open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Carmel Budiardjo

**Carmel Budiardjo** (nee Brikaman; (18 June 1925 - [10 July [2021) ek English maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta, vyaakhyaata aur lekhak the. vah gair-sarakaaree sangathan tapol kee sansthaapak theen. budiyaardo indoneshiya aur poorvee timor mein yuddh aparaadhon aur maanavaadhikaaron ke hanan ke baare mein jaagarookata ke lie abhiyaan chalaane ke lie jaane jaate the. unakee sakriyata ke lie, unhen 1995 mein rait laivaleehud avaard se sammaanit kiya gaya. vah landan mein ek yahoodee parivaar se aaee theen, jinakee phaaseevaad virodhee maanyataon ne unakee vaamapanthee raajaneeti ko prabhaavit kiya tha. unhonne 1946 mein landan vishvavidyaalay se arthashaastr mein snaatak kee digree praapt kee, jahaan ve neshanal yooniyan oph stoodents mein sakriy ho gaeen. intaraneshanal yooniyan oph stoodents ke lie praag mein kaam karane ke dauraan, unakee mulaakaat ek indoneshiyaee sarakaaree adhikaaree suvondo bad budiyaardajo se huee, jinase unhonne 1950 mein shaadee kee. dampati 1951 mein indoneshiya chale gae, aur vah 1954 mein indoneshiyaee naagarik ban gaeen. budiyaardo ne pahale indoneshiyaee samaachaar ejensee antara ke lie anuvaadak ke roop mein kaam kiya, phir videsh mantraalay ke lie aarthik anusandhaan mein, baad mein indoneshiya ke skool oph ikonomiks mein adhyayan kiya aur phir baandung aur res pablika (ab trishakti) mein padajadajaran vishvavidyaalay mein vyaakhyaan diya. jakaarta mein vishvavidyaalay. 1966 mein janaral suhaarto dvaara satta hathiyaane ke baad, unake pati ko 12 saal jel mein bitaane ke lie jel mein daal diya gaya tha. unhen khud giraphtaar kiya gaya tha, aur baad mein 1968 mein teen saal ke lie jel mein daal diya gaya tha aur 1971 mein unakee rihaee ke baad, unhen inglaind bhej diya gaya tha. lautane par usane indoneshiya mein raajaneetik kaidiyon ke lie abhiyaan chalaane ke lie tapol kee sthaapana kee, jisaka naam tahanaan raajaneetik, ya indoneshiyaee mein raajaneetik kaidee ke sankshipt naam se liya gaya. sangathan ne apanee gatividhiyon ka vistaar kiya, aur poorvee timor mein sainy gatividhi aur maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan ke baare mein jaanakaaree praapt karane mein pramukh tha, 1975 mein indoneshiya dvaara aakraman aur kabja kar liya, saath hee saath pashchim paapua aur aache. taapol buletin nae aadesh ke tahat indoneshiya mein maanavaadhikaar kee sthiti ke baare mein jaanakaaree ka ek pramukh srot tha. vah indoneshiya mein maanavaadhikaaron aur raajaneeti par kaee pustakon kee lekhika bhee theen. sangathan sakriy rahata hai, budiyaardo abhee bhee apanee mrtyu tak apanee gatividhiyon mein ek bahut hee mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibha raha hai.

## References
Aretha Brown

**Aretha Brown** (janm 11 navambar 2000) ek svadeshee Australian yuva kaaryakarta, haasy abhineta, kalaakaar aur raashtreey svadeshee yuva sansad ke poorv pradhaan mantree hae. 2017 aakraman divas ke virodh mein ereetha braun. braun achtu, laindakeyar, mainas 18, melabarn yoonivarsitee, jesuit soshal sarvisej, van tree phaundeshan, mishan ostreliya, da ostreliyan shrain oph rimembarens, tripal je aur ke lie vibhinn sangathanon ke lie desh ke samaarohon kee vaarta, bhaashan aur sveekrti karate hue dikhaee die hae. intaraneshanal sarjan ke ostreliyaee kolej. braun ka janm 11 navambar 2000 ko melabarn mein hua tha. vah pentars end dokars ke rok phrantamain pol steevart aur samakaaleen svadeshee kalaakaar dona braun kee betee hae. parivaar uttaree nyoo sauth vels mein nambuka heds ke chhote se samudaay mein chala gaya, taaki vah apane praarambhik bachapan ke dauraan apane gumbayangagir kabeele ke kareeb ho sake. baad mein ve viliyamastaun haee skool mein aretha kee shiksha ke lie melabarn laut aae. usane 2019 mein melabarn vishvavidyaalay mein kala kee digree shuroo kee. kala aur sakriyata braun kee kala melabarn ke pashchimee upanagaron mein unake ghar aur ek kveer kishoree ke roop mein unakee yaatra se prerit hae. unakee pahalee penting "taim ij avar said, yoo mob" 2018 (dikhaaya gaya) ko enajeevee mein 2019 kee sheersh kala pradarshanee ke lie chuna gaya tha. pradarshanee mein yuva kalaakaaron ke samakaaleen muddon kee khoj ko pradarshit kiya gaya hae. 2014 mein, braun ko turkee mein gaileepolee lainding kee 100 veen varshagaanth mein hissa lene ke lie ostreliyaee raajy pratinidhi ke roop mein chuna gaya tha, jo pratham vishv yuddh ke dauraan ladane vaale svadeshee sainikon ko sveekaar karate the. 2017 mein, braun ne ostreliya divas par ek aakraman divas railee mein melabarn mein anumaanit 50,000 pradarshanakaariyon ko sambodhit kiya, jisamen raashtreey avakaash kee taareekh ko badalane ka aahvaan kiya gaya tha. usane tab se 2018 maarch aur any naidoch kaaryakramon aur maarchon mein baat kee hae. braun ne kainabara mein raashtreey yuva sansad mein bhee hissa liya, jahaan unhen unake 60 saathiyon dvaara ostreliya kee pahalee mahila svadeshee yuva pradhaan mantree ke roop mein chuna gaya tha. is bhoomika mein, unhonne pradhaan mantree mailkam tarnabul, vipakshee neta bil shortan aur gavarnar janaral sar peetar kosagrov se mulaakaat kee. braun ke sthaaneey saansad tim vaats ne haus oph riprejentetiv mein braun ko unakee upalabdhiyon ke lie saarvajanik roop se badhaee dee.

