open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Miguel de Cervantes

**Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra** (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) ek Spanish writer rahaa.

Uske famous book *Don Quijote de la Mancha* rahaa. Iske 65 des me chapa gais hae.

Uu Spain me paida bhaes rahaa.

## Jindagi
### Bachpan ke din
Uske pitaji, Rodrigo de Cervantes, ek surgeon rahaa. Uske aaja, Juan de Cervantes, ek mashuur wakiil rahaa, jon ki sarkar me me dher administrative positions pe rahaa. Uske uncle bahut din talak Cabra ke mayor rahaa. Uske maiya, Leonor de Cortinas, ke baare me bahut kuchh nai jaana jaawe hae. Uske bhaiya-bahini rahin Andrés (1543), Andrea (1544), Luisa (1546), Rodrigo (1550), Magdalena (1554) aur Juan.

### Italy ke yatra
1569 me, Cervantes Italy gais, jahaan pe uu Giulio Acquaviva, ek dhani padhri, jon kei agle saal cardinal banaa rahaa, ke valet banaa. Ii time talak, Cervantes Spanish navy regiment me bharti hoe gais rahaa, jisme uu 1575 talak rahaa, jab uske Algerian corsairs logan cpture kar liin rahaa. Ek jrmana ke e ke baad uske chhorra ais aur uu   Madrid laut gais.
I. M. Pei

**Ieoh Ming Pei** (born 26 April 1917) ek  Chinese American architect hae. Pei aapan field me ek important admii hae aur uske buildings dunia bhar me hae.
Dante Alighieri

**Dante Alighieri**, jiske jaada kar ke **Dante**ke naam se jaana jaawe hae (14 May/13 June 1265 - 14 September 1321), ek Italian poet rahaa jon ki Florence me rahat rahaa. Uske khaae kaam *Commedia* (*Divine Comedy*), ke Italian bhasa me sab se achchhaa literary work maana jaawe hae. Italian me uske "the Supreme Poet" (*il Sommo Poeta*) bola jaawe hae.  

## Duusra websites
* "Dante Alighieri on the Web", about the Dante's life, and (complete) work.
* The Banquet (Il Convito)
* The Divine Comedy: A Study Guide about Divine Comedy
* The Divine Comedy, Italian 
* Dante Alighieri  and his Divine Comedy in English on Read Print  
* The Online Library of Liberty: Dante's Divine Comedy  Italian text with English translation, Cambridge, 1918.
* Società Dantesca Italiana (bilingual site) manuscripts of Dante's works, images and text transcripts
* Guardian Books: small "Author Page"
* LitWeb.net: Dante Alighieri Biography 
* Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Another biography, on his works and bibliography
Virgil

**Publius Vergilius Maro**, jiske English bhasa waalas log **Virgil** nai to  **Vergil** ke naam se jaane hae, (15 October, 70 BC - 21 September, 19 BC) ek kavi rahaa, jon ki Latin me likhat rahaa. Virgil' ke sab se jaana maana kavita,  *Aeneid* hae. 

Virgil ke janam Andes, Mantua, Cisalpine Gaul me bhais rahaa.  Vidwaan log ii batae hae ki uske chaahe Etruscan, Umbrian nai to Celtic descent rahaa, uske ilaka ke ethnic marker ke study kare ke baad.  

## Chapa ke gallery

File:Virgilio.png|Virgil
File:GiorcesBardo42.jpg|Virgil ke mosaic
File:RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg|Virgil ke portrait


## References
Mark Twain

**Mark Twain**, **Samuel Langhorne Clemens** ke likhe waala naam hai (30 November 1835 - 21 April 1910), ek jaane maane American writer rahaa jiske janam Florida, Missouri me bhais rahaa. Uu writer bane se pahile ek newspaer me aur ek riverboat ke pilot rahaa.

Clemens ke jaada kar ke uske fiction writing ke khatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uske pahila published story, 1865 me, rahaa *The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.*

*Huckleberry Finn* bhi bahut famous bhais aur dher log iske Clemens' ke sab se achchhaa kaam maane hai. Ii book ek goraa larrka aur black escaped slave ke baare me southern United States me baised hai.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens ke janam Florida, Missouri me November 30  1835 me bhais rahaa. Uu ek Tennessee country merchant, John Marshall Clemens (August 11, 1798 – March 24, 1847), aur Jane Lampton Clemens (June 18, 1803 – October 27, 1890) ke larka rahaa.  Twain, saat larrkan ke palwaar me sixth rahaa. Uske haali tiin bhaiya bahini jinda rahe paain. Jab Twain chaar saal ke rahaa tab uske palwaar Hannibal, Missouri,me rahe ke khati chal diin, jon ki Mississippi River pe rahaa. Jab Twain 11 saal ke rahaa tab uske pitaji ke maut hoe gais. Agle saal uu ek printer ke appentice ban gais.  1851 me uu typesetter ke kaam suru kar diis aur  Hannibal Journal, a newspaper owned by his brother Orion, me bhi likhe lagaa. Jab uu 18 saal ke rahaa, tab uu ek printer ke kaam New York City, Philadelphia, St. Louis, aur Cincinnati me karis.

## Chapa ke gallery

File:MTwainAppletonsJournal4July74.jpg|1874 ke engraving
File:Twain in Tesla's Lab.jpg|1894 me
File:MarkTwain.LOC.jpg|Mark Twain, May 1904
File:Twain House first floor library HABS CONN,2-HARF,16-63.jpg|mark Twain ke ghae ke library


## Bibliography
* *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer* (1876)
* *The Prince and the Pauper* (1882)
* *Adventures of Huckleberry Finn* (1884)
* *A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court* (1889)

## Duusra websites
* Mark Twain mobile ebooks
* Quotes by Mark Twain 

## References
Leo Tolstoy

Count **Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy** (1828-1910) ek Russian novelist rahaa, jon ki aapan book *[[War and Peace]]* aur *[[Anna Karenina]]* ke khatir famous bhais .

Tolstoy ke janam Yasnaya Polyana Tula, Russia me bhais rahaa aur uske saadi Sofia Andreevna Bers se bhais rahaa. 

Uu ek Christian rahaa aur non-violence me biswas karat rahaa. Uske book *The Kingdom of God is Within You* Mahatma Gandhi aur Martin Luther King se influence bhais rahaa. 

## Chapa ke gallery

File:1856._Л.Н.Толстой.jpg|1856 me military uniform me
File:Tolstoy family.jpg|Uske aurat aur larrki
File:Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg|Tolstoy ke chapa jiske 1887 me Ilya Repin banais rahaa
File:Count Tolstoy, with hat.jpg|Bina tarik ke chapa
Sappho

**Sappho** ek puurana jamana ke wGreek lyrical poet rahaa. Kuch log ii soche hae ki uske janam Eressos, jon ki  Lesbos me hae, me bhaes rahaa. Uske janam 630 aur 612 BC ke biich me bhaes rahaa. Uske mai-baap  aristocrats rahin.
Josè Saramago

**José de Sousa Saramago**, (pronounced|ʒuˈzɛ sɐɾɐˈmagu; janam 16 November 1922 - 18 June 2010) ek Portuguese writer, playwright aur journalist rahaa.

