open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Saint Paul

**Paul of Tarsus**, jiske **Saint Paul the [[Apostle]]** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, (9–67) ek Christian writer aur teacher rahaa. Uu New Testament me Pauline Epistles likhis rahaa. Ii biswas karaa jaawe hae ki uu Bible ke terah book likhis rahaa. 

Paul ke naam suruu me **Saul** rahaa. Uu aapan jawani ke time duuno Jewish kanun aur Greek ke rakam salah kare ke sikhis. Jab Jesus ke maut ke baad Christiannity suruu bhas tab uu iske birod karis rahaa. Uu Roman Sarkar ke kaam karat rahaa aur Christian log ke Israel aur bagal ke jagah me pakarr ke maare ke jimwar rahaa. 

Jab uu Damascus, Christian logan ke khij me niklaa tab uske ek vision mila jisme Jesus Christ usse baat karis aur ii batais ki Christian logan ke maare ke matlab ii hae ki uu Christ ke maare hae jisse ki Bhagwan khusi nai hae. Iske kaaran uu andha hoe gais. Kuch din ke baad uske Ananias of Damascus mila aaur uske sight laut aais. 

Saul ke ek Christian, baptised kar dewa gais aur uu tiin saal talak fir se Jewish scriptures parrhis, Christian teaching ke samjhe ke khatir. Uske bichar bilkul badal gais, uu aapan naam badal ke Paul rakh liis aur uu Jesus Christ ke chela ban gais. Uu aapan pahile ke parrhai ke kaam me laae ke aapan nawaa dhram ke duusra logan ke samjhais. Uu Roman Empire bhar me ghum ke Christianity ke parrhais aur dher Church jiske uu suruukaris ke lage chitthi likhis jon ki Christian sikchhaa ke baare me khaas jankari de hae. 

67 AD me Rome ke emperor Nero ke aades ke niche uske maar dewa gais.

## Duusra websites
* Online study about the early Christians in simple English
* 2008 Saint Paul Year Tarsus  
* Mersin News
Emma Goldman

**Emma Goldman** (27 June 1869 – 14 May 1940) ek jaana maana anarchist rahii.

## Biswas
Anarchist hoe ke kaaran Emma Goldman, Sarkar se nafrat karat rahii. Uu ek anarcho-communist rahii kahe ki uu communist bichar se bhi sahmat rahii. Uu ii biswas karat rahii ki log ke aapan jindagi apne se bina koi baadha ke bitae ke mauka rahe ke chaahi aur dunia ke sab log ek baraabar ke hae. Uu feminism  aur gay rights]] ke bhi samarthak rahii. Uu bhagwaan me biswas nai karat rahii. Uu suruu me ii biswas karat rahii ki maar piit se revolution karaa jaae sake hae lekin baad me uu ii biswas kare lagii rahii ke maar piit khaali self-defense me kaam me laawe ke chaahi.

## Jindagi
Uske janam Lithuania (jon ki uu time Russia ke ek bhaag rahaa) me bhais rahaa. Jab uu 17 saal ke rahii tab uu aapan bahini ke saathe New York rahe khatir chal diis rahaa.

Suruu me uu ek kaprraa waala factory me kaam karis aur uske saathe ek kaam kare waala admii, Jacob Kersner ke saathe sadi kar liis. Uske saadi bahut din talak nai chalaa aur uu New York City me jaae ke anarchist community ke saathe rahe lagis. UuAlexander Berkman (ek aur anarchist) kje achchhaa dost ban gais aur uske Henry Clay Frick, ek dhani admiii jon ki aapan majuur logan ke satawat rahaa, ke maare ke kosis karis  Berkman ke jahel bhej dewa gais rahaa lekin Goldman ke kuchh nai bhais.

1893 me Goldman ke ek riot suruu kare ke khatir ek saal talak ke jahel ke sajaa milaa rahaa. 1901 me uske President McKinley ke maare ke kosis kare ke aarop lagawa gais lekin uske innocent pawa gais rahaa. 1901 me uske birth control ke baare me jaankari de ke khatir dui saal talak jahel karaa gais rahaa. 1917 me uske World War I nai support kare ke khatir dui saal talak jahel karaa gais rahaa.

1919 me Goldman aur Berkman ke Russia deport karaa gais rahaa.  Ii time Russia me revolution howat rahaa jiske uu nai support karat rahii. Ii kaaaran se uu aur  Berkman, dui saal ke baad, Russia chorr ke Europe ke dher des, jisme  England aur France bhi rahaa, me rahe lagii.1936 me uu Spain gais jahan pe uu Spanish Civil War me fascists ke virod me larris.

Uske maut Toronto me 14 May 1940 me stroke ke kaaran bhaisaur uske Chicago me dafnawa gais rahaa.
Mother Teresa

**Mother Teresa** (janam ke naam: **Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu**) (26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), ek Roman Catholic nun rahis jon ki Missionaries of Charity suruu karis rahaa aur 1979 me Nobel Peace Prize bhi jiitis rahaa. Chaalis saal se jaada din talak uu garib, bemar aur jiske mai aur baap nai hae ke Calcutta (Kolkata) me madat karis hae. Isme uu Saint Francis of Assisi ke teaching ke follow karis hae.

Jaise Missionaries of Charity aur barraa bhais, waise ii duusra des me bhi faila.  1970s me uu dunia bhar me jaana jaawe lagis jab use baare me ek film banaa aur bool bhi likha gais, jiske naam,  *Something Beautiful for God* rahaa.  Uske 1979 me Nobel Prize bhi dewa gais rahaa.

Uske maut ke baad uske Pope John Paul II ek saint banae ke **Blessed Teresa of Calcutta** ke title diis..

## Mother Teresa kee jeevanee

madar teresa (1 910-199 10) ek roman kaitholik dhaarmik mahila theen jinhonne niraashrit vyaktiyon kee seva karane ke lie apana jeevan arpit kiya aur duniya bhar mein dukhee hueen. vah kalakatta, bhaarat mein vibhinn varshon se guzareen, jahaan unhonne mishanareez of chairitee ka nirmaan kiya, jo ek dhaarmik saranee thee, jo un logon kee zarooraton ko dhyaan mein rakhate hue madad karane ke lie pradaan kee gaee thee. 1979 mein madar teresa ko nobel shaanti puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya aur dharmaarth, manamaujee kaam kee tasveer mein badal diya gaya. 2016 mein, madar teresa ko roman kaitholik charch dvaara sent teresa ke roop mein aasheervaad diya gaya tha.

## References

## Duusra websites
* Speech On Mother Teresa In English : Nobel Peace Prize Speech
* Kolkata mother teresa spanish 
* Kolkata mother teresa Information
Florence Nightingale

**Florence of Nightingale**, OM (12 May 1820 – 13 August 1910), ek jaana maana English nurse rahii. Uu modern techniques of nursing ke suruu karis rahaa. Crimean War ke time uu dher wounded soldiers ke madat karis rahaa. Uu pahila aurat rahis jiske *Order of Merit* dewa gais rahaa. Ii sab se barraa honour hae jon ki ek British jan ke dewa jaawe sake hae. Jab uu nurse rahis tab uske log 'The Lady with the Lamp' bolat rahin kahe ki uu ek batti le ke wounded sipahi ke check karat rahii.