## Sandarbh
Pearl S. Buck

**Pearl S. Buck** (26 joon, 1892 - 6 maarch, 1973) ek American lekhak aur upanyaasakaar the. aktoobar 1892 mein, usaka parivaar 4 maheene kee bachchee ko cheen le gaya. cheen mein mishanariyon kee betee ke roop mein, aur baad mein khud ek mishanaree ke roop mein, bak ne apana adhikaansh jeevan 1934 se pahale jhenajiyaang mein bitaaya. parivaar ne apana greeshmakaal kuling shahar, maunten loo, jiujiyaang ke ek vila mein bitaaya, aur is vaarshik teerthayaatra ke dauraan yuva ladakee ne ek lekhak banane ka phaisala kiya. da gud arth 1931 aur 1932 mein sanyukt raajy amerika mein sabase adhik bikane vaala upanyaas tha aur 1932 mein pulitjar puraskaar jeeta. 1938 mein, bak ne saahity mein nobel puraskaar jeeta "cheen mein kisaan jeevan ke apane samrddh aur sahee maayane mein mahaakaavy vivaran ke lie aur isake lie. unakee jeevanee sambandhee utkrsht krtiyaan;" vah yah puraskaar jeetane vaalee pahalee amerikee mahila theen. 1914 se 1932 tak, bak ne presbiteriyan mishanaree ke roop mein kaary kiya, lekin baad mein unake vichaar kattarapanthee-aadhunikataavaadee vivaad ke dauraan vivaadaaspad ho gae, jisase unaka isteepha ho gaya. 1935 mein sanyukt raajy amerika lautane ke baad, unhonne vipul lekhan jaaree rakha, mahilaon aur alpasankhyak samoohon ke adhikaaron kee ek pramukh pairokaar ban gaeen, aur cheenee aur eshiyaee sanskrtiyon par vyaapak roop se likha, vishesh roop se eshiyaee aur mishrit- nasl god lena. vest varjeeniya ke hilsaboro mein parl bak janmasthaan par stalting haus mool roop se kamphart naam ke, parl sidenastrikar ka janm hilsaboro, vest varjeeniya mein kairolin maud (stalting) (1857-1921) aur abashaalom sidenastrikar ke yahaan hua tha. usake maata-pita, dakshinee presbiteriyan mishanaree, 8 julaee, 1880 ko apanee shaadee ke turant baad cheen gae, lekin parl ke janm ke lie sanyukt raajy amerika laut aae. jab parl paanch maheene ka tha, to parivaar cheen pahuncha, pahale huaaan mein aur phir 1896 mein naanaking ke pramukh shahar ke paas jhenajiyaang (tab aksar jingajiyaang ya cheenee daak romaneekaran pranaalee, tsingakiyaang ke roop mein jaana jaata hai) mein chala gaya. parl ne apana poora bachapan aur kishoraavastha isee shahar mein bitaee, aur cheenee ko apanee "pahalee bhaasha" kaha. apane bhaee-bahanon mein se, jo vayaskata mein jeevit rahe, edagar sidenastrikar ka yoonaited stets pablik helth sarvis ke saath ek vishisht kairiyar tha aur baad mein milabaink memoriyal phand aur gres sidenastrikar yaukee (1899-1994) ne yuva vayask kitaaben aur eshiya ke baare mein kalam naam korneliya spensar ke tahat likheen.

## Sandarbh
Ruth Buendía

**Ruth Buendía** (janm 1977) ek ashaaninka peroo kee kaaryakarta aur "sentral ashaaninka del riyo en" kee pahalee mahila adhyaksh hain, ek aisa sangathan jisaka uddeshy enee nadee ke aasapaas ke ashaaninka logon ke 18 svadeshee samudaayon ka kaanoonee roop se pratinidhitv karana aur unhen vaidh banaana hai. isake chaaron or 33 anulagnak. unhen 2014 ke goldamain paryaavaran puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya tha, jinhonne bade paimaane par baandhon ka virodh karane ke lie ashaninka logon kee or se ek abhiyaan ka netrtv kiya tha jo svadeshee samudaayon ko visthaapit karega aur paryaavaran ko khatare mein daalega. byoondiya ko 2014 ke 100 vaishvik vichaarakon ke beech videsh neeti patrika dvaara bade paimaane par baandhon ke nirmaan ke virodh ke lie chuna gaya hai jo ki ashaaninka svadeshee samudaayon ko gherane vaale paryaavaran ko khatare mein daal dega. vah ek pratishthit paryaavaran kaaryakarta hain jinhonne laitin amerika mein svadeshee logon ke adhikaaron ke lie ladaee ladee hai. rooth buendiya ka janm 1977 mein joonin vibhaag mein sateepo praant ke kativirenee ke ashaaninka samudaay mein hua tha. us samay, raajy sarakaar aur shaining paath ke beech vivaad ke kaaran hinsa bahut badh gaee thee. isane desh ke madhy bhaag mein samudaayon ko ujaadane ka kaaran bana diya. ek kathin bachapan jeene ke baad, jisamen unake pita ko unake hee logon ne aatankavaadee samooh ke sadasy ke roop mein maana jaata tha, vah 1991 mein apanee maan aur bhaiyon ke saath sateepo bhaag gaeen. unhonne leema mein vetres ke roop mein kaam karane mein kuchh saal bitae aur 2003 tak sateepo, jab usane sentral ashaaninka del riyo enee (keyar) sangathan mein shaamil hone ka phaisala kiya. kuchh varshon kee raajaneetik aur paryaavaraneey gatividhi ke baad, vah 2005 mein sangathan kee adhyaksh baneen, aur 2009 aur 2013 mein phir se chunee gaeen. keyar mein bhaageedaaree 1995 mein, byoondiya apane parivaar ke saath satipo laut aaee, usake dastaavez baraamad kie aur raat ke skool ke apane pahale paathyakram mein daakhila liya. do shaharon ke beech apanee yaatra ke dauraan unhen keyar se sambandhit ashaaninkon se milane ka avasar mila, jinhen unake pita bhee jaanate the, jinhonne tab unhen ek svayansevak ke roop mein bhaag lene ke lie aamantrit kiya tha. 2003 mein unhonne en nadee ke aasapaas ke samudaayon mein rahane vaale logon ko pahachaan ke dastaavej taiyaar karane aur vitarit karane mein apanee bhaageedaaree shuroo kee, jinhen shaining paath kee upasthiti ke kaaran kshetr se bhaagane kee jaroorat thee. is tarah se byoondiya ke lie baakee ashaaninka samudaayon ke saath apane sampark ko phir se jagaana aur unakee samasyaon ke prati sahaanubhooti rakhana sambhav tha, jo samagr saamaajik hinsa ke alaava 1980 aur 90 ke dashak mein un par bhaaree pada, jisamen raajy star par pratinidhitv kee kamee shaamil thee. peroo ke amezain ke kshetron mein, endeez se aapravaasan mein vrddhi huee, jinake nivaasee apane saath kokeen ke utpaadan aur taskaree ke saath-saath sarakaar kee or se jalavidyut aur petroliyam kampaniyon ko apanee saampradaayik bhoomi kee riyaayat bhee lae. vah is dauraan apane vartamaan saathee se bhee milee, jisase usake chaar bachche hain.