Saramago ke 1998 me Nobel Prize for literature dewa gais rahaa. Uu abhi Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain me rahe hae.

Saramago ke janam Azinhaga, Portugal me bhaes rahaa.

Saramago ke saadi 1944 me Ilda Reis  se bhaes rahaa. Uske ekke larrka, Violante, ke janam 1947 me bhaes rahaa. 1988 se , Saramago  Spanish journalist Pilar del Río se saadi karis hae jon ki uske book ke Spanish bhasa me translate kare hae.

José Saramago mid-fifties me rahaa jab ki uske book  *Baltasar and Blimunda* famous bhaes  aur iske khatir uske Portuguese PEN Club Award bhi milaa.

Saramago 1969 se Portuguese Communist Party ke member hae,  aur uu atheistbhi hae and self-described pessimist. Uske bichar bahut controvery cause kare hae, jaaada kar ke uske  biik *The Gospel According to Jesus Christ*.

## Themes
Saramago uses for his works fantastic scenarios. In his 1986 novel, *The Stone Raft*, the Iberian Peninsula breaks off from the rest of Europe and sails about the Atlantic Ocean. In his 1995 novel, *Blindness*, an entire country is  with a mysterious plague called “white blindness”.

## Bibliography

## References

### Bibliography
* Baptista Bastos, *José Saramago : Aproximação a um retrato*, Dom Quixote, 1996
* T.C. Cerdeira da Silva, *Entre a história e aficção : Uma saga de portugueses*, Dom Quixote, 1989
* Maria da Conceição Madruga, *A paixão segundo José Saramago : a paixão do verbo e o verbo da paixão*, Campos das Letras, Porto, 1998
* Horácio Costa, *José Saramago : O Período Formativo*, Ed. Caminho, 1998
* Helena I. Kaufman, *Ficção histórica portuguesa da pós-revolução*, Madison, 1991
* O. Lopes, *Os sinais e os sentidos : Literatura portuguesa do século XX*, Lisboa, 1986
* Carlos Reis, *Diálogos com José Saramago*, Ed. Caminho, Lisboa, 1998
* M. Maria Seixo, *O essencial sobre José Saramago*, Imprensa Nacional, 1987
* "Saramago, José (1922-)." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Ed. Tracie Ratiner. Vol. 25. 2nd ed. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. Discovering Collection. Thomson Gale. University of Guelph. 25 Sep. 2007

## Duusra websites
* The Unexpected Fantasist, a portrait of José Saramago, written by Fernanda Eberstadt and published August 26, 2007 in *The New York Times Magazine*
* Introduction and video of Saramago from "Heroes de los dos bandos" -spanish civil war-
* Interviews with Saramago in video 
* José Saramago from Pegasos
* Translation of interview with Saramago in El País - 12-Nov-2005
Sophocles

**Sophocles** (497 BC, 496 BC, nai to 495 BC – 406 BC) ek purana time ke Greek writer rahaa, jon ki 123 plays likhis rahaa. Isme se abhi khaali 7 abhitalak survive kare hae. Sophocles ne Oedipus likha he. Tabhi 3 mahab playwrights the aur Sophocles unme se ek tha.

## Surviving plays
* The Theban plays (The Oedipus Cycle):
** *Antigone*
** *Oedipus the King* (Oedipus Rex or Oedipus Tyrannos)
** *Oedipus at Culos*
* *Ajax*
* *The Trachiniae*
* *Electra*
* *Philoctetes*
Fiji Hindustani unionist ke suchi

* Ramgarib Singh - Indian Cane Growers Association, jiske 28 September 1919 me suruu karaa gais rahaa, ke ek agua rahaa.
* Randhir Singh - Indian Cane Growers Association, jiske 28 September 1919 me suruu karaa gais rahaa, ke ek agua rahaa.
* N. B. Mitter -
* Vashist Muni - 11 February 1921 ke Fiji ke Viti Levu ke west me suruu hoe waala harrtaal ke mukhia rahaa.
* Vishnu Deo - Fiji Automobile Association aur Rewa Farmers Union ke leader rahaa.
* Ayodhya Prasad - Kisan Sangh ke suruu kare waala aur General Secretary rahaa.
* Mehar Singh- Vishal Sangh, 1943 me ke suruu kare waala rahaa.
* Ami Chandra - Fiji Teachers Union aur Fiji Industrial Workers Congress ke leader rahaa.
* A. D. Patel - Maha Sangh ke suruu kare waala aur Federation of Cane Growers ke leader rahaa
* Swami Rudrananda - Maha Sangh ke ek leader rahaa.
* B. D. Lakshman - Fiji Chini Majduur Sangh aur Fiji Industrial Workers Congress ke President rahaa.
* James Madhavan - Fiji Teachers Union ke President aur Maha Sangh ke Labasa branch ke President rahaa.
* S. M. Koya - Federation of Cane Growers ke President rahaa.
* Vijay R. Singh - Labasa Kisan Sangh ke President rahaa.
* K. C. Ramrakha - Fiji Teachers Union ke General Secretary rahaa.
* Jai Ram Reddy - Federation of Cane Growers aur Fiji Cane Growers Association ke President rahaa.
* Mahendra Chaudhry - Fiji Public Service Association aur National Farmers Union ke General Secretary rahaa.
* Felix Anthony - Fiji Sugar and General Workers Union ke General Secretary rahaa.
Portuguese bhasa

**Portuguese bhasa** ek Romance bhasa hae, jon ki Latin se aais hae. Ii bhasa ke Portuguese sabd "Português" hae.

## O cei e vosa Portuguese bhasa

Portuguese bhasa dunia ke western bhasa me se tiisra sab se jaada bola jaawe waala bhasa hae (English bhasa aur Spanish bhasa ke baad me). Ii bhasa ke 246 million native speakers (Ethnologue 2021) jon ki jaada kar ke Portugal, Brazil, Cape Verde, Angola, Mozambique, East Timor, Guinea Bissau, Macau (Region of China) São Tomé and Príncipe, Equatorial Guinea aur India ke city Goa, Damão aur Diu.

## Portuguese bhasa me ginti

## References
Suriname me Girmit

1873 se lae ke 1916 talak 64 jahaaj me 34,304 girmitya logan ke India se Suriname lawa gais rahaa. Isme se 11,512, paanch saal ke girmit ke baad, laut ke India chal diin.

