open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Kālidāsa

**Kālidās** (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), Sanskrit me *[[Meghadoot]]*, *Shākuntal*, aur dher book likis rahaa. Iske jagha Sanskrit me wahi rakam hae jaise ki Shakespeare, English me hae.

Kālidās's play aur kavita Hindu dharam aur Hindu sanskriti pe based hae. Ii master of imagination rahaa.

## Jindagi
Inki jindagi ke baare me bahut kuch nai jaana jaae hae lekin us koi time 130 BC aur 600 CE ke biich me jinda rahe.

Kālidās, aapan lekh me koi raja ke naam nai likis hae.

## Kaam
### Plays
Kālidās, tiimn play likis hae: *Mālawikāgnimitra* ("Mālavikā aur Agnimitra"), *Abhijñānashākuntala* ("Shakuntala ke pehchaan"), and *Vikramorwasheeya* ("Vikram aur Urwashi ke baare me"). Abhijñānashākuntala, jiske ek bahut achchhaa play maana jaae hae ke sab se pahile English aur German me translate karaa gais rahaa.
 
*Mālawikāgnimitra*, Raja Agnimitra ke baare me khissa batae hae, jon ki ek gulam larrki, Mālavikā ke chapa se pyaar kare lagaa.
Jab rani ke iske baare me pataa lagaa tab uu bahut gussae gais aur hukum diis ki uu larrki ke jahel bhej dewa jaae, lekin ii pata chalaa ki asli me larrki ek princess hae aur uske raaji hoe ke parraa.

*Abhijñānashākuntala*, Raja, *Dushyanta* ke baare me khissa hae, jon ki jangal me *Shakuntalā* ke mile hae. Dushyanta aur Shakuntalā pyar kare lage hae aur saadi kar le hae. Dushyanta, Shakuntalā ke saathe jangal me rahe lage hae lekin uske rajdhani me ek bahut jaruri kaam se balawa jaae hae. Aakhri me duno sukhi se rahe lage hae.

*Vikramōrwasheeya*, uppar duuno play se jaada mystical hae.

### Kavita
Kālidās, dui achchhaa kavita, *Raghuvamsha* ("Raghu ke Raj") aur *Kumārasambhawa* ("Kumar Kartikeya ke Janam"), aur *Meghadoota* ("Badal ke Messenger") aur *Rutusamhāra* ("Mausam ke baare me") likhis hae.

Kuch historian log Kālidās ke niche lakha gais kaam khatir credit kare hae , lekin gyani log ii maane hae ki ii sab duusra log hae jiske naam bhi Kālidās hae:

* ShrungaraTilaka
* ShrungaraRasāshta
* SetuKāwya
* KarpuraManjari
* PushpabānaWilāsa
* ShyāmalaDandaka
* PrashnottaraMālā
* JyotirWiddyābharana

## Notes


## Aur parrho
* K.D. Sethna. Problems of Ancient India, p.&nbsp;79-120 (chapter: "The Time of Kalidasa"), 2000 New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. ISBN 81-7742-026-7 (about rahin dating of Kalidasa)

## Bahaari jorr
* ''Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works'' by Arthur W. Ryder
* Biography of Kalidasa
* Clay Sanskrit Library publishes classical Indian literature, including rahin works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
* Kalidasa  at *The Online Library of Liberty*
City

Ek **city** (**shahar**, **nagar**) uu jagah hae jahan pe dher jane saathe rahe hae. Ek city me dher building aur street rahe hae. Bahut log city me rahe hae kahe ki huan pe bahut chij khoje aur kare ke sahaj rahe hae. Ek city me jaada kar ke ek "city center" rahe hae jahan pe government aur business rahe hae, aur jagah jiske suburb bola jaae hae jahaan pe log rahe hae.

## Kon jagah ke city bola jaae hae?

Dunia bhar me koi niyam nai hae jisse ek jagah ke city bolaa jaae hae.

Kuch chij jon ki city ke anae hae: 
* Ek lamba itihaas.
* Ek barrraa population. Bahut jagah pe ek town jiske population 10,000 se jaada hae ke city bolaa jaae hae. 
* Ek jagah jahaan pe business aur local government hae. 
* Kabhi ek jagah ke khaas adhikaar de ke city banawa jaae hae. 
* Jhaan pe ek church nai to university rahe hae.

## Itihaas
 
 
 
Jaise admii log civilize hoi gain uu logan city me rahe lagin. Kuch famous city jon ki abhi nai hae ke naam hae: Babylon, Troy, Mycenae aur Mohenjo Daro.

Benares north India me ek purana city hae jon ki 3000 saalo se bhi purana hae. AUr city jon ki bahut purana hae ke naam hae: Greece me Athens, Italy me Rome aur Volterra, Egypt me Alexandria aur England me York.

Europe me, Middle Ages me, city ke hoye se special privilege raha, jon khali nobility ke milat raha. Cities jon ee category me fall hoye hae, ulog ke city walls rahat raha(koi koi ke ab bhi bhi hae). Jon log u sab wall cities me rahat rahin unke jada sunwai raha. Purana cities jinke abhi bhi walls hae: Carcassonne, France me, Toledo, Spain me aur Canterbury, England me.

## Dunia ke sab se barraa city

Dunia me abhi 21 city hae jiske population 10 million se jaada hae:

* Tokyo, Japan - 28 million
* Mexico City, Mexico - 18 million
* Mumbai, India - 18 million
* São Paulo, Brazil - 18 million
* New York City, USA - 17 million
* İstanbul, Turkey - 15 million
* Shangai, China - 14 million
* Lagos, Nigeria - 13 million
* Los Angeles, USA - 13 million
* Calcutta, India - 13 million
* Buenos Aires, Argentina - 12 million
* Seoul, South Korea - 12 million
* Beijing, China - 12 million
* Karachi, Pakistan - 12 million
* Delhi, India - 11 million
* Dhaka, Bangladesh - 11 million
* Manila, Philippines - 11 million
* Cairo, Egypt - 11 million
* Osaka, Japan - 11 million
* Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 11 million
* Tianjin, China - 10 million
* Moscow, Russia - 10 million
* Lahore, Pakistan - 10 million

## References
Mahaataapu

Ek **Mahaataapu Ccontinent)**, dunia me jamin ke bhari jagha. Admii log ii bbat pe nai raaji hoe hae ki dunia me ketna continent hae lekin jaada log ii maane hae ki saat continent hae jiske naam hae:

* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Australia
* South America

Oceania ek jagha hae jisme Australia, New Zealand aur Pacific Islands hae. Jab ki Oceania ek continent nai hae iske ek continent ke roop main dekha jaae hae. Duusra jane iswas kare hae ki Australia apne aap ek continent hae.