## Sandarbh
Katana Gégé Bukuru

**Katana Gégé Bukuru** (janm 31 disambar 1963 ko kaango lokataantrik ganaraajy mein) ek kaango kaaryakarta hain jo mahilaon ke adhikaaron ke lie lad rahee hain. Katana Gégé Bukuru sofad (maanav adhikaaron kee raksha ke lie mahila kaaryakartaon kee ekajutata) kee sansthaapak bhee hain. kataana gege bukuroo mahilaon ke adhikaaron ke lie sangharsh ke prati unakee saahasee pratibaddhata ke lie bukuru ko demokretik ripablik oph kaango (drch) kee "aayaran ledee" ke roop mein jaana jaata hai. unhonne kaee mahila adhikaar aandolanon ke saath sahayog kiya hai jaise ki rien sens les pheemels ("nathing vidaut veemen") samooh, shaanti ke lie phremavark samajhaute ke lie mahila manch ya aphreeka mein vayask vikaas aur shiksha sansthaan aur mahilaon kee sinarjee dakshin kivu mein mahilaon ke khilaaph hinsa ke khilaaph sangathan. kataana gege bukuru dakshin kivu ke uvira mein rahatee hain, jahaan unhonne soliderit des pheemels ektivists kee sthaapana kee thee, jo 2001 mein la dephens des droits hyoomen (esoephedee) daalate hain. yah sangathan saamaajik, aarthik aur raajaneetik adhikaaron ke lie ladane vaalee 600 se adhik mahilaon ko ek saath laata hai. sofad ka uddeshy maanavaadhikaar kaaryakartaon kee raksha karana hai aur maanavaadhikaaron kee saarvabhaum ghoshana mein gaaranteekrt adhikaaron ke sammaan ko sunishchit karana hai. esosieshan yaun utpeedan aur hinsa ke shikaar logon ko vishesh roop se un mahilaon ke lie kaaryashaalaon aur prashikshanon ka aayojan karake sahaayata aur sahaayata pradaan karatee hai, jo apane kshetr mein agranee banana chaahate hain. sofad ka mishan mahila kaaryakartaon ko prashikshit aur sangathit karana, maanavaadhikaaron ke sanrakshan aur prachaar mein unakee bhaageedaaree badhaana aur sabhee prakaar kee hinsa ke peediton ke punarvaas kee suvidha pradaan karana hai. sangathan gret lek ke kshetr aur poorvee aphreeka mein vyaapak roop se hathiyaaron ke prasaar ke khilaaph bhee ladata hai. is ladaee mein unakee sagaee ne unhen emanestee intaraneshanal ka samarthan haasil kiya. yah sanrachana mahilaon ke prashikshan ke lie kaam karatee hai aur unhen apane pados mein "shaanti prakoshth" banaane ke lie protsaahit karatee hai, adhikaaron ko bataatee hai aur sthaaneey star par mahilaon kee mejabaanee karatee hai. 2018 antarraashtreey mahila divas ke avasar par, vah yoonesko phraans ke abhiyaan ka hissa hai: "kya ek vikipeediya prshth hona chaahie?", jo dijital spes mein adhik ling santulan ke lie jaagarookata badhaata hai.

## Sandarbh
Caoimhe Butterly

**Caoimhe Butterly** (janam 1978) ek aayarish maanavaadhikaar prachaarak, shikshak, philm-nirmaata aur chikitsak hain, jinhonne haitee, gvaatemaala, maiksiko, philisteen, iraak, lebanaan aur sharanaarthee samudaayon ke saath maanaveey aur saamaajik nyaay ke sandarbh mein kaam karate hue bees saal se adhik samay bitaaya hae. yoorop. vah ek shaanti kaaryakarta hain, jinhonne zimbaabve mein eds se peedit logon, nyooyork mein begharon aur meksiko mein zaapatistaas ke saath-saath madhy poorv aur haitee mein kaam kiya hae. 2002 mein, jenin mein ek ijaraayalee raksha balon ke hamale ke dauraan, use ek ijaraayalee sainik ne golee maar dee thee. usane us parisar ke andar 16 din bitae jahaan yaasir araaphaat ko raamallaah mein gher liya gaya tha. unhen 2003 mein taim patrika dvaara unake yooropiyan oph da eeyar ke roop mein naamit kiya gaya tha aur 2016 mein sharanaarthee sankat ke kavarej ke lie aayarish kaunsil phor sivil libarteej hyooman raits philm puraskaar jeeta tha. bataralee ek shaantivaadee aur intaraneshanal solideritee moovament (aaeeesem) ka sadasy hae, jo ek aisa sangathan hae jo antararaashtreey naagarik samaaj ko sangathit karake sashastr intiphaada ke lie ahinsak vikalp talaashata hae. kaoim bataralee ka janm dabalin mein ek paarivaarik chikitsak ke yahaan hua tha. sanyukt raashtr ke arthashaastree ke roop mein unake pita ke kaam ne parivaar ko aayaralaind se jimbaabve le jaaya jab vah ek chhotee bachchee theen. vah sanyukt raashtr ke saath apane pita ke kaam ke kaaran kanaada, moreeshas aur zimbaabve mein palee-badhee. unhonne nyooyork kaitholik varkar moovament mein kaam karane mein samay bitaaya, phir laitin amerika chalee gaeen, jahaan unhonne gvaatemaala aur meksiko ke chiyaapaas mein svadeshee samudaayon ke saath rahane mein teen saal bitae. vah ek saal talak vest baink ke jenin riphyoojee kaimp mein bhee raheen. usane kaee maukon par iraak ka daura kiya hae, usane lebanaan ka daura kiya, jahaan usane 2006 ke lebanaan yuddh ke dauraan briten ke maadhyam se amerikee bam shipament ko ijaraayal bhejane kee anumati dene ke baad British pradhaan mantree tonee bleyar kee desh kee yaatra ka virodh kiya. bataralee ko mukti dharmashaastr kee sanskrti mein laaya gaya tha, jo kahatee hae, use maanavaadhikaar kaary mein sanlagn hone ke lie "gaharaee se prerit" usane ek kishoree ke roop mein jimbaabve mein eds dharmashaala mein ek svayansevak ke roop mein kaam karane mein samay bitaaya. bahut kam umr mein, vah kahatee hain, unamen kartavy kee gaharee bhaavana vikasit huee. "mainne hamesha mahasoos kiya hai ki anyaay ke khilaaph khade hone ke lie lagabhag ek dardanaak digree kee aavashyakata hai, chaahe ve kisee bhee sandarbh mein hon." usane 18 saal kee umr mein skool chhod diya, yaatra karana chaahatee thee, aur phir haee skool ke baad nyooyork chalee gaee, jahaan usane shahar ke kaitholik varkar haus mein kaam karate hue ek saal bitaaya, jisakee sthaapana 1933 mein dorothee de aur peetar maurin ne kee thee.

