open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Alvar Aalto

**Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto** (; 3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) ek Finnish architect aur designer rahaa. Uske kaam me architecture, furniture, textiles aur glassware rahaa, aur iske alaawa sculptures and paintings bhi. Uu apne ke chitrkaar nai maanat rahaa, aur painting aur sculpture ke "branches of the tree whose trunk is architecture." maanat rahaa Aalto ke pahile ke career Finland ke rapid economic growth aur industrialization ke saathe  first half of the 20th century me barrha. Uske dher clients industrialists rahin, jisme  Ahlström-Gullichsen family rahaa, jon uske patrons ban gais rahaa. Uske career,  1920s se lae ke 1970s talak, uske kaam ke styles me reflected hae,  Nordic Classicism se lae ke rational International Style talak aur  Modernism during the 1930s to a more organic modernist style from the 1940s onwards.
Günter Behnisch

**Günter Behnisch** (12 June 1922 – 12 July 2010) ek German architect rahaa, jon Lockwitz, Dresden ke lage paida bhais rahaa. World War II ke time uu  Germany ke sab se jawaan submarine commanders me se rahaa. Baad me, Behnisch ek prominent architect ban gais rahaa, representing deconstructivism. Uske khaas project me rahaa  Olympic Park, Munich me aur  nawaa West German parliament, Bonn me.
Christopher Wren

**Sir Christopher Wren** FRS  (; 30 October 1632 – 8 March 1723) ek English architect, astronomer, mathematician aur physicist rahaa, jon one of the most highly acclaimed architects in the history of England rahaa. Wren ke uske English Baroque style ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske 1666 me London ke Great Fire ke baad  52 churches  ke banae ke responsibility dew gais rahaa.aur St Paul's Cathedral,  Ludgate Hill pe, jiske 1710 me khalaas karaa gais rahaa, ke ek masterpiece jaana jaawat rahaa.
Peter Behrens

**Peter Behrens** (14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940) ek leading German architect, graphic aur industrial designer rahaa, jiske uske jaada kar ke uske pahile ke  pioneering AEG Turbine Hall 1909 me, Berlin me. Uske lambaa career rahaa, jisme uu objects, typefaces, aur important buildings ke design karat rahaa, dher rakam ke style me,  1900s se 1930s talak. Uu  German Werkbund ke 1907 me founding member rahaa, jab uu  AEG ke khaatir designibg suruu karis, aur corporate design, graphic design, producing typefaces, objects, and buildings ke company ke khaatir design karis rahaa. Kuchh aur saal me uu ek successful architect banaa, ek leader rationalist / classical German Reform Movement  1910s ke. World War I ke baad, uu Brick Expressionism kare lagaa, jisme uu  the remarkable Hoechst Administration Building outside Frankfurt ke design karis rahaa, aur  mid-1920s se jaada kar ke New Objectivity. Uu ek educator bhi rahaa, aur architecture school Academy of Fine Arts Vienna ke 1922 se 1936 talak head karat rahaa. Architect ke saathe uu  Germany bhar me design karis rahaa, duusra European des me, Russia aur England me.  European modernism  ke dher leading naam uske khaatir kaam karis rahaa jab uu log  1910s me start karat rahin, jisme rahaaLudwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier aur Walter Gropius.

vibhag;Germany ke architect
Buckminster Fuller

**Richard Buckminster Fuller Jr.** (; 12 July, 1895&nbsp;– 1 July, 1983) ek American architect, systems theorist, writer, designer, inventor, philosopher, aur futurist rahaa. Uu aapan naam ke style karis rahaa **R. Buckminster Fuller** aapan lekh me,  30 se jaada book publish karis rahaa aur coin , nai to  popularize karis rahaa  terms jaise "Spaceship Earth", "Dymaxion" (e.g., Dymaxion house, Dymaxion car, Dymaxion map), "ephemeralization", "synergetics", aur "tensegrity".
Frank Gehry

**Frank Owen Gehry** ( ;  janam 28 February 1929) ek Canadian aur American architect aur designer hae. Uske kuchh buildings, me hae his private residence, Santa Monica, California me, [Tourist attraction|attractions]] ban gais hae.
Walter Burley Griffin

**  Walter Burley Griffin** (24 November, 187611 February, 1937) ek American architect aur landscape architect rahaa. Uu Canberra, Australia ke capital city,  New South Wales ke  Griffith aur Leeton ke design karis rahaa, aur (aapan aurat ke saathe) Sydney suburb Castlecrag ke bhi.
Walter Gropius

**Walter Adolph Georg Gropius** (; 18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969) ek German-American architect aur Bauhaus School ke founder rahaa, jiske modernist architecture ke ek pioneering master maana jaawe hae. Uu  Bauhaus in Weimar ke founder rahaa aur dher saal talak parrhais rahaa, aur  International Style ke ek proponent rahaa. Gropius, 1934 me Germany se England migrate bhais aur 1937 me England se America migrate bhais rahaa, jahaan pe uu aapan jaada time  Harvard Graduate School of Design me parrhais rahaa. United States  me uu dher  projects me Marcel Breuer ke aur  The Architects Collaborative ke saathe kaam karis rahaa, jiske uu founding partner rahaa. 1959 me, uu AIA Gold Medal jiitis rahaa, jon architecture ke sab se prestigious medal hae.
Richard Meier

**Richard Meier** (janam 12 October, 1934) ek American abstract artist aur architect hae, jiske geometric designs jaada kar ke ujjar rang ke kaam me laawe hae.  1984 me uu   Pritzker Architecture Prize ke jiitis rahaa. Meier dher iconic buildings ke design karis hae jisme hae  Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, Getty Center Los Angeles me, High Museum of Art Atlanta me, aur San Jose City Hall. 2018 me,  Meier ke kuchh employees uske sexual assault ke accuse kare rahin, jiske kaaran uu firm se 2021 me resign kar diis rahaa.
William Le Baron Jenney

**William Le Baron Jenney** (25 September, 1832 &ndash; 14 June, 1907) ek American architect aur engineer rahaa, jiske  pahila skyscraper ke 1884 me banae ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa.

1998 me, Jenney ke number 89 rank karaa gais rahaa  book *1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium* me.
Erich Mendelsohn

**Erich Mendelsohn** (); 21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953) ek German-British architect rahaa, jiske uske expressionist architecture, 1920s me khaatir jaana jaawe hae, aur ek dynamic functionalism aapan projects me develop karis rahaa, department stores aur cinemas ke khaatir. Mendelsohn  Art Deco aur Streamline Moderne architecture ke pioneer rahaa, khaas kar ke uske   1921  ke Mossehaus design.
1632

**1632** (MDCXXXII) ek leap saal rahaa, jon bif ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 632nd aur 17th century 32nd saal rahaa,  aur  1640s dassak ke 3rd saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1688-1689, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1553-1554, Kali Yuga ke 4732-4733, Buddhist calendar ke 2176, Islamic calendar ke 1041-1042, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 164 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 30 October - **[[Christopher Wren]]**, Great Britain ke architect, ke janam Wiltshire me bhais rahaa.

