open-index/open-wikipedia-markdown huggingface dataset:
Edmund Kean

**Edmund Kean** (4 November 1787 - 15 May 1833) ek England ke Shakespearean stage actor rahee. Kean ke janam London me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaaji ek architect ke assistant rahaa aur maiyaa ek actress rahii aur 18th centrur composer aur playright, Henry Carey, ke larrki rahii.

## Jiwan kahaani
### Jawaani ke din
Kean ke janam Westminster, London me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji saait  Edmund Kean rahaa, jon ek architect ke clerk rahaa, aur uske maiyaa,  Anne Carey rahii, jon ek 18th-century composer aur playwright Henry Carey ke larrki rahii.

Kean pahila dafe, chaar saal ke umar me  stage pe, Cupid ke role me, Jean-Georges Noverre ke ballet of "Cymon" me act karis rahaa. Uske bachpan ke time, uske  utsah, chalaaki aur prem  ke kaaran sab log uske like karat rahin.   1794 me, kuchh dayaalu log Kean ke school jaae ke khaatir paisa de rahin, jahaan pe uu achchhaa karis lekin uske restrictions achhchha nai lagaa aur uu jahaaj me kaam suruu karis, ek cabin boy ban ke. Jab uske samundar ke jindagi aur restricting lagaa tab uu , he pretended kais ki uu bahira aur langrraa rahaa aur ii etna achchhaa se karis ki  Madeira ke doctor uske biswas kae liin.

England laute ke baad, uu aapan uncle, Moses Kean, ek mimic, ventriloquist aur general entertainer rahaa se madat maangis jon , aapan study karte ke time. Moses Kean uske   Shakespeare ke study ke introduce karis. Wahii time, Charlotte Tidswell, ek actress jon uspe dayaa karat rahii uske bachpan se, uske acting sikhais. 

Uske uncle ke maut ke baad Tidswell uske dekhe lagii, aur uske khaas Shakespearean characters ke baare me parrhais. Kean ke actinf me talent ke kaaran ek  Mrs. Clarke uske adopt kar liis lekin ek pahuna ke comment ke baad uu ghar chhorr ke  aapan puraana rahe waala jagha laur aais. 

### Discovery
14 saal ke umar me, Kean ke ek leading character ke role kare ke York Theatre me, appearing as Hamlet, for 20 nights.  Iske kuchh din baad   Richardson's Theatre, ek traveling theatre company me uu kaam karis. Uske acting  abilities ke baare me George III sunis, jon uske  Windsor Castle me aae ke command karis. Iske baad uu Saunders's circus join karis, jahaan pe ghorra pe acting karte ke time uu gir ke  aapan duuno gorr ke turr liis, aur ii accident ke nisaan uske lage jindagi bhar rahaa. 

Lagbhag ii time uu  , dancing from James Harvey D'Egville se, aur fencing from  Henry Angelo se sikhis. 1807 me uu, leading parts  Belfast theatre me Sarah Siddons ke saathe karis, jon uske "a horrid little man" bolis rahaa.   Uu Mrs. Baker's company ke khaatir bhi kaam karis.  1808 me, Samuel Butler ke troup ke join karis, aur 17 July me ek leading actress, Mary Chambers of Waterford se saadi karis. Uske aurat  se uske dui larrka paida bhais rahaa, jisme se ek  Charles Kean rahaa.
1787

**1787** ke saal sombaar ke suruu bhae rahaa.

## Events

## Births

*4 November - **[[Edmund Kean]]**, England ke Shakespearean actor, ke janam London me bhais rahaa.

## Deaths
## References
Vivien Leigh

**Vivien Leigh** (5 November 1913 - 8 July 1967), jiske janam ke naam **Vivian Mary Hartley** rahaa, lekin jaada kar ke **Lady Oliver** ke naam se jaana jaawat rahaa, England ke ek actress rahii. Leigh ke janam Darjeeling, India me bhais rahaa. Aapan drama school ke parrhai khalaas kare ke baad, Leigh, 1935 me chaar film me chhota-cchota role me act karis rahaa aur 1937 me heoine ke role *[[Fire Over England]]* me karis rahaa. Iske baad uske Academy Award for Best Actress dui dafe mila, uske performances as Scarlett O'Hara, *[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]* (1939) aur Blanche DuBois ke role *[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]* (1951) me, ek role jon uu London ke West End me 1949 me karis rahaa. Uu ek  Tony Award bhi jiitis hae, uske kaam  Broadway musical version of *[[Tovarich (musical)|Tovarich]]* (1963) me. 

Uake screen me famous hoe ke baawajuut, Leigh khaas kar ke ek stage performer rahii. Uu aapan 30 saal ke career me dher roles play karie jisme Noël Coward aur George Bernard Shaw comedies se lae ke classic Shakespearean characters jaise Ophelia, Cleopatra, Juliet aur Lady Macbeth rahaa. Aapan jindagi me baad me uu character actress ke role ke act kare rahii. Jab ki uske career me uu sab time act nai karat rahii, 1999 me American Film Institute (AFI) Leigh ke rank karis as the 16th-greatest female movie star of classic Hollywood cinema.

Ii time janata Leigh ke uske duusra admii, Laurence Olivier se identify karis, jon uske admii 1940 se 1960 talak rahaa. Leigh aur Olivier saathe dher  stage productions me act kare rahin, jisme jaada kar ke  Olivier  direct karat rahaa. Uske saathe acting karna easy nai rahaa aur uske jindagi ke jaada time me uske bipolar disorder rahaa, aur bouts of chronic tuberculosis, jiske mid-1940s me diagnose karaa gais rahaa jon aakhri me 53 saal ke umar me uske maut ke kaaran rahaa.
Nawaakarniye shakti

**Nawaakarniye shakti**, nawaakarniye saadhan se aae hae. Ii fossil fuels se nai aawe hae aur iske kaam me laae se greenhouse gases aur duusra pollutants nai bane hae. Kuchh renewable energy hae hawaa, paani ke bahao, perr ke tel, jaanwar ke waste aur suraj ke roshni. Har saal jaada electricity ke renewable resources se banaawa jaae hae.

2004 se nawaakarniye shakti 10-60% se barrhaa hae. Hawaa ke kaam me laana, 2009 se bahut jor se barrha hae aur ii saal hawaa ke kaam me laana aur sab technology se jaada rahaa.

## References
Fossil fuel

**Fossil fuel**, uu iidhan (fuel) ke bola jaae hae jon pahile ke jinda chij se aais hae. Tiin sab se jaada kaam me laae waala iidhan hae koila (coal), petroleum aur natural gas. Petroleum aur natural gas, hydrocarbon hae, jiske matlab hae ki isme khaali hydrogen aur carbon hae. Coal jaada kar ke carbon hae. Iske fossil fue bola jaae hae, kaaheki iske jamiin ke niche se nikaala jaae hae. Coal mining se sold iidhan ke khoda jaae hae aur oil well se gas aur petroleum nikaala jaae hae. Industrial revolution ke baad koila ke jaadaa kaam me laae jaae lagaa rahaa.

Fossil fuel ke sidhe jaraawa jae sake hae, jisse garmii se ghar ke garam rakkhaa jaae sake hae, nai to khaana banaawa jaae hae. Isse steam engine (jaise ki train aur jahaaj) aur internal combustion engine (jaise ki motar, bus, truck) bhi chalaawa jaae hae aur steam turbine generator chalae ke electricity banaawa jaae hae. Kuchh fossil fuel ke aur refine kae ke kerosene, gasoline aur diesel banaawa jaae hae.

