Latin alphabet

**Latin alphabet**, jiske **Roman alphabet** bhi bola jaae hae, akchhar ke ek sangrah (collection) hae jiske pahile  puraana Romans kaam me laae ke   Latin likhat rahin. II uu samay se khaali thora badlaa hae, jaise   ke jagha , aur  ke jagha  aur  jorraa gais hae. Iske kaam me laae ke, jaada aadhmik bhasa ke likha jaawe hae, jaise  Europe, Africa, the Americas, aur Oceania ke bhasa. Iske standardised form  ISO basic Latin alphabet hae.

## Naam
*Latin alphabet* uu alphabet ke bola jaae sake hae jisme  Latin likha jaae hae (jaise ii article me bataawa gais hae), nai to duusra alphabets jon Latin script pe based hae, jon basic set of letters hae jon dher  alphabets jon classical Latin alphabet se descended hae, me common hae, jaise English alphabet. Ii Latin-script alphabets me se akchhar ke nikaale sake hae, jaise  Rotokas alphabet, nai to nawaa akchhar ke jorre hae, jaise Danish aur Norwegian alphabets. Alchhar ke  shapes pichhle tiin century me badal gais hae, jisme Medieval Latin ke lower-case bhi hae.

## Vikaas
Latin alphabet  Etruscan alphabet se aais hae jon dekhe me wahii rakam lagat rahaa, jon Greek alphabet ke Cumaean Greek version se aais hae, jon  Phoenician alphabet se aais hae, jon Egyptian hieroglyphs se aais hae. Etruscans puraana Rome pe raj karat rahin aur uulog ke akchhar Rome me kuchh din ke baad evolve hoe ke  Latin alphabet banaa.
Middle Ages me, Latin alphabet ke kaam me laae ke (kabh-kabhi badlao ke baad)  Romance bhasa likha jaawat rahaa, jon sidhe  Latin se aais hae, aur Celtic, Germanic, Baltic aur kuchh Slavic languages bhi. Colonialism aur Christian evangelism ke kaaran,  Latin script  Europe se baahar faelaa, jiske kaam me laae ke  indigenous American, Australian, Austronesian, Austroasiatic aur African bhasa likha jaae lagaa. Abhi haali ke time me linguists  Latin script nai to International Phonetic Alphabet (jon apne jaada kar ke  Latin script pe adhaarit hae) ke kaam me laae hae jab non-European bhasa ke written standards banaawa jaawe hae, jaise   African reference alphabet.

## Itihaas
### Suruwaat
Ii jaada kar ke biswas karaa jaawe hae ki  Latin alphabet, jiske   Romans kaam me laawa karat rahin,  Old Italic alphabet jiske Etruscans kaam me laawat rahin, se aais hae. Uu akchhar Euboean alphabet se aais rahaa, jiske  Cumae kaam me laawat rahin, aur badle me ii  Phoenician alphabet se aais rahaa.

#### Puraana Italic akchhar

#### Archaic Latin akchhar

#### Puraana Latin akchhar
Latin me 21 alag-alag akchhar rahaa.  , Greek gamma ke western form rahaa, lekin iske duuno awaaj  aur  ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, saait iske kaaran  Etruscan influence rahaa hoi, jisme  voiced plosives nai rahaa. Baad me, saait 3rd century BC me,   – jiske Latin ke achchhaa se likhe khaatir jaruri nai rahaa, ke  se replace kar dewa gais rahaa,  ke ek chhotaa vertical stroke se badlaa gais rahaa. Iske baad,   voiced plosive  ke represent karat rahaa, jab  ke jaada kar ke   voiceless plosive  khaatir reserve karaa gais rahaa.   ke bahut kamtii kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, kuchh sabd me, jaise  *[[Kalends|Kalendae]]*, jon  se interchangeable rahaa.

#### Classical Latin alphabet
Jab 1st century BC me Rome, Greece ke aapan niche kar liis tab Latin,  Greek letters  aur  ke apnais   Greek loanwords ke likhe ke khaatir, aur iske alphabet ke ant me rakkhaa gais rahaa. Emperor Claudius tiin aur additional letters  ke introduce kare ke kosis karis lekin ii nai chalaa.  classical Latin period ke time  Latin alphabet me 21 letters aur 2 bidesi akchhar rahaa:

Ii akchhar ke  Latin naam se sab log sahmat nai hae; jaise,  ke "" nai to "" bola jaawat rahaa. Jaada kar ke Romans  traditional (Semitic-derived) naam ke nai kaam me laawat rahin, Greek me hae:  plosives ke naam ke bana eke khaatir   ke uske awaaj (except for  aur  me jorraa jaawat rahaa, jiske alag-alag vowel ke jaruri rahaa ) se distinguish kare ke khaatir aur   continuant ke naam ek niyam rahaa chaahe khaali awaaj ke, nai to awaaj jiske aage  hae.