Kuch log ii bhi biswas kare hae ki North America aur South America ek continent hae aur kuch log ii biswas kare hae ki Europe aur Asia ek continent Eurasia ke dui hissa hae. Jab ki Europe, Asia aur Africa jurra hae tab kuch log ii bhi biswas kare hae ki ii tiino ek continent Eurafrasia ek tiin hissa hae.

Jab British log "the Continent" (nai to "Continental") ke baare me baat kare hae, you logan ke matlab European mainland rahe hae.
## References
Des

Geography, me ek **des** ek political division hae. Ii jaada kar ke ek ajaad jagha rahe hae. Ii sabd ke matalab state, nation aur government bhi rahe sake hae. Jaise ke United States of America ek des hae.

## Duusra websites
* List of countries
* Köpek eğitimi List of countries
* Geography Site Country Profiles - Based on the ''CIA World Factbook''
Ocean

Ek **Ocean** ek khara paani ke barraa area continents ke biichme rahe hae. Ocean barraa rahe hae aur chota samundar ke jorre hae. Dunua ke sab oceans ke ek Ocean socha jaae sake hae kahe ki sab ocean ek duusre se jurra hae.

Ocean dekhe me blue lage hae kahe ki ii aasmaan ke rang ke reflect kare hae.

Sab se barraa ocean Pacific Ocean hae jon ki dunia ke 1/3 (one third) area me hae.

Arctic Ocean, sab se chhota ocean hae

Ek nawaa ocean ke naam Southern Ocean hae jon ki Atlantic, Pacific aur Indian ocean jon ki Antarctica ke nangich hae se banaa hae. Iske naam Antarctic Ocean bhi hae.Indian ocean india ko chuta hae.
Atlantic Ocean

**Atlantic Ocean** ek khara paani ke barraa jagha hae jiske
* west me the Americas aur Pacific Ocean ke ek hissa hae, 
* east me Europe, Africa, aur Indian Ocean hae,
* north me Arctic Ocean, aur
* south me Southern Ocean hae.

Scientist log batae hae ki million saal pahile khaali ek ocean rahaa, aur jaada kar ke jamin saathe jurra rahaaa jahan pe abhi Atlantic Ocean hae. Dhire dhire ii fat ke kuch tukrra me oe gais.  Dire dire ii faarr me paani bhar gais.

## Jagha

Atlantic Ocean ke west me North America aur South America hae. Ii Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea aur Barents Sea se jaae ke Arctic Ocean se mile hae. Iske  east me Europe hae aur ii Strait of Gibraltar se Mediterranean Sea – se mile hae.

Southeast me Atlantic, Indian Ocean se mile hae. 20° East meridian, jon ki Cape Agulhas se Antarctica talak south me jaawe hae, iske border hae.  Kuchh authorities iske south me Antarctica talak dekhae hae, jabki duusra authority iske dekhae hae ki ii  60° parallel pe Southern Ocean se mile hae.

Southwest me, the Drake Passage iske Pacific Ocean se jorre hae. Admii ka banawa gais, Panama Canal Atlantic aur Pacific Ocean ke jorre hae. Uppar bataawa gais ke alaawa aur barraa bodies of water Atlantic ke bagal me hae; the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea aur the Celtic Sea.

Atlantic, dunia ke lagbhag 22% surface ke cover kare hae, aur Atlantic Pacific Ocean ke baad duusra sab se barraa Ocean hae.  Bagal ke samundar ke saate iske area lagbhag  hae; bina ii sab samundar ke, iske area lagbhag  hae. Jon jamiiin me se naddi Atlantic Ocean me nikle hae, ke area Pacific aur Indian Ocean se chaar guna jaada hae. Atlantic Ocean aur uske bagal ke samundar me 354,700,000&nbsp;cubic kilometers (85,100,000&nbsp;cu mi) paani hae aur bina ii samundar ke 323,600,000&nbsp;cubic kilometres (77,640,000&nbsp;cu mi).

Atlantic Ocean ke average gahiraai, bagal ke samundar ke saathe  hae; bagal ke samundar ke bina  hae. Sab se jaada gahiraai, Milwaukee Deep  hae,  Puerto Rico Trench me hae. Atlantic Ocean ke chaurrai  Brazil aur Sierra Leone ke biich me se  jaada south me.

## References
Indian Ocean

**Indian Ocean** uu ocean hae jiske north me Asia, east me Australia aur Pacific Ocean, south me Southern Ocean, aur west me Africa aur Atlantic Ocean hae. Iske naam India se aais hae jon ki north me hae aur jiske sab beach Indian Ocean se mile hae. Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf aurRed Sea sab ii ocean ke bhaag hae.

## Indian Ocean ke border

Indian Ocean, southern Asia talak jaawe hae aur Africa aur Australia ke alag kare hae.

International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) ke 3rd edition, *Limits of Oceans and Seas* ,Indian Ocean (isme se chhota chhota samundar ke nikal dewa gais hae) ke ii rakam se define kare hae:

*Uttar ke bagal*, Arabian Sea hae, jiske ke dakchhin me  Lakshadweep Sea hae. Bay of Bengal ke dakchhin se,  East Indian Archipelago ke oachchhim se, aur Great Australian Bight ke dakchhin se.
*Pachchhim me.*  Cape Agulhas sen 20° long. East, aur ii meridian ke follow kar ke Antarctic Continent talak.
*East me.* South East Cape, Tasmania ke sab se dakchhin jagha se meridian 146°55'E Antarctic Continent talak.
*South me.* Antarctic Continent.


## References


## Duusra websites
* Maps of the indian Ocean 
* Océan Indien in easy French
Christopher Columbus

**Christopher Columbus** ek trader aur explorer rahaa. Uske janam Genoa, Italy me 1451 me aur maut 20 May, 1506 me bhaes rahaa. Pahile ii socha jaawat rahaa ki Columbus pahila goraa rahaa jon ki America gais rahaa lekin aaj kal ii maana jaawe hae ki Viking log pahile America gain rahaa.

Columbus, Atlantic Ocean paar kare ke kosis karis kahe ki uu janat rahaa ki dunia gola hae aur west ke bagal jjae se bhi India pahuch jaae sake hae. Jab ki Columbus Italian rahaa, uske trip khatir jahaaj aur paisa Spain ke Rani diis rahaa. Jab uu West Indies pahucha tab uu sochis ki uu India pahunch gais hae aur huan ke logan ke Indian naam rakkha diis.
Ghar

**Ghar** ek building hae jisme insaan log rahe hae. Ii jaada kar ke permanent building rahe hae. Ii uu chij nai hae jiske pack kar ke kahiin lae jawa jae hae, jaise ki tambu nai to caravan.