* 31 October - **[[Johannes Vermeer]]**, Netherlands ke chitrkaar, ke janam Delft me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
1680

**1680** (MDCLXXX) ek leap saal rahaa, jon sombaar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 680th aur 17th century 80 saal rahaa,  aur  1680s dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1736-1737, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1601-1602, Kali Yuga ke 4780-4781, Buddhist calendar ke 2224, Islamic calendar ke 1090-1091, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 212 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam
## Maut

* 28 November - **[[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]**, Italy ke sculptor aur architect, ke maut Rome me bhais rahaa.

## References
1541

**1541 (MDXLI)** ek sadhaaran saal rahaa jon sanichar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 541st aur 16th century century ke 41st saal rahaa,  aur  1540s dassak ke 2nd saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1597-1598, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1462-1463, Kali Yuga ke 4641-4642, Buddhist calendar ke 2085, Islamic calendar ke 947-948, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 73rd saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

* **[[El Greco]]**, Spain ke ek chitrkaar, sculptor aur architect rahaa, joske janam Crete me bhais rahaa.

## Janam

## Maut

## References
1614

**1614** (MDCXIV) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon budh ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 614th aur 17th century 14th saal rahaa,  aur  1610s dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1670-1671, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1535-1536, Kali Yuga ke 4714-4715, Buddhist calendar ke 2158, Islamic calendar ke 1022-1023, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 146 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* 7 April - **[[El Greco]]**, Spain ke ek chitrkaar, sculptor aur architect rahaa, jiske maut Spain me bhais rahaa.

## References
1580

**1580 (MDXLXXX)** ek leap saal rahaa, jon suk ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 580th aur 16th century ke 80th saal rahaa,  aur  1580s dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1636-1637, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1501-1502, Kali Yuga ke 4680-4681, Buddhist calendar ke 2124, Islamic calendar ke 987-988, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 112 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* 19 August - **[[Palladio]]**, Italy me architect, ke maut Venice me bhais rahaa.

## References
1598

**1598 (MDXCVIII)** ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon bif ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 598th aur 16th century ke 99th saal rahaa,  aur  1590s dassak ke 9th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1654-1655, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1519-1520, Kali Yuga ke 4698-4699, Buddhist calendar ke 2142, Islamic calendar ke 1006-1007, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 130 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 23 January - **[[François Mansart]]**, France ke architect, ke janam Paris me bhais rahaa.

* 7 December - **[[Gian Lorenzo Bernini]]**, Italy ke sculptor aur architect, ke janam Naples me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
1675

**1675** (MDCLXXV) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon mangar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 675th aur 17th century 75th saal rahaa,  aur  1640s dassak ke 6th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1731-1732, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1596-1597, Kali Yuga ke 4775-4776, Buddhist calendar ke 2219, Islamic calendar ke 1085-1086, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 207 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam
## Maut

* 15 December - **[[Johannes Vermeer]]**, Netherlands ke chitrkaar, ke maut Delft me bhais rahaa.

## References
1576

**1576** (MDCLXVI) ek leap saal rahaa, jon etwaar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 576th aur 16th century 76th saal rahaa,  aur  1570s dassak ke 7th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1632-1633, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1497-1498, Kali Yuga ke 4676-4677, Buddhist calendar ke 2120, Islamic calendar ke 983-984, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 108 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam
## Maut

*27 August -  **[[Titian]]**, Italy ke chitrkaar, ke maut Venice me bhais rahaa.

## References
1490

**1490** (MCDXC) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon suk ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 490th aur 15th century 90th saal rahaa,  aur  1490s dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1546-1547, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1411-1412, Kali Yuga ke 4590-4591, Buddhist calendar ke 2034, Islamic calendar ke 895-896, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 22 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* **[[Titian]]**, Italy ke chitrkaar, ke janam Venive me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
Chola raaj-kul

**Chola raaj-kul**, ek Tamil raaj-kul (dynasty) rahaa, jon India ke dakchhin me suruu bais rahaa. Jab ii sab se taagatwar rahaa tab ii Chola Samrajya ke uppar raaj karat rahaa. Chola Samrajya ek barraa samudri samrajya rahaa. Itihaas me, sab se pahile Chola ke baare me, Ashoka ke Maurya Samrajya pe raaj ke time, likha gais rahaa. Chola Samrajya, 9th century me sab se taagatwar rahaa. Ii Chera raaj-kul aur Pandya raaj-kul ke saathe puraana Tamil ilaaka ke ek raaj-kul rahaa. Ii raaj-kul 13th century talak laabu rahaa.

Chola raaj-kul ke heartland Kaveri Naddi ke upjao valley me rahaa. Ii log India ke peninsula me, Tungabhadra Naddi ke south ke ek des 907 se lae ke 1215 talak, banaae rahin. Rajaraja I aur uske baad ke Rajendrai, Rajendra ii, aur Kulothunga Chola I, ke niche ii South Asia aur Southeast Asia ke ek sainik, economik air sankritik powerhouse rahaa.

## Suruwaat
Chola log ke baare me 7th century se pahile ke koi likha gais saabuut nai hae. Chola log ke ke baare me khaas jaankari, Sangam jamaana ke puraana Tamil literature se mile hae. Kuchh aur jaankari bataawa gais kahaani, dharmik pustak, template aur copperplate ke lekh se aais hae. Biich waala jamaana ke Chola log ke ek lambaa aur puraana wans (lineage) rahaa. Chola log ke baare me Ashoka ke Edicts me bataawa jaawe hae kaaheki ii Mauyria Samrajya ke dakchhin ke parrosi rahin. Chola log Mauryan Samrajya ke niche nai rahin, lekin duuno ke biich me achchhaa ristaa rahaa. Chola log ke des, town, port aur commerce ke baare me Ptolemy bhi likhis rahaa. Mahavamsa, ek Buddhist pustak, jiske 5th century me likha gais rahaa, me Chola log aur Sri Lanka ke biich me dher larrai 1st century BC me, ke baare me likha gais hae.

Chola log ke duusra naam me hae *Choda*,*Killi* (கிள்ளி), *Valavan* (வளவன்), *Sembiyan* (செம்பியன்) aur *Cenni*. *Killi* saait Tamil *kil* (கிள்) se aais hae, jiske matlab hae khodo jon ii batae hae ki uulog jamiin pe kaam karat rahin. Ii sabd, puraana Chola naam me dher kaam me laawa jaawe hae, jiase  *[[Nedunkilli]]* aur *[[Nalankilli]]*, lekin baad ke jamaana me iske kaam me nai laawa jaawe hae.  *Valavan* saait "*valam*" (வளம்) se aais hae&nbsp;– jiske matlab hae upjao des, nai to jamiin ke malik. *Sembiyan* ke matlab  Shibi ke descendant hae&nbsp;– ek legendary hero jiske atm-balidaan ek kabutar ke ek  falcon se bachaae ke kahaani puraana  Chola kahaani me hae aur the Jataka ke  Buddhism ke baare ke khissa me bhi hae. Tamil me *Chola* ke matlab *Soazhi* nai to *Saei* hae, jon ek nawaa  kingdom ke denote kare hae,  *Pandya* nai to puraana des ke rakam. *Cenni* ke Tamil me matlab *Muurr* hae.

