract hoe hae. Iske bahut muskil se murcha pakrre hae. Ii khaali uu time murrchae hae jab ki ii hydrogen sulfide se hawaa me mile hae, jab ki ii ek karia coating fom kare hae. 

Silver +1 oxidation state me ion ke ruup me rahe hae, compounds me jaise kisilver(I) oxide. Kuchh compound +2 oxidation state me rahe hae aur ii bahut tagrraa oxidizing agent rahe hae. Silver ke compound gray, black, brown, nai to ujjar rahe sake hae. Silver ke compund ke disinfectant ke rakam me kaam me lwa jaae sake hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:SilverUSGOV.jpg|A chunk of silver
Image:Silber mineral erz.jpg
Image:Mineraly.sk - striebro.jpg
Image:SilverOreUSGOV.jpg
Image:Native silver.jpg|Native silver on calcite
Image:Silver band.png
Image:Crescent icon.svg|symbol for luna
Image:Decrescent icon.svg|symbol for luna
Image:Křemičitan stříbrný.PNG|Křemičitan stříbrný - Ag2SiO3
Image:Silver_crystal.jpg| silver crystal, synthetic electrolytic made
Image:Silver-nugget.jpg|Natural silver nugget
Image:Silver Bottle 01.jpg|Silver foil in a bottle


## Products


Image:Kutthuvilakku wall closeup.jpg
Image:Kutthuvilakku wall.jpg
Image:TobolskCoin.jpg
Image:TomskCoin.jpg


### [[Silver coin]]s

#### Miscellaneous

Image:American Silver Eagle, obverse, 2004.png|**[[American Silver Eagle]]**

Image:AntiochusI.jpg


#### Roman and Byzantine

|**[[Antoninianus]]**
Image:Argenteus-Constantius I-antioch RIC 033a.jpg|**[[Argenteus]]**
|**[[Cistophor]]**
Image:Hexagram-Constans II and Constantine IV-sb0995.jpg|**[[Hexagram (coin)|Hexagram]]**
Image:Miliaresion-Romanus III-sb1822.jpg|**[[Miliaresion]]**
Image:Quinarius.jpg|**[[Quinarius]]**
Image:Serratus.wmt.jpg|**[[Denarius Serratus]]**
Image:Siliqua Constantine III-RIC 1355.jpg|**[[Siliqua]]**
Image:GordianusIsest.jpg|**[[Sestertius]]**
Zinc

**Zinc**, jiske kabhi kabhi **spelter** bola jaawe hae, ek chemical element hae. Ii ek transition metal hae. Iske Symbol "**Zn**", atomic number of 30 aur mass number  65.38 hae. 

## Miscellaneous


Image:ZincMetalUSGOV.jpg
Image:Zink 01 KMJ.jpg
File:Zinc-sample.jpg
Image:Zinc.jpg
Image:Zinc production.png
Image:Zinc pyrometallurgie.png|synoptic of zinc production bt pyrometallurgy (French)
 Image:Zinc hydrometallurgie.png|Synoptic of zinc production by hydrometallurgy (French)
Image:Zinek.PNG|Fine zinc powder
Image:Hydroxid zinečnatý.PNG|Hydroxid zinečnatý - Zn(OH)2
Image:Křemičitan zinečnatý.PNG|Křemičitan zinečnatý - ZnSiO3
Image:Oxid zinečnatý.PNG|Oxid zinečnatý - ZnO
Image:Hauerbuckel 1.jpg|Zinkblech-Fensterbank
Image:Torun kosciol garn dach.jpg|Zinkblech-Dachdeckung
Image:ARS - Foods high in zinc.jpg|Zinc is an essential mineral that has many functions in the human body. You can get your zinc from many foods, such as oysters, beef, and peanuts.
Image:Foodstuff-containing-Zinc.jpg
Image:10 Pfennig 191x zinkpest.jpg|German coin, 191x, pure zinc but zinc pest
Image:10 Pfennig 1921.jpg|German coin, 1921, pure zinc
Image:Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|Zinc, sublimed, fragment


## References
Karamua

**Karamua** (Scientific naam: *Ipomoea aquatica *, English: *water spinach, swamp cabbage, water convolvulus, water morning-glory*, Kaiviti: *luve ni tombithi, ndrinikava, ota karisa, ota karisi, wa kumala*) ek rakam ke faile waala bhaaji hai jiske khaawa jaae hae. Ii garam des me hoe hae.