## Sandarbh
Berta Cáceres

**Berta Cáceres** (Spanish uchchaaran: [ˈbaiɾt isaˈbail ˈkasaiɾais floɾais]; 4 March 1971- 2 March 2016) ek Honduran (Lenca) paryaavaran kaaryakarta, svadeshee neta, aur lokapriy aur svadeshee sangathanon kee parishad ke sah-sansthaapak aur samanvayak the. honduraas (chopinh). usane 2015 mein goldamain paryaavaran puraskaar jeeta, "ek jameenee abhiyaan jisane duniya ke sabase bade baandh nirmaata ko agua zarka baandh se baahar nikalane ke lie saphalataapoorvak dabaav daala" riyo guaalakaarke mein. usake jeevan ke khilaaph varshon kee dhamakee ke baad, sashastr ghusapaithiyon dvaara usake ghar mein usakee hatya kar dee gaee thee. honduran sena kee yooes-prashikshit vishesh bal ikaiyon ke ek poorv sainik ne daava kiya ki kaisares ka naam unakee hatya ke maheenon pahale unakee hitalist mein tha. pharavaree 2017 tak, giraphtaar kie gae aath logon mein se teen amerikee prashikshit kuleen sainy sainikon se jude the: do ko phort bening, jorjiya, sanyukt raajy amerika mein prashikshit kiya gaya tha, amerika ke poorv skool (so), jisaka naam badalakar whinsaich rakha gaya tha, hajaaron se juda hua tha. laitin amerika mein usake snaatakon dvaara hatyaon aur maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan ka maamala. navambar 2017 mein, antararaashtreey kaanoonee visheshagyon kee ek teem ne "vitteey sansthaanon dvaara jaanaboojhakar laaparavaahee" kee khoj karate hue ek riport jaaree kee. udaaharan ke lie, sentral amerikan baink phor ikonomik inteegreshan (chabaii), needaralaind devalapament phainens insteetyooshan (fmo) aur phinaphand ne dais ke sheyaradhaarakon, adhikaariyon, prabandhakon aur karmachaariyon, dais ke lie kaam karane vaalee nijee suraksha kampaniyon, saarvajanik adhikaariyon aur ke saath ek rananeeti apanaee. raajy suraksha ejensiyon ko "kisee bhee virodh ko niyantrit karane, beasar karane aur khatm karane ke lie". global vitanes ke shodh ke anusaar, 2014 mein honduraas mein baarah bhoomi rakshakon kee maut ho gaee thee, jisase yah jangalon aur nadiyon kee raksha karane vaale kaaryakartaon ke lie apane aakaar ke saapeksh duniya ka sabase khataranaak desh ban gaya. barta kaisares kee hatya ke baad usee maheene ke bheetar do aur kaaryakartaon kee hatya kar dee gaee. julaee 2021 mein, dais ke prabandhak devid kaistilo ko usakee hatya ke bauddhik lekhak ke roop mein doshee paaya gaya.

## References
Lydia Cacho

**Lydia Cacho** (janm 12 aprail 1963) ek Mexican patrakaar, naareevaadee aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain. emanestee intaraneshanal dvaara "shaayad meksiko ke sabase prasiddh khojee patrakaar aur mahila adhikaar adhivakta" ke roop mein varnit, kaacho kee riporting mahilaon aur bachchon ke khilaaph hinsa aur yaun shoshan par kendrit hai. unakee pustak los demoniyos del eden (angrejee mein: da demans oph eedan) (2004) ne yah aarop lagaakar ek raashtravyaapee ghotaala kiya ki kaee pramukh vyavasaayiyon ne peedophiliya kee angoothee kee raksha karane kee saajish rachee thee. 2006 mein, vyavasaayee kaamel naseeph borge aur pyoobla ke gavarnar maariyo plutaarko maarin tores ke beech baatacheet se ek tep ubhara, jisamen unhonne kaacho ko usakee riporting ke lie peeta aur balaatkaar karane kee saajish rachee. 3 pharavaree 2021 ko kathit yaatana ke lie maarin tores ko giraphtaar kiya gaya tha. kaacho apanee patrakaarita ke lie kaee antararaashtreey puraskaaron kee vijeta hain, jinamen sivil karej praij, volenabarg medal aur oloph paalme puraskaar shaamil hain. 2010 mein, unhen intaraneshanal pres insteetyoot ka varld pres phreedam heero naamit kiya gaya tha. lidiya kaacho ribero ka janm meksiko sitee mein phraanseesee-purtagaalee mool kee ek maan ke yahaan hua tha jo dviteey vishv yuddh ke dauraan phraans se maiksiko chalee gaee thee aur ek maiksikan injeeniyar pita tha. kaacho ne apanee maan ke saath samajhauta karane se inakaar karane ke lie jimmedaar thaharaaya, jo maiksikan kee "spasht svatantrata ke badale mein apanee garima par baatacheet karane" kee ichchha se hairaan thee. unakee maan ne kacho ko jameenee star kee saamudaayik pariyojanaon ke lie gareeb pados mein le jaakar unhen saamaajik jaagarookata bhee sikhaee. kaacho apane pita ko anushaasan aur kathorata sikhaane ka shrey detee hain. kaacho ek yuva mahila ke roop mein peris mein kuchh samay ke lie sorabon mein padhatee thee aur ek naukaraanee ke roop mein kaam karatee thee. 23 saal kee umr mein, vah lagabhag gurde kee viphalata se mar gaee. usake theek hone ke baad, usane kainakan akhabaaron ke lie kaam karana shuroo kar diya, kala aur manoranjan kahaaniyaan likhana shuroo kar diya. haalaanki, apanee maan ke naareevaad dvaara nirdeshit, kaacho ne jald hee mahilaon ke khilaaph hinsa ke baare mein likhana shuroo kar diya. kuchh hee samay baad, 1999 mein, bas steshan ke baatharoom mein ek vyakti ne usake saath maarapeet kee aur usake saath balaatkaar kiya, jisane usakee kaee haddiyaan tod deen. kaacho ka maanana ​​​​hai ki hamala usakee jaanch ke lie ek pratishodh tha. haalaanki, usane apanee jaanch jaaree rakhee, aur agale varsh past mahilaon ke lie ek aashray kee sthaapana kee.

## Sandarbh
Mary Jane Cain

**Mary Jane Cain** (1844-1929) ek samudaay kee neta theen, ek gomeroee mahila theen jo nyoo sauth vels ke konaabaarabaraan kshetr mein rahatee theen. vah 1844 mein paida huee thee aur 1912 mein burra bee dee aadivaasee rijarv kee sthaapana mein mahatvapoorn bhoomika nibhaee thee aur use burraabeedee kee raanee ya "kveen kain" ke roop mein jaana jaane laga. mairee jen ek aadivaasee mahila jinee griphin aur aayarishamain yoojeen griphin kee betee theen. unaka janm 1844 mein tooravandee steshan par hua tha aur 14 saal kee umr mein unaka naamakaran koonaabaarabaraan aur mudagee ke beech sadak par ghode kee peeth par kiya gaya tha. jems badsavarth se apanee pahalee shaadee ke baad, mairee jen ne 1865 mein hed stokamain jorj viliyam kain se shaadee kee. mairee jen kain ke jeevan ke baare mein jo kuchh bhee jaana jaata hai, vah maargaret somaravile dvaara unake chaar vanshajon-mairee dandas, me meed, jenet robinsan aur moreen sultar ke saath maukhik itihaas saakshaatkaar mein darj kiya gaya tha. somaravile ne mairee ko "ek aisee mahila ke roop mein varnit kiya jo itihaas ke do yugon - is bhoomi ke saphed nipataan se pahale ka samay aur baad ka samay. vah is tarah ke gahare antar kee do duniyaon ke beech chalatee hai, aur vah apane logon ko aage badhane kee taakat detee hai." vah mairee jen ko uddhrt karatee hai, "hamen aage badhane ke lie khud ko achchha banaana hoga, log kahate hain. main is jagah ko naganeenitja aur mere beech kaise sthaanaantarit kar sakata hoon?" 1882 mein apanee maan, jinee griphin kee mrtyu ke baad, mairee apane samudaay kee neta ban gaeen aur sabhee ko "kveen" kain ke roop mein jaana jaata tha. unakee mrtyu ke baad prakaashit notison mein, mairee kee yaadon ko sone kee bheed se pahale kshetr mein kheton par cheenee shram ke upayog ke baare mein darj kiya gaya tha aur shramikon ke sone kee sambhaavana ke lie jaane ke baad, skvaitars ne sthaaneey aadivaasee shramikon ko charavaahon ke roop mein niyukt kiya, prabhaavee roop se shatruta ko kam kiya. seema yuddh. mairee jen kain ne sarakaar se yaachika daayar kee kyonki unake pati asvasth the, aur unhen apane nau bachchon ko pradaan karane kee aavashyakata thee. nateejatan, 21 pharavaree 1912 ko burra bee dee eborijinal rijarv (sankhya 47521) ko raajapatrit kiya gaya tha, isamen phorkee maunten mein bhoomi ka ek chhota paarsal shaamil tha jo pahale se hee mairee aur usake parivaar ko raanee viktoriya dvaara pradaan kiya gaya tha. mairee jen kain kee mrtyu 29 julaee 1929 ko 85 varsh kee aayu mein burra bee dee, konaabaarabraan, enesadablyoo mein huee.

