James Joyce

**James Augustine Aloysius Joyce** (janam **James Augusta Joyce**; 2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) ek Irish novelist, kavi, aur literary critic rahaa. Uu modernist movement ke yogdaan diis rahaa aur uske  sab se jaada influential aur important 20th century ke lekhak maana jaawe hae. Joyce ke novel *[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]* (1922) ek landmark hae jisme in  Homer ke *[[Odyssey]]* ke episodes ke dher rakam ke   literary styles, khaas kar key stream of consciousness me present karaa jaawe hae. Aur jaana-maana kaam me hae chhotaa khissa ke sangrah  *[[Dubliners]]* (1914) aur novels *[[A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man]]* (1916) aur *[[Finnegans Wake]]* (1939). Uske aur lekh me hae dui kavita ke book, ek play, chitthii, aur kuchh journalism.

Joyce ke janam, Dublin me, ek middle-class palwaar me bhais rahaa. Uu   Jesuit Clongowes Wood College, County Kildare me parrhis rahaa, fir, kuchh din talak, Christian Brothers–run O'Connell School me. Uske chaotic palwaari jindagi ke kaaran uske pitaji,  father ke  unpredictable aamdani rahaa, lekin uu   Jesuit Belvedere College me achchhaa karis rahaa aur  University College Dublin se 1902 me graduate bhais rahaa. 1904 me, uu aapan hoe waala aurat,   Nora Barnacle ke milis, aur uu logan  mainland Europe jaae ke rahe lagin. Uu kuchh din talak Pola (jon abhi Croatia me hae) me kaam karis rahaa aur fir Trieste, Austria-Hungary gais rahaa, jahaan pe uu ek English teacher ke kaam karat rahaa. Aath mahina kechhorr ke uu aur time Rome me rahaa jahaan pe uu ek correspondence clerk ke kaam karat rahaa aur tiin dafe  Dublin gais rahaa, jahaan pe Joyce  1915 talak rahaa. Trieste me, uu aapan kavita  ke book  *[[Chamber Music (poetry collection)|Chamber Music]]* aur aapan chhotaa khissa ke sangrah, *Dubliners* ke publish karis rahaa, aur serially publish karis rahaa *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man*  English magazine *[[The Egoist (periodical)|The Egoist]]* me.  World War I ke jaada time me, Joyce  Zurich, Switzerland me rahat raha, aur *Ulysses* pe kaam karis rahaa. Larrai ke baad, uu kuchh din talak Trieste lautis aur  1920 me  Paris jaae ke rahe lagaa rahaa, jon uske main ghar rahaa  1940 talak.

*Ulysses* ke pahila dafe, Paris me, 1922 me publish karaa gais rahaa, lekin iske publication ke United Kingdom aur United States me prohibit kar dewa gais rahaa kaaheki ii maana jaawat rahaa ki isme  obscenity rahaa. Ii book ke copy ke duuno des me smuggle karaa gais rahaa aur  pirated versions ke mid-1930s talak chhaapa gais rahaa, jab publication legal hoe gais rahaa. *Ulysses* ke jaada kar ke greatest books me se ek maana jaawe hae, aur academic literature jon Joyce ke kaam ke analyse kare hae dher hae aur abhi talak hote hae.  Dher lekhak, film-makers, aur duusra artists uske  stylistic innovations se influence bhae rahin, jaise uske meticulous attention to detail,  interior monologue, wordplay, aur the radical transformation of traditional plot and character development ke kaam me laana.

Jab ki uske jaada  adult jindagi des se baahar rahaa, uske fictional universe  Dublin ke hae aur uske characters jaada kar ke palwaar ke log,  dusman aur dost  ke rakam hae. *Ulysses*  city's streets aur alleyways me set hae. Joyce bolis rahaa: "Aapan khaatir, ham sab time Dublin ke baare me likha hae, kaaheki agar ham  Dublin  ke dil talak pahunche saktaa hae, tab ham dunia ke aur des ke city ke talak pahunche saktaa hae. Khaas kar ke isme puura brahmaand hae ."

1923 me, Joyce aapan aglaa khaas kaam, *Finnegans Wake* ke suruu karis rahaa. Iske 1939 me publish karaa gais rahaa. Ii sab saal ke biich me , uu dher travel karis rahaa. Joyce aur Nora 1931 me  London me ek civil ceremony me saadi kar le rahin. Uu dher dafe Switzerland gais rahaa, aapan aankhi ke  problem ke treatment aur aapan larrki, Lucia ke psychological madat ke khaatir.   Jab Germany, France ke occupy karis rahaa   World War II me, tab Joyce 1940 me  Zurich chal diis rahaa. Huan pe uske maut  1941 bhais jab ek surgery  perforated ulcer  ke khaatir karaa jaawat rahaa. Uu saal ke rahaa.

