open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Dhar Zamindar Bari

**Dhar Zamindar Bari** ek purana aur itihaasik zamindari ghar hai, jo Dhamrai area, Dhaka District, Bangladesh mein sthit hai. Ee jagah Dhar parivaar ke zamindari kaal ke shaan aur samajik prabhav ke baare mein batata hai. Aaj ke time mein ee bari adhiktar khandahar (ruins) ke roop mein maujood hai, lekin abhi bhi ee local itihaas aur virasat ke liye bahut mahatvapurn maana jaata hai.

## Itihaas
Dhar Zamindar Bari ke nirmaan 1801 mein hua tha. Ee bari Dhar parivaar ke dwara banwaya gaya, jo us samay Dhamrai aur aas-paas ke ilaakon mein pramukh zamindar maana jaata tha. Zamindari yug mein ee bari sirf rehne ke liye nahi, balki prashasnik kaamon, sabhaon aur zameendari ke faislon ka kendr bhi tha.

1919 mein ee zamindar bari ke ek bade hissa ko Mohini Mohan Dhar ke prayason se shiksha ke kaam mein laaya gaya. Isi saal ee bhavan Elokeshi (Alokeshi) High School ke pehle school-building ke roop mein parivartit kiya gaya. Is parivartan ke baad ee jagah ka pehchaan sirf zamindari se nahi, balki shiksha aur samajik vikas se bhi jud gaya.

## Architecture
Dhar Zamindar Bari ke architecture paramparik Bengali zamindari shaili par adharit tha, jismein thoda bahut British colonial prabhav bhi dikhai deta tha. Bhavan ke nirmaan mein moti eent aur choona (lime mortar) ka upyog kiya gaya tha, jo us daur ke nirmaan kala ka pramukh lakshan tha.

Is bari mein bade-bade aangan (courtyards), unche khambe, arched darwaaze aur lambi verandah bani hui thi. Ee design garm aur nami wale mausam ke liye bahut upyogi tha, jisse hawa aur roshni aasani se andar ja sake. Andar ke hisson mein sadharan decorative kaam, cornices aur floral designs bhi dekhe jaate the.

Jab 1919 mein ee bhavan school ke liye upyog mein laaya gaya, tab kai residential kamron ko classrooms mein badla gaya aur kuchh hisson ko office aur administrative kaam ke liye istemaal kiya gaya. Iske bawajood, mool zamindari structure ka kaafi hissa kaayam raha.

## Vartamaan sthiti
Aaj Dhar Zamindar Bari poori tarah surakshit nahi hai. Bhavan ke kai hissa toot chuke hain, lekin ee poora dhvansh nahi hua hai. Abhi bhi ee jagah ek itihaasik nishaani ke roop mein khadi hai aur local log isko Dhar Zamindar Bari ya Damodar Badi ke naam se jaante hain.

## Sanskritik aur sthaniya mahatva

Ee zamindar bari Dhamrai ke logan ke liye bahut mahatvapurn hai. Ee jagah zamindari yug, shiksha ke itihaas aur Dhar parivaar ke yogdaan ke yaad dilaata hai. Mohini Mohan Dhar ke shikshik yogdaan ke kaaran ee jagah aur bhi mahatvapurn ban jaata hai.

## References
Virendra Mohan Dar

Maharaja **Virendra Vasudev Mohan Dar** jinhe **Raja Virendra Mohan Dar** ke naam se bhi jaana jata hai, 18vin sadi ke ek pramukh Kashmiri Pandit Maharaja the. Unka janm 1758 me Akhnoor kshetra, Kashmir me hua tha.

Virendra Mohan Dar Dar Raj ke sansthapak the aur unhe Ahmad Shah Durrani ke shasan kaal ke dauran **Maharaja** ki upadhi pradan ki gayi thi. Unka prabhav Kashmir ke rajnitik aur samajik itihaas me mahatvapurn maana jata hai. Unke vanshaj baad me Bengal ke kuch hisson me sthapit hue, jahan Dar Raj parivar ka itihas viksit hua.

Kayi aitihasik granthon aur census dastavez me Virendra Mohan Dar ka ullekh milta hai, jisme unhe Kashmir ke Durrani kaal ke pramukh sthaniya shasakon me gina gaya hai. Unka nidhan 1821 me hua tha.

## Gallery

file:Kalighat Patachitra of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar. Posthumous Kalighat patachitra, commissioned by his great-grandson Mohini Mohan Dhar, , Kalighat, Calcutta.
file:Akhnoorer Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar er Jiboncharit.png|*From book- Akhnoorer Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar er Jiboncharit* SN Chattopadhyay, 1929
file:Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|Virendra Mohan Dar image from *[https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=eUy3EQAAQBAJ Mahārāja Vīrendra Mohan Dār of Akhnūr]* Ramesh Chandra Mukherjee Jul 1987 · *Nīldhôni Prokāśônā*
file:Virendra Mohan Dar of Akhnoor.jpg|Virendra Mohan Dar of Akhnoor image, 2013
file:Raja Virendra Mohan Dar.jpg|Physical Image- Image of Maharaja Virendra Mohan Dar, Srinagar, 1981


## References
Atindranath Nandy

**Atindra Nath Nandy** ek Bhartiya mining engineer aur academic the, jinhone Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi me Department of Metallurgy ke head ke roop me kaam kiya.

## Early life and education
Atindra Nath Nandy ne apni uchch shiksha University of Glasgow se praapt ki, jahan unhone Naval architecture aur technical drawing ka adhyayan kiya. Unhone apni degree First Class distinction ke saath poori ki.

## Academic and professional career
Nandy ko mining engineer ke roop me training mili thi aur unhone engineering shiksha aur prashasan ke kshetra me apna career banaya. Unka sambandh Banaras Hindu University se raha, jahan ve baad me Department of Metallurgy ke head bane.

Department ke head ke roop me, ve academic leadership, curriculum development aur B.H.U. me metallurgy aur mining education ke vikas me shamil rahe, jo Bharat ke pramukh engineering aur scientific research kendron me se ek hai.

## Personal life
Professor Nandy, Leena Nandy Dhar, Amit Nandy aur Ashim Nandy ke pita the.

## See also
* Banaras Hindu University
* Metallurgy
* Mining engineering
* University of Glasgow
* Indian engineering education

## References
Pooja Misrra

**Pooja Misrra** ek Bharatiya model aur reality television personality hain. Wo zyada mashhoor huin jab unhone reality TV show *[[Bigg Boss 5]]* (2011) me bhaag liya. Show ke dauran unka aggressive aur outspoken behaviour kaafi charcha me raha.

## Career
Pooja Misrra ne apna career modelling se shuru kiya. Baad me unhone Indian television ke kai reality shows me hissa liya. *Bigg Boss 5* me unki appearance ke baad wo media aur social media par kaafi popular ho gayin.