## ill bhi dekho
Mother Teresa
Rosa Parks

**Rosa Louise McCauley Parks** (4 February 1913 – 24 October 2005) ek African-American seamstress aur civil rights activist rahii. Uske "Mother of the Modern-Day Civil Rights Movement " ke naam se bhi jaana jjawe hae.

Parks uu time famous bhais jab 1 December 1955 ke aapan bus ke aage waala seat khaali kare (jisse ki huan pe ek gora baithe sake) se inkar kar diis. Iske khatir uske gireftar kar ke charge karaa gais rahaa. Iske kaaran Montgomery bus boycott bhais. After that, black people could sit wherever they wanted to on the bus. Her refusal to let others treat her differently was

## Duusra websites
* Academy of Achievement Profile 
* Rosa Parks Library and Museum  at Troy University
* The Rosa and Raymond Parks Institute for Self Development
* ''Civil Rights Icon Rosa Parks Dies'' - National Public Radio
* Complete audio/video and newspaper archive of the Montgomery Bus Boycott
* Rose Parks Biography
* Rosa Parks Quotes 
* Rosa Parks interview and photographs
Kans Yug

**Kans Yug** (Bronze Age) uu jamana hae jab ki log kans (bronze) ke aujaar (tools) banawat rahin. Kans dui dhaatu (metal) se banaa hae. Isme nau hissa taamba (copper) aur ek hissa tin hae. Lakrri aur patthar ke bhi aujaar ke rup me kaam me lawa jaawat rahaa lekin kans ke aujaar se kaata aur chiira jawat rahaa.

Kans Yug sab bagal ek time pe nai rahaa. Western Europe me ii yug 2000 BC se 800 BC talak rahaa, lekin Middle East me ii ek hajaar saal pahile suruu bhaes rahaa.

Iske baad loha ke aujar kaam me lawa jaae laga kahe ki tin mile me bahut muskil rahaa aur loha dher jagah milat rahaa.
Loha Yug

**Patthar Yug (Iron Age)** purana itihaas me uu time rahaa jab log loha ke aujaar ke kaam me laae lagin. Isse pahile admii logan kans (bronze) nai to patthar ke aujaar ke kaam me lawat rahin. Europe, Africa aur Asia ke jaada jagha me log 500 BC talak loha yug pahunch gain rahaa. Europe me, ii prehistory ke time hae, kahe ki Loha Yug ke log aapan itihaas likhe nai sakat rahin.

Loha ekdam sahaj se mil jaawe hae lekin iise aujaar banao karraa hae. Ii kans (bronze) ke milaan me aur jaada garmii me tagle hae.
Mesopotamia

**Mesopotamia** (ii naam Greek se aais  hae aur iske matlab "naddi ke biich me" hae) uu jagha hae jon ki Iraq, eastern Syria, aur southeastern Turkey jahan pe abhi hae me ek des rahaa. Mesopotamia Euphrates aur Tigris naddi ke biich me rahaa. 

Ii jagha ke the "Cradle of Civilization" bhi bola jaawe hae. Ek purana rakam ke likhe waala dhang jiske cuneiform bola jaawe hae ke lagbhag 3000 BC me Sumerin log banain rahaa. Huan ke log city-states  me raht rahin. Old Testament ke Genesis mr likha hae ki Abraham, Canaan jaaae se pahile Mesopotamia me rahat rahaa.

Sumerian aur Mesopotamian log dher nawaa technology banae rahin, jaise ki irrigation. Mesopotamians log lagbhag abhi ke rakam paper banae rahin aur pahila log rahin jon ke janwar paale rahin.

Mesopotamia me wheels sab se pahile banawa gaus rahaa. Uu logan Maths, calendars aur archelogy bhi sab se pahile banae rahin.

## Duusra websites
*Mesopotamia — introduction to Mesopotamia from the British Museum
*Mesopotamia  — links for Middle School students from the Courtenay Middle School library
Palwaar

A **family** kuch log ke ek toli hae jon ki ek saathe rahe hae aur ek duusre ke madat kare hae. 

## Kuchh rakam ke palwaar

Tiin rakam ke palwaar hae: *nuclear*, *single-parent* and *extended*.

Ek **nuclear palwaar** me ek maiya, bappa aur ek nai to jaada larrkan saathe rahe hae. 

Ek **single-parent palwaar** me chaahe maiya nai to bappa larrkan ke dekhe hae. 

**Extended palwaar** ke matlab bappa, maiya, larrkan, aaja, aaji, naana, naani, kaaka, kaaki, cousins,naati potaa, sab saathe rahe hae.
Patthar Yug

**Patthar Yug** purana jamana ke uu time rahaa jab ki log patthar ke tools banawat rahin. Uu logan lakrri aur haddi bhi kaam me lawat rahin lekin patthar se chij kekatata rahin. 

Kuchh scietists logan ii soche hae ki ii jamana 2 se lae ke 5 million saal pahile suruu bhaes rahaa. 

Iske baad Kans Yug (Bronze Age) suruu bhaes rahaa.

Stone Age ke tiin hissa me baat ajaawe hae: Paleolithic ("purana patthar"), Mesolithic ("biich waala patthar") and Neolithic ("nawaa patthar"). Pottery, Neolithic Stone Age me invent karaa gais rahaa . Kuchh log ii bhi biswas kare hae ki likhna bhi Neolithic stone age me suruu bhaes rahaa.
Purana itihaas

**Purana itihaas (Pre-history)** uu jamana ke bola jaawe hae jab ki insaan likhe nai sakat rahaa. 

Pre-history, you samay suruu hoe jab ki brahmand banaa rahaa lekin iske jaada kar ke uu time se suruu karaa jaawe hae jab ki dunia me koi jinda chij suruu bhaes. dinosaur ke prehistoric janwar bola jaawe hae kahe ki uu time ke log likhe nai sakat rahin. Pre-history ke baare me bahut chij nai jaana jaawe hae lekin tools, bones, aur cave drawings dekh ke ii jaana ke baare me samjha jawa jaae sake hae.

Pre-history ke time log jhunnd me raha trahin jiske *tribes* bola jawe hae aur ii logan gufaa aur tambuu me rahat rahin. Ii lgan simple tools jaise ki lakrri,haddi ke kaam me laae ke ghar ke chij aur janwar ke maare ke kaam me lawat rahin. Ii logan aagi banawat rahin flint aur steel se aur aagi ke kaam me laae ke khana banawat rahin aur apne ke garam rakkhat rahin. Ii logan janwar ke chamrraa se aapan kaprraa bnawat rahin. 

