open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Chini

**Chini**, uu carbohydrate ke sadharan naam hae, jon ki mitthaa hae aur iske khaana aur juice me chhorraa jaae hae. Sugar rasaenik ruup me sucrose, lactose aur fructose hae. Chini ganna aur sugar beet se nikaala jaae hae. Sadhaaran chini ke monosaccharides bola jaawe hae, jisme glucose, fructose, aur galactose hae. Compound chini, jiske disaccharide nai to dugnaa chini bhi bola jaawe hae, uu molecule hae jon dui monosaccharide se banaa rahe hae, jaise sucrose (glucose + fructose), lactose (glucose + galactose), aur maltose ( glucose ke dui molecules). Ujjar chinil lagbhag shudhh sucrose hae. Dehin me compound chini ke sadhaaran chini me hydrolyse karaa jaawe hae.

Monosaccharide ke lambaa chain (>2) ke chini nai maana jaawe hae, lekin iske oligosaccharides nai to polysaccharides bola jaawe hae. Starch ek glucose polymer hae jiske paudha me paawa jaawe hae, jon insaan ke khaana ke sab se jaada source of energy hae.  Kuchh aur chemical substances, jaise ethylene glycol, glycerol aur sugar alcohols, ke mitthaa taste hoe sake hae, lekin ii chini nai hae. 

Chini ke jaada paudha ke tissue me paawa jaawe hae. Madh aur fal me dher sadhaaran chini rahe hae. Sucrose khaas kar ke ganna aur sugar beet me dher maatra me rahe hae, aur yahii kaaran se isme se chini ke nikaala jaawe hae. 2016 me dunia me 2 billion tonne chini banaawa gais rahaa. Maltose ke grain ke malting kar ke banaawa jaawe hae. Lactose khaali ek chini hae jiske paudha me se nikaala nai jaawe hae. Iske khaali duudh me paawa jaawe hae, aurat ke duudh me bhi, aur kuchh duudh waala product me. Chini ke ek sastaa source, corn syrup hae, jiske factory me corn starch ke chini me badal ke banaawa jaawe hae, jaise maltose, fructose aur glucose.

Sucrose ke khaana banae ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawe hae, aur iske kabhi-kabhi processed khaana  (jaise toast aur cereal) aur sarbat (jaise coffee aur chaa) me milaawa jaawe hae. Dunia bhar me har ek jan har ek saal  chini khaawe hae, jab ki Africa ke log khaali  khaawe hae.

20th century ke aakhri hissa me, jaise jaada chini khaae lagin, ii paawa gais rahaa ki jaada chiini khaae se insaan ke health ke kharaab kare hae. 2015 me World Wealth Organisation ii recommend karis ki log ke aapan khaana me chini ke kamtii kar ke 10% kare ke chaahi aur baad me iske 5% kare ke chaahi. 

## Naam
Chini ke naam ii dekhae hae ki ii kaise failaa hae.  Sanskrit se **', jiske matlab hae "ground or candied sugar", iske baad aais  [[Persian language|Persian]] **' and Arabic *sukkar*. The Arabic word was borrowed in Medieval Latin as *succarum*, whence came the 12th century French *sucre* and the English *sugar*. Sugar was introduced into Europe by the Arabs in Sicily and Spain.
Tekniki

**Tekniki (Technology)** uu hunnar (skill), dhang (method) aur kadam (processes) hae jisse aapan manzil (goal) talak phuncha jaae sake hae.

Log tekniki se 

* chij (goods) aur sewa (service) banaawa jaae hae,
* vigyanik jaaanch parrtaal karaa jaae hae
* samasya ke hal karaa jaae hae.
* jon chij abhi karaa jaae hae ke au saraltaa se karaa jaae hae
Kaprraa

**Kaprraa** uu chij hae jisse insaan aapan dehin ke tope hae. Insaan khaali ek jiu hae jon ki kaprraa pahine hae. Jabse insaan aapan dehin ke baar ke khin hae tabse insaan kaprraa pahine hae. Suruu me insaan log jaanwar ke chamrraa ke kaprraa banawat rahin, lekin baad me kapaas aur wool ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. India aur China me resam (silk) ke kaprra bhi banaawa jaawat rahaa. Artificial chij se bhi kapraa bane hae, jaise ki polyster, nylon.
Kapaas

**Kapaas** ek naram prakritik (natural) fibre hae jiske kapaas ke perr ke biyaa me se nikaala jaae hae. Iske fir kapaas ke dori me cpin karaa jaae hae. Kapaas ke dori se tab kaprraa bane hae. Kapaas ke banaa kaprraa ke garam mausam me pahina jaae hae.
Nanotechnology

**Nanotechnology**, vigyan aur tekniki ke uu hissa hae jisme matter ke atomic aur molecular level pe bas me karaa jaae hae. Isme uu chij ke bhi banaawa jaae hae jon bahut chhotaa hae. Ek nanometer 10-9 metre lambaa hae.
Biotechnology

**Biotechnology,** uu tekniki hae jisme jinda jiu ke kaam me laawa jaae hae. Iske jaada kar ke kheti, khaana vigyan (food science) aur medicine me kaam me laawa jaae hae. Fermentation, jisme yeast ke kaam me laae ke beer banaawa jaae hae ek example hae.
Engineering

**Engineering** me vigyan aur mathematics ke kaam me  laae ke chij banaawa jaae hae. Dher rakam ke engineering rahe hae jaise ki computer banae waala, imaarat banae waala, website banae waala.
Mathematical proof

**Mathematical proof**  se mathematical theorem ke sahii dekhaawa jaae hae. Theorem ke poove kare ke khaatir ii dekhaae ke parre hae ki ii sab time sahii hae. Iske khaatir axioms, nai to pahile sahii maana gais theorem ke kaam me aawa jaae hae. Ek statement ke proove kare ke khaatir, "proof by induction", proof by contraction" aur ''proof by cases" ke kaam me laawa jaae hae.

Puraana Greece ke mathematicians sab se pahile mathematical proof suruu kare rahin. Thales (624-546BCE) aur Hippocrates (470-410BCE) geometry ke sab se pahila proof diye rahin. Euclid (300BCE), mathematical proof me bahut badlao laais jab uu "axiomatic method" ke suruu karis.

## References
Set theory

**Set theory** ke kaam me laae ke mathematics me sets ke adhyan karaa jaae hae. Ek set kuchh chij ke sangrah (collection) hae. Ii chij ke set ke "element" nai to "member" bola jaae hae. Set likhe ke khaatir elements ke "curly brackets" ke bhittar likha jaae hae. Jaise ki {1,3,5,7} me 1, 3, 5, 7 hae. Set ke naam ke capital Roman akchhar me likha jaae hae, jaise ki A, B, C. Sets ke Venn diagram me bhi dekhaawa jaae hae.

Set theory ke Georg Cantor, 1874.me banais rahaa, lekin isme kuchh galtii rahaa aur Bertrand Russel iske sudharis rahaa.