## Sandarbh
Cao Shunli

**Cao Shunli** (1962 - 14 maarch 2014) ek Chinese vakeel aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta the. Cao Shunli ka janm beejing mein hua tha, lekin saanskrtik kraanti (1966-1971) ke dauraan unake daada ke "dushman vargon" ke sadasy hone ke parinaamasvaroop unhen apane parivaar ke saath jabaran unake paitrk ghar jhaoyuaan, shedong praant mein bhej diya gaya tha. us samay kee cheen kee kamyunist paartee ka siddhaant. beejing kolej oph politikal sains end lo mein bhaag lene aur snaatakottar adhyayan kee avadhi ke baad unhen shram aur maanav sansaadhan mantraalay ke anusandhaan kendr mein kaam karane ke lie saumpa gaya tha. 2002 ke aavaas sudhaaron ke dauraan, kao ne apane paryavekshakon ke beech bhrashtaachaar kee soochana dee aur apanee naukaree kho dee. isake baad vah ek maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta ban gaeen aur baad mein apanee gatividhiyon ke parinaamasvaroop jel shiviron mein kam se kam do baar seva kee. raashtreey maanavaadhikaar sameeksha kee maang karane vaale ek samooh ke hisse ke roop mein videsh mantraalay mein do maheene ke dharane ke baad, sitambar 2013 mein kao ne jineva mein maanavaadhikaaron ke lie antarraashtreey seva dvaara aayojit maanavaadhikaaron par ek prashikshan satr mein bhaag lene kee yojana banaee. haalaanki, use beejing havaee adde par giraphtaar kar liya gaya, aur kaee haphton tak gaayab rahee. aktoobar 2013 mein un par avaidh roop se ikattha hone aur jhagada karane aur pareshaanee ko bhadakaane ka aarop lagaaya gaya tha. navambar 2013 mein kao ko nimoniya ka pata chala tha, aur pharavaree 2014 mein vah koma mein chalee gaee, jis samay use beejing ke ek sainy aspataal mein sthaanaantarit kar diya gaya tha. kao kee 14 maarch 2014 ko aspataal mein mrtyu ho gaee, usake shareer mein "lagabhag saadhe paanch maheene hiraasat mein rahane ke dauraan usake durvyavahaar ke sanket" dikhaee de rahe the.

## Sandarbh
Alberta Cariño

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**Alberta Cariño** ek mahila maanavaadhikaar rakshak, Mexico ke oksaaka mein ek saamudaayik sangathan, kaiktas (sentro dee apoyo komunitaariyo traibaajaando yoonidos) ke nideshak the. 27 aprail, 2010 ko, jab ardhasainik balon ne sain juaan kopaala ke svadeshee svaayatt samudaay ke raaste mein ek kaaravaan par ghaat lagaakar hamala kiya, to vah maara gaya. sthaaneey aur antarraashtreey maanavaadhikaar paryavekshakon sahit kaaravaan, us samudaay ko bhojan pahuncha raha tha, jo raajy sarakaar ke saath sambaddh ardhasainik balon kee naakaabandee ke tahat raha hae. bandookadhaariyon ne finish maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta zaayaree jaakkola ko bhee maar daala aur das se adhik log ghaayal ho gae. kairino miksatek tha aur meksiko mein svadeshee logon ke lie khaady samprabhuta, saamudaayik jal prabandhan, mittee sanrakshan aur svaayattata ke adhikaar ke lie ek vakeel tha. chachtus ke saath apane kaam ke hisse ke roop mein, unhonne uttaree oksaaka mein mahilaon ke samooh ko sangathit karane ka kaam kiya. vah 2006 ke oksaaka virodh ke javaab mein sarakaaree daman ke baad disambar 2006 mein asthaayee roop se oksaaka se bhaagane ke lie majaboor kaiktas ke netaon mein se ek thee.