## Girmit ke jamana
Netherlands me gulami 1863 me khatam bhais rahaa. Free karaa gais gulam logan aapan plantation chhorr ke chal diin aur 90 talak plantation ke band kare ke parraa.  Kuchh plantation ke owner logan British Guinea se girmit khalaas kare waala Hindustani log ke bharti kar ke aapn plantation me kaam kare khatir laain. 1870 me Britain Netherlands ke Dutch Guinea khatir majduur ke India se bharti kare ke ijaajat diis.  

5 June 1873 ke din, ek sailing jahaaj, *Lala Rookh*, 452 Girmitya logan ke lae ke, tiin mahina ke trip ke baad, Calcutta se Paramaribo pahuchis. Isme se lagbhag sab log Uttar Pradesh nai to Bihar ke rahin. Kuchh girmitya logan ii sochat rahin ki uu logan ke et tirat yatra pe ek jagha, jiske naam "Sri Ram" rahaa, pe lae jawa jaawe hae.

## Suriname Hindustani
Girmit khalaas kare waale Hindustani log ke India laute se discourage kare ke khatir, 1885 me Dutch sarkar, ii Hindustani log ke state-run plantation me free settlement rights aur 100 Dutch guilders diis. Lagbhag 23,000 Hindustani log Sriname me rahe gain. Kuchh din baad Hindustani log plantation ke chhorr ke aapan jamiin kharid ke dhaan ke boe suruu karin. uu log aapan larrkan ke parrhae lagin aur World War II ke baad Suriname ke Hindustani Dutch university se parr ke laute lagin aur achchhaa achchhaa kaam kare lagin.

## References
* Indian diaspora 
* From Masjid to Mandir: Across the Corentyne, into Suriname
Pakistan ke Prime Minister

## Pakistan ke Pradhan Mantri
Pakistan ke Prime Minister ki list san 1947 se abhi tak. Inke term hote hai 4 saal aur bhi term diye jate hae. Prime minster Senate or National Assembly mein haazir hote hae. Abhi ke prime minister hai Shri Shehbaz Sharif aur inke President hai Shri Arif Alvi. Shri Shehbaz Sharif sann 2022 se pakistan ke pradhan mantri bane hae. Isse pehle ke prime minister the Shri Imran Khan Niazi jo Pakistan ke Tehreek-E-Insaaf se hae. Sharif Pakistan Muslim League (N) se hai aur inhone senate aur National Assembly mein sabse zyada states jete hae. Pakistan ke presidents ke independent party the waise Pakistan ke Pradhan Mantri kabhi bhi caretaker the.
## Abhi ke Pradhan Mantri

## Pichle Pradhan mantri

## Li bhi dekho
Pakistani Political Parties, Pakistan ke Presidents
Mauritius me Girmit

Mauritius, uu des me jahan pe India se girmitya logan ke lae jawa gais rahaa, me se khaas des hae kahe ki ii ek des hae jahan pe Hindustani logan bahumat (majority) me hae (70%). Ii des me sab se pahile Hindustani logan ke bheja gais rahaa aur girmit me sab se jaada Hindustani logan ke bhi hian pe bheja gais rahaa.

Pahila Hindustani logan Mauritius me uu time aain jab ii island France ke niche rahaa. 1729 -1731 ke biich me 300 artisans ke India ke French colony, khaas kar ke Pondicherry se Mauritius lawa gais rahaa. Ii logan jaada kar ke Tamil bhasa waalae Tamil Nadu ke Catholic rahin. 1914 me Mauritius Britain ke niche aais aur 1816 se 1820 talak British-Indian sarkar Mauritius me India se jaheli logan ke bhejis. Slavery ke khalaas hoe ke baad, Hindustani majuur ke Mauritius bheja jaawe lagaa, aur 1834 se 1920 talak 420,000 Hindustani log ii rakam se huan pe aain.

## References
* Indian diaspora 
* Indo-Mauritians and the Innocents
Reunion me Girmit

**Reunion**, Indian Ocean me ek French colony hae. 1826 me Reunion ke sarkar kanuun banais jiske niche Hindustani majuur ke ii island pe lae jawa jaawe sake. 1830 talak 3,012 Hindutani logan ke Indians French territories, jaise ki Pondichery aur Karikal, se Reunion lae jaawa gais. 

Duusra colony ke rakam hian pe bhi Africa se gulaam logan ke laae ke plantation mr kaam larawa jawat rahaa. 1848 me jab France aur uske colony me gulaami khalaas hoe gais tab duusra jagah se majuur ke bharti kare ke kosis suruu bhaes. 

25 July 1848 ke France aur Britain ke biich me ek samjhauta ke uppar sign karaa gais jiske niche har saal France 6,000 Hindustani majuur ke girmit ke niche Reunion khatir bharti kare sake. Ii girmit paanch saal ke rahaa, jiske baad India laute khatir free passage milat rahaa. Majuur logan e achchaa se dekhe ke bhi waada rahaa. 1848 aur 1860 ke biich me ii rakam se 37,777 Hindustani logan, jaada kar ke Tamil Nadu waala jagah ke rahin.

Pahila World War talak Hindustani logan ke khaali foreign majuur maana jaawat rahaa, lekin 1920 ke baad uu logan ke puura French citizenship milaa, aur jab 1946 me Reunion ke France ke ek department banawa gais tab huan ke Hindustani logan ke puura adhikar milaa.

1999 me 709,468 ke abaadi me se 180,000 Hindustani rahin. Iske uu Hindustani bhi hae jon k apne se, haas kar ke Gujarat se, aawe rahin.

## References
* Indian diaspora 
* Organisation for diaspora initiatives
Trinidad me Girmit

**[[Trinidad and Tobago]]** me girmit 1845 se 1917 talak chalaa, jisme 134,183 Hindustani logan ke India se Trinidad lawa gais rahaa. Pahila jahaaj, *Fatel Razack*, 30 May 1845 ke 227 girmitya logan ke lae ke Gulf of Paria aais.

Hindustani log ke hian pe tiin se paanch saal ke contract me lawa gais rahaa aur ii log ke achchhaa se dekhe ke khatir kanuun rahaa lekin kanuum ke enforce kare waala koi nai rahaa. Colonial Office aur India ke sarkar ke dabao ke kaaran Trinidad ke Legislative Council kuch aur kanuun banais jisme girmit ke time ke ek saal kar dewa gais rahaa. Planter log ke dabao ke kaaran 1950 me girmit ke contract ke tiin saal aur 1962 me paanch saal kar dewa gais rahaa.

Trinidad aawe waale jaada Hindustani Uttar Pradesh aur Bihar ke rahin, aur ii logan ke "Kalkatiya" bola jaawat rahaa kaahe kii ii logan Calcutta se jahaaj me charrha rahin. Lagbhag 5,000 log South India se aawe rahin, jiske "Madrasi" bola jaawat rahaa kaahe ki ii logan Madras se jahaaj me chrrha rahin.