## Bahaari jorr
* Tasty Karamua (Watercress)
## References
Avalanche

Ek **avalanche** ek nature ke phenomenon hae jon ki barf se jurraa hae. Jab ek paharr pe dher barf hoe jaae hae tab ii khisak ke niche aae jaae hae au iske avalanche bola jaae hae.
ENSO

**El Niño-Southern Oscillation** (**ENSO** chhota rakam se) ek term hae jisse Pacific Ocean me hoe waala ek natural event ke bola jaae hae. Iske ***El Niño*** aur ***La Niña*** bhi bola jaae hae. *El Nino* au *La Nina* English ke sabd hae jon ki Spanish waala sabd *El Niño* aur *La Niña* se aais hae. Spanish me iske matlab "chhota larka" aur "chhoti larrki" hae. El Niño ke Spanish bhasa me Jesus Christ, jab uu chhota rahaa, ke bhi bola jaae hae. 

## References
Plate tectonics

**Plate tectonics**  geology ke baare me ek theory hae jisme dunia ke uppar waala layer ke baare me samjhawa jaawe hae.

## References

* McKnight, Tom 2004. *Geographica: The complete illustrated Atlas of the world*, Barnes and Noble Books; New York ISBN 0-7607-5974-X
* Stanley, Steven M. 1999. *Earth system history*. Freeman. p211–228 ISBN 0-7167-2882-6
* Thompson, Graham R. and Turk, Jonathan 1991. *Modern physical geology*, Saunders. ISBN 0-03-025398-5
* Turcotte D.L. and Schubert G. 2002. *Geodynamics* 2nd ed, Wiley, New York. ISBN 0-521-66624-4

## Duusra websites
* Movie showing 750 million years of global tectonic activity.
* More movies over smaller regions and smaller time scales.
* Easy-to-draw illustrations for teaching plate tectonics
* Map of tectonic plates 
* MantlePlumes.org, the website that hosts the debate concerning whether deep mantle plumes exist or not
Cobalt

**Cobalt** (chemical symbol **Co**) ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 27 aur atomic mass 59 hae. Ii ek dhaatu (metal) hae.

## Properties
Cobalt ek transition metal hae. Ii chamke hae aur electricity conduct kare hae. Ii ek magnetic, hard metal hae. Isse jaada reactive Iron hae, aur copper kamti reactive hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery


File:Cobalt-3.jpg|Sheet of cobalt metal
File:Cobalt(II)-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg|Cobalt(II) chloride with water
File:Cobalt(II) chloride.jpg|Cobalt(II) chloride without water
Image:Cobalt-cathode.jpg|Elemental cobalt
Image:Cobalt OreUSGOV.jpg|Cobalt ore
Image:Bristol.blue.glass.arp.750pix.jpg|Bristol blue glassware
Image:Křemičitan kobaltnatý.PNG|Křemičitan kobaltnatý - CoSiO3
Image:Kobalt_13g.jpg|Cobalt
Fungus

Ek **fungus** (plural: **fungi**) ek rakam ke jinda chij hae. Kuchh rakm ke fungus hae yeast, mould aur mushroom. 

Fungi, jinda chij me se janwar aur perr se different hae.  

Fungi me cells hae, jiske nuclei bola jaae hae. II cell ke diwaal me chitin rahe hae, jab ki perr ke cell ke diwaal me cellulose rahe hae. Ii aur dusra antar ii dekhae hae ki fungi kuch organisms ke ek group hae, jiske Eumycota nai to Eumycetes bola jaae hae. 

Fungi aapan bagal ke chij ke khaae ke jiie hae. 

## References
Protist

**Protist** ek jinda chij hae jiske khaali ek cell hae. Dher protist bahut chhotaa rahe hae aur iske bina microscope ke nai dekha jaae sake hae. Dher protist plankton hae aur ecosystem khaatir jaruri hae.

## References
Dhaatu

"Dhaatu" element ke uu group hae jiske ii property rahe hae. 
#Ii electricity aur heat conduct kare hae
#Ii chamke hae
#Iske wire me sahaj ke khicha jaae sake hae
# Iske ek sheet me sahaj se pita jaae sake hae. 

Jaada metal, room ke temperature me solid ahe hae lekin Mercury ek liquid hae. Alloy uu rakam ke mixture hae jisme kamti se kamti ek element meal hae. Kuchh khaas metal hae; aluminium, copper, iron, tin, gold, lead, silver, titanium, uranium, and zinc. Kuchh khaas ally hae bronze aur steel.
Tamba

**Copper** ek chemical element hain jiske symbol "Cu", atomic number 29 aur mass number 63.55 hain

## References
Loha

**Loha** ek element hae, jiske symbol **Fe**, atomic number 26, aur mass number 55.85 hae. 


File:Iron(III)-oxide-sample.jpg|Iron(III) oxide
File:Iron(II) oxide.jpg|Iron(II) oxide
File:Iron(II)-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg|Iron(II) sulfate
File:Iron(III) chloride hexahydrate.jpg|Iron(III) chloride


## References
Acceleration

**Acceleration** me ii naapa jaae hae ki raftaar kaise badle hae. Iske baare me Isaac Newton adhyan karis rahaa. Acceleration ek vector hae, kaheki isme duuno aakar aur disha rahe hae.

