open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chitrkalaa

**Chitrkalaa** ek rakam ke dekhe waala kalaa (visual art) hae jiske rang ke ek karraa surface me lagae ke banaawa jaae hae. Rang ke burus, nai to duusra chij, jaise chhuurri, sponge aur airbrush, se lagaawa jaae hae. Chitr ke banae waala ke chitrkaar bola jaae hae.

## Itihaas

Pahile socha jaat rahaa ki sab se puraana chitrkalaa 40,000 saal puraana rahaa aur iske western Europe aur Indonesia ke Sulawesi island me paawa jaat rahaa. Lekin November 2018 me scientists log Indonesia ke Borneo island ke ek cave me aur puraana jaanwar ke painting paain. December 2019 me ek aur puraana cave painting jon ki suwar ke hunting dekhaae hae ke paain aur iske  kamti se kamti 43,900 saal puraana bataawa gais rahaa. 2021 me ek aur Indonesian me aur puraana painting jiske 45,500 saal ke date karaa gais rahaa ke paawa gais.Lekin saait sab se puraana cave painting ke Australia ke Arnhem Land ilaaka me paawa gais hae jieke 60,000 saal ke date karaa gais hae.
South Africa ke national anthem

## Lyrics

## Bahaari jorr
* MP3 format of the National Anthem (instrumental only)
* The National Anthem , from info.gov.za
* Brief history of the anthem 
* Brief introduction to the anthem and notation
* http://www.southafricananthem.co.za
Anaar

**Anaar** (English: pomegranate), (Scientific name: *Punica granatum*), ek rakam ke fal de waala patajhaṛī jhaarri, nai to perr, hae jon ki 5 -8 metre lamba hoe sake hae. Ii biswas karaa jaae hae ki anaar Persia aur India se suruu hoe ke Mediterranean me fael gais hae. Span me ek city ke naam (Granada), anaaar ke naam se aais hae
Sculpture

**Sculpture** ek rakam ke art hae. 
## Examples

Image:Michelangelos David.jpg
Image:Bronzes-Chola-2.jpg
Image:British Museum Greek & Rome 11.jpg
Image:HenryMoore RecliningFigure 1951.jpg
Image:African Art, Yombe sculpture, Louvre.jpg
Image:Gothic sculpture 15 century.jpg
Image:Donatello david plaster replica front 1000px wide.jpg
Image:Siva_and_Parvati.jpg
Image:Lisbon monument.jpg
Pottery

**Pottery** uu chij hae jon ki matti ke banaa rahe hae. 


Image:Podnieks Valdis Pauliņš Latgales kultūras dienās.jpg|A man making pottery.
Image:Töpferscheibe.jpg|An old *potter's wheel* in Erfurt, Germany.
Image:Töpfernpeng1.jpg|A woman making pottery.
Image:Conner-prairie-pottery-rack.jpg|Drying *pottery*.
Calligraphy

**Calligraphy** likhe ke art form hae. Ii sabd Greek bhasa se aais hae jisme iske matlab "sundar lekh" hae.

## Calligraphy ke namuuna

File:Asokan_brahmi_pillar_edict.jpg|Ashoka ke ek pillar ke calligraphy
File:Qutb_Minar_Minaret_Delhi_India.jpg|Delhi ke Qutb Minar nastlik calligraphy
File:Mi_Fu-On_Calligraphy.jpg| Ek puraana jamaana ke [China|Chinese]] calligraphy
File:Inscription_on_the_halo_of_the_statue_of_Bhaisajyaguru.jpg| Japanese calligraphy Buddha ke mandir me
File:Korea-Seong_Sammun-Calligraphy-01.jpg| Korean calligraphy
File:English_-_Rochester_Bible_-_Walters_W18_-_Reverse_Detail.jpg| 12th century ke Bible


## References
Queensland

**Queensland**, Australia ke ek stste hae. Agar area dekha jaae tab ii Australia ke duusra sab se barraa state hae lekin agar population deha jaae tab ii tisra sab se barra state hae. Iske opulation lagbhag 4 million hae aur iske capital city, Brisbane hae.
Tasmania

**Tasmania**, Australia ke mainland se 240 kilometres (150 mi) south me ek barraa island hae. Ii dunia ke 26th sab se barraa island hae. Iske population (June 2010 me) 507, 626 rahaa, jisme se aadha log Hobart me, nai to iske bagal me, rahe hae. Iske area 62,409 square kilometres (24,096 sq mi) hae. Ii ek state bhi hae aur iske capital city Hobart hae.
Western Australia

**Western Australia**, Australia ke chhe state me se ek hae. Agar jo area dekha jaae tab ii sab se barraa state hae, lekin jab population dekha jae tab ii 4th sab se barraa state hae. Iske capital city, Perth hae.

## Dusra websites
* Postcode Tool - Western Australia

## References
Northern Territory

**Northern Territory** Australia ke el territory hae. Iske capital city Darwin hae. == Floral Emblem ==

## References

]]
Australian Capital Territory

**Australian Capital Territory** nai to *ACT*, Australia ke ek chhota teritory hae jiske Australia ke capiyal city ke banae ke khati banawa gais rahaa. Isme Australia ke capital Canberra hae.
Victoria (Australia)

**Victoria**, Australia ke ek state hae. Ii Australia ke south-east corner me hae. Iske capital city aur sab se barraa city Melbourne hae. 

Victoria ke population o5,110,500 (2006) hae.

State ke emblem hae:
- Floral:	Pink Heath
- Aquatic:	Weedy Seadragon
- Bird:	Helmeted honeyeater
- Faunal:	Leadbeater's Possum
- Colour:	Navy

## References



## Duusra websites
* Postcode Tool - Victoria
* Official Phillip Island Tourism Association site Accommodation and attractions on and around Phillip Island.
* Phillip Island Ferry Service
* Phillip Island Nature Park Web Site Includes Penguin Parade and Koala Conservation Center.
* Phillip Island Accommodation
New South Wales

**New South Wales**, Australia ke ek state hae. 

## Gallery
 
Image:Sydney from Taronga Zoo.jpg|The City of Sydney seen from Taronga Park Zoo 
Image:RAS 01.JPG|The Sydney Royal Easter show is a popular annual event.
Image:Booloominbah Southern Elevation.jpg|Boolominbah at Armidale is one of the finest examples of Federation architecture in New South Wales. 
Image:Ourimbah pub.jpg|The pub and general store at Ourimbah show a scene which is familiar in most towns. 
Image:90 mile beach02.jpg|Ninety Mile Beach 
Image:Mount Kembla from Mount Nebo.JPG|Mount Kembla rises above the narrow coastal plain at Wollongong 
Image:Blue Mountains.jpg|The Three Sisters are a famous landmark in the Blue Mountains 
Image:Le Murrumbidgee à Wagga Wagga.JPG|The Murrumbidgee River flows through Wagga Wagga. 
Image:Crystal Shower Falls.jpg|Crystal Shower Falls in Dorrigo National Park 
Image:Murray Greys 03.JPG|Beef Cattle and sheep are major industries in the agricultural plains. 
Image:Carrington grain storage silos.jpg|Grain storage silos near Newcastle 
Image:BloweringDam 001 20060211.jpg|Dams are used to store water and generate power. 



