open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Adikanda Mahanta

**Adikanda Mahanta** (Oriya: ଆଦିକନ୍ଦ ମହାନ୍ତ; 8 May 1954 - January 2013) Orissa ke Chitrada se ek Indian folklorist aur literature ka praantkarr tha. Odisha ke pioneer folklorists mein se ek hain aur raashtreeya India ki folk culture par apne research ko lekar bhi masur hai. 

## Jeevanee
mahant ka janm chitrada, mayoorabhanj, udeesa, bhaarat mein shree shiv prasaad aur satyabhaama mohanta ke ghar hua tha. unhonne raanchee vishvavidyaalay mein udiya maastars kaaryakram mein pratham shrenee sammaan praapt kiya. isake baad unhonne udeesa kee lok sanskrti par peeechadee kee upaadhi praapt kee. unhonne 1988 mein usee vishvavidyaalay mein apanee theesis "odishaara kuramaalee lokageeta" (udeesa ke kudamaalee/kuramaalee lok geet) ka saphalataapoorvak bachaav kiya.

Mohanta Oidisa sarakaar ke skoolon ke up-nireekshak the aur unhonne udiya baal saahity anusandhaan sansthaan sangathan ke lie basant kishor saahoo aur sansthaapak manindr mohantee ke saath kaam kiya tha. mahant ke paas 2008 kee do paathyapustaken hain jinhen 2009-2010 shaikshanik varsh mein udeesa sarakaar dvaara raajy paathyakram mein joda gaya tha: odisha ra sastr aadivaasee lok katha, bhaag 1 aur itihaasaru shikshaaba aasa. udeesa mein mahant ko bachchon ke saahity mein unake yogadaan ke lie jaana jaata tha. isake atirikt, unhonne lokageet patrikaon pharua (1998-2002), kudamee katha (1995-2008), aur bandana ke lie pradhaan sampaadak ke roop mein kaary kiya.

## Puraskaar aur sammaan

* 1985: Bissubamilana Sisu Sahittika Sammana - Prajatantra prachar samiti
* 1986: Kanakadurga Motimahal Gadaradanga Puri Award
* 1987: Kendujhar Jillastariya Sisu Sahitya Sansad Award
* 1987: Sisu Sahittika Award
* 1987: Rachachhanda Kendujhar Award
* 1986: Sri Jagannath Tatwasrom Udaybatu jagatsingpur award
* 1986: Agami Satabdi Bhubaneswar Jhumar Gabesaka Award
* 1987: Mayurbhanj Banipitha Haldipada Award
* 2013: Majumdar Prasad Sahib Award
* 2013: Saraswata Baniputra Award
* 2013: Prakash Kumar, Andhra Pradesh ke liye Loksatta Award (Prakashan) 
* 2015: Rajyastrariya Kruti Sikhaka Award
* 2013: Prabandhika Award - Mayurbhanj Sahitya Parishad
* 2013: Kalingaratna Samman Award

## Chayanit prakaashan

* 1985: *Uttar Odishara Loka katha*
* 1988: *Gapa suniba aasa*
* 1991: *Satirtha galpa*
* 1993: *Gyana tapaswi radhakrusnan*
* 1997: *Odisha ra srestha adivasi loka katha*
* 1998: *Tiring ringa*
* 1999: *Kudmi loka katha*
* 2002: *Karam katha*
* 2003: "Folk Treatment System of Tribal Society in Eastern India" (pages 62–65) in *Changing Tribal Life: A Socio-philosophical Perspective* by Padmaja Sen 
* 2005: *Kudmi janma sanskara*
* 2006: *Kurmali loka katha o laka gita: Samanya kathana*
* 2006: *Jhumar samikhya*
* 2006: *Chheng gargar khapra pitha*
* 2007: *Kudmi biplabi neta*
* 2007: *Chau Nrutya samanya kathana*
* 2007: *Mayurbhanja ra lokabadya*
* 2007: *Kudmi jati eka bihangabalokana*
* 2007: "Ecological Ideologies in Tribal Folklore of Eastern India" (pages 71–77) in *Forest, Government, and Tribe* by Chittaranjan Kumar Paty 
* 2008: *Utara Odisha ra loka nrutya*

## Sandarbh
Jangil

**Jangil** (ratalaind jaarava ya ratalaind onge bhee) bhaarat mein andamaan dveep samooh ke svadeshee logon mein se ek the. ve ratalaind dveep ke aantarik bhaag mein rahate the, aur unhen ratalaind jaarava naam diya gaya kyonki aisa maana jaata tha ki ve padosee jaarava logon se sambandhit the.

Jangil ke baare mein bahut kam information mil rahi hai aur ve andamanologists se ek baar bhi badhotri naheen kar sakte hain. 1902 mein, ek maahaul ke dauraan is ki safalti se aane ka khabar mila.

## Shabdaavalee

Jangil ke vargeekaran aur itihaas ke moolyaankan mein ek mudda andamaanee janajaatiyon ko sandarbhit karane ke lie istemaal kee jaane vaalee asangat shabdaavalee hai. vishesh roop se, "jaarava" aur "onge" shabd aksar 19veen shataabdee aur 1930 ke dashak ke beech ek doosare ke sthaan par upayog kie jaate the, isalie is samay avadhi ke dauraan riport kie gae "ratalaind jaarava" kee pahachaan spasht nahin hai.

Abbi (2008)  and Kumar (2013), jarawa, onge-jarawas ke liye "Onge Jarawah" ka use karte hain. India ki census of 1967 mein jaravaas ko 'clans' dete hue jangil se kaha gaya tha: "Jarawase me jo chaturth clan hai jisko ek bhi log naheen dekhata aur isme kuchh na ho raha."

unake poorvajon ne aag kee khoj kaise kee, isake baare mein ek mahaan andamaanee kinvadantee mein unake poorvajon ko sandarbhit karane ke lie "jaangil" shabd ka istemaal kiya gaya tha. mahaan andamaanee up-janajaatiyon mein se ek, aka-beeya, dakshin andamaan ke jaarava ko "jaangil" kahatee hai. portamain (1914) ne sujhaav diya ki aaka-bee ne is shabd ka istemaal kiya kyonki ve "apane reeti-rivaajon mein janajaati ko apane poorvajon ke samaan maanate honge."

## Sanskrti aur sampark

## bhasa
jangil bhaasha apramaanit hai aur isalie vargeekrt nahin kee ja sakatee.

british nausainik adhikaaree mauris vidaal portamain ne julaee 1884 mein haabiya naam ke ek pakade gae jangil vyakti se sampark kiya. haabiya ek aisee bhaasha bolata tha jo jaarava se alag thee, lekin usake samaan thee. portamain ne sujhaav diya ki jangil aur jaarava sambhavatah ek hee mool proto-bhaasha ke vanshaj hain.