## References
Estela de Carlotto

**Estela de Carlotto** (byoonas aayars, janm 22 aktoobar 1930) ek Argentina maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur plaaja de meyo kee daadee ke sangh ke adhyaksh hain. unakee ek betee, laura estela kaarloto ka 1977 ke ant mein byoonas aayars mein garbhavatee hone par apaharan kar liya gaya tha aur laapata ho gaee thee. kahaaniyon ke maadhyam se, vah yah pata laga sakatee thee ki usakee betee ne ek ladake ko janm diya tha, aur usake pote ko viniyojit kiya gaya tha aur usakee pahachaan badal gaee thee. usane lagabhag 36 varshon tak usakee talaash kee, 5 agast 2014 ko, sambandhit vyakti dvaara svechchha se kie gae deeene jaanch ke baad, usake pote kee pahachaan kee gaee, aur baraamad pote kee soochee mein 114 vaan ban gaya. kaarloto ko plaaza de meyo (abuelas dee plaaja de meyo) kee daadee ke saath apane kaam ke lie kaee puraskaar mile hain, jisamen maanavaadhikaaron ke kshetr mein sanyukt raashtr puraskaar aur yoonesko dvaara sammaanit pheliks hauphauet-bogne shaanti puraskaar shaamil hain. 2015 mein, unhen beebeesee kee 100 mahilaon mein se ek ke roop mein soocheebaddh kiya gaya tha. enariketa estela baarns ka janm 22 aktoobar 1930 ko byoonas aayars mein angrejee mool ke ek parivaar mein hua tha. usane itaalavee mool ke ek audyogik majadoor guido kaarloto se shaadee kee, jisake saath usake chaar bachche the. vah praathamik vidyaalay kee shikshika theen. 1970 ke dashak mein, jab sv-niyukt naagarik-sainy taanaashaahee raashtreey punargathan prakriya ne desh par shaasan kiya (1976-1983), unake teen bachche raajaneeti mein shaamil the: lora estela, neshanal yoonivarsitee of la plaata mein itihaas kee chhaatra, ugravaadee peronijm mein, klaudiya peronist yoonivarsitee yooth se sambandhit thee aur guido miguel ne apane haee skool ke chhaatr kendr ko ekeekrt kiya. 5 agast, 1977 ko, sashastr balon ne usake pati ka apaharan aur atyaachaar kiya, jise 40 miliyan peso (us samay 30,000 dolar ke baraabar) ke bhugataan ke baad mukt kar diya gaya tha. kaarloto aur any baraamad daadee aur pote 2011 mein peris mein miguel enjel estrela ke ghar mein raashtrapati kristeena kirachanar ke saath ekatr hue navambar 1977 ke ant mein, laura, jo teen maheene kee garbhavatee thee, ka apaharan kar liya gaya aur agast 1978 ke ant tak la plaata mein la kaacha ke gupt hiraasat kendr mein le jaaya gaya. bachche ke janm se kuchh samay pahale, use ek anirdisht sthaan par le jaaya gaya - vivaad hain kis sthaan par- aur 26 joon, 1978 ko janm diya. ekatr kie gae kuchh pramaanon ne nirdhaarit kiya ki yah sthaan byoonas aayars mein sainy aspataal ho sakata hai. lekin usake bachche kee asalee pahachaan kee bahaalee se, is baat ka prabal sandeh hai ki bachche ka janm la kaacha ke aasapaas ya byoonas aayars praant ke ek aspataal mein hua hoga. Estela de Carlotto ne apanee betee kee svatantrata kee vyavastha kee, aur janaral renaaldo bignon se milane aae, jinhonne use bataaya ki laura jeevit nahin rahegee. aprail 1978 mein, kaid mein unakee betee ke ek saathee ne use soochit kiya ki laura abhee bhee jeevit aur garbhavatee thee.

## Sandarbh
Gretchen Carlson

**Gretchen Carlson** (janm 21 joon, 1966) ek American prasaaran patrakaar, lekhak aur teleevijan vyaktitv hain. kaarlasan kaee teleevijan kaaryakramon ke mejabaan ke roop mein dikhaee die, vishesh roop se 2002 se 2005 tak seebeees nyooj par da arlee sho ke shanivaar sanskaran mein, Fox News ke morning Show Fox and Friends 2005 se 2013 tak, aur da riyal storee vid grechen kaarlasan phoks nyooj par 2013 se 2016 tak. julaee 2016 mein, kaarlasan ne phoks nyooj ke tatkaaleen adhyaksh aur seeeeo rojar eles ke khilaaph yaun utpeedan ka daava karate hue mukadama daayar kiya. isake baad, darjanon any mahilaon ne bhee eles par utpeedan ka aarop lagaane ke lie aage badhe, aur eles ne dabaav mein isteepha de diya. sitambar 2016 mein, kaarlasan aur 21st senchuree phoks ne kathit taur par $ 20 miliyan ke mukadame ka nipataara kiya aur kaarlasan ko saarvajanik maaphee milee. kaarlasan 2016 ke #maitoo aandolan ke pahale uchch prachaar maamalon mein se ek the. kaarlasan ko 2017 mein taim patrika ke duniya ke 100 sabase prabhaavashaalee logon mein se ek naamit kiya gaya tha. unhonne do sabase adhik bikane vaalee kitaaben likhee hain, unaka sansmaran, geting riyal, aur nyooyork taims kee bestaselar bee phiyars: stop hairesament aur tek yor paavar baik. poorv saundary pratiyogita kee pratiyogee ko mis amerika 1989 ka taaj pahanae jaane ke lagabhag teen dashak baad, kaarlasan ne 2018 se 2019 tak mis amerika sangathan ke nideshak mandal kee adhyaksh ke roop mein kaary kiya, jisamen pejent ke phokas ko dikhaave se upalabdhiyon kee or sthaanaantarit karane ke lie parivartan laagoo kie gae. isake alaava 2019 mein, unhonne gair-prakateekaran samajhauton (enadeee) par pratibandh lagaane ke lie lipht avar voyas kee sah-sthaapana kee aur amerikee kaaryasthal mein rojagaar samajhauton mein jabaran madhyasthata khand kee sthaapana kee, taaki yaun utpeedan, vetan asamaanata aur kaaryasthal vishaaktata ke shikaar logon ko jabaran chup na karaaya jae. unhen; vah aur aandolan ke any sansthaapak in yuktiyon ko peediton ke prati pratishodh ke roop mein maanate hain. kaarlasan aktoobar 2020 mein ek vishesh yogadaanakarta ke roop mein paioplai (teevee sho!) mein shaamil hueen. vah un kahaaniyon par dhyaan kendrit karatee hain jo har roj amerikee naayakon ko preranaadaayak krtyon ko ujaagar karatee hain. pharavaree 2022 mein, amerikee kaangres ne ending phorsd aarbitreshan oph seksual asolt end sekshual hairesament ekt paarit kiya, jo kaarlasan dvaara samarthit ek kaanoon hai, jisamen poorvavyaapee prabhaav sahit madhyasthata khand se yaun utpeedan aur yaun utpeedan kee shikaayaton ko baahar rakha gaya hai. 3 maarch, 2022 ko, raashtrapati jo biden ne kaanoon mein bil par hastaakshar kie.

## Sandarbh
María Teresa Castillo

**María Teresa Castillo** (15 aktoobar, 1908 - 22 joon, 2012) Venezuela kee patrakaar, raajaneetigy, raajaneetik kaaryakarta, maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur saanskrtik udyamee theen. vah karaakaas etheniyam kee sansthaapak theen, jo ek pramukh saanskrtik sansthaan hai jo karaakaas kee kala ko badhaava deta hai. unhonne 1958 se 2012 mein apanee mrtyu tak kaaraakas etheniyam ke adhyaksh ke roop mein bhee kaary kiya. maanavaadhikaaron ke prastaavak kaistilo ne bhee 1978 mein emanestee intaraneshanal ke venejuela adhyaay ke gathan mein ek pramukh bhoomika nibhaee. maariya teresa kaistilo ka janm 15 aktoobar, 1908 ko venejuela ke miraanda raajy ke kua mein "baagre" naamak ek haashinda mein hua tha. unhonne venejuela ke kendreey vishvavidyaalay mein skool oph soshal kamyunikeshans se snaatak kiya. 1934 mein, kaistilo nyooyork, sanyukt raajy amerika chale gae, jahaan unhonne ek kaarakhaane mein ek seemastres ke roop mein kaam kiya. usake baad unhonne is desh mein rahane kee koshish kee lekin unake prayaas vyarth hain kyonki unhen ek kraantikaaree ke roop mein sindiket kiya gaya tha. 1989 mein, vah venejuela ke chaimbar oph depyuteej ke lie chunee gaeen, jo raashtreey vidhaayika ke poorv nichale sadan the. diptee ke roop mein, kaistilo ne sanskrti par chaimbar ke sthaayee aayog ke pahale adhyaksh ke roop mein kaary kiya. vah apane kaaryakaal ke dauraan kshetreey vikaas par chaimbar kee samiti kee sadasy bhee theen. kaistilo ne 1946 mein venejuela ke patrakaar miguel otero silva se shaadee kee. unake do bachche the, el naishanal akhabaar ke vartamaan sampaadak miguel henarik otero aur maariyaana. maariya teresa kaistilo ka 22 joon 2012 ko kaaraakas mein 103 varsh kee aayu mein nidhan ho gaya. tairaagona ke kaitalan praant ke saalau mein, maariya kaistilo ke naam par ek sadak hai. sadak ko kairar dee maariya kaistilo kaha jaata hai.