## References
*australian-post-codes.com Postcode Search 

## Duusra websites
* Postcode Tool - New South Wales

]]
Fiji ke political party ke suchi

* Fiji Indian Congress - 1991 me Samabula, Suva me suruu karaa gais rahaa. General Secetary - Vijay Raghwan
* Fiji Indian Liberal Party - 1991 me Rakiraki me suruu karaa gais rahaa aur ii Hindustani log, khaas skar ke ganna ke kisan aur students logan ke khatir rahaa. Secretary - Swani Kumar
* Janata Party - 1991 me Suva me pahile ke NFp aur FLP ke member logan suruu karin rahaa.

## References
* Far East and Australasia 2003
Karnataka

**Karnataka**, India ke ek state hae. Iske area 74,122 mi² (191,976 km²) hae, aur ii Syria se barraa lekin Senegal se chhota hae.

Karnataka ke capital city, Bangalore hae. Aur barraa city, Mysore aur Hubli-Dharwad hae. 
Karnataka ke jaada log Kannada bhasa me baat kare hae.

Karnataka ke west me Arabian Sea, northwest me Goa, north me Maharashtra, east me Andhra Pradesh, south me Tamil Nadu aur south-west me Kerala hae.
Kerala

**Kerala** (കേരളം), India ke ek state hae. Iske west me Arabian Sea aur east me Tamil Nadu aur Karnataka hae. Iske capital city, Thiruvananthapuram hae. Iske area 15,005 mi² (38,863 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii Bhutan se baraa lekin Switzerland se chhota hae.

## References
Madhya Pradesh

**Madhya Pradesh**, India ke ek state hae. Ii state ke area 119016 km2 hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii Italy e barraa, lekin Oman se chhota hae. Iske capital city, Bhopal lekin sab se barra city Indore hae. Madhya Pradesh ke west me Rajasthan aur Gujarat, south me Maharashtra, east me Chhatisgarh aur north me Uttar Pradesh hae.

### Cities

## Demographics

#### State symbols of Madhya Pradesh

## Infrastructure
### Urja

Rajya ke total installed power generation capacity 31 March 2024 ke hisaab se 27108.55 MW baa. Madhya Pradesh Electric Board Jabalpur me baa. Rewa Ultra Mega Solar project ek photovoltaic solar park baa, ja 1,590 acres (6.4&nbsp;km2) jaga me Gurh tehsil, Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh me baa. Project 750 MW capacity ke saath commission bhais rahaa. Rajya me 97% ghar me bijli ke access baa.

Singrauli kshetra, Madhya Pradesh ke purvi hisa me, desh ke ek badda energy producer jagah baa. Ii kshetra me bahut bada coal mines baa, ja Northern Coalfields Limited (Coal India Limited ke subsidiary) khan rahaa, au ii coal NTPC, Sasan Power aur Hindalco ke power plant me istemaal hoi. Ii jagah me 10,000 MW se jyada installed capacity baa energy production khatir.

Malwa kshetra ke State Government dwara Wind Energy Production unit banawa khatir chuna gais rahaa. Ii jagah me hawa lagataar chalela, ja wind energy harvest karwa ke laabhdayak baa. Dewas se 13&nbsp;km (8.1&nbsp;mi) door pahaadi par 100 se jyada wind mills baa, ja 30 MW se jyada power generate karela. Ii private company logan dwara finance bhais rahaa, ja log reliable power supply chahis rahaa.

## Chaapa

File:Rock painting, Bhimbetka, Raisen district, MP.jpg|Mesolithic rock painting, Bhimbetka rock shelters, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
File:Khajuraho - Kandariya Mahadeo Temple.jpg|Kandariya Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho
File:Bateswar (6).JPG|Bateshwar temple complex, Padavli, Morena
File:Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitavli, Morena.jpg|Chausath Yogini Temple, Mitavli, Morena
File:262 Gwalior.jpg|Sahastra Bahu Temples, Gwalior Fort
File:Teli Ka Mandir, Gwalior.jpg|Teli ka Mandir, Gwalior Fort
File:Shiva Temple, Bhojpur 01.jpg|Shiva Temple in Bhojpur
File:Lakshmi Temple, Orchha.jpg|Lakshmi Temple, Orchha
File:A Hindu temple, Amarkantak Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|Brahma statue with various deities at Amarkantak.
File:Gorgeous Gwalior Fort.jpg|Gwalior Fort, Gwalior
File:Gwalior Madhya Pradesh India.jpg|Gwalior Fort


## References

## Ii bhi dekho
* Uttar Pradesh
* Bihar
## Bahaari jorr
Maharashtra

**Maharashtra**, India ke ek state hae. Hian ke log jaada kar ke Marathi bhasa me baat kare hae. Agar jo area dekha jaae tab ii India ke tiisra sab se barraa state hae, lekin jab poplation dekha jaae tab ii India ke duusra sab se barraa state hae. Mumbai, Maharashtra ke sab se barraa city aur capital city hae. 

Maharashtra, India ke west me hae aur iske west me Arabian Sea hae. Saat aur state ke border ii state se mile hae. Iske area 118,530 mi² (306,993 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ye Italy se barraa aur Oman se chhota hae.

Maharashtra mein 6 division hai aur 36 districts. 

## Chapa

file:Khandoba temple Pune.jpg
file:Pratapgad Fort.JPG
file:Mumbai skyline BWSL.jpg


## Ill bhi dekho
New Delhi
Manipur

**Manipur**, India ke ek state hae. Iske area 8,628 mi² (22,347 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii State of Israel se barraa lekin Belize se chhotaa hae. Manipur, India ke northeast me hae aur iske capital city Manipur hae. Iske north me Nagaland, south me Mizoram, west me Assam aur Myanmar hae. Manipur ke capital city Imphal hae.
Nagaland

**Nagaland**, India ke ek state hae jon ki des ke north-east me hae. Iske area 6,401 mi² (16,579 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii East Timor se barraa lekin Swaziland se chhota hae. Iske capital city Kohima hae.
Rajasthan

**Rajasthan**, India ke northwest me ek state hae. Agar jo area dekha jaae tab ii India ke sab se baraa state hae, lekin iske population 56,473,122 (8th) hae. Iske area 132,150 mi² nai to 342,269 km² hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii Republic of the Congo se barraa lekin Germany se chhota hae. Thar Desert, ii state ke jaada ilaka ke cover kare hae. Iske capital city Jaipur hae.
Rajasthan me Thar ka registan hae.