## Bahaari jorr
* Fatel Razack
* Indian Arrival Day

## References
* Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora
Guyana me Girmit

**[[Guyana]]** me 1838 se lae ke 1920 girmit chalaa, jisme 239,000 girmitya logan ke India se Guyana lae jawa gais rahaa. 

Aur British colony ke rakam hian pe bhi gulaami ke band kare ke baad Hindustani logan ke lae jaawa gais. 1838 se lagbhag gulaam ke rakam thora thora Hindustani logan ke Guyana lawa gais, lekin 1850 ke baad jaada number me girmitya logan hian pe aawe lagin. 1920 me girmit khalaas hoe talak 239,000 girmitya logan aain, jisme se 90% Uttar Pradesh aur Bihar ke rahin aur baaki log Tamil Nadu ke rahin. 

## References
* Report of the High Level Committee on the Indian Diaspora
Fiji me girmit

Fiji ke Hindustani log me se lag bhag sab log girmit me Fiji aay rahin. Pahila girmit jahaaj, Leonidas, 15 May 1879 ke roj, 463 girmitya ke lae ke Fiji pahucha. Is ke baad 86 aur jahaaj 60,553 girmitya logan ke Fiji laais. Suruu me khali Calcutta se girmitya logan awat rahin lenkin  1903 se Madras se bhi girmitya logan aae ke suruu karin. 45,439 girmitya logan Calcutta se aur 15,114 logan Madras se aain, 1916 talak jab ke girmit ke band kar dewa gais rahaa.

## References
*   Report of the High Level Committe on the Indian diaspora
Ami Chand

**Ami Chand**, Fiji ke ek politician rahaa jon ki 1999 me Fiji Labour Party khatir Fiji ke House of Representatives ke  Ba West Indian Communal Constituency ke jiitis rahaa. 
19 May 2000 ke uske aur 42 aur People's Coalition Government ke member logan ke George Speight aur uske Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF) ke Counter Revolutionary Warfare Unit ke member logan hostage banae liin rahaa. Uske 21 May 2000 ke chhorr dewa gais rahaa jab uu ek kaagaj pe sign kar ke Parliament se aapan seat se resihn kar diis.


## References
Dewan Chand

**Dewan Chand** Fiji ke ek Hindustani educationaist aur politician rahaa jon ki 2006 ke General election me Labour Party khatir Laucala Indian Communal Constituency  ke jiitis rahaa.  

Chand ek secondary school principal aur Fiji Teachers Unionke ek member rahaa, politics me jaawe se pahile. 



## References
Algiers

**Algiers**, Algeria, jon ki northern Africa ke ek des hae, ke capital city hae. Ii city, des ke northern coast me hae. Iske population 3,415,811 hae (2011).
Western Sahara

**Western Sahara**, Africa ke ek des hae. Ii Morocco ke west, Algeria ke east, Mauritania ke south me hae. Iske west me Atlantic Ocean hae. Spain ii des pe 1884 se 1976 talak raj karis. 1976 me Morocco ii des ke aapan niche kar liis lekinWestern Sahara ke jaada log ajaadi mmange hae.
Morocco

**Morocco** north Africake ek des hae. Iske official naam **Kingdom of Morocco** hae.

## Politics
Morocco ek constitutional monarchy hae. His Majesty King Muhammad VI, Morocco ke Raja aur head of state hae. Ike Prime Minister Aziz Akhannouch hae.

## Geography
Morocco ke east me Algeria aur south me Western Sahara hae. Mediterranean Sea Morocco ke north me hae aur Atlantic Ocean west me hae.

Morocco ke jaada hissa Sahara Desert hae aur iske kaaran jaada log coast ke kinare rahe hae. Morocco ke area 446,550&nbsp;km² hae.

Morocco ke capital city, Rabat hae. 

## People and culture
Morocco ke abaadi 34,343,219 hae. Morocco ke log ke **Moroccans** bola jaawe hae aur jaada Moroccans Arabii nai to Berber hae. 

Morocco ke official bhasa Arbii hae, lekin dher log Berber bhasa me bhi baat kare hae. Hian pe French me bhi baat karaa jaawe hae kahe ki Morocco pahile ek French colony rahaa.

Jaada Moroccans Islam dharam ke maane hae. 

Morocco ke currency *dirham (MAD)* hae.
Rwanda

**Rwanda**, Africa ke ek des hae. Iske parrosi des Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Uganda aur Tanzania hae. Iske official bhasa Kinyarwanda hae lekin hian pe French aur English me bhi baat karaa jaawe hae. Ii des ke tribe hae Hutu aur Tutsi. Iske capital city Kigali hae.
* Visit Rwanda 

Ii pahile Belgium ke colony rahaa, jisse ii 1962 me ajaad bhaes.

**Rashtrapita**: Paul Kagame (Rwandan Patriotic Front)

**Pradhan Mantri**: Édouard Ngirente


file:Lake Burera in Rwanda.jpg
file:Rwanda karongi.jpg
file:Rwanda cultural house (NYAKATSI).jpg
file:Musanze Gorilla naming monument.jpg
file:The Catholic Cathedral in Kabgayi.jpg
file:Kigali Convention Center ( Rwanda ).jpg
file:University of Rwanda, Remera Campus.jpg
São Tomé and Príncipe

**Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe**, Gulf of Guinea me ek chhota island des hae. Isme dui island: São Tomé, aur Príncipe hae. 

Ii duuno island ek duusre se 140&nbsp;km duur hae aur Gabon ke northwestern coast se 250 aur 225&nbsp;km duur hae. Duunu island ek purana volcanic pahaarr range ke hissa hae. São Tomé, jon ki barraa aur south me hae, lagbhag equator ke uppar hae. Iske naam Saint Thomas se aais hae kaahe ki Portuguese explorer logan ii island ke St. Thomas's Day ke din paain rahaa.

Ii pahile Portugal ke colony rahaa lekin 1975 me ajaad bhaes. Portuguese ii des ke official bhasa hae.
Seychelles

**Seychelles**, Indian Ocean ke ek des hae. Iske capital city Victoria hae aur iske official bhasa Creole, English, aur French hae.

ii des African continent ke east me hae. Madagascar aur Mauritius iske south me hae. Ii republic me 115 island hae. Iske abaadi ke jaada hissa African Continent aur Madagascar ke freed slaves aur European settlers ke mixture hae. Ii log ii des ke 90% abaadi hae. Hian pe Europe, China aur India ke minorities bhi hae. Jaada log Catholic, (90%) hae. Lagbhag 8% Protestant hae.
Sierra Leone

**Sierra Leone**, West Africake ek des hae. Iske capital Freetown hae aur official bhasa English hae.

Ii des ke freed slaves ke rahe khatir kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1991 se 2000 talak hian pe civil war rahaa. 

Sierra Leone ke jamin ke area 71,740 square kilometres hae. In this country there are 14 districts. Districts are big areas of land. 
.