## Sandarbh
Berenice Celeita

**Berenice Celeita** (kabhee-kabhee seleeta likha jaata hai) ek kolambiyaee maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hai. vah Asociacion Para la Investigacion y Accion Social (NOMADESC) kee adhyaksh hain, jo kshetreey maanavaadhikaaron ke hanan kee jaanch karatee hai. 1998 mein, unhonne kolambiyaee kaaryakarta gloriya phlorez, jaim preeto aur maariyo kailiksto ke saath robart eph kainedee hyooman raits avaard jeeta. seleeta ne maanavaadhikaaron mein apanee sakriyata kee shuruaat ka shrey 1985 ke pailes oph jastis kee gheraabandee ko diya, jisamen em-19 gurillaon ne kolambiya ke supreem kort oph jastis ko bandhak bana liya, jisamen isake 25 mein se 11 nyaayaadheeshon kee maut ho gaee. selita us samay kolej mein ek phreshamain thee, aur mrtakon mein kaee prophesar the. baad mein unhonne NOMADESC kee sthaapana kee, jo dakshinee kolambiya ke vaile del kaaka praant mein sthit hai. NOMADESC maanavaadhikaar prashikshan paathyakram pradaan karata hai jo vakaalat aur vikaas ke lie sthaaneey samudaayon mein lautane ke lie ek varsh mein 150 logon ko snaatak karata hai. sangathan sone, nikal aur yooreniyam ke khanan ke saath-saath petroliyam driling se sambandhit maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan par bhee riport karata hai. nomadaisch 2004 se 2008 ke dauraan shuroo huee peepuls kaangres ka ek hissa hai. robart eph. kainedee sentar phor jastis end hyooman raits ne kaha hai ki 2004 mein, seleeta "opareshan draigan" mein hatya ke lie kolambiyaee sarakaar dvaara lakshit 175 maanavaadhikaar kaaryakartaon aur sanghavaadiyon mein se ek thee. sitambar 2011 mein hamalon ke lie kolambiyaee sena ke ek karnal aur do mejar ko giraphtaar kiya gaya tha. maanavaadhikaar divas ke ek samaaroh mein bhaag lene ke baad unhen 2010 mein esemes ke maadhyam se phir se maut kee dhamakee milee, jisake kaaran phrant lain ne unakee or se alart jaaree kiya.

## Sandarbh
Gabriela Cerruti

**Gabriela Cerruti** (janm 9 disambar 1965) Argentina kee ek patrakaar, lekhika aur raajaneetigy hain. vah 2017 se 2021 tak byoonas aayars ka pratinidhitv karane vaale chaimbar oph depyuteej kee sadasy theen, phrant phor viktree blok ke hisse ke roop mein, aur baad mein phrente dee todos blok ke hisse ke roop mein. vah vartamaan mein arjenteena ke raashtrapati albarto pharnaandeej ke aadhikaarik pravakta ke roop mein kaary karatee hain. 2007 mein vah byoonas aayars sitee vidhaanamandal ke lie chunee gaeen, aur baad mein 2011-2015 ke kaaryakaal ke lie phir se chunee gaeen. vah nyoo enakauntar blok ka hissa theen, ek paartee jisake lie vah apane jile ke mukhy netaon mein se ek theen. gaibriela serutee ne 1983 mein neshanal yoonivarsitee of la plaata ke skool of jarnalijm end soshal kamyunikeshan mein patrakaarita mein apanee vishvavidyaalay kee padhaee shuroo kee. unhonne landan mein vestaminstar vishvavidyaalay ke sanchaar aur soochana adhyayan kendr mein snaatak kee padhaee kee, jahaan unhonne maastar ke saath snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. theesis ke saath kala ke saarvajanik kshetr ke khilaaph yuddh. unhonne sv-ghoshit raashtreey punargathan prakriya ke dauraan saarvajanik kshetr ke vinaash par ek theesis ke saath vestaminstar vishvavidyaalay mein peeechadee pooree kee, jisane 1976 se 1983 tak arjenteena ko shaasit kiya jab arjenteena ne fokalaind dveep par aakraman kiya. usane not kiya hai ki dveepon par arjenteena ke daave ko aasapaas ke any deshon ka samarthan praapt hai aur sainy samaadhaan ke bajaay raajaneetik samaadhaan hee ekamaatr vikalp hae. 1983 se shuroo hokar, unhonne apanee padhaee aur apanee shikshan gatividhi ko peshevar ke saath badal diya, vibhinn yogadaan die, pahale la plaata aur byoonas aayars mein vibhinn meediya ke lie aur phir 1985 mein, raashtreey samaachaar ejensee notisiyaas arjenteenaas mein sampaadak ke roop mein। 1987 mein vah saaptaahik somos, el peeriyodista aur pejina/12 mein ek riportar baneen.

## Sandarbh
Geraldine Chacón

**Geraldine Chacón** (janm 23 disambar 1993, karaakaas, Venezuela mein) ek vakeel, maanavaadhikaar adhivakta aur kaaraakas mein yoonivarsidaid metropolitaana mein libaral stadeej ke chhaatr hain. chaakon ko emanestee intaraneshanal dvaara antaraatma kee kaidee ghoshit kiya gaya tha, jinhonne 27 aprail 2018 ko tatkaal aur bina shart rihaee ke lie ek tatkaal kaarravaee jaaree kee thee. chaakon ko boliveriyan neshanal intelijens sarvis (sarvisiyo boliveriyano de intelijeniya naishanal) ne 1 pharavaree 2018 kee subah tadake bina vaarant aur jhoothe bahaane ke tahat giraphtaar kiya tha. use poochhataachh ke lie el helikoed le jaaya gaya aur vahaan hiraasat mein liya gaya. Venezuela kee nyaayik pranaalee dvaara jaaree usakee rihaee ke kaanoonee aadeshon ko jel adhikaariyon ne nazarandaaj kar diya. chaakon ko antatah 1 joon 2018 ko sashart riha kar diya gaya. emanestee use jokhim mein maanatee hae aur usakee or se apeel karatee hae. geraaldin chaakon ko kam umr se hee vakeel banane ke lie prerit kiya gaya tha. 14 saal kee umr mein, usane sthaaneey shahar kee yuva sarakaar mein hissa liya. 2010 talak chaakon ne yoonivarsidaid metropolitan (metropolitan yoonivarsitee) mein hissa liya, jahaan unhonne kaanoon kee digree haasil kee. unake akaadamik kaaryon mein kolambiyaee lekhak piyo del kaistilo dvaara likhit 19veen sadee ke shishtaachaar aur yuvaon ke lie naagarikata niyamaavalee ka adhyayan shaamil tha. vah 2013-2014 mein peris, phraans mein instityoot deeetyoods politiks dee peris (vigyaan po) mein ek eksachenj chhaatr theen. vah apanee kaanoon kee digree pooree karane aur libaral stadeej ka adhyayan karane ke lie metropolitan vishvavidyaalay laut aaee. giraphtaaree ke samay vah us kaaryakram kee chhaatra thee. 9 aprail 2018 ko, metropolitan yoonivarsitee kee akaadamik parishad ne unake samarthan mein ek bayaan prakaashit kiya. vah kaanoon kee digree praapt karane ke lie snaatak mein upasthit nahin ho sakee kyonki vah jel mein thee.