## Sandarbh
Republican Party (United States)

**Republican Party**, jiske **GOP (Grand Old Party)** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, America ke dui khaas political party me se ek hai. Duusra party hae Democratic Party. Republican Party ke 1854 me suruu karaa gais rahaa, uu log se jon ki gulami ke Kansas aur Nebraska jaise territory me barrhae ke virod kare rahin. Ii party suruu me south ke states me acchhaa nai karis lekin 1858 talak north ke sab states me iske majority rahaa. 1860 me iske candidate Abraham Lincoln ke jiite ke kaaran south ke state United States se alag hoe gae rahin.
National Union Party (United States)

**National Union Party** ke naam ke niche America ke Republican Party aur uu log jon ki Democratic Party me rahin aur gulami ke virod karat rahin ek national ticket me 1864 ke presidential election larre rahin. Ii party presidential candidate, Republican Party ke Abraham Lincoln aur vice-presidential candidate, Democratic Party ke Andrew Johnson rahaa. Ii log Democratic Party ke candidate ke 212 elctoral college votes to 21 se harain.
Tennessine

**Tennessine** ek, admii ke banawa gais, chemical element hae, jiske symbol **Ts**, atomic number is 117 aur mass number 294 hae. Iske duusra sab se jaada atomic number hae aur iske, ek aur element ke saathe, sab se jaada mass number hae. Iske Russia me Russia aur America ke scientist April 2010 me pahila dafe banae rahin
Moscovium

**Moscovium** ek, admii ke banawa gais, chemical element hae, jiske symbol **Mc**, atomic number is 115 aur mass number 290 hae. Iske Russia me Russia aur America ke scientist December 2015 me pahila dafe banae rahin. Moscovium ek radioactive element hae.
Mrinal Kulkarni

Mrinal Deo-Kulkarni (Hindi: मृणाल देव कुलकर्णी) ek bhartiya actress aur director hai, jo apne kaam ke liye ek number ki filmon mein naam kareeb kar rahi hain. ke liye sabse bada role doordarshan ke Mirabai mein miramai aur *Star Plus* ki *Son Pari* par ek *angel* ka roop hai.

uske saath saath hi unko Marathi aur Hindi ke televizon serials mein bhi aadarsh karna paaya gaya hai.

## Praarambhik jeevan, parivaar aur shiksha
Wo Pune mein ek Marathi Konkanastha Brahmin family me unke parents Dr. Vijay Deo aur dr Veena Devo hain, jo ki ek Hindustani film actor hai. Pune university se Maastar degree hai aur unko pune University, Mumbai mein Linguistics ka master' s diploma bhi mili.

unhonne 1990 mein apane bachapan ke dost ruchir kulakarnee se shaadee kee aur unaka ek beta viraajas hai jo maraathee philm udyog ka bhee hissa hai..

## Abhinay kairiyar
Mrinaal 16 saal kee theen jab unhonne maraathee teevee dhaaraavaahik svaamee mein peshaave maadhavaraav kee patnee ramaabaee peshaave kee bhoomika se debyoo kiya tha. isase unhen lokapriyata milee. raveendr manakaanee ne maadhavaraav ka kiradaar nibhaaya tha.

## Disha
Mrinal Kulkarni ne marathi film Prem Mhanje... ke saath Director ka debut kiya. Manje.... prem mjanje... Asta. Prameshwar ke naam se prem asta ka pramaan karein! ke story ko Mrunal Kulkarni ne likha hai, jo film mein ek adhyaksh role me bhi aa gayi hain. ke baad, unhonne Marathi ki praant draama Rama Madhav ko directed kiya.

### Filmen likhee aur nirdeshit keen

* Madhav - 2014 Rami madhav (Raami) 
* Manjya - 2013 prem manjhyaa.com,premmanjanyofficialblogs-online
* and ti - 2019 Hindi Movie Download, Watch Online

## Awards aur nominations
kulkarni ne is tarah ke award 

# 2001 mein maraathee philm jodeedaar (2000) mein unakee bhoomika ke lie sarvashreshth abhinetree shrenee mein skreen avaard mila.

## Sandrabh
Monisha Unni

**Monisha Unni** (24 January 1970 - 5 December 1986) ek Indian actress the jo Malayalam aur Tamil cinema mein apne kaam ke liye jani jati hai.&nbsp;

16 saal ki umra mein, Monisha ne Nakhakshathangal (1985) ke liye National Film Award for Best Female Actor ka award jeeta. Is film ke lie vah sabase kam aayu kee abhinetree ban gaeen. yah unakee pahalee philm thee jisake liye unhen raashtreey film puraskaar mila tha. isha Unni, Sharada ke saath-saath Shobhana aur Meera Jasmine se pehle 1980 mein National Film Award for Best Female Actor ko jeet wali ek mahila aatraai hai.

Monisha ne apne short career mein M. T Vasudevan Nair, Hariharan, Priyadarshan, Ajayan aur Sibi Malayil ke saath kaam kiya.

## praarambhik jeevan
Monisha Unni ka birth Panniyankara, Kozhikode mein 1972 me hua tha. Unaka father Narayanan unni aur mother Sreedevi unni. unke school ke baad, unko St. Charles High School Bangalore aur Bishop Cotton Girls' College Bengaluru mein class me parne bhej diya gaya tha jo ki ek college hai jisake 10th Class tak ka education is ne Bengalore se kiya thee ske baad, vah Maunt Carmel College Bangalore se psychology mein doctorate ke liye ek degree banakar 1986 me bachchara ki. ni ke ek baadha bat, Sajit unni aur do bechon mein se sabse bada banaae gaye.

## Maut
Monisha Unni Malayalam film Cheppadividya par kaam kar rahi thi, jab vah ek car accident mein maare gaye. 5 December,1992 ko Alappuzha mein Cherthala ke nirdesha par Monisha aur usene ki maa Sreedevi Unni se bhare hue ek gari ka aath saal pehle accident ho gaya tha. isha ne apne aashvaad ke kaaran maut ka daava kiya, lekin jab ki usee mein se ek aur baap (Monisha) bhi aasaani par khaarij ho gaya.

## Kariyeeri
Novelist M. T Vasudevan Nair, jo ki ek screenwriter aur film director bhi hain, Monisha ke family ka friend tha: . T Monisha ke film mein entry ki koshishon ka jawabdar tha, lekin ismein bhi use 1970 me apne baap se madad mil gayi thi jo ek adhyaksh thee aur unki baat par naheen kar sakte hain ke baad vah Nakhakshathangal (1986) mein apni debut ki, jo M. T ke naam se banai gayi thi aur Hariharan ne is ko directed kiya tha। mein ek love triangle ka praant kiya gaya hai, jismein do teen-years ke teens shaamil hain. mein Monisha ne film ke female protagonist Gowri ka acting kiya, jo ki use National Award for Best actress (Best Female Actor) dekar safal kar diya.

## Filmography

## Sandarbh
Nihonium

**Moscovium** ek, admii ke banawa gais, chemical element hae, jiske symbol **Nh**, atomic number is 113 aur mass number 286 hae. Iske Russia me Russia aur America ke scientist 2004 me pahila dafe banae rahin. Moscovium ek radioactive element hae.
Teejan Bai

**Teejan Bai** (janm - 24 April 1956) India ke Chhatisgarh state ke Pandwani lokgeet gaave wali pahli aurat hae. 1988 me Govt. ofindia ne Padm Shree aur 2003 me arts ke khatis Padm Bhushan diya rahaa.
Bhilai, ke gaao Gniyaari me ii ka jnam bahis raha, baap ke naam Hanukalaa aur maai ke naam Sukhavati rahaa. Bachpn me hai Teejan aapan aja Brajlal se Mahabharat ke kathaa suatii rahii aur dheere dheere uu sab yaad kr lii.
## References
Nonmetal

**Nonmetals** chemical element hae jiske metallic property nai rahe hae. Non metal gas, jaise ki Hydrogen se lae ke crystal, jaise ki Iodine rahe hae. Monmetal kamti garrhu rahe hae aur solid  form me brittle rhae hae aur heat aur electricity ke nai conduct karee hae. Nonmetal electrons ke attract kare hae aur iske oxide acidic rahe hae. 