## Timeline of Earth

* 4,500 million saal pahile – Chhota chhota patthar jon ki Suraj ke round kare hae, se dunia banaa. 
* 3,500 million saal pahile – pahila, bahut siple aur chhota jinda chij pahila dafe saundar me bhais
* 600 million saal pahile - pahila janwar, samundar me
* 500 million saal pahile - pahila janwar aur perr, jamiin me
* 230 million saal pahile – pahila dinosour
* 65 million saal pahile – dinosour mar gain aur janwar iske jagha aain
* 30 million saal pahile - pahila bandar
* 2.5 million saal pahile - pahila insaan

## Timeline of people

* 2.5 million years ago – Start of Lower Paleolithic age, during which a type of early human called Australopithicus lived. These people made tools out of bones and stones and made shelters out of branches.
* 1 million years ago – A type of early human called Homo erectus lived. People made hand axes and wooden spears.
* 250, 000 years ago – First Homo sapiens (modern people). People make fire. People use bolas. People hunt elephants.
* 100, 000 years ago – Middle Paleolithic age. Neanderthal people lived. People live in caves and make cave drawings. People begin to bury dead people.
* 40, 000 years ago – Upper Paleolithic age. Cro-Magnon people lived. People make spears from antlers. People make houses from hides (animal skins). People paint cave drawings and make things out of clay. People make needles out of antlers. People make jewellery.
* 16, 000 years ago – Ice age ends in Britain. People make bows and arrows. People use dogs to hunt and to carry things.
* 18, 000 BCE – 9, 500 BCE – Mesolithic age. People start to change from hunting and gathering food to growing crops.
* 8, 000 BCE – People in the Near East grow crops. People use farm animals.
* 7, 000 BCE – People use copper to make tools.
* 6, 000 BCE – British Isles move away from Europe.
* 4, 500 BCE – 2, 300 BCE – Neolithic age.
* 2, 580 BCE – The Egyptians build the Great Pyramids in Giza. People in the Middle East use iron and make plows.
* 2, 400 BCE – People make Stonehenge in England.
* 3, 300 BCE – 1, 200 BCE – Bronze Age. People make tools out of bronze. 
* 1, 200 BCE – 400 CE – Iron Age. People make tools out of iron. Roman Empire rises and falls.
Purana Greece

**Ancient Greece** ek barraa jagha rahaa jahan ke log Greek bhasa me baat karat rahin. uu abhi ke Greece se bahut barraa rahaa.

## Purana itihaas
8th century BC me Greek logan parrhe aur likhe sikh liin rahin. Ii logan ek aur purana logan, Phoenicians se parrhe aur likhe sikhin. Ii ek des nai rahaa lekin dher chhota chhota des rahaa jiske "city states" bola jaawat rahaa.

Jab Greek logan ke number jaada hoe gais tab uu logan duusra jagha jaae ke aur nawaa city suruu karin. Pahila nawaa city Anatolia, fir Black sea me, fir Cyprus me, fir southern Italy, fir Sicily, aur baad me Libya me bhi banawa gais. Uu logan ek city, Naucratis, Nile naddi me bhi banae rahin. Aaj ke city Syracuse, Naples, Marseilles, aur Istanbul, Greek city , jiske naam Syracusa, Neapolis, Massilia aur Byzantium baad me bhais.

6th century talak kuchh cities aur important hoe gais, jaise ki Corinth, Thebes, Sparta, aur Athens.

## Duusra websites
* Ancient Greece  — links for Middle School students from Courtenay Middle School
Roman Samrajya

**Rome ke Raj (Roman Empire)** bahut barraa rahaa aur iske capital Rome rahaa. Rome ke pahila Raja, Octavian rahaa, jon ki 27 BC se raaj kare ke suruu karis rahaa. Isse pahile Rome ek Republic rahaa jiske uppar ek "Senate" hukum chalaat rahaa.

Abhi ke dher des, pahile Rome ke Raj ke niche rahin, jaise ki England (Scotland ke chhorr ke), Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Egypt, aur north Africa ke kuch kshetra. Roman Empire ke bhasa Latin rahaa. Tukarra hone ke baad, Roman Empire ke pashchimi bhaag lagbhag 1000 saal talak challa , lekin pooravi bhaag, jiske Byzantine Empire ke naam se jaana jaawe lagaaaa rahaa ek aur hajaar saal talak chalaa.
Nadroga-Navosa

**Nadroga-Navosa**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ki Western Division me hae. Ii Viti Levu ke south-west me hae aur iske area 2,385 square kilometres hae. Ii praant me Mamanuca Group bhi hae. Iske population, 58,387 (2007 census) hae. Iske khaas town, Sigatoka hae jiske population 2007 me 7,988 rahaa.

Nadroga-Navosa ke district hae; Baravi, Malomalo, Sigatoka, Navosa, Cuvu aur Ruwailevu.

5 November 2008 me iterim sarkar ii batais ki iske dui province (Nadroga aur Navoca) and baat de ke chaahi.
Naitasiri

**Naitasiri**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ki Central Division me hae. Ii Viti Levu ke east me hae aur iske area, 1,666 square kilometres (643.25 square miles) hae. Iske population 160,759 hae (2007 census).

## References

* **Man**, by Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland - 1901- Page 121, *Reference to Naitasiri.*

* **The Failure of Democratic Politics in Fiji** by Stephanie Lawson - 1991 Published by Oxford University Press - Page 269, *statistical details of Naitasiri*

* **The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society**:General index to the fifth ten volumes, By Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain),Norton Shaw, Hume Greenfield, Henry Walter Bates, Published 1831, Original from Stanford University - Page 237
Namosi

**Namosi**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ki Central Division me hae. Ii Viti Levu me Suva ke west me hae. Iske area 570 kilometres aur population, 6,898 (2007 census) hae, jisse ii Fiji ke sab se chhota praant hae.

## External links
* Reference to Namosi Province.

* Potential Mining 

* A statistical Map of Viti Levu shows the province of Namosi

* Reference to the Namosi Gorge
Ra

**Ra**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ki Western Division me hae. Ii Viti Levu ke north me hae aur iske area 1,341 square kilometres hae. Iske population 29,464 (2007 census) hae aur iske khaae urban centre, Vaileka hae.

## References
Rewa

**Rewa**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ki Fiji ke Central Division me hae. Iske area 272 square kilometres hae jisse ii area me Fiji ke sab se chhota praant hae. Ii Viti Levu ke east me hai aur isme Fiji ke capital Suva bhi hae. Ii praant ke Naitasiri dui hissa me kar diis hae - ek hissa Rewa Naddi ke delta me hae aur duusra Suva se Navua ke bagal hae. Iske population 100,787 (2007 census) hae, jisse ii Fiji ke tiisra sab se populous praant hae.

Political aur itihasik kaaran se Rewa ek tagrraa praant hae. Ii Burebasaga Confederacy ke agua hae aur Roko Tui Dreketi iske aur Burebasaga ke high chief hae.
Shree Ramlu

**Shree Ramlu** (maut: 1994), Fiji ke ek Hindustani politician rahaa, jon ki September 1977 ke election me (jab NFP split hoe gais rahaa) Vanua Levu North and West Indian National seat, Alliance Party ke khatir, jiitis rahaa. 1994 ke election me uu Labasa Indian Communal seat ke National Federation Party ke khatir jiitis rahaa 

Kuchh din ke baad uske maut hoe gais. 

