Nobel Prize

Har saal **Nobel Prizes** dher vibhag me dewa jaawe hae. Ii vibhag hae Literature, Science aur Peace. Nobel Prize ke Alfred Nobel ke baad naam dewa gais hae. Iske dunia me sab se barraa prize maana jaawe hae. 

Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences bhi Alfred Nobel ke yaad me dewa jaae hae, aur kabhi kabhi iske *Nobel Prize in Economics* bola jaawe hae, lekin ii Nobel ke will ke hissa nai hae. Iske 1969 me Bank of Sweden suruu karis rahaa. Ii prize ke aur Nobel Prize ke ssathe dewa jaae hae. 

## Prize ke vibhag aur jiite waala
### [[Bhautik vigyan]] (Physics) me nobel prize jiite waala jiske Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences de hae

### Chemistry me Nobel prize jiite waala log ([[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] dwaara tae karaa gais hae)

### Medicine me Nobel prize jiite waala log (jiske [[Karolinska Institutet]] tae karis hae)
#### 1901-1910

* 1901 - Emil Adolf von Behring, Germany, ek serum banae ke khaatir jisse log ke diphtheria pakrre se rokaa jaae sake hae
* 1902 - Ronald Ross, United Kingdom, uske malaria pe kaam kare ke khaatir
* 1903 - Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, lupus vulgaris (chamrraa waala tuberculosis) ke light radiation se achchhaa kare ke khaatir.
* 1904 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Russia, uske digestion kaise kaam kare hae ke adhyan ke khaatir.
* 1905 - Robert Koch, Germany, tuberculosis ke adhyan ke khaatir
* 1906 - Camillo Golgi, Italy aur Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain, nervous system pe adhyan ke khaatir 
* 1907 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, France, uske adhyan protozoa pe, jon ki bemaari ke kaaran bane sake hae, ke khaatir.
* 1908 - Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, aur Paul Ehrlich, Germany, ii paae ke khaatir ki immunity kaise bemaari se larre hae
* 1909 - Emil Theodor Kocher, Switzerland, thyroid gland pe uske kaam ke khaatir
* 1910, Albrecht Kossel, Germany, uske proteins aur nucleic substances pe uske kaam ke khaatir

#### 1911-1919

* 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand, Sweden, light refraction aur aankhi pe uske kaam ke khaatir
* 1912 - Alexis Carrel, France, uske joining blood vessels aur transplantation of blood vessels aur organs pe kaam ke khaatir
* 1913 - Charles Robert Richet, France, uske anaphylaxis pe kaam ke khaatir
* 1914 - Robert Bárány, Austria, uske kaan aur balance pe kaam ke khaatir
* 1915 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1916 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1917 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1918 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1919 - Jules Bordet, Belgium,  uske immunity ke baare me khij ke khaatir

#### 1920-1929

* 1920 - Schack August Steenberg Krogh, Denmark, uske capillaries ke baare me khoj ke khaatir
* 1921 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1922 - Archibald Vivian Hill, United Kingdom, ii paae ke khaatir ki muscle kaise garmii ke utpaadan kare hae, ke khaatir
* 1922 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, ii paae ke khaatir ki oxygen kaise muscle me lactic acid ke badle hae, ke khaatir
* 1923 - Frederick Grant Banting, Canada aur John James Richard Macleod, Canada, uske insulin ke paae ke khaatir"
* 1924 - Willem Einthoven, The Netherlands, electrocardiogram banae ke khaatir"
* 1925 - *Not awarded*
* 1926 - Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark,  ii paae ke khaatir ki infection se kaise cancer hoe hae
* 1927 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, ii paae ke khaatir ki malaria ke inoculation kaise paralysis ke achchhaa kare hae
* 1928 - Charles Jules Henri Nicolle, France, uske typhus pe kaam ke khaatir
* 1929, Christiaan Eijkman, The Netherlands, ii paae ke khaatir ki vitamin se kaise dard ke roka jaae sake hae."
* 1929 - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth

#### 1930-1939

* 1930 - Karl Landsteiner, insaan me kon rakam ke khuun rahe hae, ke paae ke khaatir
* 1931 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, Germany, respiratory enzyme ke paae ke khaatir
* 1932 Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, aur Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom,  neurons (nerve cells) ke paae ke khaatir
* 1933 - Thomas Hunt Morgan, United States,  uske chromosomes aur heredity pe kaam ke khaatir"
* 1934 - George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, aur William Parry Murphy, United States, uulog ke  treating the liver to help with anaemia ke kaam ke khaatir
* 1935 - Hans Spemann, Germany, embryonic development me organizer effect ke paae ke khaatir 
* 1936 - Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, aur Otto Loewi, Austria  neurotransmitters aur nerve impulses ke paae ke khaatir
* 1937 - Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt, Hungary, uske cells, vitamin C aur fumaric acid ke chemical badlao of  ke paae ke khaatir
* 1938 - Corneille Jean François Heymans, Belgium,  sinus aur aortic mechanisms, jisse saans le me kaabu rakhkhaa jaae sake hae, me uske kaam ke khaatir. 
* 1939 - Gerhard Domagk, Germany,  antibacterial effects of prontosil ke paae ke khaatir

#### 1940-1949

* 1940 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1941 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1942 - *Nai dewa gais*
* 1943 - Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Denmark, vitamin K ke paae ke khaatir
* 1943 - Edward Adelbert Doisy, United States, vitamin K me kaam ke khaatir"
* 1944 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser, United States, uske nerve fibre ke paae ke khaatir
* 1945 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chaen, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, uske penicillin ke paae ke khaatir aur iske ek antibiotic me banae ke infectious disease ke achchhaa kre, ke khaatir
* 1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, uske  X-ray irradiation ke kaaran se mutation ke paae ke khaatir 
* 1947 - Carl Ferdinand Cori aur Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, uulog ke catalytic conversion of glycogen ke adhyan , ke khaatir
* 1947 - Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, ii paae ke khaatir ki   anterior pituitary ke hormone kaise sugar ke metabolise kare hae, ke khaatir 
* 1948 - Paul Hermann Müller, Switzerland, uske kaam DDT pe ek poison against several insects ke ruup me, ke khaatir
* 1949 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the uske ii paae ke khaatir ki dimaag kaise dehin ke bhittar ke organs ke control kare hae. 
* 1949 - Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, Portugal,  leucotomy (brain surgery) ke kaam me laae ke dimaagi rog ke achchhaa kare, ke khaatir.

#### 1950-1959

* 1950 - Philip Showalter Hench, Edward Calvin Kendall, United States, aur Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland,  hormones of the adrenal cortex kebaare me paae ke khaatir.
* 1951 - Max Theiler, Union of South Africa, yellow fever ke paae ke khaatir.
* 1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman, United States, streptomycin ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki pahilat antibiotic rahaa jon ki  tuberculosis ke achchhaa karis rahaa
* 1953 - Hans Adolf Krebs, United Kingdom, citric acid cycle ke paae ke khaatir
* 1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann, United States, co-enzyme A ke paae ke khaatir
* 1954 - John Franklin Enders, Frederick Chapman Robbins, aur Thomas Huckle Weller, United States, poliomyelitis virus ke paae ke khaatir aur iske laboratory me paida kare ke khaatir
* 1955 - Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, Sweden, uske uu enzymes ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki oxygen se badle hae
* 1956 - André Frédéric Cournand, Dickinson W. Richards, United States, aur Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, uske heart catheterization aur  circulatory system me badlao ke paae ke khaatir
* 1957 - Daniel Bovet, Italy uske antihistamine  pe kaam ke khaatir aur ii dehin ke hissa ke kon chij kare hae.
* 1958 - George Wells Beadle aur Edward Lawrie Tatum, United States, ii paae ke khaatir ki genes kaise kaam kare hae
* 1958 - Joshua Lederberg, United States, ii paae ke khaatir ki genes kaise sanghe kaam kare hae aur  bacteria me genes kaise organused hae
* 1959 - Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, ii paae kr khaatir ki jinda chij kaise   ribonucleic acid (RNA) aur deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ke jorre hae