## Acceleration ke kuchh namuuna
* Ek aeroplane, north ke bagal 400 km/h ke raftaar se jaae hae. Ii plane wahii bagal jaae hae lekin aapan raftaar ke barrhae ke  500km/h kar de hae. Ii plane accelerate karis hae kaaheki iske speed badal gais hae.
* Tom, east ke bagal 5 km/h pe chale hae. uu ghuum ke south ke bagal 5 km/h pe chale lage hae. Tom accelerate karis hae kaaheki, jabki uske speed wahii rahaa, uske direction badal gais hae.
* Perr me se ek aapul gire hae. Pahila second ke ant me ii 9.8 m/s ke speed pe gire hae lekin duusra second ke ant me ii 19.6 m/s ke speed pe gire hae. Ii aapul accelerate karis hae. Iske "accelertion due to gravity" bola jaae hae.
* Chandarma, dunia ke parikrama 3,683 km/h ke speed pe kare hae. Lekin, kaaheki iske sisa sab time badle rahe hae, ii accelerate kare hae. Iske "centripetal acceleration" bola jaae hae.

## References
Gallium

**Gallium** (chemical symbol: **Ga**) ek chemical element hae jiske atomic number 31 aur atomic mass 70 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Gallium1 640x480.jpg|Gallium crystals
Image:Gallium-Behaelter.jpg
Image:Gallium.jpg|Crystallizing gallium
Alloy

Ek **alloy** dui nai to jaada chemical element ke mixture hae, jisme se ek metal hae. 

Kuchh khaas alloy hae: 
* Brass jisme 35% zinc aur 65% copper hae. 
* Stainless steel jisme 18% chromium, 80.6% iron, 1% nickel aur 0.4% carbon hae. 
* Steel jisme 99% iron aur 1% carbon hae. 
* Bronze jisme 87.5% copper aur 12.5% tin hae.
Sikhism

**Sikhism** ek dharam hae jiske maane waala log ke "Sikh" aur uu logan ke pavitra pustak ke Guru Granth Sahib bola jaae hae. Lagbhag 20 million log Sikh dharam ke maane hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii dunia ke 5th sab se barraa dharam hae.

## Duusra websites

* Sikhs.org
* Sikh Missionary Society (UK) — Non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the Sikh religion, culture and history
* Religious Tolerance
* BBC
* Siknet
* Sikh Wiki
Arsenic

**Arsenic** ek chemical element hae, jiske symbol **As**, atomic number is 33 aur atomic mass 74.02 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Native arsenic.jpg|native arsenic
Image:Arsenic symbol.svg|alchemic symbol
Image:FlammenfärbungAs.jpg|Flame test
Image:Arsenkomplexe.png|Arsenic complexes
Image:Grauesarsen.png|grey Arsenic
Image:Yellow arsenic.svg|yellow Arsenic
Image:Polyzyklisches Arsen.png|Polycyclic Arsenic
File:Realgar-62282.jpg|Realgar, arsenic sulfide
File:Arsenopyrite.jpg|Arsenopyrite, iron arsenic sulfide
File:Erythrite-180812.jpg|Erythrite, cobalt arsenide
Germanium

**Germanium** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol *Ge*, atomic number 32 aur atomic mass 73 hae. 
Germanium ke 1886 me Clemens Winkler paais rahaa
## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:GermaniumUSGOV.jpg
Image:Germanium.jpg
Image:Polycrystalline-germanium.jpg
Selenium

**Selenium** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol **Se**, atomic number 34 aur mass number 78.96 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

File:Selen 1.jpg|Black, gray, and red forms of selenium
File:GaSeBulk.jpg‎.jpg|Gallium selenide used in semiconductors
File:Tiemannite-199865.jpg|Mercury selenide as a mineral
File:Chalcomenite-199978.jpg|Copper selenide as a mineral
File:Sodium selenite.JPG|Sodium selenite in a bottle
Caesium

**Caesium** (nai to **Cesium**) ek chemical element hae, jiske atomic number 55 , symbol **Cs** aur atomic mass 132.91 hae. Dui German chemists, Robert Bunsen aur Gustav Kirchhoff, Caesium ke 1860 me flame spectroscopy se paawe rahin.
Strontium

**Strontium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Sr**, atomic number 38 aur atomic mass hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:FlammenfärbungSr.png|Flame test
Image:Strontium unter Argon Schutzgas Atmosphäre.jpg|Strontium sample
Image:Strontium-1.jpg| Strontium under paraffin oil
Image:Strontium 1.jpg|Dendritic oxidized strontium
Alkali dhaatu

**Alkali metals**, periodic table me kuchh element ke ek group hae. Ii group ke sab element ke silver rang rhae hae, ii naram hae aur iske sab se bahaar waala cell me khaali ek electron hae. Ii group ke element, reactions me ii ek electron ke de de hae aur +1 ke charge hoe jaawe hae. Nature me ii group ke metal kabhi pure form me nai mile hae kaahe ki ii bahut reactive hae. II noble gas ke chhorr ke aur sab element se react kare hae. Hawaa me ii karia hoe jawe hae. 