## References
Age of Enlightenment

**Age of Enlightenment**, Europe ke ek 18th century cultural movement rahaa. Iske center France me rahaa aur isme se philosophers jaise ki Descartes aur Denis Diderot aae rahin. Diderot, aapan idea ke Encyclopédie me likhis rahaa. 

Enlightenment ke khaas idea, log ke reason me biswas. Sab log soche sake hae aur iske matlab ii hae ki sab log aapan khatir soche sake hae. Yaniki koi jan ke duusra jan ke biswas pe nai force kare ke chaahi. 

Age of Enlightenment ke kaaran 1789 me French revolution bhais rahaa.
Aztec

**Aztecs**, Native American log rahin jon ki 15th aur 16th century me Mexico me rahat rahin. Ii logan apne ke Mexicans nai to Nahua bolat rahin. Ii logan ke capital, Tenochtitlan rahaa jiske ek talao ke taapu me banawa gais rahaa.

Aztecs log ke bhasa, Náhuatl rahaa.
Serua

**Serua**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ke Central Division me hae. Ii Viti Levu ke south me hae aur iske area 830 square kilometres hae. Iske population, 18,249 (2007 census) hae. Ii praant Burebasaga Confederacy me hae

Pacific Harbour tourist resort aur shopping centre bhi Serua me hae. Navua Town bhi Serua me hae.

Serua Province me Nuku aur Serua District hae.

Ii Province me Provincial Council hae, jiske chairman Atunaisa Lacabuka hae.
Tailevu

**Tailevu**, Fiji ke 14 praant me se ek hae, jon ke Central Division me hae. Ii Viti Levu ke east me hae aur iske area 755 square kilometres hae. Iske population 55,692 (2007 census) hae. Iske khaas town Nausori hae, jiske population 21,645 hae. Tailevu me Bau, Nakelo, Verata, Wainibuka, aur Sawakasa Tikina hae.
Crusade

**Crusades** uu time bhaes rahaa jab Muslims log Israel ke aapan niche rakhe rahin.  

## Duusra websites
* Crusade Siege  Siege of a Mohammedan fortification during the crusades
Holy Roman Samrajya

**Holy Roman Empire** (German: ***Heiliges Römisches Reich***, nai to 15th century me: **Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation**), central Europe ke kuchh regions aur ajaad city rahaa jon ki ek emperor ke niche aais jiske uu jagha ke prince aur magistrate logan elect karat rahin. Jab Charlemagne mar gais tab uske Frankish Empire ke uske larrkan ke dewa gais aur iske tiin hissa me baata gais : West Francia, Lotharingia aur East Francia. Holy Empire uu time suruu bhais jab East Francia ke Otto I 962 me Holy Emperor banaa, aur ii 1806 me Napoleon khatam karis. 

## References
Hundred Years War

Hundred Years' War France aur England ke biich me Middle Ages ke time ke larrai rahaa. Ii larrai 116 saal talak 1337 se lae ke 1453 talak chalaa. Ii larrai uu time suruu bhais jab Charles IV of France 1328 me bina koi larrka ke mar gais aur Edward III of England ii biswas karis rahaa ki uu aapan maiya ke taraf se France pe raaj kare sakat rahaa. France ke log duusra des ke raja nai maangat rahin aur Philip VI of France batais ki uske raja bane ke chaahi. Larrai ii matbhed ke kkaran suruu bhais.

## Duusra websites
* England Hundred Years War Chronology World History Database 
* France Hundred Years War Chronology World History Database 
* Timeline of the Hundred Years War 
* Jean Froissart, "On The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)"  from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
* The Hundred Years' War (1336-1565) by Dr. Lynn H. Nelson, University of Kansas Emeritus
Michael Columbus

**Michael Columbus** ek trade unionist aur politician rahaa. Uu suruu me National Federation Party, aur baad me Fiji Labour Party ke taraf se House of Representatives ke khatir 1972 se lagbhag sab election me kharraa bhais rahaa. 

1994 ke election me uu Lami/Naitasiri South/Kadavu Indian Constituency (Fiji) 1992 - 1999 se Fiji Labour Party ke taraf se kharraa bhais rahaa lekin NFP ke candidate se haar gias rahaa.

1999 ke election me uu  Lami Open Constituency se Fiji Labour Party ke taraf se kharraa hoe ke election jiit ke House of Representatives ke member banaa.  House of Representatives me uu Sector Committee on Economic Services, House Committee aur Privileges Committee ke member rahaa Uske maut September 2006 me bhais rahaa.



## References
Lami Open Constituency (Fiji) 1999 - 2006

**Lami Open**, Fiji ke ek  electoral division hae. Ii uu 25 open constituencies  me se ek hae jisme universal suffrage  se member ke chuna jaawe hae (baaki 46 seats, jiske communal constituencies bolaa jaawe hae, me jjati ke uppar vote karaa jaawe hae).  Dusra open electorates ke rakam ii 1999 me banaa rahaa aur iske  khatir 1999 ke election, 2001 ke election, aur 2006 ke election me chunao bhais.  Ii constituency Lami ialake ke cover kare hae. 

## Election results

### [[1999 ke election (Fiji)|1999]]
**Voters ke jaat** - Kaiviti: 10,598 (66.8%), General: 1,840 (11.59%), Hindustani: 3,193 (20.12%), Rotuman: 234 (1.47%), Total:  15,865 

### [[2001 ke election (Fiji)|2001]]

### [[2006 ke election (Fiji)|2006]]

## References

* Psephos - Adam Carr's electoral archive
* Fiji Facts
Rishi Shankar

**Rishi Shankar** (janam:1934 - 5 September 2015), Fiji ke ek Hindustani lawyer hae jon ki Fiji ke House of Representatives ke member rahaa.

Uske janam Vitogo, Lautoka, Fiji me bhaes rahaa aur uu 1953 se 1965 talak police rahaa. Iske baad uu Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand me wakiili parrhis. parrhe ke baad uu Fiji laut ke fir se Police ke join kar liis, lekin 1974 me uu Director of Public Prosecutions me kaam kare lagaa. 1976 me uu sarkari naukri ke chhorr ke aapan practice Ba me suruu karis. 

Uu 1982 se 1985 talak Nadi Town Councillor bhi rahaa.

1987 ke election me uske NFP-Labour Coalition, Nadi Indian Communal Constituency khatir chunis jiske uu easy se jit gais , lekin uu parliament me khaali ek mahina talak rahaa jab ki military coup of 1987 uske political career ke haali khalaas kar diis. Uu, dui me se ek , Parliament ke member rahaa jiske coup ke time prisoner nai banawa gais rahaa. Baad me uu  New Zealand hissa gais rahaa.