## Controversies
*Bigg Boss 5* ke dauran Pooja Misrra apne fellow contestants ke saath arguments aur confrontations ke liye jaani gayin, jiske kaaran unhe show se early eviction ka samna karna pada.

## See also

* Bigg Boss 5

## References
Richard Neutra

**Richard Joseph Neutra** ( ; 8 April 1892 – 16 April 1970) ek Austrian-American architect rahaa. Uu aapan jindagi ke jaada hissa me Southern California me rahe ke kaam karis rahaa, jahaan pe uske ek khaas modern  architect maana jaawat rahaa. Uske khaas kaam me rahaa Kaufmann Desert House, in Palm Springs, California.
Oscar Niemeyer

**Oscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho** (15 December 1907&nbsp;– 5 December 2012), jiske **Oscar Niemeyer** () ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, el Brazilian architect rahaa, jiske  modern architecture ke development me ek khaas jan maana jaawat rahaa. Niemeyer ke jaada kar ke uske  Brasília, ek planned city jon Brazil kje capital 1960 me banaa rahaa ke building design kare ke khaatir, aur duusra  architects ke saathe headquarters of the United Nations, New Yorkme design kare khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of reinforced concrete  late 20th and early 21st centuries me kaafi influential rahaa.
Frei Otto

**Frei Paul Otto** (; 31 May1925 – 9 March 2015) ek German architect aur structural engineer rahaa jiske  lightweight structures, khaas kar ke tensile and membrane structures, jisme Olympic Stadium Munich me  1972 Summer Olympics ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae.

Otto  RIBA Royal Gold Medal ke 2006 me jiitis rahaa aur uske  Pritzker Architecture Prize 2015 me dewa gais rahaa, uske maut ke kuchh din pahile.
Renzo Piano

**Renzo Piano** (; born 14 September 1937) ek Italian architect hae. Uske khaas kaam me hae  Centre Georges Pompidou Paris me (Richard Rogers, 1977 ke saathe), The Shard London (2012) me, Kansai International Airport, Osaka (1994), the Whitney Museum of American Art  New York City (2015) me, Istanbul Museum of Modern Art Istanbul (2022) me, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center Athens (2016) me aur The New York Times Building  New York City (2007) me. Uske Pritzker Architecture Prize 1998 me milaa rahaa.

Piano, senator for life , Italian Senate me 2013 se hae.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

**Ludwig Mies van der Rohe** ( ; ; janam **Maria Ludwig Michael Mies**; 27 March, 188617 August, 1969) ek German aur American architect, academic, aur interior designer rahaa. Uske jaada kar ke  **Mies**, uske surname ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske modern architecture ke pioneer maana jaawe hae.
Hans Scharoun

**Bernhard Hans Henry Scharoun**  (; 20 September 1893 – 25 November 1972) ek German architect rahaa jiske khaas kar ke    (home to the Berlin Philharmonic) and the Schminke House in Löbau, Saxony ke design kare ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Uu organic aur expressionist architecture ke exponent rahaa.
Kenzo Tange

ek Japanese architect rahaa. Uske janam Sakai me bhais rahaa aur uu  China aur southern Japan me barraa bhais rahaa. Tange ke, chhotaa se,  Le Corbusier inspire karis rahaa aur uu aapan pahila   buildings ke Imperial Japan ke niche design karis rahaa. Uske log jaane ke suruu karin jab uu  postwar Japan ke barbaad hua gais city ke fir se design karis rahaa, khaas kar ke Hiroshima, jahaan pe uu Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park ke design karis rahaa. Uske Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne ke saathe, 1950s me kaam kare ke kaaran uske dunia bhar ke log jaane lagin.
Adam Mickiewicz

**Adam Bernard Mickiewicz**; (24 December 179826 November 1855) ek Poland ke  kavi, dramatist, essayist, publicist, translator aur political activist rahaa. Uske Poland, Lithuania aur Belarus ke national poet maana jaawe hae. Uske asar Ukrainian literature me bhi rahaa aur Russian literature ke bhi affect karis rahaa. Uu Polish Romanticism ke ek khaas jan rahaa, aur uu  Poland ke "Three Bards"  me se ek hae, aur uske  Poland ke sab se mahaan kavi maana jaawe hae. Uske ek sab se barraa  Slavic aur European kavi uske  "Slavic bard" ke naam diin hae. Uu ek pramukh Romantic dramatist rahaa, aur uske Poland aur Europe me Byron aur Goethe se compare karaa jaawe hae.
Alejo Carpentier

**Alejo Carpentier y Valmont** (, ; 26 December, 1904 – 24 April, 1980) ek Cuban lekhak, essayist, aur musicologist rahaa jiske khaas asar Latin American literature me, Latin American Boom ke time rahaa. Uske janam Lausanne, Switzerland me, French aur Russian parentage ke rahaa. Carpentier  Havana, Cuba me barraa bhais rahaa, aur uske European paidaaus ke baawajuut, uu apne ke  Cuban maanis rahaa, aapan jindagi bhar. Uu dher jagha ghumis rahaa khaas kar ke  France, South America aur Mexico, jahan pe uu  Latin American cultural and artistic community ke dher jan se milis rahaa. Carpentier khaas interest Latin American politics me liis rahaa aur revolutionary movements ke saath diis rahaa, jaise Fidel Castro ke Communist Revolution Cuba me, mid-20th century me. Carpentier ke uske  leftist political philosophies ke khaatir jahel karaa gais rahaa.
Alexandre Dumas

**Alexandre Dumas**, ; }} (born **Alexandre Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie**, 24 July 1802 – 5 December 1870), jiske **Alexandre Dumas ** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, ek French lekhak rahaa.
Alice Walker

**Alice Malsenior Tallulah-Kate Walker** (bornjanam 9 February, 1944) ek American novelist, chhotaa khisssa ke lekhak, kavi, and social activist hae. 1982, me uu pahila African-American aurat rahis jon  Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ke jiitis rahaa, jiske uske  novel *[[The Color Purple]]* ke khaatir dewa gais rahaa. Aaapan career me, Walker satrah novels aur short story collections, baarah non-fiction works, aur  essays aur poetry ke sangrah  ke publish karis hae.

## References
Allen Ginsberg

**Irwin Allen Ginsberg** (; 3 June, 1926&nbsp;– 15 April, 1997) ek American kavi aur lekhak rahaa. Jab uu Columbia University ke student rahaa, 1940s me, uuu  Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs aur Jack Kerouac ke saathe dosti suruu karis rahaa, jisse Beat Generation ke jarr banaawa gais rahaa. Uu jor se militarism, economic materialism aur sexual repression ke virod karis rahaa aur uu ii counterculture me biswas karat rahaa, jahaab pe uske nichaar   drugs, sex, multiculturalism, hostility to bureaucracy aur openness to Eastern religions ke barrhaawa milaa rahaa.