Ghar rakam rakam ke size aur shape me rahe hae, barraa aur chota rahe hae, dher shape ke rahe hae aur ek aur usse jaada level ke rahe hae. Kahi kahi ek ghar duusra ghar se jurra rahe hae tab iske "apartment", "flat" nai to "unit" bola jaae hae. Ghar ke uppar ek chhat rahe hae jisse ghaam aur pani se bacha jawa sake hae. Ghar me khirrki aur pall abhi rahe hae. Ghar ke dher rakam ke chhij se banawa jaae hae, jaise ki cimit, lakrri, fuus aur tin ke ghar.
Arctic Ocean

**Arctic Ocean** ,North Pole ke chaaro taraf hae. Iske kinare Eurasia aur North America ke north ke hissa hae. Ii ocean jaada kar ke ice aur snow cover kare hae.

Ii ocean ke area, 14.056 million sq km hae aur isme 45,389&nbsp;km ke coastline hae. Ii sab ocean me se sab se chhota hae. Hian pe kuch kanwar hae:  walruses, whales and polar bears.
Pacific Ocean

**Pacific Ocean** uu ocean hae jiske west me Asia aur Australasia, east me America, south me  Southern Ocean aur Arctic Ocean north me hae. Ii sab se barraa ocean hae aur dunia ke adha area ke cover kare hae. Ii Atlantic aur Indian ocean se mile hae.
Southern Ocean

**Southern Ocean** me Atlantic, Pacific, aur Indian Oceans ke south waala hissa hae. Kuch log **Antarctic Ocean** bole hae.

Iske puura area is 20,327,000&nbsp;km², aur coastline 17,968&nbsp;km lamba hae.
6 September

**6 September** saal ke 249th din hae (250th leap saal me). Saal ke khalaas hoe me 116 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

* 1566 - **[[Suleiman the Magnificent]]**, Ottoman Empire ke 10th Sultan ke maut Hungary me bhais rahaa.

* 2021 - **[[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]**, French actor ke maut Paris, France me bhais rahaa.

## References
7 September

**7 September** saal ke 250th din hae (251st leap saal me). Saal ke khalaas hoe me 115 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 1822 - **[[Brazil]]**, Portugal se ajaad bhais.

## Janam

## Maut

* 1783 - **[[Leonhard Euler]]**, Switzerland ke mathematician ke maut St Petersburg, Russia me bhais rahaa.

## References
10 November

**10 November** saal ke 314th din (315th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 51 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 2008 - India, Australia ke chaar match test series me 2-0 se harae ke, **Border-Gavaskar Trophy**  ke jiit liis.

## Janam

* 10 November - **[[William Hogarth]]**, Great Britain ke chitrkaar, ke janam London me bhais rahaa.

* 1925 - **[[Richard Burton]]**, Great Britain ke actor ke janam Pontrhydyfen, Glamorgan, Wales me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
13 November

**13 November** saal ke 317th din (318th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 48 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

## Janam

*1955 - **[[Whoopi Goldberg]]**, American actress ke janam New York me bhais rahaa.
* 1957 - **Greg Abbott**.
* 1967 - **Juhi Chawla**, Hindi film ke actress, ke janam, Ludhiana, Punjab, India me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
11 November

**11 November** saal ke 315th din (316th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 50 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

* 1916 - **[[S.S. Sutlej V|Sutlej jahaaj]]**, 888 girmitya logan ke lae ke India se Fiji aais.
* 1921 - S. S. Chenab, 930 Hindustani logan ke lae ke Calcutta se Suva pahunchis aur 17 November ke 989 Hindustani logan ke lae ke Calcutta lauti.
* 2008 - Egypt me ek 4,300 saal purana pyramid pawa gais jon ki King Teti ke maiya, Queen Sesheshet, khatir banawa gais rahaa.

## Janam
* 1936 - **Mala Sinha**, Hindi film actress, ke janam, Kashmir, India me bhaes rahaa.
## Maut

* 1855 - **[[Søren Kierkegaard]]**, Denmark ke lekhak aur philosopher ke janam Copenhagen, Denmark me bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
12 November

**12 November** saal ke 316th din (317th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 49 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 1929 - **[[Grace Kelly]]**, American actress ke janam Philadelphia, Pennsylvania me bhais rahaa.
* 1940 - **Amjad Khan**, Hindi film actor, ke janam Hydrabad, India me bhaes rahaa. (maut: 27 July 1992) 

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Africa

**Africa**, dunia ke duusra sab se barraa continent aur isme dunia ke jamin ke 20% se jaada area hae. Ii continent me 61 des hae, aur dunia ke 14% abaadi hian pe rahe hae. Ii socha jaae hae ki insaan ke suruwaat pahile ii continent me bhais rahaa.

Ii continent
* ke north me, Mediterranean Sea ke baad Europe hae;
* ke east me Suez Canal aur Red Sea ke baad me Asia hae;
* ke east me Indian Ocean ke baad me Australia hae; aur
* ke west me Atlantic Ocean ke baad me the Americas hae.

## Jagah
Africa ke jaada kar ke log garib hae aur gaon me rahe hae.

### North Africa (Saharan Africa)

North Africa ke jaada hissa jhuura aur garam hae, aur lagbhag sab desert hae. Saharan Africa me khaali kuchh naddi hae. Desert me jamiin ke niche se sooti se bhi paani mile hae. Ii dher dafe oasis ban jaae hae, jahaan pe perr bhi hoe hae. North Africa ke jon des Sahara desert me nai hae, me bhi garam aur jhuura hawa chale hae.

Ek dam north me, mausam, Europe ke Mediterranean des ke rakam thora thanda hae.

### Sub-Saharan Africa
Ii jagha Afica ke uu hissa hae jon ki Sahara Desert ke south me hae lekin jiske South Africa nai hae. Hian ke log karia rahe hae aur Arab descent ke nai hae. Ii jagha me pahaarr, grasslands aur jungle hae.

## Janwar
Africa me dher rakam ke janwar hae, jisme [cheetah], [haanthi, sher, saamp, giraffe, aur dher rakam ke machchhri hae.

## Africa ke des

## References

## Duusra websites
* News from Africa (Herald Tribune) 
* Kum Beji Rengi
15 November

**15 November** saal ke 319th din (320th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 46 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 2008 - Indian Space Research Organisation ke rocket, Chandrayaan-1, ek Moon Impact Probe ke chaand ke south pole me utaaris.

## Janam

## Maut

* 1976 - **[[Jean Gabin]]**, France ke actor ke maut, Neuilly-sur-Seine, Francse me bhais rahaa.

## References
4 November

**4 November** saal ke 308th din (309th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 57 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

* 1856 - America ke 18 Presidential election me Democratic Party ke James Buchanan ke 174 electoral college votes milaa, Whig Party ke John C. Fremont ke 144 votes aur pahile ke President, Millard Fillmore ke 8 votes.

* 4 November - **Barak Obama** ke America ke President chuna gais. 

## Janam

*1787 - **[[Edmund Kean]]**, England ke Shakespearean actor, ke janam London me bhais rahaa.