Alkali metals hae: Lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), aur Francium (Fr). Lithium sab se kamti reactive, aur francium sab se jaada reactive, hae.

Sodium ek khaas alkali metal hae jisse sodium chloride (NaCl) (khaae waala nimak) aue sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ('caustic soda') bane sake hae jon ki ek bahut tagrraa base hae.
Khaara matti dhaatu

**Khaara matti dhaatu **, periodic table me ek element ke jhund hae. Ii sab  Alkali dhaatu ke rakam hae lekin otna jaada reactive nai hae. 

Khaara matti dhaatu hae: beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, aur radium. Radium radioactive hae.
Yttrium

**Yttrium** ek chemical element hae, jiske symbol **Y** aur atomic number 39 hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery

Image:Y-39-yttrium-sample-crop.jpg
Image:Yttrium 1.jpg
Image:Yttrium.jpg
File:Yttrium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg
Zirconium

**Zirconium** ek chemical element hae, jiske symbol  Zr hae, aur atomic number 40 hae. 


Image:Zirconium_rod.jpg|Zirconium rod
Image:CZ brilliant.jpg|Round brilliant-cut cubic zirconia (Zirconium Dioxide)
Image:Zr-crystal-bar.jpg|Zirkonium crystal bar
Image:Zirconium-pieces.jpg|Zirconium pieces
Niobium

**Niobium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Nb** aur atomic number 41 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

Image:Niobium crystals 1.jpg|Crystals
Image:Niobium_metal.jpg|Niobium metal
Image:Niobium-bead.jpg|Niobium bead with oxide layer
File:Niobium_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg| Niobium, crystals
Molybdenum

**Molybdenum** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Mo** aur atomic number 42 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

Image:Molybden.PNG|Molybden - Mo
Image:Molybdenum.jpg|Molybdenum crystal
File:Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|Molybdene, crystalline
Technetium

**Technetium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Tc** aur atomic number 43 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

Image:Technetiumhydrid.png|Hydridocomplex of Technetium
Image:Technetiumcluster.png|Technetium clusters Tc6 und Tc8
Image:Technetiumcarbonyl.svg|Technetium-Carbonyl Tc2(CO)10
Image:Technetiumkomplex.png|Organic complex of Technetium
Jhaarru (taara)

Ek **jhaarru**, ice ke ek ball hae jon ki outer space me ghume hae. 

## Other Websites

* Are Comets Made of Antimatter?
Tara ke samundar

**Tara ke samudar** dher tara ke ek jhund hae. 

## Other websites
* Galaxies, SEDS Messier ke panna
* Brahmaand ke chaapa
* Galaxies — Jaankar aur amateur nigraani 
* Sab se puraana Galaxy jon ki abhi talak milaa hae 
* Galaxies — charchaa karaa gais BBC Radio 4's "In Our Time" programme me
* Galaxy classification project, harnessing the power of the internet and the human brain
* Universe me ketnaa galaxy hae?

## References
Milky Way

**Milky Way** ek tara ke samundar hae jisme dunia bhi hae. Isme 200 billion se jaada tara hae. jisme hamlog ke Dunia aur Suraj bhi hae. 

Milky Way ke diameter 100,000 light year hae. Ii galaxy Local Group me hae, jismee tiin barraa galaxy aur 50 chhota chhota galaxy hae. Milky way ii group ke, Andromeda Galaxy ke baas, duusra sab se barra galaxy hae. Milky Way ke sab se nagiich ke galaxy, Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy hae, jon ki dunia se 25,000 light saal duur hae. Andromeda galaxy, milky Way ke taraf aawe hae aur 3.75 billion saal me duuno ek duusre se takraaiye (collide).

## References
Prakash saal

Ek **prakash saal** (light year) utna duuri hae jitna me prakaas (light) ek saal me travel kare hae. 

## References
Taara vigyan

*'Taara vigyan (Astronomy)* outer space aur usme jon kuchh hae ke parrhai hae. Isme tara, grah aur galaxy hae. Isme taara aur Grah (planets) ke bhautik vigyan (physics), rasayan vigyan (chemistry) mausam aur [[movement] ke parrhaaii hae.
Palladium

**Palladium** ek chemical element hae jiske chemical symbol **Pd**, atomic number 46 aur atomic mass 106.42 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Palladium 1-noReflection.jpg|A piece of palladium.
Image:Palladium.jpg|Palladium crystal
Cadmium

**Cadmium** ek chemical element hae jiske symbol *Cd*, atomic number 48 aur atomic mass 112.4 hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg
Image:Cadmium-crystal_bar.jpg| Cadmium crystal bar
Image:Cadmium2.jpg|Cadmium granules
Image:Cadmium_1.jpg|Cadmium wire
Concepción

