open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Natalya Estemirova

**Natalya Estemirova** ek Russian maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur roosee maanavaadhikaar sangathan memoriyal ke bord sadasy the. 15 julaee 2009 ko chechanya mein maanavaadhikaaron ke hanan ke "behad sanvedanasheel" maamalon par kaam kar rahee estemirova ko agyaat vyaktiyon ne 15 julaee 2009 ko subah kareeb 8:30 baje chechanya ke groznee mein usake ghar se apaharan kar liya tha. do gavaahon ne bataaya ki unhonne estemirova ko ek kaar mein dhakelate hue dekha ki unaka apaharan kiya ja raha hai. usake avashesh shaam 4:30 baje sir aur chhaatee ke kshetr mein golee ke ghaav ke saath mile. vudalaind mein 100 meetar (330 pheet) door sangheey sadak "kavakaaz" se gaazee-yart, ingushetiya gaanv ke paas. roosee aur chechan maata-pita ke lie kaamishlov, sverdalovsk oblaast mein janmee, estemirova ne grozanee vishvavidyaalay se itihaas kee digree ke saath snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee aur 1998 tak ek sthaaneey haee skool mein itihaas padhaaya. 1991 mein, unhonne sthaaneey samaachaar patron da voyas end da varkar ke lie ek sanvaadadaata ke roop mein kaam kiya. groznee. groznee mein teevee par kaam karate hue, unhonne roosee dandaatmak prathaon ke peediton ke baare mein terah laghu vrttachitr philmae. unhonne ek pres sachiv ke roop mein organaijeshan oph philtreshan kaimps ke kaidiyon mein bhaag liya. chechan pulisakarmee kee vidhava, usane 1999 mein doosare chechan yuddh kee shuruaat ke baad se maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan par saboot ikattha kie, apanee betee ko rishtedaaron ke saath yekaaterinabarg mein chhod diya. 2000 mein, vah apane mool groznee mein memoriyal hyooman raits sentar kee pratinidhi baneen. usane chechanya aur ingushetiya ke kaee aspataalon ka daura kiya, yuddh ke shikaar bachchon kee saikadon tasveeren leen. estemirova svatantr maasko samaachaar patr novaaya gazeta aur kaakeshas samaachaar vebasait kaavakaazaskee uzel ke lie lagaataar yogadaanakarta the. 2004 mein sveedish sansad bhavan mein ek samaaroh mein estemirova ko memoriyal ke pratinidhi ke roop mein rait laivaleehud avaard mila. memoriyal ke adhyaksh sargeee kovaalev ke saath, unhen 2005 mein yooropeey peepuls paartee ke samooh dvaara robart shuman medal se sammaanit kiya gaya. aktoobar 2007, unhen pahale anna politakovaskaaya puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya, jo yuddh aur sangharsh se bahaadur mahila maanavaadhikaar rakshakon ko sammaanit karate hain, jo peediton ke lie bolate hain, aksar mahaan vyaktigat jokhim par. anna politakovaskaaya puraskaar 7 aktoobar 2006 ko unakee hatya kee saalagirah par roosee khojee patrakaar anna politakovaskaaya kee smrti ka sammaan karane ke lie pradaan kiya jaata hai, yuddh aur sangharsh kshetron mein mahila maanavaadhikaar rakshakon ka samarthan karane vaale ek antararaashtreey maanavaadhikaar sangathan reech ol voomen in vor dvaara. . estemirova ne khojee patrakaar anna politakovaskaaya aur maanavaadhikaar vakeel staanislaav maarkelov ke saath milakar kaam kiya, donon kee bhee kramashah 2006 aur 2009 mein hatya kar dee gaee thee.

## Sandarbh
Lilian Faithfull

**Lilian Faithfull** (12 maarch 1865 - 2 maee 1952) ek Angrejee shikshak, pradhaanaadhyaapika, mahila adhikaar adhivakta, majistret, saamaajik kaaryakarta aur maanavataavaadee theen. vah "steemabot ledeez" mein se ek theen, jo vishvavidyaalay shiksha haasil karane ke lie mahilaon ke sangharsh ka hissa theen. 1889 se 1894 talak vah royal holove kolej mein lekcharar theen aur phir kings kolej landan mein shaamil ho gaeen, jahaan unhonne agale 13 varshon ke lie mahila vibhaag ke up-praachaary ke roop mein korneliya shamitz ka sthaan liya, ek aisee sthiti jise unhonne apane kariyar ka sabase khushahaal maana. vah 1907 se 1922 talak cheltanahaim ledeez kolej kee prinsipal theen. 1920 mein, vah cheltanahaim ke lie shaanti kee nyaayadheesh baneen, jo inglaind mein pahalee mahila majistreton mein se ek ban gaeen. phethaphul ne sangathan shuroo kiya jo ab cheltanahaim mein liliyan phethaphul homs hae, aur usane apane jeevan ke antim kuchh maheene phethaphul haus mein se ek kee dekhabhaal mein 1952 mein apanee mrtyu talak bitae. liliyan phethaphul ka janm 1865 mein hodesadan, hartaphordashaayar mein hua tha. unake pita, phraansis phethaphul, marchent telars kee pooja kampanee mein ek klark the. unakee maan, edith loyad, aath bachchon ke saath ghar par raheen, saath hee unhonne inglaind ka itihaas aur patrika lekh bhee likhe. liliyan chhah ladakiyon aur do ladakon mein doosara sabase chhota tha. vah hartaphordashaayar mein ek uchch-madhyam varg ke desh ke ghar mein rahatee thee aur da grenj in hodesadan (us samay kee ekamaatr ladakee) mein shikshit huee thee, aur baad mein usakee maan aur shaasan dvaara ghar par. praarambhik mahila adhikaar kaaryakarta emilee phethaphul unakee chacheree bahan theen. phethaphul ke maata-pita donon streetv aur saamaajik varg jaise muddon ke baare mein raay rakhate the, lekin kattarapanthee nahin the.

## Sandarbh
Miatta Fahnbulleh (singer)

**Miatta Fahnbulleh** ek Liberia kee gaayika aur saamaajik kaaryakarta hain. Maee 2017 tak, vah sanvidhaan kee raksha ke lie chintit naagarikon kee antarim samanvayak theen. monaroviya mein janme aur pale-badhe, phahanabuleh laiberiya ke raajaneta aur raajanayik ech. boima phahanabuleh, seeniyar aur mahila adhivakta aur maatr evan baal svaasthy mairee braunel ke lie ek baar laiberiya kee sadbhaavana raajadoot kee betee hain. vah poorv videsh mantree aur raashtreey suraksha salaahakaar, henaree boima phahanabulla, jooniyar kee badee bahan hain. fahanabulla ne siera liyon ke haee skool se snaatak kiya, jahaan unake pita laiberiya se raajadoot the. vah ek gaayika banana chaahatee theen, lekin saarvajanik sthaanon par pradarshan karane vaalee mahilaon ke khilaaph unake desh mein saamaajik baadhaon ne unhen kaheen aur avasaron kee talaash karane ke lie prerit kiya. usane kenya ke jooniyar kolej mein padhaee kee aur padhaee chhodane ke baad laiberiya laut gaee. monaroviya mein kuchh samay ke lie gaane ke baad, vah 1968 mein patrakaarita ka adhyayan karane ke lie sanyukt raajy amerika chalee gaeen. sanyukt raajy amerika mein rahate hue, phahanabulla ne amerikee sangeet aur naatakeey akaadamee mein adhyayan kiya. unhonne haarlem mein apolo thietar mein gaayan aur nyooyork kee neegro ensembal kampanee ke saath kaam kiya. 1973 mein, vah raashtrapati viliyam aar. tolabart jooniyar ke udghaatan samaaroh mein gaane ke lie laiberiya gaee, aur 1974 mein pooree tarah se vaapas chalee gaeen. unhonne yoorop aur pashchim aphreeka ka daura kiya aur hyoog maasekela ke saath kaam kiya, 1976 mein unake saath sanyukt raajy ka daura kiya. 1977 mein , usane naijeeriya ke laagos mein varld blaik phestival of aarts end kalchar, faistach 77 mein pradarshan kiya.