## References
Chetan Fakirchand Karani

Dubai ke dhani business person jo Dubai Mall ke Mikura ke founder hai. 

## Li bhi dekho
Dubai pearl aur jewellery industry

Messika

Jacob & Co

Mont Blanc

Karrani UAE mein

Karani Kenya mein

Khan Karrani Dynasty

https://www.zoominfo.com/c/mikura/356307313

## Related
List of Centibillionaires: $1Trillion USD dhund, Arfa Karani

Electromec Dubai ke leaders

Forbes Real Time Billionaires

Chetan Ke naam population 10 lakh se upar

Shahid Khan

Vinod Adani

Hussain Sajwani

German Khan

Arun Bharat Ram

Bharti Airtel

DIFC
Amir Khusrow

**Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau** (1253 – October 1325), jiske jaada kar ke  **Amīr Khusrau** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, kabhi-kabhi  **Amir Khusrow**, nai to **Amir Khusro** spell karaa jaae bhi hae, ek Indo-Persian Sufi gaayak, sangeetkaar, court kavi aur vidwaan rahaa, jon Delhi Sultanate ke time jinda rahaa.
1253

**** (MCCCLII) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki budh ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 253rd aur 14th century ke 53rd saal rahaa,  aur  1250s dassak ke 4th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1309-1310, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1174-1175, Kali Yuga ke 4353-4354, Buddhist calendar ke 1797, Islamic calendar ke 650-651, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke -215 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* Amir Khusrow, Delhi Sultanate ke kavi aur lekhak ke janam Delhi me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Arthur Rimbaud

**Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud** (, ;; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) ek French kavi rahaa, jiske uske  transgressive aur surreal themes aur uske influence modern literature aur arts, prefiguring surrealism ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa.
1325

**** (MCCCXXV) ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki mangar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  2nd millennium ke 325th aur 14th century ke 35th saal rahaa,  aur  1320s dassak ke 6th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1381-1382, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1246-1247, Kali Yuga ke 4425-4426, Buddhist calendar ke 1869, Islamic calendar ke 725-726, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke -143 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* Amir Khusrow, Delhi Sultanate ke kavi aur lekhak ke maut Delhi me bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Brothers Grimm

The **Brothers Grimm** (), Jacob (1785–1863) aur Wilhelm (1786–1859), German academics rahin jon saathe-saathe folklore ke bator ke publish kare rahin. Ii bhaiyaa log sab se jaada jaana jaawe waala   folktales ke collectors rahin, aur mashuur kare rahin khissa, jaise "Cinderella" ("), "The Frog Prince" (""), "Hansel and Gretel" ("), "Town Musicians of Bremen" (""), "Little Red Riding Hood" (""), "Rapunzel", "Rumpelstiltskin" (""), "Sleeping Beauty" (""), aur "Snow White" (""). Iilog ke  folktales ke pahila colllection, *[[Grimms' Fairy Tales|Children's and Household Tales]]* (), ke 1812 me publish karaa gais rahaa.
Ibn Saud

**Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud** ( January]] 1876  – 9 November 1953), jiske Western world me **Ibn Saud** ( *Ibn Suʿūd*) ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ek Najdi statesman aur tribal neta rahaa, jon  pahila king of Saudi Arabia banaa rahaa, aur 23 September 1932 se uske maut talak  1953 talak raaj karis rahaa..
Srimad Paramahansa Atmadhar Swami

**Srimad Paramahansa Atmadhar Swami** ek Bharatiya Hindu sadhu aur adhyatmik guru rahaa. U Shri Ramakrishna Paramahansa ke pratyaksh shishya rahaa aur Ramakrishna Paramahansa se “Paramahansa” ke upadhi paais. U Lokanath Brahmachari ke bahut kareebi sahyogi aur adhyatmik saathi bhi rahaa.

## Jivan aur adhyatmik sadhana
Atmadhar Swami Shri Ramakrishna Paramahansa ke sidha shishya rahaa. Uske adhyatmik sadhana Vedanta aur bhakti ke mel par adharit rahaa. U bahut sadhu aur grihastha bhakton ke adhyatmik diksha diis aur logan ke dharamik jivan me margdarshan karis.

## Lokanath Brahmachari ke saat sambandh
Srimad Paramahansa Atmadhar Swami aur Lokanath Brahmachari ke beech gahra adhyatmik sambandh rahaa. Dono ke beech paraspar samman aur vichar ke ekta rahaa, jisse us samay Bengal ke adhyatmik vatavaran par bahut asar padda.

## Shishya aur prabhav
Atmadhar Swami ke pramukh shishya me Mohini Mohan Dhar sab se zyada mashhoor rahaa. Apne shishyan ke madhyam se u samajik aur adhyatmik kshetra me lambe samay tak prabhav chhoris.

## Ashram
Atmadhar Swami ke ashram pahile Paschim Bengal ke Gidhni ilaaka me sthapit rahaa. Baad me ee sambhavana rahaa ki ee ashram Thakur Anukulchandra ke ashram ke adhikar me jaai, lekin ee ghatna sach nahi bhail. Ashram bahut purana aur khatarnak ho gais rahaa, jiske kaaran 1955 me iske gira diya gais.

## Murti aur smritichihn
Srimad Paramahansa Atmadhar Swami ke murti aajkal Dhaka Elokeshi High School me rakha gais hai. Ee school Mohini Mohan Dhar dwara sthapit kiya gais rahaa. Pahile ee murti Dhar Zamindar Bari me rakha gais rahaa. 2023 me jab zamindar bari ke tod diya gais, tab murti ke surakshit tareeke se school building me le jaawa gais, jo rajbari ke paas hi sthit hai.

## Aur dekho

* Ramakrishna Paramahansa
* Lokanath Brahmachari
* Dhar Zamindar Bari

## References
Carl Sandburg

**Carl August Sandburg** (6 January, 1878 &ndash; 22 July, 1967) ek American kavi, biographer, journalist, aur sampaadak rahaa.  Uu tiin Pulitzer Prizes jiitis hae: dui uske kavita ke khaatir aur ek uske   Abraham Lincoln ke biography ke khaatir. Uske zindagi me, Sandburg ke ek khaas jan   contemporary literature me maana jaawe hae, khaas kar ke uske collected verse ke volumes, jisme  *[[Chicago Poems]]* (1916), *Cornhuskers* (1918), aur *Smoke and Steel* (1920) ke khaatir. Uske kavi ke ruup me sab se samaan milaa rahaa, saait uske breadth of his experiences connected him with so many strands of American life". 1967 me jab uu naraa rahaa tab, President Lyndon B. Johnson bolis rahaa "Carl Sandburg was more than the voice of America, more than the poet of its strength and genius. He was America."
Cicero