* 1797 - **[[Carlo Blasis]]**, Italy ke nachaniyaa, choreographer aur dance theoretician ke janam Naples me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Eastern Indian Constituency (Fiji) 1929 - 1963

**Eastern Indian Division **, Fiji ke Hindustani log ke Legislative Council me aapan member ke vote kare khatir, 1929 me banawa gais tiin constituency me se ek rahaa. Aur dui constituency rahaa, North Western Indian Division aur Southern Indian Division. Eastern Indian Division me Vanua Levu, Lau aur Lomaiviti ke islans rahaa.  Ii ek communal constituency rahaa jiske matlab ii hai ki khaali Hindustani log kharraa hoe aur vote kare sakat rahin. 

## 1929 ke election

Ii Hindustani log khatir pahila election rahaa aur Fiji me khali ek sanstha, Fiji Indian National Congress, rahaa jon ki politically active rahaa, aur jiske leader rahin Vishnu Deo, S. B. Patel aur A. D. Patel. Ii election me dui candidate rahaa. Pahila rahaa, James Ramchandar Rao, jiske Vishnu Deo support karat rahaa, aur Khalil Sahim.

Ii constituency me 101 voters register bhain rahaa, jisme se 60 aapan amdani ke jariye, 29 aapan property ke jaiye aur 12 duuno aamdani aur property ke jaiye register bhian rahaa.

Election ke result rahaa:
::

## 1932 ke election
Ii election khatir koi jane nominate nai karis kahe ki Hindustani log keneta log Council ke boycott kare ke maang karin.

## 1937 ke election
Ii election me **[[J. B. Tularam]]** Channa Bhai Patel ke 14 votes se harais. 

## 1940 ke election
J. B. Tularam, Jafar Khan aur Sadhu Lal ke harae ke, fir se jiit gais. 

## 1944 ke election

Ii election ke B. M. Gyaneshwar jiitis
Election ke result rahaa:
::

## 1947 ke election
Ii election ke James Madhavan jiitis
Election ke result rahaa:
::

## 1950 ke election
Ii election me James Madhavan, J. B. Tularam, ke 368 votes se harais.

## 1953 ke election
Ii election ke James Madhavan jiitis
Election ke result rahaa:
::

## 1956 ke election
Ii election ke James Madhavan jiitis
Election ke result rahaa:
::

## 1959 ke election
Ii election Vijay R. Singh jiitis
Election ke result rahaa:
::

## 1960 ke by-election
Vijay R. Singh, ek sarkari naukri le ke kaaran Legislative Council se resign hoe gais aur James Madhavan fir se ii constituency ke member banaa,

## References
Asia

**Asia**, dunia me sab se barraa continent hae, jon ki northern hemisphere me hae. West me ii Europe se jurraa hae aur duuno ke sanghe Eurasia bolaa jaae hae.

Asia ke right round Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, aurIndian Ocean hae. Iske aur Europe ke biich me Caucasus Mountains aur Ural Mountains hae. 

Dunia ke sab se purana civilization Asia me paawa jaae hae. 

Kuch des jaise ki Turkey aur Russia duuno Europe aur Asia me hae.

Asia sab se barraa continent hae jisme dunia ke 30% jamin hae. Hian pe dunia ke 60% abaadi rahe hae. Asia me sab rakam ke mausam hae.

## Asia ke des ke suchi

### Notes
29 October

**29 October** saal ke 305th din hae (306th leap saal me). Saal ke khalaas hoe me 60 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

* 2008 - India ke **Viswanathan Anand** , Russia ke Vladimir Kramnik, ke harae ke World Chess Championship fir se jiit liis.

## Janam

* 1958 - **[[Stefan Dennis]]**.
* 1971 - **[[Winona Ryder]]**.
* 1990 - **[[Amarna Miller]]**.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Europe

**Europe**, Eurasia ke west me ek continent hae. Iske east me Asia jon ki Ural Mountains jon ki Russia me hae aur Bosporus, jon ki Turkey me hae aur south me Africa aur Mediterranean Sea hae. Europe ke west me Atlantic Ocean hae. Europe me 50 des hae aur isme se dher des European Union me hae.

Europe ke area lagbhag 10.18 million square kilometres (3.93 million square miles) hae. Ii dunia ke puura surface ke 2% hae, lekin jab khaaliland area ke dekha jaae tab ii dunia ke 6.8% hae. Jiske matlab hae ki ii dunia ke duusra sab se chhota continent hae. Europe me lagbhag 50 des hae, jisme se Russia sab barraa aur jab se jaada abaadi waala des hae. Russia, Europe ke 39% area ke cover kare hae aur Europe ke population me se 15% Russia me rahe hae. Europe ke puura population 745 million hae, jon ki dunia ke 10% hae aur iske population Asia aur Africa ke baad tiisra sab se barraa hae.

Europe ke mausam, garam Atlantic current, jaise ke Gulf Stream ke kaaran bahut thandaa nai rahe hae

## Europe ke naam
Europe ke naam, Greek mythology me ke ek aurat Europa se aais hae. Ii bola jaae hae ki Europa ke Zeus pakarr ke Crete lae gais.
Ii naam baad me Greece khatir kaam me lawa jaat rahaa. Jab aur jagah jiske aaj kal Europe bola jaae hae me city aur empire bane lagaa tab Ural phaarr ke west ke sab jagah ke Europe bolaa jaae lagaa.

## Itihaas
Europe ke lamba itihaas hae aur iske khaas era me baata jaae sake hae, jisme hae:

* Pre-historic (Paleolithic, Mesolithic Neolithic) - 2,600,000 years ago to 5000
* Ancient Greek Civilisation (Minoan, Classical, Hellenistic) - 3000-100 BC
* Roman Civilisation
* Medieval Civilisation (early, high, late) 400 AD-1500 AD
* Early Modern Era (Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Discovery, French Revolution and Napeoleonic Wars) 1500-1800
* Industrialisation 1800-1914
* World War I - 1914-1918
* Interwar Period - 1918-1939
* World War II - 1939-1945
* Cold War - 1945-1989
* Contemporary era - 1989-2008

## Europe ke des ke suchi

## References
Middle East

**Greater Middle East** nai to **Western Asia**,  Asia me ek jagha aur kuch des hae. Ii jagha me 23 des hae.Ii jagha ke log ke itihaas ek rakam hae aur hian pe jaada log Muslim hae.

Kuch Middle East ke des hae:
*Afghanistan
*Armenia
*Bahrain
*Egypt
*Iran
*Iraq
*Israel
*Palestine
*Jordan
*Kazakhstan
*Kuwait
*Kyrgyzstan
*Lebanon
*Oman
*Pakistan aur Kashmir
*Qatar
*Saudi Arabia
*Syria
*Tajikistan
*United Arab Emirates
*Turkmenistan
*Uzbekistan
*Yemen
Aur West Bank aur Gaza Strip.

## See Also

*Central Asia
*East Asia
*South Asia
*Southeast Asia
North America

**North America**, dunia ke north Pacific Ocean ke east, Atlantic Ocean ke west, Arctic Ocean ke south aur South America ke north me ek continent hae. Ii the Americas ke north hissa hae.