Jab akchhar  ke introduce karaa gais rahaa tab iske saait   "hy"  bola gais rahaa, jaise Greek bhasa me hae,  upsilon ke ii time kaam me nai laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin iske badal ke   ("Greek i") kar dewa gais rahaa, kaaheki Latin me baat kare waala log iske pardesi awaaj  ke  se distinguish nai kare paawat rahin.  ke iske Greek naam, zeta dewa gais rahaa. Ii rakam ke akchhar ke naam ke jaada Europe ke bhasa kaam me laae hae jon Latin achhar ke kaam me laae hae.  

Diacritics ke sab time kaam me nai laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin ii kabhi-kabhi howat rahaa, jisme se sab se common rahaa apex jiske kaam me laae ke long vowels ke mark karaa jaawat rahaa, jiske pahile kabh-kabhi doubled likha jaawat rahaa. Lekin ek apex le ke jagha, akchhar i ke taller likha jaawat rahaa: . Jaise, jon aaj-kal   likha jaae hae ke pahile    likha jaawat rahaa. 
Kuchh akchharr ke  epigraphy me ek se jaada form hae. 
Latin ke study kare waala log kuchh ke specially trea karin hae, jaise  ,   ke ek varianr, jiske  Roman Gaul me paawa jaawat rahaa.

Punctuation ke interpunct se mark karaa jaawat rahaa, jiske  word divider ke rakam kaam me laawa laawatrahaa, lekin 200 AD ke baad iske kaam me nai laawa gais.

Old Roman cursive script, jiske majuscule cursive aur capitalis cursive bhi bola jaawat rahaa, sab din ke kaam me laae waala  handwriting rahaa, jiske chitthi likhe ke,  vypaari log log  business accounts rakkhe kae khaatir, school ke larrkan ke  Latin akchhar likhe ke khaatir, aur raja log bhi emperors command issue kare ke khaatir, kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Ek jaada formal rakam ke likhe ke style, jon  Roman square capitals pe based rahaa, ke bhi kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa lekin  cursive ke quicker, informal writing ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Iske jaada kar ke  1st century BC se 3rd century talak kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, lekin ii saait isse pahile rahaa hoi.  Iske baad Uncial aais, ek majuscule script jiske  3rd se 8th centuries AD me jaada kar ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, Latin aur Greek scribes se.
Tironian notes ek rakam ke shorthand system rahaa jisme hajaaro chinh rahaa. 

New Roman cursive script, jiske minuscule cursive ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, ke 3rd century se 7th century talak kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, aur ii jon akchhar ke kaam me laae hae ke modern log pahchaane hae; , , , aur  , jaana-maana shape rahaa, aur akchhar ek duusre ke  proportionate rahaa. Ii script evolve hoe ke  dher rakam ke regional medieval scripts banaa (jaise, Merovingian, Visigothic Benevantan scripts), jiske baad me  Carolingian minuscule replace karis rahaa.

### Medieval and later developments

Middle Ages me akchhar  (jon pahile ek ligature dui s) ke rahaa, ke  Latin alphabet me jorraa gais rahaa, uu  Germanic bhasa ke awaaj ke represent kare ke khaatir jon   medieval Latin me nai rahaa, aur khaali  Renaissance ke baad the convention of treating  aur  as vowels, aur  aur  as consonants, establish hoe gais. Isse pahile vowels khaali consonants ke allograph.

Jab Europe chhota-chhota des me split hoe gae rahin, tab style of writing  Middle Ages bhar badal gais rahaa, printing press ke invention ke baad bhi. Classical forms se pahila badle waala form uncial script rahaa, jon Old Roman cursive ke development rahaa, aur dher chhotaa-chhotaa  scripts jonm New Roman cursive se develop bhain, jisme se  insular script ke Irish literati develop kare rahin aur iske , jaise Carolingian minuscule ke sab se jaada asar rahaa, jon  lower case forms of the letters ke introduce karis rahaa, aur iske alaawa duusra  writing conventions bhi jon iske baad standard hoe gais hae.

Uu bhasa jon  Latin script ke kaam me laae rahin, jaada kar ke capital letters ke kaam me laae ke  paragraphs  sentences ke suruu karat rahin aur proper nouns.  Capitalization ke niyam smay ke saathe badal gais hae, aur different bhasa ke  capitalization ke aapan niyam hae. Jaise, Old English, ke bahit kamti  capitalization se likha jaawat rahaa, jab Modern English ke lekhak aur  17th and 18th century ke printers jaada kar ke sab noun ke capitalize karat rahin. ; jaise United States Constitution ke preamble:

This is still systematically done in modern German.