2022 me dunia ke puura energy consumption me se 80% fossil fuel se aais rahaa aur 60% electricity ke fossil fuel se banaawa gais rahaa. Dunia ke 70% greenhouse gas emission ke kaaran hae fossil fuel ke jaraae ke carbon dioxide ke banaana.

## References
Internal combustion engine

**Internal combustion engine**, ek engine hae jisme iidhan (fuel), engine ke bhittar jaraawa jaae hae, jaise ki motar ke engine. Ii external combustion engine ke opposite hae, jisme iidhan ke engine ke bahaar jaraawa jaae hae, jaise ki steam engine.

Pahila internal combustion engine ke Etienne Lenoir, 1860 me banais rahaa, lekin aaj-kal ke engine ke Nicolaus Otto 1876 me banais rahaa. Ii rakam ke engine me iidhan ke jaraae ke kaaran cylinder ke bhittar pressure jaada hoe jaae hae. Ii pressure ek piston, jon ek wheel se ek crank se jurraa hae, ke dhakele hae. Iske kaaran wheel gola ghume lage hae aur duusra wheel jon ii wheel me jurraa hae, bhi ghuume lage hae. Dher rakam ke internal combustion engine rahe hae, jaise ki ek piston waala engine, inline engine, flat engine, v engine, VR engine, w engine.

## Itihaas
1874 me Robert Street ek internal combustion engine ke patent karis, jon liquid fuel ke kaam me laawat rahaa. John Stevens pahila American internal combustion engine banais rahaa. 1807 me French engineers ek prototype internal combustion engine banae rahin aur isme Napolean Bonaparte patent diis rahaa. Ii engine se ek boat ke France ke Saone Naddi me chalaawa gais rahaa. Wahii saal me Swiss engineer Francois Isaac de Rivaz, ek hydrogen based internal combustion engine banais rahaa. 1808 me de Rivaz pahile motar banais jon ki internal combustion engine se powered rahaa. 

## References
Aagi

**Aagi** ek exothermic chemical reaction jon ki roshni (light) aur garmi (heat) de hae. Ii chemical reaction ke combustion bola jaae hae, aur ii reaction ke ek time, jiske ignition point bolaa jaae hae, flame dekhae hae. Flame , aagi ke dekhaae waala hissa hae aur isme carbon dioxide, paani ke vapour, oxygen aur nitrogen rahe hae. Agar ii aaagi dher garam hae to isme ke gas ionise hoe jaae aur plasma ban jaae hae. Flame ke rang aur garmi, konchi jarre hae aur impurities ke uppar nirbhar hae.

Aagi kabhi-kabhi kaam ke rahe hae, jaise ki khaana banae ke khaatir, ghar ke garam kare ke khaatir, lekin bahut khatanaat bhi hoe sake hae. Isse ghar, khet aur perr jar jaawe hae. jangle ke aagi bahut barbaadi kare hae, jaise ki jaanwar ke maar de hae aur matti ke bahe me madat kare hae.

Aagi ke dher rakam se suruu karaa jaae sake hae. Pahila hae ek chij ke temperature ke uppar karnaa; jab temperature ignition point pahunch jaae hae tab uu chij jarre lage hae. Ek aur tarika hae dui lakrri ke ek duusre se rub karnaa. Ek aur hae, chingaari banaana jab ek flink ke metal se maara jaae hae uar ek aur hae maachis ke kaam me laana. Suraj aagi nai banaawe hae, lekin hydrogen ke ek duusre me dabae ke nuclear fusion suruu kare hae.

## Aagi ke kaabu me karnaa
Jab ek camp fire banaawa jaae hae tab uske chaaro bagal patthar rakkhaa jaae hae, jisse ki aagi fael nai jaae.ghar me fire shutter ke kaam me laawa jaae hae.
Aagike  jarre  ke khaatir tiin chij ke jaruri hae; oxygen, iidhan (fuel) aur garmii. iidan lakrri, koila aur tel hoe sake hae, nai to aur koi chij jon ki jaldi se oxidise hoe hae. jab aagi jarre lage hae tab ii apne se garmii banaae hae. Ek aagi ke tiin rakam se kaabu me karaa jaae sake hae:
*Iidahn ke hatae se. Jab nagiich ke iidhan ke hatae dewa jaae hae tab jab aagi aapab iidhan ke khalaas kar le tab ii jarre band hoe jaai.
* Oxygen ke hatae se. Aagi ke koi "fireproof" chij se top de se aagi ke oxygen nai mili aur ii apne se khalaas hoe jaai. Aagi ke uppar carbon dioxide chorre se aagi ke oxygen mile se roka jaae hae.
* Garmii ke hatae se. iske aagi ke uppar paani chhor ke karaa jaae hae.

## References
Maya sabhyata

**Maya sabhyata** ek puraana sabhyata rahaa jon ki lagbhag 250 se 1697 talak south-eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize aur Honduras aur El Salvador ke western hissa me rahis. Ii sabhyata ke uske puraana mandir aur akchhar khaatir jaana jaae hae. Christopher Columbus ke America aae se pahile Maya akchhar ii ilaaka ke sab se achchhaa likhe ke dhang rahaa. Maya sabhyata ke uske kalaa (art), ghar banae ke kalaa (architecture), mathematics, calendar aur astronomy ke khaatir bhi jaana jaae hae.

Aaj iske santaan (descendants), jiske Maya bolaa jaae hae, aur jiske abaadi (population) 6 million se jaada hae, 28 Mayan bhasa me baat kare hae aur wahii jagha rahe hae jahaan pe uulog ke purwaj (ancestors) rahat rahin.

2000 BC se 250 AD talak Maya ilaaka me kheti kare ke suruu karaa gais aur makai, bean, squash aur pepper boyaa gais rahaa. Ii jagha pe pahila sahar (city) ke 750 BC aur 500BC ke biich me banaawa gais rahaa. Ii sahar me smaarak (monuments), barraa mandir aur plaster karaa gais agwaarraa (facade) rahaa. 300 BC talak Maya ilaaka me hieroglyphic akchhar ke kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. 250 BC se barraa barraa sahar ke banaawa gais rahaa aur ii sahar ke biich me rastaa bhi rahaa. Isme se Tikal aur Calakmul sabse jaada taagatwar rahaa. Ii duuno sahar ke biich me mukaabla (rivalry) ke biich me baad me abhi ke Mexico ke ilaaka ke ek aur sahar, Teotihuacan, bhi baad me aae gais. 9th century talak ii ilaaka me dher larrai bhais aur log sahar ke chhorr ke north ke bagal chal din. Iske baad fir se nawaa sahar banaa lekin 16th century me Spain ii jagha ke aapan niche kar liis.
ISRO

**Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)**, India ke national space agency hae. Ii India ke Prime Minister ke directly niche aae hae. II dher satellite  ke operate kare hae aur tiin dafe chaand pe aur ek dafe Mars pe rocket bhejis hae.
Bike

**Bike**, jiske **Cycle** ,nai to **Bicycle** bhi bolaa jaae hae, ek chhotaa insaan se chalaawa jaae waala, aur dharti pe chale waala sawaari (vehicle) hae. Isme dui pahiya (wheel) rahe hae jon ki ek frame se jurra rahe hae, ek ke pichhe ek. Bike ke chalaae waala ke cyclist nai to bicyclist bola jaae hae.