Satrah element ke nonmetal maana jaae hae. Ii jae Hydrogen, Helium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Chlorine, Argon, Selenium, Bromine, Krypton, Iodine, Xenon aur Radon. Chhe har element borderline pe hae aur iske metalloid bola jaae hae, jisme hae Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic, Antimony aur Tellurium.
Raj Kapoor

**Raj Kapoor** (1924 - 1988), jiske janam ke naam **Shristi Nath Kapoor** hae, ek Indian film actor, director aur producer rahaa. Uu Prithviraj Kapoor ke sab se barraa larrkaa rahaa. Uu 1935 se dher Hindi film me kaam karis hae, jaise ki; Aag, Awaara, Shree 420, Boot Polish.
Navin Nischol

**Navin Nischol** (1946 - 2011) ek Indian film actor rahaa. Uu 1970 me Sawan Bhadon se acting suruu karis rahaa. Uske kuchh Hindi films rahaa Aafat, Victoria No. 203, Dhund, Aashiq Banaya Aapne, Hanste Zakhm. Uu kuchh Punjabi film me bhi act karis hae, jaise ki Aasra Pyar Da, Mahaul Theek Hai.
Bhedbhaao

**Bhedbhaao** me koi jan ke pakchh, nai to virod me, kuchh karo, kaheki uu koi jaat (race), gender, umar (age), dharam (religion), sundartaa (looks), sexual orientation ke hae.
Flamenco

**Flamenco**, southern Spain ke abhi ke aur itihaasik music style hae. Ii music ke ii jagaha ka Romani log se associate karaa jaae hae. Spain se ii musiv Spain ke colonies, khaas kar ke Latin America me fael gais.
Andrew Johnson

**Andrew Johnson** (1808 - 1875), America ke 17th President rahaa. Uu Democratic Party ke member rahaa lekin 1864 ke election me National Union Party ke jhanda ke niche, Abraham Lincoln ke running mate rahaa. 4 March 1865 se uu Vice President rahaa aur Lincoln ke maut ke baad uu 15 April 1865 me President banaa. Kaaheki Johnson, civil war ke baad southern states ke haali se union ke fir se join kare ke maangat rahaa, Congress uske impeach kare ke kosis karis lekin Senate me ek vote se fail hoe gais. Uu 1868 ke presidential election ke nai contest karis.

## References
Sanjay Dutt

**Sanjay Balraj Dutt** (Janam: 29 July 1959) ek Indian film actor hae jon ki Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, Punjabi aur Telugu film me act karis hae. Uu film actors, Sunil Dutt aur Nargis ke larrkaa hae. Uu 1981 me acting suruu karis rahaa.

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Hip Hop

**Hip Hop** ek rakam ke music aur naach waala culture hae jon 1970s me Bronx me suruu bhais rahaa. Iske Jamaican American, African American, Arab American, Puerto Rican American aur Latino log kaam me laae hae.
Rock music

**Rock music** ek rakam ke music hae jon ki rock and roll se America me 1940s aur 1950s me suruu bhais rahaa aur 1960s talak United states aur United Kingdom me duusra rakam ke hoe gais.  Ii music ke style blues aur country music me se aais hae. Isme folk, jazz aur electric bass guitar aur drums bhi hae
Samba

Samba ek rakam ke music, naach aur gaana hae jon ki Brazil me 1920s me suruu bhais rahaa. Ii Afro-Brazilian log me pahile suruu bhais rahaa. Iske Portuguese bhasa me gaawa jaae hae.
Video game

**Video game**, electronic game hae jiske video screen me khelaa jaae hae, jaise ki; television, computer, built-in screen. Dher rakam ke video game rahe hae, jaise ki role-playing, shooters, first-person shooters, side-scrollers, platforms. Video games CD, DVD aur download kare se paawa jaae hae.
Pahurrna

**Pahurrna (Swimming)** me gorr aur haanth ke kaam me laae ke [paani] me move karaa jaae hae. Log [samundar, naddi, swimming pool, aur lake me pahurre sake hae. Dher rakam ke pahurre ke style hae, jaise ki front crawl, breaststroke, freestyle, butterfly, backstroke
Awaaj

**Awaaj** (Sound), sound waves se hoe hae. Iske sunaa jaae hae jab ii koi medium, jaise hawaa me s jaae ke kaan me aae hae. Sab awaaj molecules ke vibration se bane hae.
Raftaar

**Raftaar** (Velocity) ek chij ek bagal ketnaa jorr se jaae hae, ke naape hae. Agar ek chij west ke bagal ek second me 15 metres jaae hae tab iske velocity 15 m/s West hae.
Parkaas ke raftaar

**Speed of light** ek physical constant hae jiske symbol "c" hae. Ii exactly 299,792,458 metres per second (983,571,056 feet per second) hae. Ek photon ii raftaar se vacuum me travel kare hae
Taapmaan

**Temperature** ii batae hae ki ek chij ketnaa garam, nai to thandaa hae. Temperature ke thermometer se naapa jaae hae. Thermometer temperature scale ke use kare hae. {{Dunia]] ke jaada des me celsius (centigrade) ke kaam me laawa jaae hae, lekin USA me Fahrenheit use hoe hae. Scientist log jaada kar ke kelvin ke kaam me laae hae.
Samay

**Samay** (Time) kabhi khalaas nai hoe waala chij hae. Iske pichhe nai karaa jaae sake hae. Samay ke naape ke khaatir koi chij ke kaam me laawa jaae sake hae jon ki repeat hoe hae, jaise ki dunia ke rotation se din ke naapa jaae hae. SI unit me samay ke symbol "s" hae.
Vacuum

**Vacuum** uu jagha hae jahaan pe kuchh nai hae, hawaa bhi nai. Awaaj vacuum me se nai jaae sake hae. Koi jagha sachchaa vacuum nai hae kaaheki thora particles sab jagha mile hae; outer space me bhi.
Special relativity

**Special relativity**, nai to **the special theory of relativity**, Bhautik vigyan (Physics) me ek theory hae jiske Albert Einstein 1905 me samjhais rahaa. Ii theory uu jagha pe apply hoe hae jahaan pe gravitation nai ke baraabar hae.
Spaceflight

**Spaceflight** uu time hoe hae jab ek spacecraft, jisme insaan banais hae, urr ke space me jaae hae. Spaceflight me chaahe manned nai to unmanned rahe hae. Russia pahila spacecraft ke space e bhejis rahaa aur pahila admii space e bhi ek Russian Yuri Gagarin rahaa
Asrani

**Govardhan Asrani** (Janam:1 January 1941), jiske jaada kar ke khaali **Asrani** ke naam se jaana jjae hae, ek Indian film actor aur director hae. Uu 350 se jaada film me act karis hae. Uu jaada kar ke comedy role khatir jaana jaae hae lekin kuchh film me lead role bhi act karis hae. Uske kuchh film rahaa Sholay, Salaam Memsaab, Chala Murari Hero Banne aur Aag aur Chingari. Uu Gujarati film me bhi act karis hae.