Uske maut Auckland, New Zealand me 5 September 2015 me bhais rahaa.
## References
Champion versus Champion (Fiji) 2009

## Revised Fixtures

***[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion]]** 17 se 31 January talak Ba, Navua aur Lautoka ke biich me khela gais raha.
***[[17 January]]** - Churchill Park, Lautoka me, **[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion]]** ke pahila khel me Lautoka aur Navua 1 - 1  se baraabar rahin.
* 21 January - Churchill Park, Lautoka me, defending champion, Ba, Lautoka ke 2-0 se harae ke **[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion]]** table ke lead kare lagaa raha.
* 22 January - Govind Park Ba me, **[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion (CVC)]]** ke pahila leg me Navua, Ba ke 1 - 0 se harais.
* 24 January - TFL National Stadium me , **[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion (CVC)]]** ke khel me Lautoka, Navua ke 1 - 0 se harais.
* 29 January - TFL National Stadium me , **[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion (CVC)]]** ke khel me Navua, Ba ke 3 - 0 se harais.
* 31 January - Govind Park, Ba me , **[[Champions versus Champions (Fiji)|2010 Pillay Garments Champion versus Champion (CVC)]]** ke khel me Lautoka, Ba ke 7 - 0 se harais.

### Natija

Achchhaa goal average ke kaaran lautoka CVC champion banaa.

## References
Luanda

**Luanda**, Angola ke capital aur sab se barraa city hae. Iske pahile **Loanda** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Ii Angola ke khaas seaport hae aur Atlantic Ocean me hae. Lagbhag 3 million (1995) log Luanda me rahe hae.

Ii jagha pe dher manufacturing industry hae lekin ek lamba civil war ke kaaran ii jaada kar ke barbaad hae. 

Luanda ke Portuguese log 1575 me **São Paulo de Luanda** ke naam se suruu karin rahaa aur 1627 se ii Angola ke administrative center hae. (1640–1648 ke chorr ke). Jab 1975 me Angola ajaad bhais tab ii Angola ke capital rahaa.
Manama

**Manama**, Bahrain ke capital city hae. Ii Bahrain ke sab se barraa city bhi hae aur iske population 150,000 hae. 

## Itihaas
Manama 1300s se ek city hae, jab se iske baare Islamic book me likha jaawe he. 1521 se lae ke 1602 ii Portugal ke niche rahaa, 1602 se 1783 talak Persia se, aur baad me Al-Khalifa palwaar se. 1971 me Manama, Bahrain ke capital city banaa.
Tirana

**Tirana** (Albanian: *Tiranë* nai to *Tirana*), Republic of Albania ke capital city hae. Ii Albania ke sab se barraa city bhi hae aur 2003 me iske population 353,400 rahaa. Tirana 1614 me pahile banawa gais rahaa.1920 me ii Albania ke capital city banaa.
Andorra la Vella

**Andorra la Vella**, principality of Andorra ke capital city hae. Ii Pyrenees pahaarr me France aur Spain ke biich me hae. Iisamundar se 1,409 m (4,625 ft) uppar hae.  Andorra la Vella, Andorra ke south western me hae. Hian pe winter medher thandsa aur summer me garam aur jhuura rahe hae. Hian pe koi train station yah to airport nai hae. Hian ke jaada log Most people in the city are Spanish (43%). Only 33% of the population are native Andorrans. Products made in the city include furnitures and brandies.

## References
Yerevan

**Yerevan** (Armenian: Երեւան nai to Երևան), Armenia ke sab se barraa city aur capital city hae. 2004 me iske population 1,088,300 rahaa. 

Ii Hrazdan Naddi ke bagal me hae, aur des ke administrative, cultural, aur industrial center hae. 

Yerevan 8th century BC talak pichche jaawe hae jab Urartian fortress Erebuni, 782 BC me hian pe banawa gais rahaa. 


Yerevan-Republic Square-28-Foreign Affairs-2019-gje.jpg|Republic Square
Yerevan-Cascade-04-2019-gje.jpg|Cascade
Yerevan-2800th anniversary park-04-2019-gje.jpg|2800th anniversary park
Yerevan-Matenadaran-08-2019-gje.jpg|Matenadaran
Yerevan-Cathedral-26-innen-2019-gje.jpg|Cathedral
Yerevan-Tsitsernakaberd-04-2019-gje.jpg|Tsitsernakaberd


## References
Baku

**Baku** (Azerbaijani: Bakı, puura naam: Bakı şəhəri - The Baku City), Azerbaijan ke sab se barraa aur capital city hae. Ii Apsheron Peninsula ke southern shore me hae at 40°23′N 49°52′E. Modern Baku tiin hissa me baatal hae: Purana Town (İçəri Şəhər), boomtown aur Soviet ke banawa gais town. Iske population (January 1, 2015 me) lagbhag 2.8 million rahaa.
Saint John's

**St. John's**, Antigua and Barbuda, jon ki Lesser Antilles ke ek island hae, ke capital city hae. St. John's Antigua island me hae.

## References

Hammand World Atlas Corporation, *Hammond World Atlas, Fifth Edition*, 2007, p.208
Nassau

**Nassau**, Bahamas ke sab se barraa city aur capital hae. Nassau, New Providence Island me hae. 2008 me lagbhag 260,000 log Nassau me rahat rahin.
Island

Ek **island** ek jamiin ke tukrraa hae jiske right round paani rahe hae. Island continent se chhotaa rahe hae. 

Dunia ke sab se barraa island hae.
Belmopan

**Belmopan**, jiske population lagbhag 16,400 hae , Belize ke is the capital hae.

## References

## Bahaari jorr
* Photos of Belmopan 
* Map of Belmopan 
* Online Portal of Belmopan 
* "Lady from Belmopan" shirt
Porto-Novo

**Porto-Novo** (jiske **Hogbonou** aur **Adjacé** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae), West Africa ke des, Benin ke capital city hae. Ii city ke population 223,552 log hae.  
## Notes

## Duusra websites
* Official Republic of Benin tourism site for Porto-Novo
* Images of the Central Mosque of Porto-Novo
Gaborone

**Gaborone**, Botswana ke capital city hae. Iske population 208,411 log hae. Gaborone, Africa ke sab se jor barrhe waala city me se ek hae. Ii Botswana ke south eastern corner me Notwane River ke kinare hae. Ii South Africa ke border se 15 mile duur hae.

University of Botswana ke khaas campus ii city me hae aur Gaborone ke airport, Sir Seretse Khama International Airport bhi hian pe hae.

## Itihaas
1969 se pahile ii city ke naam **Gaberones** rahaa. Gaberones, 1965 me Mafeking ke jagha Bechuanaland Protectorate ke capital banaa. 

## Duusra websites
* Map of Gaborone
Ouagadougou

**Ouagadougou**, Burkina Faso ke capital aur sab se barraa city hae. Ouagadougou ke log jaada kar ke  kaprraa aur khana banae hae. Ouagadougou ke mayor ke har paanch saal me chuna jaawe hae. Hian pe jaada kar ke garam rahe hae kaheki ii city Equator ke nangich hae. Ouagadougou ke log French me baat kare hae haaheki ii pahile France ke ek colony rahaa. Ouagadougou, Africa ke sab se garib des me se ek hae. Hian ke  70% log parrhe aur likhe nai sake hae. but the city has ten universities. Hian ke log jaada kar ke  football khele hae. 