## Sandarbh
Satya Rani Chadha

**Satya Rani Chadha** (1929 ch. - 1 July 2014) ek mahila adhikaar kaaryakarta theen. vah 1980 ke dashak mein saathee kaaryakarta shaahajahaan aapa ke saath milakar bhaarat mein dahej virodhee aandolan shuroo karane ke lie jaanee jaatee hain. donon mahilaen aisee maan theen jinakee betiyon ko dahej vivaad ke parinaamasvaroop maar diya gaya tha, aur dashakon tak bhaarat mein nyaay ke lie aur dahej prathaon ko badalane ke lie abhiyaan chalaaya. saath mein unhonne dillee sthit ek sharanaarthee aur mahila adhikaar sangathan shakti shaalinee kee sthaapana kee aur dahej se sambandhit aur ling aadhaarit hinsa ka mukaabala kiya. chaddha neeraja bhanot puraskaar ke praaptakarta hain. shashi baala kee hatya aur nyaay kee ladaee 1979 mein, saty raanee chaddha kee bees varsheey betee, shashi baala (jise kanchanabaala ke naam se bhee jaana jaata hai) kee ghar mein rahate hue gambheer roop se jalane se mrtyu ho gaee, jo dulhan ko jalaane kee shikaar thee. usakee shaadee ko ek saal se bhee kam samay hua tha aur usakee mrtyu ke samay vah chhah maheene kee garbhavatee thee. chaddha, apanee betee ke pati ke parivaar ko poora dahej ka anurodh nahin de sakatee thee, jisamen skootar, ek teleevijan aur ek rephrijaretar kee maang shaamil thee. phir bhee, chaddha teleevijan ke lie kuchh paise dene mein kaamayaab rahe aur ek rephrijaretar diya. phir bhee, apanee betee kee mrtyu ke do din pahale, chaddha ke daamaad subhaash chandr ne use shesh dahej (skootar) kee maang pooree nahin hone par gambheer parinaam bhugatane kee chetaavanee dee thee. unhonne maut mein shaamil hone se inakaar kiya, lekin aanshik roop se adhoora dahej anurodh ke kaaran unakee betee kee hatya par sandeh karate hue, chaddha ne maut ko hatya ke roop mein bataaya. pulis ne buniyaadee saboot ikattha karane kee upeksha kee aur chandra par hatya ka nahin, balki dahej nishedh adhiniyam ke tahat aarop lagaaya. isake chalate supreem kort ne 1980 mein phaisala sunaaya ki choonki chandra kee skootar kee maang shaadee ke das maheene baad aaee thee, isalie ise maut se nahin joda ja sakata tha. chaddha ne hatya ke mukadame ka peechha karana jaaree rakha, lekin adaalat mein maamale kee sunavaee ke lie 2000 tak ka samay lag gaya. chandra ko antatah 2000 mein aatmahatya ke lie ukasaane ke kam aarop ke lie doshee thaharaaya gaya tha. apeel par unakee saja ko 2013 mein barakaraar rakha gaya tha, aur unhen saat saal kee saja kaatane ka aadesh diya gaya tha. vah khud ko saumpane mein viphal raha aur usane saja nahin dee.

## Sandarbh
Shami Chakrabarti

**Shami Chakrabarti** (janm 16 joon 1969) ek British Labor Party ke raajaneta, bairistar aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain. unhonne 2003 se 2016 tak naagarik svatantrata aur maanavaadhikaaron ko badhaava dene vaale ek pramukh vakaalat samooh libartee ke nideshak ke roop mein kaary kiya. 2016 se 2020 tak, unhonne inglaind aur vels ke lie shaido atornee janaral ke roop mein kaary kiya. chakravartee ka janm landan baro oph hairo mein hua tha aur unhonne landan skool oph ikonomiks se kaanoon kee padhaee kee thee. snaatak hone ke baad, unhen baar mein bulaaya gaya aur phir grh kaaryaalay ke lie ek aantarik kaanoonee salaahakaar ke roop mein kaam kiya. jab vah libartee kee nideshak theen, to unhonne libartee ko "atyadhik" aatankavaad virodhee kaanoon ke khilaaph abhiyaan chalaaya. is bhoomika mein, unhonne beebeesee rediyo 4 aur vibhinn samaachaar patron mein aksar yogadaan diya, aur da taims mein "shaayad pichhale 20 varshon ke sabase prabhaavee saarvajanik maamalon ke pairaveekaar" ke roop mein varnit kiya gaya tha. vah 2011 aur 2012 ke dauraan pres maanakon mein levesan poochhataachh ke painal sadasyon mein se ek theen. 2014 aur 2017 ke beech, unhonne eseks vishvavidyaalay ke chaansalar ke roop mein kaary kiya. agast 2016 mein, chakravartee ko pradhaan mantree ke isteephe sammaan mein ek jeevan saathee banaaya gaya tha. chakravartee ka janm bangaalee bhaarateey maata-pita ke lie hairo ke landan baro mein kentan ke upanagar mein hua tha. unake pita, ek muneem, ko chakravartee dvaara naagarik svatantrata mein ruchi praapt karane par ek prabhaav ke roop mein uddhrt kiya gaya hai. unhonne bentale vud haee skool, ek ladakiyon ke vyaapak skool, phir hairo veeld siksth phorm kolej mein padhaee kee. usake maata-pita donon kalakatta ke roman kaitholik skoolon mein padhe the, jabaki vah khud ek bachche ke roop mein baipatist sande skool mein padhatee thee. 2007 mein, unhonne beebeesee rediyo 4 ke lie ek lent tok ka prasaaran kiya. unhonne landan skool oph ikonomiks mein kaanoon ka adhyayan kiya, ek samay mein liyonaard leh ke shodh sahaayak ke roop mein abhinay kiya, jinhonne aatankavaad aur pratyarpan ke lie british drshtikon par ek pepar likha tha; pepar antatah 1997 mein prakaashit hua tha. 1991 mein elelabee kee digree ke saath snaatak hone ke baad, chakravartee ko 1994 mein madhy mandir dvaara baar mein bulaaya gaya tha. 1996 mein, unhonne grh kaaryaalay ke lie bairistar ke roop mein kaam karana shuroo kiya.

## Sandarbh