## References
Utpaadan

**Utpaadan** hae kacchchaa maal se chij banaana. Chij ke mahinat kar ke aur masiin, aujaar aur rasaenik aujaar ke kaam me laae ke banaawa jaae hae. Ii secondary udhyog hae.
Len-den

**Len-den** me, aapn manjuur se, chij aur mahinat ke ek jan se duusre ke dewa jaae hae, jaada kar ke paisa ke badle me. Purana jamaana me bina paisa ke kaam me laae ke len-den howat rahaa. Iske adla-badli (barter) bola jaaway rahaa.
Anuwaad

**Anuwaad** ke matlab hae koi lekh, nai to bhaasan ke ek bhasa me se duusraa bhasa me likho, nai to bolo. Anuwaad kare waala log ke anuwaadak bola jaae hae. Aaj kal machine aur computer se bhi anuwaad karaa jaae hae.
Naap

**Naap** kare me ek chij, duusra chij se ketnaa barraa, nai to chhotaa hae ke compare karaa jaae hae. Jaise ki wajan ke kilogram me naapa jaae hae, lambaai ke metre me naapa jaae hae.
Litre

**Litre**, jiske America me **liter** likha jaae hae, International System of Units (SI) me volume ke naapa jaae hae. Ek litre me 1000 cubic centimetre rahe hae jiske matlab ii hae ki ii ek cube ke baraabar hae jon ki 10cm x 10cm x 10cm hae.
Gregorian calendar

**Gregorian calendar**, uu calendar hae jiske abhi dunia bhar me kaam me laawa jjae hae. Iske 1582 se kaam me laae ke suruu karaa gais rahaa kaaheki puraana Julian calendar me ek galti rahaa. Julian calendar me ek saal me 365.25 din rahaa, lekin dunia, suraj ke parikrama 365.2425 din me kare hae. Iske matlabb ae ki Julian calendar ke saal 11 minute se galat rahaa. Ii galti ke sudhare ke khatir leap saal ke niyam ke badal ke ii karaa gais, "Leap saal nai rahii jab saal 00 me khalaas hoe hae (jaise 1900), lekin rahii jab saal ke 400 se divide karaa jaae sake hae. (jaise ke 2000)
Gharri

**Gharri** ek aujaar hae jon ki samay batae hae. Kuchh kharri khaali samay batae hae lekin gharri, taarik bhi batae sake hae aur gharri me timer, temperature aur mausam bhi batae hae. Dher gharri me alarm bhi rahe hae.
Din

Ek **din** uu samay hae jisme dunia ke ek dafe chakkar lagaae me lage hae. Ii dunia ke uu hissa pe din ke samay hae jahan suraj ke saamne hae. Jab raat ke samay hoe hae tab dunia ke uu hissa suraj ke opposite side me hoe hae. Dunia ke ek dafe ghume me 24 ghanta lage hae.
Prakrati

**Prakrati** uu sab chij hae jiske insaan nai banai hae. prakrati me mausam, jiu, pahaarr, naddi jaise chij hae. Prakrati ke parrhe khatir ecology aur jiu vigyan hae.
Antrikchh urraan

**Antrikchh urraan** tab hoe hae jab insaan se banaawa gais koi chij bahaari antrikchh me urraawa jaae hae. Antrikchh urraan insaan ke saathe, nai to bina insaan ke saathe hae sake hae. Pahila antrikchh urraan ke Russia karis rahaa.
Saans lena

**Saans lena**, fefrraa se hawaa bhittar aur bahaar lae jaana hae. Agar koi jan saans ni le hae to uu mar jaae hae. Saans le se oxygen dehin ke bhittar aae hae aur carbon dioxide dehin se bahaar jaae hae.
Calendar

**Calendar** ke aujaar hae jisse din ke organise karaa jaae hae. Log calendar ke kaam me laae ke batae sake hae ki kab koi chij bhais rahaa aur aage ke plan kare ke khaatir. Calendar me din ke naam aur number rahe hae, jon ki calendar date batae hae.
Reproduction

**Reproduction** ke matlab hae koi chij ke banaana, nai to fir se banaana, jaise ki bachchaa. Jiu vigyan me dui rakam ke reproduction rahe hae; ii hae sexual aur asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction me ek species ke dui jiu rahe hae aur bachhchaa ke aadha genes de hae. Asexual reproduction me khaali ek jiu rahe hae, aur ii cell ke divide kar ke reproduce kare hae. Jaada kar ke bacteria asexual reproduction se reproduce kare hae. Koi koi jiu duuni sexual aur asexual reproduction ke kaam me laae hae.
Rodent

**Rodent**, jiske jiu vigyan me **rodentia** bhi bola jaae hae, ek rakam ke jaanwar hae jiske duuno uppar aur niche waala maskur me dui daant rahe hae jon ki sab time barrte rahe hae. Lagbhag 40% jaanwar rodentia hae aur iske New Zealand aur Antartica ke chhorr ke dunia ke sab jagha paawa jaae hae. Kuchh sadharan rodentia kae; chuuha, squirrel, prairie dog, porcupine, beaver, guinea pig, hamster, rabbit
Primate

Primate ek barraa jaanwar ke order hae. Iske dui bhaag me karaa gais hae; strepsirrhine, jisme hae lemur, galago aur [lorisid]] aur haplorhine, jisme hae bandar.
Reptile

**Reptile**, chaar-gorr, thanda-khoon aur andaa de  waala jaanwar hae. Abhi ke reptile me hae kachua (turtle), gharriyaal (crocodile), bustuiyaa (lizard) aur saamp (snake)
Asha Parekh

**Asha Parekh** (Janam: 1942) ek Indian film actress, director aur producer hae. Parekh 85 se jaada film me, aapan career ke 40 saal, me kaam karis hae. Uske dui Filmfare Award mila hae. 1992 me Indian ke sarkar uske Padma shri ke upaadhi diis rahaa. Parekh ek bachchaa actor rahi jab uu 1952 me film, *Maa* me act karis rahaa aur 1959 me *Dil Deke Dekho* uske mashuur banais.
Algae

**Algae**, perr ke rakam jiu hae jon ki aapan khaana ke, suraj ke  roshnee ke kaam me laae ke, photosynthesis kar ke banae hae. Algae ek aur dui cell ke hoe sake hae, nai to dher cell waala hoe sake hae, jaise ki giant kelp
Paudha

**Paudha**, jinda chij ke chhe barraa hissa me se ek hae. Paudha ke achchhaa se developed cell rahe hae aur ii aapan khaana apne banae hae. Paudha dher rakam ke rahe hae, jaise ki perr, herb, grass, fern, algae.
Fal

vanaspati vigyan (botany) me, ek **fal**, paudha ke uu hissa hae jisme biyaa rahe hae.  Fal se fuul waala paudha aapan biyaa ke falae hae. Jaada fal ke kachchaa khaawa jaae hae, jaise aapul, aam, anaar
Nervous system

**Nervous system**, dehin ke ek pranaalee hae jon ki dehin bhar me sanket (signal) bheje hae. Isse jaanwar jawaab de (respond) sake hae ki uske nagiich me konchi hae. Central nervous system me [dimaag]], rirr ke haddi (spinal chord) aur nerves hae.
Nerve

**Nerve**, nerve cells ke ek toli (group) hae jon ki ek duusre ke saathe kaam kare hae. Nerve cells ke duusra naam, neuron hae. Khaas neuron nerve me jaankari (information) ke dehin ke central nervous system ke lage aur isse lae jaae hae.
Central nervous system