Bike ke 19th century me banaawa gais rahaa. 21st century ke suruwaat me, dunia bhar me 1 billion se jaada bike rahaa. Abhi motar se jaada bike hae. Bike ke chalaana aur sab rakam insaan ke transportation se kamtii energy ke kaam me laae hae.

## Itihaas
1817 me Germany ke Professor Karl von Drais, dui-phuya waala ek bike ke banais rahaa. Ii lakrri ke banaa rahaa aur isme dui pahiya rahaa. Aage waala pahiya me "handlebars" rahaa jisse bike ke ghumaawa jaae sakat rahaa. Lekin isme koi pedal nai rahaa aur chalaae waala aapan gorr se dharti ke pichhe dhakel ke bike ke aage karat rahaa.

1860s me France me, aage waala pahiya me pedal jorraa gais, lekin iske chalaae me bahut mahinat lagat rahaa. Baad me bike ke puura metal se banaawa gais aur aage waala pahiya ke bahut barraa karaa gais, jisse ki ii bike jorr chale sake. Iske "penny-farthing bicycle" bola jaawat rahaa. Lekin ii bike ke chalaana bahut karraa rahaa aur bike aur uske chalae waala ulte sakat rahin.

1885 me "safety bicycle" ke invent karaa gais rahaa. Isme duuno pahiya ekke size ke rahaa. Iske rake ke khaatir, chalae waala ke khaali aapan gorr ke dharti pe rakkhe ke rahaa. Isme aage waala pahiya se ghumaawa jaawat rahaa aur pichhe waala pahiya me pedal rahaa. Hand-lever brake bhi koi-koi bike me rahaa.

[1888] me, Scottish inventor, [John Boyd Dunlop, hawaa se bharaa tyre ke invent karis, jiske kaaran safety bicycle ke chalaae me aur araam hoe gis. Baad me hand brake ke banaawa gais aur pedal ke ulta ghumaae se bike ke rokaa jaae sakar rahaa. Baad me bike me gear lagaawa gais.

## References
Rock Dog

***Rock Dog*** ek 2016 me banaa English film hae. Ii film USA, China me Ash Brannon ke direction me banaa rahaa. Ii film me Luke Wilson, J. K. Simmons, Eddie Izzard, Lewis Black, Kenan Thompson, Mae Whitman, Jorge Garcia, Matt Dillon, Sam Elliott acting kare rahin.

## Sandharb
Operating system

**Operating system (OS)**, ek system software hae jon ki computer hardware aur software ke sambhaale hae aur computer program ke sadhaaran sewa de hae. Operating system jon ke uu computer ke khaatir banaawa gais hae jiske dher jane baant (share) ke kaam me laae hae, kon task kab hoe ke chaahi, resource allocation aur jurra hardware ke sambhaale hae.

Computer hardware, jaise ki input aur output device aur kaise memory ke baata jaae hae, me OS program aur hardware ke biich me rahe hae. Operating system dher electronic chij me rahe hae, jaise ki mobile phone, video game console.

September 2023 me, personal computer ke market me Microsoft Windows ke 68% share rahaa, macoS ke 20% aur Linux aur ChromrOS ke 7%. Smartphone aur tablet ke market me Android ke 69% share hae aur iOS ke 30% hae. Linux, server aur supercomputer ke dominate kare hae.

## References
Bhaap ingin

**Bhaap ingin**, nai to **Bhaap waala ingin**, ek ingin (engine) hae jon ki khaulte (boiling) paani ke bhaap (steam) se chij ke chalaae hae. Bhaap ingin ke koi hissa ke dhakete hae jisse ii chale lage  hae. (moves). Bhaap ke ingin dher rakam ke masiin (machine) ke taagat (power) de hae, jaise ki motar (car) aur electrical generator.

1700s ke suruwaat se bhaap ke ingin ke mine me kaam me laae ke suruu karaa gais rahaa. Iske 1770s me James Watt aur achchhaa karis rahaa. Industrial revolution ke samay bhaap ke ingin ke ghorraa, windmill aur [watermill] ke jagha kaam me laae ke suruu karaa gais.

Pahila bhaap ke ingin piston ingin rahaa. Bhaap ek [cyliner me ek piston ke dhakelat rahaa, aur isse ek crank ghumat rahaa jon ke ek pahiya ke ghumaat rahaa. Ii masinn ke power banae ke khaatir bahut barraa hoe ka parrat rahaa.

Bhaap waala ingin ke factory me masiin chalae ke khaatir aur mine me pump chalae ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Baad me chhotaa ingin ke banaawa gais jon ki railway ingin aur bhaap waala jahaaj ke chlaawat rahaa.

Jon bhaap se ingin ke chalaawa jaae hae, ke paani ke garmaae ke banaawa jaae hae. Jaada kar ke aagi se paani ke garam karaa jaae hae. Ii aagi ke lakrri, koila, [tel]], [nuclear energy, nai to [solar energy se jaraawa jaae hae.
Glass

**Glass** ek karraa chij hae jiske koi shape me banaawa jaae sake hae. Ii jaada kar ke transparent rahe hae, lekin iske koi rang me banaawa jaae sake hae. Ii jaada kar ke silica se banaa rahe hae. Jon glass se khirrki aur botal banaawa jaae hae me 75% silicon dioxide (SiO2), sodium oxide (Na2O)  sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) se, calcium oxide, jiske limebola jaae hae bhi (CaO), aur duusra additives.

Ii sab compound ke proportion ke badal ke, dher rakam ke glass ke banaawa jaae sake hae. Rangila glass ke mixture me metal oxide ke milae ke banaawa jaae hae. Jaise ki, cobalt oxide se se blue glass bane hae. Lead aur zinc ke milae ke crystal glass banaawa jaae hae.

Kaaaheki lens glass se banaa rahe hae, chasma ke glasses bola jaae hae.

## Itihaas
Prakritik ruup (natural form) me glass, khass kar ke [jwalamuki] se banaa glass ke [stone age me kaate ke aujaar khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa. Indus Valley Civilization se laal-orange rang ke glass bead ke khoda gais hae, jiske 1900BC ke date karaa gais hae. Ii Egypt aur Mesopotamia se pahile hae, jahaan pe glass banaana 1500 BC aur 1600 BC me suruu bhas rahaa.

## References
Kaagaj

**Kaagaj** ek patraa chij hae jiske cellulose fibre, jiske lakrri, kaprra aur grass se laawa jaae hae ke mechanically aur chemically process kar ke banaawa jaae hae. Log, kaagaj me pen aur pencil se likhe hae. Parrhe waala buk aur newspaper bhi kaagaj ke banaa rahe hae.

## Itihaas
Kaagaj ke bane se pahile, log likhat rahin. Uu log kaprraa, patthar ke diwaal, lakrri aur patti me likhat rahin. Kuchh jagha pe log clay tablet pe bhi likhat rahin. Lagbhag 200 BC me Egypt ke log, papyrus ke paudha se kaagaj banae rahin. 105 AD me China me pahila dafe kaagaj banaawa gais. Pahile hiamn pe [baans] (bamboo) aur silk me likha jaat rahaa. Lagbhag 610 AD me [Japan ke log mulberry perr ke fibre se kaagaj banae ke suruu kare rahin.