## Notes

## Duusra websites
* SierraLeone.com
OPEC

**Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries** (**OPEC**) ek international organization hae jisme dunia ke barraa petroleum export kare waala des hae. 1965 se iske headquarters Vienna, Austria me hae. 

## Members

11 des OPEC ke member hae. Ii des ke naam hae: 
# Algeria
# Indonesia
# Iran
# Iraq
# Kuwait
# Libya
# Nigeria
# Qatar
# Saudi Arabia
# United Arab Emirates
# Venezuela. 

## Itihaas
### WWII ke baad
1949 me [Venezuela]] ek meeting ke organise karis jon baad me OPEC banaa. Isme Iran, Iraq,Kuwait aur Saudi Arabia ke invite karaa gais rahaa. Ii meeting me vichaar ke adla badli karaa gais ki tel produce kare waala des kaise ek duusre se larrai ke baad ke dunia me communicate kare sake. Ii time dunia ke ek sab se barraa tel ke field  Middle East me tel nikaale ke suruu karis rahaa. United States ek commission ke banais rahaa jon jaada tel ke proce kare pe rok lagae sake. Ii time US, dunia ke sab se barraa tel ke producer aur consumer rahaa. Dunia ke tel ke market ke kuchh multinational companies , jiske "Seven Sisters" bola jaawat rahaa, dominate karat rahin, jisme se paanch US me based rahin. Iske takkar kare ke khaatir tel-exporting des  OPEC ke banain jisse sab taagat ek des me nai rahe. 

## Duusra websites
* OPEC official site
Qatar

**Qatar**, Middle East ke ek des hae. Iske official naam **State of Qatar** hae.

## Jagah
Qatar ek chhhota des hae jiske area 10,360 &nbsp;km2 hae. Qatar eninsula 160&nbsp;km lamba hae. 

Qatar ke capital city **[[Doha]]** hae. 

## Qatar ke log
Qatar ke log ke **Qataris** bola jaawe hae. Ii log Arbii hae. Iske official bhasa Arbii pura Qatar Islam hae 

Qatar me 885,000 guest workers rahe hae.

Qatar ke economy petroleum aur natural gas hae. Qatar Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ke member hae.

Qatar ke currency **Qatari Riyal** hae.

Lagbhag sab Qatari log Islam dharam ke maane hae.


file:A7-BEB - Qatar Airways (FIFA World Cup 2022 Livery) - Boeing 777-3DZER - 43215 - VGHS.jpg
file:2022 FIFA World Cup Korea Uruguay 02.jpg
file:Modern Doha.jpg
file:Corniche Doha Qatar.jpg
Somalia

**Somalia** (Somali: *Soomaaliya*; Arbii: الصومال), official naam **Republic of Somalia** (Somali: *Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya*; Arbii:جمهورية الصومال) jiske pahile **Somali Democratic Republic** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, Horn of Africa ke ek des hae. Iske parrosi des hae northwest me Djibouti, southwest me Kenya north me Gulf of Aden aur Yemen, east me Indian Oceanaur west me Ethiopia hae.
Eswatini

**Swaziland** Africa ke ek des hae. Iske capital city Mbabane hae. Iske tiin bagal South Africa aur ek bagal Mozambique hae.Swaziland ke life expectancy dunia ke sab des me se sab se kamti hae.

## References

## Duusra websites
* Online Information about Swaziland
Togo

**Togo**, Africa ke ek des hae. Ii Africa ke western coast me Benin aur Ghana ke biich me hae.World War I se pahile ii Germany ke colony rahaa. Iske baad ii France ke colony banaa. 1960s me ii France se ajaad bhais.
Oman

**Sultanate of Oman ** southwestern Asia ke ek des hae aur ii Arabian Peninsula me hae. Iske parrosi des hae northwest me United Arab Emirates, west me Saudi Arabia aur southwest me Yemen hae. Iske coast south aur east me Arabian Sea aur northeast me Gulf of Oman se hae.

ii des ek monarchy hae. iske capital Muscat hae.
file:Sultanate of Oman.jpg
file:Nizwa Fort Detail.JPG
file:Oman Artwork.jpg


## Duusra websites
* Pictures of Oman
Malaysia

**Malaysia**, Southeast Asia ke ek tropical des hae. Iske South China Sea dui hissa me hae baate hae. Iske mainland Malay Peninsula me hae jon ki Straits of Malacca ke east me hae aur South China Sea ke west me hae. Iske duusra hissa, jiske kabhi kabhi East Malaysia bola jaawe hae, Borneo ke northern hissa me hae. Kuala Lumpur, jon ki Malay Peninsula me hae, iske capital city hae, lekin  federal capital ke abhi haali Putrajaya hatae ke kar dewa gais hae, jon ki ek nawaa banawal city hae jiske administration khatir banawa gais hae. Ii ek federal state hae jisme 13 states hae. 

Malaysia me dher jaat ke log hae, jaise kis Chinese, Malay aur Indian. Iske official bhasa Malay hae lekin English ke jaada kar ke education aur business me kaam me lawa jaawe hae.  Islam ii des ke official religionhae, lekin log duusra dharam ke practise kare sake hae.

## Duusra websites
* Malaysian Government Portal 
* Malaysian maps
* Sanal Sunucu
* Malaysia Travel Guide - Most comprehensive travel guide to Malaysia attractions
Moldova

**Republic of Moldova**, Eastern Europe ke ek des hae. Iske official bhasa Romanian bhasa hae, lekin Moldovame iske "Moldovan bhasa" bola jaawe hae. Moldova ke capital city Chişinău hae. GDP per capita hai 5711 USD. Efforts hamesha population ko bada mein jaate hai.Moldlovan President   
file:Moldova Nativity Cathedral.jpg
file:MD.CH - Aflorimentul de lângă Văleni - jun 2021 - 08.jpg
file:Parliament Building Moldova.jpg
file:France x Moldavie - Stade France 2019-11-14 St Denis Seine St Denis 8.jpg|Moldovite vs France
file:Cross in Moldova 01.jpg
file:Moldova Embassy Israel.jpg|Moldova in Israel


## Li bhi dekho
Countries with population fluctuation issues, 2000s to present Peruvian conflict(Moldova kais desho men se hai jinka population(4.005 million[down since 11 July 2023 after going up prior]) ke fluctuation ke problem hote the) 

## Bhaari Jhor
Qatar FIFA World Cup

## References
Estonia

**Estonia**, Northern Europe ke ek chhota des hae. Iske capital city Tallinn hae. Estonia ke parrosi des hae Sweden, Finland, Russia aurLatvia. Iske population 1,332,893 hae.

Estonia, 29 March 2004 ke  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ke member banaa. 1 May 2004 ke ii  European Union join karis.

Estonia Baltic Sea ke east me hae.



## Duusra websites

* Official State Website
Bahamas

**Commonwealth of The Bahamas**,  West Indies ke ek island ke jhund hae. Des ke capital, Nassau hae, jon ki New Providence Island me hae.