North America ke barraa des ke suchi north se south me niche hae:

* Canada
* United States of America
* Mexico
* Greenland, jisme Denmark ke raaj hae, ek barraa island Canada ke northeast me hae.

Central America ke des jiske North America ke hissa maana jaae hae: 
* Guatemala
* Belize
* Honduras
* El Salvador
* Nicaragua
* Costa Rica
* Panama

Caribbean ke sab des aur island North America me hae.
Latin America

**Latin America**, dunia ke ek region hai. Latin America, the Americas me hai. Admii log ii nai agree kare paais hai ki Latin America me kon des hai. Kuch jane South America, Central America, aur Mexico ke Latin America bole hai. Aur log isme Caribbean Islands ke bhi jorr le hai. Aur log American des jahaan ke log Spanish, Portuguese, aur French me baat kare hai ke Latin America bole hai.

'Latin' naam Latin language se aais hai. Spanish, Portuguese, aur French bhasa, jisme jaada Latin America ke log baat kare hai ke Romance bhasa bola jaae hai. Romance bhasa Latin se aais hai. Latin America ke sab log Romance bhasa me nai baat kare hai. Kuch log Native American bhasa me baat kare hai.

Latin Americans ke jaada log Roman Catholichai.

Kuch log jin des latin Ameriaca me nai hai ke Germanic America bole hai. Germanic America ke des me log Germanic languagesme baat kare hai, jaise ki: English, Dutch, aur Danish.

Latin America ke pahila goraa paae waala 1492 me Christopher Columbus rahaa. Columbus eastern Asia khatir chhota rasta khojat rahaa. Jab Columbus Europe laut ke aais tab huan ke log bahut exited bhain. 1493 me Pope ek Line of Demarcation bnais jisse ke Spain aur Portugal larre nai. Ii line ke west me jab jagah ke Spain ke dewa gais aur east waala ke Portugal ke dewa gais. Spanin ke log Mexico ke sahaj se lae liin kahe ki Native Americans log Spanish log se larre nai pain kahe ki uu logan ke paas gjorraa aur banduuk nai rahaa. Kuch Native Americans Spanish log ke bhagwaan sochat rahin. Dher native log ke Spanish log se faiela bemari se maut hoe gais.

## References


## Bahaari jorr

* The Washington Post Interactive Map of Politics in Latin America
* Andean Community official webpage 
* Council on Hemispheric Affairs
* Latin American Network Information Center 
* Latin America Working Group
* Washington Office on Latin America
* Politics in Latin America
* Infolatam. Information and analysis of Latin America
Africa-Eurasia

**Africa-Eurasia**, nai to **Afro-Eurasia**, ek supercontinent hae aur dunia ke sab se baraa landmass hae. Dunia ke lag bhag 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) log hian pe rahe hae. Iske Suez Canal, Africa aur Eurasia continents me baate hae.

* Eurasia
** Asia
*** Northern Asia
*** Western Asia
*** Central Asia
*** Eastern Asia
*** Southern Asia
*** Southeastern Asia
** Europe
*** Northern Europe
*** Western Europe
*** Eastern Europe
*** Southern Europe
* Africa
** Northern Africa
** Western Africa
** Central Africa
** Eastern Africa
** Southern Africa

## References
The Americas

**America** sabd ke North America aur South America ke milae ke jon contine tbane hai uske bolaa jaae hai. America, Western Hemisphere me hai aur dunia ke 8.3% area ke cover kare hai.

## Bahaari jorr
* Organization of American States
Eurasia

**Eurasia** ek continental area hae jon ki dunia ke north me hae. Eurasia, Europe aur Asia jorre se bane hae. 

Kuch geographers log bole hae ke ii ek continent hae lekin Europe aur Asia ke biich me samindar nai hae, jaise ki the Americas aur Africa me hae. Pahile ke Greek logan dunia ke Europe, Asia aur Africa me baatin rahaa aur ii naam abhi talak chale hae.
Michelangelo

**Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni** (6 March 1475 - 18 March 1564) ek Italian sculptor, painter, architect aur poet rahaa. Uske ek bahut famous kaam *David* hai. Uu Renaissance ke time ke rahaa. Uu aapan duuno haath se paint kare sakat rahaa. He could paint with both hands. Michelangelo the Sistine Chapel ke ceiling ke paint karis rahaa aur Sistine Chapel ke dieaal ke artwork bhi banais rahaa.

### Jawani ke din
Michelangelo ke janam, 6 March 1475 ke, Caprese, jon ki Arezzo, Tuscany ke lage hae, me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, aur uske maiya, Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena rahii. Buonarrottis logan ek banking palwaar ke rahin jon kiFlorence se aae rahin aur ii dawa karat rahin ki uu logan Countess Matilda of Canossa ke descendent hae. Michelangelo ke pitaji aapan jaada paisa ke bilae diis rahaa, au yahii kaaran se uu Chiusi town ke office me kaam karat rahaa. Jab Michelangelo ek baby rahaa, tab uske palwaar Florence chal diin rahaa. Kaahe ki uu memariya larkaa rahaa, Michelangelo ke ek kisan aur stonecutter ke ghare rahe ke khati bhej dewa gais rahaa. Jon quarry me ii stonecutter kaam karat rahaa, Michel angelo ke pitaji ke rahaa. Dher saal baad Michelangelo ii batais ki dui chij jon ki uske achchhaa artist bane me madat karis, rahaa ki uu gaon pe barra bhais aur uske chhote m hi chisel ke kaam me llawe ke training mila. Jab uu khaali saat saal ke rahaa, tab uske maiya ke maut hoe gais rahaa.

Iske baad Michelangelo ke pitaji Florence le aais aur ek tutor, Francesco da Urbino ke lage parrhe hatir bhejis. Michelangelo school ke kaam me dhyan nai lagawat rahaa, aur uu city ke barraaa bara church me ghumis aur huan ke frescos ke sketch karis. Jab uu terah saal ke rahaa tab uske ek painter ke lage aprentiship ke hatir bhej dewa gais rahaa.  Ii jagha ek barraa studio rahaa, jahaan pe dhani log aawat rahin jiske khatir uu church ke fresco paint arat rahaa. 

## Kaam ke suchi
## Sculpture

## Painting

## Architecture

## Chhapa ke galley



## Aur dekho

Renaissance ke time ke aur painter jon ki Michelangelo se taluk rahaa:
* Raphael
* Leonardo da Vinci

## References
Fiji Football Association

**Fiji Football Association**, Fiji me football ke governing body hae. Ii 1961 me suruu bhais, jab ke Fiji Indian Football Association ke ek multiracial body banawa gais. 