**Marcus Tullius Cicero**; (3 January 106 BC&nbsp;– 7 December 43&nbsp;BC) ek Roman netaa, wakiil, scholar, philosopher, orator, lekhak aur Academic skeptic rahaa, jon kosis karis rahaa optimate principles ke uphold kare ke the political crises  ke samay, jiske kaaran that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. Uske dher lekh  rhetoric, philosophy aur politics ke baare me hae. Uske Rome ke  sab se barraa  orator aur prose stylists aur innovator of what became known as "Ciceronian rhetoric", ke maana jaawe hae. Cicero ke parrhai Rome aur Greece me bhais rahaa. Uu ek dhani municipal palwaar ke rahaa aur consul in 63&nbsp;BC me rahaa.
Girmitya log ke repatriation

1879 se 1916 talak, 60,338 Hindustani log ke Fiji laawa gais rahaa gaana aur duusra rakam ke khet me  girmitya ban ke, kaam kare ke khaatir.  **Girmitya log ke repatriation** 1881 me suruu bhais rahaa, jab duin girmitya, jon Leonidas me aae rahin ke India lautaar dewa gais rahaa kaaheki uuulog girmit khaatir fit nai rahin. 1884 me, jab pahila girmitya logan aapan paanch saal ke girmit khalaas  kare rahin tab dher log apne se oaisa bhar ke India laut gay rahin. 1889 me jab pahila girmitya free pasage ke qualofy hoe gay rahin tab dher log India laute lagin. Systametic rakam se repatriation me suruu bhais rahaa jab 3 May 1892, when the *[[British Peer |British Peer]]*  464 repatriated Hindustani ke Calcutta laaos rahaa. Dher kahaaj ii rakam ke trip Calcutta aur kare rahin Madras, jisme se aakhri *Sirsa* ke 1951 yaatra rahaa. 1955 aur 1956 me, tiin jahaaj Girmitya log nait to unke larrkan ke Fiji se Sydney lae gais, jahaan se uu log plane se Bombay gay rahin.

## Repatriation ke sart

Girmitya logan ke lage dui option rahaa. Ek rahaa ki uu log India free laute sakat rahin ager uulog kuchh sart ke puura kae. Iske khaatir uulog ke Fiji me das saal talak rahae ke rahaa jisme paanch saal ke girmit bhi rahaa. Girmitya ke larrkan lo bhi koi time India free laute sakat rahin. 1908 ke baad aawe waala girmitya aur unke larrkan ii free passage ke eligible hoe ke dui saal ke bhittar kaam me laae sakat rahin.

## Repatriation
Given the steady influx of ships carrying indentured Indians to Fiji up until 1916, repatriated Indians generally boarded these same ships on their return voyage. The total number of repatriates under the Fiji indenture system is recorded as 39,261, while the number of arrivals is said to have been 60,553. Because the return figure includes children born in Fiji, many of the indentured Indians never returned to India.

Direct return voyages by ship ceased after 1951. Instead, arrangements were made for flights from Sydney to Bombay, the first of which departed in July 1955. Labourers still travelled to Sydney by ship.

## Repatriation kare waala jahaaj ke suchi

## List of ship charters to Sydney
The following ships brought labourers to Sydney.

## References

## Aur dekho
*Girmityas
*List of Indian indenture ships to Fiji
*Indian indenture system
Vaqif Ali Khan Dar

Khan Bahadur **Vaqif Ali Khan Dar** (janm: Vallabh Mohan Dar), ek Kashmiri Pandit parivar se the, aur Virendra Mohan Dar ke bada bhai. Bhai ko Maharaja banate dekhe ke baad, Vaqif jal gaya aur Islam dharm grahan karke apna naam Vaqif Ali Khan Dar rakha.

Regional aur purani Kashmiri kitab mein unka zikr hai 

Durrani ke regional administration ke karan, Vaqif ko Khan Bahadur ka title diya gaya, jo ek regional Governor ne diya tha. Unka Kashmir ki politics aur social history mein role important raha. Unka 4 bachchon ke saath 1810 mein Dhaka mein dehant hua.

## References
Dar Raj

**Dar Raj** (Kashmiri: ), jiske **Dhar Raj** naam se bhi jaana jaawe hai, ek prabhavshali Zamidari rajya rahaa. Ii rajya lagbhag 1699 se 1803 tak ke samay me aaj ke Jammu aur Kashmir aur Bangladesh ke kshetra me phailal rahaa.

Dar Rajvansh ke asli sansthapak rahaa Hari Krishna Mohan Dar, ek Kashmiri Pandit. U Shrinagar (Jammu) se aake Akhnoor ke Dar kshetra me bas gaye aur Dar vansh ke aadhaar rakhe. Lekin unke potha Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar ke raj me hi Dar Raj ke jamidari sach me vikasit bhae. Ii karan se unke Dar Raj parivaar ke pitamah aur prabhavi sansthapak maana jaawe hai.

Hari Krishna ke aath bachcha rahaa, jisme Ramhari Mohan Dar—Virendra ke pita—rahle ek. Ramhari apne bhai Madhusudan ke maut ke baad uske putra ke godh le le—Vakif Ali Khan Dar (janam 1752). Dar Rajvansh ke aupcharik parampara Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar se suru bhae.

Virendra ke putra Raja Mukund Mohan Dar ke bahut bachcha rahaa. Unme se ek rahaa Rai Bahadur Hara Mohan Dhar, jo Middle Temple ke barrister rahaa. Hara Mohan Dhar ke bachcha me Mohini Mohan Dhar rahaa—jo Mayurbhanj rajya ke purana Diwan aur nyayadhish rahaa—aur saath me Jyotindra Dhar, Sarla Dhar aur Kadambini Dhar rahin.

Mohini Mohan Dhar ke chaar bachcha me Dhirendra Mohan Dhar—ek barrister—aur Satyendra Mohan Dhar CIE, ICS rahaa, jo Bharatiya Civil Service ke adhikari rahaa. Dhirendra Mohan Dhar ke biyaah Amiya Bala se bhae, jo Piyari Charan Sarkar ke naatni aur Hatkhola Raj parivaar ke vanshaj rahin. Unke do bachcha rahaa—Chittajit Dhar aur Pritilata Dhar.

Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar ke raj me Dar Raj ke jamidari Akhnoor ke Dar kshetra ke aadha se jyada bhumi me phailal rahaa. Saath hi aaj ke Bangladesh ke alag-alag kshetra me hajaaron acre zameen unke adhikar me rahaa—jisme Dhamrai, Nannar, Royail, Sharifbagh, Demra, Ashulia, Jalsin, Char Talibari aur Rajarajeshwar shaamil rahaa. Ii sab kshetra ke kuchh hissa aaj Paschim Bengal aur Bangladesh me sammilit baa.

1801 me Padma Nadi ke bhayankar bhangan se Rajarajeshwar ke Char Talibari me sthit Char Dar Rajbari chhor dewa paral. Uske baad Maharaja Birendra Mohan Dar Dhamrai ke Nannar gaon me naya Dar Rajbari banawale, je baad me Dar Rajvansh ke mukhya aawas aur prashasanik kendra rahal.