## Sandarbh
Aura Elena Farfan

**Aura Elena Farfan** (jutiyaapa, 2 pharavaree, 1940) ek Guatemalan nurse aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain. vah vishesh roop se 1984 mein myuchual saport grup gam ke sansthaapak aur 1992 mein gvaatemaala famdaigu ke esosieshan oph ditend-disapeyard riletivs ke sansthaapak hone ke lie jaanee jaatee hain, jo sashastr sangharsh ke dauraan hiraasat mein lie gae aur gaayab hue logon kee mahilaon, maataon, bahanon aur betiyon ka samarthan karane ke lie samarpit hain. . aantarik. 2015 mein, unhen amerikee patrika taim dvaara gvaatemaala mein sabase prabhaavashaalee logon mein se ek ke roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. unaka janm gvaatemaala ke dakshin-poorv mein jutiyaapa vibhaag mein hua tha. vah mainual entoniyo velaaskez kee betee hain, jinakee mrtyu tab huee jab ora ailena 14 varsh kee thee aur edela farafaan izakvierdo, vah paanch bhaee-bahanon mein sabase badee theen. 1955 mein unhonne gvaatemaala sitee mein instityoot normal sentro amerika (inch) mein padhaee padhaana shuroo kiya, lekin 1956 mein jutiyaapa mein paarivaarik jarooraton ko poora karane ke lie unhen chhodana pada. baad mein, jutiyaapa kee 20 yuvatiyon ke ek samooh ke saath, unhonne narsing ka adhyayan karane ke lie chhaatravrtti praapt kee. usane jutiyaapa ke raashtreey aspataal mein kaam karana shuroo kar diya, haalaanki, kathin paarivaarik aarthik sthiti ke kaaran, vah raajadhaanee laut aaee aur roojavelt aspataal aur baad mein any aspataalon jaise herera lerandee mein kaam karana shuroo kar diya, jahaan unhonne doktar rodolpho herera ke saath kaam kiya. lerandee. 1980 ke dashak kee shuruaat mein, vah roojavelt aspataal laut aae, jahaan ve desh mein ho rahe daman ke drshyon ka baareekee se nireekshan karane mein saksham the, yah dekhate hue ki kaee agyaat ghaayal aur mrtak aksar aspataal aate the. 15 maee, 1984 ko, yah usaka apana bhaee rooben amilakaar pharaphaan tha jise giraphtaar kar liya gaya aur gaayab ho gaya. tab se, usakee talaash usakee sakriyata ke lie prerana rahee hai, aise logon ke saath sena mein shaamil hona jo ek samaan sthiti mein the.

## Sandarbh
Karlene Faith

**Karlene Faith** (1938 - 15 maee 2017) ek Canada kee lekhika, naareevaadee, vidvaan aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta theen. vah saiman phrejar yoonivarsitee skool oph kriminolojee mein prophesar emerita theen. kaarleen pheth ka janm 1938 mein aayalasham, saaskaachevaan mein hua tha. vah chhah bachchon mein sabase badee hain aur unake pita ek yoonaited charch mantree the. ek jel ke paas montaana ke ek chhote se shahar mein jaane ke baad, pheth ne aksar pulis kee barbarata dekhee. 1970 mein, unhonne kailiphorniya vishvavidyaalay, saantaakrooj mein sarvochch sammaan ke saath maanav vigyaan kee digree haasil kee. unhonne 1972 mein saantaakrooj mahila jel pariyojana ko vikasit karane mein bhee bhoomika nibhaee. pheth ko yoosee saantaakrooj mein chaar aur varshon talak adhyayan karane ke lie dainaphorth phailoship milee, jisase unhonne peeech.dee. 1981 mein. ek sthaaneey rediyo steshan par ek rikord laibreriyan ke roop mein kaam karate hue, unhen koriyaee yuddh, haus an-amerikan ektivitee kametee aur any ghatanaon par teletaip samaachaar padhane ke lie year ple diya gaya. jab vah 30 varsh kee thee, tab talak pheth ne sanyukt raajy amerika, jarmanee, phraans aur iritriya mein sangeet ka adhyayan karane, skool jaane, padhaane aur pees korps ke saath kaam karane ka kaam kiya tha. 1970 ke dashak ke madhy mein, unhonne kailiphorniya insteetyooshan phor vimen mein mainasan mahilaon, susaan etakins, petreesiya krenavinkel aur leslee vain hautan ke saath kaam kiya. baad mein unhonne mahilaon ke saath apane kaam ke baare mein ek kitaab likhee. apanee pustak, da laang prizan jarnee of leslee vain hauten mein, vah bataatee hae ki kaise do mahilaon ka maanana ​​​​tha ki ve "pankh ugaenge aur paree banenge," ek vishvaas jo unhonne chaarls mainasan se praapt kiya tha. vishvaas ne in sabhee mahilaon ko peedit ke roop mein dekha, aur jel se unakee sheeghr rihaee ke lie pairavee kee. unhonne kailiforniya ke soledaad mein sudhaar prashikshan suvidha mein do raaphel guzamain ke saath padhae jaane vaale rediyo sho "kriminal jastis on traayal" kee sah-mejabaanee kee hae. unhonne kailiphorniya insteetyooshan phor vimen mein bhee shodh kiya.