#### 1960-1969

* 1960 - Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, aur Peter Brian Medawar, United Kingdom, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki dehin ke  immunity koi chij badle ke, ekke rakam nai rahe hae
* 1961 - Georg von Békésy, United States, uske cochlea ke khoj ke khaatir"
* 1962 - Francis Harry Compton Crick, United Kingdom, James Dewey Watson, United States, aur Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, New Zealand, uulog ke nucleic acids ke structure ke paae ke khaatir aur iske jaruri jinda chij me jaankari ke move kare ke. 
* 1963 - Sir John Carew Eccles, Australia, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, United Kingdom, aur Andrew Fielding Huxley, United Kingdom, uulog ke  nerve cell membrane ke khoj ke khaatir
* 1964 - Konrad Bloch, United States, aur Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, ii paae ke khaatir ki  cholesterol aur fatty acid dehin me kaise kaam kare hae
* 1965 - François Jacob, André Lwoff, aur Jacques Monod, France, ii paae ke khaatir ki genes viruses ke kaise control kare hae 
* 1966 - Peyton Rous, United States, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki viruses tumours ke kaaran hoe sake hae
* 1966 - Charles Brenton Huggins, United States, for using hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer
* 1967 - Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, aur George Wald, United States, uulog ke paae ke khaatir ki aanki kaise kaam kare hae
* 1968 - Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, aur Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, uulog ke ii samjhe ke khaatir ki genetic code ke protein synthesis me kon role hae
* 1969 - Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, aur Salvador E. Luria, United States, ii paae ke khaatir ki viruses kaise reproduce kare hae

#### 1970-1979

* 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, aur Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, uulo ke transmittors in the nerve terminals ke baare me paae ke khaatir aur ii kaise kaam kare hae. 
* 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., United States, uske hormones ke baare me khoj ke khaatir
* 1972 - Gerald M. Edelman, United States, aur Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, uske  antibodies ke chemical structure ke paae ke khaatir
* 1973 - Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, aur Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, uulog ke  individual aur social behaviour patterns ke khij ke khaatir
* 1974 - Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, aur George E. Palade, United States, uulog ke cells ke baare me khoj ke khaatir
* 1975 - David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, aur Howard Martin Temin, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki konchi hoe hae jab tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
* 1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg aur D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, uulog ke khoj ki infectious diseases kaise suruu hoe hae aur faile hae.
* 1977 - Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki dimaag kaise peptide hormone ke banae hae
* 1977 - Rosalyn Yalow, United States, uske radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones ke adhyan ke khaatir
* 1978 - Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, aur Hamilton O. Smith, United States uske restriction enzymes ke paae ke khaatir, aur iske kaise molecular genetics me kaam me laawa jaae sake hae"
* 1979 - Allan M. Cormack, United States, aur Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, uske computer assisted tomography banae ke khaatir

