औषधि एवं स्वास्थ्य प्रौद्योगिकी का इतिहास

## प्राचीन

* c. 2600s ईसा पूर्व - Imhotep wrote texts on ancient Egyptian medicine describing diagnosis and treatment of 200 diseases in 3rd dynasty Egypt.
* c. 2596 BC¹ - The legendary date of composition of *Huangdi Neijing* (*Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine*), which lays the framework for the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine
* c. 1500 BC¹ - Saffron used as a medicine on the Aegean island of Thera in ancient Greece
* c. 500 BC¹ - सुश्रुत ने सुश्रुत संहिता नामक आयुर्वेद के ग्रंथ की रचना की जिसमें १२० शल्य चिकित्सा के उपकरणों एवं ३०० शल्य-प्रक्रियाओं का वर्णन है। उन्होने मानव के शल्यक्रिया को ८ वर्गों में बांटा तथा कॉस्मेटिक शल्यक्रिया का वर्णन किया है।
* c. 500 BC - Bian Que becomes the earliest physician known to use acupuncture and pulse diagnosis.
* 420 BC - Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath, marking the birth of medicine in the west.
* 300 BC - Charaka writes the Ayurvedic text *Charaka Samhita* which uses a rational approach to the causes and cure of disease and uses objective methods of clinical examination.
* 280 BC - Herophilus studies the nervous system and distinguishes between sensory nerves and motor nerves
* 250 BC - Erasistratus studies the brain and distinguishes between the cerebrum and cerebellum
* 50-70 - Pedanius Dioscorides writes *De Materia Medica* - a precursor of modern pharmacopeias that was in use for almost 1600 years
* 180 - Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord
* 220 - Zhang Zhongjing publishes Shang Han Lun (On Cold Disease Damage), the oldest complete medical textbook in the world, focusing on diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.
* 215-282 - Life of Huangfu Mi, who wrote the Zhenjiu Jiayijing (The ABC Compendium of Acupuncture), the first textbook focusing solely on acupuncture.

## मध्यकाल

* 750 - माधव ने निदान नामक आयुर्वेदिक ग्रन्थ की रचना की जिसमें उन्होने रोगों का उनके कारण, लक्षण एवं जटिलताओं सहित सूची दी है।
* c. 800-873 - Al-Kindi (Alkindus) introduces quantification into medicine with his *De Gradibus*
* c. 830-870 - Hunayn ibn Ishaq translates Galen's works into Arabic

* c. 838-870 - Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, a pioneer of pediatrics and the field of child development, writes the first encyclopedia of medicine.

* c. 865-925 - Rhazes pioneers pediatrics, and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his *al-Hawi*. He also writes the *Doubts about Galen*, where he refutes Galen's theory of humorism using an experiment.

* 1000 - Abulcasis establishes surgery as a profession of in his *Kitab al-Tasrif*, which remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 16th century. The book first introduced the plaster, inhalant anesthesia, and many surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, specula, and bone saw.

* 1021 - Alhazen completes his *[[Book of Optics]]*, which made important advances in ophthalmology and eye surgery, as it correctly explained the process of visual perception for the first time.

* c. 1030 - Avicenna writes *[[The Book of Healing]]* and *[[The Canon of Medicine]]*, in which he establishes experimental medicine and evidence-based medicine. The *Canon* remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century. The book's contributions to medicine includes the introduction of clinical trials, systematic experimentation and quantification in medicine and physiology, the discovery of contagious diseases, the distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy, the contagious nature of phthisis, the distribution of diseases by water and soil, and the first careful descriptions of skin troubles, sexually transmitted diseases, perversions, and nervous ailments, as well the use of ice to treat fevers, and the separation of medicine from pharmacology, which was important to the development of the pharmaceutical sciences.

* 1100-1161 - Avenzoar invents the surgical procedure of tracheotomy in al-Andalus. He is also the first physician known to have carried out human dissections and postmortem autopsy, and proves that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, which contradicted the erroneous theory of humorism. He was also the first to provide a real scientific etiology for the inflammatory diseases of the ear, and the first to clearly discuss the causes of stridor. Modern anesthesia was also developed in al-Andalus by the Muslim anesthesiologists Ibn Zuhr and Abulcasis. They were the first to utilize oral as well as inhalant anesthetics, and they performed hundreds of surgeries under inhalant anesthesia with the use of narcotic-soaked sponges which were placed over the face.

* 1242 - Ibn an-Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and discovers the pulmonary circulation (the cycle involving the ventricles of the heart and the lungs) and coronary circulation, for which he is considered the pioneer of circulation theory and one of the greatest physiologists. He emphasized the rigours of verification by measurement, observation and experiment, and was an early proponent of experimental medicine, postmortem autopsy, and human dissection. He also discredited many other erroneous Avicennian and Galenic doctrines on the four humours, pulse bones, muscles, intestines, sensory organs, bilious canals, esophagus, stomach, and the anatomy of other parts of the human body. Ibn al-Nafis also drew diagrams to illustrate different body parts in his new physiological system.