## Sandarbh
Marjorie Farquharson

**Marjorie Farquharson** (11 agast 1953-13 maee 2016) ek raajaneetik vaigyaanik aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta the. 25 se adhik varshon tak, unhonne kaee sandarbhon mein maanavaadhikaaron par kaam kiya, jisamen jineva mein sanyukt raashtr aur straasabarg mein yoorop kee parishad shaamil hai. usane maanav taskaree, stetalesanes, yaun alpasankhyakon, najarabandee aur yaatana par soochana dee. ek dhaaraapravaah roosee vakta, maarjoree ne 1978 se 1992 tak soviyat sangh ko kavar kiya. disambar 1991 mein yooesesaar ke tootane ke baad unhonne roos, yookren aur sabhee paanch madhy eshiyaee raajyon mein isee tarah ke muddon se nipata. unhonne yoogoslaaviya ke vighatan ke baad bosniya harjegovina mein maanavaadhikaaron ke ullanghan kee nigaraanee ke lie ek varsh bhee bitaaya. maarjoree faarkuhaarsan ka janm glaasago mein 11 agast 1953 ko hua tha, jo nellee milne aur alekjendar faarkuhaarsan ke teen bachchon mein se ek the. unhonne 1971 se 1976 tak skotalaind ke muralee mein sent endrayooj vishvavidyaalay mein adhyayan kiya, pahalee baar 1975 mein ek chhaatr ke roop mein maasko ka daura kiya. agale varsh unhen vishvavidyaalay dvaara do puraskaaron se sammaanit kiya gaya - roosee ke lie vibhaageey puraskaar aur arthashaastr ke lie jems stuart vishvavidyaalay puraskaar - aur soviyat raajaneeti vigyaan mein pratham shrenee eme kee digree ke saath snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee. brejhanev, endropov, chernenko: yooesesaar mein thaharaav, 1978-1984 1978 mein, maarjoree ne yooesesaar par ek shodhakarta ke roop mein landan mein emanestee intaraneshanal ke saath kaam karana shuroo kiya. vah anaupachaarik aur aadhikaarik sroton ke beech jaanakaaree ke lie sampark banaane aur saamagree kee vishvasaneeyata ke apane aakalan ke aadhaar par kshetr par emanestee intaraneshanal kee praathamik shodh saamagree likhane ke lie jimmedaar thee.

## Sandarbh
Mia Farrow

**Mia Farrow** (/ məˈriːə di ˈlʊərdz vɪljərz færoʊ/; janm 9 pharavaree, 1945) ek Amerikee abhinetree, kaaryakarta aur poorv phaishan modal hain, jinhonne 50 se adhik philmon mein kaam kiya hae. Usne goldan glob sahit kaee puraskaar jeete hain, aur teen baaphta puraskaaron ke lie naamaankit huee hae. unhen yooniseph sadbhaavana raajadoot ke roop mein unake vyaapak kaary ke lie bhee jaana jaata hae, jisamen daaraphur, chaad aur madhy aphreekee ganaraajy mein unakee maanaveey gatividhiyaan shaamil hae. 2008 mein taim patrika ne unhen duniya ke sabase prabhaavashaalee logon mein se ek ka naam diya. ostreliyaee nirdeshak jon phairo aur aayarish abhinetree maureen osulleevan kee sabase badee betee, phairo kee kailiphorniya ke bevarlee hils mein ek sakht kaitholik paravarish huee. apanee kishoraavastha ke dauraan ek phaishan modal ke roop mein kaam karane ke baad, unhonne pahalee baar teleevizan sop opera petan ples (1964-1966) mein eleesan maikenzee ke roop mein apanee bhoomika ke lie notis praapt kiya. gans et batasee (1964) mein unakee shrey kee gaee pheechar philm kee shuruaat ne unhen nyoo staar oph da eeyar ke lie goldan glob avaard dilaaya, aur unhonne phraink sinaatra se apanee do saal kee shaadee ke lie aur adhik pahachaan haasil kee, jinase unhonne 21 saal kee umr mein shaadee kee. unaka chitran roman polaanskee kee horar philm rozamereez bebee (1968) mein rozameree vudahaus ne unhen baaphta avaard aur sarvashreshth abhinetree ke lie goldan glob avaard ke lie naamaankit kiya. unhen jon end mairee (1969) mein unakee bhoomika ke lie teesara goldan glob naamaankan mila. 1971 mein, phairo royal sheksapiyar kampanee mein shaamil hone vaalee itihaas kee pahalee amerikee abhinetree baneen, jo jeen deeaark au baachar ke nirmaan mein jon oph aark ke roop mein dikhaee deen. isake baad mairee roz (1972), three sistars (1973), aur ivaanov (1976) kee stej prastutiyaan hueen. unhonne 1970 ke dashak mein kaee philmon mein abhinay kiya, jisamen 1974 mein da gret gaitsabee ka philm roopaantaran aur robart oltamain kee komedee e veding (1978) shaamil hae.

## Sandarbh
Isabel Flick

**Isabel Flick** (1928 - 16 pharavaree 2000) ek Australian aadivaasee adhikaar kaaryakarta, saamaajik kaaryakarta aur shikshak theen. Unhen na keval Australia ke aadivaasee samudaay ke neta ke roop mein pahachaana gaya, balki nyoo sauth vels mein apane grhanagar kolaarenebree mein paryaavaran ke muddon ke pravakta ke roop mein pahachaana gaya. vah ek shaktishaalee aur prerak vakta ke roop mein jaanee jaatee theen. kaha jaata hae ki isaabel phlik ne apane kaee anubhavon ke kaaran "kaee jeevan" jeete hain. isaabel phlik ke pita mik phlik the, jo 1890 ke dashak mein paida hue the aur miaambala mein aadivaasee samudaay mein pale-badhe the. unakee maan kee mrtyu bahut chhotee thee, isalie unaka paalan-poshan unakee daadee ne kiya. mik phlik apanee naukaree se bhaagane ke baad 1914 mein ostreliyaee sena mein shaamil ho gae. choonki vah bhartee karane ke lie bahut chhota tha, usane apanee umr ke baare mein jhooth bola, aur choonki aadivaasiyon ke paas janm pramaan patr nahin tha, isalie use sena mein sveekaar kar liya gaya. sain ap karane ke chhah saptaah baad hee unhen pashchimee morche par bhej diya gaya tha. vah somme ghaatee mein lade lekin do baar ghaayal hue aur isalie unhen inglaind ke ek aspataal mein bhej diya gaya. yuddh se ghar lautane par, mik phlik seliya klevens se mile aur unakee shaadee ho gaee. seliya klevens ostreliya ke kveensalaind mein gondeevindee ke aadivaasee samudaay mein palee-badhee. ve chollarainaibri shahar chale gae jahaan ve kuchh varshon talak rahe. mik phlik ek phaarm par kaam karata tha aur seliya ghar par rahatee thee aur apane phaimilee steshan par kaam karatee thee. pulis lagaataar unake thikaane par najar rakhatee thee isalie unhen ek-doosare se alag hone se bachane ke lie samay-samay par idhar-udhar jaana padata tha. yah us samay aadivaasee samudaayon ke beech ek aam rananeeti thee kyonki sarakaar ne unakee gatividhiyon kee nigaraanee kee thee. isaabel phlik ka janm 1928 mein kveensalaind ke goondeevindee mein hua tha. vah phir chalee gaee aur baaravon nadee ke tat par, uttar-pashchimee nyoo sauth vels ke kolaarenebree shahar mein ek aadivaasee nadee tat shivir mein palee-badhee. is shahar ko aadivaasee aur gair-aadivaasee logon ke beech kee seema ke roop mein dekha gaya tha, kyonki mukhy sadak par jaane par aadivaasee gair-aadivaasee aabaadee se dushmanee ka anubhav karenge. ostreliya mein sarakaar dvaara lagae gae "sistam se door rahane" ke ek tareeke ke roop mein, flik parivaar bahut aage badh gaya, jaise mik aur seliya flik ke paas tha. phlik ke maata-pita donon ko dar tha ki unake bachche unase door ja rahe hain. isaabel phlik ko bachapan mein hamesha pareshaan karane ke lie jaana jaata tha, haalaanki vah ek sharmeelee ladakee thee. jab vah baat karatee thee to vah ek utsaahajanak aur gatisheel vyakti hone ke lie jaanee jaatee thee. 10 saal kee umr mein unhen aupachaarik shiksha se rok diya gaya tha aur yahaan talak ​​ki suraksha bord dvaara unhen hataane kee dhamakee bhee dee gaee thee. yah dog ekt ke anusaar kiya gaya tha. isane is tarah ke bhedabhaav aur durvyavahaar ke saath apane anubhav se aadivaasee adhikaaron ke lie apana abhiyaan shuroo kiya.