## Tathyasrot
Douglas Adams

**Douglas Noël Adams** (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) ek English lekhak, humorist, aur screenwriter rahaa, jiske khaas kar ke  *[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]* ke banae ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Pahile ke 1978 BBC radio comedy, *The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy* evolve hoe ke ek "trilogy"  chhe book ke banaa, jon  14&nbsp;million copies se jaada uske jindagi me bikaa rahaa. Iske adept karaa gais rahaa 1981 television series me, dher stage plays, comics, ek 1984 video game, aur ek 2005 feature film. Adams ke yogdaan UK radio ke, The Radio Academy's Hall of Fame me commemorate karaa jaawe hae.
Du Fu

**Du Fu** (; 712–770) ek Chinese kavi aur politician Tang dynasty ke time rahaa. Uu aapan aur barraa contemporary aur dost Li Bai ke saathe, aapan jamaana ke sab se  mashuur Chinese kavi maana jaawe hae. Uske sab se barraa ambition rahaa ki uu aapan des ke ek achchhaa civil servant ke ruup me yogdaan de, lekin Du ii nai kare paais rahaa. Uske jindagi, China bhar ke rakam 755 ke An Lushan rebellion se barbaad hoe gais rahaa, aur uske aakhri 15 saal was a time of almost constant unrest.

## References
712

**** (DCCXII) ek leap saal rahaa, jon ki suk ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  1st millennium ke 712th aur 8th century 12th saal rahaa,  aur  710s dassak ke 3rd saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 768-769, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 633-634, Kali Yuga ke 3812-3813, Buddhist calendar ke 1256, Islamic calendar ke 93-94, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke -756 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* China ke kavi, **[[Du Fu]]** ke janam bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
770

**** (DCCLXX) ek leap sadhaaran rahaa, jon sombaar ke din suruu bhais rahaa.  Ii  1st millennium ke 770th aur 8th century 70th saal rahaa,  aur  770s dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 826-827, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 691-692, Kali Yuga ke 3870-3871, Buddhist calendar ke 1314, Islamic calendar ke 152-154, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke -698 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* China ke kavi, **[[Du Fu]]** ke maut bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Edgar Allan Poe

**Edgar Allan Poe** (; 19 January, 1809 – 7 October, 1849) ek American lekhak, kavi, sampaadak, aur literary critic rahaa jiske uske kavita aur chhotaa khissa, khaas kar ke  jisme  mystery aur rahin macabre hae, ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske Romanticism aur Gothic fiction in rahin United States and of early American literature ke ek central jan maana jaawe hae. Poe, America ke pahila successful chhotaa khissa ke practitioner maana jaawe hae, aur uske  detective fiction genre ke pioneer bhi maana jaawe hae. Iske alaawa, uske  science fiction ke yogdaan khaatir bhi jaana jaawe hae. Uu pahila jaana-maana  America ke lekhak rahaa jon aapan lekh ke aamdani se jiyat rahaa.
Eino Leino

**Eino Leino** (born **Armas Einar Leopold Lönnbohm**; 6 July 1878 – 10 January 1926) ek Finland ke  kavi aur journalist rahaa, jiske  Finnish poetry ke pioneer maana jaawe hae aur uu Finland ke national poet bhi rahaa. Uske kavita  modern aur Finnish folk elements ke milae hae. Uske jaada kaam  *[[Kalevala]]* style me rahaa. Leino ke kaam me nature, love, and despair ke jaada kar ke theme rahe hae.  Uske Finland me like karaa jaawe hae aur uske kaam ke dher parrha bhi jaawe hae.
Emily Dickinson

**Emily Elizabeth Dickinson** (10 December, 1830&nbsp;– 15 May, 1886) ek American kavi rahii. Uu jab jinda rahii tab uske bahut kamti log jaanat rahin, lekin aaj-kal uske American kavita ke ek khaas jan maana jaawe hae.
Maria C. Machado

Venezuelan Social Activist aur 2025 Noble Prize Winner rahe the. 

## Footnotes
Shri Donald Trump ko Noble Prize Cambodia kiya tha taufa ke liye.

Imran Khan aur Mahrang Baloch Noble Prize Nomination

## Bhaari Jhor
Rqshtrapati Nicholas Moros ke US arrest ke inaam

Venezula sabse khatarnak desho mein se
Alfa group

**Alfa Group Consortium** (Russia) ek industrialist aur banking company hai jo Russia ke billionaires se shuru kia gya. Inke founder Forbes Real Time billionaires mein maujud the aur ek dim ke centibillionaires mein the jo $1 Trillion USD net worth ke kareeb the. 

Key people: Mikhail Fridman, German Khan, Anatoly Potik, Petr Aven, Alexei Kuzmichev

Ek centibillion ke company hai jinke assets $80 Billion USD se upar hai aur revenue aur income $20 Billion ke kareeb. 

Li Mosco stock exchange mein bhi hai.  

Din ke khatir $1 Trillion USD se upar dhunde gais keemat.
Raghuvinder Kataria

Raghuvinder Kataria ek UK aur Dubai based billionaires rahe hai. Inke networth $1.3 Billion USD hai. Li Forbes aur dusre platform par top 1000 billionires rahe hai.

Li Africa aur Punjab ke sambandh hai. Aur inke 2 bache hai.  Li ek investor aur philanthropist hai. 

## Li bhi dekho
Bharti Mittal, duniya ke sabse bade company ke investor

## Bhaari Jhor
Bharatiya Janata Party 

Katara, currency ke chapa ke log 

Ashok Menaria

Sunil Vaswani

## Related
list of centibillionaires

Chetan Karani
2025-2026 Iranian protests

2026 meein shuru ki.gais protrst iran ke sarkar ke virod me. Ii 1979 ke baad Iran me sab se barraa virodh hae.

## Ii bhi dekho
Sab war ke anth
Katherine M. Knight (Australian Man Slaughter)

Katherine Knight ek Austrlian man slaughter the jo cannibal jaise the.

