Hinduism

**Hinduism** (**सनातन धर्म**; *Sanātana Dharma*, jiske matlab Endless Religion hae) dunia ke sab se purana dharam hae. Hinduism () ek chhaata sanghatan (umbrella term) jiske kaam me laae ke dher Indian dharmik aur  sampradaya  hae, jon sab concept of *[[dharma]]* sabd ek me biswas kare hae, ek cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living,  jaise  Vedas me likha hae. *Hindu* is an upnaam (exonym) hae, aur jab Hinduism ke dunia ke sab se puraana dharam maana jaawe hae, iske aur modern naam *[[Sanātana Dharma]]* se bhi jaana jaawe hae.  . *Vaidika Dharma*  aur *[[Arya]] dharma*, Hinduism ke itihaasik ekke naam hae.  

Hinduism dher rakam ke bichar ke ke protsahan kare hae, dher rakam se Bhagwaan, dewtaa aur scripture ke baare me baat karaa jaawe hae. Hindi dharmik pustak ke dui hissa me baata jaawe hae: Sruti - jiske suna jaawe hae aur smrti - jiske yaad karaa jaawe hae. Khaas Hindi dharmik pustak me hae Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, *[[Mahabharata]]* (jisme *[[Bhagavad Gita]]* hae),  *[[Ramayana]]*, aur Agamas.  Hindu biswas me hae *[[karma]]* (action, intent and consequences), ''saṃsāra'' (maut aur fir se janam ke cycle) aur chaar  Puruṣārtha, thiik manzil, jon hae: *[[dharma]]* (ethics/duties), *[[artha]]* (prosperity/work), *[[kama]]* (desires/passions) aur *[[moksha]]* (liberation/emancipation from passions and ultimately *saṃsāra*). Hindu dharam me  (*[[bhakti]]*), worship (''puja''), sacrificial rites (*[[yajna]]*), aur meditation (''dhyana'') aur yoga hae. Hindu dharam me koi central authority nai hae aur jaada Hindi log koi denomination me nai hae. Lekin Hinduism ke adhyan kare waala lig chaar khaas  denominations ke identify kare hae: Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism, aur Vaishnavism. Chhe Āstika  Hindu philosophy ke school jon Vedas ke authority ke recognise kare hae : Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mīmāṃsā, aurVedanta.

Hinduism, dunia ke tiisra sab se barraa dharam hae, jisme lagbhag 1.20 billion log biswas kare hae, jon dunia ke abaadi ke lagbhag 15% hae.  Hindi lig jaada kar ke  India, Nepal, Mauritius, aur Bali, Indonesia me rahe hae. Dher Hindu samaj ke  South Asia ke des, Southeast Asia,  Caribbean, Middle East, North America, Europe, Oceania aur Africa me hae.

## Naam
*Hindū* sabd ke gaer-Hindu log kaam me laawe hae, aur ii Sanskrit sabd *Sindhu* se aais hae, jon Indus Naddi ke naam hae aur ii naam lower Indus basin (Sindh) ke bhi rahaa.
Proto-Iranian me awaaj **s* > *h* hae gais rahaa  850 aur 600 BCE ke biich me.
"Hindu" sabd Avesta me *heptahindu* likha gais hae, jon Rigvedic *sapta sindhu* ke baraabar hae.
6th-century BCE ke Darius I ke ek inscription Hindush (referring to Sindh) ke baare me charcha kare hae, ki ii uske ek praant hae.
*Hindustan* (jiske "*hndstn*" spell karaa jaawe hae) ke 3rd century CE ke Sasanian inscription me paawa gais hae .
Ii sab puraana record ke  *Hindu* sabd ek jagha ke naam hae aur ii koi dharam ke naam nai rahaa. Arbii bhasa waala putak me "Hind",  Persian "Hindu" se aais hae, aur iske uu jagha ke bola jaawat rahaa jon jagha  Indus ke uu paar rahaa aur ii kaaran se ii jagha ke sab log ke  "Hindus"  bola jaawat rahaa, itihasik Romila Thapar ke anusaar.
13th century talak, *[[Hindustan]]* India ke naam ban gais rahaa.

Sab se puraana likha gais chij jisme  'Hindu' ke dharam khaatir kaam me laawa gais rahaa, 7th-century CE Chinese text *Record of the Western Regions* by Xuanzang rahaa. 14th century me, 'Hindu' sabd ke dher  Persian, Sanskrit aur Prakrit lekh me India me kaam me laawa gais rahaa, aur baad me India ke kuchh matr bhasa me, jaada kar ke log ke  Muslims nai to "Turks" se differentiate kare ke khaatir. Iske kuchh namuuna hae  14th-century Persian pustak *Futuhu's-salatin* jiske 'Abd al-Malik Isami likhis rahaa,
Jain putak jaise *[[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]]* aur *Vidyatilaka*,
lagbhag 1400 Apabhramsa pustak *Kīrttilatā* by Vidyapati me, 16–18th century Bengali Gaudiya Vaishnava pustak, etc.
India me ii rakam ke "Hindu" sabd ke istemaal  Persian se aais hae, aur ii sab time dharam ke baare me nai rahaa.
Indian putak me, *Hindu dharma* ("Hindu religion") ke aaj-kal  Hinduism ke refer karaa jaawe hae.

## Hindu dharm ke paanch pramukh devata
Hindu dharam me paanch khaas devata kee pooja hae. Ii ek ishwar ke vibhinn roop aur shaktiyaan hae.
*Suraj - svaasthy, pratishtha aur saphalata.
*Vishnu - shaanti aur vaibhav.
*Shiv - gyaan aur vidya.
*Shakti - shakti aur suraksha.
*Ganesh - buddhi aur gyaan.

## References
* Rigveda. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
* "Hinduism" on Microsoft Encarta Online 
* Sâdhus, Going beyond the dreadlocks, by Patrick Levy, published by Prakash Books, Delhi, 2010. http://patricklevy.livres.free.fr/ 
## Duusra websites
* Wiki based encyclopedia about Hindusim
* Hindu Timeline
* http://www.hinduism-today.com