## References
9th century

**9th century**, 1 January 801 (DCCCI) ke suruu bhais aur 31 December 900 (CN) ke khalaas bhais rahaa. Ii jamaana Renaissance aur Viking raids ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.
Chola Samrajya

**Chola Samrajya**, dakchhin India ke ek samrajya rahaa jispe Chola dynasty raaj karat rahin. Iske India se baahar ke dominion, Southeast Asia me rahaa.

## Itihaas
### Suruwaat

Vijayalaya, jon puraana Chola ke descendant rahaa, Chola Samrajya ke 848 me suruu karis rahaa. Vijayalaya ke mauka milaa jab   Pandya aur Pallava Samrajya ek duusre se larrai karat rahin, tab uu c.&nbsp;850 me,  Thanjavur ke Muttarayar ke capture kar liis, aur  Chola raaj-kul ke suruu karis rahaa. Thanjavur, Imperial Chola empire ke capital banaa rahaa.

Aditya I ke niche, Chola log Pallavas ke saathe, Madurai ke Pandyan dynasty ke 885 me harae ke Kannnada des ke dher hissa ke aapan niche kar le rahin. Baad me Aditya I Pallava log ke harae ke Tondaimandalam ke aapan niche kar liss rahaa. 925 me Aditya ke larrka, Parantaka I Sri Lanka ke jiitis rahaa. Baad me, Paramtaka I ke Rashtrakutas log, Krishna III ke niche, harae de rahin aur uske heir Rajaditya Chola ke maut hoe gais rahaa. Ii larrai me Chola log Tondaimandalam ke haar gae rahin.

Chola log, Parantaka II ke niche Pandaya ke harae ke aapan kingdom ke Tondaimandalam talak barrhae le rahin. Parataka II ke baad, Uttama Chola aur fir Raja Raja Chola I emporer rahaa.

### Shaahi yug

Rajaraja I aur Rajendra I ke niche, Chola Samrajya aapan Imperial state me pahucha rahaa. Jab ii samrajya aapan chotii pe rahaa tab ii Sri Lanka ke uttar hissa se lae ke uttar ke bagal Godavari–Krishna basin talak, aur Konkan coast, Bhatkal me, puura Malabar Coast (Chea des)  Lakshadweep aur Maldives islands talak faela rahaa. Rajaraja Chola&nbsp;I ek saktisaali raaja rahaa, jaise jaise larrai larrat rahaa, wahii rakam aapan des pe bhi raaj karat rahaa.   Uu aapan samrajya ke bajbuuti se chalaawat rahaa, jisme taagatwar local sarkar bhi rahaa. 1000 me, Rajaraja, jamiin ke survey karis rahaa, jisse samrajya ke resources ke ekkatthaa karaa jaae sake. Uu Brihadeeswarar Mandir ke 1010 me banais rahaa.

## References
International Criminal Court

**International criminal court** Netherlands mein maujud organisation hai jo 2025 noble prize le liye nominate hue the. 

## Bhaari Jhor
Magadha

**Magadha**, puraana India ke ek ilaaka rahaa , jon eastern Ganges Plain me rahaa. Ii solah Mahajanapadas me se ek rahaa, duusra urbanisation period me. Ii ilaaka pe dher raaj-kul raaj kare rahin jon duusra Mahajanapadas ke kaabu me rakkhis, jiitis aur apne me mile liis rahaa.  Magadha ke ek khaas bhimika rahaa  Jainism aur Buddhism ke barrhai me aur  Maurya Empire (c. 320–185 BCE) ke core rahaa.

## Jagha
Maghada Samrajya, uske aur barra hoe se pahile north, west, aur east me Gaṅgā, Son, aur Campā naddi se gheral rahaa, aur Vindhya mountains ke east iske  southern border rahaa. Suruu waala Magadha Samrajya ke ilaaka, abhi ke   Patna aur Gaya districts, Bihar hae.

Barraa Magadha ke ilaaka me me parros ke  eastern Gangetic plains ke ilaaka rahaa, aur iske ek anikha sankriti rahaa.

## History
### Vedic jamaana (semi-legendary) (ca. 1700 BC-6th cent. BCE)
*[[Atharvaveda]]* (5.22) (ca. 1200-900 BCE) me Magadhas log ke  Anga, Gandharis aur Mujavats ke saathe likha hae ki ii non-Vedic tribes hae jon Kuru-Panchala sanjriti se baahar hae.

#### Kikata sanrajya
Kuchh gyaani log ii paain hae kie Kīkaṭa tribe ke baare me Rigveda (3.53.14) me likha hae, jispe raaj  Pramaganda karat rahaa—aur ii Magadha ke loj ke purwaj hae kaaheki baad ke putak me  Kikata aur Magadha ke ekke des maana jaawat rahaa. Jause Magadha log ke baare me Atharvaveda me hae, Rigveda, Kikatas ke ek dusman tribe batae hae, jon  Brahmanical India ke siima se bahaar rahaa, jon Vedic sanskaar nai karat rahin, lekin Witzel ii bahas kare hae ki ii sahi nai hae ki Kikatas ke Magadha me rakkhaa jaawe, jaise Rigveda me likha hae "uulog ke [Kikata] ilaaka ke saaf bataawa gais hae ki ii kurukshestra ke south me hae, eastern Rajasthan nai to western Madhya Pradesh me, aur Magadha  Rigveda ke time ke nai hae".

#### Brihadratha dynasty
Puranas ke anusaar, prasidh Brihadratha raaj-kul Magadha pe pahila raaj kare waala raaj-kul rahaa.

### Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)

#### Duusra urbanisation
Duusra urbanisation, Greater Magadha me  se suruu bhais rahaa, aur yahin jagha pe  Jainism aur Buddhism suruu bhais rahaa.

## References
Bindusara

**Bindusara** () duusra Mauryan emperor, Magadha ke puraana India me rahaa. Puraana Greco-Roman lekhak uske **Amitrochates** bolat rahin, jon naam saait uske  Sanskrit padwi ***Amitraghāta*** ("dusman ke hatya kare waala") se aais hae.

Bindusara,  raaj-kul ke suruu kare waala, Chandragupta ke larrkaa rahaa aur  sabse mashuur samrath Ashoka ke pitaji rahaa. Uske jindagi ke baare me otna nai likha gais hae jetna Chandraguta aur Ashoka ke baare me likha gais hae. Bindusara ke baare me jaankari uu sab itihaas se aais hae jiske, uske ke maut ke kuchh sau saal baad likha gais rahaa. Bindusara, uske pitaji ke banaawa gais samrajya ke aur majbuut karis rahaa.  

