Charles Darwin

**Charles Robert Darwin** (12 February 1809 - 19 April 1882 ) ek English naturalist, geologist aur jiu vigyanik rahaa jon ki nature ke study karat rahaa.  Uske jaada kar ke theory of evolution khatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske ii daawa ki jiu ke sab species ek purwaj se aais hae aur iske aaj-kal fundamental scientific concept maana jaawe hae. Ek joint presentation, Alfred Russel Wallace ke saathe uu aapan 
vigyanik theory ki branching pattern of evolution ek process se aais hae jiske natural selection bola jaawe hae, jisme jinda rahe ke struggle ke wahii effect hae jon selective breeding me hae. Darwin ke insaan ke itihaas me ek sab se jaada influential jan maana jaawe hae aur iske kaaran uske Westminister Abbey me matti dewa gais rahaa.

Darwin ke jawaani ke time,   nature me interest ke kaaran uu aapan doctor ke parrhai  University of Edinburgh me dhyan nai diis; iske jagha uu  Grant ke  marine invertebrates ke investigate kare me madat karis rahaa. Uske parrhai University of Cambridge ke Christ's College me, 1828 se 1831 talak, ke kaaran uske   passion  natural science me aur barrhaa rahaa. Lekin, uske paanch saal ke yatra  me, 1831 se 1836 talak, asliyat me  Darwin ke ek eminent geologist establish kar diis rahaa. Use observations anur jon theories uu ii yatra me develop karis rahaa Charles Lyell's concept of gradual geological change ke support karat rahaa. Uske [The Voyage the Beagle|journal of the voyage]] ke kaaran Darwin ek famous aur popular author ban gais rahaa.
 
## Jiwan kahani
### Bachpan ke din aut sikchhaa
Darwin ke janam Shrewsbury, Shropshire me,  12 February 1809 me, uske palwaar ke ghae, The Mount me bhais rahaa. Uu chhe larrkan me se paanchwa rahaa ek dhani society doctor aur financier Robert Darwin aur Susannah Darwin (née Wedgwood) ke. Uske aaja aur naana Erasmus Darwin aur Josiah Wedgwood duuno jaana-maana abolitionists rahin. Erasmus Darwin, general concepts of evolution aur common descent ke barrai aapan *[[Zoonomia]]* (1794), ek poetic fantasy of gradual creation including undeveloped ideas anticipating concepts jiske uske potaa expand karis hae.

Duuni palwaar jaada kar ke ek Bhagwaan me biswas karat rahin, lekin Wedgwoods  Anglicanism ke adopt karat rahin. Robert Darwin, jon ek freethinker rahaa,  Charles ke  baptise karis rahaa November 1809 me,  Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury me, lekin Charles aur uske bhaiya-bahini   local Unitarian Church, aapan maiyaa ke saathe, jaawat rahin. Aath saal ke Charles ke wahii time  natural history  aur collecting me interest rahaa, jab uu   day school, jiske ek  preacher chalaat rahaa, ke 1817 me join karis. Uu July me uske maiyaa mar gais rahaa.  September 1818 se  uu aapan barraa bhaiyaa,  Erasmus, ke saathe nagiich ke  Anglican Shrewsbury School ek boarder ban ke attend karis rahaa.

Darwin, 1825 ke summer me ek apprentice doctor rahaa, aapan pitaji ke madat karat rahaa, Shropshire ke garib log ke madat kar ke, jiske baad uu jaana-maana  University of Edinburgh Medical School me aapan bhaiyaa, Erasmus ke saathe October 1825 me parrhe ke suruu karis rahaa. Darwin ke lectures dull lagat rahaa aur surgery distressing, jiske kaaran uu bahut parrhat nai rahaa. Uu taxidermy sikhis, lagbhag  40 din ke ek-ghantaa ke sessions me,  John Edmonstone, ek Black Briton jon Demerara  South American rainforest ke rahaa, jiske Charles Waterton parrhais rahaa, aur jab uske  Scotland laawa gais tab uske gulaami re rihaa kar dewa gais rahaa.

Darwin ke university ke duusra saal me, uu Plinian Society ke join karis rahaa, ek student natural-history group jisme  lively debates howat rahaa jisme radical democratic students jiske materialistic views rahaa,  challenged orthodox dharmik concept of science ke challenge karaa jaawat rahaa. Uu Robert Edmond Grant ke investigations, anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth me madat karis rahaa, aur 27 March 1827 me Plinian me aapan   discovery ki black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech ke present karis rahaa.

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