## References
Dhaatu vigyan

**Dhaatu** vigyan (Metallurgy), dhaatu ke adhyan hae. Isme dhaatu aur uke alloys ke properties ke adhyan karaa jaae hae aur [[masiin] banaawa jaae hae jisse dhaatu ke aur garrha (concentrated) banaawa jaae hae, dhaatu ke jamiin me se nikaal ke chamkaawa jaae hae.
Rye

**Rye**, jiske vigyanik naam (scientific name), *Secale cereale* hae, ek grass palwaar ke anaaj hae jiske jaanwar ke bhi khawaaya jaae hae. Ii gehuun palwaar ke paudha hae aur gehuun aur barley ke rakam hae. Rye se antaa, jaanwar ke khaana aur dher rakam ke daaru banaawa jaae hae.

## Itihaas
Ryr sab time aisaan paudha nai rahaa jiske insaan kaam me laae sakat rahin, lekin ek jangalii paudha rahaa. Middle Ages se rye ke central aur eastern Europe me kaam me laae ke bread banaawa jaae ke suruu karaa gais rahaa.

## Vigyaan
Raye, jiske jaanwar ke khaana ke khaatir bowaa jaae hae, ke hay ke khaatir kaata jaae hae. Rye ek tagrraa paudha hae jon ki kamtii aur jaada matti ke pH me hoe sake hae. Iske matlab hae ki ii matti jon ke acidic aur alkaline hae me jinda rahe sake hae.

## Insaan ke ke khaatir
Iske khaawa jaae hae, bread banaawa jaae hae aur daaru bhi banaawa jaae hae.
Sorghum

**Sorghum**, jiske vigyanik naam (Scientific name) *Sorghum bicolor* hae, ek rakam ke grass ke paudha hae jiske uske anaaj khaatir, jaanwar ke khaana aur ethanol banae ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae. Sorghum Africa se aais hae lekin iske aaj kal dunia bhar ke tropical aur subtropical des me boyaa jaae hae. Sorghum, chaaur, gehuun, makai aur barley ke baad 5th sab se jaada boe waala anaaj hae (59.34 million metric tons, 2018 me). 

Sorghum ke  har saal boe ke parree hae lekin kuchh species dher saal talak jinda rahe hae. Ii guchchhaa (clumps) me me hoe hae aur 4 metres (13 feet) uuncha hoe sake hae. Iske anaaj chhotaa rahe hae.

## References
Soya bean

**Soya bean**, jiske **soybean** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, ek paudha hae jiske fal ke "bean" bolaa jaae hae, East Asia se aae hae. Soya bean ke khaawa jaae sake hae , nai to isse tel, sauce, duudh, aanta aur tofu banaawa jaae hae. Soya bean se banaa khaana me jaada protein rahe hae.

Soya bean ke paudha, 20 centimetres se lae ke 2 metres talak uuncha rahe hae aur ii khaali ek saal talak jinda rahe hae.

Soya bean ke tel me oleic acid bhi rahe hae jisse kirwaa ke bhagaae waala spray ke banaawa jaae hae. Soya bean se iidhan (fuel) bhi bane hae. Soya bean ke ferment kar ke natto, ek Japanese traditional khaana, bhi bane hae.

## Itihaas
Soya bean East Asia ke ek khass fasal rahaa, jab insaan likhe ke suruu kare rahin, se pahile. Soya bean ke rakam ke ek legume, Glycine soja, central China ke native hae. Soybean". Encyclopædia Britannica. June 19, 2025. Retrieved July 5, 2025. Genetics ke adhyan ii dekhawe hae ki soya bean ke kheti north-central China ke 6,000 se 9,000 saal pahile suruu karaa gais rahaa. Japan me soya bean ke khti 5000 aur 3000BC ke biich me suruu bhais rahaa aur Korea me 1000BC me. Pahila soya bean jiske kheti se produce kara gais rahaa ke ke Korea me, Mumun-jamaana ke Daundong jagha me milaa hae. Soya bean ke Java me 13th century me pahila dafe boya gais rahaa. 17th century me trade se soyabean Far East aur India pahuch gais rahaa. 18th century talak soya bean China se Americas aur Europe talak fael gais rahaa.

## References
Mathematical analysis

**Mathematical analysis**, mathematics ke ek hissa hae. Iske kabhi kabhi khaaki **analysis** bhi bola jaae hae. Isme functions, sequences aur series ke adhyan karaa jaae hae. II engineering me chchhaa se kaam e aae hae. Mathematical analysis ke adhyan ke baad calculus parrhanaa saral hoe jaae hae. Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz aur Isaac Newton ii vibhag me pahila kaam kare rahin.

## References
Nut (fal)

**Nut (fal)**, uu sab fal hae jiske bhittar ke hissa ke ek karraa chhilkaa bachaae hae. Kuch jaana maana nuts hae badaam (almond), pistachio, Brazil nut, peanut.

True nut uu hae jisme seed ke charo or ek hard aur dry shell rahaa, aur ii naturally open nai hola jab ripe ho jaala. Example ke taur par acorn, chestnut aur hazelnut true nut baa.

Lekin aam zindagi me log kai tarah ke dry fruit ke "nut" bolela, jaise peanut aur almond, lekin uu botany ke hisaab se true nut nai baa. Peanut ek legume hae, aur almond ek drupe hae.

Nut log ke healthy diet me important role baa, kyonki ii me protein, healthy fat, vitamin aur minerals milat baa. Log roasted, raw ya butter form me nut ke khat baa.
Kitaab

**Kitaab**, kaagaj ke ek set hae jiske dui "cover" ke biich me baandha gais hae. Ii sab kaagaj ke panna bola jaae hae. Panna me sabd likha rahe hae aur saait kuchh chhaapa bhi rahe hae. Suruu me kitaab ke haanth se likha jaawat rahaa.

Ek kitaab ke likhe waala ke lekhak bola jaae hae, aur kitaab me chhaapa banae waala ke chitrkaar bola jaae hae. Kitaab ke ek se jaada lekhak aur chitrkaar hoe sake hae.

Ek kitaab me jon kuchh likha hae, ek barra lekh ke hissa hoe sake hae. Ii rakam se ek kitaab khaali ek lekhak, nai to ek subject pe concentrate kare sake hae. Tab parrhe waala log, ek barra kitaab ke chhotaa hissa ke samajh sake hae. Ii rakam ke kitaab hae; Iliad, Odyssey, Quran, Bible, Torah aur Mahabharata.

""Hardcover" kitaab dui cardboard ke biich me rahe hae jon ki kaprraa nai to chamrraa se covered rahe hae. "Paperback" book ke cover karraa kagaj ke rahe hae. Aaj-kal books ke record karaa bhi jaae hae, aur iske "audiobooks" bola jaae hae.