## References
Minsk

**Minsk** nai to **Miensk** (Мінск (official spelling Belarus bhasa me), Менск; Минск ; Mińsk), Belarus ke capital city aur el khaas city hae. Ii city me 1.8 million log rahe hae. Minsk me Commonwealth of Independent States ke headquarters hae. Minsk ,Svislach aur Niamiha naddi ke biich me hae. Minsk ke timezine GMT +2 hae.

Minsk ke baare me pahila charcha 11th century (1067) me karaa gais hae. 1326 me Minsk, Grand Duchy of Lithuania ke ek hissa ban gais aur1499 me ek town banaa. 1569 se ii Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth me Minsk Voivodship ke capital rahaa. 1793 me Second Partition of Poland ke baad iske Russia aapan niche kar liis. 1919–1991 Minsk , Byelorussian SSR ke capital rahaa.

## Duusra websites

* Photos of Minsk on GOMINSK.ORG
* Photos on globustut.by
* Weather of Minsk - minsk.the.by
Bridgetown

**Bridgetown**, jiske population 2006 me 96,578 rahaa, Barbados ke capital aur sab se barraa city hae. Iske pahile Saint Michael ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa.

*Bridgetown* port, island ke southwestern coast me hae. 

## References


## bahaari jorr
* Historical info of Bridgetown  - Barbados postal service
* Deep Water Harbour Port
* Bridgetown Cruise Terminals 
* Map overview of Bridgetown
* Aerial view over Bridgetown's centre
* Detailed map of Bridgetown 
* The Importance of Bridgetown in the New world - The UNESCO World Heritage Centre website
Bujumbura

**Bujumbura**, Burundi ke sab se barraa aur capital city hae. Ii city Lake Tanganyika ke northeastern corner me hae. Ii city des ke administrative, communications, aur economic center hae. Bujumbura ke population lagbhag 324,000 log hae. Ii city me kaprraa, sabun aur dher chij banwa jaawe hae. Bujumbura, Burundi ke khaas port hae jahan se des ke khaas export export, coffee, cotton, animal skins, aur tin ore duusra des bheja jaawe hae.

Ii ek colonial town hae. Ii city me ek barraa market, national stadium, ek barraa masjid, aur ekcathedral hae. City ke museum me hae Burundi Museum of Life aur Burundi Geological Museum. Aur dekhe laayak chij hae Rusizi National Park.

## Duusra websites
* Map of Bujumbura at fallingrain.com
Hindustani bhasa

]]
**Hindustani bhasa** ek Indo-European bhasa hae jisme north India aur Pakistan me bola jaae hae aur uu ii jagha ke "Lingua franca" hae. Iske Deccan me bhi bola jaae hae. Iske dui rakam se likha jaae hae. Ek hae Hindi, jiske Devanagri me likha jaae  aur isme Sanskrit ke jaada asar har, aur Urdu jiske Perso-Arabic script me likha jaae hae aur isme Arbii bhasa aur Farsii ke jaada asar hae. Jab Hindi India ke sarkari bhasa hae, tab Urdu Pakistan ke sarkari bhasa hae. Iske **Hindi-Urdu** bhi bola jaae hae.

## Bahaari jorr
*Shakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.
* Janmaanas Ek Hindi Manch(Hindi Language Forum) 
*Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition: Hindostani
*Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, ''khaRî bolî''
*Hindi-Urdu FAQ
*Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi-Urdu Commitment
*Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?
*History of Hindustani
*Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List
*Ethnologue Report for Hindustani
*GRN Report for Hindustani
*Hindustani Poetry 
*Hindi-Urdu online resources 
*Biggest Hindustani-Indian poetry forum
* Wikivoyage - Hindi-Urdu Phrasebook
*National Language Authority (Urdu), Pakistan (muqtadera qaumi zaban)
Sarajevo

**Sarajevo**, Bosnia and Herzegovina ke capital city hae. Iske population, 297,672 hae (2003 ke census). Ii city me dher culture ke log rahe hae. Isme masjid, synagogue, Catholic church, aur Greek-Orthodox church hae. 1984 ke Winter Olympics, Sarajavo me bhais rahaa.

## Duusra website
* Official Sarajevo website
Sofia

**Sofia** Republic of Bulgaria ke sab se barraa aur capital city hae. Iske population 1,246,791 hae aur ii European Union ke 15th sab se barraa city hae. Sofia, Bulgaria ke west me hae.

Sofia, Europe ke sab se purana city me se ek hae. Sofia ke itihaas 8th century BC pichhe talak jaawe hae.

## References


## Duusra websites
* Sofia complete accommodation guide
Sucre

**Sucre** (population 247,300 in 2006), Bolivia ke constitutional capital hae. Ii des ke south-central hissa me hae. aur ii samundar se 2750m (9,000&nbsp;ft) uppar hae. 
## References


## Bahaari jorr

* Bolivia's Capital http://sites.google.com/site/boliviacapital/ 
* Sucre City Guide 
* Weather in Sucre 
* Correo del Sur - Sucre newspaper (in Spanish)
* Municipal Government of Sucre  (in Spanish)
* BoliviaWeb - General Information
* UNESCO World Heritage Site
* Site with Photos
Marathi bhasa

**Marathi** Maharashtra, India mein bole waala Indo-European bhasa hae. Ii bhasa lagbhag 2500 saal puraana hae aur ii Sanskrit se aais hae. Iske Devanāgarī akchhar me likha jaawe hae.

## Marathi me ginti

## Duusra websites
* Marathi News

## References
Bandar Seri Begawan

**Bandar Seri Begawan**, Brunei ke capital city hae. Iske abaadi 46,229 (1991) hae. Ii city me furniture, textiles, handcrafts, aur timber produce karaa jaawe hae. Ii jagha pe Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau, Royal Regalia Building, the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Malay Technology Museum, aur the Brunei History Center hae. Bandar Seri Begawan 4°55' North, 114°55' East (4.91667, 114.91667) me hae.
Phnom Penh

**Phnom Penh** (Khmer: ភ្ន៓ពេញ; official Romanization: Phnum Pénh;IPA: pʰnum peːɲ), Cambodia ke sab se barraa city aur capital [city]] hae. April 17, 1975, me ii city ke Khmer Rouge ii city ke lae ke huan ke log ke bahaar khader diin.
Naypyidaw

**Naypyidaw**, Burma, jiske Myanmar ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae, ke capital city hae. 6 November 2005,Burma ke administrative capital ke greenfield site Pyinmana ke west me, aur Yangon se lagbhag 200km north me kar dewa gais rahaa. Ii capital ke official naam 27 March 2006 ke Burmese Armed Forces Day ke roj rakkhaa gais rahaa. 
## References

## Bahaari jorr
* Nay Pyi Taw - A photo album
* Inside Napyidaw, The Flying Dutchman blog, 15 June 2007 (one of first two tourists to visit Naypyidaw, includes lots of photos)
* Abode of Kings in a Derelict Kingdom , Disposable Words blog, 15 June 2007 (other of first two tourists to visit Naypyidaw, more photos)
* Myanmar Yellow Pages: Nay Pyi Taw Listings
Thimphu

**Thimphu** (ཐིམ་ཕུ་, Bhutan ke capital city hae. Ii naam bagal ke valley aur dzongkhag, Thimphu District bhi hae. Iske abaadi 50,000 (2003) hae aur ii des ke sab se barraa abaadi center hae. Thimphu 27°28′00″N aur 89°38′30″E me hae.