## Fiji me football suruu bhais
Fiji me football ke gora logan suruu kare rahin.
Football started to be played in Fiji ever since the arrival of Europeans in Fiji and establishment of towns like Levuka where significant numbers of sports enthusiasts could congregate and socialise with a friendly game. Missionaries, who established schools in Fiji, introduced football as part of the school program and football was being played in schools as early as 1889. The Suva Soccer Football Club was formed in 1905, made up of European employees of the Government and businesses and similar clubs existed in Nausori and Levuka. In 1910, a team representing Suva played a match against a team representing Nausori. Crew of visiting naval ships also entertained themselves with friendly games of football with local teams. In 1910 a team from Suva played a game against a team from HMS Powerful and won 3 goals to 1. In 1914, a team from Suva played against a team from HMS Torch, at Albert Park, and won by 2 goals to nil.

## Aur bhi dekho

* Fiji me football
* Fiji Indian Football Association
Super Premier Division (Fiji)

**Super Premier Division**, Fiji Football Association ke khel khatir ek division hae, jisme Fiji ke 10 sab se achchhaa team hae. Aur sab team Premier Division me hae. Ii division me abhi ii team hae:

* Ba Football Association
* Labasa Soccer Association
* Lautoka Football Association
* Nadi Soccer Association
* Nadroga Soccer Association
* Nasinu Football Association
* Navua Soccer Association
* Rewa Soccer Association
* Suva Soccer Association
* Tavua Soccer Association
Maha Sangh (Fiji)

**Akhil Fiji Krishak Maha Sangh** Fiji ke ek gana ke kisan ke union rahaa, jiske 15 June 1941 ke A. D. Patel aur Swami Rudrananda suruu karis rahaa.  Ii union uu time suruu karaa gais rahaa jab ki ek aur union, Kisan Sangh, ganna ke kisan khatir Colonial Sugar Refining Company se ek contract khatir agreement sign kar liis rahaa.  Ii union ke member lag bhag sab Madrasi log rahin.

## 1943 ke harrtaal
Maha Sangh ii batais ki 1940 ke ganna ke contract kisan khatir achchhaa nai hai aur 1943 me uske member log harrtaal kar diin. Ii harrtaal me Kisan Sangh ke uu member jon ki Ayodhia Prasad ke leadership se khush nai rahaa, bhi join hoe gain. Ii harrtaal se kisan log ke kuch nai mila lekin A. D. Patel Fiji ke kisan log ke nawaa neta banaa aur 1944 me  Legislative Council election me North Western Indian Division ke seat jiit liis. Second World War ke biich me ii harrtaal ke se Kaiviti log khush nai rahin aur Hindustani aur Kaiviti log ke biich me relationship aur kharaab hoe gais.

## Maha Sangh dui faction me split
1940s aur 1950s me Maha Sangh, Kisan Sangh se ganna ke kisan ke support khatir mukabla karis, lekin Maha Sangh me bhi bhitri fuut hoe gais.

The Maha Sangh continued to compete with the Kisan Sangh for the support of farmers in the 1940s and 1950s but had its own share of internal divisions. When K.S. Reddy was nominated into the Legislative Council, the leader of the Maha Sangh, A.D. Patel, was for the first time faced with a possible challenge to his leadership, as Reddy was also based in Nadi, was a South Indian like most Maha Sangh supporters and held the powerful position of General Secretary of the union. Competition between the two reached a crisis on 31 March 1956, when at a meeting in Nadi, Reddy asked non-financial members to leave. Their refusal to leave led to police being called and tear gas used. K.S. Reddy later joined the Alliance Party while A.D. Patel had formed the Federation Party.

## Negotiations for 1960 Contract
In 1959, the Maha Sangh and four other cane farmers' unions formed an umbrella organisation known as the Federation of Cane Growers to negotiate with the Colonial Sugar Refining Company for the new cane contract. While negotiations were still in progress, the Kisan Sangh withdrew from the Federation and signed the contract offered by the sugar company, leaving the Maha Sangh as the dominant group within the Federation of Cane Growers.

## See also
* Kisan Sangh (Fiji)
* Vishal Sangh
* Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji)
* National Farmers Union (Fiji)

## References
* A.P. Sharma, *Farmers Struggle in Fiji: a History of Fiji Kisan Sangh*, Kisan Sangh, Lautoka, 1962
* B. V. Lal, *A vision for change: AD Patel and the politics of Fiji*, Australian National University, ACT, 1997
3 December

**3 December** saal ke 337th din (338th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 28 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 1971 - India aur Pakistan ke biich me larrai suruu bhais.

## Janam

## Maut

* 1919 - **[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]**, France ke chitrkaar ke maut, Cagnes-sur-Mer me bhais rahaa.

* 1979 - **[[Dhyan Chand]]**, jon India ke ek mashuur hockey ke khilaarri rahaa, ke maut New Delhi me bhais rahaa.

## References
4 December

**4 December** saal ke 338th din (339th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 27 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 1952 - Fiji ke sarkar ek Gramaphone record, "Sardar Bhagat Singh", jiske Lautoka ke Churchill Park ke ek public meeting me bajawa gais rahaa, ke Fiji me ban kar diis. 

## Janam

* 1922 - **[[Gérard Philipe]]**, France ke actor ke janam Cannes, France me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
8 December

**8 December** saal ke 342nd din (343rd leap saal me) hai. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 23 din bachaa hai.

## Ghatna
* 1852 - **Seru Epenisa Cakobau**, aapan baap, Ratu Tanoa Visawaqa, ke maut ke baad Tui Viti banaa. 
## Janam

* 1930 - **[[Maximilian Schell]]**, Switzerland ke actor, director aur producer ke janam Vienna, Austria me bhais rahaa.
* 1935 - **Dharmendra**, Hindi film actor, ke janam Punjab, India me bhais rahaa. 
* 1946 - **Sharmila Tagore**, Hindi film actor, ke janam Hyderabad, India me bhais rahaa. 

## Maut

## References
10 December

**10 December** saal ke 344th din (345th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 21 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

## Janam
* 1960 - **Rati Agnihotri**, Hindi film actress, ke janam Mumbai, India me bhaes rahaa. 
## Maut
* 2001 - **[[Ashok Kumar]]**, India ke film actor ke maut, Mumbai, Maharashtra me bhais rahaa.

## References
26 November

**26 November** saal ke 330th din (331st leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 35 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

* 2008 - Mumbai me das jagha pe, jisme **[[w:Taj Mahal Hotel|Taj Mahal Hotel]]** bhi rahaa, terrorist logan 172 logan ke maar diin.

## Janam

## Maut

## References
9 December

**9 December** saal ke 343rd din (344th leap saal me) hai. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 22 din bachaa hai.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 1916 - **[[Kirk Douglas]]** (maut: 5 February 2020).
* 1946 - **Sonia Gandhi**, India ke Congress Party ke leader, ke janam  Lusiana, Italy me bhais rahaa. 