## Sandarbh
Ángeles Flórez Peón

**Ángeles Flórez Peón** (janm 17 navambar 1918) ek Spanish kaaryakarta aur lekhak hain. vah osturiyas ke soshalist yooth kee maanad adhyaksh hain, aur unhen antim jeevit spenish samaajavaadee milishiyaavuman maana jaata hai. ngailais floraiz paion ka janm 17 navambar 1918 ko blimai mein hua tha. unhonne 9 saal kee umr mein pharsh kee saphaee ka kaam karana shuroo kar diya tha. jab vah 15 varsh kee thee, usane apane bade bhaee entoniyo ko kho diya, jo aktoobar 1934 mein kaarabaayin mein kraantikaaree hadataal ke daman ke dauraan 23 any purushon ke saath maara gaya tha. is ghatana ne unhen 1936 mein soshalist yooth mein shaamil hone ke lie prerit kiya, aur julaee takhtaapalat ke baad, vah koloto mein ek milishiya sadasy ban gaeen. vah gijon ke ek pheeld aspataal mein nars bhee theen. usaka naam de gyure, maarikyuela, 1934 ke jaisinto saanchez naatak ke mukhy paatr ko sandarbhit karata hai, jisaka sheershak ariba los pobres del mundo! phlorez ko aktoobar 1937 mein giraphtaar kiya gaya tha, aur shuroo mein 15 saal ke kaaraavaas kee saja sunaee gaee thee, haalaanki baad mein ise ghataakar 9 saal kar diya gaya tha. maee 1938 mein, use gipuzakoa mein saturaraan jel mein sthaanaantarit kar diya gaya, jahaan vah agast 1941 mein pairol par riha hone tak banee rahee. vah kuchh samay ke lie baaraakaaldo mein raheen, jahaan unakee bahan rahatee thee, aur baad mein oviedo aur laentregu ke lie ravaana ho gaeen, jahaan usane pahale ek chigare mein kaam kiya, aur baad mein ek phaarmesee mein। 1946 mein, phlorez ne gresiyaano rozaada valleena se shaadee kee, jinhonne spainish soshalist varkars paartee aur osturiyas ke yooniyan janaral dee traibajaadores ke punargathan mein bhaag liya. in prakriyaon mein shaamil hone ke kaaran, rozaada ne agast 1947 mein giraphtaar hone ke jokhim par phraans bhaagane ka phaisala kiya. florez aur unakee betee ne maarch 1948 mein gurillaon ke ek samooh kee maut mein shaamil hone ke baad unase mulaakaat kee. vah nirvaasan mein raajaneetik roop se sakriy raheen aur 1958 mein peeesoee kee 7veen kaangres mein bhaag liya. vah 1960 mein apane parivaar se milane ke lie spen lauteen aur unhen seema par giraphtaar kar liya gaya, haalaanki unhen osturiyas kee apanee yaatra jaaree rakhane aur phir phraans lautane kee anumati dee gaee thee. 2003 mein, sent-eloy-les-mains mein unake pati kee mrtyu ho gaee, aur vah ek saal baad osturiyas laut aaeen, gijon mein bas gaeen, jahaan vah 2013 kee shuruaat mein jeese mein shaamil hueen.

## Sandarbh
Carolyn Forché

**Carolyn Forché** (janm 28 aprail, 1950) ek Amerikee kavi, sampaadak, prophesar, anuvaadak aur maanavaadhikaar adhivakta hain. unhen apane saahityik kaaryon ke lie kaee puraskaar mile hain. phorche ka janm detroit, mishigan mein maikal joseph aur luees naada blaikaphord sidloskee ke ghar hua tha. forchhai ne 1972 mein mishigan stet yoonivarsitee se krietiv raiting mein baichalar of aarts aur 1975 mein boling green stet yoonivarsitee mein maastar of phain aarts arjit kiya. unhonne boling green stet yoonivarsitee, mishigan stet yoonivarsitee, varjeeniya yoonivarsitee, skidamor kolej, kolambiya yoonivarsitee, sain diego stet yoonivarsitee aur jorj mesan yoonivarsitee mein maastar oph phain aarts prograam sahit kaee vishvavidyaalayon mein padhaaya hai. phorche chaipamain yoonivarsitee mein presidenshiyal phelo hain, aur unhonne yoonivarsitee oph skraintan, kailiphorniya insteetyoot oph da aarts, maarkvet yoonivarsitee, rasel sej yoonivarsitee aur siera nevaada kolej se maanad doktaret kee upaadhi praapt kee hai. vah lainan sentar phor poetiks end soshal praiktis kee nideshak theen, aur jorjataun vishvavidyaalay, vaashingatan, deesee mein kavita mein lainan vijiting cheyar ka aayojan kiya, jahaan vah ab ek vishvavidyaalay ke prophesar hain. vah hejabruk kee krietiv edavaijaree kaunsil kee gloriya steenam ke saath sah-adhyaksh hain, jo vhidabe dveep par mahila lekhakon ke lie ek nivaas hai. vah maireelaind mein apane pati, hairee maitisan, ek photograaphar ke saath rahatee hain, jinase unhonne 1984 mein shaadee kee thee. unaka beta seen-kristof maitisan hai. Forché ke pahale kavita sangrah, gaidaring da traibs (1976) ne yel seereez of yangar poets pratiyogita jeetee, jisase yel yoonivarsitee pres ne prakaashan kiya. 1977 kee spen kee yaatra ke baad, jisamen unhonne salvaadoran-nirvaasit kavi kleribel elegriya ke kaam ke saath-saath jorj traikal aur mahamood daravesh ke kaaryon ka anuvaad kiya, unhen gugenahaim phailoship milee, jisane unhen al salvaador kee yaatra karane mein saksham banaaya, jahaan unhonne kaam kiya. ek maanavaadhikaar adhivakta, liyonel gomez vaids dvaara salaah dee gaee.