## References
Salman Rushdie

**Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie** (Janam: 19 June 1947), ek India me paida bhais British-American lekhak hae. Uu *Midnight's Children* ke 1981 me likhis rahaa, jiske khaatir uske Booker Prize mila rahaa. 1988 me uu *The Satanic Verses* ke likhis rahaa jiske kaaran uske jaan le ke dhamki mila rahaa. 

## References
Doctori

**Doctori** ek vigyan hae jon ki insaan me bemari ke ke roke aur bemari se achchhaa kare hae. Ii pesha me kaam kare waala log chot, chhuut ke bemaari aur bemari ke achchhaa kare hae. Doctori, bemari ke suruu hoe se roke hae aur unhealthy log ke chngaa kare hae.

doctori me doctor log nurses aur duusra health care workers ke saathe kaam kare hae. Dher doctor logan koi area me specialise kare hae, jaise ki pediatician larrkan ke treat kare hae.

Puraana jamaana me India me surgeon Sushruta dher surgical operation ke baare me batais, jisme plastic surgery bhi hae.

## References
Mukesh Ambani

**Mukesh Dhirubhai Ambani** (Janam: 19 April 1957), India ke ek businessman aur Reliance Industries ke chairman aur managing director hae. July 2024 me ii anumaan lagaawa gais ki uske uske assets ke net value $124 billion tha (abhi $100 billion) aur uu Asia ke sab se dhani jan aur dunia ke 11th sab se dhani jan hae.

## References


{BD|1957||Ambani, Mukesh}}
Dhirubhai Ambani

**Dhirubhai Ambani** (28 December 1932 - 6 July 2002), India ke ek businessman hae jon ki Reliance Industries ke 1958 me suruu karis rahaa aur iske 1977 me el public company karis. Uske trade aur industry me yogdaan ke khaatir, 2016 me uske Padma Vibhushan mila rahaa.

## References
Panini

**Panini**, ek logician, grammarian aur puraana India ke revered pandit rahaa. Ii anumaan lagaawa jaae hae ki uu 7th century aur 4th century BCE ke biich me Astsdhyayi ke likhis rahaa. Sab se uske kaam ke paawa gais hae, tab se uske "pahila descriptive linguist" maana jaae hae aur uske "father of linguist" bhi bola jaae hae.
Sri Aurobindo

**Sri Aurobindo** (15 August 1872 - 5 December 1950), India ke ek philosopher, yogi, maharidhi, kavi, aur bharatiya raghrwaadi rahaa. Uu ek patrkaar (journalist) bhi rahaa aur *Bande Mataram* ke sampaadak bhi rahaa. 

## References
Ramana Maharshi

**Ramana Maharshi** (30 December 1879 - 14 April 1950), India ke ek Hindu sant (sage) aur jivanmukta (liberated being) rahaa. Uske janam ke naam **Venkataraman Iyer** rahaa, lekin uske jaada kar ke **Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi** rahaa.

Uske janam Tamil Nadu me bhais rahaa aur 16 saal ke umar me uu maut ke anbaho karis, jisme uu batais ke uu Bhagwaan ke haajri ke anbhao karis rahaa. Iske baan uu aapan ghar chhorr ke pahaarr me rahe lagaa aur snayasi ban gais. 

Log uske bhakt bane lagin aur use Shiva ke avatar maanat rahin aur uske darshan ke khaatir aae lagin. Baad me uske ashram aur barraa hoe gais aur log ke usse updesh milaa.  1930s se uske updesh Western des me mashuur hoe gais hae. 

## References
Paramahansa Yogananda

**Paramahansa Yogananda** (janam ke naam **Mukunda Lal Ghosh**; 5 January 18937 March 1952), India ke ek   Hindu monk, yogi aur guru rahaa, jon ki millions ke Kriya Yoga sikhais .

## References
Valmiki

**Valmiki** ek puraana kavi rahaa, jon ki Ramayan ke pahila dafe likhis rahaa. Ii Ramayan me khud likha hae.

Valmiki ke likha gais Ramayan me 24,000 shlokas (verses) aur saat kandas (cantos) hae. Ramayan me 480,002 sabd hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki ii Mahabharat ke mukable me khaali 25% hae, lekin Iliad se chaar guna lambaa hae.

Ramayan, Ayodhya ke rajkumar, Ram ke khissa batae hae, jisme uske aurat ke Lanka ke rakshasa (demon king), Ravana apharan kar le hae. Itihaas ke parrhe waala log ii anumaan lgaawe hae ki Valmiki, Ramayan ke 800 BCE aur 400 BCE ke biich me likhis rahaa.

## References
Vyasa

**Vyasa**, jiske **Krishna Dvaipayana** aur **Veda Vyasa** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, Hindu lag ke ek rishi (sage) rahaa. Ii maana jaae hae ki uu dher Hindu book likhis rahaa, jisme Mahabharata aur Bhagavata Purana bhi hae.

Hindu log Vyasa ke Vishnu ke avatar (incarnation) maane hae. Uu Ved ke mantras ke chaar book, Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda aur Atharvaveda, me karis rahaa. Uu 18 Puranas aur Brahma Sutra bhi likhis rahaa.

## References
Adi Shankara

**Adi Shankara**, jiske **Adi Shankaracharya** ke naam se bhi jaane jaae hae, ek India ke Vedic scholar aur Adaita Vedanta ke guru rahaa.

Uske ii rakam se dekha jaae hae ki uu Hinduism ke Buddhism aur Jainism se backais rahaa.
Ramanuja

**Ramanuja** (1077 - 1157), jiske **Ramanujacharya** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, India ke ek Hindu philosopher, guru aur samaj sudharak rahaa. Uske Hinduism me Sri Vaishnavism tradition ke barrhawa de ke khaatir jaana jaae hae. Isse Bhakti movement bhi prabhawit bhais rahaa.

## References
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu

**Chaitanya Mahaprabhu**, jiske janam ke naam **Vishvambhara Mishra** rahaa aur jiske **Gaura** aur **Nimai** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, India ke ek Hindu sant rahaa. Uu Gaudiya Vaishnavism ke suruu kare waala rahaa aur uske Krishna ke avatar maana jaae hae.

Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Krishna ke puja bhajan aur dance se karat rahaa. uu Bhakti yoga ke protsaan karat rahaa aur "Hare Krishna'' ke jape ke barrhawa diis rahaa.

## References
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada

**A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada** (1 September 1896 - 14 November 1977), jiske puura naam **Abhaya Caranaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada** rahaa, India ke ek adhyaatmik (spiritual), daarshanik (philosophical) aur dharmik shikchhak (teacher) rahaa, jon ki Hare Krishna mantra aur "Krishna consciousness" ke dunia bhar me failais rahaa. Uke paidais ke naam Abhay Aharan De rahaa, lekin uu aapan naam ke kanuni badal ke Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami kar diis, lekin uske jaada kar ke "Bhaktivedanta Swami", "Srila Prabhupada", nai to khaali "Prabhupada" ke naam se jaana jaae hae.