### Provincial symbols of Rajasthan

Image:Sonchiriya.jpg|Provincial bird of Rajasthan
Image:Chinkara.jpg|Provincial animal of Rajasthan
Image:Khejri.jpg|Provincial tree of Rajasthan
|Provincial flower of Rajasthan


## Khaas city aur town



Image:Worshippers leaving the temple in Ranakpur.jpg|**[[Ranakpur]]**
Image:Jaisalmer Fort.jpg|**[[Jaisalmer]]**
Image:Udaipur-citypalace.jpg|**[[Udaipur]]**
Image:Jodhpur 5174663-66.jpg|**[[Jodhpur]]**
Image:Amber-fort.jpg|**[[Amber, India|Amber]]**
Image:Alwar.JPG|**[[Alwar]]**
Image:Pushkar_Lake.jpg|Ajmer**
File:Evening lights by the Pushkar Lake, Pushkar.jpg|**pushkar**
|**Chittorgarh'''


## Ill bhi dekho
Russell Bishop
Meghalaya

**Meghalaya** (Bangla: মেঘালায়), India ke ek state hae. Iske area 8,700 mi² (22,720 km² hae),jiske matlab ii hae ki ii State of Israelse barraa lekin Belize se chhota hae. Iske capital Shillong hae.
Tripura

**Tripura**, India ke ek state hae. Ii des ke east me Bangladesh ke uu par hae. Iske area 4,036 mi² or 10,453 km² hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii Lebanon se barraa lekin Kosovo se chhota hae.
Uttarakhand

**Uttarakhand**, jiske 2000 se 2006 tak **Uttaranchal** ke naam se jaana jaa rahaa tha . Bharat ke ek raajya hae. Iska jan sankhya 8,479,562 (census 2001) he. Iske area 20,682 mi² (53,566 km²) he, jiska matlab ee hae ki ee Bosnia our Herzegovina se badaa , lekin Croatia se chota he. Iska Rajadhani  Dehradun he.
Paschim Bangal

**West Bengal** (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ), India ke east me ek state hae. Iske capital city, Kolkata hae. 2001 me iske population 80,221,171 rahaa. Iske area 34,267 mi² (88,752 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii Serbia se barraa, lekin Jordan se chhota hae.

### Provincial symbols of West Bengal

Image:White-throated Kingfisher (Shankar).jpg|Provincial bird of West Bengal
Image:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|Provincial animal of West Bengal
Image:Alstonia scholaris.jpg|Provincial tree of West Bengal
Image:Flower & flower buds I IMG 2257.jpg|Provincial flower of West Bengal


West Bengal ke kuchh khaas log
* Satyajit Ray
* Rabindranath Tagore
* Amartya Sen
Hyderabad, India

**Hyderabad**, India ke Andhra Pradesh state ke sab se barraa aur capital city hae.  Its population is over 4 million. 
## References

## Duusra websites
* Hyderabad/Secunderabad Local Guide
Sikkim

, India ke ek state hae. Agar jo population (540,493) dekha jaae tab ii India ke duusra sab se chhota state hae, aur ii area (2,745 mi² (7,110 km²)) me bhi dusra sab se chhota state hae. Dunia ke ttsra sab se barraa pahaarr, Mt. Kanchendzonga (28,208 Ft asl) bhi ii state me hae. Iske capital Gangtok hai aur duusra barraa town hae Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam aur Jorethang. 
AnguThaa aakaar ka ii state ke paschim me Nepal, uttar me Chinese Tibet sate hae aur poorv me bhutan hae.

### ''Sikkim ke national symbol''

Image:BloodPheasantGouldRichter.jpg|**Sikkim** ke provincial chirriya
Image:Ailurus fulgens RoterPanda LesserPanda.jpg|**Sikkim** ke provincial janwar
Image:Von Gimborn Arboretum 1.jpg|**Sikkim** ke provincial perr
Image:Cattleya maxima.jpg|**Sikkim** ke provincial fuul
Itanagar

**Itanagar is the capital of Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.**   

## Geography
Itanagar is located at . It has an average elevation of 440&nbsp;metres (1443&nbsp;feet).

## References
Mizoram

**Mizoram**, India ke ek state hae, jon ki India ke east me mi² (21,081 km²) hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii El Salvador se barraa, lekin State of Israel se chhota hae.

Iske border Tripura, Assam, Manipur, Bangladesh aur Myanmar se hae. Iske capital city Aizawl hae.
Girmit Heritage Party

**Girmit Heritage Party (GHP)**, Fiji ke ek political party rahaa, jon ki 2000 coup se displaced Hindustani logan ke khatir banawa gais rahaa.

2000 ke coup ke baad Muaniveni, Naitasiri aur Dawasamu, Tailevu ke log ke attack karaa gais aur dher log ke Kaiviti terrorist logan piitin, aurta ke rape karin au property ke damage karin. Ii logan hissa ke Lautoka (city), Fiji ke Girmit Centre me aae ke rahin. Ek admii jon ki camp pe raht rahaa, Beni Sami, aur New Zealand me rahe waala Fiji ke ek Hindustani, Anit Singh, ke GHP ke banae me haanth rahaa.

Ii refugee logan ke sarkar se koi madat nai mila rahaa, aur camp ke organise kare waala log ke Fiji Labour Party aur Fiji Human Rights Group ke saathe achchha relationship nai rahaa, kahe ki ii organisation logan camp ke orgaisers ke paise de se inkaar kar diin rahaa.

GHP ii mangat rahaa ke sarkar has ek displaced kisan ke $60,000 de.

2001 ke election me GHP Lautoka City Indian Communal Constituency aur Lautoka Rural Indian Communal Constituency ke contest karis aur iske candidate ke 0.5% se kamti vote mila.

2009 me GHP active rahaa, jab ki iske representative, Anit Singh, ek political block se GHP ke bahaar rakkhe ke virod me awaaj uthaes.

## References
Panaji

**Panaji**, India ke state Goa ke capital hae. Iske population 65,000 hae. 

## Gallery


our lady panjim.jpg|Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church
AbaDeFaria.JPG|Statue of Abbé Faria
INOX_Multiplex_Theatre.jpg|The Inox Multiplex Theatre near the Panaji market
GMC_building.jpg|The renovated Goa Medical College Building next to the Inox theatre
Panaji Circle.JPG|Panaji Circle under the Mandovi bridge links Panaji city to the road going to Ponda, Ribandar and Marcela
Miramar_Beach.jpg|The Miramar Beach
Panaji Market.JPG | Panjim Market Buildings
Goa Villa Paradiso.JPG |Villa Paradiso
Goa Mandovi Bridge view from Ribandar.JPG | Mandovi Bridge from the top Of Ribandar
Dona Paula, Panjim.jpg|Dona Paula Beach



## References

## Bahaari jorr
{
*Government of Goa
Gandhinagar

**Gandhinagar**, India ke state Gujarat ke capital city hae.  Ii ek nawaa banawa gais city hae. 

## References

## Bahaari jorr

*Gandhinagar Urban Development Authority 
*Gandhinagar District Megistrate 
*Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation
Dispur

**Dispur**, India ke state, Assam ke capital hae. Ii Guwahati ke ek hissa hae. Pahile Shillong, Assam ke capital rahaa, lekin jab iske nikal ke Meghalaya me kar dewa gais tab Dispur capital banaa. 
## References

## Bahaai jorr
* Dispur News Headlines
Raipur

**Raipur**, India ke state, Chhattisgarh ke capital city hae. Ii city Raipur District ke Administrative Capital bhi hae. Ii 1 November 2000 se pahile  Madhya Pradesh  ke ek hissa rahaa.  Raipur ke opulation 605,131 hae (2001 ke sensus) 

## References

## Bahaari jorr
* Raipur District Administration
Cyrillic akchhar

**Cyrillic akchhar (Cyrillic alphabet)** (pronounced 'sih-ril-ic') Slavic log ke alphabet hae. Iske abhi Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian aur sab Serbo-Croatian bhasa me baat karaa jaawe hae. Cyrillic alchar niche hae:
Greek Akchhar

Abhi ke **Greek Akchhar (Greek alphabet)** me 24 akchhar hae . Iske kaam me laae ke Greek bhasa lika jaae sahe hae.