Ii maana jaawe hae ki Christopher Columbus America ke discover karis jab uu Bahamas ke San Salvador Island me land karis.

Ii des ke jaada log African descent ke hae aur English me baat kare hae.

## Duusra websites
*Official Government Website
*The Ministry of Tourism's Site
Maldives

**Maldives**, Indian Ocean me ek island ke jhund hae. Ii India ke southwest me hae. Ii des Maldive aur Suadive archipelago se banaa hae jisme puura milae ke 1,200 islands. Ii sab island 26 atoll me hae. Log iske 200 island me rahe hae. Isme 1126 se jaada coral reefs hae. Ii ek samthar des hae aur hian ke sab se uuncha jagha samundar se khaali 2m uppar hae.
Malé iske capital hae aur iske abaadi 81,000 log hae. Hian ke khaas bhasa Dhivehi hae.
Malta

**Malta**, Europe ke ek island des hae. Ii Mediterranean Sea ke biich me  aur Sicily ke south me hae. Malta ke capital city Valletta hae. Lagbhag 400,000 log Malta me rahe hae. Malta dunia ke ek sab se densely populated desme se ek hae. 

## Language
Malta ke dui official bhasa, Maltese aur English hae. Italian ke bhi kaam me lawa jaawe hae kahe ki Maltese television aur literature jaada kar ke Italian me hae. 1936 se pahile, Italian hian ke national bhasa rahaa. 

## Money
Malta ke pahile aapan currency, Maltese Lira ahaa lekin 2008 se Euro use kare hae.

## History
Admii log Malta me 5200 BC se rahe hae. 

Knights of St John, Palestine se  Malta move kar ke aapan base huan pe banain. Ii knight aur  Maltese log people ek Turkish attack ke repel kar diin. Ii knights ke itihaas ke kaaran hian pe Roman Catholic kaafi karraa hae.

1800 me Napoleon Malta ke capture kar liis. France ke haar ke baad British 200 saal talak hian pe raaj karis.  Second World War me Malta ke George Cross dewa gais rahaa.

2004 me Malta European Union join karis aur 2008 me Malta Euro ke join karis.

## Gallery

Valletta-18-Balkon-zwei Frauen-1989-gje.jpg|Valletta
Senglea-04-Grand Harbour-Schiff-1989-gje.jpg|Senglea
Paola-Addolorata-Friedhof-12-Grabkapelle-1989-gje.jpg|Paola Addolorata
Hagar Qim-06-Ornamentsteine-1989-gje.jpg|Hagar Qim
Rabat-02-Festtagsschmuck-1989-gje.jpg|Rabat
Malta-216-Opuntienschwein-1989-gje.jpg
Victoria-36-Kloepplerinnen-1989-gje.jpg|Victoria
Marsalforn-10-Salzpfannen-1989-gje.jpg|Marsalforn
Xlendi-38-Steilkueste-Turm-1989-gje.jpg|Xlendi
Malta-144-Steinbruch-Totale-1989-gje.jpg


## Duusra websites
* Photos, Webcam of Gozo
* Malta holidays and hotels 
* Malta travel guide
Nauru

**Nauru**, Pacific Ocean me ek chota island hae. Ii ek island ke des ek republic hae. Ii Australia ke phosphate beche hae. Nauru dunia ke sab se chhota republic hae. English aur Nauruan hian ke official bhasa hae. Nauru me koi official capital city nai hae lekin hian ke sab se barraa jagah Yaren hae. Nauru ke 14 district me baata gais hae.
Commonwealth of Independent States

**Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)** ek international organization nai to alliance hae.

8 December 1991 ke , Russia, Belarus, aur Ukraine ke leader logan Belarus ke ek natural reserve, Belovezhskaya Pushcha, me milin aur Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ke banain.

Purana Soviet Union ke 15 republics, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Estonia, Latvia, aur Lithuania, me se Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, aur Lithuania ke chhorr ke aur sab iske member banin. December 1993 me , Georgia bhi join kar liis aur 26 August 2006 ke Turkmenistan permanent membership chhorr ke associate member ban gais.

CIS ke headquarters Minsk, Belarus me hae. Ek Executive Director CISke agua hae.

## Duusra websites

* http://cis.minsk.by
Papua New Guinea

**Papua New Guinea**, Indonesia aur Australia ke lage ek des hae. Ii des me New Guinea island ke eastern hissa hae  aur chhota chhota dher island bhi hae. Iske capital city Port Moresby hae.

## Dusra websites
* Government of Papua New Guinea 
* Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea 
* Papua New Guinea focused wiki 
*
Tamil Nadu

**Tamil Nadu**, India ke ek state hae, jon ki des ke south me hae. Iske capital Chennai hae . Tamil Nadu me jaada kar ke Tamil me baat karaa jaawe hae. Iske aur barraa city, Combatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Tirunelveli, aur Madurai hae. Iske east me Bay of Bengal aur south me Indian Ocean hae. Iske parrosi state hae; Kerala, Karnataka aur Andhra Pradesh 

Iske area 130,058 sq.km aur abaadi 62 million hae, Tamil Nadu, India ke 11th sab se barraa city hae.

## Tamil Nadu ke district
Chennai,
Salem,
Sivaganga,
Cuddalore,
Thanjavur,
Dharmapuri,
Nilgiris,
Dindigul,
Theni,
Erode,
Thoothukudi,Naggapattinam
Kanchipuram,
Tiruchirappalli,
Kanyakumari,
Tirunelveli,
Kallakurichi,
Karur,
Tiruvallur,
Krishnagiri,
Tiruvannamalai,
Madurai,
Tiruvarur,
Nagapattinam,
Vellore,
Namakkal,
Viluppuram,
Perambalur,
Virudhunagar,
Ramanathapuram.

## Area aur Population
Area 50,180 sq&nbsp;mi or 129,966&nbsp;km², ii North Korea]] se barraa hae lekin Greece se chhota hae

Population 62405679

By Sex

Male 31400909

Female 31004770

By Area

Rural 34921681

Urban 27483998

Density (per Sq. km) 480

Literates 40524545

### ''TAMIL-NADU ke provincial symbols''

Image:Chalcophaps indica1.JPG|Tamil Nadu ka Provincial bird
Image:Nilgiri Tahr, Kerala.jpg|Tamil Nadu ka Provincial animal
Image:Palm tree.jpg|Tamil Nadu ka Provincial tree
Image:Gloriosa rothschildiana 01.jpg|Tamil Nadu ka Provincial flower 


