Alexander Pushkin

**Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin** (Janam: 6 June, 1799, Moscow; maut: 10 February 1837, St Petersburg) ek Russian  poet , novelist, dramatist aur short stories ke writer   rahaa. Log soche hae ki Pushkin Russia ke sab se barraa poet rahaa. Uu Russian literature promote karisrahaa. Pushkin uu rakam se likhat rahaa jon ki uu time talak koi Russian nai likhe rahaa. Uu Russian me uu rakam likhat rahaa jaise ki baat kaeaa jaawe hae.

## Palwaar

Pushkin  ke pitaji, Sergei Lvovich Pushkin (1767–1848), Russian nobility ke ek jaana-maana palwar se descended rahaa  aur aapan  ancestry ke 12th century talak trace kare hae. Pushkin ke amma, Nadezhda (Nadya) Ossipovna Gannibal (1775–1836), aapan naani ke bagal se German aur Scandinavian nobility se decsendant rahii. Uu f Ossip Abramovich Gannibal (1744–1807) aur uske aurat, Maria Alekseyevna Pushkina (1745–1818) ke larrki rahii.

Ossip Abramovich Gannibal ke pitaji, Pushkin ke par-aaja, Abram Petrovich Gannibal (1696–1781), ek African page rahaa jiske apharan kar ke  Constantinople lae jaawa gais rahaa, Ottoman Sultan ke gift khaatir aur baad me  Russia transfer karaa gais rahaa Peter the Great ke tofaa ke ruup me. Abram ek chtthii Empress Elizabeth, Peter the Great's ke larrki ke lage likhis rahaa, ki Gannibal "Lagon" town se rahaa, ii jaada kar ke saait ek banaawati  biography jiske Gannibal ke damaad, Rotkirch likhis rahaa.

## Bachpan ke din
Pushkin ke janam Moscow me bhais rahaa jahaan pe uske nursemaids aur French tutors dekhat rahin, aur uu das saal ke umar talak jaada kar ke French bhasa me baat karat rahaa. Uu Imperial Lyceum Tsarskoye Selo me, Saint Petersburg ke lage, tab talak uske  talent ke Russian literary scene me jaana jaawat rahaa. Lyceum me, uu David Mara, jiske Russia ke  jaana jaawe hae, French revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat ke chhotaa bhaiyaa rahaa, ke student rahaa. School ke baad, Pushkin,  St. Petersburg ke vibrant aur raucous intellectual youth culture me kuud gais rahaa. 1820 me uu aapan pahila lambaa kavita,  *[[Ruslan and Ludmila]]* ke chaapis rahaa, jiske subject aur style ke baare me dher  controversy rahaa.

## Samaj sudhaar
Jab uu Lyceum me rahaa, tab Pushkin,  Alexander Kunitsyn ke Kantian liberal individualist teachings se kaafi influenced rahaa, jiske Pushkin baad me aapan kavita *19 October* me commemortae karis rahaa. Pushkin apne ke  French Enlightenment me bhi involve karis rahaa, jisse uu permanently indebted rahaa aapan jindagi bhar, khaas kar ke  Voltaire, jiske uu describe karis rahaa  as "the first to follow the new road, and to bring the lamp of philosophy into the dark archives of history".

Pushkin dhire-dhire samaj sudhar me lag gais aur literary radicals ke spokesman banaa rahaa. Isse sarkar khus nai rahaa aur uske capital se   May 1820 me transfer kar diis rahaa. Uu Caucasus gais aur fir Crimea aur iske baad Kamianka aur Chișinău in Bessarabia.

Uu Filiki Eteria ke join karis rahaa, ek secret organization jon  Ottoman ke raaj  Greece me ke overthrow kar ke ek  independent Greek state banae maangat rahaa. Uske Greek Revolution  inspire karis rahaa aur jab  Ottoman Empire ke virod me larrai suruu bhais rahaa, uu ek diary rakkhis rahaa jahan pe uu national uprising ke record rakkhis rahaa.

## Aage barrnaa

Uu Chișinău me 1823 talak rahaa aur dui  Romantic kavita likhis rahaa jiske kaaran uske barrai karaa gais rahaa: *[[The Prisoner of the Caucasus (poem)|The Prisoner of the Caucasus]]* aur *[[The Fountain of Bakhchisaray]]*. 1823 me, Pushkin Odessa gais, jahan uske takkar fir se sarkar se bhais, jon uske exile me uske maiyaa ke rural estate Mikhailovskoye,  Pskov ke lage, 1824 se 1826 talak bhejis rahaa.

Mikhailovskoye me, 1825 me, Pushkin ek kavita likhis *To****. Ii maana jaawe hae ki uu ii kavita ke  Anna Kern ke dedicate karis rahaa, lekin duusra jan aur kuchh soche hae. Poet Mikhail Dudin biswas karat rahaa ki ii kavita  naukar Olga Kalashnikova ke dedicated rahaa. Pushkinist Kira Victorova biswas karat rahaa ki ii kavita  Empress Elizaveta Alekseyevna ke dedicated rahaa. Vadim Nikolayev bahas karis ki e Empress ke baare me idea biswas kare laayak nai rahaa aur iske baare discuss nai karis , jab uu try karat rahaa prove kare ki ii kavita Tatyana Larina,  *Eugene Onegin* ke heroine ke dedicated rahaa. Wahii saal me (1825) Pushkin likhis rahaa ki  ii ek mashuur play hoe jaai , the drama *[[Boris Godunov (play)|Boris Godunov]]*, jab uu aapan maiyaa ke estate me rahaa. Lekin uske iske chaape ke ijaajat nai milaa, paaanch saal baad talak. Ii drama ke original aur uncensored version ke kkhaali 2007 stage karaa jaawe sakaa rahaa.