महापरियोजना

ऐसी परियोजना को **महापरियोजना** या मेगाप्रोजेक्ट (megaproject) कहते हैं जिसमें अत्यन्त बड़े स्तर निवेश (investment) करने की जरूरत पड़ती है। प्राय: एक बिलियन अमेरिकी डालर से भी अधिक खर्च वाले परियोजनाओं को महापरियोजना की श्रेणी में रखा जाता है। इन पर जनता का बहुत ध्यान भी आकर्षित होता है क्योंकि इनका आम जनता, पर्यावरण एवं देश की अर्थव्यवस्था पर बड़ा असर पड़ने की सम्भावना रहती है। दूसरे शब्दों में महापरियोजना उस पहल (इनिशिएटिव) को कहते हैं जिनमें कुछ भौतिक चीज बनने वाली हो, जो बहुत खर्चीली हो और जो सार्वजनिक हो। 

पुल, सुरंग, राजमार्ग, रेलपथ, हवाई अड्डे, समुद्री पत्तन, उर्जा संयंत्र, बांध, विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र (SEZ), तेल एवं प्राकृतिक गैस निकालना, वायु-अन्तरिक्ष परियोजना, अस्त्र-प्रणाली परियोजना आदि महापरियोजना की श्रेणी में आ सकतीं हैं।

## उदाहरण
नीचे महापरियोजनाओं के प्रमुख उदाहरण दिये गये हैं-

### वायु-अन्तरिक्ष परियोजनाएँ
thumb|200px|यूरोफाइटर टाइफून F2, रॉयल एयरफोर्स
* चन्द्रयान, (भारत) (२००९)
* एयरबस ए380 (2007)
* B-2 Spirit (1997)
* बोइंग 747 (1970)
* Eurofighter Typhoon (2003)
* F-22 Raptor (2005)
* Joint Strike Fighter (In progress)
* KH-11 reconnaissance satellite (1976-1990)

### हवाई अड्डे की परियोजनाएँ
[right|thumb|200px|[Kansai International Airport|Kansai Airport]]
* Abu Dhabi International Airport, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
* Alcochete Airport, Portugal
* Athens International Airport, Athens, Greece
* Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi, India
* Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai, India
* Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, People's Republic of China
* Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport, Berlin, Germany
* Cape Town International Airport, Cape Town, South Africa
* Denver International Airport, Denver, Colorado, USA
* Diosdado Macapagal International Airport, Angeles City, Philippines
* Dubai International Airport, Dubai, UAE
* Dubai World Central International Airport, Jebel Ali, UAE
* Frankfurt Airport, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
* Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
* Incheon International Airport, Incheon, South Korea
* Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
* Hong Kong International Airport, Hong Kong, China
* Kansai International Airport, Japan
* King Shaka International Airport, Durban, South Africa
* Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia
* London Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5, London, UK
* Long Thanh International Airport, Vietnam
* Madrid Barajas International Airport, Madrid, Spain
* O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois, USA
* OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa
* Suvarnabhumi Airport, Bangkok, Thailand
* New Doha International Airport, Doha, Qatar

### भवन परियोजनाएँ

* World Trade Center, New York City, New York (1973)
* Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), Berlin, Germany (2006)
* बुर्ज खलीफा, दुबई, संयुक्त अरब अमीरात (2009)
* Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, USA (1978)
* Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, USA (2009)
* Pagcor Tower, Manila, Philippines (Est. 2012)
* Jakarta Tower, Jakarta, Indonesia (Est. 2011)
* Palace of the Parliament, Bucharest, Romania (1989)
* Parliament House, Canberra, Australia (1988)
* Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (1998)
* Sydney Opera House, Australia (1973)
* Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (2004)
* The new Wembley Stadium in London, UK (2007)
* CN Tower, Toronto, Canada (1976)
* Sears Tower, Chicago, USA (1973)
* Empire State building, New York City, USA (1931)

### नहर परियोजनाएँ

* Arabian Canal, United Arab Emirates
* Danube-Black Sea Canal, Romania
* Erie Canal, New York
* Grand Canal, China
* Grand Korean Waterway
* Kiel Canal, Germany
* पनामा नहर, पनामा
* स्वेज नहर, मिश्र
* Welland Canal, Ontario, Canada
* Sanitary and Ship Canal, Chicago, Illinois
* सेतु नहर, भारत