## Sandarbh
Virginia Fraser

**Virginia Fraser** (30 sitambar, 1928 - 18 navambar, 2011) maanavaadhikaar, mahilaon ke adhikaaron aur bade adhikaaron ke lie ek Amerikee kaaryakarta theen. vah do dashakon se adhik samay tak koloraado raajy ke lie deerghakaalik dekhabhaal lokapaal theen. unhonne narsing hom keyar aur eldarakeyar par kaee kaamon ka sah-lekhan kiya. unhen 2002 mein koloraado mahila hol oph fem mein shaamil kiya gaya tha. varjeeniya haart ka janm 30 sitambar, 1928 ko ohiyo ke kleevalaind mein hua tha. vah hiram kolej se snaatak theen, jahaan vah apane pati chaarls ech. phrejar se mileen. unhonne joon 1951 mein shaadee kee. dampati 1957 mein koloraado chale gae, jahaan unhonne denavar vishvavidyaalay mein bhaashan sanchaar mein maastar digree haasil kee. 1950 ke dashak kee shuruaat mein unhonne vaashingatan, dee.see. mein khel ke maidaanon ke ekeekaran ke saath amerikee mitr seva samiti kee sahaayata kee. baad mein unhonne nishpaksh aavaas, naagarik adhikaar, vaikalpik shiksha aur paryaavaran jaise muddon par mahila matadaataon kee leeg ke lie kaam kiya. vah virodh maarch mein lagaataar bhaag letee theen aur apane kaaranon ko badhaava dene ke lie sampaadak ko kaee patr likhe. 1977 mein phrejar ko bade adhikaaron kee vakaalat shuroo karane ke lie prerit kiya gaya tha. vah denavar ke loreto haits kolej mein "puraane, gair-paaramparik chhaatron" ke lie ek kaaryakram mein padha rahee theen. saamudaayik seva pariyojana ko poora karane ke lie paathyakram kee aavashyakata ko poora karane mein chhaatron kee madad karane ke lie, usane ek sthaaneey narsing hom se sampark kiya aur vahaan chhaatr gatividhiyon kee nigaraanee kee. pariyojana ke baare mein ek akhabaar ke lekh ne sahaayata ke lie 100 se adhik anurodh praapt kie, aur usane koloraado kaangres oph seeniyars se sampark kiya. us sangathan ko ek stet long-tarm keyar ombadsamain ko nidhi dene ke lie $20,000 ka sangheey anudaan praapt hua tha, aur unhonne phrejar ko pad kee peshakash kee. unhonne 1980 mein kaam karana shuroo kiya.

## Sandarbh
Geline Fuko

**Geline Fuko** ek Tanzania ke vakeel aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain, jo yooropeey sangh aayog dvaara vittaposhit trento italee vishvavidyaalay mein tulanaatmak sthaaneey vikaas mein iraasmas mundas sanyukt maastar kaaryakram ke snaatak hain. unhonne tanjaaniya mein sthaaneey vikaas ke lie moort pahal jaise sangathanon mein lokatantr ko badhaava dene mein madad kee hai. sanvaidhaanik sansaadhanon par pahale aur ekamaatr onalain saarvajanik detaabes ko dijain aur prabandhit karane mein unaka mahatvapoorn yogadaan tha. 2016 mein, unhen yoonaited stets dipaartament of stet dvaara mandela vaashingatan phailoship pradaan kee gaee thee. 3 agast 2016 ko vaashingatan, deesee mein yali raashtrapati shikhar sammelan mein raashtrapati obaama dvaara unakee upalabdhiyon ko vishesh roop se ujaagar kiya gaya tha. iringa kshetr tanjaaniya mein janmee, unakee praarambhik shiksha aanshik roop se graameen tanjaaniya mein nimnalikhit kshetron ruvuma, taanga aur singida mein kuchh maheenon mein huee thee. baad mein, vah 2007 mein snaatak hone ke baad, daar es salaam vishvavidyaalay mein ek lo skool mein shaamil hone se pahale maadhyamik shiksha ke lie daar es salaam chalee gaeen. 2010 mein, unhonne iraasmas mundas maastar digree shuroo kee, apana adhikaansh adhyayan samay trento, trentino mein bitaaya. uttaree italee mein olto adige praant, aur budaapest, hangaree mein korvinas vishvavidyaalay mein aur bon, jarmanee mein sanyukt raashtr svayansevakon ke saath kam avadhi. usake baad vah italee laut aaee jahaan 2012 mein trento vishvavidyaalay aur budaapest ke korvinas vishvavidyaalay se dabal maastar digree pramaanapatr praapt kiya. italee se pahale, gelin ne kredit ke lie paathyakramon mein bhaag liya; instityoot intaraneshanal des droits dee lahom dvaara samanvit straasabarg phraans vishvavidyaalay mein maanavaadhikaar paathyakram. 2014 mein unhonne budaapest hangaree mein sentral yooropiyan yoonivarsitee mein kredit ke lie ek kors mein bhaag liya jahaan unhonne aphreeka mein sanvidhaan nirmaan ka adhyayan kiya.

## Sandarbh
Doris Funnye Innis

**Doris Funnye Innis** (26 pharavaree, 1933 - 8 disambar, 2015) ek Amerikee lekhak, sampaadak aur shikshak the, jo naagarik adhikaaron ke kshetr mein mahatvapoorn the. vah 1970 ke dashak kee shuruaat mein aur phir 1980 ke dashak mein nasleey samaanata prakaashan adhikaar aur sameeksha aur kor patrika ke kaangres ke sampaadak the. vah kor ke poorv adhyaksh klerens phanee kee bahan aur kor raashtreey adhyaksh roy inis kee poorv patnee theen. doris vaaldena phanee ka janm 26 pharavaree, 1933 ko dakshin kairolina ke jorj taun mein susaan (nee green) aur jon e phanee, ek mantree kee betee ke roop mein hua tha. donon maata-pita dakshin kairolina ke gulla logon ke vanshaj the. vah ek dakshinee baipatist parivaar mein palee-badhee aur teen bhaiyon kee ikalautee bahan thee. unake bhaiyon mein se ek, klerens delamonte phanee, koriyaee yuddh ke ek vaayu sena ke anubhavee, baad mein 1964 se 1965 tak nasleey samaanata kaangres ke adhyaksh bane. doris phanee ne jorj taun mein haavard haee skool mein bhaag liya, aur baad mein dakshin kairolina stet kolej se digree praapt kee, saath hee nyooyork vishvavidyaalay se do maastar digree, ek angrejee mein aur ek shiksha mein. doris phanee ne apane bhaee klerens ka anusaran nasleey samaanata ke kaangres mein ek svayansevak aur naagarik adhikaar sangathan ke aayojak ke roop mein kiya. kor mein pravesh karane ke kuchh samay baad hee vah roy inis naam ke ek yuva rasaayanagy se milee, aur 1965 mein donon kee shaadee ho gaee. roy inis ne aksar kaha, "doris hamesha kor naamak is jagah mein vyast thee. isalie mainne vahaan usaka peechha kiya. unhonne mujhe laat maarane kee koshish kee. yah kahate hue ki baithaken keval kor staaph sadasyon ke lie theen. isalie, main ek staaph sadasy ban gaya." haalaanki roy inis ne ek svayansevak ke roop mein doris phanee ke maadhyam se kor mein pravesh kiya, unhonne apane bhaee klerens ko kor ke adhyaksh ke roop mein kaale raashtravaad ke ek nae charan mein jaaree karane mein madad kee. roy inis aur klerens phanee ke beech ke takaraav ne doris par apane bade bhaee aur jeevanasaathee ke saath sambandhon ke maamale mein tanaav daala.