16th century ke Tibetan Buddhist lekhak, Taranatha likhis hae ki Bindusara ke raaj ke time uu dakchhin India me dher ilaaka ke jiitis rahaa, lekin aaj-kal ke itihaas ke adhyan kare waala log isme bahut biswas nai kare hae. 

## Background
Puraana jamaana me Binusaara ke jindagi ke baare me bahut kuchh nai likha gais rahaa. Uske baare me dher jaankaari  Jain kathaa se aais hae, jon   Chandragupta pe jaada dhyaan diis hae aur Buddhist kathaa se, jon jaada dhyan Ashoka pe diis hae. Jain kathaa, jaise Hemachandra ke *Parishishta-Parvan* ke uske maut ke lagbhag 1000 saal baad likha gais hae.  Jaada Buddhist kathaa Ashoka ke bachpan ke din ke baare me , ke bhi Ashoka ke maut ke kuchh sau saal baad likha gais hae aur iske bahut kamti itihasik  kimat hae.  Jab ii sab katha ke kaam me laae ke Bidusara ke raaj ke baare me anumaan lagaawa jaae sake hae, ii puura biwas kare ke laaek nai hae  Ashoka aur Buddhism ke biich me nagiich ke rista rahaa.

## References
Pataliputra

**Pataliputra** (IAST: ), jon abhi ke Patna, Bihar ke bagal me hae, puraana India ke ek  city rahaa jiske  Magadha ke raaja, Ajatashatru 490 BCE me banais rahaa, ek chhotaa fort () ke ruup me,   Ganges naddi ke bagal me. Udayin ii city ke huan banais jahaan pe dui naddi  Son aur Ganges mile hae. Uu aapan raajdhani ke  Rajgriha se Pataliputra hatae diis rahaa kaaheki ii samrajya ke biich me rahaa. 

Ii puraana India ke dher barraa-barraa samrajya ke raajdhani banaa rahaa, jaise  Shishunaga Empire (–345 BCE), Nanda Empire (),  Maurya Empire (–180 BCE),  Gupta Empire (–550 CE), aur Pala Empire (–1200 CE). Maurya ke jamaana me (niche dekho), ii dunia ke sab se barraa city me se ek rahaa.  Greek diplomat, traveler aur historian Megasthenes ke anusaar, Mauryan Empire (–180 BCE) uu city me se ek pahila rahaa jiske niche ek bahut efficient rakam ke local self government rahaa.
Iske jagha ke, abhi ke jamaana me,  1892 me Laurence Waddell paais rahaa, jon ek book ke chaapis rahaa *Discovery of the Exact Site of Asoka's Classic Capital*. Hian pe dher  archaeological excavations karaa gais hae, aaj ke Patna ke nagiich. 20th century  ke suruu me, Patna ke lage ke excavations ii dekhais rahaa ki  barra fortification diwaal ke sabuut rahaa, jisme reinforcing wooden trusses bhi rahaa.

## Naam
Sanskrit bhasa me, "Pāṭali-"  *pāṭalī *perr (*[[Stereospermum chelonoides|Bignonia suaveolens]]*) ke refer kare hae,jab "-putrá" (पुत्र) ke matlab "larrkaa" hae.

Ek itihassik biswas hae ki ii city ke ek perr ke naam dewa gais hae . *[[Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta]]* (Sutta 16 of the *[[Dīgha Nikāya]]*) ke anusaar, Pāṭaliputta uu jagha rahaa "jahaan pe  Pāṭali perr ke biyaa khul jaawat rahaa ". Ek aur itihaas ii batae hae ki   ke matlab   ke larrkaa hae, jon  Raja Sudarsan ke larkaa rahaa. Jaise iske pahile    (" village") bola jaawat rahaa, kuchh gyaani log ii biswas kare hae ki    ke transformation hae, " town". Pataliputra ke *Kusumapura* (fuul ke city) bhi bolaa jaawat rahaa.

## References
Satavahana raaj-kul

**Satavahanas** (; *Sādavāhana* nai to *Sātavāhana*, IAST: ), jiske **Andhras** (also *Andhra-bhṛtyas* or *Andhra-jatiyas*) ke naam se Puranas me likha gais hae, puraana India ke ek raaj-kul rahaa. Aaj-kal ke scholars ii biswas kare hae ki  Satavahana raj late 2nd century BCE me suruu bhas rahaa aur   early 3rd century CE talak chalaa rahaa, lekin kuchh log ii raajya ke suruuwat ke  3rd century BCE bataawe hae,  jon Puranas me likha hae, lekin iske koi archaeological sabuut nai hae. Satavahana samrajya me abhi ke  Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, aur Maharashtra rahaa. Kuchh-kuchh dafe uu log ke raj ke abhi ke Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, aur Karnataka talak barrhaawa gais rahaa. Ii raaj-kul ke dher dafe dher raajdhani rahaa, jisme Pratishthana (Paithan) and Amaravati (Dharanikota) rahaa.

Ii dynasty ke suruwaat ke baare me bahut kuchh nai jaana jaawe hae, lekin Puranas ke anusaar, uulog ke pahila raaja Kanva raaj-kul ke paltis rahaa. Maurya ke raaj ke baad, the Satavahanas  Deccan ilaaka me santi laae rahin aur bahaar ke invaders ke roke rahin. Khaas kar ke uulog ke larrai  Saka (Western Satraps) se, bahut din talak chalaa rahaa. Ii raaj-kul aapan taagat ke chotii pe   Gautamiputra Satakarni aur uske successor Vasisthiputra Pulamavi ke raaj ke niche pahunche rahin. 3rd century CE. talak, ii samrajya chhotaa-chhotaa  states me bat gay rahin.

Satavahanas uu pahila India ke raajya me se ek rahaa jon coin, jisme unke raja ke chitr rahaa ke nikaale rahin. Uulog Indo-Gangetic Plain aur southern tip of India ke biich me ek  cultural bridge banae rahin jisse  ideas aur sankriti ke ek duusre se share karaa jaae sake.

## Suruwaat

TSatavahanas ke suruwaat ke date aur jagha ke baare me bahut nai jaana jaawe hae, aur iske raaj-kul ke naam bhi historians me vivaad ke topic hae.  Ii sab bahas  regionalism ke context me bhais rahaa, jisme aaj ke Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka aur Telangana iske aapan  original homeland of the Satavahanas ke claim karin hae.

### Naam

 hoe sake hae Sanskritised versions,indigenous name  ke, jon  hae  Prakrit vernacular me.
## References
Vedic jamaana

**Vedic period**, nai to **Vedic jamaana** (1500 BC - 500 BC), uu jamaana haeis the period  late Piital ke jamaana aur early Loha ke jamaana, India ke itihaas me, jab  Vedic literature, jisme Vedas (–900 BCE) hae, ke likha gais rahaa. Vedas ke   northern Indian subcontinent,  urban Indus Valley Civilisation aur second urbanisation, jon central Indo-Gangetic Plain 600 BC me suruu bhais rahaa, me likha gais rahaa. Vedas liturgical texts hae jispe  influential Brahmanical biswas based hae, jon baad me  Kuru Samrajya hoe gais, jon dher Indo-Aryan tribes ke sangathan rahaa. Vedas me uu time ke zindagi ke baare me likha gais hae, jiske itihasik maana jaawe hae,  aur isse uutime ke zindagi ke baare me jaana jaawe hae. Ii sab  documents, archaeological record ke saathe,  Indo-Aryan aur **Vedic culture** ke evolution ke  trace aur infer karaa jaawe hae.