### बांध परियोजनाएँ
[thumb|200px|The [Hoover Dam]]
* Aswan Dam, Egypt
* Katse Dam, Lesotho
* Alqueva, Portugal
* Hoover Dam, USA
* Itaipu, Brazil/Paraguay
* Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam, Russia (1961-78)
* Three Gorges Dam, China
* Tennessee Valley Authority, USA
* The Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Project, Iceland
* Tehri Dam, India
* Bakun Dam, Sarawak
* Bhakra Dam, India

### रक्षा परियोजनाएँ
[thumb|200px|The [Great Wall of China]]
* चीन की महान दीवार
* Maginot Line
* Hadrian's Wall, UK
* स्टार वार (Strategic Defense Initiative) (कभी पूर्णत: लागू नहीं हुई)
* मैनहट्टन परियोजना
* Željava Air Base

### अन्तरराष्ट्रीय खेलकूद की परियोजनाएँ
* Cricket World Cup
* FIFA World Cup
* Olympic Games
* Rugby World Cup

### सूचना तकनीकी परियोजनाएँ
* Enabling Grids for E-sciencE: Multi-science Grid infrastructure for the European Research Area. Already largest multi-science Grid infrastructure in the world and expected to greatly expand once the LHC is completed.
* National Programme for IT for England's National Health Service
* Navy/Marine Corps Intranet
* IBM 360
* The National Broadband Network, a FTTP network under construction in Australia, proposing to reach 90% of homes.

### तेल एवं गैस की परियोजनाएँ

[thumb|200px|The [Trans-Alaska Pipeline System runs from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Alaska]]
* Gorgon gas project
* Southstream pipeline
* Athabasca Oil Sands
* Corrib Gas Project
* Hibernia
* Nord Stream
* Sakhalin-I
* Trans-Alaska Pipeline System
* Peregrino
* Jamnagar Refinery World's Largest Greenfield Refinery, India

### पत्तन परियोजनाएँ
* Punta Colonet in Baja California, Mexico
* Port of Rotterdam
* Yangshan port.
* Port of Sines, Portugal

### रेलपथ एवं तीव्र आवागमन परियोजनाएँ
[thumb|200px|The [Channel Tunnel under the English Channel linking the United Kingdom and France.]]
* Beijing Subway, Beijing, People's Republic of China
* Athens Metro, Athens, Greece
* Bay Area Rapid Transit System, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
* Canada Line in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
* Crossrail, London, UK
* North West Metro between the CBD and Northwestern suburbs of Sydney, Australia
* Channel tunnel between France and the UK
* Delhi Metro, New Delhi, India
* Dubai Metro in Dubai
* Gautrain in Gauteng, South Africa between Johannesburg and Pretoria
* Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland.
* Great Belt Fixed Link, Denmark
* Mumbai Metro, India
* High Speed 1, Ebbsfleet International, London, UK
* High-speed railway to Jerusalem, (Israel Railways), Israel
* London Underground
* Namma Metro, India
* Marmaray in Istanbul, Turkey, an express railway system connecting Europe and Asia under waters of Bosphorus.
* Qingzang railway in Qinghai and Tibet, China
* Seattle Light Rail, Seattle, USA
* Second Avenue Subway, New York City, USA
* Seikan Tunnel in Japan
* Shanghai Metro, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
* Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit, Jakarta, Indonesia
* Transcontinental railroads
* Washington Metro, Washington, D.C., USA
* Kolkata Metro, India
* Transit City, Toronto, Canada
* Taiwan High Speed Rail, Taiwan, ROC

### सड़क यातायात की परियोजनाएँ
[thumb|200px|[Oresund Bridge, linking Denmark and Sweden]]
* Bang Na Expressway, Thailand, Bang Na Expressway- World's longest bridge by one reading (most of it isn't a bridge.)
* Sunda Strait Bridge, Indonesia, Southeast-asian longest oversea bridge
* Rio-Antirio Bridge, Greece, Europe's largest cable-stayed bridge
* Rio-Niterói Bridge, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* Egnatia Odos, Greece
* A1 (Croatia) between Zagreb and Split, with extension being built to Dubrovnik, Croatia
* A3 motorway (Romania) between Braşov and Oradea
* A4 motorway (Romania) between Iaşi and Târgu Mureş
* Bundesautobahn 20, Germany
* Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more popularly known as the "Big Dig"), Boston, Massachusetts, USA
* National Highways Development Project, India
* Port Tunnel Dublin, Republic of Ireland
* Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China
* Fehmarn Belt bridge and its connections on land, linking Denmark and Germany
* Interstate Highway System, United States of America
* Millau Viaduct, France
* Oresund Bridge and its connections on land, like the City Tunnel, Malmö.
* Roman road system of antiquity
* Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal, Europe's largest bridge
* Karakoram Highway, Pakistan, Highest paved international road in the world