Kitaab ke library se borrow karaa jaae sake hae, nai to khrida jaae sake hae. Kuch kitaab ke larrkan khatir likha jaae hae, kuch manoranjan ke khaatir rahe hae aur kuchh khaas subject, jaise Mathematics, Itihaas, ke parrhe khaatir school ke kitaab eahe hae.
Patrkarita

**Patrkarita** (Journalism) ek rakam ke lekh hae. Isme hae akhbaar me likhnaa, TV khaatir likhnaa, aur radio aur magazine. Ii rakam ke kaam me dher rakam ke kaam rahe hae, jaise ki reporter, writer, editor, illustrator.
Akhbaar

**Akhbaar**, ek prakaasan (publication) hae jiske kaagaj me regularly chaapa jaae hae, jaada kar ke din me ek dafe , nai to haftaa me ek dafe. Akhbaar jaankari aur raae (opinion) de hae. Akhbaar ke ghar pe deliver jaae sake hae, nai to dukaan se kharida jaae sake hae. ek akhbaar me dher hissa rahe hae, jaise ki samaachaar, mausam.
Barley

**Barley**, jiske vigyanik naam (Scientific name) *Hordeum vulgare* hae, ek grass palwaar ke paudha hae. Iske biyaa ek anaaj ke biyaa hae. Ii insaan aur jaanwar ke ek khaas khaana hae. Barley se aantaa (flour) aur beer banaawa jaae hae. Barley sab se puraana paudha hae jiske insaan kheti karis rahaa.

Ii pahila [anaaj]] rahaa jiske inssan pahile agbhag 9000 BC me boy rahiin. 200BC talak ii Europe aur Asia bhar fael  gais rahaa. Barley kamtii garmii aur well-drained matti ke maange hae. Barley, jhuura aur namkiin matti kae sahe sake hae, lekin gehuun aur rye ke rakam winter ke thandaa ke nai sahe sake hae.

2022 me barley, dunia bhar me jon anaaj utpaadan karaa gais rahaa (155 million tonnes), me 4th place me rahaa, makai, gehuun aur dhaan ke pichhe. Dunia bhar me, barley ke 70% utpaadan ke jaanwar ke khaana ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae aur 30% ke beer, whisky aur khaana khaatir kaam e laawa jaae hae.
Chhaapna

**Chhaapna** me sabd aur chaapa ke paper me masiin se chaapa jaae hae. Kitaab aur akhbaar ke chhaapa jaae hae. China aur Korea me chhaapna 8th century me suruu bhais rahaa. Europe me Johannes Gutenberg 15th century me chhaapna suruu karis rahaa.
Telephone

**Telephone** ek sanchaar ke aujaar hae. Phile telphone analog rahaa lekin aaj kal digital signal se telephone karaa jaae hae. 1876 me Alexander Graham Bell pahila telephone banais rahaa.
Electronics

**Electronics** me electricity ke adhyan karaa jaae hae aur electricity se chale waal achij ke banaana, jaise ki computer. Ii circuit ke kaam me laae hae jiske hissa wires se jurraa rahe hae. Electronics, Bhautik vigyan (Physics) ke adhyan se aae hae aur aslii jindagi me electrical engineering se hoe hae.

Electronic system ke tiin hissa me karaa jaae sake hae:

# Inputs - Electrical, nai to mechanical sensor, jon ki signal ke aslii dunia ( jaise ki garmii (temperature) aur dabao (pressure)) se lae ke electric current aur voltage me badle hae. Jaise ki, el television set me me broadcast signal antenna, nai to cable se aae hae.
# Signal processing circuits - Electronic component jiske jorra gais hae, jon jaankari signals me hae, ke heraferi (manipulate) , interpret aur transform kare ke. Jaise ki, TV me brightness, rang aur awaaj ke kaam me laae ke input signal ke process karaa jaae hae.
# Outputs - uu devices jon ki current aur voltage ke fir se uu ruup me kare hae jiske inssan parrhe sake hae. Jaise ki, TV me screen me dekhaae hae aur awaaj speaker se nikle hae.
Sanchaar

**Sanchaar** (Communication) uu samay (time) hoe hae jab jaankari (information) ke ek "medium" ke kaam me laae ke bheje waala se mile waala ke lae pahuchaawa jaae hae. Ii medium, dekhe waala hoe sake hae, jaise ki "body language" aur isaara (gesture), awaaj, mahak, chhuuna jaae sake hae.

Sanchaar ke bola jaae sake (sabd ke kaam me laae ke), nai to bina bole hoe sake hae, jaise ki muhuraana (smile).
Mass media

**Mass media** uu sab saadhan hae jisse sanchaar (communication) karaa jaae hae. Isme hae radio, TV, internet. Internet me email, social media aur website ke kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Frequency

**Frequency** ii batae hae ki ek ghatna ketnaa dafe khud se dohraawe hae. Bahutik vigyan (Physics) me lahar (wave) ke ketnaa crests ek jagha ke pass kare hae ek second me ke frequency bolaa jaae hae. Frequency ke Hertz (Hz) me likha jaae hae. Frequency aur wavelength ke biich ke  sambandh ke ii formula me dekhaawa jaae hae: 

**<math>f = v/\lambda</math>**

jahaan pe v wave kke raftaar aur \lambda (lambda) wavelength hae. Light ke frequency ke formula hae **<math>f = c/\lambda</math>** jahaan pe c speed of light hae.

Sab electromagnetic wave, vacuum me, roshni (light) ke raftaar pe chale hae lekin jab ii aur koi medium me chale hae tab ii dhire hoe jaae hae. Aur wave, jaise ki awaaj, bahut dhire chale hae aur vacuum me se nai chale sake hae.

## References
Capacitor

Electrical Engineering me, ek **capacitor** uu saadhan (device) hae jon ki electrical energy ke bachaae ke rakkhe (stores) hae. Capacitor ke pahile **condenser** bola jaawat rahaa.

Ii battery ke rakam hae, lekin chhotaa aur halluk rahe hae. Ek capacitor charge aur discharge bhi jaldi se kare hae.

Capacitors dui metal plate se banaa rahe hae, jon ki ek duusre ke ekdan nagiich rahe hae lekin ek duusre ke chhuue nai hae. Jab power ke on karaa jaae hae tab energy ke electrical field me store karaa jaae hae.
Inductor

Ek **inductor**, ek electrical device hae jiske electrical circuit me kaam me laawa jaae hae, kaaheki ii inertia ke rakam kaam kare hae. Jaise inertia koi chalte chij ke disaa badle ke roke hae, inductor, electric current ke badlao ke roke hae. Inductor ke jaada kar ke ek conducting chij, jaise ki copper taar jiske ek core (jon ki khaali hawaa nai to magnetic metal rahe hae) ke around lapeta gais hae, se banaawa jaae hae. Chhota chhota inductor ke integrated circuit me bhi lagaawa jaae hae.
Transistor

Ek **transistor**, ek electronic component hae jiske ek amplfier, nai to switch ke rakam kaam me laawa jaae hae. II semiconductor material se banaawa jaae hae. Transistors, lagbhag sab electronic device me rahe hae. Ek transistor, ek triode tube se achchhaa hae kaaheki ii kamtii electricity use are hae aur jaada din talak chale hae.
Transformer

**Transformer** ek saadhan (device) hae jon electrical energy ke ek electrical circuit se duusra me kare hae, bina koi taar ke kaam me laae ke. Ii hoe hae, kaaheki pahila circuit ek magnetic field ke banae hae jab iske power uppar aur niche jaae hae. Duusra circuit ke energy ke energy pahila circuit ke saathe uppar aur niche jaae hae. Duuno ke biich me frequency me koi antar nai hae. 