**Central nervous system (CNS)**, nervous system ke sab se barraa hissa hae. CNS dui chij se banaa hae; dimaag aur riirr ke haddi (spinal chord). CNS, haddi se surakchhit karaa gais hae.
Saif Ali Khan

**Saif Ali Khan** (Janam:1970) ek Indian film actor aur producer hae , jon ki khaas kar ke Hindi film me kaam karis hae. Uu cricketer Mansoor Aki Khan Pataudi aur actress Sharmila Tagore ke larrkaa hae. Uske National Film Award, Filmfare Award aur Padma Shri mila hae.
1723

**1723** (MDCCXXII), ek leap sadhaaran rahaa jon  suk ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii Julian calendar ke 1723rd,  2nd millennium ke 723rd aur 18th century ke 23rd saal rahaa,  aur  1720s dassak ke 4th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1779-1780, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1644-1645, Kali Yuga ke 4823-4824, Buddhist calendar ke 2267, Islamic calendar ke 1135-1136, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 255 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 7 January - **[[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]**, Gorkha Kingdom ke aakhri raja aur Kingdom of Nepal ke pahila raja ke janam Gorkha, Nepal me bhais rahaa.

## Maut
* 8 March - **[[Christopher Wren]]**, Great Britain ke architect, ke maut London me bhais rahaa.

## References
1775

**1775** ek saadharan saal rahaa jon etwaar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 23 April - **[[J. M. W. Turner]]**, Great Britain ke chitrkaar, ke janam London me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

* 11 January - **[[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]**, Gorkha Kingdom ke aakhri raja aur Kingdom of Nepal ke pahila raja ke maut Devighat, Nepal me bhais rahaa.

## References
Sawaad

**Sawaad** ek sense hae jiske insaan aur jaanwar mahsus kare hae. Iske , khaana khaae ke time sense kare hae. Insaan paanch sawaad ke sense kare hae: , , ,  aur
Prajanan pranaali

Ek jiu ke **prajanan pranaali** uske dehin ke uu hissa hae jisse uu sexual intercourse se nawaa jiu banae sake hae.
Saans le waala system

**Saans le waala system** uu system hae jisse dehin carbon dioxide ke bahaar nikaale aur oxygen ke bhittar le hae. Iske pahila step hae saans lena, jisse oxygen waala hawaa fefrraa me jaae hae aur jaada carbon dioxide waala hawaa bahaar nikaalna. Duusra step me fefrraa me oxygen khuun me diffuse hoe hae aur khuun me se carbon dioxide khuun se bahaar diffuse hoe hae. Tiisra step me  cells oxygen ke kaam me laae ke energy banae hae aur carbon dioxide ke bahaar khuun me kare hae.
Antibiotic

**Antibiotic**, ek rakam ke chemical compound hae jon ki bacteria ke chaahe maare hae nai to uske barrhe ke raftaar ke kamtii kare hae. Iske doctor logan uu bemari ke thiik kare khatir kaam me laae hae jon ki bacteria ke kaaran hoe hae.

Pahila antibiotic Penicillin rahaa, jiske fungus se banaawa gais rahaa. Antibiotic e itpaadan 1939 me suruu bhais aur aaj-kal ii chemical synthesis se banaawa jaae hae. Antibiotics se virus ke kaaran ke rog ke ilaaj karaa jaae hae.

Aaj-kal log chinta kare hae ki bacteria waala bemaari ke antibiotic nai thiik kare paai. Iske kaaran hae ki bacteria jorr se badle hae aur kuchh rakam ke bacteria antibiotics ke "resistent" rahii.

## Refeences
Tabiyat

**Tabiyat** ek jan ke saaririk, maansik aur samaajik ke haal chaal ke baare me hae; khaali bemaari se chhutkaara nai. Saaririk tabiyat dehin ke baare me hae. Maansik tabiyat, log kaise soche aur kaise anbhow kare hae, ke baare me hae. Samaajik tabiyat ii batae hae ki log duusre ke saathe kaise rahe hae.
Immune system

**Immune system**, dehin me uu chij hae jon ki ek jan ke bemaar hoe se bachaae hae. Ii bemaari faiae waala germs ke pahachaan ke nast kare hae.
Period

**Period (Menstruation)** uu chij ke bole hae jab jawaan aurat log ke bina fertilize karaa gais andaa aur uterous ke tissue yoni se nikle hae. Ii mahina me lagbhag ek dafe hoe hae aur ii ek nisaana hae ki baby nai bhais hae.
Mahamari

Mahamari uu rakam bemaari ke dunia bhar me failna, jon ki ek duusre ke haali se pakarr le hae. Dunia me dher mahamari failaa hae, jaise ki 14th century me Europe ke Black Death, 1918 ke Spanish flu aur 2009 ke swine flu mahamari.
Vaccine

**Vaccine** ek jinda chij se banaawa gais sui hae jiske faile waala bemaari se bachaae ke khaatir dewa jaae hae. I sui ke vaccination bolaa jaae hae.
Dhaancha

**Dhaancha**, karraa structure hae jon ki jiu ke bhittar ke khaas organ ke bachaae hae. Dhaancha dehin ke bittar rahe sake, jaise insaan aur jaanwar me, nai to bahaar, jaise ki kekrraa, kechua aur snail. Jaanwar aur insaan me dhaancha [[haddi] ke rahe hae.
Virus

**Virus** ek ekdam chhotaa bemaari failae waala agent hae jon jiu ke cell ke bhittar barrhe hae. Virus sab rakam ke jiu ke infect kare hae, jaise ki jaanwar, insaan aur bacteria
Ulysses S. Grant

**Ulysses S. Grant** (1822 - 1885), America ke 18th President rahaa, jon ki 1869 se 1877 talak president rahaa. UU ek army General rahaa aur American Civil War me Union Army ke jitais rahaa. Uu 1865 me kuchh din talak Secretary of War rahaa aur Republican Party ke taraf se President ban ke, reconstruction ke time, African Americans ke bachais rahaa.

## References
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)**, jiske chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), nai to chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), ke naam se jaana jaae hae, uu bemaari hae jon ki saans le me takliif kare hae. COPD ke chinh hae, saans le me takliif, khaansi aur khaansi me phlegm. Iske kaaran hae tamaaku piina aur hawaa ke pollution.
Gastroenteritis ke bemari

**Gastroenteritis**, jiske **Stomach Flu **ke naa se bhi jaana jaae hae, ek medical term hae, peet aur atrri ke fuule kae. Isse diarrhoea, chhaant, aur pet me piirra hoe hae. Iske kaaran ke virus nai to bacteria se infection.
Kilogram

**Kilogram**, International System of Units (SI) me mass ke base unit hae. Iske vigyan, engineering aur len-den me dunia bhar me kaam me laawa jaae hae. Ek kilogram ke mass ek litre paani ke wajan ke baraabar hae. Ek kilogram 2.2 pounds ke baraabar hae. Ek tonne, ek hajaar kilogram ke baraabar hae.
Bukhaar

**Bukhaar**, jiske khaali flu bhi bolaa jaae hae, ek rakam ke pakrre waala bemari hae, jiske kaaran influenza virus hae. Iske symptom me hae dehin ke temperature jaada hona, sardi, gatai, muscle aur muurr ke piirraa, khaansi aur thakaan. Chaar rakam ke influenza virus hae: A, B, C, aur D.

Ii bemaari ek jan se duusra jan, bukhaar waala jan ke khanse se faile hae.