1922 me, jab uu khaali 26 saal ke rahaa, tab uske ek Hindu guru batais ki uske chaahi ki uu "Krishna consciousness" ke English me failae. Uu suruu me iske baare me kuchh nai karis, lekin 1965 me jab uu 69 saal ke rahaa, tab uu New York gais aur ek park me "Hare Krishna" japis aur log ke skchha diis. 1966 me kuchh pahila student log ke madat se International society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) ke suruu karis.

Uu ii sikhaat rahaa ki apne ke baare me jaane ke khaatir, log ke ek supreme being se sambandh rakkhe, jiske Sanskrit me Krishna bola jaae hae. Iske kare ke khatir  Krishna ke baare me parrhe ke chaahi, mantra jape ke chaahi jisme Krishna ke naam hae, aur aapan jindagi ke Krishna pe devote kare ke chaahi. Prabhupada aapan students se ii bhi maangis ki uu logan gamble nai kare, gos, machhri aur anda nai khaae, coffee, cha aur tamaaku nai piye aur saadi ke baahar duusra jan se sambandh nai rakkhe.

Krishna ke baare me Bhagavad Gita me parrha jaae sake hae aur uu iske ek English ke anuwaad, Bhagava-gita As it is, ke chhaapia.

## References
Gaudapada

**Gaudapada**, jiske **Gaudapadacarya** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, India ke ek Hindu philosopher aur scholar rahaa, jin ki Advaita Vedanta philosophy me biswas karat rahaa. Uske Adi Shankara prerit karis rahaa.

## References
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa

Kumarila Bhatta, India ke ek Hindu philosopher aur Mimamsa school of philosophy me biswas kare waala rahaa.
Basava

**Basava** (1131-1196), jiske **Basavesvara** aur **Basavanna** ke naam se bhi jaana jaawat rahaa, India ke ek philosopher, social reformer aur bhakti movement ke biswas kare waala rahaa.
Kanada

**Kanada**, jiske **Uluka**, **Kashyapa**, **Kanabhaksha** aur **Kanbhuj** ke naam se bhi jaana jaat rahaa, India ke ek prakratik (natural) vigyanik aur philosopher rahaa jon ki Vaisheshika school ke philosophy ke suruu karis rahaa aur India ke sab se pahile ke Bahutik vigyanik rahaa.

## References
Kapila

**Kapila**,  jiske **Cakradhanus** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, India ke ek sant rahaa. Bhagavata Purana ne anusaar, Kapila, sant Kardama aur Devahuti, Svayambhuva Manu ke larrki, ke larrka hae. Kapila ke Samkhya school of philosophy ke suruu kare khatir jaana jaae hae.

## References
Patanjali

**Patanjali**, jiske **Gonardiya** aur **Gonikaputra** ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, India ke ek Hindu lekhak, mystic aur philosopher rahaa. Uu 2nd century BCE aur 5th century BCE ke biich me jinda rahaa. Patanjali ke Adi Sesha ke avatar maana jaae hae. Uu dher chij Sanskrit me likhis hae, Yoga Sutras bhi hae.

## References
Madhvacharya

**Madhvacharya** (1199-1278 CE), jiske **Purna Prajna** aur **Ananda Tritha** ke naam se jaana jaae hae, India ke ek philosopher, theologian aur Dvaita ke rakam ke Vedanta ke protsaan de waala rahaa.

Uske janam abhi ke Karnataka state me bhais rahaa. Jab uu teenager rahaa, tab uu Sanyasi ban gais rahaa.

## References
Plastic

**Plastic** dher rakam ke insaan ke banaawa gais padarth (material) hae jon ki polymer se jaada kar ke banaa rahe hae. Plastic ke koi shape me bahut sahaj se karaa jaae sake hae. Ii haaluk chij hae aur dher din talak last kare hae. Plastic jaada kar ke fossil-fuel, jaise natural gas aur petroleum se bane hae. Aaj-kal, plastic ke makai aur kapaas se bhi banaawa jaae hae.

1950 se 2017 talak 9.2 billion metric ton ke plastic banaawa gais hae, jisme se aadha 2004 ke baad banaa hae. 2020 me 400 million ton plastic banaawa gais rahaa.

20th century me plastic ke jaada kaam me laae se bhaari environmental problem bhais hae,  kaaheki ii bahut dhire se decompose hoe hae. Jaada plastic ke fir se nai kaam me laawa jaae hae aur iske gaarr dewa jaae hae, nai to environment me pollution ke kaaran hae.

Dunia ke pahila insaan ke banaawa gais plastic, Bakelite ke New York me 1907 me Leo Baekeland banais rahaa.

## Kuchh jaana maana plastic ke padarth
* Polyamide, jiske nylon bola jaae hae, se stockings, toothbrush, motar ke part
* Polycarbonate, jsse bulletproof glass, Cd aur DVD banaawa jaae hae
* Polyethylene, jisse botal, shopping bag, milk botal banaawa jaae hae
* Polythethylene terephtalate, jisse PET botal banaawa jaae hae
* Polypropylene, jisse khaana ke container aur kurrsi bane hae
* Polystyrene, jisse plastic, cup, fork, knife aur packaging foam bane hae.
*Polyurethane, jisse rubber, foam bane hae
* Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), jisse pipes bane hae
* Polylactic acid, jiske 3D printing ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaehae

## References
Lakrri

**Lakrri**, perr ke khaas hissa hae. Ii jaada kar ke xylem vessels se banaa rahe hae, jisse paudha me paani uppar jaae hae. Lakrri dui chij se banaa rahe hae; celllulose aur lignin. Lakrri se imaarat, furniture aur kaagaj bane hae. Lakrri ke jarae ke fuel ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae. Lakrri ek renewable resource] hae. Lakkrri waala perr 425 million saal se dunia me hae. Carbon dating se ii paraawa lagaawa jaae sake hae ki ek lakrri jon perr se aais hae uu kab jinda rahaa.

2020 me dunia bhar le jangal me 557 billion cubic metres lakrri rahaa. Kaaheki lakrri carbon-neutral hae, iske ek renewable energy source ke rakam kaam me laawa jaae sake hae. 2008 me 3.97 million cubic metre lakkri ke kaata gais rahaa.

## References
Jangal

**Jangal** ek jagha hae jahaan pe ghanaa (dense) perr] ke samudae (community) hae. United Nations ke Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) jangal ke ii rakam se define kare hae" "Jamiin jon ki 0,5 hectares se jaada hae aur jisme perr 5 netres se jaada hae aur jisme perr ke canopy 10 percent se jaada area pe chhaae hae. Isme uu jamiin nai hae jon ki jaada kar ke kisani khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae, nai to jahaan pe urban area hae"" 2020 me dunia me 4.06 billion hectares (10.0 billion acres; 40.6 million square kilometres; 15.7 million square miles) ke jangal hae. Iske matlab hae ki dunia ke 31% land area jangal hae.

## References
Tank

**Tank** ek armoured larre waala gaarri (vehicle) hae jiske jaada kar ke dharti pe aakrraman kare khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae. Tank me track rahe hae, jisse iske weight jaada area me gaila rahe hae aur ii matti me dhase nai hae. Tank me ek taagatwar toop (cannon) aur ek nai to jaada machine gun rahe hae.
Sumer

**Sumer**, southern Mesopotamia (aaj ke southern Iraq) ke sab se puraana sanskriti (civilization) hae. Ii purana Egypt aur Indus Valley Civilization ke saathe dunia ke puraana civilization rahaa. 