Transformer ke kaam me laae ke khaas kaaran hae ki voltage ke  kamtii, nai to jaada karaa jaae sake hae. Jaada voltage ke duur talak pahunchaana easy hae aur kamtii vooltage ghar aur office ke khaatir easy aur safe hae. Transformers ke kaam me laae ke, circuit me, alternating current (AC) voltage ke uppar aur niche karaa jaae hae. Primary coil, nai to input coil, ke supply side me jorra jaae hae aur secondary coil, nai to output coil, power de hae. 

Tiin rakam ke transformer hae:
# Step-up transformer, jisme bahaar nikle waala voltage bhittar jaae waala voltage se jaada hae.
# Step-down transformer, jisme bahaar nikle waala voltage bjittar jaae waala voltage se kamti hae.
# Kuch transformer ke dui electrical circuit ke alag kare ke khatir kaam me laawa jaae hae.

## References
Resistor

Ek **resistor**, ek circuit me ketnaa electric current bahe hae, ke roke hae. Resistor me electron ke energy, jon resister me se jaae hae, garmi (heat) aur prakash (light) me badla jaae hae. Jaise ki light bulb me tungsten filament resistor ke rakam kaam kare hae, aur garmaae jaae hae, jiske kaaran ii glow hoe lage hae. 

## References
Electric current

**Electric current**, electric charge ke bahanaa hae. Ii bahanaa electrons se koi conductor me hoe hae. Current ke equation hae:

:I = \frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta t}
::where
::I jon current bahe hae
::\Delta Q electric charge me antar
::\Delta t ketnaa samay bitaa hae

Electric current ke SI unit ampere (A) hae. Ii ek  coulomb, har ek second me, ke charge ke baraabar hae. Electric current ke wires, batteries, aur lightning me paawa jaae hae.

Jab current ek taar waala circuit me bahe hae, tab iske raftaar jaada hoe lage hae. Resistor se circuit me current ke raftaar ke kamtii karaa jaae hae. Resistance, current aur voltage ke biich ke sambandh ke Ohm's Law me dekhaawa jaae hae. Iske formula hae: V=IR, jisme V hae potential difference, volts me, I hae current, amperes me, aur R hae resistance, ohms me.
Kep1er

**Kep1er** ek  South Korea ke girl group hae jiske symbol Kepler taara ke system se aais hai, jiske astronomer, Johannes Kepler pahile paais rahaa. Ii group ke nau member hae: Kim Chae-hyun, Huening Bahiyyih, Choi Yu-jin, Kim Da-yeon, Seo Young-eun, Kang Ye-seo, Hikaru Ezaki, Mashiro Sakamoto, and Shen Xiaoting. Ii group 3 January  2019 me suruu bhais rahaa, ek Electronic mixtape First Impact se jon ki dui aur aadha saal tak chali.
Diode

**Diode** ek electronic purjaa (component) hae jiske dui connectors rahe hae , aur ii electricity ke khaali ek disa me jaae ke de hae.

Diode ke alternating current ke direct current me badle ke khaatir bhi kaam me laawa jaae hae. Iske power supply me amplitude modulation (AM) ke parrhae me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hae. Light emitting diode (LED) ek rakam ke diode hae jon ki light produce kare hae.

Aaj kal ke diode ke semiconductor pradaat (material), jaise ki silicon aur germanium se banaawa jaae hae.

Sab se pahila diode vacuum tubes rahaa. Ii ek glass tube ke bhittar rahaa. (Lightbulb ke rakam) Glass tube ke bhittar ek metal taar aor barraa metal plate rahaa. Ii taar garmaae ke electricity utpand karat rahaa jiske plate me store karaa jaawat rahaa.

### Symbols
Kuchh khaas diode ke chinh jiske cicuir diagram me kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Fascism

**Fascism** ek "far-right" rakam ke sarkar hae jisme des ke bahut sakti  khaali ek saasak (ruler), nai to ek chhota dal, khaali ek party ke niche, rahe hae. Fascism ke niche des ke economy aur samaj ke aur hissa ke sarkar kaabu me rakkhae hae. Sarkar hinsa (violence) aur police ke taagat ke kaam me laae ke log ke dabaae ke rakkhe hae.

Chaar barraa fascist des rahin Italy, Benito Mussolini ke niche, Germany, Adolf Hitler ke niche, Japan, Hideki Tojo ke niche aur Spain, Francisco Franco ke niche.

Mussolini, fascism ke 1910s me Italy me suruu karis rahaa aur 1930s talak ii puura laabu hoe gais rahaa. Uu 1922 me Italy ke neta banaa aur mid-1920s talak puura dictator ban gais rahaa, aur sab parrty ke band kar ke aur election ke dhang ke badal ke ki uske Fascist Party ke sab se jaada seat milii.

## References
Likhaai

**Likhaai (script)** uu chinh (symbol) hae jisme ek bhasa ke likha jaae hae. Dunia me dher rakam se likha jaae hae, jaise English ke Latin akchhar me likha jaae hae. Jaada kar ke har ek chinh ek awaaj ke represent kare hae, lekin isme aur jaada chij rahe hae. Dher rakam ke likhaai hae:
# Logography me har ek chinh ek puura sabd, nai to bichaar (idea) ke represent kare hae, jaise Chaena akchhar
# Syllabary jisme ek chibh ek syllable ke represent kare hae
# Alphabet me ek chinh ek awaaj ke represent kare hae. Dher rakam ke alphabet hae:
## Sachchaa alphabet jisme chinh duuno consonanta aur vowel ke represent kare hae, jaise ki Latin akchhar, Greek akchhar aur Cyrillic akchhar
## Abjad jisme khaali consonants rahe hae aur iske right to eft likha jaae hae, jaise ki Arbii akchhar aur Hebrew akchhar
## Abugida jisme consonants ke chinh me likha jaae hae aur vowel ke chinh isme jorraa jaae hae, jaise Devanagari jisme Hindi aur Sanskrit likha jaae hae.
Taxonomy (biology)

Jiu vigyan (Biology) me **taxonomy**, jiu  ke group me classify kare, ke adhyan hae. Jiu ke "taxa" me group karaa jaae hae, aur ii group ke ek "taxonomic rank" dewa jaae hae. aur ii group ke duusra group se jorr ke aur uppar ke rank banaawa jaae hae. Ii rakam se "taxonomic hierarchy" bane hae.
Binomial nomenclature

Jiu vigyan (Biology) me **Binomial nomenclature** jon rakam se jiu ke naam dewa jaae hae, ke bolaa jaae hae. Ek jiu ke naam dui hissa me rahe hae: ek "genus" batae hae aur duusra "species" batae hae. Iske Sweden ke botanist, Carolus Linnaeus suruu karis rahaa.
Magnoliopsida

**Magnoliopsida**, nai to dicotyledon, taxonomy me paudha ke ek warg (class) hae. Iske "dicot" bhi bola jaae hae. Ii fullae waala paudha ke sab se barraa group hae. Iske seedling me duiseed patti rahe hae. II group ke kuchh paudha hae: oak, sunflower, rose, blackberry, blueberry.
Nimak

Rasayan vigyan (Chemistry) me nimak (salt) koi neutral chemical compound jon ki cations (positive ions) aur anions (negative ions) se banaa hae. Ek saadharan nimak, khaae waala nimak, sodium chloride hae jiske chemical formula NaCl hae. Iske hydrochloric acid ke sodium hydroxide me milaae ke banaawa jaae hae. ii reaction ke  equation hae:
HCl + Na(OH)2 --> NaCl + H2O

Jab nimak paani me tagal jaae hae, tab iske electrolyte bola jaae hae. Electricity electrolyte aur galaa nimak me se jaae sake hae.