**Concepción**, Dakcchin-Purab Chile. Concepción ke abaadi 216,061 hae (2002 census) aur Greater Concepción urban area ke abaadi 889,168 hae (2002 census). Area ar 221.6 square kilometers. 36° 46' 22" S 73° 03' 47" W


File:Centronocheconce.jpg|
File:Arco de Medicina UdeC.jpg|
File:Moderno Edificio en Concepción.jpg|
File:Desembocadura del Biobío.jpg|
File:Ex Catedral de Concepción.jpg|
File:Biobus01.jpg|
File:Hotel El Araucano.JPG|
File:Plaza de Armas Concepción.jpg|


## Net
* http://www.concepcion.cl
* Commons: Concepcion, Chile.
Chandarma

**Chandarma** (pratiik: ) uu chij hae jon ki dunia ke parkramaa kare hae. Ii 28 se 29 din me dunia ke ek dafe parikrama kare hae. Ii dunia se, average me, 384,000 km (238,900 mi) duur hae. 

Iske wajan, agar dunia se copare karaa jaae, khaali dunia ke 1,2% hae. Iske diameter 3,474 km (2,159km) hae, jon dunia ke quarter hae. Ii saur mandal ke paanshwaa sab se barraa chandarma hae. Iske surface ke gravity dunia se compare haali one-sixth hae, aur Mars se compare, khaali aadha hae aur solar sustem ke cjandarma me se duusra sthan me hae ( Jupiter ke lo chandarma ke baad. Chandarma me koi hydrosphere, atmosphere aur magnetic field nai hae. Ii 4.51 saal pahile banaa rahaa.

Chandarma ke surface me me lunar dust hae aur isme dher pahaarr, crater hae. Chandarma me sab time ghaam rahe, uu time ke chhorr ke jab lunar eclipse rahe hae.

## Chandarma ke banaawat
Saur mandal (solar system) ke bane ke 50 million saal baad chandarma banaa rahaa.

## Chand ke Albedo aur Asli Rang
Chand ka dikhaawa uske paravartan gun aur satah ke banawat par depend karta hai. Chand ka albedo lagbhag 0.12 hai, jo purana asphalt ke barabar hai. Isliye, raat ke aasman mein yeh chamakdaar lagta hai, lekin asal mein yeh kaafi andhera hai. Yeh kam albedo Chand ke regolith ke wajah se hai, jo patle pathar ke tukdon ki ek parat hai, jo meteorite ke takkar se bani hai. Regolith mein roshni ka bikherna "opposition surge" ka phenomenon produce karta hai, jisse Chand poornima mein quarter phase ke mukable bahut zyada chamakdaar dikhta hai.

Chand ka asli rang, bina atmosphere ke effect ke, halki bhoora-sirala hai. Yeh regolith mein silicate mineral ke wajah se hai, jisme darker basaltic plains (maria) aur lighter feldspar-rich highlands hain. Maria, jo purane volcanic flow se bani hain, unmein zyada iron aur titanium hota hai, jisse unka rang darker lagta hai. Prithvi se dekha jaye to Chand ka rang atmosphere ke wajah se badal sakta hai, jaise lunar eclipse mein yeh lal dikh sakta hai ya kabhi kabhi volcanic particles ke wajah se neela bhi dikh sakta hai.

Chand retro-reflection bhi dikhata hai, jo roshni ko uske source ki taraf wapas bhejta hai aur disc ke upar uniform brightness create karta hai, bina kisi significant limb darkening ke. Uska apparent size aur brightness uske elliptical orbit ke wajah se vary karta hai, perigee par yeh apogee ke mukable 30% zyada chamakdaar aur 14% bada dikh sakta hai, is phenomenon ko "Supermoon" kaha jata hai.

Kabhi kabhi Chand lal ya neela dikh sakta hai. Lunar eclipse ke dauran yeh lal dikhta hai, kyunki surya ki lal spectrum ki roshni Chand par Prithvi ke atmosphere se refract hoti hai. Is lal rang ke wajah se lunar eclipses ko kabhi kabhi blood moon bhi kaha jata hai. Chand low angle par aur thick atmosphere ke through bhi lal dikh sakta hai.

Chand neela bhi dikh sakta hai, agar hawa mein kuch certain particles maujood hain, jaise volcanic particles, in case ise blue moon kaha jata hai.

Kyonki "red moon" aur "blue moon" shabd kabhi kabhi saal ke specific full moon ke liye bhi use hote hain, yeh hamesha red ya blue moonlight ke present hone ko indicate nahi karte.