Li Australia ke jail mein hai

## Li bhi dekho
list of cannibals 

List of torturers and poisoners  

Blacklisted 

## Li bhi dekho
Child Molestation

Corruption

Ken Knight UK military

Armin Meiwes

Issei Sagawa

Nikolai Dzhumagaliev

Omaima Nelson

Rick Gibson

Aghori

Li bhi dekho

Child Molestation

Corruption

Ken Knight UK military

Armin Meiwes

Issei Sagawa

Nikolai Dzhumagaliev

Omaima Nelson

Rick Gibson

Aghori

2000s
Igor Churasov and Gennady Shurmanov

Zhu Yu

Armin Meiwes

Marc Sappington

Anatoly Kondratyev

Denis and Evgenyi Gorin

Yoo Young-chul

Volodymyr Dovgy

Peter Bryan

Surinder Koli

Marco Evaristti

Özgür Dengiz

Anthony Morley

Angelo Mendoza

Alexander Bychkov

2010s

Stephen Griffiths

Isakin Jonsson

Arif Ali and Farman Ali

Matej Čurko

Mao Sugiyama

Jieming Liu

Jun Lin

American Alexander Kinyua

cannibal Zhang Yongming

Abu Sakkar

Italian Lino Renzi

Dmitry Malyshev

Matthew Williams

Mexican La Familia Michoacana and Knights Templar cartels

Rudi Efendi and his wife Nuriah

Zahid Zaman and Ann Corbett

Stefano Brizzi

Austin Harrouff

Aghori Hindu

Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano

Eduard Seleznev

Marius Gustavson

Alberto Sánchez Gómez

2020s

Jason Thornburg

Florentina Holzinger

Đoàn Văn Sáng
Erich Maria Remarque

**Erich Maria Remarque** (; ; janam ke naam **Erich Paul Remark**; 22 June 1898&nbsp;– 25 September 1970) ek German novelist rahaa. Uske jaana-maana novel *[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]* (1928), jon uske experience Imperial German Army me, World War I me, pe based rahaa, dunia bhar me ek bestseller rahaa jiske kaaran ek nawaa literary genre suruu bhais rahaa, jisme veterans conflict ke baare ke likhat rahin. Ii book ke dher dafe  film banaawa gais rahaa. Remarque ke anti-war themes ke kaaran Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels uske "unpatriotic" batais rahaa. Uu aapan likhe ke kaam me  success ke kaaran  Switzerland chal diis rahaa regugee ban ke, aur iske baad uu  United States gais, jahaan uu naturalized citizen banaa rahaa.
John Donne

**John Donne** ( ; 1571 nai to 1572 – 31 March 1631)  English kavi, scholar, sipaahi aur secretary rahaa jon recusant palwaar me paida bhais rahaa, aur jon baad me  Church of England ke padhri rahaa. royal patronage ke niche, uske Dean of St Paul's Cathedral London (1621–1631) me banaawa gais rahaa. uske ek  preeminent representative of the metaphysical poets maana jaawe hae. uske kavita ke  metaphorical aur sensual style khaatir jaana jaawe hae  aur isme hae sonnets, love poems, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs aur satires. Donne ke uske  sermons ke khaatir bhi jaana jaawe hae.
George Bernard Shaw

**George Bernard Shaw** (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950), jon apne ke naam **Bernard Shaw** bataawat rahaa, ek Irish playwright, critic, polemicist aur political activist rahaa. Uske influence, Western theatre, culture aur politics me  1880s se uske maut aur iske baad bhi rahaa. Uu   sixty se jaada play likhis rahaa, jisme rahaa  *[[Man and Superman]]* (1902), *[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]* (1913) aur *[[Saint Joan (play)|Saint Joan]]* (1923). uske rabge me duuno contemporary satire aur historical allegory rahaa, Shaw, aapan  generation ke leading dramatist rahaa, aurn 1925 me uske Nobel Prize in Literature dewa gais rahaa.
George Orwell

**Eric Arthur Blair** (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950) ek English novelist, kavi, essayist, journalist, aur critic rahaa jon  pen name **George Orwell** ke naam ke niche likhat rahaa. Uske kaam me   lucid prose, social criticism,totalitarianism (both authoritarian communism  aur fascism) ke virodh, aur democratic socialism ke samarthan rahaa.
H. G. Wells

**Herbert George Wells** (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) ek English lekhak rahaa jon dher genre me likhis rahaa. Uu chaalis se jaada novels aur dher chhotaa kahaani likhis rahaa. Uske non-fiction ke kaam me rahaa  social commentary, politics, history, popular science, satire, biography, aur autobiography. Wells ke aaj-kal  uske groundbreaking science fiction novels ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae; uske kabhi-kabhi  "father of science fiction" bhi bola jaawe hae, ek padwi jiske  Jules Verne aur Hugo Gernsback ke bhi dewa gais hae.
Harold Pinter

**Harold Pinter** (; 10 October 1930&nbsp;– 24 December 2008) ek British playwright, screenwriter, director aur actor rahaa. Uu Nobel Prize ke jiite waala rahaa, aur ek sab jaada influential modern British dramatists rahaa, jiske  writing career 50 saal talak rahaa. Uske sab se jaada jaana-maana play me hae *[[The Birthday Party (play)|The Birthday Party]]* (1957), *[[The Homecoming]]* (1964) aur *[[Betrayal (play)|Betrayal]]* (1978), jon sab ke film banaawa gais rahaa. Uske screenplay adaptations aur duusra kaam me hae *[[The Servant (1963 film)|The Servant]]* (1963), *[[The Go-Between (1971 film)|The Go-Between]]* (1971), *[[The French Lieutenant's Woman (film)|The French Lieutenant's Woman]]* (1981), *[[The Trial (1993 film)|The Trial]]* (1993) aur *[[Sleuth (2007 film)|Sleuth]]* (2007). Uu  direct aur  acted bhi karis hae radio, stage, television aur film productions uske apne nai to duusre ke kaam pe.
Heinrich Heine

**Christian Johann Heinrich Heine** (janam **Harry Heine**; 13 December 1797 – 17 February 1856) ek  German kavi, lekhak aur literary critic rahaa. Uske  Germany se baahar jaada kar ke uske  lyric poetry ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae, jiske music dewea gais rahaa   *[[Lied]]er* (art songs) by composers such as Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann aur Franz Schubert ke ruup me.
Ernest Hemingway

**Ernest Miller Hemingway** ( ; 21 July, 1899&nbsp;– 2 July, 1961) ek American novelist, chhotaa khissa ke lekhak aur journalist rahaa. Uske ek kamti sabd kaam me laawe waala aur understated style rahaa jon baad me  20th-century ke lekhak ke influence karis rahaa. Hemingway ke, uske  adventurous lifestyle ke romanticize kare ke aur outspoken, blunt rahe ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Uske saat me se kuchh novels, chhe short-story collections aur dui non-fiction works  American literature ke classic hoe gais hae, aur uske  1954 Nobel Prize in Literature dewa gais rahaa.
F. Scott Fitzgerald

**Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald** (24 September, 1896 – 21 December, 1940), jiske jaada kar ke **F. Scott Fitzgerald** nai to khaali **Scott Fitzgerald** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ek American novelist, essayist, aur chhotaa khissa ke lekhak rahaa. Fitzgerald ke jaada kar ke uske  novels jon flamboyance aur excess of the Jazz Age dekhae hae ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Jazz Age, ek term hae jiske uu mashuur karis rahaa uske chhotaa khissa ke sangrah,  *[[Tales of the Jazz Age]]* me. Uu chaar novels, chaar khissa ke sangrah, aur 164 chhotaa khissa likhis rahaa. Uske  1920s me safaltaa milaa rahaa, lekin log uske prasansaa uu time kare ke suruu karin jab uu mar gais rahaa.  Uske 20th century ke ek mashuur American lekhak maana jaawe hae.
Henrik Ibsen