Sumer lagbhag 2500 BC me, Tigris aur Euphrates naddi ke biich me, suruu bhais rahaa. Ii jagha pe jamiin kheti ke khaatir achchhaa rahaa. Sumer ke uske cuniform likhe waala akchhar ke khaatir jaana jaae hae, jisme akchhar ke triangle ke ruup waala reed ke clay me press kar ke banaawa jaawat rahaa. Ii bhi maana jaae hae ki uu log pahiya ke banae rahin, din ke 24 ghantaa me divide kare rahin aur aur ghanta ke 60 minutes me. Sab se puraana chij 3300 BC me Uruk aur Jemdet Nasr city me likha gais rahaa.

Sumer ke samaj (community) city-state me organised rahaa aur har ek pe ek raja aur ek pandit raj karat rahaa. 3000 BC me Sumer ke Akkad log aapan niche kar liin aur duuno samaj ke biich me sanskriti ke adla badla bhais, jisme ek duusre ke bhasa me baat karna bhi rahaa.

Dunia ke pahila city ek Sumer city, Eridu rahaa, jon ki Persian Gulf ke coast me rahaa.

Lagbhag 2000 BC me Sumerian log aapan bhasa aur sanskriti ke khoe diin kaaheki dher duusra jaat ke log uulog ke ilaaka me rahe lagin. Lekin Sumerian bhasa ke dharmik kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa aur school pe parrhawa jaat rahaa.

Sumerian log kaprra ke wool nai to flax, jiske uulog boe ke kaatak rahin, se banaa rahaa. Aurat log ke kaprraa uu log ke right haanth aur kandhaa ke chorr ke, gatai se niche, dehin ke sab hissa ke cover karat rahaa. Admi log aapan kamar se uppar kuchh nai pahinat rahin. Admi log chaahe daarri rakkhat rahin nai to clean shaven rahin. Aurat log lambaa baar rakkhat rahin lekin iske uu log choti guhat rahin. Duuno admi aur aurat earring aur necklace phinat rahin.

## References
Inca empire

**Inca Empire**, jiske sarkari naam **Realm of the Four Parts** (Quechua bhasa:***Tawantinsuyu***) rahaa, Christopher Columbus ke America aae se pahile, sab se barraa empire rahaa. Cusco city ii empire ke administrative, political aur military centre rahaa. Ii empire 13 century me Peru ke highlands me suruu bhais rahaa aur Spain ke conquest ke kaaran 1572 me khalaas bhais rahaa.

1438 se 1533 talak Inca empire me western South America ke jaada hissa rahaa. Iske centre Andes Mountains rahaa. Ii empire me aaj ke Peru, western [Ecudor]], western aur south central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, South Colombia aur central Chile rahaa. Ii Eurasia ke empire log ke baraabar rahaa aur iske sarkari bhasa Quechua rahaa.

Inca empire ke rakam aur koi duusra empire nai rahaa kaahekiii empire bina pahiya, kheti waala jaanwar, loha aur likhe ke dhang ke banaa rahaa. Ii empire ke iske imaarat, patthar ke ghar, rasata ke network, textile khaatir jaana jaae hae.

Ii empire me paisa nai rahaa aur log ek duusre se chij badlat rahin. Tax ke labour se pay karaa jaawat rahaa. Iske badle me Inca ke raj kare waala log janta ke jamiin dewat rahin.

Log dher dieties ke puja karat rahin lekin Inca ruler log Surya Bhagwaan ke puja ke protsaan dewat rahin. Inca log aapan raja ke Suraj ke lrrkaa maanat rahin.

## References
Ashok Kumar

**Ashok Kumar** (13 October 1911 - 10 December 2001), jiske janam ke naam **Kumudlal Ganguly** rahaa, India ke ek actor rahaa. Uske Hindi cinema ke pahila barraa star aur pahila actor rahaa jon ki "anti-hero" ke part play karis rahaa. Uu India ke mashuur Ganguly palwaar me se rahaa. 1988 me uske Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India ke sab se barraa award, cinema ke khaatir, dewa gais rahaa. 1999 me uske Indian cinema ke yogdaan ke khaatir Padma Bhushan mila rahaa.

## References
1596

**1596 (MDXCVI)** ek leap saal rahaa, jon sombaar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 596th aur 16th century ke 96th saal rahaa,  aur  1590s dassak ke 7th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1652-1653, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1517-1518, Kali Yuga ke 4696-4697, Buddhist calendar ke 2140, Islamic calendar ke 1004-1005, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 128 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 31 March - **[[René Descartes]]**, France ke philosopher aur physicist ke janam Touraine, France e bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
Parmanu hathiyaar

Ek **Parmanu hathiyaar** (**nuclear weapon**), **nuclear bomb**, nai to **nuke**, ek hathiyaar hae jon ki achaanak me dher shakti (energy) ke kuchh rakam ke atom ke nucleus me chhorre hae. Isse ekdam jaada shakti nikle hae jiske nuclear explosion bola jaae hae.

Nuclear explosion ek city ke barbaad kar de sake hae aur usme ke jaada log ke maar de sake hae. Isse nuclear fallout bhi bane hae jisse log bemaar hoe sake hae. Abhi talak parmanu hathiyaar sab se jaada barbaadi kare waala hathiyaar hae jiske insaan banais hae.

Pahila parmanu hathiyaar ke United States, World War II ke time banais rahaa. Dui parmanu hathiyaar ke Japan ke city Hiroshima aur Nagasaki me giraawa gais rahaa. Isse 200,000 log ke maut bhais rahaa. Ii khaali ekke time rahaa jab ki parmanu hathiyaar ke larrai me kaam me laawa gais hae.

Dui rakam ke parmanu hathiyaar rahe hae. Pahila hae fission hathiyaar, jiske atomic bomb (A-Bomb) bola jaae hae. Ii uranium, nai to plutonium ke isotope ke kaam me laae hae. Duusra hae fusion hathiyaar, jiske hydrogen bomb (H-bomb, nai to thermonuclear hathiyaar) bola jaae hae. Isme hydrogen ke ek isotope ke kaam me laawa jaae hae.

World War II ke baad, 2000 se jaada dafe nuclear hathiyaar ke test karaa gais hae. Uu des jon ki parmanu hathiyaar ke test karin hae aur sab ke batae hae ki unke lage ii hathiyaar hae: United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, China, India, Pakistan aur North Korea. I biswas karaa jaae hae ki Israel ke lage parmanu hathiyaar hae lekin uu iske kabule nai hae. South Africa khaali ek des hae kiske lage pahile ii hathiyaar rahaa lekin ab uske dismantle kar diis hae.

## References
1770

**1770** ek saadhaaran saal rahaa jon ki sombaar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 27 August - **[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]]**, Germany ke philosopher ke janam Stuttgart, Germany me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
Train

Ek **train** kuchh railway cars ak duusre se jurra rahe hae jiske ek ingin khiche hae. Tain se log aur chij ke carry karaa jaae hae. Train se pahile "wagonways" rahaa jisme jaanwar, nai to insaan wagon ke tracks, jon patthar, nai to lakrrii ke banaa rahat rhaa, pe khichat rahin. 21 February 1804 ke pahila bhaap waala train, Wales ke ek loha waala factory me kaam me laawa gais rahaa.
Submarine

Ek **submarine,** jiske **sub** bhi bola jaae hae, ek samundar me chale waala boat hae jon ki paani ke niche chale sake hae. Ii submersible nai hae, jiske paani ke niche rahe ke limited chhamataa hae. Jaada kar ke submarine ke larrai ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae. Kuchh chota-chota submarine ke vigyanik (scientific) khoj ke, nai to business ke khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae. Submarine ke boat bola jaae (ship nai) ii chaahe ketnaa chhota rahe hae.