## Duusra Websites
* The Dark Side of the Moon 

## References
Grah

Ek **grah** ya **siyarah** ek barraa chij hae, jaise ki Dunia nai to Brahaspati jon ki ek tara ke round kare hae. Ii ek tara se chhota rahe hae aur light nai de hae.
Arungrah

**Arungrah** (pratiik: , Uranus), Saur Mandal me suraj se duur 7th planet hae. Ii gaseous cyan-rang ke gas giant hae. Ii grah ke jaada hissa  paani, ammonia, aur methane se banaa hae, jon supercritical phase of matter me hae, jiske taara vigyan  "ice" nai to volatiles bole hae. Ii grah ke atmosphere complex layered baadal ke structure hae aur iske lowest minimum temperature () saur mandal ke grah me se sab se kamti hae. Iske  82.23° ke axial tilt hae  aur ii har   17 hours and 14 minutes me ek dafe rotate hoe hae. Iske matlab hae ki  84-Earth-year ke orbital period me  Suraj ke parikarma karte, iske  42 saal ke continuous ghaam, aur iske baad by 42 saal of continuous andhera mile hae.
 
Saur mandal ke grah me se Arungrah ke diameter 3rd sab se barraa hae aur mass 4th sab se barraa hae. Volatile layer ke bittar ek patthar ke core hae, aur iske around ek  hydrogen aur helium ke atmosphere hae. Thorraa  hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide aur carbon dioxide ke upper atmosphere me paawa gais hae. Arungrah me dher  unexplained mausam ke phenomena hae, jaise ki iske sab se jaada hawaa ke gati ,  polar cap me badlao, aur iske erratic cloud formation. Ii grah ke internal heat bahit kamtii hae agar iske duusra giant planets se compare karaa jaae tab, aur ii kaise hoe hae clear nai hae.

Duusra giant planets ke rakam, Arungrah ke lage rings hae, ek magnetosphere hae, aur dher natural satellites hae. Ii bahut dark ring system khaali 2%  incoming light ke reflect kare hae. Arungrah ke  28 natural satellites me 18 jaana jaae waala chandarma hae, jisme se 13 chhota-chhota inner moon hae. Aur jaada duur pe aur barraa paanch  major moons hae: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, aur Oberon. Arungrah se aur jaada duur me 10 jaana jaae waala  irregular moons hae. Ii grah ke magnetosphere ekdam asymmetric hae aur isme charged particles hae, jiske kaaran iske rings aur chandarma dark rahe hae.

Arungrah ke bina durbiin ke dekha jaae sake hae, lekin ii bahut dim hae aur iske khaali 1781 me ek grah ke classify karaa gais rahaa, jab iske pahila dafe William Herschell dekhis rahaa. Iske paae jaae ke 70 saal baad, ii maana gais rahaa ki iske namm Greek deotaa, Uranus ke naam dewa jaae. 2025 talak iske khaali ek dafe Voyager 2 visit karis rahaa jab uu iske bagal se urris rahaa. Aaj-kal iske achchhaa se telescope se dekha jaae sake hae. Ii grah ke bagal se fir se urre ke plan karaa jaae hae.
Rhodium

**Rhodium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Rh**, atomic number 45 aur atomic mass 102.91 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

Image:Rhodium_foil_and_wire.jpg|Foil and wire
Image:Rhodium_powder_pressed_melted.jpg| 1g rhodium as: powder, pressed cylinder, remelted pellet
Ruthenium

**Ruthenium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Ru**, atomic number 44 aur atomic mass 101.07 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Ruthenium.jpg
File:Ruthenium_a_half_bar.jpg| a half Ruthenium bar
Sukhrgrah

**Sukhrgrah** (pratiik: ) Saur Mandal (Solar System) me suraj se duur duusra planet hae. Iske dunia ke "twin", nai to "sister" planet bhi bola jaae hae, kaaheki ii size aur mass me lagbhag dunia ke baraabar hae. Jab ki duuno patthar ke banaa hae, Venus ke atmosphere dunia se jaada dense hae. Iske atmosphere me jaada kar ke carbon dioxide  hae, isme  sulfuric acid ke baadal hae aur koi liquid paani nai hae. Iske surface pe temperature  talak chal de hae aur iske pressure, dunia se 92 dafe jaada hae.
Venus aasmaan me tiisra sab se jaaada bright chij hae, chandarma aur suraj ke baad, aur Budhgrah (Mercury) ke rakam suraj ke nagiich dekhae hae, jiske kaaran iske "subha ka taara" aur "sanjha ke taara]] bola jaae hae. Venus ke koi chandarma nai hae. 
Venus ke ek din, 116.74 dunia ke din ke baraabar hae aur iske saal 224.7 dunia ke din ke baraabar hae.

Venus ke magnetic field kamjor hae. Venus ke bhitta ek "core" hae, isme "crust" hae aur bhittar ke garmi jwala mukhi se nikle hae , jiske kaaran iske surface uppar niche jaae hae aur dunia ke rakam plate tectonics nai hae. Venus me saail pahile liquid paani rahaa hoi., lekin ek "greenhouse effect" ke kaaran ii evaporate hoe gais rahaa. Iske baadal ke layer me saait jiu hoe sake hae. 