Vedas ek ekkathaa karaa gais aur orally transmit karaa gais rahaa  precision  se,  Old Indo-Aryan bhasa me baat kare waala log se jon Indian subcontinent ke northwestern ilaaka migrate hoe ke base rahin, ii jamaana ke suruu me.   Vedic sanskriti patriarchal aur patrilineal rahaa. Suruu ke Indo-Aryan log Late Bronze Age sankriti ke rahin jon  abhi ke Punjab me centred rahaa, aur ii log tribes me baatal rahin, raajya me nai, aur jaada kar ke jaanwar paalat rahin. 

Lagbhag –1000 BCE me *Aryan* sanskriti east ke bagal faela upjao western Ganges Plain me. Loha ke tools ke kaam me laae jaae lagaa, jiske kaaran jangle ke kaat ke  aur settled, agricultural way of life suruu bhais rahaa. Vedic jamaana ke duusra bhaag me, towns, kingdoms banaa rahaa, aur ek complex social differentiation distinctive to India, aur Kuru kingdom  orthodox sacrificial ritual ke codify kare rahin. Ii jamaana me,  central Ganges Plain ke ek non-Vedic Indo-Aryan sankriti,  Greater Magadha dominaate karat rahaa. Vedic jamaana ke ant me aslii cities aur barraa-barra states (jiske mahajanapadas bola jaawat rahaa) aur  śramaṇa movements (jisme Jainism aur Buddhism bhi rahaa)  Vedic orthodoxy ke challenge karis rahaa.

Vedic jamaana me ek hierarchy of social classes suruu bhais rahaa jon abhi talak laabu hae. Vedic dharam  barr ke Brahmanical orthodoxy banaa, aur lagbhag  Common Era, the Vedic tradition ke suruu talak Hinduism ke jarr rahaa. 

Archaeological sanskriti jon   Indo-Aryan material culture ke phase ke identify kare hae, me hae Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (OCP),  Gandhara grave culture,  Black and Red ware culture (BRW) aur Painted Grey Ware culture (PGW).
Taliban

**Taliban** Afghanistan ke ek Islamic movement aur group hai. Ii log 1990s me suru bhain. Taliban ke naam "talib" (student) sabd se aaya hai.

Taliban Afghanistan me sarkar bhi banawa chuke hai. 1996 se 2001 tak Taliban des ke power me rahin. Baad me 2021 me fir se Afghanistan ke control le liin.

Taliban ke kaam aur rule bahut controversial hai. Khaas kar aurat ke adhikar, media freedom aur education pe bahut restriction lagain. Taliban Pakistan border area me bhi active rahaa.

## Itihaas
Taliban 1994 me Afghanistan me bana. Ii Pakistan ke madarsa se nikle kuch bacha log se suru bhain.

## References
Patna district

**Patna district** Bihar, Bharat ke ek district hai. Ii Ganga naddi ke kinare basa hai. Patna city ii zila ke headquarters hai.

## Bhugol
Patna district Bihar ke madhya hissa me hai. Iske north me Saran district, west me Bhojpur district, east me Nalanda district, aur south me Jehanabad district hai. Ganga, Punpun aur Son naddi ii district ke main naddi hai.

## Bhugol
Patna district Bihar ke madhya hissa me hai. Iske north me Saran district, west me Bhojpur district, east me Nalanda district, aur south me Jehanabad district hai. Ganga, Punpun aur Son naddi ii district ke main naddi hai.

## Itihaas
Purana time me Patna ke jagah ke naam Pataliputra rahaa. Ii jagah Maurya aur Gupta time me bahut important city rahaa.

## Bhugol
Patna district Bihar ke madhya hissa me hai. Iske north me Saran district, west me Bhojpur district, east me Nalanda district, aur south me Jehanabad district hai. Ganga, Punpun aur Son naddi ii district ke main naddi hai.

## Itihaas
Purana time me Patna ke jagah ke naam **Pataliputra** rahaa. Ii jagah Maurya aur Gupta time me bahut important city rahaa.

## Prasan
District ke ek top officer ke District Magistrate (DM) bola jaawe. District me bahut block aur town area hai.

## References
Porus

**Porus** ek prachin Bharatiya raja rahaa. Ii Punjab ke ilaaka me rule karat rahaa. Sabse jada mashhoor uh Alexander the Great ke saathe ladhe waala yuddh ke kaaran hai.

## Itihaas
Porus Ravi aur Jhelum naddi ke beech ke ilaaka ke raja rahaa. Jab Alexander 326 BCE me India aaya, tab Porus strong resistance karis.

## Baad ke jindagi

Alexander ke baad Porus ke raj Greece waala satraps ke niche rahaa.

## References
Indo-Greek Samrajya

**Indo-Greek Samrajya**, jiske **Yavana Kingdom** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, ek Hellenistic-era Greek samrajya rahaa, jon abhi ke  Afghanistan aur Pakistan ke kuchh hissa ke cover kare hae. 

"Indo-Greek Kingdom" motaa taur pe  uu sab Greek states ke bola jaawe hae jon  regional capitals jaise Taxila, Sagala, Pushkalavati, aur Bagram se raaj karat rahin. Duusra jagha bhi hoe sake hae, jaise  Ptolemy ke *[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]* aur ii naam ke baad waala raaja log kaam me laawat rahin jon ii suggest kare hae ki ek Theophilus Indo-Greek sphere of influence saait raaj dhani rahaa hoe. 

Ii sanrajya uu time suruu bhais rahaa, jab Graeco-Bactrian raaja Demetrius I,  India ke Bactria se Bactria 200 BC me invade karis rahaa. Jon Greeks log  Seleucid Empire ke east me rahin, kuchh din baad divide hoe ke Graeco-Bactrian Samrajya aur Indo-Greek Samrajya,  North Western Indian Subcontinent me.

Aapan dui sau saal ke raaj me, Indo-Greek raaja log Greek aur Indian bhasa aur chinh ke combine kare rahin, jaise uulog ke coin me dekhae hae , aur Greek aur Indian ideas ke combine karaa gais rahaa, jaise archaeological remains me dekha jaawe hae. Indo-Greek culture ke Indian sanskriti me asar abhi bhi dekha jaawe hae, jaada kar ke Greco-Buddhist art se.  Indo-Greek ke jaat bhi saait milaawal rahaa kuch had talak. Euthydemus I rahaa, Polybius ke anusaar, ek Magnesian Greek. Uske larrka, Demetrius I, founder of Indo-Greek samrajya ke suruu kare waala, kamti-se-kamti Greek jaat ke rahaa, uske pitaji ke bagal se.  Ek saadi ke sandhi  Demetrius ke  Seleucid ruler Antiochus III se. Baad ke Indo-Greek rulers  ke jaat clear nai hae.  Jaise, Artemidoros (80 BC) ke Indo-Scythian descent ke rahe ke rahaa, lekin aaj-kal iske ek samaan  Indo-Greek raaja maana jaawe hae. 