**Henrik Johan Ibsen** (; ; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) ek Norwegian playwright rahaa. Uske dunia ke  19th century ke ek sab se jaada jaana-maana playwright maana jaawe hae aur uske   "the father of modern drama." bhi bola gais hae. Uu theatrical realism ke pioneer karis rahaa aur   lyrical epics bhi likhis rahaa. Uske khaas  kaam me rahaa *[[Brand (play)|Brand]]*, *[[Peer Gynt]]*, *[[Emperor and Galilean]]*, *[[A Doll's House]]*, *[[Ghosts (play)|Ghosts]]*, *[[An Enemy of the People]]*, *[[The Wild Duck]]*, *[[Rosmersholm]]*, *[[Hedda Gabler]]*, *[[The Master Builder]]*, aur *[[When We Dead Awaken]]*. 2014 me Ibsen ke   most frequently performed dramatist dunia me Shakespeare ke baad, maana jaawt rahaa. *[[Store norske leksikon]]* uske ii rakam se describe karis hae: "the center of the Norwegian literary canon."
Henry James

**Henry James**  ( – ) ek American-British lekhak rahaa. Uske ek key transitional figure literary realism aur literary modernism ke biich me maana jaawe hae, aur dher jan uske English bhasa ke sab se barraa  novelist maane hae. Uu theologian Henry James Sr. ke larrkaa aur   philosopher aur psychologist William James aur diarist Alice James ke bhaiyaa rahaa.
Henry Miller

**Henry Valentine Miller** (26 December, 1891 – 7 June, 1980) ek American novelist, chhotaa khissa ke lekhak aur  essayist rahaa. Uu ek nawaa rakam ke semi-autobiographical novel ke banais rahaa jon  character study, social criticism, philosophical reflection, stream of consciousness, explicit language, sex, surrealist free association, aur mysticism ke blend kare hae. Uske sab se jaada characteristic kaam me hae *[[Tropic of Cancer (novel)|Tropic of Cancer]]*, *[[Black Spring (novel)|Black Spring]]*, *[[Tropic of Capricorn (novel)|Tropic of Capricorn]]*, aur trilogy *[[The Rosy Crucifixion]]*, jon uske experience  New York City aur Paris me based hae, aur ii sab ke 1961 talak  United States me banned rahaa. Uu travel memoirs aur literary criticism ke likhis rahaa aur watercolors ke paint karis rahaa.
Hermann Hesse

**Hermann Karl Hesse** (; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) ek German-Swiss kavi aur novelist rahaa, aur 1946 Nobel Prize in Literature ke jiitis rahaa. Uske interest Eastern religious, spiritual, and philosophical traditions me, aur iske saathe uske involvement with Jungian analysis me, uske kaam ke shape kare me madat karis rahaa. Uske jaana maana novel me hae  *[[Demian]]*, *[[Steppenwolf (novel)|Steppenwolf]]*, *[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]*, *[[Narcissus and Goldmund]]*, aur *[[The Glass Bead Game]]*, aur ii sab explore kare hae ek individual ke khoj  authenticity, self-knowledge, aur spirituality ke khaatir.
Ilf and Petrov

**[[Ilya Ilf]]** (**Ilya Arnoldovich Feinsilberg**, 1897&ndash;1937) aur **[[Yevgeny Petrov (writer)|Yevgeny Petrov]]** (**Yevgeniy Petrovich Katayev**, 1902&ndash;1942) dui Soviet lekhak 1920s aur 1930s ke. Uu log ek saathe likhat rahin, aur uulog ke sab time  "**Ilf aur Petrov**" bola jaawe hae. Uulog Odessa ke rahe waala log hae.
Isaac Asimov

**Isaac Asimov** ( ;&nbsp;– 6 April, 1992) ek American lekhak aur professor of biochemistry, Boston University me rahaa. Aapan jindagi ke, Asimov  ke "Big Three" science fiction lekhak me se ek maana jaawat rahaa,  Robert A. Heinlein aur Arthur C. Clarke ke saathe. Uu dher book likhis hae,  500 books se jaada. Uu lagbhag  90,000 chitthi aur postcards bhi likhis hae. Asimov ke jaada kar ke uske  hard science fiction ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae, Asimov  mysteries, fantasy, popular science aur duusra non-fiction bhi likhis hae.
Ivan Vazov

**Ivan Minchov Vazov** (9 July, 1850  – 22 September 1921) ek Bulgarian kavi, novelist, aur playwright rahaa, jiske    "the Patriarch of Bulgarian literature" maana jaawe hae. Uske janam Sopot, ek town Rose Valley, Bulgaria (jon uu time Ottoman Empire ke hissa rahaa) me bhais rahaa. Ivan Vazov ke kaam dui historical epochs dejhae hae - Bulgarian Renaissance aur Post-Liberation (from Ottoman Empire rule) epoch. Ivan Vazov ke lage sab se uppar ke   honorary title of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Academician hae. Uu  Education and People Enlightenment Minister from September 7, 1897, se January 30, 1899 talak rahaa, jahaan pe uu People's Party ke represent karat rahaa.
Jack London

**John Griffith London** (nee **Chaney**); 12 January, 1876 – 22 November, 1916), jiske jaada kar ke **Jack London** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek American novelist, journalist aur activist rahaa. Uu  commercial fiction aur American magazines ke pioneer rahaa, jon  pahila American lekhak rahaa jon ek international celebrity banaa rahaa aur aapan likhe se dher paisa banais rahaa. Uu ek innovator bhi rahaa uu  genre me jon baad me  science fiction banaa rahaa.
Jack Kerouac

**Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac** (; 12 March, 1922 – 21 October, 1969), jiske **Jack Kerouac** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ek American novelist aur kavi rahaa jon,  William S. Burroughs aur Allen Ginsberg ke saathe,  Beat Generation ke pioneer rahaa.
John Steinbeck

**John Ernst Steinbeck** ( ; 27 February, 1902&nbsp;– 20 December, 1968) ek American lekhak rahaa. Uu 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature jiitis rahaa "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception". Uske "a giant of American letters." bola gais gais hae.
John Updike

**John Hoyer Updike** (18 March, 1932 – 27 January, 2009) ek American novelist, kavi, chhotaa khissa ke lekhak, art critic, aur literary critic rahaa. Uu chaar me se ek lekhak hae jon Pulitzer Prize for Fiction ke ek time se jaada dafe jiitis hae (aur duusra hae Booth Tarkington, William Faulkner, aur Colson Whitehead). Updike,  twenty se jaada novels, ek darjan se jaada short-story collections, kavita, art aur literary criticism aur larrkan ke book ke aapan career me publish karis hae.
Jonathan Swift