## References
Gujarat

**Gujarat**, Republic of India ke ek state hae. Iske raajdhaani Gandhinagar hae, jiske Mahatma Gandhi ke yaad me naam dewa gais hae. Iske area 75,686 sq&nbsp;mi (196,077&nbsp;km²), jisme Kori Creek, Rann of Kachchh bhi hae jiske uppar Pakistan dawa kare hae. Ii state Syria se barraa lekin Senegal se chhota hae. Gujarat ke aur khaas shahar hae: Surat, Bharuch, Ahmedabad, Vapi, Badoda, Porbandar, Rajkot aur Jamnagar. Champaner, Gondal, Bhavnagar, Utelia, Zainabad, Bhuj, Sasangir kuch ahemedabad ke mandal ke kadavasan gav me zalasar zadi nam ka gurudvara janha pe 100se150 sal pahele devpuri nam ke guruji ne pani ki vav me se pani ka ghee banaya tha aur bad me bahar se aaye hue ghee me se pani banaya ye jagh pe kai mahnt ho gai jinho ne kai chamtkar kiye hae. tourist waala jagha hae. Gujarat ke log jaada kar ke are khetii-barii aur business kare hae.
Bihar

**Bihar** Republic of India ke north me ek state hae. Iske area 38,202 sq&nbsp;mi (99,200 sq km) hae , aur ii Hungary se barraa lekin South Korea se chhota hae. Iske capital Patna aur Smart city Bhagalpur hae.Bihar ke border west me Indian ke state Uttar Pradesh, south me Jharkhand aur east me West Bengal se hae. Iske north me Nepal hae. Yahan ke log jaada kar ke Bihari bhasa, jisme se khaas bhasa Angika,Bhojpuri aur Maithili me baat kare hae Aur vo india ka dil hae

## Bihar ke provincial chinh

File:Indian Roller I2m IMG 9934.jpg|Indian Roller – Bihar ke provincial pakshi
File:Gaur.jpg|Gaur (Indian bison) – Bihar ke provincial jaanwar
File:Pipal tree.JPG|Pipal (Sacred fig) – Bihar ke provincial ped
File:Flower I IMG 8682.jpg|White Orchid-tree – Bihar ke provincial phool


## Bihar ke district aur division
Bihar state me 38 tho District aur 9 tho Division iie prakaar hae:

## Chapa

file:Aerial view, Patna (314731093).jpg|Aerial View, Patna
file:Aerial view of Somapura Mahavihara.jpg|Somapur Mahavira Ariel View
file:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|Mahabodhi Temple
file:Ruins of Raja Badi.jpg|Raja Bedi ke purane Mahal
file:Sher shah suri tomb sasaram.jpg|Sher Shah Suri ke Tomb


## References

## Ii bhi dekho
*Bihar (India) ke districts ke suchi, Amritsar, Punjab (India), House of Mewar, Udaipur, Rajasthan
Punjab (India)

**East Punjab nai to Doab (Dui naddi ke biich me jagah)**, Republic of India ke north me ek state hae. Iske abaadi lagbhag 24 million log hae. Iske capital city Chandigarh hae. Ii city ek alag territory hae kahe ki iske Haryana state bhi capital ke rakam kaam me laawe hae. Iske area 19,445 sq&nbsp;mi or 50,362&nbsp;km², jisme Ferozpur District aur Pathankot Tehsil bhi hae jislke uppar Pakistan dawa kare hae. Ii Slovakia se barraa aur Costa Rica se chhota hae.

Hian ke log Panjabi me baat kare hae aur lag bhag aadha abaadi Sikh hae.

## Chapa

file:Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab UNAG.jpg
file:Gurdwara shri Dukhniwaran Sahib, Patiala.jpg
file:Attari - Wagah border.jpg
file:Agriculture in Punjab India.jpg
file:India-Pakistan Border at Night.jpg


## Districts
Punjab mae kul 22 districts hai, jinke naam is prakaar hai:
* Jalandhar
* Amritsar
* Gurdaspur
* Nawan Shaher
* Ferozpur
* Faridkot
* Moga
* Mansa
* Patiala
* Bathinda
* Sangrur 
* Roop Nagar
* Ludhiana
* SAS nagar

## Culture
Log zyada tar sikh ya chat hote hai punjabi mein. Inke kaam mandir ya kisan mein hota hai. Inka khana Inke tareeko se kheto se banaye jate hai. Zyada saal se ye military aur Pakistan ke border mein time bitaye jate hai. 

## Ill Bhi dekho
Punjab (Pakistan), Maharashtra, Udaipur
Fiji football team ke suchi

* Ba Football Association
* Bua Soccer Association
* Dreketi Soccer Association
* Labasa Soccer Association
* Lami Soccer Association
* Lautoka Football Association
* Levuka Soccer Association
* Nadi Soccer Association
* Nadogo Soccer Association
* Nadroga Soccer Association
* Nalawa Soccer Association
* Nasinu Football Association
* Navua Soccer Association
* Olympians
* Rakiraki Football Association
* Rewa Soccer Association
* Savusavu Soccer Association
* Seaqaqa Soccer Association
* Suva Soccer Association
* Tailevu/Naitasiri Football Association
* Tailevu North Soccer Association
* Taveuni Soccer Association
* Tavua Soccer Association
* Vatukoula Football Association
Sweden

**Sweden** (**Sverige** Swedish bhasa me) ek Nordic des hae jon ki Europe ke uu hissa me hae jiske Scandinavia bola jaawe hae. Iske parrosi des Finland aur Norway hae. Sweden ek pul se Denmark se jurraa hae.

Sweden ke capital city Stockholm hae. Sweden ek constitutional monarchy haekahe ki iske ek raja, Carl XVI Gustaf hae. 

Sweden ke abaadi lagbhag 9.3 million log hae.

Sweden ki koi official bhasha nahi hae lekin yaha ke jyada log Swedish (*svenska*) mai baat karte hae.. Sweden ki paanch (five) official minority languages, Finnish, Yiddish, Sami, Meänkieli aur Romani.

1995 me Sweden, European Union ka member banaa.
Romania

**Romania** (purana spelling: **Rumania**, **Roumania**; southeast Europe ke ek des hae. Ii Balkan Peninsula ke north me ,  Lower Daunbe Naddi pe hae. Romania ke ek hissa Carpathian Mountains se ghiraa hae. Iske ek border Black Sea se bhi hae. Danube Delta ke jaada hissa Romania me hae. Romania ke border west me  Hungary aur Serbia se, northeast me Ukraine aur Republic of Moldova se aur south me Bulgaria se hae.

Romania ke 1859 me banawa gais rahaa jab Moldavia aur Wallachia ek hoe gais. Iske 1878 ke Treaty of Berlin se ajaadi mila. World War II ke baadj iske kuchh jamiin, jiske abhi Moldova bola jaawe hae, ke Russia occupy kar liis.