Menander I, jon sab se jaana-maana Indo-Greek raaja rahaa, ke jaada kar ke khaali "Menander,"  ke naam se jaana jaawe hae ii rahe par bhi ke ek aur   Indo-Greek raaja ke naam Menander II rahaa. Menander I ke capital Sakala Punjab (abhi ke Sialkot) me rahaa.  Menander ke maut ke baad,  uske samrajya chhotaa-chhotaa tukrraa me bat gay rahin aur Indo-Greek influence kamti hoe gais rahaa. Ravi Naddi ke east ke dher sanrajya aur republics aapan coin ke banae lagin jisme yudh me safalta dekhaawa jaawat rahaa.  Isme se sab se khaas Yaudheya Republic,  Arjunayanas, aur Audumbaras. Yaudheyas aur Arjunayanas duuno ke bola jaawe hae  "victory by the sword". Datta raaj-kul aur  Mitra raaj- Mathura me rahin.

## References
Kushan Samrajya

**Kushan Empire** (– CE) ek, dher dharam aur sanskriti waala, samrajya rahaa jiske Yuezhi log Bactrian territories me early 1st century me suruu kare rahin. Ii fael ke dher jagha jon abhi  Afghanistan, eastern Iran, India, Pakistan, Western Nepal, Tajikistan aur Uzbekistan ke aapan niche karis rahaa. Kushan ke ilaaka, India me,  Saketa aur Sarnath, abhi Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh me talak faela rahaa, jahan pe  inscriptions mila hae jon Kushan samraath Kanishka the Great ke date karis hae. .

Kushans log Yuezhi confederation ke paanch branches me se ek rahin, jon ek Indo-European nomadic log rahin, Tocharian origin ke, jon northwestern China (Xinjiang aur Gansu) se migrate hoe ke  puraana Bactria me base rahin.  Ii dynasty ke suruu kare waala, Kujula Kadphises, Iranian aur Greek sankritik bichaar ke rahaa Greco-Bactrian tradition ke baad aur   Shaivite sect of Hinduism ke biswas kare waala rahaa. Kujula ke baad ke raaja bhi   Hinduism me biswas karar rahin, jisme hae (but not limited to) Vima Kadphises aur Vasudeva II.  Kushans log  Buddhism ke patron rahin, aur Emperor Kanishka se, uulog  Zoroastrianism ke bhi aapan biswas me saamil kare rahin. II log ke khaas haanth  Buddhism ke Central Asia aur China me failae me rahaa, jiske kaaran 200 saal ke santi rahaa, jiske kabi-kabhi  "Pax Kushana" bola jaawe hae.

Kushans saait Greek bhasa ke kaam me laawat rahin, suruu me administration ke khaatir lekin baad me Eastern Iranian Bactrian bhasa ke kaam me laae lagin. Kanishka aapan sena ke north  Karakoram pahaarr me bhejis rahaa. Ek sidha rasta   Gandhara se  China  Kushan control ke niche sau saal se jaada talak rahaa, jiske kaaran log  Karakoram ke uppar se jaae sakat rahin, aur spread of Mahayana Buddhism ke China talak faelae me madat karis rahaa. Kushan raaj-kul ke  diplomatic  Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia,  Aksumite Empire, aur China ke Han dynasty se rahaa. Kushan Empire, Roman Empire aur China ke trade ke centre me rahaa: Alain Daniélou ke anusaar, "for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations". Jab dher philosophy, art, aur vigyan ke Kushan Samrajya me suruu kara gais rahaa , iske likha gais record, duusra bhasa se aawe hae, khaas kar ke  Chinese se.

## References
Delhi Sultanate

**Delhi Sultanate** nai to **Sultanate of Delhi** ek late medieval empire rahaa jon Delhi me based rahaa aur   Indian subcontinent ke duusra hissa me bhi faela rahaa, tiin sau saal talak.. Ii sultanate 1206 me suruu bhais rahaa jab pahile ke  Ghurid ilaaka ke  India me aapan niche kar liis rahaa. Ii sultanate ke itihaas ke  paanch periods me baata jaae sake hae: Mamluk (1206–1290), Khalji (1290–1320), Tughlaq (1320–1414), Sayyid (1414–1451), aur Lodi (1451–1526). Ii abhi ke  India, Pakistan, Bangladesh ke ek barraa ilaaka aapan niche karis rahaa, aur Nepal ke kuchh dakchhin hissa bhi. 

Sultanate Sultanate ke foundation ke  Ghurid conqueror Muhammad Ghori bichhaais rahaa, jab uu Rajput Confederacy, jiske Prithviraj Chauhan agwai karis rahaaa, ke 1192 near Tarain, earlier battle ke ulta kar ke, harais rahaa. Ghurid dynasty ke successor rahe ke kaaran, Delhi Sultanate sab se pahile  dher principalities pe raaj karat rahin jispe Muhammad Ghori keTurkic slave-generals raaj karat rahin, jisme Taj al-Din Yildiz, Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Bahauddin Tughril aur Nasir ad-Din Qabacha rahaa, jon baata gais Ghurid ilaaka ke apne me baate rahin. Khalji aur Tughlaq ke raaj ke time bahut jaldi se  Muslim conquests  South India talak bhais rahaa. Ii sultanate aakhri me aapan chotii pe pahucha Tughlaq dynasty ke time, jisme uulog puura Indian subcontinent Muhammad bin Tughluq ke niche hoe gais rahaa. Ek khaas political transformation North India bhar me bhais, jab Central Asian raaja Timur ke barbaad kare waala raid Delhi pe 1398 mebhais rahaa, jiske baad virodhi  Hindu powers jaisr Vijayanagara Samrajya aur  Kingdom of Mewar aapan ajaadi fir se lae liin, au nawaa Muslim sultanates jaise Bengal aur Bahmani Sultanate alag hoe gain rahaa. In 1526, Timurid raja Babur northern India invade karis rahaa conquered the Sultanate, jisse Mughal Samrajya suruu bhais rahaa.

Delhi Sultanate ke bane ke kaaran Indian subcontinent, international aur multicultural Islamic social aur economic networks ke nagiich hoe gais rahaa, jiske  Hindustani language aur Indo-Islamic architecture se dekhaa jaawe hae.
Gidhni Elokeshi High School

**Gidhni Elokeshi High School** ek sarkari-sahayit, sah-shiksha madhyamik vidhyalay hai jo Gidhni, Jhargram, West Bengal, India me sthit hai. Ii school ke sthaapana 1948 (kuch jagah par 1950) me Mohini Mohan Dhar duara unki mata, Smt. Elokeshi Devi ke samman me kiya gais.