## References
Lalchand Rajput

India ke mehtvapoorn aur award winning cricket T20 World Cup ke coach rahe hai sann 2007 mein. Li UAE cricket team ke coach hai.  

## Bhaari Jhor
Ranji Trophy, Lala Rajpat Rai, Lal Bahdur Shatri, C. Rajagopalachari, Sushant Singh Rajput, M. S. Dhoni, Salim Durrani

## Il bhi dekho
20th aur 16th rank UAE Cricket team (pichle 13th aur 11th), Muhammad Waseem, Mudassar Nazar, ESPN Cric Info, Akhil Rajput (beta)

## References
Chirag Suri, Zahoor Khan, ICC, DCC; BCCI
Gyaan

**Gyaan** (**Knowledge**), uu chij kae jon ke sachchaa hae. Ii bichaar (opinion) nai hae. Jaankari (information), jon sachchaa hae, gyaan hae. Gyaan ke sabuut (evidence) se samarthan (support) karaa jaae hae. Agar koi wachan (statement) ke sabuut se nai samarthan karaa jaae hae, tab uu gyaan nai hae. 

Gyaan ek chij ke sanjhe ke theoretical, nai to practical yogtaa hoe sake hae. Jaise ki Ryle batais hae, antar hae "knowing that" aur "knowing how" ke biich me. 

Philosophy me gyaan ke adyan ke epistemology bola jaae hae.

Dharam me gyaan ke duusra matlab hae, kaaheki ii biswas (faith), bharosa (belief) aur dharmik neta ke adhikaar (authority) pe nibhar hae, vigyanic nai to kanuuni sabuut ke uppar nai. Catholics aur Anglicans ii biswas kare hae ki gyaan Holy Spirit ke saat taufa me se ek hae. "Garden of Eden" me gyaan ke kaaran insaan lalchi aur baimaan hoe gae rahin. "Book of Proverbs me likha hae: "to be wise you must first obey the lord" (gyaani bane ke khaatir pahile Bhagwaan ke suno)

Quran me likha hae ki gyan Allah se aae hae. 

## References
Insaan ke paachan tantr

**Insaan ke paachan tantr** (Human digestive system) me gastrointestinal tract aur khaana pachae waala duusra organ (jiib, laar granthi (salivary gland), pancreas, liver aur gallbladder) hae. Ii ooth se suruu hoe hae aur gaanrr (anus) me khalaas hoe hae. Iske puura lambaai 9 metres hae. Ii khaana ke tuurr ke chota chota chemical me kare hae jisse ii sahaj me khuun me sokhae (absorb) jaae hae. Ii mailaa bhi banae hae jiske dehin se bahaar paad ke, tatti kar ke, nait to mutti kar ke, nikaala jaae hae.

Khaana pachae waala process ke tiin hissa me baata jaae hae. Pahila hissa me gastric gland me se secretion hoe he khaana ke suung ke aur dekh ke. Ii hissa me khaana ke chabaana bhi hae aur muh me khaana laar se mile hae aur khanaa ke liilaa jaae hae. Duusra hissa peet me hoe hae jahaan pe khaana gastric acid (jon ki aslii me hydrochloric acid hae aur iske pH 1.5 se 3.5 talak hae) se mil ke aur tuute hae aur khaana chhota atrrii me jaae hae. Tiisra hissa me, atrri me khaana ke enzymes, jon pancreas banae hae, se milae ke aur tuurra jaae hae. Insaan ke paachan tantr ke sab se barraa hissa, barraa atrrii hae, jahaan pe paani ke absorb karaa jaae hae aur mailaa ke rakkhaa jaae hae, tatti kare se pahile.

## References
1650

**1650** (MDCXLI), ek saadhaaran saal rahaa jon  sanichar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii  2nd millennium ke 650th aur 17th century 50th saal rahaa,  aur  1650s dassak ke pahila saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1706-1707, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1571-1572, Kali Yuga ke 4750-4751, Buddhist calendar ke 2194, Islamic calendar ke 1059-1061, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 182 saal rahaa. 

## Ghatna

* 1650 – Otto von Guericke pahila vacuum pump banais rahaa.

## Janam

## Maut

* 11 February - **[[René Descartes]]**, France ke philosopher aur physicist ke maut Stockholm, Sweden me bhais rahaa.

## References
Chandragupta Maurya

**Chandragupta Maurya** (350 - 295 BCE), 322 BC se lae ke 207 BC talak, Magadh ke samraat (emperor) aur Murya dynasty ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Uu 320 BC se 298 BC talak raj karis rahaa. Uske pota, Ashoka the Great, jon ki 268 BC se 231 BC talak raj karis rahaa, ke niche sab se barraa rahaa.

Chandragupta ke raj se pahile, Alexander the Great northwest India ke invade karis rahaa, lekin 324 BC me uu Nanda Empire se takkar avoid kar ke, India me conquer karaa gais ilaaka ke aapan Governors ke niche chorr ke, laut gais rahaa. Chandragupta Nanda Empire, jon ki Pataliputra me based rahaa, ke conquer karis aur Alexander ke India ke territory ke aapan niche kar liis. Baad me jab uu aapan western border ke surakchhit karat rahaa tab uske takkar Seleucus I Nector, jon ki Alexander ke baad south west asia pe raj karat rahaa, se bhais. Afghanistan me dui saal ke larrai ke baad duuno bagal santi kar liin aur Selucid ke ek rajkumar Chandragupta se saadi karis.

Chandragupta aapan empire ke, east me, Bay of Bengal se west me Afghanistan  talak aur central India me barrhais rahaa. Uske raj ke time uske empire me rahe waala log aur dhani hoe gain, dher rasta nabaawa gais aur sab rakam ke dharam ke tolerate karaa gais.

Hindu lekh ke anusaar, Chandragupta ek sadhaarn palwaar se aais rahaa aur Chanakya ke saathe ek samraat banaa jiske uske prajaa (subjects) bahut aadar karat rahin.

## References
Babur

**Babur** (14 February 1483 - 26 December 1530), jiske janam ke naam **Zahir ud-Din Muhammed** rahaa, India me Mughal Empire ke suruu karis rahaa. Uske purwaj (ancestor) Timur pitaji ke side aur Genghis Khan, maiyaa ke side rahaa.

## References
Humayun

**Nasir al-Din Muhammad** (6 March 1508 - 27 January 1556), jiske jaada kar ke **Humayun** ke naam se jaana jaae hae, duusra Mughal sanraat rahaa. Uu jon jagha abi Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India aur Pakistan pe 1530 se 1540 aur fir se 155 se 1556 talak raj karis rahaa. 1956 me uske maut ke samay, Mughal Empire 1 million square kilometres me faela rahaa.