Ii virus bahut puraana hae aur insaan isse hajaro saal se infect bhais hae.

## References
Aadha pet khaana

**Aadha pet khaana** (Malnutrition) hae uu khaana nai to etna khaana ke lena jon ki dehin ke jaruri nutrient nai de hae. Kamtii khaana lena ke undernourishment bolaa jaae hae. Kabhi kabhi kamtii paani piye se bhi ii bemari hoe hae.
Pneumonia

**Pneumonia**, fefrraa aur respiratory system ke bemari hae. Pneumonia uu time hoe hae jab fefrraa ke hawaa badle waala thaili barr jaae hae. II paani aur piip (pus) se bhar jaawe hae aur oxygen ke hawaa me se nai nikaale paae hae.
Polio

**Polio**, jiske **Poliomyelitis** bhi bola jaae hae,  ek virus hae jone ki ek bemari ke kaaran hae jon ki ek duusre se faile hae. Polio ke koi symptom nai rahe hae jabtak ki uu khuun me nai fael jaae hae. Agar ii dimaag aur piithi ke haddi me fael gais tab isse lakua maar de hae.

## References
Yaun rog

**Yaun rog** (venerial disease) (VD), jiske sexually transmitted infection (STI) aur sexually transmitted bemari (STD) ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, dui log ke biich me sex se faile hae. Kuchh VD hae gonorrhea aur syphilis
Barraa maata

**Barraa maata** (smallpox) ek faile waala bemari rahaa jiske kaaran smallpox virus rahaa. Ii bemaari ke dunia se khatam kar dewa gais hae. Ii bemari ke chinh raha dehin ke garmi aur chhaant hona. Iske baad muh me ulcer aur chamrraa me rash hoe jaawat rahaa.
Muurr ke piirraa

**Muurr ke piirraa** tab hoe hae jab muurr bhittar se piraawe hae. Iake kaaran bukhaar, bahut jaada television aur computer screen dekhe se, thakaan, nai to sustii (sleeplessness), dabao (stress) aur  neurological bemaari, jaise mirgii se hoe sake hae. Dher rakam ke muurr ke piirraa rahe hae, jaise ki, migraine, tension se muurr ke piirraa. Muurr ke piirraa ke kamto kare ke khaatir analgesics, jaise ki asprin lewa jaae hae.
Dil ke daura

**Dil ke daura** (**Heart attack**), jiske doctor log **myocardial infarction** bole hae, uu time hoe hae jab dil ke nas me khuun ke bahao me baadha parr jaae hae. Iske khaas symptom hae chhaati me piirraa, jon ki kandhaa, haanth, gatai aur jaw me faile sake hae.
Stroke

**Stroke** ek bemari hae jisme dimaag me enough khuun nai jaae ke kaaran cells mar jaae hae. Dui rakam ke stroke rahe hae. Ek kamti khuun ke kaaran rahe hae aur duusra khuun bahaar bahe ke kaaran hoe hae.
TB

**TB** ek jor se faile waala bemari hae jiske ek bacteria cause kare hae. Ii fefrraa ke affect kare hae. TB ke chinh hae khaansi, bukhaar, wajan kamti hona. TB ek jan se duusra jan tak [hawaa]] me faile hae.
Diabetes

**Diabetes** ek bemari hae jisme khuun me chini jaada hoe jaae hae. Iske kaaran hae pancreas ke kamti insulin banana. Iske chinh hae piyaas aana, wajan kamtii hona, achchhaa se dekhaana nai.
Inorganic chemistry

**Inorganic chemistry**, rasayan vigyan ke ek hissa hae jon element aur inorganic conpound ke adhyan (study) kare hae. Inorganic chemistry ke ii bola jaae sake hae ki ii uu chij ke adhyan hae jon ki organic chemistry me nai hae. Organic chemistry me khaali carbon ke compound ke adhyan karaa jaae hae, tab inorganic chemistry me uu compound ke adhyan karaa jaae hae jon ki carbon copound nai hae.
Hira

**Hira**, carbon element ke ek karraa roop hae jisme atom ek cube me hae. Hira sab se karraa chij hae aur iske kaaran hira ke industry me duusra chij kaae aur polish kare khatir kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Barf

**Barf**, ice ke ek ruup hae. Barf uu time bane hae jab hawaa me ke paani freeze hoe jaae hae. Isme suruu me alag alag ice crystal hawaa me suspended rahe hae lekin baad me jamiin pe gir jaae hae. Jab temperature 0 degrees se jaada hoe hae tab barf tagal ke paani ban jaae hae.
Bawandar

**Bawandar** ek jorr se spin hoe waala hawaa hae jon ki niche aae ke dharti ke touch kare hae. Bawandar ke bhittar hawaa bahut jorr se ghume hae. Bawandar, insaan ke khaatir khatarnak rahe hae.
Tufaan

**Tufaan** me hawaa, samundar ke uppar golaa ghume hae, khass kar ke garam jagha me. Isse hawaa jorr se chale hae aur dher baaris bhi hoe hae. Tufaan ke biich me, jiske "eye" bola jaae hae bahut kamti hawaa aur baaris hoe hae.
Hawaa

**Hawaa**, gas ke ghuumna hae jamiin ke mukable me. Outer space me suraj se particles solar wind cause kare hae. Sab se jor hawaa Neptune aur Saturn me hoe hae. THora deri ke hawaa ke "gust" bola jaae hae. Jab hawaa ke raftaar dher jaada hoe jaae hae tab iske tufaan bola jaae hae.
Garmi

**Garmi**, ii batae hae ki ek chij ketna thanda nai to garam hae. Garmi ke thermometer se naapa jaae hae, jiske scale Celsius, Fahrenheit, nai to, Kelvin hae
Jwaarr bhaata

**Jwaarr bhata** ek prakratik musibat hae jon ki samundar me jor se aage barrhe waala halkora hae. Iske kaaran bhukamp, jwalamukhi, lanslide hoe sake hae. Ek jwarr bhata chhota halkora se suruu hoe hae aur fir barraa hoe jaae hae.
Prakrakit musibat

**Prakrakit musibat****Mota akchhar**, ek barraa ghatnaa hae jiske kaaran dunia ke prakrati hae. Iske kuchh namuuna hae; baarr, suukha, bhukamp, tufaan, jwaarr bhata, jwalamukhi, aagi. Isse log ke maut hoe hae aur property barbaat hoe hae.
Jatil ginti

**Jatil ginti** (Complex number) me dui number rahe hae. Iske pahila hissa real aur duusra hissa imaginary rahe hae. Iske khaas number "i' hae, jiske square kare pe answer "-1" rahe hae. i2 = i x i = -1
Baraabri

**Baraabri** (Equation) me "=" chinh ke kaam me laawa jaae hae, aur ii chinh ke duuno bagal ke kiimat baraaabar rahe hae. jaise ki x = 3. Algebra me dher rakam ke baraabri rahe hae jaise ki Quadratic, Cubuc
Area

**Area**, dui dimensional space jetnaa jagha le, hae. Ii kaam me aae hae, kaaheki isse ii calculate karaa jaae sake hae ki ki ek close object ketnaa jagha le hae. Area ke square foot, square metre me naapa jaae hae.