## Overview
* **Sthaapit** – 1948  
* **Prakaar** – Sah-shiksha  
* **Prabandhan** – Sarkari  
* **Sthaan** – Gidhni, Jhargram, West Bengal, India  
* **Kaksha** – Kaksha V se XII  
* **Kul Vidyarthi** – Lagbhag 765  
* **Kul Shikshak** – 21  

## Suvidha
School me neeche dewa gais suvidha upalabdh hai:
* Pustakalay – Haa  
* Padhai Kona (Reading Corner) – Haa  
* Book Bank – Naa  
* Functional Laptop – 0  
* Functional Desktop – 2  
* Functional Tablet – 0  
* Functional Scanner – 1  
* Functional Printer – 1  
* Functional LED – 0  
* Internet – Naa  
* DTH – Naa  
* Functional Generator – 1  
* Haath Dhone ke Suvidha – Haa  
* Peene ke Paani ke Suvidha – Haa  

## Uplabdhiyaan
2022 me, **Gidhni Elokeshi High School** apna 75wa barsa, platinum jubilee ke roop me manais. Ii school ke itihaas me ek mahatvapurn uplabdhi hai.

## Sandarbh
Amita Chatterjee

**Amita Chatterjee** (janam 13 September 1950) ek vigyan ke darshanik aur tarka-shastri hai. U Fiji me Presidency University, Kolkata ke pahila vice-chancellor rahin. U Jadavpur University ke School of Cognitive Science me professor emerita ke darja rakhe wala hae. 2019 me, unke darshanik yogdan ke samman me unke naam par dui bhar ke *festschrift* prakashit bhais: *Mind and Cognition – An Interdisciplinary Sharing (Essays in Honour of Amita Chatterjee)*.

## Biography
Chatterjee Presidency College, Kolkata me padhai karin aur unka Ph.D. University of Calcutta se milis.

U Jadavpur University me 1979 se 2010 talak darshan shastra ke professor rahin. Ii samay me u *Centre for Cognitive Science* ke coordinator rahin aur Department of Philosophy ke head bhi rahin. 2010 se 2011 talak u Presidency University, Kolkata ke pahila vice-chancellor rahin. Iske baad u wapas Jadavpur University laut gais.

2016 se 2019 ke bich u Division for Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science and Technology ke dusra Vice-President rahin. U kaafi academic journals ke editor rah chukin—jinme sabse pramukh Philosophy East and West hai. U *Calcutta Logic Circle* ke ek gahana sadasya bhi rahin, jisme ganit, darshan aur computer science ke logician shamil hai, khaaskar West Bengal se.

## References
Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya

**Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya** ek aisan school hai jekar sambandh West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE) se hai. Ii Kolkata, India ke sabse purana Bengali madhyam school me se ek hai. Ii 62A, Shyampukur Street me, uttar Kolkata me sthit hai. Ii ek sarkari-sahayit higher secondary school hai.

## About the school
Ii school 5 January 1920 ke din sthaapit bhais, aur tab unkar naam *Saraswati Institution* rahal. 1948 me school ke naam badal ke ‘‘Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya’’ rakhal gais, taaki school ke pratham headmaster Sailendranath Sircar ke samman me unkar naam joda jaa sake. Sailendranath Sircar, Sri Peary Churn Sircar ke sabse chhota beta rahin—Peary Churn Sircar ek mashhoor shikshavid, daanveer aur Bengal me Temperance Reform ke pahila agradoot rahin. U ‘‘The First Book of Reading’’ naam ke English primer ke lekhak bhi rahin.

School ke abhi ke main building 1934 me banis. Main building ke pichla hisa me ek aur building hai jisme primary section chalela.

Ii sanstha 2020 me apna 100 baras ke sthaapana diwas manais.

## Notable alumni

* Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, purana West Bengal ke Chief Minister
* Ashoke Sen, theoretical physicist (string theory me karya)
* Shyamal Kumar Sen, Allahabad High Court ke Chief Justice aur Governor of West Bengal

## See also

* Education in India
* List of schools in India
* Education in West Bengal

## References

## External links

* Mission and vision
Vijayanagara Samrajya

**Vijayanagara Samrajya**, jiske **Karnata Kingdom** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, ek late medieval Hindu empire rahaa jon   southern India me raaj karis rahaa. Ii 1336 me suruu bhais rahaa, bhaiyaa log Harihara I aur Bukka Raya I, Sangama dynasty ke, jon Yadava clan aurChandravamsa lineage ke rahin.

Ii samrajya uu time banaa jab south India ke raaja log Muslim invasions  ke roke ke kosis karat rahin,  13th century ke ant talak. Iske taagat ke chotii ke time,  early 16th century me, Krishnadevaraya ke niche, ii  Southern India ke sab raaj-kul ke aapan niche kae le rahin aur Deccan sultanates ke dhakel ke  Tungabhadra-Krishna Naddi ke doab ilaaka ke uu paar kr de rahin, iske saathe Gajapati Empire (Odisha) ke bhi aapan niche kar le rahin,  Krishna Naddi talak, aur India ke ekprominent state hoe gay rahis. Vijayanagara Samrajya ke ilaaka lagbag abhi ke sab south India ke state ke cover karat rahis, jisme hae Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, aur Telangana, Maharashtra aur Kerala ke hissa.

Ii samrajya 1646 talak chalaa rahaa, lekin iske taagat dher kamti hoe gais rahaa jab , 1565 ke Battle of Talikota  Deccan sultanate ke sab armies se larrai me haar gais rahaa. Ii samrajya ke naam iske capital city  Vijayanagara (abhi ke Hampi) se aais hae, jiske dher  ruins abhi UNESCO World Heritage Site, Karnataka me hae. Ii samrajya ke dhan aur fame ke baare me dher  European travelers, jaise Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes, aur Niccolò de' Conti likhin hae. Ii log ke lekh, local bhasa ke  lekh, modern archeological excavations Vijayanagara me, se dher jaankari ii samrajya ke itihaas aur taagat ke baare me milaa hae.

Ii samrajya ke legacy me hae sher monuments jon Southern India bhar faela hae, jisme se sab se achchhaa jaana jaae waala  Hampi me hae. South aur Central India ke alag-alag  mandir banae ke style ke ke ek kar ke   the Vijayanagara architectural style banaawa gais rahaa. Achchhaa administration aur jaada overseas trade ke kaaran nawaa ii ilaaka me aais rahaa, jaise  water management systems, irrigation ke khaatir. Ii samrajya ke niche  fine arts aur literature Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, aur Sanskrit me barrha,  topics jaise taara vigyan, mathematics, medicine, fiction, musicology, historiography aur theater .  Southern India ke Carnatic music, evolved hoe ke abhi jaise hoe gais rahaa.  Vijayanagara Samrajya,   Southern India ke itihaas me  bhed-bhao ke paar kar ke  Hinduism ek unifying factor rahaa.
India ke itihaas