Nimak, ice ke taglaae hae, kaaheki ii jon temperature pe liquid freeze hoe hae ke kamtii kare hae.

Kaaheki dher germs nimak me nai rahe sake hae, iske khaana ke bachaae ke rakkhe (preserve) ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae

Nimak ke paisa ke rakam bhi pahile kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa.

## References
Dev (Punjabi poet)

**Dev** (janm  5 September 1947) ik Punjabi lekhak aur chitrkaar raha jo  Switzerland  meinrhta hai.

## Biography
Dev ka janam Punjab ke nagar Jagraon mein 1947 ko hua . jab uski umar 5 varsh ki rahi tu vah Nairobi chla gya , jahan uske pita British Railway men kaam jkarty thy.
## Parkashan

* Vidhroh - 1969
* Doosre Kinare Di Talash
* Matlabi Mitti
* Prashan Te Parvaz
* Hun Ton Pehchan
* Shabdant

## Awards

* Schromani Pravesi Panjabi Sahitkar - 1992
* Sahitya Akademi award for his Punjabi poetry collection *Shabant* - 2001

## References
Mohammed Rafi

**Mohammed Rafi** (24 December 1924 - 31 July 1980, ek Hindustani playback singer aur musician rahaa. Uske India ke sab se barraa male singer maana jaae hae. Rafi ke sab rakam gaana ke gaae ke khaatir jaana jaae hae, jaise ki fast gaana, patriotic gaana, udaas kare waala gaana, romantic gaana, kawaali, gazal, bhajan aur classical gaana. Uu koi actor khaatir gaana gaae sakat rahaa. Uske chhe Filmfare Award aur ek National Film Award nila rahaa.  1967 me India ke sarkaar uske Padma Shri ke sammaan diis rahaa. 2001 me Rafi ke Stardust magazine, "Best Singer of the Millennium" ke honour diis rahaa. 2013 me Rafi ke CNN-IBN poll me "Greatest Voice in Hindi Cinema" vote karaa gais rahaa.

Uu 1000 se jaada Hindi film aur duusra Indian bhasa ke film ke khaatir gaana gaais rahaa. Uu 7,000 se jaada gaana record karis rahaadher bahsa me jaise; Konkani, Assamese, Bhojpuri, Odia, Bengali, Marathi, Sindhi, Kannada, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Magahi aur Maithili. Uu dher foreign bhasa me bhi gaana gais rahaa, jaise ki English, Farsi, Arbii, Sinhala, Mauritian Creole aur Dutch

## References
Jindal Naturecure Institute ,Bangalore

**Jindal Naturecure Institute ,Bangalore** ek prakirtik vidhi se ilaaj karne ka sansthan hai jo Bharat ke Karnatka Rajya mein sthit hai. 

### Yah Bhi dekho
https://jindalnaturecure.in/sitaram-jindal-foundation/
## Chitr
 
File:Yoga participants at yoga complex in Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore , India 03.jpg|thumb|Institute mein Yoga ki training  
File:View of Jindal Naturecare Institute 15.jpg|thumb| Institute ka Prisar 
File:Supper delux - luxury type accommodation for patient at Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore, India 05.jpg|thumb|Supper Delux Shreni ka Aawas  
File:Hut type luxury type accommodation for patient at Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore, India 02.jpg|thumb|laxury Hut Awas  
File:Nest type luxury type accommodation for patient at Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore, India 03.jpg|thumb|Nest Huts Aawas  
File:Economy -rooms accommodation for patient at Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore, India 04.jpg|thumb|Economy Aawas 
File:Delux Nest - luxury type accommodation for patient at Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore, India 01.jpg|thumb|Delux Aawas  
File:Physiotherapy and Acupuncture, Jindal Naturecure Institute , Bangalore , India 01.jpg|thumb|Physiothrepy Aur Acupuncture Elaj Ki Building. 
File:Panorama view of Gazebo ,Juice centre Jindal Naturecare Institute 16.jpg|thumb|Juice aur detox tarl pdarth sevan ka hall-Gazebo
File:Gazebo ,Juice centre Jindal Naturecare Institute 13.jpg|thumb|Juice aur detox tarl pdarth sevan ka hall-Gazebo (Bahr se Drishya)
File:Reflexology Track at Jindal Naturecare Institute 08.jpg|thumb|Pani aur pathar par sair krny ki threpy 
File:Diet centre of Jindal Naturecare Institute 06.jpg|thumb|Dinning Hall  
File:Jindal Naturecare Institute 02.jpg|thumb|swimming Pool
Kabir

**Kabir** (1398 - 1518), jiske **Sant Kabir Saheb, Kabir Das** aur **Kabir Saheb** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, ek jaana-maana Indian kavi aur sant rahaa. Aaj-kal Kabir Hinduism, Sikhism aur Islam (khaas kar ke Sufism me) me ek prbhaawik jan rahaa. Uske kavita Sikhism ke dharmik kitaab me hae, jaise ki *[[Guru Granth Sahib]], Satguru Granth Sahib*.

Kabir ke janam varanasi, Uttar Pradesh me bhais rahaa. Uu duuno Hinduism aur Islam ke baare me uuchij jon ki uu sochat rahaa ke galat hae, ke baare me awaaj uthais rahaa. Uu jab jinda rahaa tab uske duuno Hindu aur Muslim logan dhamki de rahin, lekin jab uu maraa tab uske laas ke antim sanskar kare ke khaatir duuno dharam ke log maangat rahin.

Uu Swami Ramananda ke bhakt rahaa. Uu parrhe-likhe nai sikis rahaa, lekin uu log ke Bhagwaan ke baare me doha (couplet) aur kavita se karis rahaa. Uske ii kavita ke kaaran, aaj log bahut maane hae. Uu aapan kavita me sab dafe insaan ke har din ke jindagi se relate karie rahaa.

## Kuchh Kabir ke doha
* Chalti Chakki Dekh Kar, Diya Kabira Roye Do Paatan Ke Beech Mein,Sabit Bacha Na Koye
* Bura Jo Dekhan Main Chala, Bura Naa Milya Koye Jo Munn Khoja Apnaa, To Mujhse Bura Naa Koye
* Kaal Kare So Aaj Kar, Aaj Kare So UbPal Mein Pralaya Hoyegi, Bahuri Karoge Kub
* Dheere Dheere Re Mana, Dheere Sub Kutch Hoye Mali Seenche So Ghara, Ritu Aaye Phal Hoye
* Sayeen Itna Deejiye, Ja Mein Kutumb Samaye Main Bhi Bhookha Na Rahun, Sadhu Na Bhookha Jaye
* Bada Hua To Kya Hua, Jaise Ped Khajoor Panthi Ko Chaya Nahin, Phal Laage Atidoor
* Jaise Til Mein Tel Hae, Jyon Chakmak Mein Aag Tera Sayeen Tujh Mein Hae, Tu Jaag Sake To Jaag
* Kabira Khara Bazaar Mein, Mange Sabki Khair Na Kahu Se Dosti, Na Kahu Se Bair
* Pothi Padh Padh Kar Jag Mua, Pandit Bhayo Na KoyeDhai Aakhar Prem Ke, Jo Padhe so Pandit Hoye 

## References
Guru Nanak

**Guru Nanak** (15 April 1469 - 22 September 1539), jinko **Baba Nanak** ke naam se bhi jaana jaata hai, Sikhism ke suruu kare waala aur das Sikh Guru me se pahila rahaa. Ii maana jaae hae ki Nanak, Asia bhar ghuum ke "ek Bhagwaan" jon ke sab me hae, waala sandesh ke failaais rahaa. Nanak ke sandesh 974 shabda (hymns) me Guru Granth Sahib me likha hae.