## Bachpan ke din

Joyce ke janam 2 February 1882 me 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland me bhais rahaa, aur uske pitaji John Stanislaus aur maiyaa Mary Jane "May" (nee Murray) Joyce rahaa. Uu das jindaa larrkan me se sab se barraa rahaa. Uske  Catholic me baptise karaa gais rahaa, as James Augustine Joyce karaa gais rahaa lekin uske  naam ke mistake se  *Augusta* reegister karaa gais raha, uske janam ke time. Uske baptise karaa gais rahaa, bagal ke St Joseph's Church  Terenure me 5 February 1882 me Father John O'Mulloy se. Uske godparents Philip aur Ellen McCann rahin. Joyce palwaar,  Fermoy, County Cork ke rahin, jahaan pe uu logan ke ek chhotaa  salt aur lime works rahaa. Joyce ke aaja, James Augustine, saadi karis rahaa Ellen O'Connell se, John O'Connell ke larrki, ek Cork alderman jon ek kaprraa ke dukaan aur duusra properties other properties  Cork City me own karat rahin. Uske palwaar apne ke political leader Daniel O'Connell ke palwaar bataawat rahin, jon Irish loagn ke khaatir  Catholic emancipation  1829 me kaewais rahaa.

John Joyce ke Dublin Corporation, 1887 me rate collector banaawa gais rahaa. Uske palwaar  fashionable chhotaa town,Bray,  Dublin se duur, jaae ke rahe lagaa. Lagbhag yahii time me Joyce ek kutta kaatis rahaa, jiske kaaran uu jindagi bhar kutta se darat rahaa.  Uu baad me ek astraphobia ke develop karis rahaa ek superstitious aunt se jon ek baadal ke garje ke Bhagwaan ke gussa batais rahaa.

1891 me, nau saal ke Joyce likhis rahaa "Et Tu, Healy", ek kavita Charles Stewart Parnell ke maut ke baare , jiske uske pitaji  broadsides ke ruup me print kar ke aapan dost me baatis rahaa. Isme elder Joyce ke bichaar rahaa, jon Parnell's apparent betrayal by the Irish Catholic Church,  Irish Parliamentary Party, aur British Liberal Party  jiske kaaran British Parliament  me  Irish Home Rule  ke nai paawe paais rahaa, se khusi nai rahaa. ii gaddaari, khaas kar ke Church se, ke  lasting asar rahaa jiske Joyce aapan jindagi aur  art me express karis rahaa.

Wahii saal, uske palwaar garibi ke taraf jaaw elagaa rahaa, jon uske pitaji ke  drinking aur financial mismanagement ke kaaran aur kharaab hoe gais rahaa. John Joyce ke naam ke *[[Stubbs' Gazette]]* me publish karaa gais rahaa, jon debtors aur bankrupts ke ek blacklist rahaa, November 1891 me, aur uske temporarily kaam se suspend kar dewa gais rahaa. January 1893 me uske reduced pension me kaam se nikaal dewa gais rahaa.

## University ke time

Joyce  University College 1898 me bharti bhais rahaa,  English, French aur Italian parrhe ke khaatir. Jab uu huan pe rahaa, uu scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas se sxpose bhais rahaa, jiske tagrraa asar uske bichaar pe uske jindagibhar rahaa.  Uu Dublin ke dher theatrical aur literary circles me hissa liis rahaa. Uske sab se nagiich colleagues me se rahaa uske generation ke  leading Irish figures , jaise George Clancy, Tom Kettle aur Francis Sheehy-Skeffington. Ii time dher jan jiske uu milis rahaa, uske kaam me likha gais hae. Uske pahila publication—a laudatory review of Henrik Ibsen's *[[When We Dead Awaken]]*—ke *[[The Fortnightly Review]]* me 1900 me chhaapa gais rahaa. Ibsen ke kaam se inspire hoe ke Joyce uske ek fan chitthii  Norwegian bhasa me likhis rahaa, aur ek play likis rahaa, *A Brilliant Career*, jiske uu baad me destroy kar diis rahaa.

Uske book ek khaas style ke rahaa. Suruu me uu jindagi ke baare me likhis, jiske chota khissa ek book, *Dubliners* me chapaa. 

Uske aur book rahaa:

* *Dubliners* (1914)
* *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man* (1916)
* *Ulysses* (1922)
* *Finnegans Wake* (1939).