Saadharan aakaar ke chij ke area, jause ki square, rectangle, triangle aur circle ke formula se calculate karaa jaae sake hae. Alg-alg shape ke alag-alag formula rahe hae. Jaise ki:
* Rectangle ke area ke uske lambaai (length) aur chaurrai (width) ke ek duusre se mulitply kar ke paawa jaae hae: A = l x w
* Ek triangle ke area ke uske aadha base ke perpendicular haight se mutipply kar ke mie hae: A = ½bh
* Ek circle ke area ke uske radius ke square kar ke pi se multiply kar ke calculate karaa jaae hae: A = πr2
Coordinate system

Ek **coordinate system** ginti ke system hae jisse ek point ke jagha ke uniquely paawa jaae sake hae. Dui dimensional system me ek jorraa (pair) number ke kaam me laawa jaae hae. Jaada dimension me jaada number ke kaam me laawa jaae hae. Jaise ki (3) ek-dimensional hae, (1,4) dui-dimensional hae, ((1,5,9) tiin-dimensional hae.
Pi

*Pi* (**π**), mathematics ke ek constant hae, jon ki ek ghera (circle) ke circumference aur diameter ke ratio hae. Isse jon number nikle hae uu sab time ekke rahe hae, iske pi bola jjae hae aur iske value 3.141592653589793.... jon ki khalaas nai hoe hae. Ii rakam ke number ke irrational numbers bola jaae hae.

\pi ke ek circle ke circumference c aur iske diameter d ke ratio define karaa jaae hae:
:\pi=\frac cd

## References
Pythagorean theorem

Mathematics me Pythagorean theorem, ek right triangle ke sides ke baare me ek statement hae. Triangle ke right angle ke aage waala side ke hypotenuse bola jaae hae. Pythagorean theorem batae hae ki hypotenuse pe jon square hae use area dui aur side ke square ke baraabar hae.

Agar ek right triangle ke hypotenuse "c" hae, aur dui aur side "a" aur "b" hae, tab,
a^2+b^2=c^2.

Ii theorem ke chaar rakam se sahi dekhaawa jaae sake hae:
# Algebraic proof
# Geometric proof
# Vectors ke kaam me laae ke proof
# Mass aur velocity ke kaam me laae ke proof

## Pythagorean triples
Tiin whole number jon equation a^2+b^2=c^2 me fit hoe hae ke Pythagorean triples bola jaae hae, jaise ki 3, 4 aur, kaaheki 3^2+4^2=5^2. Iske multiple bhi pythagorean tripe hae, jaise ki 3, 4 aur 5 ke dugna kare se 6, 8 aur 10 mile hae aur 6^2+8^2=10^2 Dui aur Pythagorean triple hae: 
*(5, 12, 13) kaaheki 5^2+12^2=13^2
*(7, 24, 25) kaaheki 7^2+24^2=25^2
Symmetry

**Symmetry**, kuchh chij ke uu property hae jisme ii chij dekhe me wahii rakam lage hae jab iske ek axis me reflect karaa jaae hae, nai to, ek point ke around rotate karaa jaae hae.
Trigonometry

**Trigonometry**, Mathematics ke ek hissa hae jon ki angle, triangle aur trigonometric functions, jaise sine, cosine aur tangent ke baare me hae.
Linear algebra

**Linear algebra**, mathematics ke ek hissa hae. Isme mathematician log linear equation ke solve kare ke khaatir vector aur matrix ke kaam me laae hae. Linear algebra ke differential equation aur analytic geometry me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Angle

**Angle**, uu time bane hae jab dui sidhaa rekhaa (line) ek duusre se mile hae. Duuno rekhaa ke angle ke "sides" bola jaae hae aur jahan pe duuni mile hae ke "point" bola jaae hae. Angle uu time bhi bane hae jab dui "plane" ek duusre se mile hae.

Angle ke darsae (to represent) ke khaatir Greek Akchhar ke kaam me laawa jaae hae, jaise **α** (alpha), **β** (beta), **γ** (gamma) aur **θ** (theta).

Angle ke degrees me naapa jaae hae, aur chinh **°** ke kaam me laawa jaae hae. Ek degree ke hissa ke khaatir ek deimal number, nai to fraction ke bhi kaam me laawa jaae sake hae, lekin ek degree ke 60 minutes (1° = 60′) aur ek minute ke 60 seconds (1′ = 60″) me vibhajit (divide) karaa jaae sake hae. Iske matlab hae ki 37.5°, 37½° aur 37°30′ ekke angle hae.

Angle ke radians me bhi naapa jaae hae ii conversion factor ke kaam me laae ke: 2π rad = 360°. Jaise ki 60° = π/6 rad.

## References
Aankrraa

**Aankrraa**, mathematics ke uu hissa hae jisme data ke batoraa, aayojit, vislesan, parrhaa aur dekhaawa jaae hae. Aankrraa ke duusra visay me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hae, jaise ki vigyan, arthsastr aur rajniti
Function

Mathematics me **Function**, uu chij hae jon ki ek output ke utpaadan kare hae, jab ek input isme karaa jaae hae. Ii input ek gintii, vector, nai to ek set ke bhittar koi chij hoe sake hae.
Anant

**Anant** (Infinity), uu chij hae jon ki kabhi khalaas nai hoe hae. Iikoi bhi ginti se barraa hae. Iske chinh hae: \infty
Kheti

**Kheti** me jaanwar ke paalan, paani me chij paalna, machhri maarna. khet me chij bona, hoe sake hae. Kheti se khaae waala chij aur nai khaae waala chij bhi hoe hae.
Sichaai

**Sichaai** me log paudha me paani chhorre hae, jab baaris ke kami rahe hae. Sichaai waala paani ke naddi, talaab aur canal se lewa jaae sake hae.
Har

**Har** ek aujaar hae jiske kheti me kaam me laawa jaae hae. Iske jamiin ke uppar dhakela, nai to, khiicha jaae hae. Pahile jamaana me jaanwar, nai to, insaan se har chalaawa jaawat rahaa, lejin aaj kal tractor ke kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Gehuun

**Gehuun**, ek anaaj hae. Iske log iske jaada kar ke bread banaae ke khaae hae. Ii ek rakam ke giraas hae jiske fal paudha ke muur hae jisme khaae waala biya rahe hae. 

Iske pahile Levant me boyaa gais rahaa lekin aaj-kal iske dunia bhar me boyaa jaae hae. Dunia bhar me gehuum ke len-den aur sab anaaj ke len-den ke puura jor , se bhi jaada hae.  II dunia bhar me, insaan ke khaatir, vegetable protein ke number ek source hae. Isme  protein makai (corn) or chaaur se bhi jaada hae.

## References
Paniir

**Paniir**, ek khaae waala chij hae jiske duudh se banaawa jaae hae. Paniir banae waala duudh jaada kar ke gaiyaa, bhaes, bakrrii aur bherraa se aae hae.
Chocolate

**Chocolate** ek rakam ke khaae waala chij hae jon ki cacao bean se bane hae. Iske dher dessert me kaam me laawa jaae hae, jaise ki pudding, cake, candy, ice cream. Ii solid hoe sake hae, jaise ki candy bar, nai to liquid, jaise ki hot chocolate.
Madh

**Madh**, ek rakam ke khaana hae jiske madhmakkhi, fuul ke ras se banae hae. Madh, mitthaa hae aur iske chini ke jagha bki kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Anguur

**Anguur** ek faile waala paudha ke fal hae. Anguur ke kachche khaawa jaae sake hae aur isse wine, juice aur jam banaawa jaae hae. Anguur dher rang me rahe hae, jaise ki, laal, baiganii, ujjar aur haraa.