26 December 1530 me, Humayun, Mughal Empire ke samraat banaa, uske pitaji, Babur ke maut ke baad. Uu 22 saal ke umar me samraat banaa rahaa. Uske aadha-bhiya, Kamran Mirza ke Kabul aur Kandahar mila rahaa. Duuno bhaiyaa me patat nai rahaa. 

1540 me , Humayun aapan empire le Sher Shah Suri se haar gais, lekin 15 saal baad uu Persia ke shah ke madat se fir se Mughal Empire pe raj karis. Uu laute ke samay dher Persian bobleman ke saarhe laais aur Persian culture Mughal Empire me fael gais. Uu Mughal Empire ke aur barraa karis rahaa.
1508

**1508** ek leap saal rahaa, jon ki suk ke din suruu bhais rahaa.

## Ghatna

## Janam

* 6 March - **[[Humayun]]**, duusra Mughal samraat ke janam Kabul me bhais rahaa.

* 30 November - **[[Palladio]]**, Italy me architect, ke janam Venice me bhais rahaa.

## Maut

## References
The Penguins of Madagascar

***The Penguins of Madagascar*** ek 2021 mein bana English television series hain. Yea series USA mein Bret Haaland, Nick Filippi ke direction mein bana tha. Yea series mein Tom McGrath, John DiMaggio, Jeff Bennett, James Patrick Stuart, Danny Jacobs, Kevin Michael Richardson, Andy Richter, Conrad Vernon, Nicole Sullivan, Mary Scheer acting kiye the.

## Bahaari jorr

* 
*
Malayalam films ke suchi

Ii suchi me uu film ke naam hae jon ki India me Malayalam bhasa me banaawa gais hae.

## 1952
* **[[Achan]]**, Director - M. R. S. Mani, Actors - Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair, Prem Nazir, B. S. Sarija 

## 1971
* **[[Aabhijathyam]]**

## 1972
* Aadhyathe Katha, Director - K. S. Sethumadhavan, Khaas actors - Prem Nazir, Vijayasree, Sujatha, Jayabharathi, Kaviyoor Ponnamma, Bahadoor, Sreelatha Namboothiri, Sankaradi, Andoor Pamkajam

## 1980
* **[[Aagamanam]]**, Director - Jeassy, Khaas actors - Sukumari, Srividya, M. G. Soman, Ravikumar

## 1985
* **[[Aadhiyugam]]**, Director - Prasad, Khaas actors - Mehndi Jamal, Vinay Kumar, Saheen Aman, Narendra
* **[[Aa Neram Alppa Dooram]]**, Director - Thampi Kannanthanam, Khaas actors - Mammootty, M.G. Soman, Lalu Alex, Seema, Jose Prakash, Manavalan Joseph, Siddique

## 1987
* **[[Aadhyate Anubhavam]]**

## 1990
* **[[Aadhi Thaalam]]**, Director - Jayadevan, Khaas actors - Jayarekha, Jayalalitha

## 1991
* **[[Aadhyamayi]]**, Director -  Joseph Vattoli
* **[[Aanaval Mothiram]]**, Director - G. S. Vijayan , Actors - Sreenivasan, Suresh Gopi, Saranya Ponvannan, K.P.A.C. Sunny acting kare hae.
* **[[Abhimanyu]]**, Director - Priyadarshan, Actors -Mohanlal, Shankar Panicker, Geetha, Cochin Hanifa

## 1992
* **[[Adharam]]**, Director - George Kithu, Actors - Murali, Suresh Gopi, Geetha, Sudheesh

## 1993
* **[[Aacharyan]]**, Director - Ashokan, Main actors - Suresh Gopi, Sreenivasan
* **[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]**, Director - Rajasenan, Khaas actors - Jayaram, Sudharani, Biju Menon, Chippy
* Aagneyam, Director - P. G. Viswambharan, Khaas actors - Jayaram, Gautami, Thilakan, Siddique, Nedumudi, Sunitha, Maathu, Sankaradi

## 2010
* Aagathan, Director - Kamal, Khaas actors - Charmy Kaur, Shilpa Bala, Reena Bashir, Dileep, Sathyaraj, Lal,Biju Menon

## 2011
* **[[1993 Bombay March 12]]**, Director - Babu Janardanan, Khaas actors - Mammootty, Roma, Jayakumar, Sudheer Karamana
* **[[Aazhakadal]]**, Director - Shaan, Actors - Kalabhavan Mani, Sruthi Lakshmi, Sai Kumar, Jayan Cherthala, Meghanathan, Vijayaraghavan, Shammi Thilakan, Harisree Ashokan, Kalabhavan Shajon, Sabitha Anand, Bindu Panikcer, Lakshmipriya, Sreekutty and Shivaji Guruvayoor

## 2012
* **[[Akam]]**, Director - Shalini Usha Nair, Khaas actors - Prakash Bare, Fahadh Faasil, Anumol K. Manoharan
Tamil films ke suchi

Ii suchi me uu film ke naam hae jon ki Tamil bhasa me banaawa gais hae, chaahe koi des me banaa hoe.

## 1983
* Adutha Varisu, Director - S.P. Muthuraman, Actors - Rajinikanth, Sridevi, Varalakshmi S., Aachi Manorama 

## 1995
* **[[Aasai]]**, Director - Vasanth, Khaas actors - Ajith Kumar, Suvalakshmi, Prakash Raj, Rohini

## 1997
* **[[Aahaa]]**, Director - Suresh Krishna, Khaas actors - Bhanupriya, Delhi Ganesh, Raghuvaran, Vijayakumar

## 2005
* **[[Aaru]]**, Director - Hari, Khaas actors - Suriya, Trisha Krishnan, Vadivelu, Kalabhavan Mani

## 2006
* **[[Aacharya]]**, Director - Ravi, Khass actors - Nasser
* **[[Aathi]]**, Director - Ramana, Khaas actors - Vijay, Trisha Krishnan, Vivek, Sai Kumar

## 2011
* **[[Aadu Puli]]**, Director - Vijay Prakash, Khaas actors - Aadhi, Prabhu, Poorna
* **[[Aadukalam]]**, Director - Vetrimaran, Khaas actors - Dhanush, Tapsee Pannu, V. I. S. Jayabalan, Kishore, Naren, Murugadoss
* **[[Aanmai Thavarael]]**, Director - Kuzhandai Velapan, Actors - Dhruva, Subbu Panchu, Sampath Raj, Shruti
* **[[Aayiram Vilakku]]**, Director - S. P. Hosimin, Khaas actors - Shantanu Bhagyaraj, Delhi Ganesh, Kamal Kamaraju, 'Ganja' Karuppu , Sathyaraj, Sana Khan
* Flying Fish, Director - Sanjeewa Pushpakumara, Khaas actors - Kaushalya Fernando, Rathnayaka Marasinghe, Chaminda Sampath Jayaweera, Gayesha Perera

## 2013
* **[[Aadhi Bhagavan]]**, Director - Ameer, Khaas actors - eyam Ravi, Neetu Chandra, Sudha Chandran, Saiju Kurup 

## 2014
* **[[Aadama Jaichomada]]**, Director - Badri, Khaas actors - Karunakaran, Vijayalakshmi, Agathiyan, Bobby, Simha, Balaji
* Aaha Kalyanam, Director - A. Gokul Krishna, Khaas actors - Vaani Kapoor, Badava Gopi, Karthik Nagarajan, Nani, Simran