## Sandarbh
Catherine A. Fitzpatrick

**Catherine A. Fitzpatrick** ek poorv maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta, Roosee-Angrezee anuvaadak, poorv patrakaar aur ek blogar aur kamentetar hain. unhonne kaee maanavaadhikaar enajeeo ke lie kaam kiya hai, aur hyooman raits voch mein ek poorv shodh nideshak, rediyo phree yoorop / rediyo libartee kee rediyo patrika "(an) sivil sosaiteej" kee poorv sampaadak aur poorv kaaryakaaree nideshak aur mukhy pratinidhi hain. intaraneshanal leeg phor hyooman raits ke sanyukt raashtr. unhonne soviyat sangh mein maanasik shoshan par likha hai. unhonne joseph staalin, boris yeltasin, vlaadimeer putin aur kaee yooesesaar polit byooro sadasyon jaise lekhakon dvaara 30 roosee pustakon ka anuvaad kiya hai. unhonne 1974 se 1978 tak toranto vishvavidyaalay ke sent maikal kolej mein slaav adhyayan aur 1978 se 1979 tak leninagraad stet yoonivarsitee mein kshetreey adhyayan ka adhyayan kiya. unhonne rediyo phree yoorop/rediyo libartee ke lie kaam kiya hai, jahaan vah 2003 se saaptaahik rediyo patrika "(an) sivil sosaiteej" kee sampaadak theen. soviyat desh, saath hee intaraneshanal leeg phor hyooman raits ke sanyukt raashtr pratinidhi. vah 1981 se 1990 tak helasinkee voch/hyooman raits voch yooropeey aur madhy eshiyaee diveejan ke lie shodh nideshak theen. vah sivil sosaitee intaraneshanal ke salaahakaar bord kee sadasy theen. fitzpatrichk vartamaan mein ek blogar aur anuvaadak hai jo poorv soviyat sangh mein maanavaadhikaaron ke muddon mein visheshagyata rakhata hai.

## Sandarbh
Hatoon al-Fassi

**Hatoon al-Fassi** ek Saudi Arabia ke itihaasakaar, lekhak aur mahila adhikaar kaaryakarta hain. vah Saudi Arabia mein king Saud vishvavidyaalay mein mahilaon ke itihaas kee ek sahayogee prophesar hain, jahaan vah 1989 se aur katar vishvavidyaalay mein antarraashtreey maamalon ke vibhaag mein kaaryarat hain. vishvavidyaalay mein, al-fassee aitihaasik shodh karata hae. al-fassee ne poorv-islaamik arab saamraajy nabaatiya mein apane shodh se daava kiya ki raajy mein mahilaon ko aadhunik saoodee arab mein mahilaon kee tulana mein adhik svatantrata thee. al-fassee 2005 aur 2011 ke nagarapaalika chunaavon ke lie mahilaon ke vot abhiyaan mein sakriy tha aur 2015 ke nagarapaalika chunaavon ke lie isee tarah ke abhiyaan mein sakriy tha. unhen joon 2018 ke ant mein mahila kaaryakartaon par kaarravaee ke tahat giraphtaar kiya gaya tha aur maee 2019 kee shuruaat mein riha kar diya gaya tha. navambar 2018 mein, jel mein rahate hue, unhen 2018 ke lie mesa akaadamik svatantrata puraskaar se sammaanit kiya gaya. hatoon al-fassee makka se paaramparik soofee al-fassee parivaar ka sadasy hai, jo muhammad ke shareephee ghar se nikalata hai jo is lain kee hasanee idareesee shaakha se sambandhit hae. apane pita shekhas sujaadaah ajavaad al-phassee aur apane pita shekh abdulla al-phassee ke maadhyam se, vah kutubul ujood hajarat muhammad al-phassee (imaam phassee) kee parapotee hain, jo phasiyaah shaakha ke sansthaapak aur aadhyaatmik pramukh hain. shaadiliya soophee aadesh, imaam shaadhilee ka ikkeesavaan khaleepha (pratinidhi). vah is prakaar islaamee paigambar muhammad kee pratyaksh vanshaj hae. unakee maan shekha sameera hameed dakheel hain, jo jedda mein rahane vaale harb ke hijaazee janajaati kee shaakha se sambandhit hain. usaka ek bhaee, shekh muhammad ajavaad al-fassee, ek vakeel aur ek bahan, havaazaan ajavaad al-fassee, ek kavi hae.

## Sandarbh
Felice D. Gaer

**Felice D. Gaer** (janm 1946 aur 9 navambar, 2024 ko unakee mrtyu ho gaee) ek Amerikee maanavaadhikaar rakshak aur adhivakta hain. Unhonne maanavaadhikaaron ke maamalon par kaam kiya hai aur ek lambe samay tak sadasy aur antarraashtreey dhaarmik svatantrata par sanyukt raajy aayog kee poorv adhyaksh theen. vah yoonesko ke amerikee raashtreey aayog kee sadasy hain. ger amerikee yahoodee samiti ke maanav adhikaaron kee unnati ke lie jaikab blosteen sansthaan ko nirdeshit karata hai, jo antararaashtreey maanavaadhikaaron ko majaboot karane ke lie anusandhaan aur vakaalat karata hai. ger ne 2001 se 2012 tak antarraashtreey dhaarmik svatantrata par sanyukt raajy aayog mein kaary kiya, klintan prashaasan dvaara naamit kiya gaya aur bush prashaasan aur obaama prashaasan dvaara naamit kiya gaya, aur baad mein haus ke adhyaksh nainsee pelosee dvaara. gaar sanyukt raashtr samiti mein atyaachaar ke khilaaph ek svatantr visheshagy ke roop mein seva karane vaale pahale amerikee the. vahaan ve vais cheyaraparsan raheen. ger amerikan kaunsil on phoren rileshans ke sadasy bhee hain. ger ka janm nyoo jarsee ke engalavud mein hua tha. unhonne veleslee kolej mein e.bee. raajaneeti vigyaan mein (1968). kolambiya vishvavidyaalay se, unhonne 1971 mein maastar oph aarts kee digree aur 1975 mein raajaneeti vigyaan mein maastar oph philosaphee kee digree praapt kee. ger ke kariyar mein raashtreey aur antararaashtreey star par maanavaadhikaar shaamil hain, vibhinn samitiyon aur aayogon mein kaam kar rahe hain. 2000 se, vah atyaachaar ke khilaaph sanyukt raashtr samiti kee ek svatantr visheshagy rahee hain. vah 2009 mein samiti kee upaadhyaksh baneen. isake alaava, vah 2001 se 2006 tak usee samiti mein jendar par ek riportar theen; aur 2003 se 2014 tak desh ke anupaalan par anuvartee taalamel.