Insaan ke itihaas me, sab time, dunia ke sab log ke sankriti me mythology, astrology aur fiction me Venus khaas jagha rakkhis rahaa. Ii planet ke sahaj se dekhae ke kaaran astronomy ke aage barrhe me madat mila rahaa. 1621 me Venus ke pahila dafe telescope se dekha gais rahaa. 1961 me pahila spacecraft, Venera 1, Venus gais. 1962 me Marina 2, Venus jaae ke huan se kuchh jaankari bhejis. 1967 me Venera 4 pahila dafe Venus ke atmosphere me ghusis rahaa. 1970 me Venera 7 pahila spacecraft rahaa jon khaali Venus me nai, lekin aur koi planet me land karis. Venus ke adhyan se dunia me greenhouse effect, global warming aur climate change ke baare me jaankari mila. 2025 talak Solar Orbiter ekke probe hae jon Venus ke flybys 2030 talak karii. 2026 me ek aur proble Venus me jiu khoje ke khaarir jaai.

## Physical characteristics

Venus, saur mandal ke chaar four terrestrial planets, jiske matlab hae ki ii sab patthar ke banaa hae, me se ek hae. Iske size aur mass dunia ke rakam hae aur ii kaaran se iske dunia ke   "sister" , nai to "twin" bola jaae hae. Kaaheki Venus bahut dhire se ghume hae, ii lagbhag puura golaa hae. Iske diameter, jon  se  talak hae,  dunia ke diameter se kamti hae aur iske mass, dunia ke mass ke  81.5% hae, jiske kaaran ii saur mandal ke tiisra sab se chhotaa grah hae.  Venus ke mausam dunia se bahur different hae, kaaheki Venus ke atmosphere jon kaafi garrhu hae me   96.5% carbon dioxide hae, jon greenhouse effect ke kaaran hae, aur baaki  3.5% nitrogen hae. Venus ke surface pressure  hae, aur average surface temperature  hae.

## Duusra websites
* Nine Planets: Venus
* The Planet Venus
* Images of Venus
* Venus
Suraj

**Suraj** (pratiik: ) ek tara hae aur saur mandal (solar system) me sab se baraa chij hae. Isme solar system ke 99.86% wajan hae. Sab se barraa grah, Jupiter, Suaraj ke saamne bahut chhota hae. Solar system ke grah Suraj ke round chakkar maare hae. Ham log ke Suraj din bhar aasmaan me dekhae hae. Ii ek barraa piyar ball ke rakam dekhe me lage hae. Suraj asliyat me ek barraa taara hae jisme plasma sab time bubble hoe hae. Ii explosion se etna energy nikle hae ki Suraj ke 1 second ke power United States ke 9 million saal talak power kare sake hae. Jab ki Suraj, dunia se 93 million miles (150 million km) duur hae, iske taagat ke ham log feel karta hae.
Fiji me chini ke mill

**Fiji me chini ke mill** pahila dafe 1874 se banawa jaae lagaa rahaa. Suru me dher chhota chhota mill rahaa, lekin bad me aur barraa mill banaa lekin 1926 talak jab CSR sab mil ke chalae lagaa tab bachaa paanch mill bahut barraa mill rahaa. Fiji ke kuchh khaas mill ke suchi hae:
* Suva Mill - 1872 se lae ke 1875 talak
* Selia Levu (Taveuni) Mill - 1874 to 1890
* Waiwai (Vanua Levu) Mill - 1878 to 1882
* Holmhurst (Taveuni) Mill - 1883 to 1897
* Mago (Lau) Mill - 1884 to 1895
* Sharpe, Fletcher & Company (Navua) Mill - 1884 to 1885
* Deuba Sugar Estate Company (Navua) Mill - 1884 to 1893
* Ellington (Rakiraki) Mill - 1885 to 1893
* Koroqaqa (Nausori) Pioneer Mill - 1874 to 1876 
* Rewa Planation Co Ltd (Nausori) Mill - 1875 to 1885
* Tole (Nausori) Pioneer Mill - 1876 to 1884
* Waterston (Nausori) Mill - 1879 - 1882
* Stanlake Lee (Nausori) Mill - 1881 - 1882
* **[[Penang (Rakiraki) Mill]]** - 1881 - 
* CSR (Nausori) Mill - 1882 - 1959
* Rewa Plantation Co Ltd (Koronivia) Mill - 1885 - 1897
* Tamanua (Navua) Mill - 1884 - 1922
* CSR (Viria) Mill - 1886 - 1896
* **[[Rarawai (Ba) Mill]]** - 1886 - 
* **[[Labasa Mill]]** - 1894 -
* **[[Lautoka Mill]]** - 1903 -