**Jonathan Swift** (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) ek Anglo-Irish lekhak, essayist, satirist, aur Anglican cleric rahaa. Uu ek the satirical prose novel *[[Gulliver's Travels]]* (1726) ke likhis rahaa aur fictional island of Lilliput ke creater rahaa. Uske Georgian era ke sab se barraa satirist maana jaawe hae aur uu history of English aur world literature ke ek khaas lekhak rahaa.
J. R. R. Tolkien

**John Ronald Reuel Tolkien** (, 3 January 1892 – 2 September 1973) ek English lekhak aur philologist rahaa. Uu high fantasy kaam*[[The Hobbit]]* (1937) aur *[[The Lord of the Rings]]* (1954–55) ke lekhak rahaa.
Eruthukali

**Eruthukali** (jisse **Eruthu Kali** bhi kahal jawe) Bharat ke Kerala rajya ke Uttar Malabar kshetra ke ek mashhoor lok kala hai. Ee lok nritya adhikansh Mavilar samudaay ke log prastut karat hai.

## Parichay
Eruthukali Kerala ke Uttar Malabar kshetra ke ek paramparik lok kala hai. Ee kala Kasaragod aur Kannur ke pahaadi ilaka me rahne wale Mavilan log ke dwara kiya jawe hai. Ee nritya Malayalam Panchang ke Tulam mahina ke 10we din gaon me manaya jawe hai.

Ee nritya kheti me acchai aur fasal ke barhi ke liye manaya jawe hai.

## Shabdotpatti
‘Eruthu’ ka matlab hai bada bail aur ‘Kali’ ka matlab hai khel ya nritya.  
Ee nritya me mukhya patra hai **Edupukala** (banawati bail), jo baans, bhusa, kapda aur lakdi se banawela.

## Pauranik Katha
Kaha jata hai ki Mavilar log ke purkha jab zamindar (Janmi) ke liye pahaadi kshetra me dhan ke kheti (Ponam) karat rahe, tab do log Subrahmanya Mandir se bail kharid ke bhejle gaye.  
Wapas aawat samay thak ke, raaste me so gaye aur uthke dekhe ki bail gayab. Bahut khoj ke baad bhi bail na milal, tab log pratigya kiye ki har saal Eruthukali manayenge.  
Baad me bail laut aail aur pratigya poora bhail.

## Pradarshan
Eruthu ke poshaak pehene se pahile kalakar apne purkha ke liye taja dhan ke Pohe aur Mur-mure aur phal chadhake prarthana karat hai.

Kalakar banawati bail (baans, bhusa, kapda aur lakdi se) uthake taal ke sath ghar-ghar jaat hai.  

Ee nritya me Chenda aur Chempila jaise paramparik baja ka istemal hota hai.  
Kheti ke suruat se judi geet ke sath nritya kiya jawe hai.  
Ee lok nritya Tulam mahina ke 10we din suru hokar 3 din baad bagh ke bail pakadne ke drishya ke sath khatam hota hai.

Bail ke o ghar me le jawe jahan log kheti karat hai.  
Parivar ke log kalakar ke uphar bhi dewe hai.

## Sankalp
Rumi

**Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī**, jiske jaada kar ke **Rumi** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae (30 September 1207&nbsp;– 17 December 1273), ek Sufi mystic, kavi rahaa, aur  Islamic brotherhood jiske Mevlevi Order ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Rumi,  Sufism ke ek influential figure rahaa, aur uske bichaar aur kaam  Persian literature aur mystic kavita me barraa hae. Aaj-kal, uske anuwaad karaa gais kaam ke dunia bhar ke log enjoy kare hae.
Bhutan ke vastr

**Bhutan ke vastr** se matlab hai Bhutan me chalata paramparik aur rashtriya kapda, je desh ke sanskritik pehchan, samajik riti-riwaj aur parampara ke darshawat hai. Bhutan sarkar ke niyam Driglam Namzha ke under ee vastr sarkari samaroha, school aur anya official occasion me pehanna jaruri hai. Ee kapda sirf daily wear tak limited na hai, balki Bhutan society me class, samajik pratishtha aur sanskritik virasat ke expression ka important medium hai.

## Dumdyam
**Dumdyam** (Dumdyam) Lepcha mahila ke traditional kapda hai. Ee ankle tak lamba kapda hota, mostly smooth cotton ya silk se ek hi piece me banela aur aksar single color me hota. Pehnat samay kapda ek kandha par fold karke dusre kandha par pin se bandhela aur kamar par belt ya **Tego** se tight kar dewa jawe. Oopar extra cloth lilt rahata. Neeche opposite color ke long sleeve blouse pehna jaa sakta. Formal aur festival me modern style me pehnat hai.

## Dumpra
**Dumpra** (Dumpra) Lepcha purush ke traditional kapda hai. Ee multi-color hand-woven cloth hai, ek kandha par pin se bandhela aur **Gyatomu** naam ke kamarband se tight hota. Mostly white shirt aur pant ke upar pehna jawe. Sath me purush **Theaktuk** naam ke flat round cap pehenta, jiska edge stiff black silk jaisa aur upar multi-color design hota. Kabhi kabhi bamboo aur cane ke cone-shape traditional cap bhi pehna jawe.

## Gho
**Gho** (Gho) Bhutan me purush ke traditional aur national dress hai. 17th century me Zhabdrung Rinpoche Ngawang Namgyal ne Ngalop community ke liye ee style start karal. Ee knee-tak lamba loose robe hai, kamar par **Kera** se bandh ke rakha jawe. Festivals aur formal occasions me **Kabney** ke sath pehna jawe.

Bhutan sarkar sab purush ke liye official office aur school me Gho pehnna mandatory kar dihal. Ee rule modern form me 1989 me lagu bhail, lekin Driglam Namzha dress code bahut purana hai.

## Kabney
**Kabney** (Kabney) Bhutan me purush ke national dress **Gho** ke sath pehna silk scarf hai.

## Kera
**Kera** (Kera) cloth ki belt hai, Gho aur Kira ko bandh ke rakhe ke liye. Mostly cotton, wool ya silk rectangular cloth hota, dono end par tassels hota. Width 30–45 cm aur length 180–240 cm.

## Kira
**Kira** (Kira) Bhutan mahila ke national dress hai. Ee ankle-tak lamba rectangular woven cloth hai, body ke charo taraf lapet ke shoulder par **Koma** silver brooch se bandhela aur kamar par belt tight hota. Sath me **Wonju** aur **Toego** pehna jawe.

## Toego
**Toego** ya **Tego** (Toego) short jacket jaise kapda hai, Kira ke upar pehna jawe. Ee Driglam Namzha dress code ke part hai.

## Wonju
**Wonju** (Wonju) long-sleeve blouse hai, Kira ke niche pehna jawe aur national dress code me included hai.

## References