## Maut

* 1641 - **[[Anthony van Dyck]]**, Netherlands ke chitrkaar, ke maut London me bhais rahaa.

## References
Choraiya

***Amaranthus viridis*** is a cosmopolitan species in the botanical family Amaranthaceae and is commonly known as **Slender Amaranth** or **Green Amaranth**.

It is eaten as a vegetable in parts of Africa.

A traditional food plant in Africa, this little-known vegetable has potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare. 

## References


## External links
*PROTAbase on ''Amaranthus viridis''
* photograph, description  and diagram from HerbiGuide
Fiji ke House of Representatives

**House of Representatives** Fiji ke Parliament ke lower house hai.  Iske lage duusra house, Senate se jaada taagat hai kahe ki khali ii house nawaa legislation ke suruu kare sake hai jab ke Senate khali legislation ke badle nai ti roke sake hai.  House of Representatives ke lage paisa waala bill ke uppar jaada tagat hai kahe ki Senate iske badle nai sake hai lekin iske veto kare sake hai. Constitution ke badlao ke chorr ke, jispe Senate ke pass puura taagat hai, House of Representatives koi Senate ke veto ke  override kare sake hai wahi bill ke ek aur dafe pass kar ke, uu parliamentary session me jon ke bill Senate veto karis rahaa ke immediaetly baad waal session me, lekin chhe mhina se pahile.

Prime Minister aur Cabinet ke lage, office me rahe khatir, sab time House of Representatives ke support rahe ke chaahi.

## History
10 October 1970 ke, jab Fiji, United Kingdom se ajaad bhais tab House of Representatives banawa gais rahaa, lekin ek grandfather clause ke niche purana Legislative Council, 1972 talak, jab ajaad Fiji ke pahila election bhais rahaa, chaalu rahaa. Pahila House of Representatives me 52 member rahin, lekin iske 1992 me barrhae ke 70 kar dewa gais aur 1997 ke constitution me iske aur barrhae ke 71 karaa gais.
 
## Electoral system
Ajaadi ke baad Fiji me tiin different electoral system rahaa. 1972 se 1987 talak, Fiji ke *[[Communal constituencies (Fiji)|communal]]* aur *[[National Constituencies (Fiji)|national]]* constituencies me baata gais rahaa.  Communal constituencies me voter log ke aapan jaat ke  roll me register hoe ke parrat rahaa jisme (12 Kaiviti, 12 Fiji ke Hindustani, aur 3 General Electors - Goraa, Chaina, aur duusra minorities rahin. Iske alawa 10 Kaiviti, 10 Hindustani aur 5 Genenral constituency rahaa, jiske National Consituency bolaa jawat rahaa, aur jisme kale khali ek jaat ke log kharraa hoe sakat rahin lekin koi bhi vote kare sakat rahaa. 

1992 aur 1994 ke election me 70 members ke khali communal constituencies  rahaa jisme se 37 Kaiviti, 27 Hindustani aur 5 General electors rahin.

1997 ke constitution ek nawa system ke suruu karis, ek 71-member House of Representatives ke khatir. 25 member Open constituencies me se commonroll ke niche chuna gais. aur 46 kecommunal constituencies se chuna gais jisme se , 23 seats  Kaiviti log ke khatir, 19 seat Hindustani log ke khatir, 3 seat General electors log ke katir aur 1 seat Rotumaa log ke khatir reserve karaa gais.

## Organization
Election ke baad ke pahila baithak me Speaker aur Deputy Speaker ke chuna jaae hai. Speaker, House ke member nai rahe hai lekin Deputy member ahe hai.

## 2006 ke election

## Speaker and Deputy Speaker

## Open Electorates

## Communal Electorates (Fijian)

## Communal Electorates (Indo-Fijian)

## Communal Electorate (Rotuman)

## Communal Electorates (General Electors)

## External links
* Official Website of the Parliament of Fiji
* House of Representatives
Pahila ghatna ke list

* 28 February 1879 - Kasse M f/n Budhu , Semalpore (village), Saiejalallpur (Pergunnah), Jounpur (zillah), India ke ek majduur , pahila girmitya rahaa jiske Fiji khatir register karaa gais rahaa. 
* 1881 - Mahabir, jiske pitaji *[[Leonidas (jahaaj)|Leonidas]]* me Fiji aais rahaa,  Fiji me paida hoe waala pahila Hindustani rahaa. 

## References
Federation of Cane Growers (Fiji)

**Federation of Cane Growers** ke 1959 me form karaa gais rahaa jisse ki Fiji ke sab ganna ke kisan ke union ek saathe hoe ke 1960 ke contract khatir Colonial Sugar Refining Company se negotiate kare sake.

## Negotiations for 1960 cane contract
Talks on the new contract started on 5 January 1960. The farmers’ representatives were K.S. Reddy, P.G. Shankar, Ram Niwaz, Ranga Reddy and S.M. Koya, representing the Maha Sangh,  Ram Swami Pillay, Shankaran Nair and Ram Narain representing a second faction of the Maha Sangh, Shiu Dutt, Biryam Singh, Bechu Prasad, Y. Subramaniam and A.D. Patel representing the Vishal Sangh, Vijay R. Singh and Girwar Prasad representing the Labasa Kisan Sangh, and J.P. Bayly, Shiu Nath, Abdul Gani and Ayodhya Prasad representing the Kisan Sangh.  The united front did not last as the two Kisan Sanghs accepted the contract offered by the Company while the Maha Sanghs and Vishal Sangh opposed it and called their members out on strike. There were many cases of intimidation, damage to property burning of sugar cane. The crushing of sugar cane which normally begins in May was delayed until October and the growers suffered huge losses. Security forces were called out to break the strike. A Commission of Inquiry was set up and the growers were obliged to accept a contract that protected the millers from any financial risk and left the farmers with a worse outcome than they had had in the last contract.

## From union to political party
The supporters of the 1960 strike put up candidates in the sugar cane districts in the 1963 Legislative Council election under the banner of Citizens Federation and all won by large margins. The Federation of Cane Growers members of Legislative Council, together with other like-minded individuals formed the Federation Party in 1964.The name was later changed to National Federation Party with the inclusion of two minor ethnic Fijian parties. Until 1987, the Federation of Cane Growers was the main farmers' union in Fiji, while the National Federation Party was the main party of the Fiji Indians.

## Aur dekho
* Vishal Sangh (Fiji)
* Maha Sangh (Fiji)
* Kisan Sangh (Fiji)
* National Farmers Union (Fiji)

## References
* A.P. Sharma, *Farmers Struggle in Fiji: a History of Fiji Kisan Sangh*, Kisan Sangh, Lautoka, 1962
Mukeshpuri

Mukeshpuri 2800 meter ya 9100 feet ooncha pahar hay jo Pakistan ki rajdhani Islamabad say 90 kilometer Himalaya mein hay. 