## Bahaari jorr
* Fiji ke ganna waala ingin pe stamp
Indium

**Indium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **In**, atomic number 49 aur atomic mass 114.82 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery


Image:Indium wire.jpg
Image:IndiumMetalUSGOV.jpg
Image:Liquid-indium.jpg|Liquid indium
Thallium

**Thallium** ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Tl**, atomic number 81 aur atomic mass 204.4 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

File:Thallium-croprotated.jpg|Thallium]]
File:Thallium rod corroded.jpg|A corroded thallium rod]]
File:Thallium(I) chloride.jpg|Thallium(I) chloride]]
Image:Thallium.jpg
Image:Thallium rod corroded.jpg|Corroded rod
Raanga

**Raanga (Lead)**, ek chemical element hae, jiske chemical symbol **Pb**, atomic number 82 aur atomic mass 207.2 hae.

## Chhapa ke gallery
 
Lead(II) chloride.jpg|Lead(II) chloride
Lead(II) nitrate 1.jpg|Lead(II) nitrate
Lead dioxide.jpg|Lead(IV) oxide
Red lead.jpg|Lead(II,IV) oxide
Lead monoxide.jpg|Lead(II) oxide
Lead-34330.jpg|Lead found in the ground
Galena.jpg|Galena
LeadOreUSGOV.jpg|Lead ore
FlammenfärbungPb.png|Flame test
Saturn symbol.svg|Alchemical symbol for lead
Lead shielding.jpg|Lead bricks shielding a radioactive sample.
Hydroxid olovnatý.PNG|Hydroxid olovnatý - Pb(OH)2
Olovo.PNG|Olovo - Pb
Oxid olovičitý.PNG|Oxid olovičitý - PbO2
Metal cube lead.jpg
Lead.jpg|Lead bead
Bismuth

**Bismuth** ek chemical element hae, jiske symbol is *Bi*, atomic number 83 aur atomic mass 209 hae. 

## Chhapa ke gallery

File:Bismuth(III) oxide.jpg|Bismuth(III) oxide
File:Sulfid bismutitý.PNG|Bismuth(III) sulfide
File:Dusičnan bismutitý.JPG|Bismuth(III) nitrate
File:Chlorid bismutitý.PNG|Bismuth(III) chloride
File:Sodium bismuthate.JPG|Sodium bismuthate
File:Bismite.jpg|Bismite
File:Bismuth-243433.jpg|Bismuth as a mineral
File:Bismuthinite-136224.jpg|Bismuthinite
Image:Bismuth_crystal_macro.jpg|Bismuth crystal
Image:Bismuth Crystal.jpg|Bismuth crystal
Image:Bismuth crystal.YT.jpg|Bismuth crystal
Image:Bismuth symbol.svg|Alchemical symbol
Image:Wismut.jpg|Bismuth crystal
Image:Artificial crystals.jpg|Bismuth crystal
File:Bismut_01.JPG
Image:Bismut.PNG|Bismut - Bi
Image:Křemičitan bismutitý.PNG|Křemičitan bismutitý - Bi2(SiO3)3
Image:Uhličitan bismutitý.PNG|Uhličitan bismutitý - Bi2(CO3)3
Image:Bismuth-2.jpg|Bismuth crystal
Image:Bi-crystal.jpg| Bismuth crystal
Selia Levu (Taveuni) Mill

**Selia Levu Mill** ek ganna ke pere waala mill rahaa, jiske 1875 me Taveuni, Fiji ke Selia Levu Estate ke khatir banawa gai srahaa.
## Itihaas
Ii mill Taveuni ke south-east me rahaa aur  29 September 1875 me chini pere ke suruu karis. Selia Levu Estate me 1873 se ganna bowe ke suruu karaa gais. 1874 me Maitland Brothers (jon ki Vuna ke sab sab se barraa kisan rahaa, aur pahile rui ke kheti karat rahaa) , Sydney se ek mill laais jisse har din tiin ton chini banawa jaae sakat rahaa. Ganna ke pahila katai me 350 ton ganna ke bael aur ghorraa se khiich ke mill talak lae jawa gis lekin jaada paani barrse ke kaaran ii kaam sahaj nai rahaa. 1876 me 2.4 kilometre ke pakki line bichhawa gais aur ganna ke gaarri ke ghorra aur bael ke khiicha gais rahaa. April 1878 me Walter Hunter, jon ki ek ek parrosi kisan rahaa, ii mill ke lae lis aur isme sudhaar karis. 1890 me, paisa ke taklifi ke kaaran ii mill ke band kar dewa gais. Abhi ke rastaa jon ki Vuna Point jaawe hae, ii mill ke pakki waala rasta se jaawe hae.

## Aur dekho
* Fiji me chini ke mill

## Bahaari jorr
* Taveuni ke map

## Granth suchi
* 

## References