Thimphu-14-vom Buddha Dordenma-2015-gje.jpg|Thimphu
Thimphu-38-Hauptstrasse-2015-gje.jpg|Downtown Thimphu
Thimphu-Buddha Dordenma-40-unfertige Bodhisattvas-2015-gje.jpg|Buddha Dordenma
Thimphu-Dzong-10-2015-gje.jpg|Dzong
Thimphu-Markt-12-2015-gje.jpg|Market
Thimphu-Nationalchoerten-18-Umgehung-2015-gje.jpg|Memorial Chorten
Yaoundé

**Yaoundé**, the Republic of Cameroon ke capital city hae. Ii des ke duusra sab se barraa city hae. 

## Itihaas
Yaoundé ke 188 me German traders log banain rahaa. Iske naddi me trade kare khatir kaam me lawa jaawat rahaa. World War I ke time ii city Belgian troops ke niche rahaa . Larrai ke baad ii French Cameroon ke capital banaa.
Middle Ages

**Middle Ages**, European history ke ek period hae. Ii time 476 CE me, jab ki Western Roman Empire khalaas bhais rahaa, suruu hoe ke 1492 talak jab ki Christopher Columbus, New World ke discover kais rahaa khalaas bhaes.

## Duusra websites
* Student resources
Mongol Samrajya

**Mongol Empire**, uu jagha rahaa jispe Mongol khans 13th aur 14th centuries, me raj karat rahin. 

## Duusra websites
* Genghis Khan and the Mongols
* The Mongol Empire 
* Mongols
* Genghis Khan Biography
* The Mongols in World History
* The Mongol Empire for students
Ming Dynasty

**Míng Dynasty**, jiske sarkari naam **Great Ming** rahaa,  1368 se 1644 talak China pe raj karis. Ii dynasty Yuan dynasty ke baad rahaa. Ming dynasty akri dynasty rahaa jisme Han Chinese log raj kare rahin. Jab ki ii dynasty ke capital, Beijing, ek rebellion me haar dewa gais, fir bhi Ming palwaar ke dher chotaa chotaa raj bachaa rahaa, 1662 talak khaas kar ke south China me.

Ming dynasty ke suruu kare waala Emperor Hongwu (1368 - 1398) rahaa,  jon ii rakam ke raj banae ke kosis karis jisme uske puura contro rahe aur jisme se uske barra army banae sake. ii time ke army 1 million se jaada rahaa aur uske navy dunia ke sab se barraa rahaa aur Nanjing me based rahaa. You court ke enuch log ke taagat kamti kare ke bhi kosis karis rahaa.

1402 me uske jawaan sucessor ek upadrao karis aur emporer ban gais . Uske naam Yongle emporer rahaa. Uu Yan ke duusra capital banais aur iske naam ke badal ke Beijing rakkhis, Forbidden City ke banais, Grand Canal ke repair karis aur sarkaris kaam khaatir exams kre suruu karis. Uske time China ke navy ssat dafe Indian Ocean, Arabia aur Africa ke east coadt me voyage karis rahaa.

Ii time China me dher factions hoe hay rahin aur 1449 me jab Emporer Yingzong ke capture kar lewa gais tab central rule khalaa hoe gais. Iske baad navy khalaas hoe gais aur Great Wall ke repair kare ke khaatir forced labour ke kaam me laawa gais rahaa. ii time China me census lewa gais rahaa aur ii anumaan lagaawa jaae hae ki late Ming period me hian ke abaadi 160 - 200 million rahaa.

16th century me Europe se trade barrhaa aur dher rakam ke nawaa paudha ke China me introduce karaa gais jaise ki mirchaa, aalu, aur makai. Isse China ke abaadi aur jor se barrhaa. Ii time South America se Silver bhi introduce karaa gais jon ki hian ke currency hoe gais. Ii dynasty 1644 me callapse bhais jab Li Zicheng ke rebel army Beijing me ghusis. Li Shun dynasty ke suruu karis, lekin ii kuchh saal baad Qing dynasty se aapan taagat ke khoe diis.

### Ming dynasty ke maharaja (1368–1644)

## Ming dynasty ke painting

File:Chen_Hongshou,_leaf_album_painting.jpg|Patti ke chaapa jisme fuul, titli aur patthar ke sculpture dekhae hae
File:Dai_Jin_-_The_Hermit_Xu_You_Resting_by_a_Stream_-_1974.45_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tiff|Ek painting Dai Jin se jon Zhe school of painting ke suruu karis rahaa
File:T'ang_Yin_003.jpg|Tan Yin (1523) ke painting ek machhua ke autmn me dekhae hae
File:Pien_Wen-chi_001.jpg|Bian Wenjin (1413) ke chirriya ke painting
File:明_佚名_鳥販圖_軸-Bird_peddler_MET_DT271148.jpg|Chirriya beche waala ke painting (15th-16th century)
File:Peach_Festival_of_the_Queen_Mother_of_the_West,_17th_century.jpg|Peach Festival ke painting (17th century)
File:SesshuToyo.jpg|Sesshu ke Autmn lanscape painting Japan ke unfluence ke dekhae hae
Ottoman Samrajya

The **Ottoman Empire** , jiske **Turkish Empire** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, ek dynasty rahaa jon 1517 me Mamluk Sultanate ke harae ke suruu bhais rahaa, aur jon 1924 me Grand NAtional Assembly of Turkey abolish karis rahaa. Ii Empire 14th century se lae ke 20th century ke sruwaat talak Southeast Europe, West Asia aur North Africa ke control karis rahaa. 16th aur 18th century ke suruwaat talak ii Central Europe ke bhi control karis rahaa. 

Ii empire Anatolian beyliks se suruu bhais rahaa, jiske lagbhag 1299 me ek Turkoman tribal neta, Osman I suruu karis rahaa. Uske descendents log Anatolia ke dher ilaaka ke aapan niche kar liin rahaa aur 14th century ke biich me Balkans me bhi fael gain rahaa. Ii Ottoman log 1453 me Constantinople ke conquer kar ke Byzantine Empire ke khalaas kr diin rahaa. Iske uu log aapan capital banain aur naam ke badal ke Istanbul rakhin. Hian se uu log Mediterranean Basin ke jaada ilaaka ke control karin aur Europe aue Middle East ke biich me chhe century talak link rahaa. Selim I aur Suleiman the Magnificent ke raj ke time ii empire ek global power rahaa.