## Chhaapa ke gallery

## References
1469

**1469** ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki suk ke roj suruu bhae rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 15 April - **[[Guru Nanak]]**, jon Sikhism ke suruu karis rahaa, ke janam nankuna Sahib, Pakistan, me bhais rahaa.

* 3 May - **[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]**, jon ki ek lekhak aur diplomat rahaa, ke janam Florence, Italy me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
Raja Ravi Varma

**Raja Ravi Varma** (29 April 1848 – 2 October 1906), ek Indian painter aur artist rahaa. Uske kaam me European chitrkaar ke Hindistani sanskriti se milaawa gais hae. Uske painting mahangaa nai rahaa, jisse aam log iske kharide sakat rahin aur isse prbhawit howat rahin.Khaas kar ke Hindu deities ke aapan painting me rakkhae ke khaatir uske bahut aadar karaa jaawe hae.

Raja Ravi Varma, Travancore ke raj kare waala palwaar ke rahaa. Uske dui larrki ke royal palwaar me adopt karaa gais rahaa pichhlaa tiin rala ii duuno ke descendents rahin.

Uske janam ke naam Ravi Varma rahaa aur uu Kilimanoor palace, Travancore me paida bhais rahaa. Uu ek palwaar me paida bhais rahaa jon ki raja loagan ke dher nagiich rahaa aur pichhle 200 saal me uske palwaar ke larrki logan ke saadi raga logan se howat rahaa. Uske Raja ke padwi India ke Governor General, Lord Curzon diis rahaa.
## Gallery

File:Raja Ravi Varma - Mahabharata - Shakuntala.jpg|*Shakuntala looking for Dushyanta*
File:Murugan by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|Kartikeya|Sri Shanmukha Subramania Swami
File:Ganapati1.jpg|Lord Ganesha with Siddhi and Riddhi
File:Shiva Parvati Ganesha.jpg|Family of Shiva
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Lord Garuda.jpg|Prithvi
File:Ravi Varma-Dattatreya.jpg|Dattatreya
File:Kali by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|Goddess Kali
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Goddess Lakshmi, 1896.jpg|Goddess Lakshmi
File:Saraswati.jpg|Goddess Saraswati
File:Matsya Raja Ravi Varma Press.jpg |Matsya Avatar
File:Kurma Avatar by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg |Kurma Avatar
File:Vaman.jpg|Vamana Avatar
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Parashuram.jpg|Parashuram avatar
File:Rama releasing Ahalya from curse.jpg|Lord Rama
File:Yesoda-krishna.jpg|Lord Krishna with Yashoda
File:Kalki Avatar by Ravi Varma.jpg|Kalki avatar
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Markandeya.jpg|Lord Shiva protects Markandeya
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Ambika (Oleographic print).jpg|Ambika and her devotees
File:Gayatri1.jpg|Goddess Gayatri
File:Ravi Varma-Descent of Ganga.jpg|Descent of Ganga (goddess)
File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|Adi Shankara
File:Tilottama.jpg|Tilottama
File:Ravi Varma-Princess Damayanthi talking with Royal Swan about Nala.jpg|Damayanti talking with a swan
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Bharat Milap (Lithographic Print).jpg|Sri Rama meeting his brother Bharata (Ramayana)
File:Raja Ravi Varma, Jatayu vadha, 1906.jpg|Jatayu fights Ravana
File:Shivaji by Raja Ravi Varma.JPG| Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj 
File:Urvashi-Pururavas by RRV.jpg|Pururavas and Urvashi
File:Navagraha.jpg|Navagrahas
File:Nataraj by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg|Nataraja
File:Mahatma Buddha.jpg|Buddha
File:Draupadi humiliated RRV.jpg|Draupadi being humiliated in the court of Virata 
File:Ravi Varma-Lady Giving Alms at the Temple.jpg|Mandodari giving alms in a temple 
File:Sakunthala-pathralekhanam.jpg|Shakuntala Shakuntala Patra-lekhan


## References
Tulsidas

**Tulsidas** (11 August 1511 - 30 July 1623), jiske janam ke naam **Rambola Dubey** rahaa, ek Hindu sant aur kavi rahaa, aur Ram ke bhakt rahaa. Uu dher chij Sanskrit, Awadhi bhasa aur Braj bhasa me likhis hae lekin uske khaas kar ke Hanuman Chalisa aur Ramcharitmanas ke khaatir jaana jae hae.

Tulsidas aapan jindagi ke jaada samay, Banaras aur Ayodhya me bitais. Banaras me Tulsi Ghat ke naam uske naam se aais hae. Uu Sakat Mochan Hanuman Mandir ke Banaras me banais rahaa, jahaan pe uu Hanumaan ke dekhis rahaa.

## References
1511

**1511** ek sadhaaran saal rahaa, jon ki etwaar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 11 August - Tulsidas, jon ki Hanuman Chalisa aur Ramcharitmanas ke likhis rahaa, ke janam Soron, Uttar Pradesh, India me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
Guru Gobind Singh

**Guru Gobind Singh** (22 December 1666 - 7 October 1708), jiske **Gobind Das** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, Sikhism ke daswa aur akhri insaan Guru rahaa. Uu ek sipaahi, kavi aur philosospher rahaa. 1675 me uske Sikh log ke neta banaawa gais rahaa jab uske pitaji, Guru Tegh Bahadur, jon ke nauaa Guru rahaa, ke Aurangzeb maar diis rahaa. Uske chaar me se dui larrka, yudh me mar gae rahin aur dui ke  Aurangzeb maar diis rahaa.

## Chhaapa ke gallery

## References
1666

**1666** ek sadhaaran saal rahaa jon suk ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 22 December - **[[Guru Gobind Singh]]**, daswa Sikh guru, ke janam Patna, Bihar, India me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

* 22 January - **[[Shah Jahan]]**, jon paanchwa Mughal badshah rahaa, ke maut Agra me bhais rahaa.

* 23 September - **[[François Mansart]]**, France ke architect, ke maut Paris me bhais rahaa.

## Chhutti aur teohaar

## References
1708

**1708** (MDCCVIII), ek leap saal rahaa jon  etwaar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 708th aur 18th century 8th saal rahaa,  aur  1700s dassak ke 9th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1764-1765, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1629-1630, Kali Yuga ke 4808-4809, Buddhist calendar ke 2252, Islamic calendar ke 1119-1120, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 240 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam
## Maut

* 7 October - **[[Guru Gobind Singh]]**, daswa Sikh guru, ke maut Nanded, Maharashtra, India me bhais rahaa.