Mukeshpuri sankarit day 2 lafzon say bana hay: Mukshi (Mukti) ore puri (jagah) yeni nirvan ki jagah. Yeh pahar hindu k lia buhet poviter hay ore yeh buhet sohna or drakht wala pahar hay.

## Gallery

File:Mukeshpuri.jpg
File:Miran jani.jpg
File:Road to Nathiagali.JPG
Tilla Jogian

**Tilla Jogian**, Pakistan ke Punjab province ke Eastern Salt Range ke sab se uuncha jagha hae. Ii samundar se 975 meters (3200&nbsp;ft) ununcha hae aur Jhelum city se 25&nbsp;km east me 

Hajaar saal se ii jagha pe Hindu logan aae ke Suraj ke puja karat rahin kaahe ki hian pe suaj sab se pahile nikle aur sab se baad me duube hae. panjabi bhasa me ii jagha ke matlab *Hill of Saints* hae.

Ii jagha Sikh Punjabi logan ke khatis bhi khaas hae kaahe ki hiamn pe Guru Nanak Dev ji, jon ki Sikhism ke suruu karis rahaa 40 din talak medidate karis rahaa. Maharaja Ranjit Singh ke tim hian pe Sikh logan ek patthar ke talao banae rahin.
Islamabad

Islamabad shehar Pakistan de rajdhani hay. Yeh aik naya shehar hay.

**islāmābāda** pākistāna kī rājadhānī hai. bhārata vibhājana kē paścāta pākistāna kō ēka rājadhānī nagara kī zarūrata thī na tō lāhaura aura na hī karācī jaisē nagara isa hētu sahī pā'ē ga'ē ata ēka na'ē nagara kī sthāpanā kā faisalā liyā gayā jō pūrī taraha sē niyōjita hō isa hētu phrēn̄ca nagara niyōjaka tathā vāstukāra lī kārbūsyīra kī sēvā lī ga'ī isī mahōdaya nē bhārata mēṁ caṇḍīgaṛha kī sthāpanā kā plāna kiyā thā isa kāraṇa yē dōnōṁ nagara dēkhanē mēṁ ēka jaisē lagatē hai.

pākisatāna kā dārula hakūmata hai. 2009ī. maiṁ kī ga'ī maradama śumārī kē mutābika isa śahira kī ābādī takarībā 673,766 hai. isalāma ābāda kā śamāradanī'ā kē canda ḵẖūbasūrata triṇa śahirōṁ maiṁ hōtā hai. isa śahira ku 1964ī. maiṁ pākisatāna kē dārula hakūmata kā darajā dī'ā gi'ā. usa sē pahilē karācī ku iha darajā hāsala thā-usa kē ahima aura kābala dīda makāmāta maiṁ faisala masajida, śukara puṛī'āṁ, dāmana kōha aura chittara bāġa śāmila haiṁ.isa kē ilāvā pīra mihara alī śāha kā mazāra jō kē gōlaṛā śarīfa maiṁ vāki'a hai aura barī imāma kā mazāra jō kē muġala bādaśāha auraṅgazēba nē apaṇī dōrahakōmata maiṁ tāmīra karavā'i'ā thā isalāma ābāda kē canda a hama makāmāta haiṁ. 

## Tārīḵẖa

1958 ē taka pākistāna kā dārulahakūmata karācī rahā. karācī kī bahuta tēzī sē baṛhatī ābādī aura mu'āśīyāta kī vajaha sē dārulahakūmata kō kisī dūsarē śahara muntakila karanē kā sōcā gayā. 1958 ē mēṁ isa vakta kē sadara ayyūba ḵẖāna nē rāvalapiṇḍī kē qarība isa jagaha kā intaḵẖāba kyā aura yahāṁ śahara tāmīra karanē kā hukma diyā. ārazī taura para dārulahakūmata kō rāvalapiṇḍī muntakila kara diyā gayā aura 1960 ē mēṁ islāma ābāda para taraqqiyātī kāmōṁ kā āġāza hu'ā. śahara kī tarza tāmīra kā zyādā tara kāma yūnānī śaharī manasūbā dāna Constantinos A. Doxiadis nē kyā. 1968 ē mēṁ dārulahakūmata kō islāma ābāda muntakila kara diyā gayā.

## Moorat Nagree


Image:Faisal mosque2.jpg|Faisal Mosque
Image:Pakistani parliament house.jpg|Parliament of Pakistan
Image:House of the Prime Minister of Pakistan in Islamabad.jpg|Prime Minister's House
File:Pakistan Museum of Natural History.JPG
File:Fatima Jinnah Park.JPG
File:Rawat Fort Main gate.JPG
File:Home in Islamabad.JPG
File:National Art Gallery, Islamabad, Pakistan.jpg
Katasraj mandir

**Katasraj Mandir** (Nastaliq:کٹاس راج مندر}}}} (Shahmukhi), कटासराज मन्दिर (Devanagari)) ek Hindu mandir mandir hae jon ki Punjab in Pakistan ke Katas gaon me hae. Ii mandir Shiva ke dedicated hae, aur ii Mahābhārata ke time se hae. Pakistan ke sarkar iske ek tourist attraction banae maange hae aur iske World heritage listing me kare maange hae.
16 December

**16 December** saal ke 351st din (352nd leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 15 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna

## Janam

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar
* 1971 ke India - Pakistan me India ke jiit ke celebrate kare ke khatir, India me **Vijay Diwas** (Victory Day) banawa jaae hae. .

## References
18 December

**18 December** saal ke 352nd din (353th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 13 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 1961 -  India, Goa, Damao aur Diu  ke, aapan army use kar ke,  ajaad kar diis.

## Janam
* 1970 - **[[DMX]]** (maut: 9 April 2021).

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
17 December

**17 December** saal ke 352nd din (353rd leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 14 din bachaa hae.

## Ghatna
* 1903 - Wright Brothers pahila dafe, hawa se jaada garrhu aircraft,  *[[Wright Flyer]]* me Kitty Hawk, North Carolina me pahila dafe urraa rahin.

## Janam
* 1975 &ndash; **[[Milla Jovovich]]**.

## Maut

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
Capital

**Capital [[city]]** (nai to khali **capital**; **raajdhaani**) uu jagha hae jahan pe des, state nai to province ke khaas administration waala jagha rahe hae.

Leader log aur sarkr ke karachari log capital city me kaam kare hae.

Capital jaada kar ke barraa city rahe hae, jaise ki, Montevideo, Uruguay's ke sab se barraa city hae, aur Uruguay ke capital bhi hae, lekin caputal sab time des ke sab se barra city nai rahe hae jaise ki India ke capital, New Delhi, Mumbai se chhota hae aur Pakistan ke capital Islamabad, Karachi se chhota hae.

Koi koi des me ek se jaada capital rahe hae, jaise ki South Africa ke capital duuno Cape Town aur Pretoria hae aur kuch des me ekko capital nai rahe hae jaise ki Nauru.