* c. 1248 - Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine, and was a pioneer of veterinary medicine.

* 1249 - Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness

* 1300s - When the Black Death bubonic plague reached al-Andalus, Ibn Khatima hypothesized that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms which enter the human body.

* 1313-1374 - Ibn Khatima wrote a treatise called *On the Plague*, in which he establishes the existence of contagion through "experience, investigation, the evidence of the senses and trustworthy reports." He also discovers that "transmission is affected through garments, vessels and earrings."

* 1403 - concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
* early 16th century: Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine

## १५०० - १८००

* 1543 - एन्ड्रियास विसैलियस (Andreas Vesalius) ने "De Fabrica Corporis Humani" का प्रकाशन किया जिसके द्वारा आयुर्विज्ञान सम्बन्धी यूनानी गलतियों का सुधार हुआ एवं यूरोप में आयुर्विज्ञान के क्षेत्र में क्रान्ति आयी।
* 1546 - Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities
* 1553 - Spanish physician Miguel Serveto describes the circulation of blood through the lungs. He is accused of heresy (for his theological ideas, not for his medical ideas) by Catholics and Protestants alike; burned at the stake for heresy the same year at age 44
* 1556 - Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein
* 1559 - Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail
* 1563 - Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments
* 1596 - Li Shizhen publishes Běncǎo Gāngmù or Compendium of Materia Medica, containing 1,892 distinct herbs and other materia medica. There are some 11,096 side prescriptions to treat common illness.
* 1603 - Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart
* 1628 - William Harvey explains that the vein-artery system is a continuous loop and that the heart works like a pump to push blood in a one-way circuit through the body, in *[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]]*
* 1701 - Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox innoculations in Europe. They were widely practised in the east before then.
* 1736 - Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
* 1747 - James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
* 1785 - William Withering publishes *"An Account of the Foxglove"* the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy
* 1790s - Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy
* 1796 - Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method

## १८०० - अब तक

* 1800 - Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
* 1816 - Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
* 1818 - British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful human blood transfusion.
* 1842 - Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anaesthesia with ether
* 1847 - Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever, childbed fever, a blood infection passed to women during childbirth by their doctors. The fever killed one-third of mothers in some hospitals of the time.
* 1849 - Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree
* 1855 - first rubber condom
* 1867 - Lister publishes *[[Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery]]*, based partly on Pasteur's work.
* 1870 - Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease
* 1879 - first vaccine for cholera
* 1881 - Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine
* 1882 - Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine
* 1890 - Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
* 1895 - Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging
* 1901 - Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
* 1901 - Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
* 1906 - Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
* 1907 - Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
* 1908 - Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
* 1909 - First Intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.
* 1917 - Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
* 1921 - Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
* 1921 - Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin - important for the treatment of diabetes
* 1923 - First vaccine for Diphtheria
* 1926 - First vaccine for Pertussis
* 1927 - First vaccine for Tuberculosis
* 1927 - First vaccine for Tetanus
* 1928 - Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
* 1929 - Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
* 1932 - Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
* 1933 - Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
* 1935 - Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
* 1935 - First vaccine for Yellow Fever
* 1936 - Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases
* 1938 - Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
* 1943 - Willem Kolff build the first dialysis machine
* 1949 - First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley
* 1952 - Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine
* 1957 - William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope)
* 1960 - Invention of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
* 1960 - First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA
* 1962 - First Oral Polio Vaccine
* 1964 - First vaccine for Measles
* 1965 - Frank Pantridge installs the first portable defibrillator
* 1965 - First commercial ultrasound
* 1967 - First vaccine for Mumps
* 1967 - Christiaan Barnard performs first human heart transplant
* 1970 - First vaccine for Rubella
* 1971 - Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scanner
* 1976 - First commercial PET scanner
* 1978 - Last fatal case of smallpox
* 1980 - Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner
* 1981 - First vaccine for Hepatitis B
* 1987 - Ben Carson, leading a 70-member medical team in Germany, was the first to separate occipital craniopagus twins.
* 1992 - First vaccine for Hepatitis A available
* 2003 - Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month.
* 2005 - Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant
* 2006 - First HPV vaccine approved
* 2006 - Second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn)
* 2008 - Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant

## इन्हें भी देखें
* जीवाणुनाशकों की समयरेखा (Timeline of antibiotics)
* टीकोंकी समयरेखा (Timeline of vaccines)

## टिप्पणी
1. उपर दी गयी कुछ तिथियाँ अनिश्चित हैं A Tribute to Hinduism के अनुसार सुश्रुत का समय ५वीं शती ईसा पूर्व है।

## सन्दर्भ

## बाहरी कड़ियाँ
* Interactive timeline of medicine and medical technology (requires Flash plugin)

श्रेणी:आयुर्विज्ञान
श्रेणी:इतिहास
श्रेणी:प्रौद्योगिकी