## References
Ravi Shankar

**Ravi Shankar** (7 April 1920 - 11 December 2012) jiske paidais ke naam, **Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury** rahaa, ek Indian sitar ke bajae waala aur composer rahaa. 20th century ke duusra bhaag me uu dunia me sab se jaana maana North Indian classical musician rahaa.
Mirza Ghalib

**Mirza Ghalib** (27 December 1796 - 15 February 1869), jiske janam ke naam **Mirza beg Asadullah Khan** rahaa, lekin jiske jaada kar ke khaali **Ghalib** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, India ke ek Urdu aur Farsi kavi rahaa.

Khalib duuni Urdu aur Farsi me likhis rahaa. Jabki uske Farsi kavita Urdu kavita se paanch dafe lambaa hae, uske aaj-kal uske Urdu shaeri (poetry) khaatir jaaana jaae hae. Abhi Ghalib khaali Indian subcontinent me nai lekin diniya bhar me basaa Hindustani log me mashuur hae.

## References
Jamsetji Tata

**Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata** (3 March 1839&nbsp;– 19 May 1904), India ke ek pahila industrialist rahaa, jon ki India ke sab se barraa company, Tata Group ke suruu karis rahaa. Uske ii century ke daan de waala me se sab se barraa maana jaae hae, aur Jamshedpur City ke banais rahaa. Uske "Father of Indian Industry" maana jaae hae.

Tata Navsari me ek Zoroastrian Farsi palwaar me paida bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar Persia se, religious prosecution ke kaaran, bhaag ke India aae rahin. Ek pandit waala palwaar me rahe ke baawajuut uu Mumbai me ek export trading company ke suruuu karis rahaa. Tata ke Western parrhai mila rahaa.

Tata ek trading company ke 1868 me suruu karis rahaa, aur baad me ek cotton mill banais. Uu India ke pahila hotel, jisme electricity supply rahaa ke banais rahaa aur dher yogdaan Indian Institute of Science, Tata Steel aur tata Power ke banae me rahaa. 

## References
Hard disk

Ek **hard disk drive (HDD)**, jiske khaali **hard disk**, nai to **hard drive** ke naam se jaana jaae hae, computer ke khaatir ek storage device hae. Hard disk ke IBM sab se pahile 1956 me kaam me laais rahaa. 

Ek hard drive me ketnaa jaankari rakkhaa jaae sake hae, ke gigabyte (GB), nai to terabyte (TB) me naapa jaae hae. Pahile megabyte (MB) aur byte (B) ke bhi kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa.  Ii char chij ke biich ke sambandh ke niche ke equation me dekhaawa gais hae:

* 1 MB = 1000B
* 1GB = 1000MB
* 1TB = 1000GB
Hard disk me jaankari ke magnetism se rakkhaa jjae hae, ek nai to jaada platter ke kaam me laae ke. Ii platter ke saathe ek magnetic head rahe hae jon ki platter me likhe, nai to parrhe hae. Jaankari ke "random access" ke method se parrha jaae hae; jiske matlab hae ke jaankaari ke platter me se koi jagha se parrha jaae sake hae.
Hard disk ke computer se jorre ke khaatir Serial ATA, Parallel ATA. Fibre Channel, SCSI cable ke kaam me laawa jaae hae.

## References
Central processing unit

**Central processing unit (CPU)**, computer ke "dimaag" hae aur ii aur computer ke aur sab hissa ke aapan kaabu me rakkhe hae. Ii ek bijlii (electricity) se chale waala masiin hae jon ki computer program ke aades ke paalan kare hae.  CPU ke raftaar (clock speed) ke hertz (Hz) me naapa jaae hae. Aaj-kal ke CPU, GHz me chale hae. 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz.

Ghar me kaam me laae waala computer me jaada kar ke jon CPU ke kaam me laawa jaae hae ke microprocessor bolaa jaae hae jiske chaahe Intel nai to AMD banais hae. IBM aur ARM bhi CPU banae hae aur ii abhi Nvidia ke niche hae) Ii company ke CPU ke jaada kar ke embedded system me kaam me laawa jaae hae, jaise ki mobile phones, motar, video game console, nai to military kr kaam ke khaatir.

Aaj-kal ke computer chaahe 32-bit, nai to 64-bit CPU ke kaam me laae hae. Ek CPU ketnaa barraa dta ke handle kare sake hae ke "word sixe" bola jaae hae. 1970s se lae ke 90s ke susuwaat talak computer 8-bit aur 16-bit word size ke kaam me laawat rahin.

## References
Email

**Electronic mail**, jiske **e-mail,** nai to **email** bhi bolaa jaae hae, ek internet service hae jisse log, jiske lage email address hae, electronic chitthi bheje aur leae sake hae. Ii kaagaj ke chitthi ke rakam hae lekin jaldi se duur-duur bheja jaae sake hae aur ii jaada kar kar ke muft hae.

Kaagaj ke chithi ke rakam log ke bhi uu email mile hae jiske maanga nai gais hae. Iske "spam" bola jaae hae.

Email bheje aur le ke khaatir ek computer, phone etc. ke jaruri hae aur iske internet se jurra rahe ke chaahi, aur ek email account ke jaruri hae. Dher rakam ke email address hae lekin sab se saadharan hae is rakam ke: user@domain.com. Kuchcompany jon ki free email service de hae: gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo.

## Itihaas
Computer ke kaam me laae ke sandes bhejna uutime suruu bhais jab dher log ek system ke use kare sakat rahin, khaas kar ke 1965 me MIT me. Aur computer banae waale ii rakam ke computer messaging system ke develop kare rahin. 1971 me ARPANET banaa, jiske email me :@" ke kaam me laawa gais, aur log jon ki alag-alag rakam ke computer ke use karat rahin, ek duure ke email kare lagin.

1983 me ARPANET Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) ke suruu karis.

### References
Programming language

Ek **programming language**, ek rakam ke bhasa hae jon computer ke batae hae ki kon chij karo. Kuchh programming language hae; Python, Ruby, Java, Javascript, C, C++ aur C#.  Programming language se computer program likha jaae hae.

Jaada kar ke, programming language asli sabd ke kaam me laae hae ki insaan iske samjhe sake hae. Kuch programming language jaise ki Python aur JavaScript ke computer sidhe samaj le hae, lekin jaada me ii program ke compile kare ke parre hae jisse ii bhasa ke uu form me karaa jaae sake jon ki computer samjhe sake hae. Iske assembly language nai to machine language bola jaae hae.
Software

**Computer software**, jiske khaali **software** bhi bola jaae hae, jon ki computer ke batae hae ki ek taas ke kaise karaa jaae hae. Software me sab rakam ke program hae, jaise ki applications aur operating system. Application software ek khaas operation kare hae, jaise ki word processor. Operating system, applications aur computer ke biich me rahe hae. Kuch operating system hae Mac OS, Microsoft windows, Android, Linux.
Artificial intelligence

**Artificial Intelligence**, jiske **AI**, nai to **A.I.** bhi bola jaae hae, ek computer program, nai to masiin hae jon ki insaan ke rakam nawaa chij sikhe sake hae. Kabh kabhi AI ke neural network aur deep learning ke baare me baat kare khaatir bhi kaam me laawa jaae hae.