## Duuara website

* Greek alphabet
Shimla

**Shimla**, jiske pahile**Simla** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, India ke state Himachal Pradesh ke capital city hae. 1864 me Shimla ke British Raj ke caital banawa gais rahaa. 

## References

## Bahaari jorr
* Official website of Shimla district
* Municipal Corporation Shimla
* Latest Weather in Shimla
Srinagar

**Srinagar**, India ke state, Jammu and Kashmir ke capital city hae. Ii Jhelum Naddi ke kinare hae. Srinagar Jammu aor kasmir ki rajdhani he.kasmir ghati ke bechh me istith me bass parmukh paryatan ke liye famous he. Srinagar bears rup se Dal river aor anek temple ke liye Jana jata he.

## References
Ranchi

**Ranchi**, India ke state Jharkhand ke capital city hae. Iske 1,126,741 population lagbhag  hae (2011 ke census).
Bengaluru

**Bengaluru** urf **Bangalore**, India ke Karnataka state ke capital city hae. Iske population aath aur aadha million hae.
Bangalore Bharat Raj ki rajdhani kantarack me situated he.benglore city ki population 84 lakhs h and metapolitian ki population lagvag 89 lakh he. Aor yah Bharat Ka tisara sabse bara city he. Iske South me dakan Ka paleteam situated he. Yah Nagar sal Bhar suhwane mosam ke liye Jana jata he.

## References
Chandigarh

**Chandigarh**, India ke dui state, Haryana aur Punjab ke capital city hae, lekin ii koi state me nai hae aur ek Union teritory hae.

### Dharam

### Sukhna jheel

Sukhna jheel shehar ke utri bhaag me hae . It has The Garden of Silence within it.

### Tota  pakshi dhrohar

Tota  pakshi dhrohar (English:Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh) Chandigarh ke sector 21 mae raha

## Gallery

Open Hand Monument in Chandigarh.jpg|The Open Hand Monument in Chandigarh
image:Corbu Chandigarh Palais Justice.JPG|Punjab and Haryana High Court
Secretariat Chandigarh.jpg|Secretariat Building by Le Corbusier
Assembly 09.jpg|Palace of Assembly Building by Le Corbusier
Waterfall at Rock Garden, Chandigarh.jpg|Rock Garden
Rose Garden Chandigarh India (3).jpg|The Rose Garden
Arch Museum 46.JPG|Government Museum & Art Gallery
Musical Fountain, Sector 17, Chandigarh.jpg|Musical Fountain, Sector 17, Chandigarh
Le Corbusier Centre, Sector 19.jpg|Le Corbusier Centre, Sector 19
Valley_of_Animals.jpg|The entrance to Valley of Animals, Sector 49 in Chandigarh.
Fine Arts Museum, Panjab University.jpg|Chandigarh Museum and Art Gallery


## See also

*
*Chandigarh capital region
*Mohali
*Panchkula
*Ambala Chandigarh Expressway

## Notes

## References

## Further reading
*Evenson, Norma. *Chandigarh*. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966.
*Sarbjit Bahga, Surinder Bahga (2014) *Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanneret: The Indian Architecture*, CreateSpace, ISBN 978-1495906251
*Joshi, Kiran. *Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian Architecture of [[Pierre Jeanneret]], [[Edwin Maxwell Fry]] and [[Jane Drew]]*. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing in association with Chandigarh College of Architecture, 1999. ISBN 1-890206-13-X
*Kalia, Ravi. *Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City*. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
*Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. *Chandigarh and Planning Development in India*, London: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol. CIII, pages 315–333. I. *The Plan*, by E. Maxwell Fry, II. *Housing*, by Jane B. Drew.
*Nangia, Ashish. *Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial*. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 2008.
*Perera, Nihal. "Contesting Visions: Hybridity, Liminality and Authorship of the Chandigarh Plan" *Planning Perspectives* 19 (2004): 175–199
*Prakash, Vikramaditya. *Chandigarh’s Le Corbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India*. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002.
*Sarin, Madhu. *Urban Planning in the Third World: The Chandigarh Experience*. London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.

## External links

; Government
* The Official Website of Chandigarh Administration 

; General information
* Chandigarh *Encyclopædia Britannica* entry
* 
*
Chaena akchhar

**Chaena akchhar (Chinese characters)** uu chinh hae jiske chaina bhasa aur Japanese bhasa ke likhe me kaam me lawa jaawe hae. 

## Duusra websites
* How to write Chinese characters
Thiruvananthapuram

**Thiruvananthapuram**, India ke state, Keralake capital city hae. Iske population 889,191 (2001 ke census).

## Duusra websites
* Official District website
* Public Relations Department Page on Trivandrum 
* Government of Kerala Website on Thiruvananthapuram District
Imphal

**Imphal**, India ke state Manipur ke capital city hae.

## Ise bhi dekhiye
* Sanamahism
## References

## Bahaari jorr
* Imphal West
* Imphal East
Shillong

**Shillong**, India ke state Meghalaya ke capital city hae. 

## References

## Duusra websites
* Muslims in Shillong struggling to make their presence felt  - TCN News
* Eastern Panorama - Oldest Magazine of North East India
* Meghalaya State Government Portal
* Shillong.com
* Shillong Online
* Resubelpara
* The Shillong Times - North East India Second Oldest English Daily
Vinubhai Patel

**Vinubhai Patel**, Fiji ke ek Hindustani politician hae, jon ki 1987 ke election me Fiji ke House of Representatives me chuna gais rahaa.   

Uu NFP-Labour Coalition ke taraf se  Lautoka Indian Communal Constituency se kharrra bhais rahaa jiske uu sahaj me jiit liis rahaa. Ek mahina ke baad 1987 ke coup ke kaaran uske political carer khatam hoe gais. .

## References
Roman akchhar

**Roman alphabet** ek akchhar jisme dunia ke dher modern bhasa likha jaawe hae. Ii Greek akchhar se aais hae. Iske suruu me Latin likhe ke kaam me lawa jaawat rahaa. Iske **Latin alphabet** bhi bola jaawe hae.