18th century ke ant me Otttoman Empire ke dher military haar ke sahe ke parraa, jisse Balkans me kuchh nawaa des banaa. 1876 me hian pe constitutional monarchy ke banae ke kosis karaa gais rahaa, lekin ii nai chalaa.

19th century ke ant talak parrha-likha log, jiske Young Turks bola jaawat rahaa, des ke westernise kare ke kosis karin. Isse 1908 me fir se constitutional monarchy banaawa gais. Lekin Balkan me larrai me haar ke kaaran, 1913 me ek coup bhais aur dictatorship fir se aae gais.

19th aur 20th century ke suruwaat me, jaise ii empire territory ke khois, Balkans, Caucasus aur Crimea me, tab huan ke Muslim abhi ke Turkey waala jagha aae ke rahe lagin.

## Naam
"Ottoman" ke Turkish bhasa waala sabd ke 14th century e Osman ke chela log ke bola jaawat rahaa. Baad me ii sabd ke Empire ke raj kare waala elite ke dewa gais rahaa. "Turk" sabd ke Anatolia me rahe waala tribal abaadi aur peasants ke dewa jaawat rahaa aur iske des ke sahar me rahe waalae aur parrha-likha log niichaa samjhat rahin. Pahile parrha-likha aur town me rahe waala log apne ke "Rumi" bolat rahin, jiske matlab "Roman" hae, jiske matlab rahaa jon log pahile ke Byzantine Empire me rahat rahin.

Western Europe me Ottoman Empire, Turkish Empire aur Turkey ke ekke matlab maana jaawat rahaa, aur baad me Turkey ke jaada kaam me laawa jaat rahaa. 

## Duusra websites
* The Ottoman Empire: A Chronogical Outline
*  The Ottoman Empire: The Eternal State 
* Ottoman Website
* The Ottoman Empire Map of Europe in year 1600 with a detailed view of the Empire.
* History of Turkish Empire — Gives detailed timetable.
* World Civilizations: The Ottomans — a comprehensive site that covers much about the Ottoman state and government
* Capitals of Ottoman Empire — covers the different Ottoman capitals
*  Turkish Oral Narrative
*  Information about Ottomans
* Forced abaadi transfers in early Ottoman imperial policy  - covers the period 1300-1600
Bangui

**Bangui**, Central African Republic ke capital city hae. Ii des ke sab se barraa city bhi hae. Ii city ke abaadi 734,350 log hae (2012). Central African Republic ke jaada log des ke west me Bangui ke nangich rahe hae. 

## Itihaas
Ii city ke 1889 me uu time suruu karaa gais rahaa jab ki ii French colony Haut-Oubangui ('Upper Ubangi') rahaa. Ii colony ke naam baad me badal ke French Equatorial Africa kar dewa gais rahaa. Ii city Ubangi Naddi ke kinare ek French military post ke lage suruu bhais rahaa. Bangui pahile ii French colony ke administration center rahaa aur abhi ii Central African Republic ke administrative center hae.

## Geography and Climate
Bangui is located on the northern banks of the Ubangi River. It is just below a series of rapids. The Congolese town of Zongo is on the opposite side of the river from Bangui. The city centre lies near the river. It has a large triumphal arch, the Presidential Palace and the central market. North of the city lie rolling hills.

The Central African Republic is located just north of the Equator. Because of this, the daily high temperatures rarely fall below the high 80s Fahrenheit. The rainy season lasts from May until October. Bangui, being in the south of the country and closest to the Equator, is slightly hotter and wetter than the northern parts of the country.

## Economy
Bangui is an administrative, trade, and commercial center. Bangui makes textiles, food products, beer, shoes, and soap.  The main exports are cotton, timber, coffee, and sisal.  Unemployment in the city was near 23% as of 2001.

## Transportation
Bangui is a river port. It is served by Bangui M'Poko International Airport.  The port handles the most of the country's trade with other countries.  River ferries sail to Brazzaville and Zongo. Roads connect the city to Cameroon, Chad, and Sudan.

## Culture
Several periodicals and three daily newspapers  in Bangui.  Other things to see in Bangui include Boganda Museum and Bokassa Palace. 

## Education
Bangui is home to the University of Bangui. It was founded in 1970. The University of Bangui is the only non-agricultural college in the Central African Republic.

## Notes and references
Protestant Reformation

**Protestant Reformation** ek term hae jiske 16th century me Christian Church me kuchh ghatna ke batae khatir kaam me lawa jaae hae. Kuchh log mangat rahin ki jon rakam se Catholic Church chalat rahaa ke badal de ke chaahi.
Praia

**Praia**, Cape Verde island ke capital city hae. Ii Sotavento archipelago ke Santiago island me hae. Ii city ke abaadi 113,364 log hae. Praia, Cape Verde's ke sab se barraa city bhi hae. Ii des ke commercial center bhi hae. Praianaam ke matlab, Portuguese me, "beach" hae.

Praia ek port hae jahan se coffee, sugar cane, aur tropical fruits export karaa jaawe hae. Praia me ek fishing industry bhi hae. Ii city me des ke dui international airport me se ek hae. Bagal me kuchh resort beaches bhi hae.

## Dekhe ke chij

* Albuquerque Square
* The old city hall
* The Presidential Palace - jiske 19th century me banawa gais rahaa, aur isme Portuguese governor raht rahaa

### Aur chij
Praia me dher school, church, beaches, port, aur ek university, jiske naam Jean Piagethae, bhi hae.

## Duusra websites
* Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde
N'Djamena

**N'Djamena**, Chad ke capital city hae. Ii des ke sab se baraa city hae.  Ii city Chari River me ek  port hae. N'Djamena ek special statute region bhi hae. Ii livestock, salt, dates, aur grain ke khatir bhi ek bajaar hae.  Hian ke khaas industry Meat processing hae. N'Djamena ke abaadi 721,000 log hae.  

Ii city me dekhe laaek chij hae Chad National Museum, ek cathedral aur dher masjid. Ii city me dher dharam ke log rahe hae lekin jaada log Muslim hae. N'Djamena me ek university,  administration aur veterinary medicine khatir school,  aurAmerican International School of N'Djamena hae. N'Djamena International Airport city ke bahaar hae.

## Itihaas
N'Djamena ke 29 May 1900 me   French commander Émile Gentil **Fort-Lamy** ke naam se suruu karis rahaa. Iske naam Amédée-François Lamy se aais hae, jon ki ek army officer rahaa jiske maut Battle of Kousséri me kuchh din pahile bhias rahaa. 6 April 1973 mePresident François Tombalbaye iske naam badal ke  N'Djamena (jon ki  Arab naam *Niǧāmīnā*, matlab *"sustae waala jagha"*) se aais hae. 

## References

## Duusra websites
* Map of N'Djamena
Yamoussoukro

**Yamoussoukro**, Côte d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast) ke capital city hae. Ii city me lagbhag 200,000 log rahe hae. Ii des ke duusra sab se barraa city hae. Sab se barraa city who live in this city, Abidjan pahile capital rahaa aur 1983 me Yamoussoukro capital banaa.