Kuch jaana-maana AI ke kaam me laae waale hae; search engines (jaise ki Google), video streaming (jaise ki YouTube, Netflix), human speech( jaise Google Assistant, Siri), creative toola (jaise ChatGPT, Apple Intelligence), strategy games (jaise chess).

Alan Turing pahila jan rahaa jon ki ii field me research karis rahaa jiske uu "machine intelligence" bolis rahaa. AI ke 1956 me University me parrhae ke suruu karaa gais rahaa.

## References
Information technology

**Information technology (IT)** ek term hae jisme sab rakam ke technology hae jisse jaankari ke banaawa, badla aur kaam me laawa jaae hae. Jaankari koi rakam ke rahe sake hae, jaise ki business ke data, awaaj, chhaapa, video.

Information technology me jaankari ke flow ke sab kadam rahe hae; jaankari batornaa, badalnaa, store karnaa, khojnaa, bhejnaa aur leenaa. Ajj-kal hamlog ek "Information society" me rahtaa hae jisme information technology jaruri industry hae.

## Itihaas
Information Technology ke baare me sab se pahile Massachusetts Institute of Technology aur Harvard University me baat karaa gais rahaa jab uu logan computer circuit aur numerical calculation ke discussion howat rahaa. Iske baad information technology aur compex hoe gais aur dher data ke process kare sakat rahin. Dher organisation ispe paper likhe rahin.

Pichhle hajaaro saal me, dher rakam ke chij ke computation khaatir kaam me laawa gais hae, jisme lakrri saait pahila hoi. 1645 me, Europe me pahila mechanical calculator ke banaawa gais rahaa. 1940s se electronic computer jisme valve ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa, ke banae ke suruu karaa gais rahaa. World War ii ke time aur achchhaa computer banaawa gais, jon ki program karaa jaae sakat rahaa, jisse code ke tuurraa jjawat rahaa. 21 June 1948 me pahila modern computer, Manchester Baby, ke banaawa gais rahaa.  

## References
Algorithm

Ek **Algorithm** ek aadesh ke suchi hae jisse logical aur mathematical problem ke solve karaa jaae hae, nai to aur koi kaam ke puura karaa jaae hae. Ek recipe ek algoritm ke achchhaa namuuna hae kaaheki isme jon chij kare ke hae ke step by step karaa jaae hae aur isme input aur ouutput hae.

Algorithm ke sadhaaran basa me likha jaae sake hae lekin computing me  pseudocode aur flow chart ke bhi kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Electricity

**Electricity**, electric current ke maujuudi (presence) aur bahao (flow) hae. Electricity se insaan dher kaam kare sake hae. Iske sab se jaana ruup hae, conductors, jaise ki copper wire me [electron]s ke bahao.

EK chij jon ki electricity ke bahe ke ijaajat de hae ke conductor bolaa jaae hae, jaise ki [copper aur duusra metal. Plastic, electricity ke bahe nai de hae aur iske insulator bola jaae hae.

Electrical energy praakritik (natural) hoe sake hae, jaise ki bijlii (lightning), nai to iske insaan banae sake hae, jaise ki generator. Jab electrical charge nai bahe hae tab iske "static electricity" bola jaae hae, aur jab charge bahe hae tab isme electric current bola jaae hae.

Electricity khatarnaat hoe sake hae, khaas kar ke paani me, kaaheki paani me mailaa aur nimak electricity conduct kare hae.

Electricity ke banaawa jaae sake hae jab ek magnet ke metal wire ke nigiich jaae hae. Ii rakam se generator chale hae. Electricity ke ek liquid solution me dui different metal ke duboe ke banaawa jaae sake hae. Static electricity ke dui chij ke ek duusre se ragre se banaawa jaae sake hae, jaise wool aur plastic ruler. Electrical energy ke suraj ke shakti se bhi banaawa jaae sake hae.

## References
<references/
Nuclear power

**Nuclear power**, nuclear reaction se electricity banaae hae. Nuclear power, nuclear fission, nuclear decay aur nuclear fusion se banaawa jaae hae. Abhi sab se jaada nuclear power uranium aur plutonium ke nuclear fission se banaawa jaae hae. 2023 me dunia ke puura electricity utpaadan me se khaali 10% nuclear power se aais rahaa.

## Itihaas
Nuclear fission ke 1938 me pahila dafe karaa gais rahaa. Iske baad ii jaana gais ki ek nucleus jab fission me rahe hae tab ii duusra fission reaction ke bhi suruu kare sake hae, jiske matlab hae ki ek "chain reaction" hoe hae. Jab iske experiment kar ke pakka jaan jaawa gias rahaa, tab dher des me sarkar ke uppar dabao daala gais ki uu nuclear hatyaar banae.

United States me pahila nuclear reactor banaawa gais jon ki December 1942 me kaam kare ke suruu karis. Iske baad nuclear hatyaar ke banae me kosis karaa gais aur July 1945 me pahila nuclear bomb ke test karaa gais aur ek mahina baad Hiroshima aur Nagasaki me atomic bomb giraawa gais.

December 20 1951 me pahila dafe nuclear reactor se electricity banaawa gais rahaa. US Navy, nuclear power ke submarine aur aircraft carrier ke chalae ke khaatir nuclear power ke January 1954 se kaam me laae ke suruu karis. 27 June 1954 me USSR me pahila dafe nuclear power planr se electricity banae ke power grid me jorra gais rahaa.

## References
Soviet Union

**Soviet Union**, jiske sarkari naam **Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)** rahaa, ek russian des rahaa, 1922 se 1991 talak. Iske 14 Soviet socialist republics aur ek Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR) rahaa. Jon des isme rahin lekin abhi ajaad des hae ke suchi hae:

# Armenia
# Azerbaijan
# Belarus
# Estonia
# Georgia
# Kazakhstan
# Kyrgyzstan
# Latvia
# Lithuania
# Moldova
# Russia
# Tajikistan
# Turkmenistan
# Ukraine
# Uzbekistan

Soviet Union, Russian Revolution ke lagbhag paach saal baad banaawa gais jab Vladimir Lenin leaser banaa. Lenin ii des ke communist banais jisme sarkar sab rakam ke utpaadan pe control rakkhis. Ii union ke sab se barraa des Russia rahaa, duusra sab se barraa des Kazakhistan aur tiisra sab se barra des Unkaine rahaa. Iske capital Moscow rahaa.

Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union des kae kaanun banaawat rahaa, lekin asliyat me communist party ke General Secretary ke isme puura haanth rahaa. Communist Party ke general secretary ke suchi hae:

* Joseph Stalin (3 April 1922 - {16 October]] 1952)
* Nikita Khrushchev (7 September 1953 - 14 Octobe 1964)
* Leonid Brezhnes (14 October 1964 - 10 November 1982)
* Yuri Andropov (12 November 1982 9 February 1984)
* Konstantin Chernenko (13 February 1984 - 10 March 1985)
* Mikhail Gorbachev (11 March]] 1985 - 24 August 1991)