## Letters of the alphabet
### Original Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet used by the Romans:

### Modern alphabet
The modern version of the alphabet is used for writing many languages. European languages are mostly written with the Latin alphabet. These languages include German, English, and Spanish. Some languages, like Việtnamese, use an extended Latin alphabet, including diacritics for things such as tones. It uses the following letters:
Vyakaran

**Vyakarak (Grammar)** uu niyam ke naam hae jiske follow kar ke bola aur likha jaawe hae. Sab bhasa ke aapan grammar rahe hae. Sabd kon order me hae bhi different rahe sake hae.

## References
Naam

**Naam (noun)** ek rakam ke sabd hae jin ki jada kar ke koi jan, jagha, chij, quality nai to idea ke naam rahe hae. Ek naam, ek phrase, clause, nai to sentence me object, nai to subject rahe sake hae.

## References
Gayatri Mantra

**Gayatri Mantra**, Hindu logan ke khatir ek khaas mantar hae. Ii Rig Veda se aais hae.  Gayatri Mantr hae:

:::Aum Bhur Bhuva Svah 
:::Tat Savitur Varenyam 
:::Bhargo Devasya Dhimahi 
:::Dhiyo Yo Naha Prachodayat

## English me iske malab
O God ! Giver of life, Remover of all pain and sorrows, Bestower of happiness, the Creator of the Universe, Thou art most luminous, adorable and destroyer of sins. We meditate upon thee. May thou inspire, enlighten and guide our intellect in the right direction."

## Notes

## References
* L.A. Ravi Varma, "Rituals of worship", *The Cultural Heritage of India*, Vol. 4, The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta, 1956, pp.&nbsp;445–463
* J. Gonda, "The Indian mantra", *Oriens*, Vol. 16, (Dec. 31, 1963), pp.&nbsp;244–297
* A.B. Keith, *The Veda of the Black Yajus School entitled Taittiriya Sanhita*, Harvard Oriental Series Vols 18-19, Harvard, 1914
Aswan Dam

**Aswan Dam** nai to **Aswan Low Dam** Nile Naddi pe ek dam hae. Agar jo ii dam nai rhata tab , Nile naddi har summer me baarr chartha. Ii dam khet ke bachae, energy banae, aur pani bachae ke khatir banawa gais rahaa.
Kundan Singh Kush

**Thakur Kundan Pal Singh Kush** (1881–1967) ek Arya Samaji missionary aur teacher rahaa, jon ki 1928 me  Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India se Fiji aais rahaa. Uu pahile Dharamshala School, Nausori me parrhae ke suuu karis jhan pe baad me uu Vunimono Arya School suruu karis rahaa. Uu Fiji me dher Arya Samaj school me parrhais rahaa, jisme rahaa Gurukul Primary School (1939), Arya Samaj Girls' School, Saweni Lautoka (1940 - 1945), Swami Shraddanand Memorial School, Suva, Vunikavikaloa Arya School, Ra aur Veisari Primary School, Suva.

Arya Samaj Centenary Publication, me THakurji ke baare me ii likha hae:

Thakur Kundan Kush came to Fiji in 1928 as a teacher, served the Arya Samaj with distinction. He conducted debates and lectured ably. His logic and method of presentation of arguments were really very marvellous and worthy of remark.


Fiji ke sarkar uske Fiji me kaam ke baare me worry karat rahaa aur dher dafe uske teacher ke kaam kare ke unfit declare kare ke kosis karis aur uske chithi ke censor karaa gais. 

Kush ke khaas haanth Fiji me *shuddhi* aur *sangathan* me rahaa. 29 June 1930 ke Nausori me Hindu Maha Sabha ke meeeting me Kush ke pardhan banawa gais. Ii meeting me resolution pass karaa gais jisme Hindu log ke organise kare ke batawa gais rahaa aur ek newspaper, jiske Chistian Hindustani logan chaapat rain, ke boycott kare ke batawa gais rahaa.

1930s me  Kush  ke Samabula Indian School se nikal dewa gais aur sarkar iske apne chalawe lagaa, jab kuchh  Muslim au Christian parents school committee  me Arya Samaj influence ke viod karin.

Kush, Arya Samaj ke sdhant ke follow karat rahaa aur widows ke saadi ke support karat rahaa. Uu apne ek widow  Shiwa Baike saathe saadi karis aur uske tiin larkan Usha, Uma aur Narendra hae. Uu aapan dharam ke kaam 1967 me maut talak karte rahaa. 

## References
Colosseum

**Colosseum**, jisko shuruwat me **Flavian Amphitheatre ** bola jaata tha, wah Rome me ek bada  amphitheatre hai.

## References
Great Wall of China

**Great Wall of [[China]]**, China me ek bahut purana patthar ke diwaal hae, jiske Chinese empire ke uske dusman se bachae ke khatir banawa gais rahaa. II insaan ke banawa gais sab se lambaa structure hae, jon ki 6400 kilometres lamba hae aur Shanhai Pass se Lop Nur talak jaawe hae. 

Great Wall ke chaurai 5 log ke baraabar hae aur uunchai 20 log ke baraabar hae. 

## References

## Duusra websites
Great Wall of China
Eiffel Tower

**Eiffel Tower**, Paris ke ek famous landmark hae. Iske 1887 se 1889 talak banawa gais rahaaa. 

## Duusra websites
* Eiffel Tower official website
* Eiffel Tower photos - free pictures 
* Several videos of the Eiffel Tower
Empire State Building

**Empire State Building**, New York City, United States me ek bahut uuncha building hae.  Ii 381 meters (1,250 feet) uuncha hae aur ii 102 storey ke hae. Chalis saal talak ii dunia ke sab se uuncha building rahaa. Iske naam New York ke nuckname, The Empire State se aais hae. Iske 1931 me banae ke khalaas karaa gais rahaa.

## Photo gallery

File:Empire State Building Red and Green.JPG
File:Empire State Building3 Dec.2005.jpg
File:Empire states3.jpg
File:Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker.jpg
File:Empire State Building Feb 2006.jpg
File:Mast Empire State Building.JPG
File:Empire State Building 2005.jpg
File:Empire State Building 55.jpg


## Duusra websites
* Official Website - Empire State Building
* Emporis.com - Empire State Building
* SkycraperPage.com – Empire State Building 

## References
Hagia Sophia

**Hagia Sophia**, ek purana Christian church rahaa aur baad me Eastern Orthodox church. 1453 me iske Turks log ek masjid banae iin rahaa.  aur 1935 me ek museum banaa. Ii Istanbul, Turkey me hae. 

## References
Parthenon

**Parthenon**, Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe) ke biich me ek mandir hae. Ii 2000 saal talak Athena ke mandir rahaa. 
## References
Saur Mandal

**Saur mandal (Solar system)** me me Suraj aur uu grah hae jon ki iske gravity se bandha hae aur iske round jaawe hae. Suraj ke parikrama kare waala grah (planets), asteroids, comets aur duusra chij bhi hae. Saur mandal lagbhag 4.568 billion saal puraana hae. Suraj ek barraa molecular cloud me gravity se banaa hae. Ii jaada kar ke hydrogen hae, jon  nuclear fusion se helium ban jaawe hae. Grah, ek flattened parkramaa kare waala disk me hae. Ii disk uu bachaa cloud se banaa hae jon ki surak ke bane ke time bach gais rahaa. Baad me disk ke gardaa aur gas saathe aae ke grah ban gais. 