### विज्ञान की परियोजनाएँ
200px|right|thumb|Apollo Program Saturn V awaiting launch.
* International Space Station, multinational space station in low Earth orbit (1998-2016)
* ITER International nuclear fusion project, in France (Est. 2018)
* Large Hadron Collider 14 TeV particle accelerator, in Switzerland and France (2008)
* सुपरकंडक्टिंग सुपर कोलाइडर (Superconducting Super Collider), canceled 40 TeV particle accelerator, in Texas (1991-1993)
* मैनहट्टन परियोजना (Manhattan Project), संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका (1945)
* अपोलो परियोजना (1960-1975)
* Soviet Moonshot, canceled moon landing program (1962-1969)
* Project Constellation, planned moon landing spacecraft and space shuttle replacement (Ongoing)
* Space Shuttle program (1972-2010)
* Buran program, canceled space shuttle program (1980-1993)
* मानव जीनोम परियोजना (Human Genome Project), - मानव के आनुवांशिक कूट (human genetic code) तैयार करने की परियोजना (वर्तमान)

### नगरीय परियोजनाएँ
* HafenCity in Hamburg, Germany
* Brasília in Brazil
* Jakarta Waterfront City, in Jakarta, Indonesia
* Satrio International Tourism and Shopping belt, in Jakarta, Indonesia
* Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City, Mexico
* Dubailand in Dubai
* Esplanada City Center, Bucharest, Romania
* Expo 98/Park of the Nations in Lisbon, Portugal
* Iskandar Development Region in Johor, Malaysia
* Putrajaya, Malaysia
* King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia
* La Défense in Paris, France
* Liverpool One, Liverpool, England
* Lusail City, Doha, Qatar
* Moscow-City in Moscow, Russia
* New Songdo City in Incheon, South Korea
* Okhta Center in Saint Petersburg, Russia
* Pagcor City in Metro Manila, The Philippines
* Palm Islands, The World (archipelago) and Dubai Waterfront in Dubai
* Potsdamer Platz in Berlin, Germany
* Project CityCenter in Las Vegas, USA
* Victoria & Alfred Waterfront, Cape Town, South Africa
* Dublin Docklands in Dublin, Republic of Ireland

### जल आधारभूत संरचना सम्बन्धी परियोजनाएँ
[thumb|200px|The [Chicago River at night]]
* Chicago River reversing its course, Chicago
* Deep Tunnel Project, Chicago
* Delta Works, Netherlands
* East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland, California, USA
* Great Manmade River, Libya
* G-Cans project, Saitama, Japan
* HaMovil HaArtzi (National Water Carrier), Israel
* MOSE Project, Venice, Italy
* Zuiderzee Works, Netherlands
* New York City Water Tunnel No. 3, New York, New York
* Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales/Victoria, Australia
* South-North Water Transfer Project, China
* State Water Project, California
* Thames Tideway Scheme, London, United Kingdom
* Thames Barrier, London, United Kingdom

### जलवायु एवं पर्यावरण सम्बन्धी परियोजनाएँ
* Proposed sahara forest project
* Seawater Greenhouse
* Great Plains Shelterbelt
* Green Wall of China
* Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System

## इन्हें भी देखें
* महाविज्ञान
* महासंरचना (Megastructure)
* समष्टि-इंजीनियरी (Macro-engineering)
* महापरियोजनाओं की सूची

## सन्दर्भ

## बाहरी कड़ियाँ
* What is a megaproject?
* Borovoye-Biocity — megaproject of Bionic City for Kazakhstan — S. Rastorguev, M. Kudryashov, 2008

श्रेणी:इंजीनियरी परियोजनाएँ