## Sandarbh
Jill Gallagher

**Jill Gallagher** (janm 1955) Australia ka ek gunditajamaara hai jo 2001 se viktoriyan eborijinal kamyunitee kantrold helth organaijeshan (vachchho) kee mukhy kaaryakaaree adhikaaree rahee hae. Apane bisavaan dasha mein ek ekal maan ke roop mein gailaaghar ko yuva aadivaasee ke lie ek prashikshan yojana mein sveekaar kiya gaya tha. Viktoriya sangrahaalay mein log. unhonne mare blaik kalekshan kee vaapasee par kaam kiya aur 1998 mein vachchho mein ek pad sambhaalane se pahale aadivaasee maamalon ke mantree (viktoriya) kee viraasat shaakha ke prabandhak ke roop mein kaary kiya. 2017 mein gailaaghar ko viktoriyan treetee edavaansament kameeshan ka kamishnar niyukt kiya gaya. matadaan kee avadhi aktoobar 2019 mein samaapt huee. gailaaghar ko 2009 mein mahilaon ke viktoriyan onar rol aur 2015 mein viktoriyan eborijinal onar rol mein shaamil kiya gaya tha. unhen 2013 mein ordar oph ostreliya ka adhikaaree banaaya gaya tha. galaagher ka janm 1955 mein hua tha, 10 bachchon mein se ek, ostreliyaee raajadhaanee kshetr mein, jise mukhy roop se nagunaaval desh ke roop mein maanyata praapt hae. unakee maan ek gunditjamaara mahila theen aur aayarish sabhy pita theen. galaagher ke pita kee ek durghatana mein mrtyu ho gaee thee jab vah ek bachchee thee. aadivaasee logon ke lie upalabdh kaam seemit tha aur gailaaghar kee maan ne mausamee kaam ke lie sabjiyaan lene ke lie bade paimaane par yaatra kee. gailaagher ne apana adhikaansh bachapan gunaikuranee desh, gipsalaind mein bitaaya, unaka samudaay any mausamee shramikon dvaara basae gae mausamee shiviron ke ird-gird ghoomata tha. 1963 mein gailaaghar ka parivaar vurundajeree kantree ke kolingavud chala gaya, jahaan usakee maan ko ek boks phaiktree mein kaam mila. gailaagher ne 13 alag-alag skoolon mein bhaag lene ke baad jorj street praimaree skool se snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee, aur phitzaroy garls skool mein apanee shiksha jaaree rakhee. vah vidrohee thee, shikshakon se bhid gaee, 14 saal kee umr mein skool chhod diya aur ghar se bhaag gaee, ghar lautane se pahale sadakon par rahatee thee aur ek kaarakhaane mein kaam shuroo karatee thee.

## Sandarbh
Svetlana Gannushkina

**Svetlana Gannushkina** (janm 6 maarch 1942) Russia mein ek ganitagy aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain, jinake baare mein bataaya gaya tha ki ve 2010 ke nobel shaanti puraskaar ke lie ek gambheer daavedaar the. 1990 ke dashak mein jab poorv soviyat sangh ke deshon mein kaee sangharsh chhid gae, tab gannushakina roos mein maanavaadhikaar rakshak ke roop mein prasiddh ho gaeen. Unake maanavaadhikaar kaary vishesh roop se sharanaarthiyon, aantarik roop se visthaapit vyaktiyon, yuddh ke shikaar logon kee sahaayata ke lie samarpit hain. gannushakina ka janm 6 maarch 1942 ko maasko mein hua tha. unhonne mosko stet yoonivarsitee ke yaantrikee aur ganit sankaay se snaatak kiya. gannushakina ne roosee stet yoonivarsitee phor da hyoomainiteej mein ganit ke prophesar ke roop mein kaee varshon tak kaam kiya. 1990 mein, unhonne naagarik sahaayata samiti (komitet graazadaansko sodeistavee) ko sthaapit karane mein madad kee, ek gair sarakaaree sangathan jo maanav adhikaaron ke lie abhiyaan chalaata hai, vishesh roop se roosee samaaj mein aapravaasiyon aur sharanaarthiyon ke sambandh mein. 2015 se, sangathan ko roosee sarakaar dvaara "videshee ejent" ka lebal diya gaya hai. gannushakina 2011 tak naagarik samaaj aur maanavaadhikaaron ke lie raashtrapati parishad kee sadasy theen. vah smaarak parishad mein bhee hain, jo soviyat daman ke peediton kee yaad ke lie samarpit samaaj hai. gannushakina yaabloko phedaral politikal kametee kee sadasy hain.

## Puraskaar
* 1997 "Open Society Foundations prize for trailblazing work in Russia"
* 2006 "Homo Homini Award for human rights activism by the Czech group People in Need"
* 2016 "Right Livelihood Award" ya "Alternative Nobel Prize", Stockholm, Sweden me.

## Sandarbh
Grace Gao (activist)

**Grace Gao** (janm 1993) ek China ke maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain. Vah kaid Chinese maanavaadhikaar vakeel aur asantusht gao zisheng kee betee hain. Chinese adhikaariyon dvaara usakee aur usake parivaar kee jaasoosee kee gaee, peeta gaya aur dhamakaaya gaya. Vah apane pita kee kitaab e China mor jast ko badhaava dene aur apane maamale kee or dhyaan aakarshit karane aur cheen mein maanavaadhikaaron ke hanan ke khilaaph bolane ke lie antararaashtreey star par vyaakhyaan detee hain. pulis adhikaaree har roj gao ko skool le jaate the, jo jahaan bhee jaate the, usaka peechha karate the. gres ne apane anubhavon par sankat ke kaaran khud ko nukasaan pahunchaaya aur 17 saal kee umr mein kaee maukon par apanee jaan lene ka prayaas karate hue, aatmahatya kar lee. use apane pita kee pasand ko samajhane mein mushkil ho rahee thee. sarakaar dvaara gao ko skool jaane se pratibandhit karane ke baad, usakee maan ne use aur usake bhaee (peetar, bee. 2005) ko cheen se baahar taskaree karane ka phaisala kiya. 9 janavaree 2009 ko ve motarasaikil aur bas (saamaan rakhane mein chhipakar) ke maadhyam se thaeelaind bhaag gae, phir sanyukt raajy amerika chale gae jahaan unhen raajaneetik sharan milee. nyooyork mein, gres ne maanasik svaasthy sambandhee samasyaon ke lie aspataal mein chhah maheene tak ilaaj karaaya, lekin phir bhee logon par bharosa karana mushkil ho gaya. usane apane pita ko samajhana aur usaka samarthan karana seekha. gres ne sanyukt raajy amerika aane ke baad angrejee seekhee, 20 saal kee umr mein haee skool se snaatak kee upaadhi praapt kee, aur kailiphorniya ke ek vishvavidyaalay mein arthashaastr ka adhyayan kiya. vah vartamaan mein vishvavidyaalay mein naamaankit hai.