Suraj ek taara hae aur saur mandal ke 99.9% wajan isme hae. Iske matlab hae ki suraj ke graviry kaafi tagrraa hae aur iske kaaran aur sab grah ke ii khiich ke aapan aound ornit me kar liis hae. Saur mandal me aath grah hae:Budhgrah (Mercury), Sukhrgrah (Venus), Dunia (Earth), Mangalgrah (Mars), Brahaspati (Jupiter), Sanigrah (Saturn), Arungrah (Uranus) aur Varungrah (Neptune). Pahila chaar grah patthar aur dhaatu (metal) se banaa hae aur baaki chaar grah gas se banaa hae. 

Chhe grah aur chhe sab se barraa "dwarf planet" ke chandarma parkramaa kare hae. Saur mandal me 200 se jaada chandarma hae. Mercury aur Venus ke koi chandarma nai hae. Jupiter aur Saturn ke lage sab se jaada chandarma hae. Jupita ke chandarma, Gandymede sab se barraa chandarma hae. Saturn ke ek chandarma, Titan khaali ek chaand hae jiske atmosphere hae, jon ki nitrogen hae. 

Mars aur Jupiter ke biich me asteroid belt hae. Neptune se duur KUiper belt aur "scattered disc" hae. Isme dwarf  planet hae, jaise ki Pluto, Makemake, Haumea,  Ceres aur eris. Ii jagha pe dher dher chhota chij, comet, centaur aur dust hae.
Burj Dubai

**Burj Khalifa** nai to **"Khalifa Tower"**, Dubai, United Arab Emirates me ek bahut uuncha emaarat hae aur duniya ka sabse unch emaarat. Iss pehle iska naam tha Burj Dubai jo opening ke samay change hoga tha.  

## Gallery

file:Burj2.jpg|Construction work during on February 2006*
file:20060829 Burj Dubai.jpg|29 August 2006
file:84floors.jpg|November 11, 2006
file:Burjdubaijanuary07.jpg|January 2, 2007
file:Burjdubai030106.jpg|January 3, 2007
file:Burjdubaifeb2107.jpg|21 March 2007
file:Burj Dubai 20071204.jpg|4 December 2007*
file:Burj dubai 3.11.08.jpg|Construction work during 11 March 2008*
file:Burj Dubai Under Construction on 8 May 2008 Pict 2.jpg|May 8th, 2008**
file:Burj Dubai 001.jpg|4 January 2010, Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai**
file:Burj Dubai 20090121 (close-up of spire).jpg|The spire is added along with the TV/radio mast, 20 January 2009.**  


## Li bhi dekho
United Arab emairates ki sabse badi building hai, aur duniya ki sabse badi building.

= Duusra websites =
  
  
* Official website   
* Burj Dubai Skyscraper.com   
* Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, architects  
* Emporis page on Burj Khalifa  
*  (Irwin, Baker, June 2006) STRUCTURE magazine  
*  (Erwin, etal, November 2006) STRUCTURE magazine  
* Otis Worldwide, Signature Projects , information on the project's elevators at the Otis Elevator Company  
* Wind and Other Studies  performed by RWDI  
* Burj Khalifa Skyscraper   
* View from the top  
* 2daydubai.com , Burj Khalifa Project Review  
* BBC report on Burj Khalifa opening with video and links
* A map of its location (Google Maps)

## references
Pyramids of Giza

**Giza pyramid complex**, jiske **Giza Necropolis** bhi bola jaawe hae, Cairo, Egypt ke lage, Giza Plateau me pyramid hae.

## Duusra websites
* Wiki Satellite view of Giza Plateau at WikiMapia
* 3D model of the pyramids  for use in Google Earth
* Pyramid Photographs on GlobalAmity.net
* Aerial view of Giza pyramids at Windows Live Local
* digital.egypt  - QTVR fullscreen panoramas on Giza Plateau
* Pyramids in Giza  Pictures of Giza Pyramids published under Creative Commons License
* http://www.haitheory.com - Rampless Giza Pyramid constructions by Paul hae.
* Pyramids of Giza, the virtual tour
Statue of Liberty

**Statue of Liberty**, ek monument hae jon ki United States of America ke symbolise kare hae. France se diya gaya tha United States of America ko.  
## References
Music

**Music** ek rakam ke art art hae jisme awaj ke uu rakam rakkha jaae hae ki log iske interesting paae hae. Jaada music me log gaana gaae hae aur musical instrument jaise ki hamunia, dholak, aur sanhai bajae hae.

## References

### Books
* Nattiez, Jean-Jacques (1987). *Music and Discourse: Toward a Semiology of Music* (*Musicologie générale et sémiologue*, 1987). Translated by Carolyn Abbate (1979). ISBN 0-691-02714-5.
* The Oxford Companion to Music, ed. Percy Scholes, London 1970
* The New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, London 1980
* Reisman Arnold, *Post-Ottoman Turkey[https://yusuftahaluleci.com :] Classical Music and Opera.*  (Charleston,  SC: BookSurge Publishing.2009)

## Duusra websites
* The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum
* Music City the free music encyclopedia
* BBC Music - Childrens
* Create your own music group and make your music album
Gaana

**Gaana** ek rakam ke music hae awaaj (voice) ke kaam me lawa jaawe hae. Ii awaaj koi raag (melody) me rahe hae. Gaana me ek dhang rahe hae aur isme kuchh hissa rahe hae, jiske dohraawa jaae hae, nai to duusra rakam se baad me gaawa jaae hae. Gaana, sangeet ka saathe nai to bina sangeet ke rahe hae.

Sangeet ke khaatir likha gais sabd ke "geet ke bol" bola jaae hae. Agar gaana classical sangeet pe aadhaarit hae tab iske sastrie sangeet bolaa jaae hae. Gaana jisme koi pattern nai rahe hae ke jap (chant) bolaa jaae hae. Gaana jon saral rahe hae aur jiske dusre se sun ke sikha jae hae ke lok geet (folk song) bolaa jaae hae. Gaana jiske aam bajaar (mass market) ke khaatir banaawa jaae hae ke lokpriye sangeet (popular song) bolaa jaae hae. ii gaana ke dher jan pasand kare hae aur iske professional gaana likhe waala log likhe hae. Gaana ke studio me record karaa jaae hae nai to live darsak ke khaatir perform karaa jaae hae. Gaana ke theatre, film aur TV show me bhi gaawa jaae hae.

Ek gaana ke khaali ek gaayak gaae sake hae, ek mukhia gaayak (lead singer) jiske dal sahyok de hae, ek duet, nai to trio rahe hae.
Opera

**Opera** ek rakam ke play hae jisme baat kare ke bajae khaali gaawa jaae hae.  Isme acting, scenery, kaprraa, naach, nai to ballet rahe hae.