#### 1980-1989

* 1980 - Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, aur George D. Snell, United States, uulog ke  genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions ke paae ke khaatir
* 1981 - Roger W. Sperry, United States, uske brain ke cerebral hemispheres ke jaruri ke baare me paae ke khaatir
* 1981 - David H. Hubel, United States, and Torsten N. Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"
* 1982 - Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, aur John R. Vane, United Kingdom, uulog ke  prostaglandins ke baare me khoj ke khaatir.
* 1983 - Barbara McClintock, United States, uske mobile genetic elements ke khoj ke khaatir
* 1984 - Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges J.F. Köhler, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina aur the United Kingdom, uulog ke theory development and control of the immune system ke baare me aur ii paae ke khaatir ki  monoclonal antibodies kaise bane hae.
* 1985 - Michael S. Brown, aur Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki  cholesterol ke kaise kaabu me rakkhaa jaae hae
* 1986 - Stanley Cohen, United States, aur Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, uulog ke growth factors pe khoj ke khaatir
* 1987 - Susumu Tonegawa, Japan, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki gene kaise antibodies banae hae
* 1988 - Sir James W. Black, United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, aur George H. Hitchings, United States, uulog ke  drug treatment ke khaas niyam bane ke khaatir
* 1989 - J. Michael Bishop aur Harold E. Varmus, United States, uulog ii paae rahin ki genes ke ek barraa palwaar ke disturb kare se saadhaaran cell cancer cell ban jaae hae.

#### 1990-1999

* 1990 - Joseph E. Murray aur E. Donnall Thomas, United States, uulog ke kaam organ and cell transplantation bemaari ke achchhaa kare ke khaatir"
* 1991 - Erwin Neher aur Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki ek ion channels cells me kon chij kare hae
* 1992 - Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, aur Edwin G. Krebs, United States, uulog ke protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism ke paae ke khaatir
* 1993 - Richard J. Roberts, United Kingdom, aur Phillip A. Sharp, United States, uulog ke split genes me khoj ke khaatir
* 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman, aur Martin Rodbell, United States, uulog ke for G-proteins ke paae ke khaatir aur iske kon kaam rhae hae signal transduction in cells me
* 1995 - Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, aur Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki  embryonic development ke genes kaise badle hae
* 1996 - Peter C. Doherty, Australia, aur Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki immune system kaise ii jaane hae ki kon cell virus se infected hae. 
* 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, uske Prions ke paae ke khaatir, jon ki proteins hae jon ki log ke bemaar kare hae
* 1998 - Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro aur Ferid Murad, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki nitric oxide kaise ek  signalling molecule ke rakam cardiovascular system me kaam kare hae
* 1999 - Günter Blobel, United States, uske ii paae ke khaatir ki proteins ke lage  built-in signals rahe hae jon cell me transport aur localization ke control kare hae

#### 2000-2009

* 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, aur Eric R. Kandel, United States, signal transduction in the nervous system ke khoj ke khaatir"
* 2001 - Leland H. Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, aur Sir Paul M. Nurse, United Kingdom, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki cell cycle me khaas controls kon chij hae 
* 2002 - Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, aur John E. Sulston, United Kingdom, uulog ke genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death paae ke khaatir 
* 2003 - Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom,  magnetic resonance imaging ke banae ke khaatir"
* 2004 - Richard Axel aur Linda B. Buck, United States, uulog ke  odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system ke paae ke khaatir, (ham log chij ke kaise sughtaa hae)
* 2005 - Barry J. Marshall aur J. Robin Warren, Australia, uulog ke  bacterium *[[Helicobacter pylori]]* jon gastritis aur peptic ulcer disease ke kaaran hae, ke paae ke khaatir
* 2006 - Andrew Z. Fire aur Craig C. Mello, United States, uulog ke ii paae ke khaatir ki  RNA interference kaise genes ke switch "on" aur "off" kare hae
* 2007 - Mario R. Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin J. Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, uu log ke ii paae ke khaatir ki chuuha me genes ke, embryonic stem cells ke kaam e laae ke, kaise badlaa jaae sake hae.  
* 2008 - Harald zur Hausen, Germany, papilloma viruses jon ki cervical cancer ke kaaran hae ke paae ke khaatir
* 2008 - Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, France, human immunodeficiency virus ke paae ke khaatir

* Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature (Swedish Academy tae kare hae)
* Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian Nobel Committee tae kare hae, jiske Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget appoint kare hae)
* Winners of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences tae kare hae)

## References