## Sandarbh
Gao Yu (journalist)

**Gao Yu** (janm 23 pharavaree 1944) ek China ke patrakaar aur asantusht hain jinhen baar-baar kaid kiya gaya hai. Gao Yu ka janm chongaking mein hua tha. Unhonne cheen ke renamin vishvavidyaalay mein bhaasha aur saahity vibhaag mein bhaag liya, jahaan unhonne saahityik siddhaant mein padhaee kee. gao ne apane patrakaarita kariyar kee shuruaat 1979 mein chaina nyooj sarvis ke lie ek riportar ke roop mein kee thee. 1988 mein, vah asantusht buddhijeeviyon dvaara sampaadit ikonomiks veekalee kee up mukhy sampaadak baneen. Unhonne cheen aur haangakaang mein vibhinn samaachaar patron ke lie ek svatantr patrakaar ke roop mein bhee kaam kiya. navambar 1988 mein, usane haangakaang ke mirar manthalee mein ek lekh prakaashit kiya, jise beejing ke meyar chen zitong ne "ashaanti aur vidroh ke lie raajaneetik kaaryakram" ke roop mein varnit kiya. usane use "logon ka dushman" bhee bataaya. use 1989 mein tiyaanamen skvaayar virodh ke baad giraphtaar kiya gaya tha, aur svaasthy samasyaon ke kaaran 15 maheene baad riha kar diya gaya tha. aktoobar 1993 mein gao ko phir se giraphtaar kiya gaya, aur navambar 1994 mein "raajy rahasy prakaashit karane" ke aarop mein chhah saal kee saja sunaee gaee. pharavaree 1999 mein, unhen kharaab svaasthy mein pairol dee gaee thee. 2014 mein, tiyaanaanamen skvaayar kraikadaun kee 25 veen varshagaanth se kuchh haphte pahale gao ko phir se giraphtaar kiya gaya tha. raajaneetik roop se sanvedanasheel 4 joon kee barasee se pahale pichhale dinon kee tulana mein mukhar 70 varsheey patrakaar kee hiraasat sarakaaree aalochakon kee kaee hiraasaton mein se ek thee. aprail 2015 mein, beejing ke uchch nyaayaalay ne gao ko raajy ke rahasyon ko leek karane ka doshee thaharaaya aur use saat saal jel kee saja sunaee. riportars vidaut bordars ke anusaar, adhikaariyon ne gao par ek videshee samaachaar sangathan ko "dastaavez sankhya nau" bhejane ka aarop lagaaya, haalaanki dastaavez pahale hee onalain post kiya ja chuka tha. ek apeel ke baad, 26 navambar 2015 ko usakee saja ghataakar paanch saal kar dee gaee. kuchh ghanton baad, cheenee raajy meediya ne ghoshana kee ki use medikal pairol par riha kar diya gaya hai, haalaanki raajy ke rahasyon ko leek karane kee saja ko palata nahin gaya tha. 2016 tak, vah haus arest ke tahat paanch saal kee saja kaat rahee hai.

## Sandarbh
Dania Virgen García

**Dania Virgen García** Cuba kee asantusht, blogar, maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta aur svatantr patrakaar hain. Vah ek mool Cuba hai, jisaka janm raajadhaanee havaana mein hua hai. Vah 1988 se kyooba ke maamalon mein ek sakriy asantusht rahee hain. Mool roop se sthaaneey sv-prakaashit samaachaar patron ke lie lekhan, 2009 mein unhonne apana blog sthaapit kiya. unake lekh niyamit roop se kyooba ke svatantr saaptaahik samaachaar patr "primaavera" aur intaranet samaachaar sarvar "kyoobaanet.oaarajee" dvaara prakaashit kie jaate hain, (ek sait jo paathakon ko kyooba mein vartamaan raajaneetik aur saamaajik sthiti ke baare mein soochit karatee hai). dainiya virajen gaarsiya havaana kee mahilaon mein vhait maarch mein ek niyamit bhaageedaar hai, kyooba ke raajaneetik kaidiyon kee patniyon aur rishtedaaron dvaara ravivaar ko aayojit ek sadak virodh. vah maanavaadhikaar raksha aandolan mein bhee sahayog karatee hain. 22 aprail, 2010 ko, daaniya virajen gaarsiya ko giraphtaar kar liya gaya aur baad mein ek saal aur aath maheene kee jel kee saja sunaee gaee. saja sunae jaane ke samay, usake khilaaph aaropon ka abhee bhee khulaasa nahin kiya gaya tha. baad mein unakee saja ko apeel par palat diya gaya. unake blog ke anusaar, 27 maarch, 2012 ko, havaana ke jos maartee skvaayar mein pop benedikt ilevan dvaara manae jaane vaale ek pop maas se pahale dainiya virajen gaarsiya ko phir se giraphtaar kiya gaya tha. use 33 ghante tak rakha gaya aur baad mein bina kisee aarop ke riha kar diya gaya.

## Sandarbh

## External links
* https://web.archive.org/web/20110121081219/http://www.humanrightscuba.com/
* http://www.humanrightsdefence.org/ 
* http://www.capitolhillcubans.com/
Khadija Gbla

**Khadija Gbla** Sierra Leone kee ek naareevaadee aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta hain. Vah ek saanskrtik salaahakaar, ek mukhy vakta aur ek fgm virodhee prachaarak ke roop mein kaam karatee hain. gbl ne kaha, "fgm aapake jeevan ke har charan mein aapako prabhaavit karata hai; har mahila kee apanee sharm aur apane anubhav mein alagaav hota hai. main chaahata hoon ki log jaanen ki yah kitana bhayaanak hai, mahilaon aur ladakiyon ke adhikaaron ka kitana ullanghan hai. itanee shiksha hai yah karane kee jaroorat hai. is maanavaadhikaar ullanghan ko samaapt karana hamaare oopar hai." 1991 mein unaka parivaar suraksha kaaranon se gaambiya aur baad mein ostreliya chala gaya, jahaan unhen 2001 mein sharanaarthee ka darja diya gaya. khadeeja gaambiya mein nau saal kee umr mein kshat-vikshat ho gaee thee, lekin us samay use yah samajh mein nahin aaya. fgm ko jang lage chaakoo se ek jhopadee ke bekaar pharsh par kiya gaya tha. isane use gambheer jatilataon, puraane dard aur tanaav ke saath chhod diya. gbl 13 saal kee thee jab use ehasaas hua ki vah fgm kee shikaar hai. unhonne dakshin ostreliya mein ek chairitee ke lie svechchha se mahila svaasthy raajyavyaapee kaha. unhonne doktaron, pulis adhikaariyon aur samudaay ko fgm ke baare mein shikshit karane mein madad kee. khadeeja ostreliya mein ephajeeem ko khatm karane ke lie kaam karatee hai, mahilaon aur ladakiyon ke lie svaasthy dekhabhaal aur shaikshik sahaayata pradaan karane ke lie chairitee no ephajeeem ostreliya kee sthaapana karatee hai. khadeeja ne dakshin ostreliya ke mahila svaasthy raajyavyaapee kaaryakram ke lie ek sahakarmee shikshak ke roop mein kaam kiya, jahaan unhonne svaasthy peshevaron se mahila jananaang vikrti ke baare mein baat kee - unhen yah samajhane mein madad kee ki yah kya hai, yah kahaan hota hai aur isake aasapaas kee saanskrtik maanyataen. vah dakshin ostreliyaee sarakaar ke mantree kee yuva parishad ko nae aae sharanaarthiyon ke lie shiviron aur gatividhiyon ke aayojan aur apane saathiyon ke beech yaun aur maanasik svaasthy ke muddon ke baare mein jaagarookata badhaane kee salaah detee hai. unhonne haarvard neshanal modal yoonaited neshans aur komanavelth yooth phoram of ostreliyan end aphreeka daayalog mein antarraashtreey kshetr mein ostreliya ka pratinidhitv kiya, aur vah kaee kaaryakramon mein bolatee hain. 2018 mein khadeeja ne kaha, "mainne raajy bhar mein mahilaon ke svaasthy ke lie svayanseva karana shuroo kiya, ek aisee seva jo mahilaon ko unake svaasthy aur kalyaan kee zarooraton mein madad karatee hai. yaheen se mainne svaasthy peshevaron se mahila jananaang vikrti ke baare mein baat karana shuroo kiya - unhen yah samajhane mein madad kee ki yah kya hai, kahaan hai aisa hota hai, saanskrtik vishvaas jo ise ghere hue hain aur isase kaise nipaten."

## Sandarbh