## Kuchh rakam ke opera
* **Grand opera** me sab chij sangeet me rahe hae.
* **Opera bouffe** (French bhasa), nai to **Opera buffa** (Italian bhasa) hansi waala opera hae. Iske khissa majaadaar (funny) rahe hae.
* **Opera comique** (French bhasa) jisme kuchh bola waala sabd rahe hae.
* **Singspiel** (German bhasa) jiske khissa me dher jaadu aur kalpana (fantasy) rahe hae. Gaana ke biich me baat rahe hae.
* **Operetta** ek chhota opera rahe hae jon majedaar rahe hae aur isme kuchh baat rahe hae.

## Opera ke itihaas
### 12th century ke biich me
Pahila opera jiske likha gais rahaa ke naam ***Ordo Virtutum*** rahaa, jiske 1151 me Hildegard of Bingen likhis rahaa. Iske naam Latin me hae jiske matlab, "Order of the Virtues" hae. Iske saait 1152 me St. Rupertsberg ke nun log perform kare rahin.

### Baroque opera (1600 - 1750)
Pahila Baroque opera ke 1597 me Florence, Italy me likha aur act karaa gais rahaa. Iske naam *Dafne* rahaa aur iske composer Jacopo Peri rahaa. 1600 me Peri, Giulio Caccini ke saathe ek opera likhis rahaa jiske naam *Euridice* rahaa. Ii opera ek chhotaa audience ke khaatir rahaa aur iske ek club me perform karaa gais rahaa. 1607 me Claudio Monteverdi ek achchhaa opera, *Orfeo*, ke likhis rahaa jiske Mantua me produce karaa gais rahaa.

1637 me janata khaatir pahila opera house Venice me khula rahaa. Iske baad Italy me dher theatre khula aur dher opera banaawa gais jiske khissa  Roman Empire aur Greek myths ke baare me rahaa. Iske baad Paris, Vienna aur Hamburg me opera house banaa. Ii time ke jaana maana composers rahin George Frideric Handel, Francesco Cavalli aur Alessandro Scarlatti

### Classical opera (18th century ke end me)
1762 me Christoph Willibald Gluck *Orfeo ed Euridice* ke likhis joske Vienna me perform karaa gais rahaa. Isme dher chorus aur ballet rahaa lekin iske sabd Italian me rahaa. Iske kuchh sangeet ke aaj talak bajaawa jaae hae. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Gluck se sikh ke dher opera likhis, jaise *Idomeneo, Don Giovanni, Le Nozze di Figaro* aur *Cosi fan tutte*, jon Italian me hae aur *The Abduction from the Serail* aur *The Magic Flute*, jon German me hae. Ludwig van Beethoven khaali ek opera, *Fidelio*, ke likhis jon ek aurat ke baare me hae aur uu aapan premi ke jahel se bachaae hae. Ii opera German me rahaa.

### Romantic opera (19th century)
Richard Wagner bhi Gluck ke idea ke aage barrhais. Uu gaayak ke apne se train karis aur baat ke apne likhis aur ii sab time German me rahaa. George Rossini dher opera likhis rahaa. Ii time ke aur opera likhe waala rahin Gioachino Rossini, Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, Giuseppe Verdi, Mikhail Glinka, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Antonin Dvorak, Bedrich Smetana]], Leos Janacek aur Charles Gounod

### 20th century ke opera
20th century ke kuch opera likhe waala log rahin Richard Strauss, Giacomo Puccini, Alban Berg, Stravinsky, Gyorgy Ligeti, Kezysztof Penderecki, Harrison Birtwistle, Philip Glass aur John Adams
Electronic music

**Electronic music** uu music hae jiske electronic equipment jaise ki synthesizers nai to computers se banawa gais hae.
Folk music

**Folk music** uu music hae jiske sadharan log bajae hae, professional log nai.  Ii ek rakam ke taditional music hae jiske log dusre ke sun ke sikhe hae aur ii likha nai rahe hae. Ii music ke orally agle generation ke sikhaawa jaae hae. Folk music ke tiin hissa me baata jaae sake hae:
# Folk gaana
# Folk naach
# Folk sangeet
Jazz

**Jazz** ek rakam ke music hae jiske United States me suruu karaa gais rahaa. Jazz music me duuno African-American music aur European music hae. Kuchh jazz waala insrument hae saxophone, trumpet, piano, double bass, aur drum.
Pop music

**Pop music** commercially recorded music hae jiske youth market ke khatir banawa gais hae. Ii jaada kar ke hhota, sahaj pyar waala gaana hae jiske record kare me nawaa technology ke kaam me lawa gais hae.
Blues

**Blues** ek rakam ke music hae jiske United States me 20th century ke stat me suuu karaa gais rahaa. Iske pahile ke Afican gulam logan suruu kare rahin. It was started by former African slaves from spirituals, praise songs, and chants. The first blues songs were called Delta blues. These songs came from the area near the mouth of the Mississippi River.

## Kuchh blues musicians
* Louis Armstrong (1901-1971)
* Blind Blake (c. 1893-c. 1933)
* Blues Brothers
* Big Bill Broonzy (1893/1898-1958)
* Ray Charles (1930-2004)
* Robert Cray (born 1953)
* Bo Diddley (born 1928)
* Buddy Guy (born 1936)
* John Lee Hooker- 1917 - 2003
* Etta James (born 1938)
* Robert Johnson (1909/1912-1938)
* B. B. King (born 1925)
* Leadbelly (1885-1949)
* Louisiana Red (1932)
* Taj Mahal (musician) (born 1942)
* Memphis Slim (1915-1988)
* Jelly Roll Morton (1890-1941)
* Ma Rainey (1886-1939)
* Charles David Sharp (born 1954)
* Bessie Smith (1894-1937)
* Mamie Smith (1883-1946)
* Big Joe Turner (1911-1985) 
* Chaz Van Gogh (born 1954)
* Stevie Ray Vaughan (1954-1990)
* T-bone Walker (1910-1975)
* Muddy Waters (1915-1983)
* John Bonham (1948-1980)
* Andrew Lennon (1897-1945)

## Duusra websites

* Blues Foundation
* Blues Classroom from the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)
Classical music

**Classical music**, khaas kar ke western dunia ke   art music ke bola jaawe hae, aur ii Western folk music, nai to, popular music ke rakam nai hae. Iske kabhi-kabhi  bola jaawe haes **Western classical music**, kaaheki  "classical music" phrase ke non-Western art music ke bhi bola jaawe sake hae. Classical music ke uske formality aur complexity uske musical form aur harmonic organization, khaas kar ke polyphony ke khaatir jaana jaawe hae. Kamti-sekamti  ninth century se, iske ek written tradition rahaa, jisse ek  sophisticated notational system banaa rahaa, aur iske saathe  ke literature analytical, critical, historiographical, musicological aur philosophical practices.