## References

## Duusra websites

* BBC News Country Profile - ''Romania''
* CIA World Factbook - ''Romania'' 
* US Department of State - ''Romania''
* Federal Research Division, Library of Congress  -''Romania : a country study''
* Exchange Rates - from the National Bank of Romania
* Romanian Law and Miscellaneous - English   
* Chronology of Romania from the World History Database   
* ICI.ro - A comprehensive site about Romania
* Treasures of the national library of Romania
Melanesia

**Melanesia**, Pacific Ocean me ek island ke group ha, jon ki ii Ocean ke west se lae ke lagbhag centre talak jaawe hae. Iske matlab "black islands" hae. 

Ii sab des ke 19th century se Melanesia ke hissa maana jaawe hae:
* Bismarck Archipelago
* Fiji
* New Caledonia
* New Guinea (Papua New Guinea mainland and the Indonesian province of Papua)
* Maluku Islands 
* Solomon Islands
* Torres Strait Islands
* Vanuatu
* Palau Islands
Greenland

**Greenland** ek barraa Arctic island hae. Iske abaadi khaali 50,000 lo hae, kahe ki hian ke mausam bahut thanda hae. Jaada log island ke sout me coast pe rahe hae. Greenland ke capital Nuuk hae.

## Itihaas
**Greenland**, Denmark ke territory hae aur ii North American continent ke ek hissa hae. Greenland, European Union ke member nai hae.. Greenland , Australia aur Antarctica ke chhorrr ke, dunia ke sab se barraa island heis the largest island in the world, excluding , which are continents. Greenland ke prime minister Hans Enoksen hae.

## Duusra websites
* Greenland Homerule - Official site
Polynesia

**Polynesia**, Pacific Ocean ke ek island ke group hae. 

## Triangle
Polynesia ek triangleke shape me hae, jiske top me Hawai'i, bottom left me New Zealand aur bottom right me Easter Island hae.

## Polynesia ke Island
* American Samoa (overseas United States territory)
* Cook Islands (self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)
* Easter Island (part of Chile, called *Rapa Nui* in Rapa Nui)
* French Polynesia ("overseas country", a territory of France)
* Hawaii (a state of the United States)
* New Zealand (called *[[Aotearoa]]* in Māori, usually associated with Australasia) 
* Niue (self-governing state in free association with New Zealand)
* Samoa (independent nation)
* Tokelau (overseas dependency of New Zealand)
* Tonga (independent nation)
* Tuvalu (independent nation)
* Wallis and Futuna (overseas territory of France)
Costa Rica

**The Republic of Costa Rica**, Central America ke ek des hae.

Ise population four million log se jaada hae aur capital city San José hae. Iske currency colón hae aur president, Óscar Arias hae jiske 2006 me elect karaa gais rahaa.

Costa Rica ke lage koi army nai hae.
Cuba

**Cuba** , Caribbean sea ke ek des hae. Ii des me ek barraa island aur dher chhota chhota island hae. Ii United States, Mexico, Haiti, Jamaica aur Bahamas ke nangiche hae. Cuba ke log ke Cubans bola jaawe hae aur hian ke log Spanish bhasa me baat kare hae. Cuba ke capital city ke naam Havana hae.
Nicaragua

**Nicaragua**, Central America ke ek des hae. 5,603,000 log ii des me rahe hae aur iske area 129,494 square kilometres hae. Nicaragua ke north me Honduras aur south Costa Rica hae. Nicaragua ke log Spanish me baat kare hae.

## References
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

**Johann Wolfgang von Goethe** (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832), German ke writer me se sab se achchhaa rahaa. Uu ek poet, novelist aur playwright rahaa, lekin uu actor, administrator, scientist, geologist, botanist aur philosopher bhi rahaa. Uske asar bahut 19th century ke  writer aur thinker ke uppar rahaa.  Uu Theory of colours se science me bhi yogdaan diis hae. Bahut log uske books me se quote kare hae aur uske kahawat German bhasa ke ek hissa bhi hoe gais hae. Uske kavita ke musicme karaa gais rahaa  composers jaise [Franz 

== Uske kaam ==
* ''Götz von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hand'', 1773
* ''Prometheus'', 1774
* ''Die Leiden des jungen Werthers'', 1774
* ''Iphigenie auf Tauris'', 1779
* ''Torquato Tasso'', 1780 - 1790
* ''Römische Elegien'', 1788-90
* ''Venezianische Epigramme'', 1790
* ''Faust. Ein Fragment'', 1790
* ''Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre'', 1795/96 
* ''Faust. Eine Tragödie'', 1808 
* ''[Theory of colours*, 1810
* *West-östlicher Divan*, 1819
* *Faust II'', 1833

## Duusra websites
* Works by Johann Wolfgang Goethe at Zeno.org (German)
Organisation of American States

**Organisation of American States** (**OAS** English me; **OEA** tiin aur official bhasa me) ek international organisation hae jiske base Washington, D.C. me hae. Iske Americas ke sab 35 independent des member hae..

Organization of American States (OAS) chaar bhasa ke kaam me laawe hae: English bhasa, French bhasa, Portuguese bhasa, aur Spanish bhasa.

1889 se 1890 talak America ke kuchh des ke leader log meeting karin, jiske International Conference of American States ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa. Ii conference, 18 des, International Union of American Republics ke suru karin.

1910 me Buenos Aires me Fourth International Conference of American States ke time iske naam badal ke Union of American Republics karaa gais. Ii des ninth International Conference of American States March aur May 1948 ke biich me Bogotá me karin aur 30 April 1948 ke 21 des ek agreement me sign karin jiske niche Organization of American States suruu karaa gais. 

Suruu kare ke time iske 21 member des rahaa:

# Argentina
# Bolivia
# Brazil
# Chile
# Colombia
# Costa Rica
# Cuba
# Dominican Republic
# Ecuador
# El Salvador
# Guatemala
# Haiti
# Honduras
# Mexico
# Nicaragua
# Panama
# Paraguay
# Peru
# United States
# Uruguay
# Venezuela

OAS ke aur 14 member des hae:

# Barbados (1967 se)
# Trinidad and Tobago (1967 se)
# Jamaica (1969 se)
# Grenada (1975 se)
# Suriname (1977 se)
# Dominica (1979 se)
# Saint Lucia (1979 se)
# Antigua and Barbuda (1981 se)
# Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1981 se)
# Bahamas (1982 se)
# Saint Kitts and Nevis (1984 se)
# Canada (1990 se)
# Belize (1991 se)
# Guyana (1991 se)

## Duusra websites

* Official site
Horace

**Quintus Horatius Flaccus**, (Venosa, December 8, 65 BC – Rome, November 27, 8 BC), jiske English-speaking waala des me **Horace** ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, Augustus ke time Roman ke ek writer rahaa.

## References
* 

## Bahaari jorr

* The works of Horace at The Latin Library
* Selected Poems of Horace
* ''The Perseus Project'' — Latin and Greek authors (with English translations), including Horace
* Biography and chronology
* Litweb 
* Horace's works: text, concordances and frequency list
* SORGLL: Horace, Odes I.22, read by Robert Sonkowsky