Aaj-kal, bina biyaa waala anguur bhi rahe hae.  Munakka ke anguur ke jhurae ke banaawa jaae hae.

Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) ke anusaar, dunia bhar me 76,000  square kilometres me anguur boya jaae hae. Isme se 71% se wine banaawa jaae hae, 27% ke kachchaa khaawa jaae hae aur 2% ke jhuraae ke munakka banaawa jaae hae.

Niche ke suchiime ii dekhae hae ki dunia bhar ke sab see jaada wine banae waala des kin hae.
* Spain – 11,750&nbsp;km²
* France – 8,640&nbsp;km²
* Italy – 8,270&nbsp;km²
* Turkey – 8,120&nbsp;km²
* United States – 4,150&nbsp;km²
* Iran – 2,860&nbsp;km²
* Romania – 2,480&nbsp;km²
* Portugal – 2,160&nbsp;km²
* Argentina – 2,080&nbsp;km²
* Australia – 1,642&nbsp;km²

## References
Nabbu

**Nabbu** ek rakam ke fal hae jon ki Asia ke native hae. Dher rakam ke nabbu hae, jaise ki khatta nabbu, mittha nabbu aur chakotra. Nabbu se sarbat banaawa jaae hae.
Makai

**Makai**,nai to Indian corn, ek rakam ke anaaj hae jiske pahile Central America ke log bowat rahin. Makai ke insaan khaae hae, jaanwar ke bhi kkhawaaya jaae hae aur ethanol banaawa jaae hae. II Mexico, South America aur Central america ke log ke khaas khaana hae.

Makai ke patti se lapeta kernels rahe jisme biyaa hae. Ii ek "angiosperm" hae jiske matlab hae ki iske biyaa biyaa fal nai to shell ke bhittar hae. United States aur Canada me iske corn bola jaae hae. 

Dunia bhar me wajan ke hisaab se ii sab se se jaada paida karaa jaae waala anaaj hae. 2020 me dunia ke production, 1.1 billion tonnes rahaa.

## References
Gos

**Gos**, jaanwar ke dehin hae jiske insaan aur jaanwar khaae hae. Kuchh jaanwar jiske gos ke insaan khaae hae; bakrrii, bherraa, murgi, gaiya, machchhri. Gos me jaada kar ke protein, paani aur [charbi]] rahe hae.

## Itihaas
### Jaanwar ke paaltu banaana
Paleontological sabuut ii dekhae hae ki sab se pahile ke insaan ke khaana me jaada gos rahaa. Puraana log jon shikaar karat rahin bison aur deer ke mil ke maarat rahin. Neolithic jamaana me jaanwar ke paala jaawe lagaa rahaa jisse gis uu time milat rahaa jab uske jaruri rahaa.

### Barraa taur pe jaanwar ke kheti

World War II ke baad, sarkar, kisaan log ke paisa diis rahaa jisse jaanwar ke khti ke barrhaawa jaawe sake. Iske kaaran, jaanwar ke number barrha, lekin iske saathe-saathe jaanwar ke khaana aur dawai bhi jaada mahangaa hoe gais, aur jaanwar me bemaari aur pollution bhi jaada hoe gais. 1966 me, the United States, the United Kingdom aur duusra   industrialized des,  beef aur dairy cattle aur domestic pigs factory me kheti suruu karis rahaa. Ii rakam ke jaanwar ke kheti 20th century me dunia bhar me karaa jaawe lagaa, traditional kheti ke jagha. 1990 me intensive animal kheti se dunia ke   30% gos produce karaa jaawat rahaa aur  2005 me ii 40% rahaa.

## References
Tarkaari

**Tarkaari**, paudha ke uu hissa hae jiske insaan khaae hae. Isme hae fuul, fal, danthi, patti, jarr aur biyaa. Gaajar aur aalu paudha ke jarr ke hissa hae lekin iske insaan khaae hae tab iske tarkaari bolaa jaae hae.

## Itihaas
Kheti ke suruu hoe se pahile, insaan jangli jaanwaar ke maar ke khaawat rahin aur fal ke bator ke khaawat rahin.Uulog khaae waala fal, sepaarri (nut), danthii (stem), patti aur jarr ke khojat rahin aur jaanwar ke shikaar karat rahin.  Tropical jangle me jangle ke kaat ke  kheti sab se pahila rakam ke kheti rahaa; jisme kaamil paudha ke pahchaana jaawat rahaa aur bekaar pahudha ke ukharr dewa jaawat rahaa. Iske baad uu paudha ke rakkhaa jaawat rahaa jon barraa-barraa fal dewat rahaa aur jor se barraa howat rahaa. Jab gehun aur makai ke kkheti ke sabuut Middle East me mila hae, ii hoe sake hae ki dunia ke aur des ke log 10,000 BC se 7,000 BC me kheti karat rahin. Abhi bhi subsistence kheti karaa jaawe hae, jaada kar ke Africa, Asia aur South America me, aur duusra jagha bhi, jisme chota-chota jamiin me aapan palwaar ke khaatir khaana banaawa jaawe hae, aur bachaa produce ke duusre se aur chij ke khaatir badlaa jaawat rahaa.

Likha gais itihaas se ii jaana jaawe hae ki dhani log dher rakam ke khaana khaawat rahin, jaise gos, tarkari aur fal, lekin garib log besawaad khaana, jaise chaur, makai gehun ke khaawat rahin. Central America ke Aztec ke ke khaas khaana makai rahaa, lekin uu logan tamaatar, avocado, bean, pepper, kaddu, peanut jaise chij ke bhi bowat rahin. Peru me Inca log lowlands me makai ke uppar nirbhar raha trahin aur pahaarr me  aalu ke khti karat rahin. Uu log quinoa ke biyaa, pepper, tamaatar aur avocado ke bhi kheti karat rahin.

## References
Aalu

**Aalu** ek rakam ke tarkaari hae. Iske paudha chhota rahe hae aur iske patti barraa rahe hae. Aalu ke uu hissa khaawa jaae jon ki jamiin ke bhittar rahe hae. Aalu me dher starch aur carbohydrate rahe hae. Aalu jaada kar ke ujjar, nai to, piyar aur chilkaa brown nai to piyar rahe hae.

Agar aalu me anjor lage hae tab uu green hoe jaae hae aur jahar ban jaae hae.

Aalu, South America ke Andes pahaarr ke uuncha aur thanda jagha se aais hae. jab Soanish log South America aain tab ii log aalu ke Europe lae gain. Aalu, dunia ke dher des ke khaas khaana hae aur dunia bhar ke puura khaana ke supply ke khaas hissa hae. Dher sau saal ke selective breeding se abhi 5,000 se jaada rakam ke aalu hae. Aalu Europe ke jaruri fasal (crop) hae, jaada kar ke Northern aur Eastern Europe me, jahaan ke per capita production abhi bhi dunia ke sab se jaada hae. 21st century me aalu ke kheti sab se jaada, southern aur eastern Asia me bhais hae aur 2023 me India aur China dunia ke sab se jaada aalu bowat rahin.

## References
Anaaj

**Anaaj** ke uu giraas ke bola jaae hae jiske khaae ke khatir boyaa jaae hae, jaise ki gehuun. Kuchh anaaj ke chauaa ke bhi khawaaya jaae hae. Anaaj ke sabere ke khaana me log jaada khaae hae.