Iske suruwaat Europe ke churches aur royal courts rahaa, aur medieval sangeet jon bachaa hae, khaas kar ke  dharmik, monophonic aur vocal hae, jiske Rome aur Greece ke sangeet  iske thought aur theory ke influence karis hae. Sab se puraana music ke manuscripts  Carolingian Empire (800–887) ke hae, uutime jab Western plainchant dhire-duire  Gregorian chant ke ek kar diis rahaa. Abbey of Saint Gall,  Abbey of Saint Martial aur Saint Emmeram's Abbey me sangeet ke centre rahaa, jab 11th century me staff notation develop bhais rahaa jisse medieval music theorists ke number jaada bhais rahaa. 12th century ke middle talak, France ek khaas   European musical center banaa rahaa: dharmik Notre-Dame school sab se pahile organized rhythm aur polyphony ke puura adhyan karis rahaa, jab secular sangeet aage barrhaa  troubadour aur *[[trouvère]]* traditions, led by poet-musician nobles. Iske kaaran court-sponsored French *[[ars nova]]* aur Italian Trecento, evolve hoe ke  ek stylistic movement of extreme rhythmic diversity banaa.  15th century ke suruwaat se, Renaissance composers of the influential Franco-Flemish School ke, harmonic principles in the English *[[contenance angloise]]* banae rahin, jisse choral nawaa standards talak pahunchaa, khaas kar ke mass aur motet. Northern Italy, kuchh din ke baad central musical region banaa, jahaan pe Roman School dher sophisticated methods of polyphony in genres such as the madrigal ke kaam me laae ke, jisse  English Madrigal School isnpire bhais rahaa.

## References

*The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; ISBN1-56159-174-2
Reggae

**Reggae** ek rakam ke music hae jon ki Jamaica me 1960s me suruu bhais rahaa. "Reggae" sabd ke bahut log sab modern Jamaican music ke naam de hae. 1958 ke ek gaana, "Do the Reggar" pahila gaana rahaa jisme "reggae" sabd ke kaam me laawa gais hae, aur yahii naam sab ii rakam ke music ke dewa gais hae.

Reggae, traditional Jamaican *Kumina, Pukkumina, Revival Zion, Nyabinghi* aur burru drumming se aawe hae. Isse pahile aur rakam ke mucic rahaa jon ki reggae ke rakam rahaa, jaise ki *mento, ska* aur *rocksteady*. Reggae jaada kar ke samachaar, samaajik gapsap  aur politics ke baare me rahe hae. 

Reggae ke style me kuchh "rhythm and blues", jazz, mento, calypso aur Africa ke cultural rythm hae. Reggae ke uske "offbeat rythm" se pahchaana jaae hae. Reggae ke tempo duuno ska aur rocksteady se dhire rahe hae. Reggae music me drum aur bass lead kare hae.

Reggae ke Rastafari, ek African background ke log ke dharam jon 1930s me Jamaica me suruu bhais rahaa, se khaas sanbandh hae. Jab rastafari dunia me faila tab log uske reggae music se associate kare lagin, aur ii rastafari ke parchaar ke aur barrhais.

Reggae dher des me faila hae, jahaan pe uu lical music se milae ke badla hae. Spanish reggae, Spanish me baat kare waala central America ke des, Panama se South America faila hae. Reggae United Kingdom me huaan ke Carribean diaspora se faila hae. Jab Bob MArley 1980 Africa ke tour karis thab reggae huan pe bhi faila.

## References
Rhythm and blues

**Rhythm and blues** (jiske **R&B** nai to **RnB** bhi bola jaae hae) popular music genre hae jon ki jazz, gospel, aur blues ke combine kare hae. 

## Aur dekho
* Blues
* Gospel music
* Soul music
* Funk
* Disco
* Hip hop music
Hard rock

**Hard rock** ek rakam ke rock music hae jiske suruwaat 1960s me garage rock aur psychedelic rock se suruu bhais rahaa.
Rock and roll

**Rock and roll** ek rakam ke **[[rock music]]** hae jon ki 1950s aur 1960s me develp bhais rahaa. Rock music  United States ke dher rakam ke music, jaise ki country music, folk music, gospel music, work songs, blues aur jazz ke combine kare hae.
New Age music

**New Age music** ek rakam ke music hae jon ki New Age biswa se relaed hae. Ii sangeet maddhim instrumental rahe hae. Isme jaada kar ke koi gaae waala nai rahe hae. Ii music sustae, soche aur meditation khaatir achchhaa hae. 

## References
Dhol

**Dhol** ek sangeet ke aujaar hae jiske hanth nai to dhol ke chhadee se bajaawa jaae hae.

Dhol ke ek gaana ke steady beat me rakkhae ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae.  Jaise ki, ek gaana ke jor aur dhire kare ke khaatir dhol ke jor aur dhire se bajaawa jaae hae. Dhol ek percussion aujaar hae, jiske matlab hae ki ii awaaj kare hae jab iske maara jaae hae.
Guitar

**Guitar** ek string instrument hae jiske string ke pluck kar ke bajawa jaawe hae. 

## References

## Duusra websites

* Stalking the Oldest Six-String Guitar
* Guitar physics 
* International Guitar Research Archive 
* The first rock guitars 
* Online Guitar Tuner  - Standard Tuning.
* Modern Guitarist - News, reviews and articles.
Piano

**Piano** ek musical instrument hae jisme keyboard rahje hae.

## References

## Dusra websites
* History of the Piano Forte , Association of Blind Piano Tuners, UK
* The Piano Encyclopedia- The practical guide to keyboard playing, composing, and improvising at the piano.
* The Frederick Historical Piano Collection
* Table of wood materials found in pianos
* Piano Room
* Martha Beth Lewis' Piano Page  - Really useful information about buying, learning, playing piano
Trumpet

**Trumpet** ek brass instrument hae jiske classical music aur jazz music ke bajae ke khatir kaam me laawwa jaae hae.
Violin

**Violin** ek taar waala baaja hae jiske ek dhanus se bajaawa jaae hae. 
Violin ke taar (strings) ke G, D, A aur E sur (notes) me taana gais (tuned) hae. Iske bajae ke khatir iske kandhaa aur daarri ke biich me rakkhaa jaae hae. Alag alag sur ke banae ke khaatir, taar ke left haanth se dabae ke right haanth se dhanus ke aage pichhe karaa jaae hae.

## Duusra websites
* The history of the violin  - Violin ke ek chhotaa itihaas, aur aisan sawaal ke jawaab ki "Kaaheke puraana baaja sune me aur achchhaa lage hae."
* National Music Museum- Violins Andrea Amati se violin ke chhaapa, Cremona, lagbhag 1560, aur duusra rare baaja.
* Violin Acoustics  - University of New South Wales
* Musical Instrument Samples - University of Iowa Electronic Music Studios; anechoic recordings of violin sounds, both arco and pizzicato at various dynamics.
* Videos of famous violinists 
* Violin Making, step by step
* The Different Types of Violin Strings 
* The history of the violin
Aizawl

**Aizawl** (population 228,280), India ke state, Mizoram ke capital hae. Mizoam ke 26% population ii city me rahe hae.  
## References
Osasco

**Osasco** Brazil ke São Paulo ke city hae. 
## Duusra websites
* Osasco State Official Home Page (Portuguese)