Insaan pahila dafe  Indian subcontinent me 73,000 se 55,000 saal pahile. Sab se pahila jaana waala insaan ke  remains, South Asia me, ke  30,000 saal pahile ke date karaa jaawe hae. Ek jagha rahe waala sankriti  South Asia me lagbhag 7000 BCE me suruu bhais rahaa; aur 4500 BCE talak, settled jindagi fael gais rahaa, aur dhire-dhire Indus Valley Civilisation me hoe gais rahaa, jon puraana dunia ke ek  cradle of civilisation hae, jon  2500 BCE aur 1900 BCE ke biich me  abhi ke Pakistan aur north-western India me rahaa. Second millennium BCE ke suruwaat me, persistent jhuura ke kaaran Indus Valley ke abaadi sab bagal chhitraae gain aur city se jaae ke gaon me rahe lagin.  Indo-Aryan tribes  Punjab me  Central Asia se aae ke bas gain dher waves of migration me. Vedic log ke Vedic jamaana northern India (1500–500 BCE) me ek extensive collections of hymns (Vedas) ke lokha gais rahaa. Uu log ke sanckriri ke ke loosely stratify karaa gais rahaa,  varna system se, jon evolve hoe ke abhi ke Jāti system banaa. Jaanwar charaae waala, aur ek jagha se duusra jagha ghuume waala,  Indo-Aryans  Punjab se Gangetic plain me fael gay rahin. Lagbhag 600 BCE me, duusra  urbanization bhais  jiske kaaran ek nawaa  interregional culture; jisme uutime ke chhotaa-chhota janapadas (realms) ke jorr ke  mahajanapadas (great states) banaa rahaa. Ii jamaana me nawaa  ascetic movements aur dharmik consepts suruu bhais rahaa, jisme  Jainism aur Buddhism rahaa. Buddhism uutime ke dharmik bichaar se mil ke aabhi ke  Hinduism banaa hae.

Chandragupta Maurya, Nanda Samrajya ke palat ke India ke pahiila barraa samrajya, Maurya Samrajya ke suruu karis rahaa. India ke Mauryan raaja Ashoka ke violent Kalinga War ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae, jiske baad uu Buddhism ke accept karis rahaa aur uske kosis  ahinsa aue santi ke sanrajya bhar faelais rahaa. Ii jamaana me jorr se  Śramaṇic dharam faela rahin.

## References
Deccan sultanates

**Deccan sultanates** ek itihasik term hae jisse paanch  late medieval se early modern  Muslim samrajya Deccan Plateau me  Krishna Naddi aur Vindhya Range ke biich me rahaa. Ii sab suruu bhain rahaa jab Bahmani Sultanate tuut gais rahaa aur ispe dher raaj-kul raaj karat rahin: Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, aur Golconda. Ahmadnagar pahila rahaa jon apne ke ajaad declare karis rahaa, 1490 me; jiske baad , wahii saal me  Bijapur aur Berar apne se ajaad bhay rahin. Bidar   me, aur Golconda 1512 me ajaad bhais rahaa.

Jab ii paanche sultanates pe Muslims raaj kaeat rahin, uske suruu kare waale dher origin ke rahin: Nizam Shahi raaj-kul,  Ahmadnagar Sultanate ke raaj kare waala palwaar, ke Malik Hasan Bahri, ek Marathi Muslim jon Brahmin origin ke rahaa, suruu karis rahaa; the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Muslim of Brahmin origin; Bidar Sultanate ke ek Georgian gulaam rahaa;  Bijapur Sultanate ke ek pardesi rahaa jon ek Georgian gulaam rahaa hoi jiske   Mahmud Gawan kharidis rahaa; aue Golconda Sultanate ke ek gulaam jon Iranian Turkmen origin ke rahaa.

Sab Deccan sultanates apne ke  Bahmani Sultanate ke successor maane hae, aur Bahmanid coins ke kaam me laate rahin, apne coin nikaale ke jagha. Jab ki ii sab sultanates ek duusre ke dusman rahin, uulog ek saathe hoe ke  Vijayanagara Samrajyake virod me, 1565 me larre rahin, jisse Vijayanagara, Battle of Talikota ke baad kamjor hoe gais rahaa. Khaas kar ke, ii log ke  alliance puura Vijayanagara city ke barbaad kar de rahin, aur important mandir ke jarae dewa gais rahaa.

1574 me,  Berar me ek coup ke baad, Ahmadnagar invaded kar ke iske aapan niche kar liis. 1619 me, Bidar ke Bijapur aapan niche kar liiis rahaa. Ii sultanates ke baad me  Mughal Samrajya aapan niche kar liis rahaa: Berar ke 1596 me   Ahmadnagar se nikaal dewa gais rahaa; Ahmadnagar ke 1616 aur 1636 ke biich me puura lae lewa gais rahaa; aur Golconda aur Bijapur ke Aurangzeb 1686–87 me conquer kar liis rahaa.

## References
Mughal Samrajya

**Mughal Samrajya** ek early modern samrajya rahaa jon  Indian subcontinent ke jaada hissa pe raaj karat rahaa. Aapan chotii pe, ii samrajya Indus Naddi Basin ke outside edges west me, northern Afghanistan  northwest me, aur Kashmir  north me, hian se highlands abhi ke Assam aur Bangladesh  east me, aur chattaanof the Deccan Plateau ke South India me.

Ii maana jaawe hae ki Mughal Samrajya  1526 me suruu bhais rahaa jab Babur, ek raaja jon abhi ke  Uzbekistan hae, Safavid aur Ottoman Empire ke sahyog se sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, ke First Battle of Panipat me harae ke  North India ke plains ke aapan niche kar liis rahaa. Lekin Mughal imperial structure, ke kabhi-kabhi 1600 ke taarik dewa jaawe hae, jab Babur ke potaa, Akbar aapan raajya suruu karis rahaa. Ii imperial structure 1720 talak chalaa rahaa,  Aurangzeb ke maut ke kuchh din baad talak jiske rajya ke time ii samrajya sab se barraa rahaa. Baad me ii chhotaa hoe ke 1760 talak   Old Delhi ke lage ke ilaaka talak rahaa, aur ii samrajya ke  British Raj , Indian Rebellion of 1857 ke baad khalaas kar de rahin.

Jab Mughal Samrajya military warfare se suruu bhais rahaa, ii aapan niche ke sanskriti aur log  ke bahut dabae ke kosis nai karis rahaa, lekin ii uulog ke support ke khaatir nawaa administrative practices suruu karis rahaa, and diverse ruling elites, leading to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule. Ii samrajya ke puura daulat  agricultural taxes, jiske tiisra Mughal emperor, Akbar implement karis rahaa, se aais rahaa. Ii taxes, jon kisan ke kamai ke lagbhag aadha rahaa, ke well-regulated silver currency se pay karaa jaawat rahaa, jisse kisan aur artisans barraa market me jaae sake hae.

Ii samrajya ke jamaana me, 17th century me shanti ke kaaran India ke econimy jor se barrha rahaa.   European log ke  Indian Ocean  me rahe se aur Indian raw aur finished products ke demand se   Mughal court ke daulat aur barrhaa rahaa. 

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